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-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml5220
1 files changed, 3100 insertions, 2120 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
index c1f519aa5dc..7be3644661f 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
@@ -3,23 +3,24 @@
<texinfo xml:lang="en">
<filename file="latex2e.xml"></filename>
<preamble>\input texinfo
-</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 459 2015-10-12 11:33:10Z jhefferon $ -->
+</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 561 2017-07-21 15:19:34Z karl $ -->
<!-- comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<setfilename file="latex2e.info" spaces=" ">latex2e.info</setfilename>
-<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED October 2015">October 2015</set>
-<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (October 2015)</settitle>
+<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED November 2016">November 2016</set>
+<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (November 2016)</settitle>
<!-- comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<!-- c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, -->
<!-- c xx but latex2e stuff is missing. -->
<!-- c xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file -->
<!-- c -->
+<!-- c xx misc commands from clsguide.pdf -->
<!-- c xx ending a run with errors -->
<!-- c xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX -->
<!-- c xx classes and packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts -->
<!-- c -->
-<!-- c xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) -->
-<!-- c xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/latex2e-reference.tar.gz -->
+<!-- c xx merge http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-info (CTAN package latex-info) -->
+<!-- c xx merge http://ctan.org/pkg/latex2e-reference -->
<!-- c xx merge permuted-index -->
<!-- c xx merge latex-manual from savannah -->
<!-- c xx merge display style math -->
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@
<copying endspaces=" ">
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of October 2015.
+document preparation system, version of November 2016.
</para>
<para>This manual was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in
the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -47,10 +48,11 @@ Group as <cite>&tex;niques</cite> number 10), as reference material (no
text was directly copied).
</para>
<para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
-2014, 2015 Karl Berry.&linebreak;
+2014, 2015, 2016 Karl Berry.&linebreak;
Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak;
Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
</para>
+<!-- comment start of License -->
<para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ notice identical to this one.
</para>
<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
+<!-- comment end of License -->
</para></copying>
<dircategory spaces=" ">TeX</dircategory>
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<titlepage endspaces=" ">
<title spaces=" ">&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
-<subtitle spaces=" ">October 2015</subtitle>
+<subtitle spaces=" ">November 2016</subtitle>
<author spaces=" "><url><urefurl>http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</urefurl></url></author>
<page></page>
<vskip> 0pt plus 1filll</vskip>
@@ -97,12 +100,26 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
</macro>
<macro name="BESU" line=" BESU {utf8,math}"><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\}
</macro>
+<macro name="iftexthenelse" line=" iftexthenelse {then,else}"><formalarg>then</formalarg><formalarg>else</formalarg>\else\@c
+</macro>
+<macro name="EnvIndex" line=" EnvIndex {env}"><formalarg>env</formalarg>@findex @r{environment}, @code{\env\}
+@findex @code{\env\} @r{environment}
+</macro>
+<macro name="PkgIndex" line=" PkgIndex {pkg}"><formalarg>pkg</formalarg>@cindex @r{package}, @code{\pkg\}
+@cindex @code{\pkg\} @r{package}
+</macro>
+
+<set name="NotInPlainTeX" line=" NotInPlainTeX Not available in plain @TeX{}.">Not available in plain @TeX{}.</set>
+<set name="NeedsAMSSymb" line=" NeedsAMSