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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml index ed9dcb8d7ef..c1f519aa5dc 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml @@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ <texinfo xml:lang="en"> <filename file="latex2e.xml"></filename> <preamble>\input texinfo -</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 333 2015-05-12 17:12:37Z karl $ --> +</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 459 2015-10-12 11:33:10Z jhefferon $ --> <!-- comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> <setfilename file="latex2e.info" spaces=" ">latex2e.info</setfilename> -<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED May 2015">May 2015</set> -<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (May 2015)</settitle> +<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED October 2015">October 2015</set> +<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (October 2015)</settitle> <!-- comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> <!-- c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, --> @@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ <!-- c xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/latex2e-reference.tar.gz --> <!-- c xx merge permuted-index --> <!-- c xx merge latex-manual from savannah --> +<!-- c xx merge display style math --> +<!-- c xx vertical mode, horizontal mode --> <!-- c --> <!-- c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel --> <!-- c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. --> @@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ <copying endspaces=" "> <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of May 2015. +document preparation system, version of October 2015. </para> <para>This manual was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <titlepage endspaces=" "> <title spaces=" ">&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title> -<subtitle spaces=" ">May 2015</subtitle> +<subtitle spaces=" ">October 2015</subtitle> <author spaces=" "><url><urefurl>http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</urefurl></url></author> <page></page> <vskip> 0pt plus 1filll</vskip> @@ -90,11 +92,17 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <shortcontents></shortcontents> <contents></contents> +<!-- c Best Effort Symbol --> +<macro name="BES" line=" BES {utf8,math}"><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\} +</macro> +<macro name="BESU" line=" BESU {utf8,math}"><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\} +</macro> + <node name="Top" spaces=" "><nodename>Top</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">About this document</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">(dir)</nodeup></node> <top spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</sectiontitle> <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of -May 2015) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. +October 2015) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">About this document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bug reporting, etc. @@ -210,7 +218,7 @@ should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands that interface with Donald E. Knuth&textrsquo;s &tex; typesetting program (the technical term is that &latex; is a <dfn>macro package</dfn> for the &tex; engine). The user produces the output document by giving that -file to the &tex; engine. +input file to the &tex; engine. </para> <para>The term &latex; is also sometimes used to mean the language in which the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands @@ -226,7 +234,7 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as <samp>LaTeX</samp>. <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Starting and ending</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The standard beginning and end of a document. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Output files</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Files produced. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&tex; engines</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Programs that implementation &latex;. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&tex; engines</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Programs that can compile &tex; and &latex;. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&latex; command syntax</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">General syntax of &latex; commands. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> @@ -235,12 +243,12 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as <samp>LaTeX</samp>. <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Starting and ending</sectiontitle> <anchor name="Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</anchor><!-- c old name --> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="14">starting & ending</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="15">ending & starting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="14">starting and ending</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="15">ending and starting</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="16">hello, world</indexterm></cindex> -<para>&latex; files have a simple global structure, with a standard -starting and ending. Here is a &textldquo;hello, world&textrdquo; example: +<para>&latex; files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning +and ending. Here is a &textldquo;hello, world&textrdquo; example: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{article} @@ -262,9 +270,10 @@ array of others are widely available. <xref label="Document-classes"><xrefnoden This area is called the <dfn>preamble</dfn>. </para> <para>The <code>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> is a so-called +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="19">environment</indexterm></cindex> <dfn>environment</dfn>; the <samp>document</samp> environment (and no others) is -required in all &latex; documents. &latex; provides many -environments itself, and many more are defined separately. +required in all &latex; documents (<pxref label="document"><xrefnodename>document</xrefnodename></pxref>). &latex; +provides many environments itself, and many more are defined separately. <xref label="Environments"><xrefnodename>Environments</xrefnodename></xref>. </para> <para>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from @@ -297,7 +306,7 @@ available (<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware</urefurl></u </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.pdf</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="13">.pdf <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="19">pdf&tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="20">pdf&tex;</indexterm></cindex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="14">pdflatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> <para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>pdflatex</command>, among other commands (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>), then the main output is @@ -310,19 +319,19 @@ self-contained file, with all fonts and images included. </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.log</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="20">transcript file</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="21">log file</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="21">transcript file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="22">log file</indexterm></cindex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="15">.log <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> <para>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps additional information for any errors. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.aux</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="22">auxiliary file</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="23">auxiliary file</indexterm></cindex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="16">.aux <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="23">cross references, resolving</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="24">forward references, resolving</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="25">references, resolving forward</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="24">cross references, resolving</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="25">forward references, resolving</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="26">references, resolving forward</indexterm></cindex> <para>Auxiliary information is used by &latex; for things such as cross references. For example, the first time that &latex; finds a forward reference&textmdash;a cross reference to something that has not yet @@ -337,12 +346,12 @@ location. </tableitem></tableentry></table> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="17">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="26">list of figures file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="27">list of figures file</indexterm></cindex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="18">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="27">list of tables file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="28">list of tables file</indexterm></cindex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="19">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="28">table of contents file</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="29">contents file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="29">table of contents file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="30">contents file</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename ending. These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list of figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a @@ -354,12 +363,12 @@ may create others; the list is open-ended. <node name="TeX-engines" spaces=" "><nodename>&tex; engines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Output files</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&tex; engines</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="30">engines, &tex;</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="31">implementations of &tex;</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="32">UTF-8</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="33">Unicode input, native</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="34">TrueType fonts</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="35">OpenType fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="31">engines, &tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="32">implementations of &tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="33">UTF-8</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="34">Unicode input, native</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="35">TrueType fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="36">OpenType fonts</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a &tex; implementation (<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>). This section gives a terse @@ -368,10 +377,10 @@ overview of the main programs. <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">latex</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pdflatex</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="36">pdf&tex; engine</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="37">pdf&tex; engine</indexterm></cindex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="20">etex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="37">e-&tex;</indexterm></cindex> -<para>In &tex; Live (<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/texlive</urefurl></url>, if &latex; is invoked +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="38">e-&tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<para>In &tex; Live (<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/texlive</urefurl></url>), if &latex; is invoked via either the system command <command>latex</command> or <command>pdflatex</command>, then the pdf&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</urefurl></url>). When invoked as <command>latex</command>, the main output is a <file>.dvi</file> @@ -380,9 +389,9 @@ file; as <command>pdflatex</command>, the main output is a <file>.pdf</file> fil <para>pdf&tex; incorporates the e-&tex; extensions to Knuth&textrsquo;s original program (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/etex</urefurl></url>), including additional programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of -extensions of its own. e-&tex; is available on its own as the +extensions of its own. e-&tex; is available on its own as the system command <command>etex</command>, but this is plain &tex; (and produces -<file>.dvi</file>). +<file>.dvi</file>). </para> <para>In other &tex; distributions, <command>latex</command> may invoke e-&tex; rather than pdf&tex;. In any case, the e-&tex; extensions can be @@ -390,7 +399,7 @@ assumed to be available in &latex;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">lualatex</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="21">lualatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="38">Lua&tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="39">Lua&tex;</indexterm></cindex> <para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>lualatex</command>, the Lua&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</urefurl></url>). This program allows code written in the scripting language Lua @@ -402,13 +411,20 @@ but this is rarely used. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">xelatex</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="22">xelatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="39">Xe&tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="40">Xe&tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="23">.xdv <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="24">xdvipdfmx</indexterm></findex> <para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>xelatex</command>, the Xe&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/xetex</urefurl></url>). Like Lua&tex;, -Xe&tex; also natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and -OpenType fonts, though the implementation is completely different, -mainly using external libraries instead of internal code. Xe&tex; -produces a <file>.pdf</file> file as output; it does not support DVI output. +Xe&tex; natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType +fonts, though the implementation is completely different, mainly using +external libraries instead of internal code. Xe&tex; produces a +<file>.pdf</file> file as output; it does not support DVI output. +</para> +<para>Internally, Xe&tex; creates an <code>.xdv</code> file, a variant of DVI, +and translates that to PDF using the (<code>x</code>)<code>dvipdfmx</code> +program, but this process is automatic. The <code>.xdv</code> file is only +useful for debugging. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> @@ -421,41 +437,100 @@ additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]p&tex;, <node name="LaTeX-command-syntax" spaces=" "><nodename>&latex; command syntax</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">&tex; engines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex; command syntax</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="40">command syntax</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="23">\ <r>character starting commands</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="24">[...] <r>for optional arguments</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="25">{...} <r>for required arguments</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <code>\</code>; the -name itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or -(b) a single non-letter. -</para> -<para>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either -required or optional. Required arguments are contained in curly -braces, <code>{...}</code>. Optional arguments are contained in square -brackets, <code>[...]</code>. Generally, but not universally, if the -command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any -required arguments. -</para> -<para>Some commands have a <code>*</code> form that is related to the form without -a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and <code>\chapter*</code>. -</para> -<para>&latex; commands are case sensitive; neither <code>\Begin{document}</code> -nor <code>\begin{Document}</code> will work. Most commands are lowercase, -but in any event you must enter all commands in the same case as they -are defined. +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="41">command syntax</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="25">\ <r>character starting commands</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="26">[...] <r>for optional arguments</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="27">{...} <r>for required arguments</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a backslash +character, <code>\</code>. The name itself then consists of either +(a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. +</para> +<para>&latex; commands names are case sensitive so that <code>\pagebreak</code> +differs from <code>\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command). +Most commands are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all +commands in the same case as they are defined. +</para> +<para>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These +arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are +contained in curly braces, <code>{...}</code>. Optional arguments are +contained in square brackets, <code>[...]</code>. Generally, but not +universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes +first, before any required arguments. +</para> +<para>Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square +bracket (<code>]</code>) hide it inside curly braces, as +in <code>\item[closing bracket {]}]</code>. Similarly, if an optional +argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make +the first character of the following text be an open square bracket, +hide it inside curly braces. +</para> +<para>&latex; has the convention that some commands have a <code>*</code> form that +is related to the form without a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and +<code>\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command +to command. </para> <para>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.&noeos; bugs). </para> +<menu endspaces=" "> +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Environment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Area of the source with distinct behavior. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Declaration</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Change the value or meaning of a command. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> + + +<node name="Environment" spaces=" "><nodename>Environment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Declaration</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeup></node> + +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{<var>environment name</var>} + .. +\end{<var>environment name</var>} +</pre></example> + +<para>An area of &latex; source, inside of which there is a distinct +behavior. For instance, for poetry in &latex; put the lines between +<code>\begin{verse}</code> and <code>\end{verse}</code>. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{verse} + There once was a man from Nantucket \\ + .. +\end{verse} +</pre></example> + +<para>The <var>environment name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at +the end. This includes the case where <var>environment name</var> ends in a +star (<code>*</code>); both the <code>\begin</code> and <code>\end</code> texts must +include the star. +</para> +<para>Environments may have arguments, including optional arguments. This +example produces a table. The first argument is optional (and causes +the table to be aligned on its top row) while the second argument is +required (it specifies the formatting of columns). +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l} + .. rows of table .. +\end{tabular} +</pre></example> + + +<node name="Declaration" spaces=" "><nodename>Declaration</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Environment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeup></node> + +<para>A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other +command or parameter. For instance, the <code>\mainmatter</code> command +changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic. +</para> </section> </chapter> <node name="Document-classes" spaces=" "><nodename>Document classes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Fonts</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Overview</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document classes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="41">document classes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="42">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="26">\documentclass</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="42">document classes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="28">\documentclass</indexterm></findex> <para>The document&textrsquo;s overall class is defined with this command, which is normally the first command in a &latex; source file. @@ -464,11 +539,11 @@ normally the first command in a &latex; source file. <pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="27">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="28">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="29">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="30">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="31">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="29">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="30">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="31">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="32">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="33">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into &latex;. (Many other document classes are available as separate packages; <pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>.) @@ -482,6 +557,10 @@ normally the first command in a &latex; source file. matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix (<pxref label="Front_002fback-matter"><xrefnodename>Front/back matter</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">letter</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Mail, optionally including mailing labels +(<pxref label="Letters"><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">report</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>, such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters. @@ -503,10 +582,10 @@ template</xrefnodename></pxref>). <node name="Document-class-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Document class options</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document class options</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">document class options</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="44">options, document class</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45">class options</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46">global options</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="44">document class options</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45">options, document class</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46">class options</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">global options</indexterm></cindex> <para>You can specify so-called <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> to the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. @@ -518,9 +597,9 @@ To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma, as in: <para>Here is the list of the standard class options. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="32">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="33">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="34">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="34">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> <para>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>): </para> @@ -528,71 +607,95 @@ options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>): <pre xml:space="preserve">10pt 11pt 12pt </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> <para>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper -size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>): -</para> -<example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper -</pre></example> +size (these show height by width): +</para> +<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">a4paper </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>210 by 297 mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches) +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b5paper</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>176 by 250 mm (about 7 by 9.875 inches) +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">executivepaper</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>7.25 by 10.5 inches +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">legalpaper</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>8.5 by 14 inches +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">letterpaper</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>8.5 by 11 inches (the default) +</para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43">\pdfpagewidth</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44">\pdfpageheight</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48"><code>geometry</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<para>When using one of the engines pdf&latex;, Lua&latex;, or Xe&latex; +(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set +the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way +to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and +<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document&textrsquo;s preamble. The +<code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print +area and physical page size. +</para> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Miscellaneous other options: </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">final</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex> <para>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">fleqn</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">centered equations</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">centered equations</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex> <para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">landscape</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex> <para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">leqno</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex> <para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">openbib</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex> <para>Use &textldquo;open&textrdquo; bibliography format. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">titlepage</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">notitlepage</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex> <para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> <para>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">onecolumn</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twocolumn</itemformat></itemx> @@ -600,8 +703,8 @@ black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">oneside</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twoside</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex> <para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>. </para> @@ -618,14 +721,14 @@ being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>openright</code> for <code>book</code>, and <code>openany</code> for <code>report</code>. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57">clock <r>option to <code>slides</code> class</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61">clock <r>option to <code>slides</code> class</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing the time at the bottom of each note. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58">\usepackage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62">\usepackage</indexterm></findex> <para>Additional packages are loaded like this: </para> <example endspaces=" "> @@ -636,8 +739,8 @@ the time at the bottom of each note. as in <code>\usepackage{<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple <code>\usepackage</code> commands. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">global options</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">options, global</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">global options</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">options, global</indexterm></cindex> <para>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with <code>\usepackage</code>. @@ -649,8 +752,8 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Fonts</sectiontitle> <anchor name="Typefaces">Typefaces</anchor><!-- c old name --> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">typefaces</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">typefaces</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">fonts</indexterm></cindex> <para>Two important aspects of selecting a <dfn>font</dfn> are specifying a size and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. @@ -665,17 +768,18 @@ and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. <node name="Font-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Font styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Font sizes</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font styles</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">font styles</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">typeface styles</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">styles of text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">font styles</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">type styles</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">styles of text</indexterm></cindex> <para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;. </para> <para>This first group of commands is typically used with an argument, as in -<code>\textit{italic text}</code>. In the table below, the corresponding +<code>\textit{<var>text</var>}</code>. In the table below, the corresponding command in parenthesis is the &textldquo;declaration form&textrdquo;, which takes no -arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type -style command or the end of the current group. +arguments, as in <code>{\itshape <var>text</var>}</code>. The scope of the +declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of +the current group. </para> <para>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or @@ -684,8 +788,8 @@ are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <para>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for instance, <code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60">\nocorr</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64">\nocorr</indexterm></findex> <para>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections if needed. (<xref label="_005c_002f"><xrefnodename>\/</xrefnodename></xref>, for the details of italic corrections.) Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following @@ -697,74 +801,141 @@ command argument, such as <code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61">\textrm</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65">\textrm</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex> <para>Roman. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textit (\itshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63">\textit</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64">\itshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67">\textit</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68">\itshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Italics. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\emph</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65">\emph</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">emphasis</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Emphasis (switches between <code>\textit</code> and <code>\textrm</code>). -</para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66">\textmd</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67">\mdseries</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69">\textmd</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70">\mdseries</indexterm></findex> <para>Medium weight (default). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68">\textbf</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69">\bfseries</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71">\textbf</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72">\bfseries</indexterm></findex> <para>Boldface. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textup (\upshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70">\textup</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71">\upshape</indexterm></findex> -<para>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73">\textup</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74">\upshape</indexterm></findex> +<para>Upright (default). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsl (\slshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72">\textsl</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73">\slshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75">\textsl</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76">\slshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Slanted. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74">\textsf</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75">\sffamily</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77">\textsf</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78">\sffamily</indexterm></findex> <para>Sans serif. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsc (\scshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76">\textsc</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77">\scshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79">\textsc</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80">\scshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Small caps. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78">\texttt</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81">\texttt</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex> <para>Typewriter. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80">\textnormal</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81">\normalfont</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83">\textnormal</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84">\normalfont</indexterm></findex> <para>Main document font. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathrm</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82">\mathrm</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry></table> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">emphasis</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85">\emph</indexterm></findex> +<para>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph{<var>text</var>}</code> command +is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a +substitute for <code>\textit</code>. For example, <code>\emph{<var>start +text</var> \emph{<var>middle text</var>} <var>end text</var>}</code> will result in the +<var>start text</var> and <var>end text</var> in italics, but <var>middle text</var> +will be in roman. +</para> +<para>&latex; also provides the following commands, which unconditionally +switch to the given style, that is, are <emph>not</emph> cumulative. Also, +they are used differently than the above commands: +<code>{\<var>cmd</var>...}</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. These +are two unrelated constructs. +</para> +<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="86">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">bold font</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Switch to bold face. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="87">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="88">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74">italic font</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Italics. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="89">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">roman font</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Roman. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="90">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">small caps font</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Small caps. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="91">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Sans serif. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="92">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">slanted font</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">oblique font</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Slanted (oblique). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="93">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">monospace font</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry></ftable> + +<para>The <code>\em</code> command is the unconditional version of <code>\emph</code>. +</para> +<para>(Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such +as <code>\tt</code>, obsolete and that only the cumulative commands +(<code>\texttt</code>) should be used. Others think that both sets of +commands have their place and sometimes an unconditional font switch +is precisely what you want; for one example, +<pxref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename><xrefprinteddesc><code>description</code></xrefprinteddesc></pxref>.) +</para> +<para>The following commands are for use in math mode. They are not +cumulative, so <code>\mathbf{\mathit{<var>symbol</var>}}</code> does not +create a boldface and italic <var>symbol</var>; instead, it will just be in +italics. This is because typically math symbols need consistent +typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment. +</para> +<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathrm</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94">\mathrm</indexterm></findex> <para>Roman, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathbf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83">\mathbf</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95">\mathbf</indexterm></findex> <para>Boldface, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathsf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84">\mathsf</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96">\mathsf</indexterm></findex> <para>Sans serif, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathtt</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85">\mathtt</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="97">\mathtt</indexterm></findex> <para>Typewriter, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathit</itemformat></item> @@ -772,101 +943,46 @@ command argument, such as <code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or </tableterm><tableitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathnormal</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="86">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex> -<para>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="98">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex> +<para>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathcal</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="87">\mathcal</indexterm></findex> -<para>&textlsquo;Calligraphic&textrsquo; letters, for use in math mode. +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99">\mathcal</indexterm></findex> +<para>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="88">\mathversion</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">math, bold</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">bold math</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100">\mathversion</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">math, bold</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">bold math</indexterm></cindex> <para>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion{bold}</code> can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74"><code>textcomp</code> package</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will -typeset so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights -and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo; -numerals. &latex;&textrsquo;s default fonts support this, and will respect -<code>\textbf</code> (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style -numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style -numerals also; sometimes the <code>textcomp</code> package must be loaded, -and sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. -FAQ entry: <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf</urefurl></url>. -</para> -<para>&latex; also provides the following commands, which unconditionally -switch to the given style, that is, are <emph>not</emph> cumulative. Also, -they are used differently than the above commands: <code>{\<var>cmd</var> -...}</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. These are two unrelated -constructs. -</para> -<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="90">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">bold font</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Switch to <b>bold face</b>. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="91">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="92">\em</indexterm>\em</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">emphasis</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="93">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">italic font</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Italics. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="94">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">roman font</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Roman. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="95">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">small caps font</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Small caps. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="96">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Sans serif. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="97">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">slanted font</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">oblique font</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Slanted (oblique). -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="98">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">monospace font</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry></ftable> - -<para>Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such -as <code>\tt</code>, obsolete and <emph>only</emph> the cumulative commands -(<code>\texttt</code>) should be used. I (Karl) do not agree. There are -perfectly reasonable situations when an unconditional font switch is -precisely what you need to get the desired output; for one example, -<pxref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename><xrefprinteddesc><code>description</code></xrefprinteddesc></pxref>. Both sets of commands have -their place. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88"><code>textcomp</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will typeset +so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and +depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo; numerals, +which all have the same height as upper-case letters. &latex;&textrsquo;s +default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code> (but not +other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer +Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the +<code>textcomp</code> package must be loaded, and sometimes package options +are provided to make them the default. FAQ entry: +<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf</urefurl></url>. </para> </section> <node name="Font-sizes" spaces=" "><nodename>Font sizes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Low-level font commands</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Font styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font sizes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">font sizes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">font sizes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex> <para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font @@ -874,16 +990,16 @@ size used (in points) with the <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>12pt</samp> document size options, respectively (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99">\tiny</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102">\small</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103">\normalsize</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104">\large</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105">\Large</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106">\LARGE</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107">\huge</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108">\Huge</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102">\tiny</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105">\small</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106">\normalsize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107">\large</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108">\Large</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109">\LARGE</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110">\huge</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111">\Huge</indexterm></findex> <multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on"><code>\normalsize</code> (default)</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype></columnprototypes> <thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>10pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>11pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>12pt</code> @@ -918,96 +1034,184 @@ these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tin </section> <node name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Low-level font commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Font sizes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Low-level font commands</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex> <para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. +<!-- c xx but it should be complete --> +<!-- c xx something about ultimately reading ENCFAM.fd? --> </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontencoding{enc}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex> -<para>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <code>OT1</code> and <code>T1</code>. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontfamily{family}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex> -<para>Select font family. Valid families include: -</para> -<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend> -<listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>cmr</code> for Computer Modern Roman -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>cmss</code> for Computer Modern Sans Serif -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>cmtt</code> for Computer Modern Typewriter +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontencoding{<var>encoding</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex> +<para>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a +large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>, +Knuth&textrsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and +<code>T1</code>, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the +accented characters used by the most widespread European languages +(German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows &tex; to +hyphenate words containing accented letters. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Select the font family. The web page +<url><urefurl>http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/</urefurl></url> provides one way to browse +through many of the fonts easily used with &latex;. Here are +examples of some common families: +</para> +<!-- c Sorry about the ugly @t{@ }. The idea is to make the lists line up --> +<!-- c in Info. Since the items are so short, it seems nice to have them --> +<!-- c on the same line instead of using @table. --> + +<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend> +<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pag</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Avant Garde +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>fvs</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bitstream Vera Sans +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pbk</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bookman +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>bch</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Charter +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ccr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Computer Concrete +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>cmr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Computer Modern +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pcr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Courier +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>phv</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Helvetica +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>fi4</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Inconsolata +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>lmr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Latin Modern +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>lmss</code> Latin Modern Sans +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>lmtt</code> Latin Modern Typewriter +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pnc</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> New Century Schoolbook +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ppl</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Palatino +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ptm</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Times +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>uncl</code> Uncial +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>put</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Utopia +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pzc</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Zapf Chancery </para></listitem></itemize> -<para>and numerous others. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontseries{series}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111">\fontseries</indexterm></findex> -<para>Select font series. Valid series include: -</para> -<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend> -<listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>m</code> Medium (normal) -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>b</code> Bold -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>c</code> Condensed -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>bc</code> Bold condensed -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>bx</code> Bold extended +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114">\fontseries</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Select the font series. A <dfn>series</dfn> combines a <dfn>weight</dfn> and a +<dfn>width</dfn>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible +combinations. Some common combined series values include: +</para> +<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend> +<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>m</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Medium (normal) +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>b</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bold +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>c</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Condensed +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>bc</code> Bold condensed +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>bx</code> Bold extended </para></listitem></itemize> -<para>and various other combinations. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontshape{shape}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112">\fontshape</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<para>The possible values for weight, individually, are: +</para> +<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend> +<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ul</code> Ultra light +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>el</code> Extra light +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>l</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Light +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sl</code> Semi light +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>m</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Medium (normal) +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sb</code> Semi bold +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>b</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bold +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>eb</code> Extra bold +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ub</code> Ultra bold +</para></listitem></itemize> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<para>The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages +are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts): +</para> +<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend> +<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>uc</code> Ultra condensed, 50% +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ec</code> Extra condensed, 62.5% +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>c</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Condensed, 75% +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sc</code> Semi condensed, 87.5% +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>m</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Medium, 100% +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sx</code> Semi expanded, 112.5% +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>x</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Expanded, 125% +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ex</code> Extra expanded, 150% +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ux</code> Ultra expanded, 200% +</para></listitem></itemize> + +<para>When forming the <var>series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the +<code>m</code> that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both +weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one +(<samp><code>m</code></samp>). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontshape{<var>shape</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115">\fontshape</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex> <para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are: </para> -<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend> -<listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>n</code> Upright (normal) -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>it</code> Italic -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique) -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>sc</code> Small caps -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>ui</code> Upright italics -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>•</prepend><para><code>ol</code> Outline +<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend> +<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>n</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Upright (normal) +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>it</code> Italic +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique) +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sc</code> Small caps +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ui</code> Upright italics +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ol</code> Outline </para></listitem></itemize> -<para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontsize{size}{skip}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113">\fontsize</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex> -<para>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and -the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter -named <code>\baselineskip</code>. The unit of both parameters defaults to -pt. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for the Computer Modern typeface -is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>. -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93"><code>setspace</code> package</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">double spacing</indexterm></cindex> -<para>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the -<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter when the type size changes; the -default is 1. However, the best way to &textldquo;double space&textrdquo; a document, -if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the -<code>setspace</code> package; see -<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</urefurl></url>. -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116">\linespread</indexterm></findex> +<para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and +small caps are often missing as well. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontsize{<var>size</var>}{<var>skip</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116">\fontsize</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">font size</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex> +<para>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters +defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal +vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the +parameter <code>\baselineskip</code>. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for +the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>. +Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is +reset every time a size change happens; see <code>\baselinestretch</code>, next. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\baselinestretch</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex> +<para>&latex; multiplies the line spacing by the value of the +<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter; the default factor is 1. A change +takes effect when <code>\selectfont</code> (see below) is called. You can +make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing +<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}</code> in the preamble. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101"><code>setspace</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">double spacing</indexterm></cindex> +<para>However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the +<file>setspace</file> package. In addition to offering a number of spacing +options, this package keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places +where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure +captions. See the package documentation. +</para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Equivalent to +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119">\linespread</indexterm></findex> +<para>Equivalent to <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, and therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect. Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as -described just above. -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117">\selectfont</indexterm></findex> -<para>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do -not come into effect until <code>\selectfont</code> is called. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118">\usefont</indexterm></findex> +just described. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\selectfont</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120">\selectfont</indexterm></findex> +<para>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until +<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in +<code>\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont</code>. It is often useful +to put this in a macro:&linebreak; +<code>\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont}</code>&linebreak; +(<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\usefont{<var>enc</var>}{<var>family</var>}{<var>series</var>}{<var>shape</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="121">\usefont</indexterm></findex> <para>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>, <code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters, -followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. +followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example: </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\usefont{ot1}{cmr}{m}{n} +</pre></example> + </tableitem></tableentry></table> @@ -1015,9 +1219,10 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. </chapter> <node name="Layout" spaces=" "><nodename>Layout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Sectioning</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Fonts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Layout</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">layout commands</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">layout commands</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>Commands for controlling the general page layout. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\onecolumn</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use one-column layout. @@ -1025,151 +1230,326 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\flushbottom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make all text pages the same height. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedbottom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Allow text pages of differing height. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Page layout parameters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Floats</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Figures, tables, etc. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> <node name="_005conecolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\onecolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\onecolumn</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">one-column output</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="122">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104">one-column output</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces -single-column output. This is the default. +single-column output. If the document is given the class option +<code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default behavior (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document +class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<para>This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </section> <node name="_005ctwocolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\twocolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\onecolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\twocolumn</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">two-column output</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="123">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">two-column output</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\twocolumn[<var>text1col</var>] +<pre xml:space="preserve">\twocolumn[<var>prelim one column text</var>] </pre></example> <para>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces -two-column output. If the optional <var>text1col</var> argument is present, -it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting -starts. +two-column output. If the document is given the class option +<code>twocolumn</code> then this is the default (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class +options</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: +<para>If the optional <var>prelim one column text</var> argument +is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column +typesetting starts. </para> -<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="121">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The distance between columns (35pt by default). +<para>This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="122">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule. +<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="123">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <code>\textwidth</code> in -single-column text. +<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="124">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a +command such as <code>\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code> You must change +it before the two column environment starts; in the preamble is a good +place. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="125">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between +the two columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule. +Change it with a command such as +<code>\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}</code>, before the two-column +environment starts. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="126">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to +<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default &latex; sets the +width of each of the two columns to be half of <code>\textwidth</code> minus +<code>\columnsep</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> -<para>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: +<para>In a two-column document, the starred environments <code>table*</code> and +<code>figure*</code> are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments +<code>table</code> and <code>figure</code> take up only one column (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref> +and <pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>). &latex; places starred floats at the top of a page. +The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="124">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied -by floats. Default <samp>.7</samp>, can be usefully redefined to (say) -<samp>.9</samp> to avoid going to float pages so soon. +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="127">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be +occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that +the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not +exceed <code>0.7\textheight</code> . If the height of your starred float +environment exceeeds this then you can take one of the following actions +to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document: </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="125">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, -for a two-column float page. Default <samp>.5</samp>. +<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend> +<listitem><prepend>•</prepend> +<para>Use the <code>[tp]</code> location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put +the bulky float on a page by itself, as well as at the top of a page. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="126">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float -page. Default <samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> and -<samp>11pt</samp> documents, <samp>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>. +</listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> +<para>Use the <code>[t!]</code> location specifier to override the effect of +<code>\dbltopfraction</code> for this particular float. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="127">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page -and the main text. Default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>. +</listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> +<para>Increase the value of <code>\dbltopfraction</code> to a suitably large number, +to avoid going to float pages so soon. +</para></listitem></itemize> + +<para>You can redefine it, for instance with +<code>\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="128">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction +that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space. +&latex;&textrsquo;s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="129">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance +between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is +<code>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code>10pt</code> or +<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at +<code>12pt</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="130">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or +bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt +minus4pt</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="131">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the +maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The &latex; +default is <code>2</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> +<!-- c From egreg at http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/142232/339 --> +<para>This example shows the use of the optional argument of <code>\twocolumn</code> +to create a title that spans the two-column article: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} +\newcommand{\authormark}[1]{\textsuperscript{#1}} +\begin{document} +\twocolumn[{% inside this optional argument goes one-column text + \centering + \LARGE The Title \\[1.5em] + \large Author One\authormark{1}, + Author Two\authormark{2}, + Author Three\authormark{1} \\[1em] + \normalsize + \begin{tabular}{p{.2\textwidth}&arobase;{\hspace{2em}}p{.2\textwidth}} + \authormark{1}Department one &\authormark{2}Department two \\ + School one &School two + \end{tabular}\\[3em] % space below title part +}] + +Two column text here. +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="_005cflushbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\flushbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\flushbottom</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="128">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>\flushbottom</code> declaration makes all text pages the same -height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the -page. +<para>The <code>\flushbottom</code> command can go at any point in the document +body. It makes all later pages the same height, stretching the vertical +space where necessary to fill out the page. </para> -<para>This is the default if <code>twocolumn</code> mode is selected -(<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<para>If &tex; cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page +then you get a message like <samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has +occurred while \output is active</samp>. You can change to +<code>\raggedbottom</code> (see below). Alternatively, you can try to adjust +the <code>textheight</code> to be compatible, or you can add some vertical +stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs, as in +<code>\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}</code>. In a final editing +stage you can adjust the height of individual pages +(<pxref label="_005cenlargethispage"><xrefnodename>\enlargethispage</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<para>This is the default only if you select the <code>twoside</code> document class +option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </section> <node name="_005craggedbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedbottom</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="129">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex> -<para>The <code>\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes all pages the natural -height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be -stretched. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>The <code>\raggedbottom</code> command can go at any point in the document +body. It makes all later pages the natural height of the material on +that page; no rubber lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided +document the facing pages may be different heights. See also +<code>\flushbottom</code> above. +</para> +<para>This is the default unless you select the <code>twoside</code> document class +option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </section> -<node name="Page-layout-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> +<node name="Page-layout-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Floats</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page layout parameters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="130">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is -<samp>30pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the -type size. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="131">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of -the main text. Default is <samp>25pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> -class, where it varies with the type size. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="132">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of -the page footer. Default is <samp>30pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> -class, where it varies with the type size. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="133">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code> -(<pxref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></pxref>). Specifically, it is smaller than <code>\textwidth</code> by -the sum of <code>\leftmargin</code> and <code>\rightmargin</code> -(<pxref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></pxref>). The default varies with the font size, paper -width, two-column mode, etc. For an <code>article</code> document in -<samp>10pt</samp>, it&textrsquo;s set to <samp>345pt</samp>; in two-column mode, that -becomes <samp>229.5pt</samp>. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="134">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with -the font size, document class, etc. For an <code>article</code> or -<code>report</code> document in <samp>10pt</samp>, it&textrsquo;s set to -<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>; for <code>book</code>, it&textrsquo;s <samp>41\baselineskip</samp>. -For <samp>11pt</samp>, it&textrsquo;s <samp>38\baselineskip</samp> and for <samp>12pt</samp>, -<samp>36\baselineskip</samp>. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="135">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default varies -as usual. For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, it&textrsquo;s -<samp>345pt</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>360pt</samp> at <samp>11pt</samp>, and -<samp>390pt</samp> at <samp>12pt</samp>. For a <code>book</code> document, it&textrsquo;s -<samp>4.5in</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>, and <samp>5in</samp> at <samp>11pt</samp> or -<samp>12pt</samp>. +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="134">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="135">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="136">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137">\columnsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex> +<para>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the +columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option +<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<xref label="_005ctwocolumn"><xrefnodename>\twocolumn</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="140">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141">\headheight</indexterm></findex> +<para>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the +<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is <samp>12pt</samp>, +at all type sizes. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="142">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143">\headsep</indexterm></findex> +<para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of +the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code> +classes is <samp>25pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if the +document is set at 10pt then it is <samp>0.25in</samp>, and at 11pt and 12pt +it is <samp>0.275in</samp>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="144">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145">\footskip</indexterm></findex> +<para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of +the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code> +classes is <samp>30pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: when +the type size is 10pt the default is <samp>0.35in</samp>, while at 11pt it is +<samp>0.38in</samp>, and at 12pt it is <samp>30pt</samp>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="146">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147">\linewidth</indexterm></findex> +<para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code> +(<pxref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></pxref>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to +equal <code>\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code>\linewidth</code> +is decreased by the sum of that list&textrsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and +<code>\rightmargin</code> (<pxref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<!-- c The default varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, --> +<!-- c etc. For an @code{article} document set in 10pt, the default is --> +<!-- c @samp{345pt}, while in two-column mode that becomes @samp{229.5pt}. --> +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="148">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="149">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="150">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152">\marginsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex> +<para>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal +space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal +width of the notes. +</para> +<para>Normally marginal notes appear on the outside of the page, but the +declaration <code>\reversemarginpar</code> changes that (and +<code>\normalmarginpar</code> changes it back). +</para> +<para>The defaults for <code>\marginparpush</code> in both <code>book</code> and +<code>article</code> classes are: <samp>7pt</samp> if the document is set at 12pt, +and <samp>5pt</samp> if the document is set at 11pt or 10pt. +</para> +<para>For <code>\marginsep</code>, in <code>article</code> class the default is +<samp>10pt</samp> except if the document is set at 10pt and in two-column mode +where the default is <samp>11pt</samp>. +</para> +<para>For <code>\marginsep</code> in <code>book</code> class the default is <samp>10pt</samp> in +two-column mode and <samp>7pt</samp> in one-column mode. +</para> +<para>For <code>\marginparwidth</code> in both <code>book</code> and <code>article</code> +classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code>\paperwidth +− \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that +distance. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="154">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="155">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="156">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="157">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex> +<para>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is the extra distance between the left side of +the page and the text&textrsquo;s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the +document class option <code>twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when +<code>oneside</code> is in effect. When <code>twoside</code> is in effect, on +even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is +<code>evensidemargin</code>. +</para> +<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default is that <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is 40% of the +difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and +<code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="158">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="159">\paperheight</indexterm></findex> +<para>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area. +It is normally set with a document class option, as in +<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class +options</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="160">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex> +<para>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area. +It is normally set with a document class option, as in +<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class +options</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="162">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163">\textheight</indexterm></findex> +<para>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at +a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> +the default is <samp>43\baselineskip</samp>, while for a <code>book</code> it is +<samp>41\baselineskip</samp>. At a type size of 11pt the default is +<samp>38\baselineskip</samp> for all document classes. At 12pt it is +<samp>36\baselineskip</samp> for all classes. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="164">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165">\textwidth</indexterm></findex> +<para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an +<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is <samp>345pt</samp> +when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is <samp>360pt</samp> at 11pt, +and it is <samp>390pt</samp> at 12pt. For a <code>book</code> document, the default +is <samp>4.5in</samp> at a type size of 10pt, and <samp>5in</samp> at 11pt or 12pt. </para> <para>In multi-column output, <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the entire page body, while <code>\columnwidth</code> is the width of one column @@ -1184,43 +1564,227 @@ column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists. specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the <code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136">\hsize</indexterm></findex> -<para>For completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the &tex; primitive parameter used -when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal -&latex; documents. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166">\hsize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167">\hsize</indexterm></findex> +<para>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the &tex; +primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not +be used in normal &latex; documents. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="137">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the -paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="168">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169">topmargin</indexterm></findex> +<para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the +paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight − 2in − -\headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip</code>, and -then divided by two. +\headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip</code>, +and then divided by two. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="138">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="170">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171">\topskip</indexterm></findex> +<para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the -same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>. +same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at a type size of 10pt. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> </section> +<node name="Floats" spaces=" "><nodename>Floats</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Floats</sectiontitle> + +<para>Some typographic elements, such as figures and tables, cannot be broken +across pages. They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text, +for instance floating to the top of a later page. +</para> +<para>&latex; can have a number of different classes of floating material. +The default is the two classes, <code>figure</code> (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>) and +<code>table</code> (<pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>), but you can create a new class with the +package <file>float</file>. +</para> +<para>Within any one float class &latex; always respects the order, so that +the first figure in a document source must be typeset before the second +figure. However, &latex; may mix the classes, so it can happen that +while the first table appears in the source before the first figure, it +appears in the output after it. +</para> +<para>The placement of floats is subject to parameters, given below, that +limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and the +bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued up that the limits prevent +them all from fitting on a page then &latex; places what it can and +defers the rest to the next page. In this way, floats may be typset far +from their place in the source. In particular, a float that is big can +migrate to the end of the document. But then because all floats in a +class must appear in sequential order, every subsequent float in that +class also appears at the end. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex> +<para>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak +where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its +<var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the +letters below. The default for both <code>figure</code> and <code>table</code>, in +both <code>article</code> and <code>book</code> classes, is <code>tbp</code>. +</para> +<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Top)&textmdash;at the top of a text page. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Bottom)&textmdash;at the bottom of a text page. (However, <code>b</code> is not +allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column +output. To ameliorate this, use the <file>stfloats</file> or +<file>dblfloatfix</file> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the +FAQ: <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</urefurl></url>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">h</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Here)&textmdash;at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment +appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is +automatically added. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117"><code>float</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<para>To absolutely force a float to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can +<code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it +defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at +<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</urefurl></url>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">p</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">float page</indexterm></cindex> +<para>(Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate <dfn>float page</dfn>, which is a page +containing no text, only floats. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">!</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, &latex; +ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear +and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page. +The <code>!</code> specifier does <emph>not</emph> mean &textldquo;put the float here&textrdquo;; +see above. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry></table> + +<para>Note: the order in which letters appear in the <var>placement</var> argument +does not change the order in which &latex; tries to place the float; +for instance, <code>btp</code> has the same effect as <code>tbp</code>. All that +<var>placement</var> does is that if a letter is not present then the +algorithm does not try that location. Thus, &latex;&textrsquo;s default of +<code>tbp</code> is to try every location except placing the float where it +occurs in the source. +</para> +<para>To prevent &latex; from moving floats to the end of the document or a +chapter you can use a <code>\clearpage</code> command to start a new page and +insert all pending floats. If a pagebreak is undesirable then you can +use the <file>afterpage</file> package and issue +<code>\afterpage{\clearpage}</code>. This will wait until the current page +is finished and then flush all outstanding floats. +</para> +<para>&latex; can typeset a float before where it appears in the source +(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in the +<var>placement</var> paramater. If this is not desired, and deleting the +<code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed at +the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using the +<file>flafter</file> package or using the command +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="172">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex> +<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on +this page to moved to the next page. +</para> +<para>Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and +non-float text (change them with +<code>\renewcommand{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>}</code>): +</para> +<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="173">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex> +<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at +the bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="175">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex> +<para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; +default <samp>.5</samp>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="177">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178">\textfraction</indexterm></findex> +<para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too +much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a +different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="179">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180">\topfraction</indexterm></findex> +<para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before +floats; default <samp>.7</samp>. +</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable> + +<para>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats (change them with +<code>\setlength{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>length expression</var>}</code>): +</para> +<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="181">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182">\floatsep</indexterm></findex> +<para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default +<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="183">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184">\intextsep</indexterm></findex> +<para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default +<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for 10 point and 11 point documents, +and <samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for 12 point documents. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="185">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="186">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex> +<para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; +default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>. +</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable> + +<para>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page (change them with +<code>\setcounter{<var>ctrname</var>}{<var>natural number</var>}</code>): +</para> +<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex> +<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; +default 1. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="190">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex> +<para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a +two-column page; default 2. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="192">topnumber</indexterm></findex> +<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; +default 2. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="193">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="194">totalnumber</indexterm></findex> +<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. +</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable> + +<para>The principal &tex; FAQ entry relating to floats +<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</urefurl></url> contains +suggestions for relaxing &latex;&textrsquo;s default parameters to reduce the +problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explaination of the +float placement algorithm is Frank Mittelbach&textrsquo;s article &textldquo;How to +infuence the position of float environments like figure and table in +&latex;?&textrdquo; <url><urefurl>http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf</urefurl></url>. +</para> + +</section> </chapter> <node name="Sectioning" spaces=" "><nodename>Sectioning</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Cross references</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Layout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Sectioning</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">sectioning</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex> <para>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="139">\part</indexterm>\part</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="140">\chapter</indexterm>\chapter</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="195">\part</indexterm>\part</itemformat></item> +</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="196">\chapter</indexterm>\chapter</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>(<code>report</code> and <code>book</code> class only) -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="141">\section</indexterm>\section</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="142">\subsection</indexterm>\subsection</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="143">\subsubsection</indexterm>\subsubsection</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="144">\paragraph</indexterm>\paragraph</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="145">\subparagraph</indexterm>\subparagraph</itemformat></item> +</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="197">\section</indexterm>\section</itemformat></item> +</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="198">\subsection</indexterm>\subsection</itemformat></item> +</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199">\subsubsection</indexterm>\subsubsection</itemformat></item> +</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="200">\paragraph</indexterm>\paragraph</itemformat></item> +</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="201">\subparagraph</indexterm>\subparagraph</itemformat></item> </tableterm></tableentry></ftable> <para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., @@ -1244,7 +1808,7 @@ To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument <var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">*-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex> <para>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print <var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For instance: @@ -1253,8 +1817,8 @@ entry in the table of contents. For instance: <pre xml:space="preserve">\section*{Preamble} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146">\appendix</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">appendix, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202">\appendix</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">appendix, creating</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units are numbered. The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this @@ -1267,8 +1831,8 @@ command is something like \chapter{The First Appendix} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="203">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers. The setting </para> @@ -1284,7 +1848,8 @@ The setting </chapter> <node name="Cross-references" spaces=" "><nodename>Cross references</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Environments</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Cross references</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">cross references</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">cross references</indexterm></cindex> <para>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo; @@ -1298,7 +1863,8 @@ the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo; <node name="_005clabel" spaces=" "><nodename>\label</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pageref</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\label</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148">\label</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204">\label</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1308,15 +1874,35 @@ the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo; <para>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to <var>key</var> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing -inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>. +inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>. The +assigned number can be retrieved with the <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code> +command (<pxref label="_005cref"><xrefnodename>\ref</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<para>A <var>key</var> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or +<para>Thus, in the example below the key <code>sec:test</code> holds the number of +the current section and the key <code>fig:test</code> that of the figure. +(Incidentally, labels must appear after captions in figures and +tables.) +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\section{section name} +\label{sec:test} +This is Section~\ref{sec:test}. +\begin{figure} + ... + \caption{caption text} + \label{fig:test} +\end{figure} +See Figure~\ref{fig:test}. +</pre></example> + +<para>A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished, as usual. </para> -<para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is -common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by -a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: +<para>Although the name can be more or less anything, a common convention is +to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon +or period. This helps to avoid accidentally creating two labels with +the same name. Some commonly-used prefixes: </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">ch</itemformat></item> @@ -1331,16 +1917,17 @@ a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: </tableterm><tableitem><para>for equations </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:snark</code> or -<code>fig.snark</code>. +<para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:test</code> or +<code>fig.test</code>. </para> </section> <node name="_005cpageref" spaces=" "><nodename>\pageref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ref</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\label</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149">\pageref</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="205">\pageref</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1356,12 +1943,13 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding </section> <node name="_005cref" spaces=" "><nodename>\ref</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pageref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="150">\ref</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206">\ref</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1379,10 +1967,10 @@ such as the word &textlsquo;Section&textrsquo; or &textlsquo;Figure&textrsquo;, </chapter> <node name="Environments" spaces=" "><nodename>Environments</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Line breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Cross references</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environments</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">environments</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151">\begin</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152">\end</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">environments</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="207">\begin</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208">\end</indexterm></findex> <para>&latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: @@ -1394,46 +1982,46 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: </pre></example> <menu endspaces=" "> -<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">abstract</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Produce an abstract. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">array</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Math arrays. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">center</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Centered lines. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">description</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Labelled lists. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">displaymath</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Formulas that appear on their own line. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Enclose the whole document. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">enumerate</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Numbered lists. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">eqnarray</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sequences of aligned equations. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">equation</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Displayed equation. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">figure</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating figures. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">filecontents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Writing multiple files from the source. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">flushleft</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed left lines. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">flushright</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed right lines. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">itemize</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bulleted lists. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">letter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Letters. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">list</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generic list environment. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">math</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">In-line math. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">minipage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Miniature page. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">picture</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">quotation</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Indented environment with paragraph indentation. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">quote</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Indented environment with no paragraph indentation. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">tabbing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text arbitrarily. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">table</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating tables. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">tabular</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text in columns. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">thebibliography</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bibliography or reference list. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">theorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Theorems, lemmas, etc. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">titlepage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For hand crafted title pages. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">verbatim</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Simulating typed input. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">verse</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For poetry and other things. +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">abstract</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Produce an abstract. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">array</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Math arrays. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">center</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Centered lines. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">description</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Labelled lists. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">displaymath</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Formulas that appear on their own line. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Enclose the whole document. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">enumerate</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Numbered lists. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">eqnarray</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sequences of aligned equations. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">equation</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Displayed equation. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">figure</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating figures. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">filecontents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Writing multiple files from the source. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">flushleft</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed left lines. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">flushright</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed right lines. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">itemize</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bulleted lists. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">letter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Letters. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">list</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generic list environment. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">math</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">In-line math. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">minipage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Miniature page. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">picture</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">quotation and quote</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Include a quotation. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">tabbing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text arbitrarily. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">table</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating tables. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">tabular</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text in columns. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">thebibliography</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bibliography or reference list. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">theorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Theorems, lemmas, etc. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">titlepage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For hand crafted title pages. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">verbatim</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Simulating typed input. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">verse</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For poetry and other things. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> <node name="abstract" spaces=" "><nodename>abstract</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">array</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>abstract</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153">abstract <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">abstracts</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="209">abstract <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">abstracts</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: -</para><example endspaces=" "> +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{abstract} ... \end{abstract} @@ -1445,84 +2033,112 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: </section> <node name="array" spaces=" "><nodename>array</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">center</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">abstract</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>array</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="154">array <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210">array <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{array}{<var>template</var>} -<var>col1 text</var>&<var>col1 text</var>&<var>coln</var>}\\ +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{array}{<var>cols</var>} +<var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\ ... \end{array} </pre></example> -<para>Math arrays are produced with the <code>array</code> environment, normally -within an <code>equation</code> environment (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>). It has a -single mandatory <var>template</var> argument describing the number of -columns and the alignment within them. Each column <var>col</var> is -specified by a single letter that tells how items in each row of that -column should be formatted, as follows: +<para>or </para> -<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">c</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>centered -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">l</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>flush left -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">r</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>flush right -</para></tableitem></tableentry></table> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{array}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>} +<var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\ +... +\end{array} +</pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="155">\\ <r>(for <code>array</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>Column entries are separated by <code>&</code>. Column entries may include -other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with -<code>\\</code>. -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="156">&arobase;{...}</indexterm></findex> -<para>In the template, the construct <code>&arobase;{<var>text</var>}</code> puts <var>text</var> -between columns in each row. -</para> -<para>Here&textrsquo;s an example: +<para>Produce a mathematical array. This environment can only be used in math +mode, and normally appears within a displayed mathematics environment +such as <code>equation</code> (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>). Column entries are +separated by an ampersand (<code>&</code>). Rows are terminated with +double-backslashes (<code>\\</code>) (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<para>The required argument <var>cols</var> describes the number of columns, their +alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. See +<ref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></ref> for the complete description of <var>cols</var>, and of the +other common features of the two environments, including the optional +<var>pos</var> argument. +</para> +<para>There are two ways that <code>array</code> diverges from <code>tabular</code>. The +first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in mathematics mode, in +textstyle (except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies the column with +<code>&arobase;p{..}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode). +The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s parameter +<code>\tabcolsep</code>, &latex;&textrsquo;s intercolumn space in an array is governed +by +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="211">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex> +<code>\arraycolsep</code> which gives half the width between columns. The +default for this is <samp>5pt</samp>. +</para> +<para>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <file>amsmath</file> +package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array +surrounded by parentheses <code>(..)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array +surrounded by square brackets <code>[..]</code>, <code>Bmatrix</code> for an +array surrounded by curly braces <code>{..}</code>, <code>vmatrix</code> for +an array surrounded by vertical bars <code>|..|</code>, and +<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical +bars <code>||..||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs. +</para> +<para>Here is an example of an array: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{equation} - \begin{array}{lrc} - left1 & right1 & centered1 \\ - left2 & right2 & centered2 \\ + \begin{array}{cr} + \sqrt{y} &12.3 \\ + x^2 &3.4 \end{array} \end{equation} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="157">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>\arraycolsep</code> parameter defines half the width of the space -separating columns; the default is <samp>5pt</samp>. <xref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></xref>, for other -parameters which affect formatting in <code>array</code> environments, -namely <code>\arrayrulewidth</code> and <code>\arraystretch</code>. -</para> -<para>The <code>array</code> environment can only be used in math mode. -</para> </section> <node name="center" spaces=" "><nodename>center</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">description</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">array</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>center</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="158">center <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212">center <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{center} -<var>line1</var> \\ -<var>line2</var> \\ + .. text .. \end{center} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="159">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>center</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph -consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right -margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the -string <code>\\</code>. +<para>Environment to create a sequence of lines that are centered within the +left and right margins on the current page. If the text in the +environment body is too long to fit on a line, &latex; will insert line +breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any +interword space. To force a line break at a particular spot use +double-backslash <code>\\</code> (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="213">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> +</para> +<para>This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See +<ref label="_005ccentering"><xrefnodename>\centering</xrefnodename></ref> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code>figure</code> +environment. +</para> +<para>In this example, depending on the line width, &latex; may choose a break +for the part before the double backslash, will center the line or two, +then will break at the double backslash, and will center the ending. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{center} + My father considered that anyone who went to chapel and didn't drink + alcohol was not to be tolerated.\\ + I grew up in that belief. --Richard Burton +\end{center} +</pre></example> + +<para>A double backslash after the final line is optional. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\centering</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment. @@ -1532,444 +2148,533 @@ string <code>\\</code>. <node name="_005ccentering" spaces=" "><nodename>\centering</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">center</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\centering</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="160">\centering</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214">\centering</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex> -<para>The <code>\centering</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>center</code> -environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such -as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. Thus, the text of a figure or -table can be centered on the page by putting a <code>\centering</code> -command at the beginning of the figure or table environment. +<para>Declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is +most often used inside an environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a +<code>parbox</code>. +</para> +<para>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command does +not add vertical space above and below the text. </para> -<para>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command -does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how &latex; formats -paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&textrsquo;s format, the scope of -the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command (of -an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. +<para>It also does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how &latex; +formats paragraph units. If <code>ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz</code> is +surrounded by blank lines then &latex; will create a paragraph whose +first line <samp>ww xx</samp> is centered and whose second line, not centered, +contains <samp>yy zz</samp>. Usually what is desired is for the scope of the +declaration to contain a blank line or the <code>\end</code> command of an +environment such as <code>figure</code> or <code>table</code> that ends the +paragraph unit. Thus, if <code>{\centering xx \\ yy\par} zz</code> is +surrounded by blank lines then it makes a new paragraph with two +centered lines <samp>xx</samp> and <samp>yy</samp>, followed by a new paragraph with +<samp>zz</samp> that is formatted as usual. See also the following example. </para> -<para>Here&textrsquo;s an example: +<para>This example&textrsquo;s <code>\centering</code> causes the graphic to be horizontally +centered. </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{quote} -\centering -first line \\ -second line \\ -\end{quote} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{ctan_lion.png} + \caption{CTAN Lion} \label{fig:CTANLion} +\end{figure} </pre></example> +<para>The scope of the <code>\centering</code> ends with the <code>\end{figure}</code>. +</para> </subsection> </section> <node name="description" spaces=" "><nodename>description</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">displaymath</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">center</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>description</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161">description <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215">description <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{description} -\item [<var>label1</var>] <var>item1</var> -\item [<var>label2</var>] <var>item2</var> -... +\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item +\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item + ... \end{description} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="162">\item</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>description</code> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each -<var>label</var> is typeset in bold, flush right. The <var>item</var> text may -contain multiple paragraphs. -</para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if -you typeset a label in typewriter using <code>\texttt</code>, you&textrsquo;ll get -bold typewriter: <code>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</code>. This -may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use -<code>\tt</code>, which resets all other style variations: <code>\item[{\tt -plain typewriter}]</code>. -</para> -<para>For details about list spacing, see <ref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></ref>. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="216">\item</indexterm></findex> +<para>Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item&textrsquo;s <var>label</var> +is typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item&textrsquo;s text may contain multiple +paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no +sensible default, so all items should have labels. +</para> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="217">\item</indexterm></findex> +<para>The list consists of at least one item; see <ref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></ref> (having no +items causes the &latex; error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a +missing \item</samp>). Each item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font +change given in argument style (see <ref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></ref>) then it will come +out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with +<code>\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold +typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bolded +typewriter is to use declaritive style <code>\item[{\tt label text}]</code>. +Similarly, get normal text use <code>\item[{\rm label text}]</code>. +</para> +<para>For other major &latex; labelled list environments, see <ref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></ref> +and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. For information about customizing list layout, see +<ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>; also, the package <file>enumitem</file> is useful for this. +</para> +<para>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{definition} + \item[lama] A priest. + \item[llama] A beast. +\end{definition} +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="displaymath" spaces=" "><nodename>displaymath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">document</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">description</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>displaymath</code></sectiontitle> +<!-- c http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/40492/what-are-the-differences-between-align-equation-and-displaymath --> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="218">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{displaymath} -<var>math</var> + .. math text .. \end{displaymath} </pre></example> -<noindent></noindent> <para>or -</para> -<example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\[<var>math</var>\] +<para>Environment to typeset the math text on its own line, in display style +and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global option +<code>fleqn</code>; see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>. +</para> +<para>&latex; will not break the math text across lines. +</para> +<para>In the <code>displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the +math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the +<code>equation</code> environment (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<para>Note that the <file>amsmath</file> package has extensive displayed equation +facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in +new documents. For example, there are a number of options in that +package for having math text broken across lines. +</para> +<para>The construct <code>\[..math text..\]</code> is essentially a synonym for +<code>\begin{displaymath}..math text..\end{displaymath}</code> but the +latter is easier to work with in the source file; for instance, +searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word +<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique. (The construct <code>$$..math +text..$$</code> from Plain &tex; is sometimes mistakenly used as a +synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is not a synonym, because the +<code>displaymath</code> environment checks that it isn&textrsquo;t started in math mode +and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching environment start, +because the <code>displaymath</code> environment has different vertical +spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code> environment honors the +<code>fleqn</code> option.) +</para> +<para>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line. +</para><example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{displaymath} + \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 +\end{displaymath} </pre></example> - -<para>The <code>displaymath</code> environment (<code>\[...\]</code> is a synonym) -typesets the <var>math</var> text on its own line, centered by default. -The global <code>fleqn</code> option makes equations flush left; see -<ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>. -</para> -<para>No equation number is added to <code>displaymath</code> text; to get an -equation number, use the <code>equation</code> environment (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<para>Also, the integral sign is larger than the inline version +<code>\( \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 \)</code> produces. </para> </section> <node name="document" spaces=" "><nodename>document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">enumerate</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">displaymath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>document</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="164">document <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="219">document <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the body of a document. +<para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document. It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-and-ending"><xrefnodename>Starting and ending</xrefnodename></xref>. </para> +<menu endspaces=" "> +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\AtBeginDocument</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Hook for commands at the start of the document. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\AtEndDocument</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Hook for commands at the end of the document. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> + + +<node name="_005cAtBeginDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtBeginDocument</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\AtEndDocument</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="220">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\AtBeginDocument{<var>code</var>} +</pre></example> + +<para>Save <var>code</var> and execute it when <code>\begin{document}</code> is +executed, at the very end of the preamble. The code is executed after +the font selection tables have been set up, so the normal font for the +document is the current font. However, the code is executed as part of +the preamble so you cannot do any typesetting with it. +</para> +<para>You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines +will be executed in the order that you gave them. +</para> + +<node name="_005cAtEndDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtEndDocument</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\AtBeginDocument</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="221">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\AtEndDocument{<var>code</var>} +</pre></example> + +<para>Save <var>code</var> and execute it near the end of the document. +Specifically, it is executed when <code>\end{document}</code> is executed, +before the final page is finished and before any leftover floating +environments are processed. If you want some of the code to be executed +after these two processes then include a <code>\clearpage</code> at the +appropriate point in <var>code</var>. +</para> +<para>You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines +will be executed in the order that you gave them. +</para> </section> <node name="enumerate" spaces=" "><nodename>enumerate</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">eqnarray</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">document</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>enumerate</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165">enumerate <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="222">enumerate <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{enumerate} -\item <var>item1</var> -\item <var>item2</var> +\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item +\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item ... \end{enumerate} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations -can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also -be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as -<code>itemize</code> (<pxref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></pxref>) and <code>description</code> -(<pxref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<para>Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the +label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within +another; see below. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166">\item</indexterm></findex> -<para>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. -There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="223">\item</indexterm></findex> +<para>The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the +&latex; error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>. Each +item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command. </para> -<para>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this: +<para>This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{enumerate} + \item Johnny Hayes (USA) + \item Charles Hefferon (RSA) +\end{enumerate} +</pre></example> + +<para>Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment, +including <code>itemize</code> (<pxref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></pxref>), <code>description</code> +(<pxref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></pxref>) and <code>enumeration</code>, up to four levels deep. +The format of the label produced depends on the place in the nesting. +This gives &latex;&textrsquo;s default for the format at each nesting level +(where 1 is the outermost level): </para> <enumerate first="1" endspaces=" "> -<listitem spaces=" "><para>1., 2., &dots; -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>(a), (b), &dots; -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>i., ii., &dots; -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>A., B., &dots; +<listitem spaces=" "><para>arabic number followed by a period: <samp>1.</samp>, <samp>2.</samp>, &dots; +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>lower case letter inside parentheses: <samp>(a)</samp>, <samp>(b)</samp> &dots; +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>lower case roman numeral followed by a period: <samp>i.</samp>, <samp>ii.</samp>, &dots; +</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>upper case letter followed by a period: <samp>A.</samp>, <samp>B.</samp>, &dots; </para></listitem></enumerate> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167">\enumi</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="168">\enumii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169">\enumiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="170">\enumiv</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> -through <code>\enumiv</code> counters (<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>). If the optional -argument to <code>\item</code> is given, the counter is not incremented for -that item. -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="172">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="173">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelenumi</code> -through <code>\labelenumiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can -use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand & -\renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase -letters: -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="175">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="224">\enumi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="225">\enumii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226">\enumiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="227">\enumiv</indexterm></findex> +<para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through +<code>\enumiv</code> counters (<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you use the optional +argument to <code>\item</code> then the counter is not incremented for that +item (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="228">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="229">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="231">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex> +<para>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code> +(<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code> +through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be +labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing +period: +</para> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}} +\begin{enumerate} + \item eI + \item bi: + \item si: +\end{enumerate} </pre></example> +<para>For a list of counter-labelling commands like <code>\Alph</code> see +<ref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></ref>. +</para> +<para>For more on customizing the layout see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. Also, the package +<file>enumitem</file> is useful for this. +</para> </section> <node name="eqnarray" spaces=" "><nodename>eqnarray</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">equation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">enumerate</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>eqnarray</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176">eqnarray <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex> - -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex> -<para>First, a caveat: the <code>eqnarray</code> environment has some infelicities -which cannot be overcome; the article &textldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars -Madsen describes them in detail -(<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</urefurl></url>). The bottom -line is that it is better to use the <code>align</code> environment (and -others) from the <code>amsmath</code> package. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="233">eqnarray <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex> +<para>First, a caveat: the <code>eqnarray</code> environment is depreciated. It has +infelicities that cannot be overcome, including spacing that is +inconsistent with other mathematics elements (see the article &textldquo;Avoid +eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars Madsen +<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</urefurl></url>). New documents +should include the <file>amsmath</file> package and use the displayed +mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code>align</code> +environment. </para> -<para>Nevertheless, here is a description of <code>eqnarray</code>: +<para>Nevertheless, for completeness and for a reference when working with old +documents, a synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{eqnarray} <r>(or <code>eqnarray*</code>)</r> -<var>formula1</var> \\ -<var>formula2</var> \\ -... +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{eqnarray} + <var>first formula left</var> &<var>first formula middle</var> &<var>first formula right</var> \\ + ... \end{eqnarray} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="177">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a sequence of -equations or inequalities. It is similar to a three-column -<code>array</code> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <code>\\</code> -and consecutive items within a row separated by an <code>&</code>. -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> -<para><code>\\*</code> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal -meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. +<para>or </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179">\nonumber</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex> -<para>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a -<code>\nonumber</code> command. Alternatively, The <code>*</code>-form of the -environment (<code>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</code>) will -omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as -<code>eqnarray</code>. +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{eqnarray*} + <var>first formula left</var> &<var>first formula middle</var> &<var>first formula right</var> \\ + ... +\end{eqnarray*} +</pre></example> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right +sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text +mode. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex> +<para>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items +within a row separated by an ampersand (<code>&</code>), and with rows +separated by double backslash <code>\\</code>). +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> +The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate +equations, and will disallow a page break there (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236">\nonumber</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex> +<para>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every +line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a +<code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits +equation numbering, while otherwise being the same. +</para> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex> <para>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width. </para> +<para>This example shows three lines. The first two lines make an inequality, +while the third line has not entry on the left side. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{eqnarray*} + \lefteqn{x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n} \\ + &\leq &y_1+y_2+\cdots+y_n \\ + &= &z+y_3+\cdots+y_n +\end{eqnarray*} +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="equation" spaces=" "><nodename>equation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">figure</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">eqnarray</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>equation</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="181">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{equation} -<var>math</var> + math text \end{equation} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>equation</code> environment starts a <code>displaymath</code> -environment (<pxref label="displaymath"><xrefnodename>displaymath</xrefnodename></pxref>), e.g., centering the <var>math</var> text -on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. +<para>Make a <code>displaymath</code> environment (<pxref label="displaymath"><xrefnodename>displaymath</xrefnodename></pxref>) with an +equation number in the right margin. +</para> +<para>The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter. +</para> +<para>Note that the <file>amsmath</file> package has extensive displayed equation +facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in +new documents. </para> </section> <node name="figure" spaces=" "><nodename>figure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">filecontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">equation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>figure</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182">figure</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239">figure</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>Synopsis: +</para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{figure[*]}[<var>placement</var>] -<var>figbody</var> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{figure}[<var>placement</var>] + figure body +\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} \label{<var>label}</var> -\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>text</var>} \end{figure} </pre></example> -<para>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are -instead &textldquo;floated&textrdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. -Figures will not be split between two pages. -</para> -<para>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a -full-width figure (across both columns). -</para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex> -<para>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where &latex; will try -to place your figure. There are four places where &latex; can possibly -put a float: -</para> -<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Top)&textmdash;at the top of a text page. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Bottom)&textmdash;at the bottom of a text page. However, <code>b</code> is not -allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column -output. To ameliorate this, use the <code>stfloats</code> or -<code>dblfloatfix</code> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the -FAQ: <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</urefurl></url>. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">h</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Here)&textmdash;at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment -appears. However, <code>t</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is -automatically added. -</para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141"><code>float</code> package</indexterm></cindex> -<para>To absolutely force a figure to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can -<code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it -defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at -<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</urefurl></url>. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">p</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate float page, which is a page -containing no text, only floats. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">!</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, &latex; -ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear -and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page. -The <code>!</code> specifier does <emph>not</emph> mean &textldquo;put the float here&textrdquo;; -see above. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry></table> - -<para>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default placement -<code>tbp</code>. -</para> -<para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, -etc.&noeos; you wish. -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="183">\caption</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption <var>text</var> for the -figure. The caption is numbered by default. If <var>loftitle</var> is -present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <var>text</var> -(<pxref label="Tables-of-contents"><xrefnodename>Tables of contents</xrefnodename></pxref>). -</para> -<para>Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and -non-float text: -</para> -<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<beforefirstitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex> -<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at -the bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>. -</para> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="185">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; -default <samp>.5</samp>. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="186">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too -much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a -different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>. +<para>or </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before -floats; default <samp>.7</samp>. -</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{figure*}[<var>placement</var>] + figure body +\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} +\label{<var>label}</var> +\end{figure*} +</pre></example> -<para>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats: +<para>A class of floats (<pxref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></pxref>). Because they cannot be split across +pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead +are &textldquo;floated&textrdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a following +page. </para> -<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="188">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default -<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>. +<para>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the +float placement algorithm, see <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default -<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> and <samp>11pt</samp> styles, -<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>. +<para>The starred form <code>figure*</code> is used when a document is in +double-column mode (<pxref label="_005ctwocolumn"><xrefnodename>\twocolumn</xrefnodename></pxref>). It produces a figure that +spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of +placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</code> +in <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="190">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; -default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>. -</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable> - -<para>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page: +<para>The figure body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code> +and so it can contain text, commands, etc. </para> -<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; -default 1. +<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross-references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross +references</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240">\caption</indexterm></findex> +The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the +figure. By default it is numbered. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is +used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Tables-of-contents"><xrefnodename>Tables of +contents</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="192">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a -two-column page; default 2. +<para>This example makes a figure out of a graphic. It requires one of the +packages <file>graphics</file> or <file>graphicx</file>. The graphic, with its +caption, will be placed at the top of a page or, if it is pushed to the +end of the document, on a page of floats. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="193">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; -default 2. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="194">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. -</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{figure}[t] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{CTANlion.png} + \caption{The CTAN lion, by Duane Bibby} +\end{figure} +</pre></example> -<para>The principal &tex; FAQ entry relating to floats: -<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</urefurl></url>. -</para> </section> <node name="filecontents" spaces=" "><nodename>filecontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushleft</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">figure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code>: Create external files</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="195">filecontents</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">external files, creating</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">writing external files</indexterm></cindex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code>: Write an external file</sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241">filecontents</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">writing external files</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{filecontents}{<var>filename</var>} -<var>contents-of-file</var> + <var>text</var> \end{filecontents} -... -\documentclass{<var>my-document-class</var>} </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">initial command</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="196">\documentclass, commands before</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>filecontents</code> environment is an <dfn>initial command</dfn>, -meaning that it can be used only before the <code>\documentclass</code> -command, as in the synopsis above. -</para> -<para>&latex; will create a file named <var>filename</var> with the content -<var>contents-of-file</var> preceded by a header comment indicating how and -when the file was generated. If the file already exists then nothing will -happen. +<para>or </para> -<para>You can also use the <code>filecontents</code> package, which has the -following advantages: +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{filecontents*}{<var>filename</var>} + <var>text</var> +\end{filecontents*} +</pre></example> + +<para>Create a file named <var>filename</var> and fill it with <var>text</var>. The +unstarred version of the environment <code>filecontents</code> prefixes the +content of the created file with a header; see the example below. The +starred version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header. </para> -<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "> -<listitem><prepend>•</prepend> -<para>If the file already exists, then it will be overwritten. +<para>This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it often +appears before the <code>\documentclass</code> command. It is typically used +when a source file requires a nonstandard style or class file. The +environment will write that file to the directory containing the source +and thus make the source file self-contained. Another use is to include +<code>bib</code> references in the file, again to make it self-contained. </para> -</listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> -<para>You can use the <code>filecontents</code> environment at any point after the -declaration <code>\usepackage{filecontents}</code>, not just before -<code>\documentclass</code>. +<para>The environment checks whether a file of that name already exists and if +so, does not do anything. There is a <file>filecontents</file> package that +redefines the <code>filecontents</code> environment so that instead of doing +nothing in that case, it will overwrite the existing file. </para> -</listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> -<para>The <code>filecontents</code> package also provides a <code>filecontents*</code> -environment which is used in the same way as the <code>filecontents</code> -environment except that it won&textrsquo;t insert any leading comment, so it is -better suited to create files which aren&textrsquo;t in &latex; format. +<para>For example, this document </para> -</listitem></itemize> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{article} +\begin{filecontents}{JH.sty} +\newcommand{\myname}{Jim Hef{}feron} +\end{filecontents} +\usepackage{JH} +\begin{document} +Article by \myname. +\end{document} +</pre></example> -<para>The <code>filecontents</code> environment only creates the file, and is -unrelated to using the created file. So you need to use, for -instance, <code>\input</code> or <code>\usepackage</code> or <code>\bibliography</code> -or whatever is applicable, to use the created file. -</para> -<para>This environment is also useful to make a document in a self-contained -file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the content of a -<file>.bib</file> file in the same file as the main document. +<para>produces this file <file>JH.sty</file>. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">%% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty' +%% generated by the `filecontents' environment +%% from source `test' on 2015/10/12. +%% +\newcommand{\myname}{Jim Hef{}feron} +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="flushleft" spaces=" "><nodename>flushleft</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushright</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">filecontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushleft</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="197">flushleft <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242">flushleft <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{flushleft} @@ -1979,10 +2684,10 @@ file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the content of a \end{flushleft} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged -right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. +right. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedright</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment. @@ -1991,10 +2696,11 @@ right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. <node name="_005craggedright" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedright</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushleft</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedright</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="199">\raggedright</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="244">\raggedright</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -2011,9 +2717,10 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. </section> <node name="flushright" spaces=" "><nodename>flushright</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">itemize</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushleft</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushright</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="200">flushright <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245">flushright <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{flushright} @@ -2023,10 +2730,10 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. \end{flushright} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="201">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="246">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged -left. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. +left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence <code>\\</code>. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedleft</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment. @@ -2035,10 +2742,11 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. <node name="_005craggedleft" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedleft</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushright</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedleft</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -2055,11 +2763,12 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. </section> <node name="itemize" spaces=" "><nodename>itemize</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">letter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushright</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>itemize</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="203">itemize <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204">\item</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">lists of items</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248">itemize <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249">\item</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">lists of items</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2088,10 +2797,10 @@ There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. </para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period) </para></listitem></enumerate> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="205">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="207">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="250">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="252">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels. For instance, to have @@ -2101,13 +2810,13 @@ the first level use diamonds: <pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="209">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="211">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="213">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="254">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="256">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="258">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="260">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the left margin of the list. By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set @@ -2126,20 +2835,20 @@ This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: <para>Some parameters that affect list formatting: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="216">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="261">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="217">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="262">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between the label and text of an item; default <samp>.5em</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="218">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="263">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the label; default <samp>2em</samp>, or <samp>1.5em</samp> in two-column mode. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="219">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="264">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a list item; default <samp>0pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="220">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="265">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the enclosing environment; default <samp>0pt</samp>, except in the <code>quote</code>, <code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal @@ -2151,23 +2860,23 @@ to <code>\leftmargin</code>. loose, by default). </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="221">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="266">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="222">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="267">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="223">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="268">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. These are reduced for nested lists. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="224">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="269">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a paragraph. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt @@ -2175,7 +2884,7 @@ plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="225">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code> environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs @@ -2195,7 +2904,8 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific, </section> <node name="letter" spaces=" "><nodename>letter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">list</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">itemize</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226">letter</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271">letter <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <para>This environment is used for creating letters. <xref label="Letters"><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></xref>. </para> @@ -2203,8 +2913,9 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific, </section> <node name="list" spaces=" "><nodename>list</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">math</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">letter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>list</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="227">list</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272">list</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in @@ -2230,13 +2941,58 @@ empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing. <para>The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by <code>\linewidth</code> (<pxref label="Page-layout-parameters"><xrefnodename>Page layout parameters</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> +<menu endspaces=" "> +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\item</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">An entry in a list. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> + + +<node name="_005citem" spaces=" "><nodename>\item</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">list</nodeup></node> + +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\item text of item +</pre></example> + +<para>or +</para><example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\item[<var>optional label</var>] text of item +</pre></example> + +<para>An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default +depends on the list type. +</para> +<para>Because the optional argument <var>optional label</var> is surrounded by +square brackets (<code>[</code> and <code>]</code>), to use square brackets +inside the optional argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as +in <code>\item[Close square bracket, {]}]</code>. Similarly, to use an open +square bracket as first character in the text of the item, also hide it +inside curly braces. <xref label="LaTeX-command-syntax"><xrefnodename>&latex; command syntax</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> +<para>In this example the <code>enumerate</code> list has two items that use the +default label and one that uses the optional label. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{enumerate} + \item Moe + \item[sometimes] Shemp + \item Larry +\end{enumerate} +</pre></example> + +<para>The first item is labelled <samp>1.</samp>, the second item is labelled +<samp>sometimes</samp>, and the third item is labelled <samp>2.</samp> (note that, +because of the optional label in the second item, the third item does +not get a <samp>3.</samp>). +</para> + </section> <node name="math" spaces=" "><nodename>math</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">minipage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">list</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>math</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="228">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">in-line formulas</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">in-line formulas</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2247,7 +3003,7 @@ empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing. </pre></example> <para>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the -running text. <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. +running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. <xref label="Math-formulas"><xrefnodename>Math formulas</xrefnodename></xref>. </para> @@ -2255,8 +3011,8 @@ running text. <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. <node name="minipage" spaces=" "><nodename>minipage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">picture</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">math</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>minipage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="229">minipage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274">minipage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>} @@ -2272,15 +3028,15 @@ other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage. <!-- c (xxref positions) --> <para>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cparbox"><xrefnodename>\parbox</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230">\parindent</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275">\parindent</indexterm></findex> <para>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code> environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as <code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> command. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex> <para>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at @@ -2293,20 +3049,20 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. </para> </section> -<node name="picture" spaces=" "><nodename>picture</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quotation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">minipage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> +<node name="picture" spaces=" "><nodename>picture</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quotation and quote</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">minipage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>picture</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="231">picture</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276">picture</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{picture}(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>) &dots; <var>picture commands</var> &dots; \end{picture} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232">\unitlength</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277">\unitlength</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying @@ -2321,22 +3077,23 @@ centimeters. <code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> environment. The default value is <code>1pt</code>. </para> -<para>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex> +<para>A <dfn>position</dfn> is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>. Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. </para> -<para>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a -<code>position</code>. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment -produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this -argument&textrsquo;s x- and y-coordinates. +<para>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument which is a +position (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>), which specifies the size of the +picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with these +<var>width</var> and <var>height</var>. </para> -<para>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional <code>position</code> -argument, following the <code>size</code> argument, that can change the -origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not -contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the +<para>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional position argument +(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>), following the size argument, that can +change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument +is not contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the command @@ -2370,7 +3127,7 @@ command. The command picture, with its reference point at coordinates <math>(11.3,-.3)</math>. The reference points for various objects will be described below. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="233">lR box</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278">lR box</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn>. You can put anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox"><xrefnodename>\mbox</xrefnodename></pxref>) in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. When you do this, the reference point will @@ -2398,10 +3155,12 @@ be the lower left corner of the box. <node name="_005ccircle" spaces=" "><nodename>\circle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\circle</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234">\circle</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279">\circle</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: -</para><example endspaces=" "> +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>} </pre></example> @@ -2415,10 +3174,12 @@ draws a solid circle. </subsection> <node name="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\circle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: -</para><example endspaces=" "> +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\makebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} </pre></example> @@ -2450,7 +3211,8 @@ your <var>text</var> appears in. You may select up to two of the following: </subsection> <node name="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\framebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dashbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236">\framebox</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281">\framebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2462,8 +3224,8 @@ your <var>text</var> appears in. You may select up to two of the following: section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule and the contents of the box. @@ -2473,7 +3235,7 @@ and the contents of the box. <node name="_005cdashbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\dashbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frame</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dashbox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239">\dashbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284">\dashbox</indexterm></findex> <para>Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: </para> @@ -2493,7 +3255,8 @@ multiples of the <var>dlen</var>. </subsection> <node name="_005cframe" spaces=" "><nodename>\frame</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\dashbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frame</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240">\frame</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285">\frame</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2509,7 +3272,8 @@ space is put between the frame and the object. </subsection> <node name="_005cline" spaces=" "><nodename>\line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linethickness</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frame</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\line</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241">\line</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286">\line</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2520,8 +3284,8 @@ space is put between the frame and the object. <para>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex> <para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <math><var>slope</var> = x/y</math>, where <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> have integer values from −6 through 6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes, @@ -2531,7 +3295,8 @@ see <code>pict2e</code> and many other packages on CTAN. </subsection> <node name="_005clinethickness" spaces=" "><nodename>\linethickness</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thicklines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linethickness</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242">\linethickness</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287">\linethickness</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\linethickness{<var>dim</var>}</code> command declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be @@ -2544,7 +3309,8 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>. </subsection> <node name="_005cthicklines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thicklines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinlines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\linethickness</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thicklines</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243">\thicklines</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288">\thicklines</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; @@ -2554,7 +3320,8 @@ cf. <ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnoden </subsection> <node name="_005cthinlines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinlines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\multiput</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thicklines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinlines</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="244">\thinlines</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289">\thinlines</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; @@ -2564,10 +3331,12 @@ cf. <ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnoden </subsection> <node name="_005cmultiput" spaces=" "><nodename>\multiput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\oval</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinlines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multiput</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245">\multiput</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290">\multiput</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: -</para><example endspaces=" "> +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>n</var>}{<var>obj</var>} </pre></example> @@ -2580,7 +3349,8 @@ pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position </subsection> <node name="_005coval" spaces=" "><nodename>\oval</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\put</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multiput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\oval</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="246">\oval</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291">\oval</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2588,21 +3358,24 @@ pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position <pre xml:space="preserve">\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>] </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. -The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to select part of the +<para>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The +optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to produce only half of the oval via the following: </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the top portion; +</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the top half; </para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the bottom portion; +</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the bottom half; </para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">r</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the right portion; +</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the right half; </para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">l</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the left portion. +</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the left half. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> +<para>It is also possible to produce only one quarter of the oval by setting +<var>portion</var> to <code>tr</code>, <code>br</code>, <code>bl</code>, or <code>tl</code>. +</para> <para>The &textldquo;corners&textrdquo; of the oval are made with quarter circles with a maximum radius of 20<dmn>pt</dmn>, so large &textldquo;ovals&textrdquo; will look more like boxes with rounded corners. @@ -2611,7 +3384,8 @@ boxes with rounded corners. </subsection> <node name="_005cput" spaces=" "><nodename>\put</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\shortstack</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\oval</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\put</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247">\put</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292">\put</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2627,7 +3401,8 @@ boxes with rounded corners. </subsection> <node name="_005cshortstack" spaces=" "><nodename>\shortstack</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vector</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\put</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\shortstack</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248">\shortstack</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293">\shortstack</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2647,14 +3422,15 @@ positions are: </tableterm><tableitem><para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>. </para> </subsection> <node name="_005cvector" spaces=" "><nodename>\vector</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\shortstack</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vector</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="250">\vector</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295">\vector</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2669,13 +3445,17 @@ values must lie between −4 and +4, inclusive. </subsection> </section> -<node name="quotation" spaces=" "><nodename>quotation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quote</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">picture</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quotation</code></sectiontitle> +<node name="quotation-and-quote" spaces=" "><nodename>quotation and quote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabbing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">picture</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quotation</code> and <code>quote</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251">quotation</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296">quotation</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297">quote</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2685,24 +3465,7 @@ values must lie between −4 and +4, inclusive. \end{quotation} </pre></example> -<para>The margins of the <code>quotation</code> environment are indented on both -the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. -Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. -</para> -<para>Unlike the <code>quote</code> environment, each paragraph is indented -normally. -</para> - -</section> -<node name="quote" spaces=" "><nodename>quote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabbing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">quotation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quote</code></sectiontitle> - -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="252">quote</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex> - -<para>Synopsis: +<para>or </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{quote} @@ -2710,21 +3473,39 @@ normally. \end{quote} </pre></example> -<para>The margins of the <code>quote</code> environment are indented on both the -left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a -blank line between text produces a new paragraph. +<para>Include a quotation. +</para> +<para>In both environments, margins are indented on both sides by +<code>\leftmargin</code> and the text is justified at both. As with the main +text, leaving a blank line produces a new paragraph. </para> -<para>Unlike the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are not indented. +<para>To compare the two: in the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are +indented by 1.5<dmn>em</dmn> and the space between paragraphs is small, +<code>0pt plus 1pt</code>. In the <code>quote</code> environment, paragraphs are +not indented and there is vertical space between paragraphs (it is the +rubber length <code>\parsep</code>). Thus, the <code>quotation</code> environment +may be more suitable for documents where new paragraphs are marked by an +indent rather than by a vertical separation. In addition, <code>quote</code> +may be more suitable for a short quotation or a sequence of short +quotations. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{quotation} +\it Four score and seven years ago + .. shall not perish from the earth. +\hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln +\end{quotation} +</pre></example> + </section> -<node name="tabbing" spaces=" "><nodename>tabbing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">quote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> +<node name="tabbing" spaces=" "><nodename>tabbing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">quotation and quote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabbing</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253">tabbing <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298">tabbing <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2747,37 +3528,37 @@ environment. <para>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="254">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="299">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>End a line. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="255">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="300">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="256">\> <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\> <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257">\></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="301">\> <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\> <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302">\></indexterm></findex> <para>Advances to the next tab stop. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="258">\<</indexterm>\<</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="303">\<</indexterm>\<</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="259">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="304">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="260">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="305">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="261">\&textrsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="306">\&textrsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the -current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, +current column, i.e., everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, <code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="262">\&textlsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="307">\&textlsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last column because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the @@ -2786,29 +3567,29 @@ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no <code>\></code> or <code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="263">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="264">\a&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265">\a&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="308">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309">\a&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310">\a&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and <code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead, the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="267">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="312">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in effect. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="268">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269">\poptabs</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="313">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314">\poptabs</indexterm></findex> <para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="270">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="315">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="271">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="316">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -2832,50 +3613,70 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ <node name="table" spaces=" "><nodename>table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabular</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabbing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>table</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272">table</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">creating tables</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317">table</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">creating tables</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve"> \begin{table}[placement] - - body of the table - - \caption{table title} - \end{table} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{table}[<var>placement</var>] + table body +\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} +\label{<var>label}</var> +\end{table} </pre></example> -<para>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are -usually &textldquo;floated&textrdquo; to a convenient place, like the top of a page. -Tables will not be split between two pages. +<para>A class of floats (<pxref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></pxref>). Because they cannot be split across +pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead +are &textldquo;floated&textrdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a following +page. </para> -<para>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where &latex; will try -to place your table. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put -a float; these are the same as that used with the <code>figure</code> -environment, and described there (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<para>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the +float placement algorithm, see <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>. </para> -<para>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default -placement <code>[tbp]</code>. +<para>The table body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code> +and so it can contain text, commands, etc. </para> -<para>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc., -you wish. The <code>\caption</code> command allows you to title your table. +<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross-references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross +references</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318">\caption</indexterm></findex> +The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the +table. By default it is numbered. If <var>lottitle</var> is present, it is +used in the list of tables instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Tables-of-contents"><xrefnodename>Tables of +contents</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> +<para>In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a page, +unless it is pushed to a float page at the end. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{table}[b] + \centering + \begin{tabular}{r|p{2in}} \hline + One &The loneliest number \\ + Two &Can be as sad as one. + It's the loneliest number since the number one. + \end{tabular} + \caption{Cardinal virtues} + \label{tab:CardinalVirtues} +\end{table} +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="tabular" spaces=" "><nodename>tabular</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">thebibliography</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabular</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273">tabular <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319">tabular <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} -column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ -... +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>} +column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\ + ... \end{tabular} </pre></example> @@ -2883,44 +3684,61 @@ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ <para>or </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} -column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ -... +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular*}{<var>width</var>}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>} +column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\ + ... \end{tabular*} </pre></example> -<para>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of -items, aligned vertically in columns. -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex> -<para><code>\\</code> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, -except for the last, where it is optional&textmdash;unless an <code>\hline</code> -command (to put a rule below the table) follows. -</para> -<para>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: -</para> -<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">width</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specifies the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. There must be -rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified -width. +<para>These environments produce a table, a box consisting of a sequence of +horizontal rows. Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically +in columns. This illustrates many of the features. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pos</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of -the environment. +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{l|l} + \textit{Player name} &\textit{Career home runs} \\ + \hline + Hank Aaron &755 \\ + Babe Ruth &714 +\end{tabular} +</pre></example> + +<para>The vertical format of two left-aligned columns, with a vertical bar +between them, is specified in <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s argument <code>{l|l}</code>. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320">&</indexterm></findex> +Columns are separated with an ampersand <code>&</code>. A horizontal rule +between two rows is created with <code>\hline</code>. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex> +The end of each row is marked with a double backslash <code>\\</code>. +This <code>\\</code> is optional after the last row unless an <code>\hline</code> +command follows, to put a rule below the table. </para> -<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>align on top row +<para>The required and optional arguments to <code>tabular</code> consist of: </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>align on bottom row -</para></tableitem></tableentry></table> - -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cols</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the -following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and -intercolumn material. +<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">width</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required for <code>tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code>tabular</code>. Specifies +the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns +should be rubber, as with <code>&arobase;{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow +the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you +are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment +..</code> warning. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">pos</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional. Specifies the table&textrsquo;s vertical position. The default is to +align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of the +surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: <code>t</code> +aligns the table so its top row matches the baseline of the surrounding +text, and <code>b</code> aligns on the bottom row. +</para> +<para>This only has an effect if there is other text. In the common case of a +<code>tabular</code> alone in a <code>center</code> environment this option makes +no difference. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">cols</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required. Specifies the formatting of columns. It consists of a +sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the types of +column and intercolumn material. </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">l</itemformat></item> @@ -2935,46 +3753,88 @@ intercolumn material. </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">|</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">&arobase;{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>This inserts <var>text</var> in every row. An &arobase;-expression suppresses the -intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space -before the adjacent item must be included in <var>text</var>. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">&arobase;{<var>text or space</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>This inserts <var>text or space</var> at this location in every row. The +<var>text or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is +fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<para>To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given -column, you have to load the <code>array</code> package and use the -<code>>{...}</code> specifier. -<!-- c xx should fully explain array, tabularx, and all other base packages... --> +<para>This specifier is optional: unless you put in your own &arobase;-expression +then &latex;&textrsquo;s book, article, and report classes will put on either +side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which by +default is <samp>6pt</samp>. That is, by default adjacent columns are +separated by 12pt (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly-named since it +is not the separation between tabular columns). Also by default a space +of 6pt comes before the first column as well as after the final column, +unless you put a <code>&arobase;{..}</code> or <code>|</code> there. +</para> +<para>If you override the default and use an &arobase;-expression then you must +insert any desired space yourself, as in <code>&arobase;{\hspace{1em}}</code>. +</para> +<para>An empty expression <code>&arobase;{}</code> will eliminate the space, including +the space at the start or end, as in the example below where the tabular +lines need to lie on the left margin. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{flushleft} + \begin{tabular}{&arobase;{}l} + .. + \end{tabular} +\end{flushleft} +</pre></example> + +<para>This example shows text, a decimal point, between the columns, arranged +so the numbers in the table are aligned on that decimal point. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex> -<para>An <code>\extracolsep{wd}</code> command in an &arobase;-expression causes an -extra space of width <code>wd</code> to appear to the left of all subsequent +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{r&arobase;{$.$}l} + $3$ &$14$ \\ + $9$ &$80665$ +\end{tabular} +</pre></example> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex> +<para>An <code>\extracolsep{<var>wd</var>}</code> command in an &arobase;-expression causes an +extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code> command. -Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed -by an &arobase;-expression. An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only -in an &arobase;-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument. +Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by +an &arobase;-expression. An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an +&arobase;-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument. Below, &latex; inserts the +right amount of intercolumn space to make the entire table 4 inches +wide. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{center} + \begin{tabular*}{4in}{l&arobase;{\ \ldots\extracolsep{\fill}}l} + Seven times down, eight times up + &such is life! + \end{tabular*} +\end{center} +</pre></example> + +<para>To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given +column, load the <code>array</code> package and use the <code>>{...}</code> +specifier. +<!-- c xx should fully explain array, tabularx, and all other base packages... --> </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">p{<var>wd</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width -<var>wd</var>, as if it were the argument of a -<code>\parbox[t]{<var>wd</var>}</code> command. However, a <code>\\</code> may not -appear in the item, except in the following situations: +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>. +</para> +<para>Note that a line break double backslash <code>\\</code> may not appear in the +item, except inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, +or <code>tabular</code>, or inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>, or in the scope +of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code> +declaration (when used in a <code>p</code>-column element these declarations +must appear inside braces, as with <code>{\centering .. \\ +..}</code>). Otherwise &latex; will misinterpret the double backslash as +ending the row. </para> -<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" "> -<listitem> -<para>inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or <code>tabular</code>. -</para></listitem><listitem> -<para>inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>. -</para></listitem><listitem> -<para>in the scope of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code> -declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an -environment when used in a <code>p</code>-column element. -</para></listitem></enumerate> - </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a -positive integer and <var>cols</var> is any list of column-specifiers, -which may contain another <code>*-expression</code>. -</para> +positive integer and <var>cols</var> is a list of specifiers. Thus +<code>\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}</code> is equivalent to +<code>\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}</code>. Note that <var>cols</var> may +contain another <code>*-expression</code>. +</para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> </tableitem></tableentry></table> @@ -2982,68 +3842,172 @@ which may contain another <code>*-expression</code>. <!-- c xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? --> </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="276">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, <code>\hline</code>, and -<code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; the -default is <samp>.4pt</samp>. +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="323">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, +<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> +environments. The default is <samp>.4pt</samp>. Change it as in +<code>\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="277">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> -environments; default is <samp>1</samp>, for no scaling. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="324">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and +<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is <samp>1</samp>, for +no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="278">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <code>||</code> -in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is <samp>2pt</samp>. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="325">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the +<code>||</code> specifier. The default is <samp>2pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="279">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is <samp>6pt</samp>. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="326">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is +<samp>6pt</samp>. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> -<para>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabular</code> -environment: +<para>The following commands can be used inside the body of a <code>tabular</code> +environment, the first two inside an entry and the second two between +lines: </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\multicolumn</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make an item spanning several columns. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\vline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a vertical line. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\cline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\vline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a vertical line. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> -<node name="_005cmulticolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\multicolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> +<node name="_005cmulticolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\multicolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multicolumn</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: -</para><example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\multicolumn{<var>cols</var>}{<var>pos</var>}{<var>text</var>} +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\multicolumn{<var>numcols</var>}{<var>cols</var>}{<var>text</var>} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\multicolumn</code> command makes an entry that spans several -columns. The first mandatory argument, <var>cols</var>, specifies the -number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, <var>pos</var>, -specifies the formatting of the entry; <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code> -for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright. The third mandatory argument, -<var>text</var>, specifies what text to put in the entry. +<para>Make an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> entry that spans several columns. +The first argument <var>numcols</var> gives the number of columns to span. +The second argument <var>cols</var> specifies the formatting of the entry, +with <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code> for flush left, or <code>r</code> for +flush right. The third argument <var>text</var> gives the contents of that +entry. </para> -<para>Here&textrsquo;s an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; -<code>\multicolumn</code> is used for the heading: +<para>In this example, in the first row, the second and third columns are +spanned by the single heading <samp>Name</samp>. </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{r&arobase;{--}l} -\multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr - 0x80&0x7FF \cr - 0x800&0xFFFF \cr -0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{lccl} + \textit{ID} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &\textit{Age} \\ \hline % row one + 978-0-393-03701-2 &O'Brian &Patrick &55 \\ % row two + .. \end{tabular} </pre></example> +<para>What counts as a column is: the column format specifier for the +<code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment is broken into parts, where +each part (except the first) begins with <code>l</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>r</code>, +or <code>p</code>. So from <code>\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}</code> +the parts are <code>|r|</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>c</code>, +and <code>p{1.5in}|</code>. +</para> +<para>The <var>cols</var> argument overrides the <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> +environment&textrsquo;s intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn +entry. To affect that area, this argument can contain vertical bars +<code>|</code> indicating the placement of vertical rules, and <code>&arobase;{..}</code> +expressions. Thus if <var>cols</var> is <samp>|c|</samp> then this multicolumn +entry will be centered and a vertical rule will come in the intercolumn +area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{|cc|c|c|} + \multicolumn{1}{r}{w} % entry one + &\multicolumn{1}{|r|}{x} % entry two + &\multicolumn{1}{|r}{y} % entry three + &z % entry four +\end{tabular} +</pre></example> +<para>Before the first entry the output will not have a vertical rule because +the <code>\multicolumn</code> has the <var>cols</var> specifier <samp>r</samp> with no +initial vertical bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a +vertical rule; although the first <var>cols</var> does not have an ending +vertical bar, the second <var>cols</var> does have a starting one. Between +entry two and entry three there is a single vertical rule; despite that +the <var>cols</var> in both of the surrounding <code>multicolumn</code>&textrsquo;s call for +a vertical rule, you only get one rule. Between entry three and entry +four there is no vertical rule; the default calls for one but the +<var>cols</var> in the entry three <code>\multicolumn</code> leaves it out, and +that takes precedence. Finally, following entry four there is a +vertical rule because of the default. +</para> +<para>The number of spanned columns <var>numcols</var> can be 1. Besides giving +the ability to change the horizontal alignment, this also is useful to +override for one row the <code>tabular</code> definition&textrsquo;s default intercolumn +area specification, including the placement of vertical rules. +</para> +<para>In the example below, in the <code>tabular</code> definition the first column +is specified to default to left justified but in the first row the entry +is centered with <code>\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}</code>. +Also in the first row, the second and third columns are spanned by a +single entry with <code>\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}}</code>, +overriding the specification to center those two columns on the page +range en-dash. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{l|r&arobase;{--}l} + \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}} + &multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}} \\ \hline + Baroque &1600 &1760 \\ + Classical &1730 &1820 \\ + Romantic &1780 &1910 \\ + Impressionistic &1875 &1925 +\end{tabular} +</pre></example> + +<para>Note that although the <code>tabular</code> specification by default puts a +vertical rule between the first and second columns, because there is no +vertical bar in the <var>cols</var> of either of the first row&textrsquo;s +<code>\multicolumn</code> commands, no rule appears in the first row. +</para> </subsection> -<node name="_005ccline" spaces=" "><nodename>\cline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multicolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> +<node name="_005cvline" spaces=" "><nodename>\vline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multicolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> +<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vline</code></sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328">\vline</indexterm></findex> + +<para>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment +extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be used +in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical bar <code>|</code> is +more common. This command is rarely used; typically a table&textrsquo;s vertical +lines are specified in <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s <var>cols</var> argument and +overriden as needed with <code>\multicolumn</code>. +</para> +<para>This example illustrates some pitfalls. In the first line&textrsquo;s second +entry the <code>\hfill</code> moves the <code>\vline</code> to the left edge of the +cell. But that is different than putting it halfway between the two +columns, so in that row between the first and second columns there are +two vertical rules, with the one from the <code>{c|cc}</code> specifier +coming before the one produced by the <code>\vline\hfill</code>. In contrast, +the first line&textrsquo;s third entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar +between two columns. In the second line, the <code>ghi</code> is the widest +entry in its column so in the <code>\vline\hfill</code> the <code>\hfill</code> has +no effect and the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next +to the <code>g</code>, with no whitespace. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{c|cc} + x &\vline\hfill y &\multicolumn{1}{|r}{z} \\ + abc &def &\vline\hfill ghi +\end{tabular} +</pre></example> + + +</subsection> +<node name="_005ccline" spaces=" "><nodename>\cline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281">\cline</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329">\cline</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3051,40 +4015,55 @@ for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright. The third mandatory argument, <pre xml:space="preserve">\cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\cline</code> command draws horizontal lines across the columns -specified, beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>, -which are specified in the mandatory argument. +<para>Draw a horizontal rule in an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment +beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>. The +dash <code>-</code> must appear in the mandatory argument. To span a +single column use the number twice. </para> +<para>This example puts two horizontal lines between the first and second +rows, one line in the first column only, and the other spanning the +third and fourth columns. The two lines are side-by-side, at the same +height. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{llrr} + a &b &c &d \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} + e &f &g &h +\end{tabular} +</pre></example> + </subsection> -<node name="_005chline" spaces=" "><nodename>\hline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> +<node name="_005chline" spaces=" "><nodename>\hline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\cline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282">\hline</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>\hline</code> command draws a horizontal line the width of the -enclosing <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment. It&textrsquo;s most -commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows -of a table. -</para> - -</subsection> -<node name="_005cvline" spaces=" "><nodename>\vline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\hline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> -<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283">\vline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330">\hline</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line extending the full -height and depth of its row. An <code>\hfill</code> command can be used to -move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an -&arobase;-expression. +<para>Draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or +<code>array</code> environment. It&textrsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the +top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. </para> +<para>In this example the top of the table has two horizontal rules, one above +the other, that span both columns. The bottom of the table has a single +rule spanning both columns. Because of the <code>\hline</code>, the +<code>tabular</code> second row&textrsquo;s line ending double backslash <code>\\</code> +is required. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline\hline + Baseball &Red Sox \\ + Basketball &Celtics \\ \hline +\end{tabular} +</pre></example> + </subsection> </section> <node name="thebibliography" spaces=" "><nodename>thebibliography</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">theorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabular</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>thebibliography</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284">thebibliography</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331">thebibliography <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3124,10 +4103,11 @@ less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc. <node name="_005cbibitem" spaces=" "><nodename>\bibitem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cite</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bibitem</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285">\bibitem</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332">\bibitem</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: -</para><example endspaces=" "> +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>} </pre></example> @@ -3149,12 +4129,12 @@ associated label. <node name="_005ccite" spaces=" "><nodename>\cite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nocite</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bibitem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cite</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286">\cite</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333">\cite</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var>} </pre></example> <para>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys, @@ -3170,23 +4150,24 @@ citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might pr </subsection> <node name="_005cnocite" spaces=" "><nodename>\nocite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Using BibTeX</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nocite</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287">\nocite</indexterm></findex> -<para><code>\nocite{key_list}</code> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334">\nocite</indexterm></findex> + +<para><code>\nocite{<var>keys</var>}</code> </para> -<para>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <code>key_list</code>, -which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <file>.aux</file> file. +<para>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <var>keys</var>, +which is a list of one or more citation keys, to the <file>.aux</file> file. </para> </subsection> <node name="Using-BibTeX" spaces=" "><nodename>Using BibTeX</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nocite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Using Bib&tex;</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289">\bibliography</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336">\bibliography</indexterm></findex> <para>If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of @@ -3233,8 +4214,8 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and <node name="theorem" spaces=" "><nodename>theorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">titlepage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>theorem</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290">theorem <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337">theorem <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3254,9 +4235,9 @@ possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code> <node name="titlepage" spaces=" "><nodename>titlepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verbatim</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">theorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>titlepage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291">titlepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">making a title page</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338">titlepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">making a title page</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3280,12 +4261,12 @@ produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment. <node name="verbatim" spaces=" "><nodename>verbatim</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verse</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">titlepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verbatim</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292">verbatim <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339">verbatim <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3310,8 +4291,8 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter. <node name="_005cverb" spaces=" "><nodename>\verb</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">verbatim</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\verb</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293">\verb</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340">\verb</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3326,7 +4307,7 @@ including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter <code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">visible space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">visible space</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a &textldquo;visible space&textrdquo; character. <tex endspaces=" "> @@ -3339,8 +4320,8 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. <node name="verse" spaces=" "><nodename>verse</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">verbatim</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verse</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294">verse <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341">verse <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3355,7 +4336,7 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. <para>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the @@ -3366,17 +4347,17 @@ stanzas. </chapter> <node name="Line-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Line breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Environments</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Line breaking</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">line breaking</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208">line breaking</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex> <para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines (and these lines must be broken into pages). </para> -<para>&latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in -some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the -<code>\\</code> command, and you can always manually force breaks. +<para>&latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking in the text body for +you but in some environments you manually force line breaks. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\\</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a new line. @@ -3391,26 +4372,55 @@ some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the <node name="_005c_005c" spaces=" "><nodename>\\</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\obeycr & \restorecr</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\\</code></sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex> -<para>The <code>\\</code> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an -optional argument, <var>morespace</var>, that specifies how much extra -vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a -negative amount. +<para>Synopsis: </para> -<para>The <code>\\*</code> command is the same as the ordinary <code>\\</code> command -except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line. +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\\[<var>morespace</var>] +</pre></example> + +<para>or </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\\*[<var>morespace</var>] +</pre></example> + +<para>Start a new line. The optional argument <var>morespace</var> specifies extra +vertical space to be insert before the next line. This can be a +negative length. The text before the break is set at its normal length, +that is, it is not stretched to fill out the line width. +</para> +<para>Explicit line breaks in the text body are unusual in &latex;. In +particular, to start a new paragraph instead leave a blank line. This +command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text such as in +a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment. +</para> +<para>Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a <code>p{..}</code> column +in a <code>tabular</code> environment) the <code>\newline</code> command is a synonym for +<code>\\</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewline"><xrefnodename>\newline</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<para>In addition to starting a new line, the starred form <code>\\*</code> tells +&latex; not to start a new page between the two lines, by issuing a +<code>\nobreak</code>. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\title{My story: \\[0.25in] + a tale of woe} +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" spaces=" "><nodename>\obeycr & \restorecr</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\\</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297">\obeycr</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298">\restorecr</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344">\obeycr</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345">\restorecr</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (<samp>^^M</samp>, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by @@ -3423,19 +4433,37 @@ in the output. </section> <node name="_005cnewline" spaces=" "><nodename>\newline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\obeycr & \restorecr</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299">\newline</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex> -<para>The <code>\newline</code> command breaks the line at the present point, with -no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph -mode. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346">\newline</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>In ordinary text this is equivalent to double-backslash (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>); it +breaks a line, with no stretching of the text before it. +</para> +<para>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, in a column with a +specifier producing a paragraph box, like typically <code>p{..}</code>, +<code>\newline</code> will insert a line break inside of the column, that is, +it does not break the entire row. To break the entire row use <code>\\</code> +or its equivalent <code>\tabularnewline</code>. +</para> +<para>This will print <samp>Name:</samp> and <samp>Address:</samp> as two lines in a +single cell of the table. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{p{1in}{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}} + Name: \newline Address: &Date: \\ \hline +\end{tabular} +</pre></example> + +<para>The <samp>Date:</samp> will be baseline-aligned with <samp>Name:</samp>. </para> </section> <node name="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fussy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\-</code> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at that point. &latex; is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds @@ -3448,11 +4476,11 @@ hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that &latex; might otherwise have chosen. </para> - </section> <node name="_005cfussy" spaces=" "><nodename>\fussy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sloppy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fussy</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301">\fussy</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348">\fussy</indexterm></findex> <para>The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes &tex; picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between @@ -3466,6 +4494,8 @@ words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. <node name="_005csloppy" spaces=" "><nodename>\sloppy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fussy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sloppy</code></sectiontitle> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349">\sloppy</indexterm></findex> + <para>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes &tex; less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. @@ -3476,8 +4506,9 @@ interword spacing. </section> <node name="_005chyphenation" spaces=" "><nodename>\hyphenation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\sloppy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hyphenation</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3500,10 +4531,11 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words): </section> <node name="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\linebreak & \nolinebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303">\linebreak</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351">\linebreak</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -3526,8 +4558,9 @@ from a demand to a request. The <var>priority</var> must be a number from </chapter> <node name="Page-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Page breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page breaking</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">page breaking</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">page breaking</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, @@ -3545,49 +4578,54 @@ but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. <node name="_005ccleardoublepage" spaces=" "><nodename>\cleardoublepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\clearpage</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cleardoublepage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all -figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. -In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand -(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. +the pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the +input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the +next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if +necessary. </para> </section> <node name="_005cclearpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\clearpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newpage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cleardoublepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\clearpage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306">\clearpage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex> -<para>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all -figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354">\clearpage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all the +pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the +input to be printed. </para> </section> <node name="_005cnewpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\newpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\clearpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newpage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307">\newpage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355">\newpage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear -floats (see <code>\clearpage</code> above). +floats (<pxref label="_005cclearpage"><xrefnodename>\clearpage</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </section> <node name="_005cenlargethispage" spaces=" "><nodename>\enlargethispage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enlargethispage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex> <para><code>\enlargethispage{size}</code> </para> <para><code>\enlargethispage*{size}</code> </para> <para>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the specified -amount; e.g. <code>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> will allow one +amount; e.g., <code>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> will allow one additional line. </para> <para>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as @@ -3598,10 +4636,11 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit </section> <node name="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="358">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -3625,25 +4664,43 @@ insistent the request is. </chapter> <node name="Footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Definitions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced -with one command, the <code>\footnote</code> command. They can also be -produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the -<code>\footnotetext</code> commands. +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>Place a numbered footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">No<accent type="uml">e</accent>l Coward quipped that having to read a footnote is like having +to go downstairs to answer the door, while in the midst of making +love.\footnote{I wouldn't know, I don't read footnotes.} +</pre></example> + +<para>You can place multiple footnotes on a page. If the text becomes too long +it will flow to the next page. +</para> +<para>You can also produce footnotes by combining the <code>\footnotemark</code> and +the <code>\footnotetext</code> commands, which is useful in special +circumstances. +</para> +<para>To make bibliographic references come out as footnotes you need to +include a bibliographic style with that behavior. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> -<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnote</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert a footnote. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnotemark</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote mark only. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnotetext</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote text only. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Symbolic footnotes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnote parameters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Parameters for footnote formatting. +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnote</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert a footnote. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnotemark</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote mark only. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnotetext</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote text only. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnotes in a table</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Table footnotes. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnotes in section headings</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Chapter or section titles. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnotes of footnotes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Multiple classes of footnotes. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Multiple reference to footnotes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Referring to a footnote more than once. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnote parameters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Parameters for footnote formatting. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> <node name="_005cfootnote" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnote</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311">\footnote</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="359">\footnote</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3651,91 +4708,253 @@ produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the <pre xml:space="preserve">\footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\footnote</code> command places the numbered footnote <var>text</var> -at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument <var>number</var> -changes the default footnote number. +<para>Place a numbered footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page. </para> -<para>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you -cannot use it in sectioning commands like <code>\chapter</code>, in figures, -tables or in a <code>tabular</code> environment. (See following sections.) +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's +\textit{Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{After +reading an early version with endnotes David Hume complained, +``One is also plagued with his Notes, according to the present Method +of printing the Book'' and suggested that they ``only to be printed +at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''} +</pre></example> + +<para>The optional argument <var>number</var> allows you to specify the footnote +number. If you use this option then the footnote number counter is not +incremented, and if you do not use it then the counter is incremented. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="360">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex> +<para>Change how &latex; shows the footnote counter with something like +<code>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which +uses a sequence of symbols (<pxref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman +\fnsymbol</xrefnodename></pxref>). To make this change global put that in the preamble. If +you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with +<code>\setcounter{footnote}{0}</code>. By default &latex; uses arabic +numbers. +</para> +<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a +<code>\footnote</code>; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a +sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer +paragraph mode). There are some workarounds; see following sections. <!-- c xx mention packages that fix this --> </para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">Footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex> +<para>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> +command uses the <code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the +<code>footnote</code> counter, so they are numbered independently. They are +shown at the bottom of the environment, not at the bottom of the page. +And by default they are shown alphabetically. <xref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> </section> <node name="_005cfootnotemark" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotemark</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotemark</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex> -<para>With no optional argument, the <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the -current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in -inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, -with the <code>\footnotetext</code> command. -</para> -<para>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote -markers referring to the same footnote with +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex> + +<para>Synopsis, one of: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] +<pre xml:space="preserve">\footnotemark +\footnotemark[<var>number</var>] </pre></example> -<noindent></noindent> -<para>after the first <code>\footnote</code> command. +<para>Put the current footnote number in the +text. (See <ref label="_005cfootnotetext"><xrefnodename>\footnotetext</xrefnodename></ref> for giving the text of the footnote +separately.) The version with the optional argument <var>number</var> uses +that number to determine the mark printed. This command can be used in +inner paragraph mode. +</para> +<para>This example gives the same institutional affiliation to both the first +and third authors (<code>\thanks</code> is a version of <code>footnote</code>). +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem} +\author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds} + \and A C Doyle\thanks{Durham University} + \and S Holmes\footnotemark[1]} +\begin{document} +\maketitle +</pre></example> + +<para>If you use <code>\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it +increments the footnote counter but if you use the optional <var>number</var> +then it does not. This produces several consecutive footnote markers +referring to the same footnote. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.} +and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] +and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] +</pre></example> + </section> -<node name="_005cfootnotetext" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotetext</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Symbolic footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> +<node name="_005cfootnotetext" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotetext</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotetext</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex> -<para>Synopsis: +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex> + +<para>Synopsis, one of: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\footnotetext{<var>text</var>} +\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre></example> + +<para>Place <var>text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. This command +can come anywhere after the <code>\footnotemark</code> command. The optional +argument <var>number</var> changes the displayed footnote number. The +<code>\footnotetext</code> command must appear in outer paragraph mode. +</para> + +</section> +<node name="Footnotes-in-a-table" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in a table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in a table</sectiontitle> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">Footnotes, in a table</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>Inside a <code>table</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command does not +work. For instance, if the code below appears on its own then the +footnote simply disappears; there is a footnote mark in the table cell +but nothing is set at the bottom of the page. </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{l|l} + \textsc{Ship} &\textsc{Book} \\ \hline + \textit{HMS Sophie} &Master and Commander \\ + \textit{HMS Polychrest} &Post Captain \\ + \textit{HMS Lively} &Post Captain \\ + \textit{HMS Surprise} &A number of books\footnote{Starting with HMS Surprise.} + \end{tabular} +\end{center} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\footnotetext</code> command places <var>text</var> at the bottom of -the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the -<code>\footnotemark</code> command. The <code>\footnotetext</code> command must -appear in outer paragraph mode. +<para>The solution is to surround the <code>tabular</code> environment with a +<code>minipage</code> environment, as here (<pxref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<para>The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the default footnote number. +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{center} + \begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth} + .. tabular material .. + \end{minipage} +\end{center} +</pre></example> + +<para>The same technique will work inside a floating <code>table</code> environment +(<pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>). To get the footnote at the bottom of the page use the +<file>tablefootnote</file> package, as illustrated in this example. If you +put <code>\usepackage{tablefootnote}</code> in the preamble and use the code +shown then the footnote appears at the bottom and is numbered in +sequence with other footnotes. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{table} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{l|l} + \textsc{Date} &\textsc{Campaign} \\ \hline + 1862 &Fort Donelson \\ + 1863 &Vicksburg \\ + 1865 &Army of Northern Virginia\footnote{Ending the war.} + \end{tabular} + \caption{Forces captured by US Grant} +\end{table} +</pre></example> + </section> -<node name="Symbolic-footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Symbolic footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnote parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Symbolic footnotes</sectiontitle> +<node name="Footnotes-in-section-headings" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in section headings</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes of footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in section headings</sectiontitle> + +<para>Putting a footnote in a section heading +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material is due to R~Jones.}} +</pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</indexterm></cindex> -<para>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing -numbers, redefine <code>\thefootnote</code> like this: +<para>causes the footnote to appear both at the bottom of the page where the +section starts and at the bottom of the table of contents page. To have +it not appear on the table of contents use the package <file>footmisc</file> +with the <code>stable</code> option. </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[stable]{footmisc} + .. +\begin{document} + .. +\section{Full sets\footnote{This material is due to R~Jones.}} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>\fnsymbol</code> command produces a predefined series of symbols -(<pxref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you want to -use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you&textrsquo;ll need to also -redefine <code>\&arobase;fnsymbol</code>. +<para>Note that the <code>\protect</code> is gone; putting it in causes the +footnote to reappear on the table of contents. +</para> + +</section> +<node name="Footnotes-of-footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes of footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Multiple reference to footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes of footnotes</sectiontitle> + +<para>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of +footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package +<file>bigfoot</file> extends &latex;&textrsquo;s default footnote mechanism in many +ways, including allow these two, as in this example. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage{bigfoot} +\DeclareNewFootnote{Default} +\DeclareNewFootnote{from}[alph] % create class \footnotefrom{} + .. +\begin{document} + .. +The third theorem is a partial converse of the +second.\footnotefrom{First noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}} + .. +</pre></example> + </section> -<node name="Footnote-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnote parameters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Symbolic footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> +<node name="Multiple-reference-to-footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Multiple reference to footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnote parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes of footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Multiple references to footnotes</sectiontitle> + +<para>You can refer to a single footnote more than once. This example +uses the package <file>cleverref</file>. +</para> +<!-- c from SE user Jake http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/10116/339 --> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % this version of package or later +\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3} + .. +\begin{document} + .. +The theorem is from Evers.\footnote{\label{fn:TE}Tinker and Evers, 1994.} +The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers and Chance, 1990.} +But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE} + .. +</pre></example> + +<para>This solution will work with the package <file>hyperref</file>. +See <ref label="_005cfootnotemark"><xrefnodename>\footnotemark</xrefnodename></ref> for a simpler solution in the common case +of multiple authors with the same affiliation. +</para> + +</section> +<node name="Footnote-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnote parameters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Multiple reference to footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnote parameters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="316">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="364">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s footnotes. Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except <code>slides</code>, where it does not appear). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="317">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="365">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (<pxref label="Font-sizes"><xrefnodename>Font sizes</xrefnodename></pxref>), therefore there is no extra space between @@ -3749,63 +4968,80 @@ footnotes. This is <samp>6.65pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>7.7pt</samp </chapter> <node name="Definitions" spaces=" "><nodename>Definitions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Counters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Definitions</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221">definitions</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">definitions</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds. </para> <!-- c xx everything in this chapter needs examples. --> <menu endspaces=" "> -<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newcommand & \renewcommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">(Re)define a new command. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new counter. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newlength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new length. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newsavebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new box. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new environment. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newtheorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new <code>theorem</code>-like environment. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newfont</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new font name. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\protect</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using tricky commands. +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newcommand & \renewcommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">(Re)define a new command. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\providecommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new command, if name not used. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new counter. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newlength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new length. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newsavebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new box. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new environment. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newtheorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new theorem-like environment. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newfont</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new font name. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\protect</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using tricky commands. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> -<node name="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newcounter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> +<node name="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\providecommand</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318">\newcommand</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366">\newcommand</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex> <para><code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargval</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\renewcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargval</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} + \newcommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +\renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +\renewcommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} </pre></example> -<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var"><code>*</code></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">*-form of defining new commands</indexterm></cindex> -<para>The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain -multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain &tex; terms). +<para>The <code>*</code>-form of these two commands requires that the arguments +not contain multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain +&tex; terms). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">cmd</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The command name, beginning with <code>\</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it -must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>; for -<code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined. +<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">cmd</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the command name. It must begin with <code>\</code>. For +<code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined and must not begin +with <code>\end</code>. For <code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be +defined. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">nargs</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments -that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no -arguments. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optargval</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first -argument of command <var>cmd</var> is optional and its default value (i.e., -if it is not specified in the call) is <var>optarg</var>. In otherwise, -when calling the macro, if no <code>[<var>value</var>]</code> is given after -<code><var>cmd</var></code>&textmdash;which is different from having <code>[]</code> for an -empty <var>value</var>&textmdash;then string <samp><var>optargval</var></samp> becomes the -value of <code>#1</code> within <var>defn</var> when the macro is expanded. +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments +that the command will take. If this argument is not present, the +default is for the command to have no arguments. When redefining a +command, the new version can have a different number of arguments than +the old version. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optargdefault</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of defined +command <var>\cmd</var> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var> +(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then +<var>\cmd</var> does not take an optional argument. +</para> +<para>That is, if <var>\cmd</var> is used with square brackets following, as in +<code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within <var>defn</var> <code>#1</code> expands +<var>myval</var>. While if <var>\cmd</var> is called without square brackets +following, then within <var>defn</var> the <code>#1</code> expands to the default +<var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, any required arguments will be +referred to starting with <code>#2</code>. +</para> +<para>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different from having the +square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results +in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in +<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">defn</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a @@ -3814,13 +5050,83 @@ text of the <var>n</var>th argument. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> -<!-- c xx \providecommand, * form (non-\long) --> +<para>A command with no arguments that is followed in the source by a space +will swallow that space. The solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the +command and before the space. +</para> +<para>A simple example of defining a new command: +<code>\newcommand{\JH}{Jim Hef{}feron}</code> causes the abbreviation +<code>\JH</code> to be replaced by the longer text. +</para> +<para>Redefining a command is basically the same: +<code>\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}</code>. +</para> +<para>Here&textrsquo;s a command definition that uses arguments: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand{\defreference}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}} +</pre></example> + +<noindent></noindent> <para>Then, <code>\defreference{def:basis}</code> will expand to +something like <samp>Definition~3.14</samp>. +</para> +<para>An example with two arguments: +<code>\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{#1\!\times\!#2}</code> is invoked as +<code>\nbym{2}{k}</code>. +</para> +<para>An example with optional arguments: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:} +</pre></example> + +<noindent></noindent> <para>Then, <code>\salutation</code> gives <samp>Dear Sir or Madam:</samp> while +<code>\salutation[John]</code> gives <samp>Dear John:</samp>. And +<code>\salutation[]</code> gives <samp>Dear :</samp>. +</para> +<para>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not delimit the scope of the result of +expanding <var>defn</var>. So <code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</code> +is wrong since in the sentence +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Virginia}. +</pre></example> + +<noindent></noindent> <para>the words <samp>met the</samp> will incorrectly be in italics. An +extra pair of braces <code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code> +fixes it. +</para> + +</section> +<node name="_005cprovidecommand" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\providecommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\providecommand</code></sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367">\providecommand</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists. +Synopses: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\providecommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +\providecommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +</pre></example> + +<para>If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect +as <code>\newcommand</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>). If a +command of this name already exists then this definition does nothing. +This is particularly useful in a style file, or other file that may be +loaded more than once. +</para> </section> -<node name="_005cnewcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newlength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcounter</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319">\newcounter</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex> +<node name="_005cnewcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newlength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\providecommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368">\newcounter</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3828,206 +5134,462 @@ text of the <var>n</var>th argument. <pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}[<var>supercounter</var>] </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>countername</var>. -The new counter is initialized to zero. +<para>The <code>\newcounter</code> command globally defines a new counter named +<var>countername</var>. The name consists of letters only and does not begin +with a backslash (<samp>\</samp>). The name must not already be used by +another counter. The new counter is initialized to zero. </para> -<para>Given the optional argument <code>[<var>super</var>]</code>, <var>countername</var> -will be reset whenever the counter named <var>supercounter</var> is incremented. +<para>If the optional argument <code>[<var>supercounter</var>]</code> appears, then +<var>countername</var> will be numbered within, or subsidiary to, the +existing counter <var>supercounter</var>. For example, ordinarily +<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code>. Any time +<var>supercounter</var> is incremented with <code>\stepcounter</code> +(<pxref label="_005cstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>) or <code>\refstepcounter</code> +(<pxref label="_005crefstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\refstepcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>) then <var>countername</var> is reset to zero. </para> <para><xref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></xref>, for more information about counters. </para> </section> <node name="_005cnewlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\newlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newlength</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320">\newlength</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227">lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newlength</code>: Allocating a length</sectiontitle> -<para>Synopsis: +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369">\newlength</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>Allocate a new <dfn>length</dfn> register. Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\newlength{\<var>arg</var>} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory argument as a -<dfn>length</dfn> command with a value of zero. The argument must -be a control sequence, as in <code>\newlength{\foo}</code>. An error -occurs if <code>\foo</code> is already defined. +<para>This command takes one required argument, which must begin with a +backslash (<samp>\</samp>). It creates a new length register named +<code>\<var>arg</var></code>, which is a place to hold (rubber) lengths such as +<code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code> (what plain &tex; calls a <code>skip</code> +register). The register gets an initial value of zero. The control +sequence <code>\<var>arg</var></code> must not already be defined. </para> -<para><xref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></xref>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and -for more information about lengths in general. +<para><xref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></xref>, for more about lengths. </para> </section> <node name="_005cnewsavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\newsavebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newsavebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newsavebox</code>: Allocating a box</sectiontitle> -<para>Synopsis: +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>Allocate a &textldquo;bin&textrdquo; for holding a box. Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox{<var>cmd</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox{\<var>cmd</var>} </pre></example> -<para>Defines <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must be a command name not already -defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. +<para>Defines <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. +Such a box is for holding typeset material, to use multiple times +(<pxref label="Boxes"><xrefnodename>Boxes</xrefnodename></pxref>) or to measure or manipulate. The name +<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> must start with a backslash (<samp>\</samp>), and must not +be already defined. +</para> +<para>The allocation of a box is global. This command is fragile +(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </section> <node name="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" spaces=" "><nodename>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Synopses: +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is, +<code>\begin{<var>env</var>} &dots; \end{<var>env</var>}</code>. Synopses: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newenvironment[*]{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\renewenvironment[*]{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>} + \newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>} +\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>} +\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>} </pre></example> -<para>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is, -<code>\begin{<var>env</var>} &dots; \end{<var>env</var>}</code>. +<para>Unlike <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code>, the <code>*</code>-forms +<code>\newenvironment*</code> and <code>\renewcommand*</code> have the same effect +as the forms with no <code>*</code>. </para> <table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var"><code>*</code></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">*-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex> -<para>The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the -contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of text. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">env</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The name of the environment. For <code>\newenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> -must not be an existing environment, and the command <code>\<var>env</var></code> -must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be -the name of an existing environment. +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">env</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the environment name. It does not begin with backslash +(<code>\</code>). It must not begin with the string <code>end</code>. For +<code>\newenvironment</code>, the name <var>env</var> must not be the name of an +already existing environment, and also the command <code>\<var>env</var></code> +must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be the +name of an existing environment. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">nargs</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of -the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of +that the environment will take. These arguments appear after the +<code>\begin</code>, as in +<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}{<var>arg1</var>}&dots;{<var>argn</var>}</code>. If this +argument is not present then the default is for the environment to have +no arguments. When redefining an environment, the new version can have +a different number of arguments than the old version. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optargdefault</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of the +defined environment is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var> +(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then +the environment does not take an optional argument. +</para> +<para>That is, when <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> is present in the environment +definition, if <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> is used with square brackets +following, as in <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within +the environment <code>#1</code> expands <var>myval</var>. If +<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> is called without square brackets following, +then within the environment the <code>#1</code> expands to the default +<var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, any required arguments will be +referred to starting with <code>#2</code>. +</para> + +<para>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different from having the +square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results +in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in +<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">begdefn</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of +<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>; a construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in +<var>begdef</var> is replaced by the text of the <var>n</var>th argument. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">enddefn</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of +<code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. Note that it may not contain any argument +parameters, so <code>#<var>n</var></code> cannot be used here. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">default</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <var>default</var> -gives the default value for that argument. +</tableitem></tableentry></table> + +<para>The environment <var>env</var> delimits the scope of the result of expanding +<var>begdefn</var> and <var>enddefn</var>. Thus, in the first example below, the +effect of the <code>\small</code> is limited to the quote and does not extend +to material following the environment. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">begdef</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>; a -construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>begdef</var> is replaced by -the text of the <var>n</var>th argument. +<para>This example gives an environment like &latex;&textrsquo;s <code>quotation</code> except that +it will be set in smaller type. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">enddef</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. It -may not contain any argument parameters. +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment{smallquote}{% + \small\begin{quotation} +}{% + \end{quotation} +} +</pre></example> + +<para>This shows the use of arguments; it gives a quotation environment that +cites the author. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry></table> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{% + \begin{quotation} + \noindent\textit{#1}: +}{% + \end{quotation} +} +</pre></example> + +<noindent></noindent> <para>The author&textrsquo;s name is optional, and defaults to Shakespeare. +In the document, use the environment as here: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{citequote}[Lincoln] + .. +\end{citequote} +</pre></example> + +<para>The final example shows how to save the value of an argument to use in +<var>enddefn</var>. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox{\quoteauthor} +\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{% + \sbox\quoteauthor{#1}% + \begin{quotation} +}{% + \hspace{1em plus 1fill}---\usebox{\quoteauthor} + \end{quotation} +} +</pre></example> </section> <node name="_005cnewtheorem" spaces=" "><nodename>\newtheorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newfont</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newtheorem</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="373">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Define a new <dfn>theorem-like environment</dfn>. Synopses: +</para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}{<var>label</var>}[<var>within</var>] -\newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>label</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>] +\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>} </pre></example> -<para>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments: +<para>Both create a theorem-like environment <var>name</var>. Using the first +form, +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>] +</pre></example> + +<noindent></noindent> <para>with the optional argument after the second required argument, +creates an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing +counter <var>numbered_within</var>: it will be reset when +<var>numbered_within</var> is reset). +</para> +<para>Using the second form, +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>} +</pre></example> + +<noindent></noindent> <para>with the optional argument between the two required +arguments, will create an environment whose counter will share the +previously defined counter <var>numbered_like</var>. +</para> +<para>You can specify one of <var>numbered_within</var> and <var>numbered_like</var>, +or neither, but not both. +</para> +<para>This command creates a counter named <var>name</var>. In addition, unless +the optional argument <var>numbered_like</var> is used, the current +<code>\ref</code> value will be that of <code>\the<var>numbered_within</var></code> +(<pxref label="_005cref"><xrefnodename>\ref</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<para>This declaration is global. It is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<para>Arguments: </para> <table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">newenv</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an -existing environment or otherwise defined. +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">name</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>The name of the environment. It must not begin with a backslash +(<samp>\</samp>). It must not be the name of an existing environment; indeed, +the command name <code>\<var>name</var></code> must not already be defined as anything. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">label</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">title</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the number. For example, <samp>Theorem</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">numbered_like</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment; -the new environment will be numbered just like <var>numbered_like</var>. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">numbered_within</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; the name of an already defined counter, usually a sectional +unit such as <code>chapter</code> or <code>section</code>. When the +<var>numbered_within</var> counter is reset then the <var>name</var> environment&textrsquo;s +counter will also be reset. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">within</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. -The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the -<var>within</var> counter. +<para>If this optional argument is not used then the command +<code>\the<var>name</var></code> is set to <code>\arabic{<var>name</var>}</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">numbered_like</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; the name of an already defined theorem-like environment. The +new environment will be numbered in sequence with <var>numbered_like</var>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> -<para>At most one of <var>numbered_like</var> and <var>within</var> can be specified, -not both. +<para>Without any optional arguments the environments are numbered +sequentially. This example has a declaration in the preamble that +results in <samp>Definition 1</samp> and <samp>Definition 2</samp> in the output. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition} +\begin{document} +\section{...} +\begin{defn} + First def +\end{defn} + +\section{...} +\begin{defn} + Second def +\end{defn} +</pre></example> + +<para>Because this example specifies the optional argument +<var>numbered_within</var> to <code>\newtheorem</code> as <code>section</code>, the +example, with the same document body, gives <samp>Definition 1.1</samp> +and <samp>Definition 2.1</samp>. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section] +\begin{document} +\section{...} +\begin{defn} + First def +\end{defn} + +\section{...} +\begin{defn} + Second def +\end{defn} +</pre></example> + +<para>In this example there are two declarations in the preamble, the second +of which calls for the new <code>thm</code> environment to use the same +counter as <code>defn</code>. It gives <samp>Definition 1.1</samp>, followed +by <samp>Theorem 2.1</samp> and <samp>Definition 2.2</samp>. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section] +\newtheorem{thm}[defn]{Theorem} +\begin{document} +\section{...} +\begin{defn} + First def +\end{defn} + +\section{...} +\begin{thm} + First thm +\end{thm} + +\begin{defn} + Second def +\end{defn} +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="_005cnewfont" spaces=" "><nodename>\newfont</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\protect</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newfont</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325">\newfont</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newfont</code>: Define a new font (obsolete)</sectiontitle> -<para>Synopsis: +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="374">\newfont</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex> + +<para><code>\newfont</code>, now obsolete, defines a command that will switch fonts. +Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\newfont{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>fontname</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newfont{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>font description</var>} </pre></example> -<para>Defines a control sequence <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must not already -be defined, to make <var>fontname</var> be the current font. The file -looked for on the system is named <file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>. -</para> -<para>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. -More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <file>.fd</file> files. +<para>This defines a control sequence <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> that will change the +current font. &latex; will look on your system for a file named +<file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>. The control sequence must must not already +be defined. It must begin with a backslash (<samp>\</samp>). +</para> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="375">.fd <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>This command is obsolete. It is a low-level command for setting up an +individual font. Today fonts are almost always defined in families +(which allows you to, for example, associate a boldface with a roman) +through the so-called &textldquo;New Font Selection Scheme&textrdquo;, either by using +<file>.fd</file> files or through the use of an engine that can access +system fonts such as Xe&latex; (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<!-- c xx explain nfss somewhere --> +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex> +<para>But since it is part of &latex;, here is an explanation: the +<var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional +<dfn>at clause</dfn>; this can have the form either <code>at <var>dimen</var></code> +or <code>scaled <var>factor</var></code>, where a <var>factor</var> of <samp>1000</samp> +means no scaling. For &latex;&textrsquo;s purposes, all this does is scale all +the character and other font dimensions relative to the font&textrsquo;s design +size, which is a value defined in the <file>.tfm</file> file. +</para> +<para>This example defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few +characters in each: </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10 at 11pt} +\newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10 scaled 11pt} +\testfontat abc +\testfontscaled abc +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="_005cprotect" spaces=" "><nodename>\protect</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\newfont</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\protect</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326">\protect</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and -many more are so-called <dfn>fragile</dfn> commands. When a fragile -command is used in certain contexts, called <dfn>moving arguments</dfn>, it -must be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. In addition, any fragile -commands within the arguments must have their own <code>\protect</code>. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="376">\protect</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">robust commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>All &latex; commands are either <dfn>fragile</dfn> or <dfn>robust</dfn>. +Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and +many more, are fragile. A fragile command can break when it is used in +the argument to certain commands. To prevent such commands from +breaking they must be preceded by the command <code>\protect</code>. +</para> +<para>For example, when &latex; runs the <code>\section{<var>section +name</var>}</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to the +<file>.aux</file> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the +document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is +internally expanded by &latex; without typesetting it directly is +referred to as a <dfn>moving argument</dfn>. A command is fragile if it can +expand during this process into invalid &tex; code. Some examples of +moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption{..}</code> +command (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>), in the <code>\thanks{..}</code> command +(<pxref label="_005cmaketitle"><xrefnodename>\maketitle</xrefnodename></pxref>), and in &arobase;-expressions in the <code>tabular</code> and +<code>array</code> environments (<pxref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<para>If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try +preceding it with <code>\protect</code>. Every fragile commands must be +protected with their own <code>\protect</code>. +</para> +<para>Although usually a <code>\protect</code> command doesn&textrsquo;t hurt, length +commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <code>\protect</code> +command. Nor can a <code>\protect</code> command be used in the argument to +<code>\addtocounter</code> or <code>\setcounter</code> command. +</para> +<para>In this example the <code>caption</code> command gives a mysterious error +about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each +<code>\raisebox</code> command with <code>\protect</code>. </para> -<para>Some examples of moving arguments are <code>\caption</code> -(<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>), <code>\thanks</code> (<pxref label="_005cmaketitle"><xrefnodename>\maketitle</xrefnodename></pxref>), and -&hyphenbreak;expressions in <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments -(<pxref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></pxref>). -</para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">robust commands</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Commands which are not fragile are called <dfn>robust</dfn>. They must not -be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. -</para> -<para>See also: -</para> -<smallexample endspaces=" "> -<exdent spaces=" "><url><urefurl>http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</urefurl></url></exdent> -<exdent spaces=" "><url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</urefurl></url></exdent> -</smallexample> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{figure} + .. + \caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}} +\end{figure} +</pre></example> -<!-- c xx really need examples. --> +<para>In the next example the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command gives an error +because the <code>\(..\)</code> in the section title expands to illegal &tex; +in the <file>.toc</file> file. You can solve this by changing <code>\(..\)</code> +to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{document} +\tableofcontents + .. +\section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)} + .. +</pre></example> </section> </chapter> <node name="Counters" spaces=" "><nodename>Counters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Definitions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Counters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex> <para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with -it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment -or command that produces the number, except with no <code>\</code>. -(<code>enumi</code>&textndash;<code>enumiv</code> are used for the nested enumerate -environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s -standard document classes to control numbering. +it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the +environment or command associated with the number, except with no +backslash (<code>\</code>). Thus the <code>\chapter</code> command starts a +chapter and the <code>chapter</code> counter keeps track of the chapter +number. Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard +document classes to control numbering. </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">part paragraph figure enumi @@ -4037,6 +5599,16 @@ subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection </pre></example> +<para>The <code>mpfootnote</code> counter is used by the <code>\footnote</code> command +inside of a minipage (<pxref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<para>The <code>enumi</code> through <code>enumiv</code> counters are used in the +<code>enumerate</code> environment, for up to four nested levels +(<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<para>New counters are created with <code>\newcounter</code>. <xref label="_005cnewcounter"><xrefnodename>\newcounter</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> + <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Print value of a counter. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\usecounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use a specified counter in a list environment. @@ -4052,26 +5624,29 @@ subsubsection <node name="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" spaces=" "><nodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usecounter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</sectiontitle> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex> + <para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for -instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. +instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. Note that the counter name does not +start with a backslash. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="327">\alph</indexterm>\alph</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377">\alph</indexterm>\alph</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;, &enddots; </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="328">\Alph</indexterm>\Alph</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378">\Alph</indexterm>\Alph</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>uses uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots; </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="329">\arabic</indexterm>\arabic</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379">\arabic</indexterm>\arabic</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>uses Arabic numbers: &textlsquo;1&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;2&textrsquo;, &enddots; </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="330">\roman</indexterm>\roman</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380">\roman</indexterm>\roman</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots; </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="331">\Roman</indexterm>\Roman</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381">\Roman</indexterm>\Roman</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots; </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="332">\fnsymbol</indexterm>\fnsymbol</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382">\fnsymbol</indexterm>\fnsymbol</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of <var>counter</var> must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. @@ -4081,7 +5656,7 @@ symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of <display endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">asterisk(*) dagger(<U>2021</U>) ddagger(<U>2021</U>) section-sign(<U>00A7</U>) paragraph-sign(<U>00B6</U>) parallel(<U>2225</U>) -double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>) double-ddagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>) +double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(<U>2020</U><U>2020</U>) double-ddagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>) </pre></display> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -4090,9 +5665,10 @@ double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>) double-ddagger(<U>2021 </section> <node name="_005cusecounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\usecounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\value</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333">\usecounter</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="383">\usecounter</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -4100,16 +5676,34 @@ double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>) double-ddagger(<U>2021 <pre xml:space="preserve">\usecounter{<var>counter</var>} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\usecounter</code> command is used in the second argument of the -<code>list</code> environment to specify <var>counter</var> to be used to number -the list items. +<para>In the <code>list</code> environment, when used in the second argument, this +command sets up <var>counter</var> to number the list items. It initializes +<var>counter</var> to zero, and arranges that when <code>\item</code> is called +without its optional argument then <var>counter</var> is incremented by +<code>\refstepcounter</code>, making its value be the current <code>ref</code> +value. This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> +<para>Put in the preamble, this makes a new list environment enumerated with +<var>testcounter</var>: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter{testcounter} +\newenvironment{test}{% + \begin{list}{}{% + \usecounter{testcounter} + } +}{% + \end{list} +} +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="_005cvalue" spaces=" "><nodename>\value</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\usecounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334">\value</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="384">\value</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -4117,12 +5711,30 @@ the list items. <pre xml:space="preserve">\value{<var>counter</var>} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\value</code> command produces the value of <var>counter</var>. It can -be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: +<para>This command expands to the value of <var>counter</var>. It is often used +in <code>\setcounter</code> or <code>\addtocounter</code>, but <code>\value</code> can +be used anywhere that &latex; expects a number. It must not be +preceded by <code>\protect</code> (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +<para>The <code>\value</code> command is not used for typesetting the value of the +counter. <xref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> +<para>This example outputs <samp>Test counter is 6. Other counter +is 5.</samp>. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter{test} \setcounter{test}{5} +\newcounter{other} \setcounter{other}{\value{test}} +\addtocounter{test}{1} + +Test counter is \arabic{test}. +Other counter is \arabic{other}. +</pre></example> + +<para>This example inserts <code>\hspace{4\parindent}</code>. </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\setcounter{myctr}{3} -\addtocounter{myctr}{1} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1} \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} </pre></example> @@ -4130,9 +5742,10 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: </section> <node name="_005csetcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\setcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\value</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335">\setcounter</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">setting counters</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="385">\setcounter</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">setting counters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -4140,44 +5753,58 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: <pre xml:space="preserve">\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>counter</var> to the -<var>value</var> argument. +<para>The <code>\setcounter</code> command globally sets the value of <var>counter</var> +to the <var>value</var> argument. Note that the counter name does not start +with a backslash. </para> </section> <node name="_005caddtocounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments <var>counter</var> by the -amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex> + +<para>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command globally increments <var>counter</var> by +the amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative. </para> </section> <node name="_005crefstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\refstepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as -<code>\stepcounter</code> <xref label="_005cstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></xref>, except it also defines the -current <code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>. +<code>\stepcounter</code> (<pxref label="_005cstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>): it globally increments the +value of <var>counter</var> by one and resets the value of any counter +numbered within it. (For the definition of &textldquo;counters numbered +within&textrdquo;, <pxref label="_005cnewcounter"><xrefnodename>\newcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>.) +</para> +<para>In addition, this command also defines the current <code>\ref</code> value +to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>. +</para> +<para>While the counter value is set globally, the <code>\ref</code> value is set +locally, i.e., inside the current group. </para> </section> <node name="_005cstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\stepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\day \month \year</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to <var>counter</var> and -resets all subsidiary counters. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex> + +<para>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command globally adds one to <var>counter</var> and +resets all counters numbered within it. (For the definition of +&textldquo;counters numbered within&textrdquo;, <pxref label="_005cnewcounter"><xrefnodename>\newcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>.) </para> </section> <node name="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" spaces=" "><nodename>\day \month \year</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339">\day</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340">\month</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341">\year</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389">\day</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390">\month</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391">\year</indexterm></findex> <para>&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>, 1&textndash;31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1&textndash;12), and year @@ -4193,13 +5820,39 @@ current day (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxre </chapter> <node name="Lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Lengths</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Counters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Lengths</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex> -<para>A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>A <dfn>length</dfn> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a length as an argument. </para> +<para>Lengths come in two types. A <dfn>rigid length</dfn> (what Plain &tex; +calls a <dfn>dimen</dfn>) such as <code>10pt</code> cannot contain a <code>plus</code> or +<code>minus</code> component. A <dfn>rubber length</dfn> (what Plain &tex; calls +a <dfn>skip</dfn>) can contain those, as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm +minus0.01cm</code>. These give the ability to stretch or shrink; the length +in the prior sentence could appear in the output as long as 1.05 cm +or as short as 0.99 cm, depending on what &tex;&textrsquo;s typesetting +algorithm finds optimum. +</para> +<para>The <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain +a <dfn>fill</dfn> component, as in <code>1in plus2fill</code>. This gives the +length infinite stretchability or shrinkability, so that the length in +the prior sentence can be set by &tex; to any distance greater than or +equal to 1 inch. &tex; actually provides three infinite glue +components <code>fil</code>, <code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>, such that the +later ones overcome the earlier ones, but only the middle value is +ordinarily used. <xref label="_005chfill"><xrefnodename>\hfill</xrefnodename></xref>, <xref label="_005cvfill"><xrefnodename>\vfill</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> +<para>Multiplying an entire rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid +length, so that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code> +and <code>\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of +<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>. +</para> + <menu endspaces=" "> -<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\setlength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the value of a length. +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Units of length</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The units that &latex; knows. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\setlength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the value of a length. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addtolength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add a quantity to a length. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\settodepth</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the depth of something. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\settoheight</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the height of something. @@ -4208,10 +5861,95 @@ length as an argument. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> -<node name="_005csetlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\setlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtolength</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> +<node name="Units-of-length" spaces=" "><nodename>Units of length</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setlength</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Units of length</sectiontitle> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272">units, of length</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>&tex; and &latex; know about these units both inside and outside of +math mode. +</para> +<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pt </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392">pt</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273">Point</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Point 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal +places, is 1<dmn>point</dmn> = 2.85<dmn>mm</dmn> = 28.45<dmn>cm</dmn>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pc</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">pica</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393">pc</indexterm></findex> +<para>Pica, 12 pt +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">in </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394">in</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395">inch</indexterm></findex> +<para>Inch, 72.27 pt +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">bp </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396">bp</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">Big point</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in +PostScript and many desktop publishing systems. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cm </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">Centimeter</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397">cm</indexterm></findex> +<para>Centimeter +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">mm </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">Millimeter</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398">mm</indexterm></findex> +<para>Millimeter +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">dd </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">Didot point</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399">dd</indexterm></findex> +<para>Didot point, 1.07 pt +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cc </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">Cicero</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400">cc</indexterm></findex> +<para>Cicero, 12 dd +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">sp </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">Scaled point</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401">sp</indexterm></findex> +<para>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry></table> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">ex</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">x-height</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402">ex</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">m-width</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">em</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403">em</indexterm></findex> +<para>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of +the font. The x-height of the current font <dfn>ex</dfn>, traditionally the +height of the lower case letter x, is often used for vertical +lengths. Similarly <dfn>em</dfn>, traditionally the width of the capital +letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths (there is also +<code>\enspace</code>, which is <code>0.5em</code>). Use of these can help make a +definition work better across font changes. For example, a definition +of the vertical space between list items given as +<code>\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex}</code> is more +likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition +given in points. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404">mu</indexterm></findex> +<para>In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit +<dfn>mu</dfn> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current +math symbols family. <xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> + +</section> +<node name="_005csetlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\setlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtolength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Units of length</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342">\setlength</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405">\setlength</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var> argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex; @@ -4221,9 +5959,10 @@ understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), poin </section> <node name="_005caddtolength" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtolength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settodepth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343">\addtolength</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</code></sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406">\addtolength</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a &textldquo;length command&textrdquo; <var>\len</var> by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which @@ -4233,7 +5972,8 @@ may be negative. </section> <node name="_005csettodepth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settodepth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settoheight</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtolength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settodepth</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344">\settodepth</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407">\settodepth</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code> </para> @@ -4244,7 +5984,8 @@ equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument. </section> <node name="_005csettoheight" spaces=" "><nodename>\settoheight</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settowidth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settodepth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settoheight</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345">\settoheight</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408">\settoheight</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code> </para> @@ -4256,7 +5997,8 @@ equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument. </section> <node name="_005csettowidth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settowidth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Predefined lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settoheight</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346">\settowidth</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409">\settowidth</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var> to the width of the <var>text</var> argument. @@ -4265,20 +6007,21 @@ to the width of the <var>text</var> argument. </section> <node name="Predefined-lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Predefined lengths</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\settowidth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Predefined lengths</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">lengths, predefined</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">predefined lengths</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">lengths, predefined</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">predefined lengths</indexterm></cindex> <para><code>\width</code> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347">\width</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410">\width</indexterm></findex> </para> <para><code>\height</code> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348">\height</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411">\height</indexterm></findex> </para> <para><code>\depth</code> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349">\depth</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412">\depth</indexterm></findex> </para> <para><code>\totalheight</code> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350">\totalheight</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413">\totalheight</indexterm></findex> </para> <para>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands (<pxref label="Boxes"><xrefnodename>Boxes</xrefnodename></pxref>). They specify the natural width, etc., of @@ -4293,8 +6036,9 @@ natural size, e.g., say </chapter> <node name="Making-paragraphs" spaces=" "><nodename>Making paragraphs</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math formulas</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Lengths</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Making paragraphs</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> <para>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&textmdash;lines not containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not appear where a new @@ -4311,14 +6055,14 @@ a sectioning command. <node name="_005cindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\indent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\noindent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\indent</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351">\indent</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352">\parindent</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex> -<para><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the -width of the <code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph -indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would -otherwise be suppressed. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414">\indent</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415">\parindent</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex> + +<para><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals to the +<code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used +to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed. </para> <para>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</code> for @@ -4328,19 +6072,31 @@ mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</c </section> <node name="_005cnoindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\noindent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\indent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\noindent</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353">\noindent</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">indent, suppressing</indexterm></cindex> -<para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <code>\noindent</code> -suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in -the middle of a paragraph. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416">\noindent</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">indent, suppressing</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any +paragraph indentation, as in this example. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">.. end of the prior paragraph. + +\noindent This paragraph is not indented. +</pre></example> + +<para>It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph. +</para> +<para>To eliminate paragraph indentation in an entire document, put +<code>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble. </para> </section> <node name="_005cparskip" spaces=" "><nodename>\parskip</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Marginal notes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\noindent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parskip</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354">\parskip</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417">\parskip</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> <para><code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>. @@ -4349,10 +6105,11 @@ before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>. </section> <node name="Marginal-notes" spaces=" "><nodename>Marginal notes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\parskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Marginal notes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355">\marginpar</indexterm></findex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418">\marginpar</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -4369,15 +6126,15 @@ will be placed </para> <itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend> <listitem><prepend>•</prepend> -<para>in the right margin for one-sided layout; +<para>in the right margin for one-sided layout (option <code>oneside</code>, see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>); </para></listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> -<para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout; +<para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout (option <code>twoside</code>, see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>); </para></listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> -<para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout. +<para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option <code>twocolumn</code>, see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>). </para></listitem></itemize> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex> <para>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes in the opposite (inside) margin. <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them in the default position. @@ -4391,15 +6148,15 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace{0pt}</c <para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="358">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="421">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp> documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="359">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="422">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default <samp>11pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> documents, <samp>10pt</samp> else. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="360">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="423">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided <samp>10pt</samp> document is <samp>90pt</samp>, <samp>83pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>68pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>; <samp>17pt</samp> more in each case for a two-sided document. @@ -4418,13 +6175,14 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. </chapter> <node name="Math-formulas" spaces=" "><nodename>Math formulas</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Modes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math formulas</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">math formulas</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">math formulas</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="424">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="425">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="426">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> + <para>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode: </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> @@ -4437,10 +6195,10 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. number in the right margin. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364">\(</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365">\)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366">\[</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367">\]</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="427">\(</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="428">\)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="429">\[</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="430">\]</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code> @@ -4451,7 +6209,7 @@ environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: \[...\] <r>instead of</r> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368">$</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="431">$</indexterm></findex> <para>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: </para> @@ -4459,19 +6217,20 @@ shorter form: <pre xml:space="preserve">$ ... $ <r>instead of</r> \(...\) </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369">\boldmath</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="432">\boldmath</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode. Conversely, the <code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode. </para> <!-- c xx own section? Math fonts? --> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and -below summations. For example -</para><example endspaces=" "> +below summations. For example: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ </pre></example> @@ -4489,663 +6248,923 @@ below summations. For example <node name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" spaces=" "><nodename>Subscripts & superscripts</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Subscripts & superscripts</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262">superscript</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263">subscript</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">exponent</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372">_</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="373">^</indexterm></findex> -<para>To get an expression <i>exp</i> to appear as a subscript, you just type -<code>_{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. To get <i>exp</i> to appear as a -superscript, you type <code>^{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. &latex; handles -superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. -It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a -superscript. +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">superscript</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">subscript</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">exponent</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435">_</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436">^</indexterm></findex> + +<para>In math mode, use the caret character <code>^</code> to make the +<var>exp</var> appear as a superscript, ie.&noeos; type <code>^{<var>exp</var>}</code>. +Similarly, in math mode, underscore <code>_{<var>exp</var>}</code> makes a +subscript out of <var>exp</var>. +</para> +<para>In this example the <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> appear as subscripts while the +<code>2</code> is a superscript. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \) +</pre></example> + +<para>To have more than one character in <var>exp</var> use curly braces as in +<code>e^{-2x}</code>. +</para> +<para>&latex; handles superscripts on superscripts, and all of that stuff, in +the natural way, so expressions such as <code>e^{x^2}</code> and +<code>x_{a_0}</code> will look right. It also does the right thing when +something has both a subscript and a superscript. In this example the +<code>0</code> appears at the bottom of the integral sign while the <code>10</code> +appears at the top. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\int_0^{10} x^2 \,dx +</pre></example> + +<para>You can put a superscript or subscript before a symbol with a construct +such as <code>{}_t K^2</code> in math mode (the initial <code>{}</code> prevents +the prefixed subscript from being attached to any prior symbols in the +expression). +</para> +<para>Outside of math mode, a construct like <code>A +test$_\textnormal{subscript}$</code> will produce a subscript typeset in +text mode, not math mode. Note that there are packages specialized for +writing Chemical formulas such as <file>mhchem</file>. +<!-- c xx display mode --> </para> </section> <node name="Math-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Math symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math functions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Subscripts & superscripts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math symbols</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">math symbols</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267">greek letters</indexterm></cindex> -<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you&textrsquo;re likely to -need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">math symbols</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">greek letters</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you&textrsquo;re likely to need. For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get -the pi symbol (<math>\pi</math>) in your output. +the pi symbol <U>03C0</U>. +</para> +<para>Below is a list of commonly-available symbols. It is by no means an +exhaustive list. Each symbol here is described with a short phrase, and +its symbol class (which determines the spacing around it) is given in +parenthesis. The commands for these symbols can be used only in math +mode. </para> +<!-- c xx Add Negation: @code{} for negations of relevant symbols --> +<!-- c Useful: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-math-970515/section6.html --> + <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="374">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\|</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="375">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\aleph</math> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code>\parallel</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="376">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\alpha</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="438">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2135</U> Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\amalg</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="439">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B1</U> Lower case Greek letter alpha (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\angle</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A3F</U> Disjoint union (binary) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\approx</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2220</U> Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than +sign <code><</code> and angle bracket <code>\langle</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ast</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="442">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2248</U> Almost equal to (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\asymp</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="443">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2217</U> Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed +(binary). Synonym: <code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or +subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar: <code>\star</code>, which is +five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and +sometimes reserved for cross-correlation. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>\ (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="444">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>224D</U> Asymptomatically equivalent (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\beta</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="445">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus <code>\setminus</code>, and +<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="384">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigcap</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="446">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B2</U> Lower case Greek letter beta (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="385">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigcirc</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="447">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C2</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar: +binary intersection <code>\cap</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="386">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigcup</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="448">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>26AA</U> Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function +composition <code>\circ</code>. +<!-- c bb Best unicode symbol for this? --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="387">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigodot</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary +union <code>\cup</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="388">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigoplus</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A00</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="389">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigotimes</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="451">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A01</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="390">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigtriangledown</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="452">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A02</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="391">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigtriangleup</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="453">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25BD</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down +(operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="392">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigsqcup</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="454">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="393">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\biguplus</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="455">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A06</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="394">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigvee</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="456">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A04</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus +(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="395">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigwedge</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="457">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C1</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="396">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bot</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="458">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C0</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="397">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bowtie</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="459">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A5</U> Up tack, bottom, least element of a poset, or a contradiction +(ordinary). See also <code>\top</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="398">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(square open box symbol) <!-- c xx not in plain --> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="460">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C8</U> Natural join of two relations (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="399">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<para><math>\bullet</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="461">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25A1</U> Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary). This +is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the +<file>amssymb</file> package. +<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="400">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cap</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="462">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<para><U>2022</U> Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication +dot <code>\cdot</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="401">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cdot</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="463">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2229</U> Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized +operator <code>\bigcap</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="402">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\chi</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="464">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C5</U> Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet +dot <code>\bullet</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="403">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\circ</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="465">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C7</U> Lower case Greek chi (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="404">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\clubsuit</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="466">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2218</U> Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar: +variable-sized operator <code>\bigcirc</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="405">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cong</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="467">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2663</U> Club card suit (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="406">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\coprod</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2201</U> Set complement, used as a superscript as in +<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). This is not available in Plain +&tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. Also +used: <code>$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or <code>$\bar{S}$</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="407">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cup</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="469">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2245</U> Congruent (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="408">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dagger</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2210</U> Coproduct (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="409">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dashv</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="471">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222A</U> Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized +operator <code>\bigcup</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="410">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dagger</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="472">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2020</U> Dagger relation (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="411">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Delta</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="473">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A3</U> Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar: +turnstile <code>\vdash</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="412">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\delta</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="474">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2021</U> Double dagger relation (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="413">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>bigger <math>\diamond</math> <!-- c xx not in plain --> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="475">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0394</U> Greek upper case delta, used for increment (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="414">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\diamond</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="476">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B4</U> Greek lower case delta (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="415">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\diamondsuit</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="477">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C7</U> Large diamond operator (ordinary). This is not available in +Plain &tex;. In &latex; you must load the <file>amssymb</file> package. +<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="416">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\div</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="478">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C4</U> Diamond operator, or diamond bullet (binary). Similar: large +diamond <code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet <code>\bullet</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="417">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\doteq</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="479">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2662</U> Diamond card suit (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="418">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\downarrow</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="480">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00F7</U> Division sign (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="419">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Downarrow</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="481">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2250</U> Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal +to <code>\Doteq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="420">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ell</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="482">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2193</U> Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: double line down +arrow <code>\Downarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="421">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\emptyset</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="483">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D3</U> Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: single line down +arrow <code>\downarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="422">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\epsilon</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="484">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2113</U> Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="423">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\equiv</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="485">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol (ordinary). Similar: reversed empty +set <code>\varnothing</code>. +<!-- c bb Why Unicode has \revemptyset but no \emptyset? --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="424">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\eta</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="486">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F5</U> Lower case Greek-text letter (ordinary). More widely used in +mathematics is the curly epsilon +<code>\varepsilon</code> <U>03B5</U>. Related: the set membership relation +<code>\in</code> <U>2208</U>. +<!-- c src: David Carlisle http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/98018/339 and --> +<!-- c Unicode referenced there asserts varepsilon is much more widely used. --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="425">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\exists</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="487">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2261</U> Equivalence (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="426">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\flat</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="488">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B7</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="427">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\forall</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="489">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2203</U> Existential quantifier (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="428">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\frown</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="490">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266D</U> Musical flat (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="429">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Gamma</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="491">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2200</U> Universal quantifier (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="430">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gamma</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="492">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2322</U> Downward curving arc (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="431">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ge</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="493">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0393</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="432">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\geq</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="494">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B3</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="433">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gets</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="495">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym +for <code>\geq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="434">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gg</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="496">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym +for <code>\ge</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="435">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hbar</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="497">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Is assigned the value (relation). +Synonym: <code>\leftarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="436">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\heartsuit</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="498">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226B</U> Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less +than <code>\ll</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hookleftarrow</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="499">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>210F</U> Planck constant over two pi (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="438">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hookrightarrow</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="500">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2661</U> Heart card suit (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="439">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\iff</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="501">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A9</U> Hooked left arrow (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Im</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="502">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21AA</U> Hooked right arrow (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\in</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="503">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code> +with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="442">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\infty</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="504">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2111</U> Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part <code>\Re</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="443">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\int</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="505">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2208</U> Set element (relation). See also: lower case Greek letter +epsilon <code>\epsilon</code><U>03F5</U> and rounded small +epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="444">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\iota</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="506">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221E</U> Infinity (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="445">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) <!-- c xx not in plain --> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="507">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="446">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\kappa</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B9</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="447">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Lambda</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A1D</U> Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain +&tex;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="448">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lambda</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="510">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BA</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\land</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="511">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039B</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\langle</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="512">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BB</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="451">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lbrace</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="513">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). This is a synonym for <code>\wedge</code>. +See also logical or <code>\lor</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="452">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lbrack</math> (delimiter) -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="453">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lceil</math> (delimiter) -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="454">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\le</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="455">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><!-- c xx missing from plain --> - -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="456">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Leftarrow</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="514">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E8</U> Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar: +less-than <code><</code>. Matches <code>\rangle</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="457">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftarrow</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="515">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007B</U> Left curly brace +(opening). Synonym: <code>\{</code>. Matches <code>\rbrace</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="458">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftharpoondown</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="459">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftharpoonup</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="460">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Leftrightarrow</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="461">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftrightarrow</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="462">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leq</math> (relation) -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="463">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lfloor</math> (delimiter) -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="464">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(left-pointing arrow head) <!-- c xx not in plain --> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="465">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ll</math> (relation) -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="466">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lnot</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="467">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longleftarrow</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longleftrightarrow</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="469">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longmapsto</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longrightarrow</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="471">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lor</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="472">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mapsto</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="473">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><!-- c xx not in plain --> - -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="474">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mid</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="516">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005B</U> Left square bracket (opening). +Synonym: <code>[</code>. Matches <code>\rbrack</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="475">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\models</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="517">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2308</U> Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom +shaved off (opening). Matches <code>\rceil</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="476">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mp</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym +for <code>\leq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="477">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mu</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21DD</U> Squiggly right arrow (relation). This is not available in +Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. +To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put +<code>\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}</code> in the +preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead. +<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="478">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nabla</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D0</U> Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar: +single-line left arrow <code>\leftarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="479">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\natural</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Single-line left arrow (relation). +Synonym: <code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left +arrow <code>\Leftarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="480">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ne</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="522">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BD</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="481">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nearrow</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="523">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BC</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="482">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\neg</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="524">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D4</U> Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation). +Similar: single-line double headed arrow <code>\leftrightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="483">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\neq</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="525">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2194</U> Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: +double-line double headed arrow <code>\Leftrightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="484">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ni</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="526">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym +for <code>\le</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="485">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in <math>\not=</math>. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="527">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230A</U> Left floor bracket (opening). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="486">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ni</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="528">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). This is +not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the +<file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load +<file>amssymb</file> and use <code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation +and so gives better spacing). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="487">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nu</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="529">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226A</U> Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater +than <code>\gg</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="488">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nwarrow</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="530">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: <code>\neg</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="489">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\odot</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="531">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F5</U> Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long +double-line left arrow <code>\Longleftarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="490">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\oint</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="532">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long +double-line double-headed arrow <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="491">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Omega</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="533">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27FC</U> Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar +(relation). Similar: shorter version <code>\mapsto</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="492">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\omega</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="534">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F6</U> Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long +double-line right arrow <code>\Longrightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="493">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ominus</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="535">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or (binary). Synonym: wedge <code>\wedge</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="494">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\oplus</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="536">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A6</U> Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation). +Similar: longer version <code>\longmapsto</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="495">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\oslash</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="537">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2127</U> Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary). +This is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the +<file>amssymb</file> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="496">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\otimes</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="538">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2223</U> Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of +<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="497">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\owns</math> +<para>Similar: <code>\vert</code> and <code>|</code> produce the same single-line +vertical bar symbol but without any spacing (they fall in class +ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as +ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry +for <code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for <code>\Vert</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="498">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\parallel</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="539">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A8</U> Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash +(relation). Similar: long double dash <code>\vDash</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="499">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\partial</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="540">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2213</U> Minus or plus (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="500">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\perp</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="541">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BC</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="501">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\phi</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="542">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2207</U> Hamilton&textrsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="502">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Pi</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="543">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266E</U> Musical natural notation (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="503">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\pi</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code>\neq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="504">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\pm</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2197</U> North-east arrow (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="505">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\prec</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary). +Synonym: <code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for +negation: <code>\sim</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="506">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\preceq</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code>\ne</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="507">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\prime</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member +(relation). Synonym: <code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member +of <code>\in</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\prod</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0020</U><U>00A0</U><U>0338</U> Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a +following operator (relation). +<!-- c Need blank space for it to overstrike --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\propto</math> (relation) +<para>Many negated operators that don&textrsquo;t require <code>\not</code> are available, +particularly with the <file>amssymb</file> package. For example, <code>\notin</code> +is probably typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="510">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Psi</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2209</U> Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset +of <code>\nsubseteq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="511">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\psi</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="551">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BD</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="512">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rangle</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="552">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2196</U> North-west arrow (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="513">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rbrace</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="553">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2299</U> Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized +operator <code>\bigodot</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="514">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rbrack</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="554">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222E</U> Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="515">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rceil</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="555">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A9</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="516">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Re</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="556">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C9</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="517">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rfloor</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="557">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2296</U> Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(binary operation) <!-- c xx not in plain @math{\rhd} --> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="558">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2295</U> Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized +operator <code>\bigoplus</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rho</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2298</U> Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Rightarrow</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2297</U> Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar: +variable-sized operator <code>\bigotimes</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightarrow</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member +(relation). Synonym: <code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member +of <code>\in</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="522">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightharpoondown</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code>\|</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="523">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightharpoonup</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2202</U> Partial differential (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="524">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightleftharpoons</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27C2</U> Perpendicular (relation). Similar: <code>\bot</code> uses the +same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class +ordinary. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="525">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\searrow</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D5</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is +<code>\varphi</code> <U>03C6</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="526">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\setminus</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A0</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="527">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sharp</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C0</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is +<code>\varpi</code> <U>03D6</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="528">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Sigma</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00B1</U> Plus or minus (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="529">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sigma</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227A</U> Preceeds (relation). Similar: less than <code><</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="530">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sim</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AAF</U> Preceeds or equals (relation). Similar: less than or +equals <code>\leq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="531">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\simeq</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2032</U> Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically +used as a superscript <code>$A^\prime$</code>. Note that <code>$f^\prime$</code> +and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second is +that <code>$f'''$</code> produces the the desired symbol, that is, the same +result as <code>$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$</code>, but uses somewhat less +typing. Note that you can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode but you +can type right single quote <code>'</code> in text mode also, although it +resuts in a different look than in math mode. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="532">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\smallint</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220F</U> Product (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="533">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\smile</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221D</U> Is proportional to (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="534">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\spadesuit</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A8</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="535">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqcap</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C8</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="536">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqcup</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27B9</U> Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater +than <code>></code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="537">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(relation) <!-- c not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) --> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007D</U> Right curly brace +(closing). Synonym: <code>\}</code>. Matches <code>\lbrace</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="538">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqsubseteq</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005D</U> Right square bracket +(closing). Synonym: <code>]</code>. Matches <code>\lbrack</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="539">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(relation) <!-- c not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) --> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2309</U> Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches <code>\lceil</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="540">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqsupseteq</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>211C</U> Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related: +double-line, or blackboard bold, R <code>\mathbb{R}</code>; to access +this, load the <file>amsfonts</file> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="541">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\star</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U> Restriction of a function +(relation). Synonym: <code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in +Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="542">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\subset</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230B</U> Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut +off (closing). Matches <code>\lfloor</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="543">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\subseteq</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). This is +not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the +<file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should +instead load <file>amssymb</file> and use <code>\vartriangleright</code> (which +is a relation and so gives better spacing). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\succ</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C1</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is +<code>\varrho</code> <U>03F1</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\succeq</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D2</U> Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar: +right single-line arrow <code>\rightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sum</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: <code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line arrow <code>\Rightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\supset</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C1</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\supseteq</math> (relation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C0</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\surd</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21CC</U> Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\swarrow</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2198</U> Arrow pointing southeast (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="551">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tau</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29F5</U> Set difference, reverse solidus or slash, like \ +(binary). Similar: backslash <code>\backslash</code> and also +<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="552">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\theta</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266F</U> Musical sharp (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="553">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\times</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A3</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="554">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\to</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C3</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is +<code>\varsigma</code> <U>03C2</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="555">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\top</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>223C</U> Similar, in a relation (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="556">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\triangle</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2243</U> Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="557">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\triangleleft</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a +display (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="558">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\triangleright</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2323</U> Upward curving arc (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- c not in plain --> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2660</U> Spade card suit (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- c not in plain --> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2293</U> Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar: +intersection <code>cap</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Uparrow</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2294</U> Square union symbol (binary). Similar: +union <code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized +operator <code>\bigsqcup</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\uparrow</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228F</U> Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: +subset <code>\subset</code>. This is not available in Plain &tex;. In +&latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Updownarrow</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2291</U> Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or +equal to <code>\subseteq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\updownarrow</math> (delimiter) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2290</U> Square superset symbol (relation). Similar: +superset <code>\supset</code>. This is not available in Plain &tex;. In +&latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2292</U> Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or +equal <code>\supseteq</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C6</U> Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation +but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: the +synonyms asterisk <code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which are six-pointed, +and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene +star. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2282</U> Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2286</U> Subset or equal to (relation). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227B</U> Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less +than <code>></code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\uplus</math> (binary operation) +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AB0</U> Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less +than or equal to <code>\leq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Upsilon</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2211</U> Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital +sigma <code>\Sigma</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\upsilon</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2283</U> Superset (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varepsilon</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2287</U> Superset or equal to (relation). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221A</U> Radical symbol (ordinary). The &latex; command +<code>\sqrt{..}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar +that extends to cover the argument. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varphi</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varpi</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varrho</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varsigma</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vartheta</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vdash</math> (relation) -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vee</math> (binary operation) -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Vert</math> (delimiter) -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vert</math> (delimiter) -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\wedge</math> (binary operation) -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\wp</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\wr</math> (binary operation) -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Xi</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\xi</math> -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\zeta</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2199</U> Southwest-pointing arrow (relation). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C4</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B8</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is +<code>\vartheta</code> <U>03D1</U>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00D7</U> Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See +also <code>\cdot</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). +Synonym: <code>\rightarrow</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A4</U> Top, greatest element of a poset (ordinary). See +also <code>\bot</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Triangle (ordinary). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Not-filled triangle pointing left +(binary). Similar: <code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you +should load <file>amssymb</file> and use <code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which +is a relation and so gives better spacing). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B7</U> Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal +subgroup symbol you should instead load <file>amssymb</file> and +use <code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a relation and so gives +better spacing). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B4</U> Left-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a +line under (binary). This is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; +you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup +symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and use <code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which +is a relation and so gives better spacing). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B5</U> Right-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a +line under (binary). This is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; +you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup +symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and use <code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> +(which is a relation and so gives better spacing). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D1</U> Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: +single-line up-pointing arrow <code>\uparrow</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2191</U> Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar: +double-line up-pointing arrow <code>\Uparrow</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D5</U> Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: +single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow <code>\updownarrow</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2195</U> Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: +double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow <code>\Updownarrow</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U> Up harpoon, with barb on right side +(relation). Synonym: <code>&backslashchar;restriction</code>. Not available in Plain +&tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228E</U> Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the middle +(binary). Similar: union <code>\cup</code>. Related: variable-sized +operator <code>\biguplus</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A5</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C5</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B5</U> Rounded small epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used in +mathematics than the non-variant lower case Greek-text letter form +<code>\epsilon</code> <U>03F5</U>. Related: set membership <code>\in</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C6</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The +non-variant form is <code>\phi</code> <U>03D5</U>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D6</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The +non-variant form is <code>\pi</code> <U>03C0</U>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F1</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The +non-variant form is <code>\rho</code> <U>03C1</U>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C2</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The +non-variant form is <code>\sigma</code> <U>03C3</U>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D1</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The +non-variant form is <code>\theta</code> <U>03B8</U>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A2</U> Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar: +turnstile rotated a half-circle <code>\dashv</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: logical +and <code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized +operator <code>\bigvee</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2016</U> Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single +bar <code>\vert</code>. +</para> +<para>For a norm you can use the <file>mathtools</file> package and add +<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}</code> to your +preamble. This gives you three command variants for double-line vertical +bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you +write the starred version <code>$\norm*{M^\perp}$</code> then the height of +the vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas with +<code>\norm{M^\perp}</code> the bars do not grow with the height of the +argument but instead are the default height, and <code>\norm[<var>size +command</var>]{M^\perp}</code> also gives bars that do not grow but are set to +the size given in the <var>size command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007C</U> Single line vertical bar (ordinary). Similar: double-line +vertical bar <code>\Vert</code>. For such that, as in the definition of a +set, use <code>\mid</code> because it is a relation. +</para> +<para>For absolute value you can use the <file>mathtools</file> package and add +<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code> to your +preamble. This gives you three command variants for single-line vertical +bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you +write the starred version <code>$\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}$</code> then the +height of the vertical bars will match the height of the argument, +whereas with <code>\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code> the bars do not grow with +the height of the argument but instead are the default height, and +<code>\abs[<var>size command</var>]{\frac{22}{7}}</code> also gives bars +that do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size +command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code>\land</code>. See also +logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized +operator <code>\bigwedge</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2118</U> Weierstrass p (ordinary). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2240</U> Wreath product (binary). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039E</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BE</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B6</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -5153,116 +7172,117 @@ the pi symbol (<math>\pi</math>) in your output. </section> <node name="Math-functions" spaces=" "><nodename>Math functions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math functions</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">math functions</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">functions, math</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">math functions</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">functions, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arccos</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arcsin</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arctan</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arg</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Binary modulo operator (<math>x \bmod y</math>) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cos</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cosh</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cos</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cot</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cosh</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\coth</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\csc</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\deg</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\deg</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\det</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dim</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\exp</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gcd</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hom</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\inf</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ker</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lg</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lim</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\liminf</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\limsup</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ln</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\log</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\max</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\min</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>parenthesized modulus, as in (<math>\pmod 2^n - 1</math>) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Pr</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sec</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sin</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sinh</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>sup <!-- c don't try to use \sup since that turned into a Texinfo command --> <!-- c and it's not worth hassling with different versions when it's --> <!-- c just three roman letters anyway. --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tan</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tanh</math> </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -5271,76 +7291,77 @@ spacing. </section> <node name="Math-accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Math accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math functions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math accents</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">math accents</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">math accents</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math acute accent: <math>\acute{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math bar-over accent: <math>\bar{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math breve accent: <math>\breve{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check) accent: <math>\check{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math dieresis accent: <math>\ddot{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math dot accent: <math>\dot{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math grave accent: <math>\grave{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <math>\hat{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math dotless i. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math dotless j. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math ring accent: <accent type="ring">x</accent>. <!-- c don't bother implementing in texinfo --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math tilde accent: <math>\tilde{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math vector symbol: <math>\vec{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math wide hat accent: <math>\widehat{x+y}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">wide tile accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math wide tilde accent: <math>\widetilde{x+y}</math>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -5349,74 +7370,109 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text </section> <node name="Spacing-in-math-mode" spaces=" "><nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spacing in math mode</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex> -<para>In a <code>math</code> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and -puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics -texts. If you want different spacing, &latex; provides the following -commands for use in math mode: +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>In a <code>math</code> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces that you use +in the source, and instead puts in the spacing according to the normal +rules for mathematics texts. +</para> +<para>Many math mode spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit +<dfn>mu</dfn> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current +math symbols family (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of length</xrefnodename></pxref>). +&latex; provides the following commands for use in math mode: </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\;</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="633">\;</indexterm></findex> -<para>A thick space (<math>5\over18\,</math>quad). -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\:</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="699">\;</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="700">\thickspace</indexterm></findex> +<para>Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. The longer name is +<code>\thickspace</code>. Math mode only. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\:</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\></itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="634">\:</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="635">\></indexterm></findex> -<para>Both of these produce a medium space (<math>2\over9\,</math>quad). -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\,</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="636">\,</indexterm></findex> -<para>A thin space (<math>1\over6\,</math>quad); not restricted to math mode. -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\!</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>A negative thin space (<math>-{1\over6}\,</math>quad). +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="701">\:</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="702">\></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="703">\medspace</indexterm></findex> +<para>Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. The longer name is +<code>\medspace</code>. Math mode only. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\,</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="704">\,</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="705">\thinspace</indexterm></findex> +<para>Normally <code>3mu</code>. The longer name is <code>\thinspace</code>. This can +be used in both math mode and text mode. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\!</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="706">\!</indexterm></findex> +<para>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. Math mode only. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\quad</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">quad</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="707">\quad</indexterm></findex> +<para>This is 18<dmn>mu</dmn>, that is, 1<dmn>em</dmn>. This is often used for space +surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between +two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available +in both text and math mode. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\qquad</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="708">\qquad</indexterm></findex> +<para>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36<dmn>mu</dmn> = 2<dmn>em</dmn>. It is available in +both text and math mode. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> +<para>In this example a thinspace separates the function from the +infinitesimal. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="Math-miscellany" spaces=" "><nodename>Math miscellany</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math miscellany</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<beforefirstitem> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637">\*</indexterm>\*</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">discretionary multiplication</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm></cindex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709">\*</indexterm>\*</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">discretionary multiplication</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm></cindex> <para>A &textldquo;discretionary&textrdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is allowed. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. <tex endspaces=" "> As in: &textlsquo;$\cdots$&textrsquo;. </tex> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>A diagonal ellipsis: <math>\ddots</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640">\frac{num}{den}</indexterm>\frac{num}{den}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="641">\frac</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712">\frac{num}{den}</indexterm>\frac{num}{den}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="713">\frac</indexterm></findex> <para>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="643">\right</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="715">\right</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex> <para>The two delimiters need not match; <samp>.</samp> acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644">\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716">\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>. For example, <math>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645">\overline{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\overline{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717">\overline{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\overline{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>. For example, <math>\overline{x+y}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</indexterm>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</indexterm>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce. For example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as @@ -5426,7 +7482,7 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\root 3 \of x+y$. </tex> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647">\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</indexterm>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719">\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</indexterm>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. For example, <code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>. <tex endspaces=" "> @@ -5434,14 +7490,14 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\buildrel f \over \longrightarrow$. </tex> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648">\underbrace{math}</indexterm>\underbrace{math}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720">\underbrace{math}</indexterm>\underbrace{math}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. <tex endspaces=" "> In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}$. </tex> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649">\underline{text}</indexterm>\underline{text}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721">\underline{text}</indexterm>\underline{text}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of descenders. @@ -5450,8 +7506,8 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\underline{xyz}$ </tex> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="651">\vdots</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="723">\vdots</indexterm></findex> <para>Produces a vertical ellipsis. <tex endspaces=" "> In &tex;, the result looks like this: @@ -5465,11 +7521,12 @@ $\vdots$. </chapter> <node name="Modes" spaces=" "><nodename>Modes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Modes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">modes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">math mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">LR mode</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">modes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340">math mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">LR mode</indexterm></cindex> <para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: @@ -5493,7 +7550,7 @@ input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. <para>&latex; is in <dfn>math mode</dfn> when it&textrsquo;s generating a mathematical formula, either displayed math or within a line. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="652">\mbox<r>, and LR mode</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="724">\mbox<r>, and LR mode</r></indexterm></findex> <para>In <dfn>LR mode</dfn>, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to @@ -5517,8 +7574,9 @@ mode, which it starts out in, is called &textldquo;outer paragraph mode&textrdqu </chapter> <node name="Page-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Page styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spaces</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Modes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page styles</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">styles, page</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">page styles</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">styles, page</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344">page styles</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. @@ -5533,8 +7591,9 @@ the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them <node name="_005cmaketitle" spaces=" "><nodename>\maketitle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\maketitle</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">titles, making</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="653">\maketitle</indexterm></findex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345">titles, making</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="725">\maketitle</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title page&textmdash;except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed @@ -5542,30 +7601,30 @@ at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654">\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</indexterm>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="655">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="656">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726">\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</indexterm>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="727">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="728">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use <code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author&textrsquo;s entry&textmdash;for example, to give the author&textrsquo;s institution or address. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657">\date{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\date{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729">\date{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\date{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document&textrsquo;s date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxref>) is used. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658">\thanks{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730">\thanks{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title, usually used for credit acknowledgements. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659">\title{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\title{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="660">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731">\title{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\title{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="732">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual. </para> @@ -5575,8 +7634,9 @@ document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual. </section> <node name="_005cpagenumbering" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagenumbering</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\maketitle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagenumbering</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="661">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="733">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5609,10 +7669,11 @@ the following: </section> <node name="_005cpagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagestyle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thispagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagestyle</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="662">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">header style</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">footer style</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="734">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">header style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">footer style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5643,7 +7704,7 @@ goes in the headers. <para>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663">\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</indexterm>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735">\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</indexterm>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A &textldquo;left-hand heading&textrdquo; (<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before the end of the page, while a &textldquo;right-hand heading&textrdquo; (<var>right</var>) is @@ -5651,7 +7712,7 @@ generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664">\markright{<var>right</var>}</indexterm>\markright{<var>right</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736">\markright{<var>right</var>}</indexterm>\markright{<var>right</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -5660,7 +7721,8 @@ the page. </section> <node name="_005cthispagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="665">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="737">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the <code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it @@ -5671,24 +7733,22 @@ changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only. </chapter> <node name="Spaces" spaces=" "><nodename>Spaces</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spaces</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">spaces</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">spaces</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">white space</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. </para> -<para>Another space-producing command is <code>\,</code> to produce a &textldquo;thin&textrdquo; -space (usually 1/6<dmn>quad</dmn>). It can be used in text mode, but is -more often useful in math mode (<pxref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></pxref>). -</para> <menu endspaces=" "> -<menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal space -</pre></menucomment><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fixed horizontal space. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal space. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\SPACE</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Normal interword space. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ending a sentence. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thinspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">One-sixth of an em. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\/</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert italic correction. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hrulefill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal rule. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\dotfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal dots. +<menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal space +</pre></menucomment><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fixed horizontal space. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal space. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space after a period. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE) after CS</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Controlling space gobbling after a control sequence. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frenchspacing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make interword and intersentence space equal. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thinspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">One-sixth of an em. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\/</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert italic correction. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hrulefill \dotfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve"> Vertical space </pre></menucomment><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addvspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. @@ -5700,88 +7760,169 @@ Vertical space <node name="_005chspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\hspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hfill</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hspace</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="666">\hspace</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="738">\hspace</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\hspace[*]{<var>length</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\hspace{<var>length</var>} +\hspace*{<var>length</var>} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\hspace</code> command adds horizontal space. The <var>length</var> -argument can be expressed in any terms that &latex; understands: -points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both -negative and positive space with an <code>\hspace</code> command; adding -negative space is like backspacing. +<para>Add the horizontal space given by <var>length</var>. The <var>length</var> is a +rubber length, that is, it may contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> +component, in any unit that &latex; understands (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<para>&latex; normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning -or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional <code>*</code> -form. +<para>This command can add both positive and negative space; adding negative +space is like backspacing. </para> - -</section> -<node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\SPACE</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hfill</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="667">\hfill</indexterm></findex> - -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex> -<para>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which has -no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as -needed. +<para>Normally when &tex; breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white +space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you +get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both. This +command&textrsquo;s starred version <code>\hspace*{..}</code> puts a non-discardable +invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the +output. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="668">\fill</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>\fill</code> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, -the glue value <samp>0pt plus1fill</samp>); thus, <code>\hspace\fill</code> is -equivalent to <code>\hfill</code>. +<para>This example make a one-line paragraph that puts <samp>Name:</samp> an inch +from the right margin. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth]{\hspace{\fill}Name:\hspace{1in}} +</pre></example> + </section> -<node name="_005cSPACE" spaces=" "><nodename>\SPACE</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\&arobase;</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\SPACE</code>: Normal interword space</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="669">\SPACE</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="670">\TAB</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="671">\NEWLINE</indexterm></findex> +<node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hfill</code></sectiontitle> -<para>The <code>\ </code> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It&textrsquo;s -useful after punctuation which shouldn&textrsquo;t end a sentence. For example, -<code>the article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. It -is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a -nice system.</code> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="739">\hfill</indexterm></findex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Produce a rubber length which has +no natural space but can stretch horizontally as far as +needed (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<para>In normal circumstances, <code>\</code><key>tab</key> and <code>\</code><key>newline</key> -are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="740">\fill</indexterm></findex> +<para>The command <code>\hfill</code> is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code>. For +space that does not disappear at line breaks use +<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> instead (<pxref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </section> -<node name="_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\SPACE</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;</code>: Force sentence-ending punctuation</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="672">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex> +<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename>\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\(SPACE) after CS</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\(SPACE)</code> and \&arobase;</sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="741">\(SPACE)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="742">\TAB</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="743">\NEWLINE</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="744">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="_005cAT">\AT</anchor><!-- c old name --> -<para>The <code>\&arobase;</code> command makes the following punctuation character end a -sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after -a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without -<code>\&arobase;</code>: +<para>Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a +sentence or as ending an abbreviation. +</para> +<para>By default, in justifying a line &latex; adjusts the space after a +sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or +colon) more than the space between words +(<pxref label="_005cfrenchspacing"><xrefnodename>\frenchspacing</xrefnodename></pxref>). &latex; assumes that the period ends a +sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it +takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a +sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or +bracket, or right single or double quote, then the intersentence space +follows that parenthesis or quote. +</para> +<para>If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a +capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the +sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (<code>\ </code>) or +a tie (<code>~</code>). Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and +<code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.)\ for sale</code>. +</para> +<para>For other use of <code>\ </code>, see also <ref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE) after CS</xrefnodename></ref>. +</para> +<para>In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a +period that ends the sentence, then put <code>\&arobase;</code> on the left of that +period. For example, <code>book by the MAA\&arobase;.</code> will have intersentence +spacing after the period. +</para> +<para>In contrast, putting <code>\&arobase;</code> on the right of a period tells &tex; +that the period does not end the sentence. In the example +<code>reserved words (if, then, etc.\&arobase;) are different</code>, &tex; will put +interword space after the closing parenthesis (note that <code>\&arobase;</code> is +before the parenthesis). +</para> +</section> +<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS" spaces=" "><nodename>\(SPACE) after CS</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ </code> after a control sequence</sectiontitle> + +<para>The <code>\ </code> command is often used after control sequences to keep them +from gobbling the space that follows, as in <code>\TeX\ is a nice +system.</code> And, under normal circumstances <code>\</code><key>tab</key> and +<code>\</code><key>newline</key> are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. For other use of +<code>\ </code>, see also <ref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</xrefnodename></ref>. +</para> +<para>Some people prefer to use <code>{}</code> for the same purpose, as in +<code>\TeX{} is a nice system.</code> This has the advantage that you can +always write it the same way, like <code>\TeX{}</code>, whether it is +followed by a space or by a punctuation mark. Please compare: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">&dots; in C\&arobase;. Pascal, though &dots; -&dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots; +<pre xml:space="preserve">\TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system.&linebreak; +\TeX{} is a nice system. \TeX{}, a nice system. </pre></example> -<noindent></noindent> <para>produces -</para> -<!-- c Texinfo has different commands, but the result is the same. --> -<quotation endspaces=" "> -<para>&dots; in C&eosperiod; Pascal, though &dots;&linebreak; -&dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots; -</para></quotation> + +<para>When you define user commands (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) you +can prevent the space gobbling after the command by using the package +<code>xspace</code> and inserting <code>\xspace</code> at the end of the definition +For instance: +</para><example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{minimal} +\usepackage{xspace} +\newcommand*{\Loup}{Grand Cric\xspace} +\begin{document} +Que le \Loup me croque ! +\end{document} +</pre></example> + +<para>A quick hack to use <code>\xspace</code> for existing command is as follows: +</para><example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{minimal} +\usepackage{xspace} +\newcommand*{\SansXspaceTeX}{} +\let\SansXspaceTeX\TeX +\renewcommand{\TeX}{\SansXspaceTeX\xspace} +\begin{document} +\TeX is a nice system. +\end{document} +</pre></example> </section> -<node name="_005cthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> +<node name="_005cfrenchspacing" spaces=" "><nodename>\frenchspacing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) after CS</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frenchspacing</code></sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="745">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="746">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">spacing, intersentence</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>This declaration (from Plain &tex;) causes &latex; to treat +intersentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. +</para> +<para>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including +English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other +punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this +declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. +</para> +<para>Revert to the default behavior by declaring <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node name="_005cthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6<dmn>em</dmn></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="673">\thinspace</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="747">\thinspace</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested @@ -5789,10 +7930,11 @@ quotes, as in &textrsquo;<dmn></dmn>&textrdquo;.<!-- c Abuse @dmn, which is a th </para> </section> -<node name="_005c_002f" spaces=" "><nodename>\/</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hrulefill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> +<node name="_005c_002f" spaces=" "><nodename>\/</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hrulefill \dotfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="674">\/</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">italic correction</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="748">\/</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">italic correction</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <dfn>italic correction</dfn>. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, @@ -5827,40 +7969,63 @@ in a different way. </para> </section> -<node name="_005chrulefill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hrulefill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dotfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\/</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hrulefill</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="675">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex> +<node name="_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hrulefill \dotfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addvspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\/</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></sectiontitle> -<para>The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which can -stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal -rule. -</para> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="749">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="750">\dotfill</indexterm></findex> -</section> -<node name="_005cdotfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\dotfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addvspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hrulefill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dotfill</code></sectiontitle> - -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="676">\dotfill</indexterm></findex> +<para>Produce an infinite rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) filled with a +horizontal rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of just white +space. +</para> +<para>When placed between blank lines this example creates a paragraph that is +left and right justified, where the space in the middle is filled with +evenly spaced dots. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\noindent Jack Aubrey\dotfill Melbury Lodge +</pre></example> -<para>The <code>\dotfill</code> command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; that fills -with dots instead of just white space. +<para>To make the rule or dots go to the line&textrsquo;s end use <code>\null</code> at the +start or end. +</para> +<para>To change the rule&textrsquo;s thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as +with <code>\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{\leavevmode\leaders\hrule height +1pt\hfill\kern\z&arobase;}</code>, which changes the default thickness of +0.4<dmn>pt</dmn> to 1<dmn>pt</dmn>. Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with +<code>\renewcommand{\dotfill}{\leavevmode\cleaders\hb&arobase;xt&arobase; +1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern\z&arobase;}</code>, which changes the default +length of 0.33<dmn>em</dmn> to 1.00<dmn>em</dmn>. </para> -<!-- c xx undone --> </section> -<node name="_005caddvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\addvspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\dotfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> +<node name="_005caddvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\addvspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hrulefill \dotfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addvspace</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="677">\addvspace</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">vertical space</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex> -<para><code>\addvspace{length}</code> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="751">\addvspace</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">vertical space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex> + +<para><code>\addvspace{<var>length</var>}</code> +</para> +<para>Add a vertical space of height <var>length</var>, which is a rubber length +(<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). However, if vertical space has already been added to +the same point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command +then this command will not add more space than what is needed to make +the natural length of the total vertical space equal to <var>length</var>. +</para> +<para>Use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an +environment that starts a new paragraph. (For instance, a Theorem +environment is defined to begin and end in <code>\addvspace{..}</code> so +that two consecutive Theorem&textrsquo;s are separated by one vertical space, not +two.) +</para> +<para>This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<para>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical space of height -length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same -point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command, then this -command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural -length of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>. +<para>The error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp> means that +you were not in vertical mode when you invoked this command; one way to +change that is to precede this command with a <code>\par</code> command. </para> </section> @@ -5872,22 +8037,22 @@ document class. </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\bigskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="678">\bigskip</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="679">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="752">\bigskip</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="753">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex> <para>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\medskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="680">\medskip</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="681">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="754">\medskip</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="755">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex> <para>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\smallskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="682">\smallskip</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="683">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="756">\smallskip</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="757">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex> <para>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus @@ -5899,41 +8064,79 @@ quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the </section> <node name="_005cvfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\vfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vfill</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="684">\vfill</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="758">\vfill</indexterm></findex> -<para>The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which -can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It&textrsquo;s equivalent to -<code>\vspace{\fill}</code> (<pxref label="_005chfill"><xrefnodename>\hfill</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length +(<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) that is infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far +as needed. +</para> +<para>It is often used in the same way as <code>\vspace{\fill}</code>, except that +<code>\vfill</code> ends the current paragraph, whereas +<code>\vspace{\fill}</code> adds the infinite vertical space below its line +irrespective of the paragraph structure. In both cases that space will +disappear at a page boundary; to circumvent this see <ref label="_005cvspace"><xrefnodename>\vspace</xrefnodename></ref>. </para> +<para>In this example the page is filled, so the top and bottom lines contain +the text <samp>Lost Dog!</samp> and the third <samp>Lost Dog!</samp> is exactly +halfway between them. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{document} +Lost Dog! +\vfill +Lost Dog! +\vfill +Lost Dog! +\end{document} +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="_005cvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\vspace</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\vfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="685">\vspace</indexterm></findex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<para>Synopsis: +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="759">\vspace</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">vertical space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>Synopsis, one of these two: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\vspace{<var>length</var>} +\vspace*{<var>length</var>} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\vspace</code> command adds the vertical space <var>length</var>, i.e., -a rubber length. <var>length</var> can be negative or positive. +<para>Add the vertical space <var>length</var>. This can be negative or positive, +and is a rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<para>Ordinarily, &latex; removes vertical space added by <code>\vspace</code> at -the top or bottom of a page. With the optional <code>*</code> argument, the -space is not removed. +<para>&latex; removes the vertical space from <code>\vfill</code> at a page break, +that is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version +<code>\vspace*{..}</code> causes the space to stay. </para> +<para>In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on +the page, with at least one inch of space below each. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{document} +1) Who put the bomp in the bomp bah bomp bah bomp? +\vspace{1in plus 1fill} + +2) Who put the ram in the rama lama ding dong? +\vspace{1in plus 1fill} +\end{document} +</pre></example> + </section> </chapter> <node name="Boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special insertions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spaces</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Boxes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">boxes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">boxes</indexterm></cindex> <para>All the predefined length parameters (<pxref label="Predefined-lengths"><xrefnodename>Predefined lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands. @@ -5953,9 +8156,10 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands. <node name="_005cmbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\mbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fbox and \framebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="686">\mbox</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="760">\mbox</indexterm></findex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. The <var>text</var> is not broken into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. @@ -5965,8 +8169,8 @@ lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. <node name="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\fbox and \framebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">lrbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\mbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="687">\fbox</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="688">\framebox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="761">\fbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="762">\framebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -5983,8 +8187,8 @@ specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument (a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var> argument. <!-- c xxref --> </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="689">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="690">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="763">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="764">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex> <para>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default <samp>.4pt</samp>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default <samp>3pt</samp>) between the rule and the contents of the box. @@ -5996,7 +8200,8 @@ argument. <!-- c xxref --> </section> <node name="lrbox" spaces=" "><nodename>lrbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fbox and \framebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>lrbox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="691">lrbox</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="765">lrbox</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code> </para> @@ -6009,7 +8214,8 @@ must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>. </section> <node name="_005cmakebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">lrbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="692">\makebox</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="766">\makebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6018,7 +8224,7 @@ must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>. </pre></example> <para>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain -the <var>text</var> specified. The width of the box is specified by the +the <var>text</var> specified. The width of the box can be overridden by the optional <var>width</var> argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional <var>position</var> argument, which may take the following values: @@ -6035,14 +8241,15 @@ the following values: stretchable space for this to work. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<para><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the picture environment +<para><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the <code>picture</code> environment <pxref label="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\makebox (picture)</xrefnodename></pxref>. </para> </section> <node name="_005cparbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\parbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raisebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parbox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="693">\parbox</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="767">\parbox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6092,7 +8299,8 @@ for this to work. </section> <node name="_005craisebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\raisebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\savebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\parbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raisebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="694">\raisebox</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="768">\raisebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6114,7 +8322,8 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth. </section> <node name="_005csavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\savebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raisebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\savebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="695">\savebox</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="769">\savebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6131,7 +8340,8 @@ declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewsavebox"><xrefnode </section> <node name="_005csbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\sbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\savebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="696">\sbox</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="770">\sbox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6149,7 +8359,8 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled </section> <node name="_005cusebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\usebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\sbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="697">\usebox</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="771">\usebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6166,6 +8377,9 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled <node name="Special-insertions" spaces=" "><nodename>Special insertions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Special insertions</sectiontitle> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">special insertions</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex> + <para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. </para> @@ -6181,8 +8395,9 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. <node name="Reserved-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Reserved characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Text symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Reserved characters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex> <para>The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called &textldquo;reserved characters&textrdquo; or &textldquo;special characters&textrdquo;. @@ -6191,33 +8406,33 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. <pre xml:space="preserve"># $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="698">\#</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="699">\$</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="700">\%</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="701">\&</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="702">\_</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="703">\{</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="704">\}</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="772">\#</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="773">\$</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="774">\%</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="775">\&</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="776">\_</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="777">\{</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="778">\}</indexterm></findex> <para>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex; will do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as itself, include a <code>\</code> in front of the character. For example, <code>\$</code> will produce <code>$</code> in your output. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="705">\backslash</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="779">\backslash</indexterm></findex> <para>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing <code>$\backslash$</code> in your file, and a typewriter <code>\</code> is produced by using <samp>\</samp> in a verbatim command (<pxref label="verbatim"><xrefnodename>verbatim</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="706">\~</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="707">\^</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="780">\~</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="781">\^</indexterm></findex> <para>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over the following letter, as in <accent type="tilde">o</accent> and <accent type="circ">o</accent> (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>); to get a standalone <code>~</code> or <code>^</code>, you can again use a verbatim command. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="708">\symbol</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="782">\symbol</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you know its number by using the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the @@ -6233,279 +8448,280 @@ with <code>"</code>, so the previous example could also be written as <node name="Text-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Text symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Reserved characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Text symbols</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">text symbols</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="709">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">text symbols</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="783">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex> <para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<beforefirstitem> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>The copyright symbol, ©right;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>The dagger symbol (in text). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>The double dagger symbol (in text). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex> <para>The &latex; logo. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex> <para>The &latex;2e logo. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716">\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717">\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718">\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719">\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790">\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791">\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792">\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793">\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex> <para>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: «, », ‹, ›. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="796">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex> <para>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &textlsquo;&dots;&textrsquo;. <code>\ldots</code> and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345">left quote</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">opening quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="797">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">left quote</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">opening quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Left (opening) quote: &textlsquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="798">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="799">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex> <para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="800">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="801">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>English pounds sterling: £. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728">\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729">\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802">\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803">\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex> <para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">right quote</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">closing quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="804">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">right quote</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">closing quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Right (closing) quote: &textrsquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">section symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="805">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403">section symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>Section symbol. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="806">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex> <para>The &tex; logo. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>ASCII circumflex: ^. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>ASCII tilde: ~. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="809">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Centered asterisk: *. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="810">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Backslash: \. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="811">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Vertical bar: |. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="812">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Double vertical bar. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="813">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Big circle symbol. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="814">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Left brace: {. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="815">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Right brace: }. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="816">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Bullet: •. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743">\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</indexterm>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="817">\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</indexterm>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in ®istered;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745">\textcapitalwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalwordmark</itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746">\textascenderwordmark</indexterm>\textascenderwordmark</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">cap height</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">ascender height</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="818">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="819">\textcapitalwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalwordmark</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="820">\textascenderwordmark</indexterm>\textascenderwordmark</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">cap height</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">ascender height</indexterm></cindex> <para>Composite word mark (invisible). The <code>\textcapital...</code> form has the cap height of the font, while the <code>\textascender...</code> form has the ascender height. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="821">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Dagger: <math>\dag</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="822">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Double dagger: <math>\ddag</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749">\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="823">\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex> <para>Dollar sign: $. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">em-dash</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="824">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">em-dash</indexterm></cindex> <para>Em-dash: &textmdash; (for punctuation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">e-dash</indexterm></cindex> -<para>En-dash: &textmdash; (for ranges). +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="825">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">e-dash</indexterm></cindex> +<para>En-dash: &textndash; (for ranges). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="826">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex> <para>The Euro symbol: €. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="827">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> <para>Upside down exclamation point: ¡. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="828">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Greater than: >. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="829">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Less than: <. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="830">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Left arrow. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="831">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="832">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> <para>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="833">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Centered period: <math>\cdot</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="834">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> <para>Upside down question mark: ¿. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404">double left quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="835">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">double left quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Double left quote: &textldquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406">double right quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="836">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">double right quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Double right quote: &textrdquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408">single left quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="837">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">single left quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Single left quote: &textlsquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">single right quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="838">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">single right quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Single right quote: &textrsquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="839">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="840">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex> <para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="841">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>Registered symbol: ®istered;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="842">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Right arrow. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="843">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex> <para>&textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="844">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>Trademark symbol: <math>^{\hbox{TM}}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="845">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex> <para>&textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="846">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Underscore: _. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="847">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Visible space symbol. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -6515,12 +8731,12 @@ has the ascender height. <node name="Accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Non-English characters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Text symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Accents</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">accents</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">accents</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428"><code>babel</code> package</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475"><code>babel</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists @@ -6532,145 +8748,147 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1. <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\"</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldieresis</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="774">\" <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="775">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848">\" <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in <accent type="uml">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\'</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalacute</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="776">\&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="777">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">acute accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850">\&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">acute accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces an acute accent, as in <accent type="acute">o</accent>. In the <code>tabbing</code> environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column (<pxref label="tabbing"><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\.</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="778">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">dot accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="852">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">dot accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in <accent type="dotaccent">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\=</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalmacron</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="779">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="780">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">macron accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="853">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="854">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482">macron accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in <accent type="macr">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\^</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcircumflex</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="781">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="782">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">hat accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="855">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="856">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">hat accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in <accent type="circ">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\`</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalgrave</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="783">\&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="784">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">grave accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="857">\&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="858">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487">grave accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in <accent type="grave">o</accent>. In the <code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin (<pxref label="tabbing"><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\~</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltilde</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="785">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="786">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="859">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="860">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in <accent type="tilde">n</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\b</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="787">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in <accent type="ubaraccent">o</accent>. +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="861">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in <accent type="ubaraccent">o</accent>. See +also <code>\underbar</code> hereinafter. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\c</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcedilla</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="788">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="789">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="862">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="863">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in <accent type="cedil">c</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\d</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldotaccent</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="790">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="791">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="864">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="865">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in <accent type="udotaccent">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\H</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="792">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="793">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="866">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="867">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in <accent type="doubleacute">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\i</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="794">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">dotless i</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="868">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">dotless i</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a dotless i, as in &textlsquo;<dotless>i</dotless>&textrsquo;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\j</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="795">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">dotless j</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="869">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">dotless j</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a dotless j, as in &textlsquo;<dotless>j</dotless>&textrsquo;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\k</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalogonek</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="796">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="797">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">ogonek</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="870">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="871">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">ogonek</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="ogon">o</accent>&textrsquo;. Not available in the OT1 encoding. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\r</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalring</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="798">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="799">\capitalring</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">ring accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="872">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="873">\capitalring</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">ring accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a ring accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="ring">o</accent>&textrsquo;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\t</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltie</itemformat></itemx> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\newtie</itemformat></itemx> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalnewtie</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="800">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="801">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="802">\newtie</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="803">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="874">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="875">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="876">\newtie</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="877">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a tie-after accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="tieaccent">oo</accent>&textrsquo;. The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\u</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalbreve</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="804">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="805">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">breve accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="878">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="879">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">breve accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a breve accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="breve">o</accent>&textrsquo;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\underbar</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="806">\underbar</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">underbar</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="880">\underbar</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">underbar</indexterm></cindex> <para>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in <ref label="Math-miscellany"><xrefnodename>Math miscellany</xrefnodename></ref>. +See also <code>\b</code> above. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\v</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcaron</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="807">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="808">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">check accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">caron accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="881">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="882">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">check accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">caron accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check, caron) accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="caron">o</accent>&textrsquo;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> @@ -6680,92 +8898,91 @@ descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in <ref label="Math-miscellany"><x <node name="Non_002dEnglish-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Non-English characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Non-English characters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">special characters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">letters, non-English</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">special characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">letters, non-English</indexterm></cindex> <para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly used in languages other than English. </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<beforefirstitem> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\aa</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\aa</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AA</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="809">\aa (å)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="810">\AA (Å)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">aring</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="883">\aa (å)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="884">\AA (Å)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">aring</indexterm></cindex> <para>å and Å. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ae</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AE</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="811">\ae (æ)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="812">\AE (Æ)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="885">\ae (æ)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="886">\AE (Æ)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex> <para>æ and Æ. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dh</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DH</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="813">\dh (ð)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="814">\DH (Ð)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="887">\dh (ð)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="888">\DH (Ð)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> <para>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dj</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DJ</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="815">\dj</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="816">\DJ</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="889">\dj</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="890">\DJ</indexterm></findex> <para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ij</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IJ</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="817">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="818">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="891">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="892">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex> <para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\l</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\L</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="819">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="820">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">polish l</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="893">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="894">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">polish l</indexterm></cindex> <para>&lslash; and &Lslash;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ng</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NG</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="821">\ng</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822">\NG</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="895">\ng</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="896">\NG</indexterm></findex> <para>Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\o</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\O</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="823">\o (ø)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="824">\O (Ø)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">oslash</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="897">\o (ø)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="898">\O (Ø)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513">oslash</indexterm></cindex> <para>ø and Ø. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\oe</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OE</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="825">\oe (œ)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="826">\OE (Œ)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="899">\oe (œ)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="900">\OE (Œ)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex> <para>œ and Œ. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ss</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\SS</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827">\ss (ß)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="828">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="901">\ss (ß)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="902">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>ß and SS. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\th</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\TH</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="829">\th (þ)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="830">\TH (Þ)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="903">\th (þ)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="904">\TH (Þ)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> <para>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> @@ -6774,7 +8991,8 @@ used in languages other than English. </section> <node name="_005crule" spaces=" "><nodename>\rule</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\today</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Non-English characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rule</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="831">\rule</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="905">\rule</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6800,7 +9018,9 @@ rectangles. The arguments are: </section> <node name="_005ctoday" spaces=" "><nodename>\today</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\rule</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\today</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="832">\today</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="906">\today</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\today</code> command produces today&textrsquo;s date, in the format <samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>; for example, &textlsquo;July 4, 1976&textrsquo;. @@ -6808,7 +9028,7 @@ It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and <code>\year</code> (<pxref label="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"><xrefnodename>\day \month \year</xrefnodename></pxref>) to do this. It is not updated as the program runs. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472"><code>datetime</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520"><code>datetime</code> package</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats. </para> @@ -6817,8 +9037,9 @@ of other date formats. </chapter> <node name="Splitting-the-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Splitting the input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Splitting the input</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">input file</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522">input file</indexterm></cindex> <para>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it&textrsquo;s more efficient to split it into @@ -6838,7 +9059,8 @@ external file to be created with the main document. <node name="_005cinclude" spaces=" "><nodename>\include</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\includeonly</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\include</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="833">\include</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="907">\include</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6855,7 +9077,7 @@ command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to <code>\includeonly</code>. See the next section. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another <code>\include</code> command. </para> @@ -6863,7 +9085,8 @@ read by another <code>\include</code> command. </section> <node name="_005cincludeonly" spaces=" "><nodename>\includeonly</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\include</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\<code>includeonly</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="834">\includeonly</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="908">\includeonly</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6882,8 +9105,9 @@ effective. </section> <node name="_005cinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\input</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\includeonly</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\input</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="835">\input</indexterm></findex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\input</code></sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="909">\input</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6900,6 +9124,7 @@ file at that point. or <samp>foo.bar.tex</samp>). If that is not found, the original <var>file</var> is tried (<samp>foo</samp> or <samp>foo.bar</samp>). </para> + </section> </chapter> <node name="Front_002fback-matter" spaces=" "><nodename>Front/back matter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> @@ -6915,10 +9140,10 @@ is tried (<samp>foo</samp> or <samp>foo.bar</samp>). <node name="Tables-of-contents" spaces=" "><nodename>Tables of contents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Glossaries</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Tables of contents</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="836">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="837">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="910">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="911">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> <para>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must @@ -6929,16 +9154,16 @@ not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="838">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="839">\listoftables</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="840">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="841">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="912">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="913">\listoftables</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="914">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="915">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from <file>.lof</file> and <file>.lot</file> files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="842">\nofiles</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="916">\nofiles</indexterm></findex> <para>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and <emph>prevents</emph> any of these lists from being generated. </para> @@ -6949,9 +9174,10 @@ as for the table of contents. <node name="_005caddcontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeup></node> -<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\addcontentsline</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="843">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex> +<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addcontentsline</code></sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="917">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\addcontentsline</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds an entry to the specified list or table where: @@ -6980,7 +9206,7 @@ following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument: </tableterm><tableitem><para>The text of the entry. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="844">\contentsline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="918">\contentsline</indexterm></findex> <para>What is written to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file is the command <code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>name</var>}</code>. </para> @@ -6989,8 +9215,9 @@ command <code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>name</var </subsection> <node name="_005caddtocontents" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocontents</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeup></node> -<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\addtocontents</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="845">\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm></findex> +<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocontents</code></sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="919">\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\addtocontents</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file that @@ -7011,22 +9238,23 @@ figures), or <file>lot</file> (list of tables). </section> <node name="Glossaries" spaces=" "><nodename>Glossaries</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Indexes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Glossaries</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">glossaries</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="846">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">glossaries</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="920">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex> <para>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="847">\glossary</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921">\glossary</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex> <para>The command <code>\glossary{<var>text</var>}</code> writes a glossary entry for <var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.glo</file> extension. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848">\glossaryentry</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="922">\glossaryentry</indexterm></findex> <para>Specifically, what gets written is the command <code>\glossaryentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">glossary <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">glossary <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries. </para> @@ -7034,37 +9262,38 @@ glossaries. </section> <node name="Indexes" spaces=" "><nodename>Indexes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Indexes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">indexes</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849">\makeindex</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">indexes</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923">\makeindex</indexterm></findex> <para>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes. Put this in the preamble. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850">\index</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924">\index</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex> <para>The command <code>\index{<var>text</var>}</code> writes an index entry for <var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.idx</file> extension. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851">\indexentry</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="925">\indexentry</indexterm></findex> <para>Specifically, what gets written is the command <code>\indexentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex> <para>To generate a index entry for &textlsquo;bar&textrsquo; that says &textlsquo;See foo&textrsquo;, use a vertical bar: <code>\index{bar|see{foo}}</code>. Use <code>seealso</code> instead of <code>see</code> to make a &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; entry. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="852">\seename</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="853">\alsoname</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="926">\seename</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="927">\alsoname</indexterm></findex> <para>The text &textlsquo;See&textrsquo; is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; by the macro <code>\alsoname</code>. These can be redefined for other languages. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex> <para>The generated <file>.idx</file> file is then sorted with an external command, usually either <command>makeindex</command> (<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</urefurl></url>) or (the @@ -7072,23 +9301,23 @@ multi-lingual) <command>xindy</command> (<url><urefurl>http://xindy.sourceforge. This results in a <file>.ind</file> file, which can then be read to typeset the index. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="854">printindex</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488"><code>makeidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="928">printindex</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536"><code>makeidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex> <para>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command. This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so <code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> needs to be in the preamble. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="855">indexspace</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929">indexspace</indexterm></findex> <para>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new letter in the printed index; its default value is <samp>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</samp>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489"><code>showidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537"><code>showidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490"><code>multind</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538"><code>multind</code> package</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic, <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</urefurl></url>. @@ -7098,103 +9327,176 @@ preparing the index. </chapter> <node name="Letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Letters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">letters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">creating letters</indexterm></cindex> -<para>You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The -<code>letter</code> document class is designed to make a number of letters at -once, although you can make just one if you so desire. -</para> -<para>Your <file>.tex</file> source file has the same minimum commands as the other -document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a -minimum: +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">writing letters</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve"> \documentclass{letter} - \begin{document} - ... letters ... - \end{document} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{letter} +\address{<var>sender address</var>} +\signature{<var>sender name</var>} +\begin{document} +\begin{letter}{<var>recipient address</var>} +\opening{<var>salutation</var>} + <var>letter body</var> +\closing{<var>closing text</var>} +\end{letter} + ... more letters ... +\end{document} </pre></example> -<para>Each letter is a <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument is the name -and address of the recipient. For example, you might have: +<para>Produce one or more letters. +</para> +<para>Each letter is in a separate <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument +<var>recipient address</var> often contains multiple lines separated with a +double backslash (<code>\\</code>). For example, you might have: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve"> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. - \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} +<pre xml:space="preserve"> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith \\ + 2345 Princess St. \\ + Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} ... \end{letter} </pre></example> -<para>The letter itself begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The text of -the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary &latex; input. Commands that -make no sense in a letter, like <code>\chapter</code>, do not work. The letter -closes with a <code>\closing</code> command. -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="856">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>After the <code>closing</code>, you can have additional material. The -<code>\cc</code> command produces the usual &textldquo;cc: &dots;&textrdquo;. There&textrsquo;s also a -similar <code>\encl</code> command for a list of enclosures. With both these -commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items. +<para>The start of the <code>letter</code> environment resets the page number to 1, +and the footnote number to 1 also. +</para> +<para>The <var>sender address</var> and <var>sender name</var> are common to all of the +letters, whether there is one or more, so these are best put in the +preamble. As with the recipient address, often <var>sender address</var> +contains multiple lines separated by a double +backslash (<code>\\</code>). &latex; will put the <var>sender name</var> +under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional +hand-written signature; it also can contain multiple lines. +</para> +<para>Each letter environment begins with a required <code>\opening</code> command +such as <code>\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}</code>. The <var>letter body</var> +text is ordinary &latex; so it can contain everything from from +enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands such as +<code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off. Each +letter environment typically ends with a <code>\closing</code> command such as +<code>\closing{Yours,}</code>. +</para> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who +is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc{the +Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</code>. There&textrsquo;s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for +a list of enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with <code>\ps</code>. +</para> +<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default is to indent the signature and the <code>\closing</code> +above it by a length of <code>\longindentation</code>. By default this is +<code>0.5\textwidth</code>. To make them flush left, put +<code>\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}</code> in your preamble. +</para> +<para>To set a fixed date use something like +<code>\renewcommand{\today}{2015-Oct-12}</code>. If put in your preamble +then it will apply to all the letters. +</para> +<para>This example shows only one <code>letter</code> environment. The three lines +marked as optional are typically omitted. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{letter} +\address{Sender's street \\ Sender's town} +\signature{Sender's name \\ Sender's title} +% optional: \location{Mailbox 13} +% optional: \telephone{(102) 555-0101} +\begin{document} +\begin{letter}{Recipient's name \\ Recipient's address} +\opening{Sir:} +% optional: \thispagestyle{firstpage} +I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you. +\closing{Your most humble, etc.,} +\end{letter} +\end{document} +</pre></example> + <para>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> -<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\address</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your return address. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\cc</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Cc list. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\closing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying goodbye. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\encl</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of enclosed material. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\location</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your organization&textrsquo;s address. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\makelabels</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Making address labels. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\name</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your name, for the return address. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\opening</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying hello. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ps</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Adding a postscript. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\signature</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your signature. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\startbreaks</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Allow page breaks. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\stopbreaks</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Disallow page breaks. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\telephone</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your phone number. +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\address</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s return address. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\cc</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Carbon copy list. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\closing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying goodbye. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\encl</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of enclosed material. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\location</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s organizational location. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\makelabels</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make address labels. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\name</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s name, for the return address. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\opening</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying hello. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ps</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Adding a postscript. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\signature</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s signature. +<!-- c ?Not user-level? * \stopbreaks and \startbreaks:: Disallow and allow page breaks. --> +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\telephone</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s phone number. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> <node name="_005caddress" spaces=" "><nodename>\address</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cc</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\address{<var>return-address}</var></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="857">\address</indexterm></findex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\address</code></sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="931">\address</indexterm></findex> + +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\address{<var>senders address</var>} +</pre></example> -<para>The <code>\address</code> specifies the return address of a letter, as it -should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the -address should be separated by <code>\\</code> commands. +<para>Specifies the return address as it appears on the letter and on the +envelope. Separate multiple lines in <var>senders address</var> with a +double backslash <code>\\</code>. +</para> +<para>Because it can apply to multiple letters this declaration is often put +in the preamble. However, it can go anywhere, including inside an +individual <code>letter</code> environment. </para> -<para>If you do not make an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter -will be formatted for copying onto your organization&textrsquo;s standard -letterhead. (<xref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></xref>, for details on your local -implementation). If you give an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the -letter will be formatted as a personal letter. +<para>This command is optional: without the <code>\address</code> declaration the +letter is formatted with some blank space on top, for copying onto +pre-printed letterhead paper. (<xref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></xref>, for details on your +local implementation.) With the <code>\address</code> declaration, it is +formatted as a personal letter. </para> +<para>Here is an example. +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\address{Stephen Maturin \\ + The Grapes of the Savoy} +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="_005ccc" spaces=" "><nodename>\cc</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\closing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\address</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cc</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="858">\cc</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="932">\cc</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\cc{<var>name1</var>\\<var>name2</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\cc{<var>first name</var> \\ + .. } </pre></example> -<para>Produce a list of <var>name</var>s the letter was copied to. Each name is -printed on a separate line. +<para>Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent. This +command is optional. If it appears then typically it comes after +<code>\closing</code>. Separate multiple lines with a double +backslash <code>\\</code>. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\cc{President \\ + Vice President} +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="_005cclosing" spaces=" "><nodename>\closing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\encl</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cc</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\closing</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="859">\closing</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">closing letters</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933">\closing</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">closing letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7202,9 +9504,11 @@ printed on a separate line. <pre xml:space="preserve">\closing{text} </pre></example> -<para>A letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command, for example, -</para><example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\closing{Best Regards,} +<para>Usually at the end of a letter, above the handwritten signature, there +is a <code>\closing</code> (although this command is optional). For example, +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\closing{Regards,} </pre></example> @@ -7212,57 +9516,92 @@ printed on a separate line. <node name="_005cencl" spaces=" "><nodename>\encl</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\location</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\closing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\encl</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="860">\encl</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934">\encl</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\encl{<var>line1</var>\\<var>line2</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\encl{<var>first enclosed object</var> \\ + .. } </pre></example> -<para>Declare a list of one more enclosures. +<para>Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is +optional; when it is used, it typically is put after <code>\closing</code>. +Separate multiple lines with a double backslash <code>\\</code>. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\encl{License \\ + Passport } +</pre></example> + </section> <node name="_005clocation" spaces=" "><nodename>\location</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makelabels</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\encl</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\location</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="861">\location</indexterm></findex> -<para><code>\location{address}</code> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935">\location</indexterm></findex> + +<para>Synopsis: </para> -<para>This modifies your organization&textrsquo;s standard address. This only appears -if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\location{<var>text</var>} +</pre></example> + +<para>The <var>text</var> appears centered at the bottom of the each page. It only +appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>. </para> </section> <node name="_005cmakelabels" spaces=" "><nodename>\makelabels</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\name</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\location</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makelabels</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="862">\makelabels</indexterm></findex> -<para><code>\makelabels{number}</code> -</para> -<para>If you issue this command in the preamble, &latex; will create a sheet of -address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. -</para> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936">\makelabels</indexterm></findex> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\makelabels +</pre></example> +<para>Create a sheet of address labels from the recipient addresses, one for +each letter. This sheet will be output before the letters, with the idea +that you can copy it to a sheet of peel-off labels. This command goes +in the preamble. +</para> +<para>Customize the labels by redefining the commands <code>\startlabels</code>, +<code>\mlabel</code>, and <code>\returnaddress</code> in the preamble. The command +<code>\startlabels</code> sets the width, height, number of columns, etc., of +the page onto which the labels are printed. The command +<code>\mlabel{<var>sender address</var>}{<var>recipient address</var>}</code> +produces the two labels (or one, if you choose to ignore the <var>sender +address</var>). The <var>sender address</var> is the value returned by the macro +<code>\returnaddress</code> while <var>recipient address</var> is the value passed +in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment. By default +<code>\mlabel</code> ignores the first argument, the <var>sender address</var>. +</para> </section> <node name="_005cname" spaces=" "><nodename>\name</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\opening</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makelabels</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\name</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="863">\name</indexterm></findex> -<para><code>\name{June Davenport}</code> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937">\name</indexterm></findex> + +<para>Synopsis: </para> -<para>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return -address. +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\name{<var>name</var>} +</pre></example> + +<para>Sender&textrsquo;s name, used for printing on the envelope together with the +return address. </para> </section> <node name="_005copening" spaces=" "><nodename>\opening</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ps</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\name</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="864">\opening</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\opening</code></sectiontitle> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938">\opening</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7270,72 +9609,118 @@ address. <pre xml:space="preserve">\opening{<var>text</var>} </pre></example> -<para>A letter begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The mandatory -argument, <var>text</var>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. -For instance: +<para>This command is required. It starts a letter, following the +<code>\begin{letter}{..}</code>. The mandatory argument <var>text</var> is the +text that starts your letter. For instance: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\opening{Dear Joe,} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\opening{Dear John:} </pre></example> </section> <node name="_005cps" spaces=" "><nodename>\ps</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\signature</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\opening</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ps</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="865">\ps</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939">\ps</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Use the <code>\ps</code> command to start a postscript in a letter, after +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\ps{<var>text</var>} +</pre></example> + +<para>Add a postscript. This command is optional and usually is used after <code>\closing</code>. </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.} +</pre></example> + </section> -<node name="_005csignature" spaces=" "><nodename>\signature</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\startbreaks</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\ps</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="866">\signature</indexterm></findex> +<node name="_005csignature" spaces=" "><nodename>\signature</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\telephone</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\ps</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\signature</code></sectiontitle> -<para>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the -space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within -<var>text</var> as usual. +<para>Synopsis: </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\signature{<var>first line</var> \\ + .. } +</pre></example> -</section> -<node name="_005cstartbreaks" spaces=" "><nodename>\startbreaks</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stopbreaks</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\signature</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\startbreaks</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="867">\startbreaks</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940">\signature</indexterm></findex> -<para><code>\startbreaks</code> +<para>The sender&textrsquo;s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is +usual. </para> -<para>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page breaks again. +<para>The argument text appears at the end of the letter, after the closing +and after a vertical space for the traditional hand-written +signature. Separate multiple lines with a double +backslash <code>\\</code>. For example: </para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\signature{J Fred Muggs \\ + White House} +</pre></example> -</section> -<node name="_005cstopbreaks" spaces=" "><nodename>\stopbreaks</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\telephone</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\startbreaks</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stopbreaks</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="868">\stopbreaks</indexterm></findex> - -<para><code>\stopbreaks</code> +<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default for the vertical space from the <code>\closing</code> text +down to the <code>\signature</code> text is <code>6\medskipamount</code>, which is +six times 0.7<dmn>em</dmn>. +</para> +<para>This command is usually in the preamble, to apply to all the letters in +the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a +<code>letter</code> environment and before the <code>\closing</code>. </para> -<para>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command occurs. +<para>You can include a graphic in the signature, for instance with +<code>\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\ +My name}</code> (this requires writing <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> in the +preamble). </para> +<!-- c I think this is not a user-level command; it is used to keep from breaking --> +<!-- c the page between the closing and the signature --> +<!-- c @node \stopbreaks and \startbreaks --> +<!-- c @section @code{\stopbreaks} and @code{\startbreaks} --> + +<!-- c @findex \startbreak --> +<!-- c @findex \stopbreaks --> + +<!-- c @example --> +<!-- c @code{\stopbreaks} --> +<!-- c text --> +<!-- c @code{\startbreaks} --> +<!-- c @end example --> + +<!-- c The @code{\stopbreaks} inhibits page breaking. The @code{\startbreaks} resumes --> +<!-- c normal page breaking. --> +<!-- c --> +<!-- c --> </section> -<node name="_005ctelephone" spaces=" "><nodename>\telephone</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stopbreaks</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> +<node name="_005ctelephone" spaces=" "><nodename>\telephone</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\signature</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\telephone</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="869">\telephone</indexterm></findex> -<para><code>\telephone{number}</code> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941">\telephone</indexterm></findex> + +<para>Synopsis: </para> -<para>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the -<code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\telephone{<var>number</var>} +</pre></example> + +<para>The sender&textrsquo;s telephone number. This is typically in the preamble, where +it applies to all letters. This only appears if the <code>firstpage</code> +pagestyle is selected. If so, it appears on the lower right of the +page. </para> </section> </chapter> <node name="Terminal-input_002foutput" spaces=" "><nodename>Terminal input/output</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Terminal input/output</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">input/output</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\typein</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from the terminal. @@ -7345,7 +9730,8 @@ space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within <node name="_005ctypein" spaces=" "><nodename>\typein</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typeout</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="870">\typein</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="942">\typein</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7365,7 +9751,8 @@ redefined to be the typed input. </section> <node name="_005ctypeout" spaces=" "><nodename>\typeout</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\typein</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="871">\typeout</indexterm></findex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943">\typeout</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7389,9 +9776,10 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in </chapter> <node name="Command-line" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Document templates</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">command line</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="872">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">command line</indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="944">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; &tex; uses <file>.tex</file> as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You can @@ -7403,14 +9791,14 @@ error: <pre xml:space="preserve">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="873">&textndash;help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945">&textndash;help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> <para>With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with <samp>-</samp> or <samp>--</samp>. For a list of those options, try <samp>latex --help</samp>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="874">\stop</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="946">\stop</indexterm></findex> <para>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a <samp>*</samp> prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code> (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. @@ -7421,7 +9809,9 @@ be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with <samp>-</samp> or </chapter> <node name="Document-templates" spaces=" "><nodename>Document templates</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Concept Index</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <appendix spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document templates</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">document templates</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">document templates</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">templates, document</indexterm></cindex> <para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will be useful. Additional template resources are listed at @@ -7437,7 +9827,9 @@ be useful. Additional template resources are listed at <node name="beamer-template" spaces=" "><nodename>beamer template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">book template</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>beamer</code> template</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex> + <para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast array of features, but here is a basic template: </para> @@ -7473,6 +9865,8 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template: <node name="book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>book template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tugboat template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">beamer template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>book</code> template</sectiontitle> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex> + <verbatim xml:space="preserve"> \documentclass{book} \title{Book Class Template} @@ -7497,8 +9891,9 @@ The end. <node name="tugboat-template" spaces=" "><nodename>tugboat template</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tugboat</code> template</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">TUGboat template</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507"><code>ltugboat</code> class</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">template, TUGboat</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">TUGboat template</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559"><code>ltugboat</code> class</indexterm></cindex> <para><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group, <url><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat</urefurl></url>. |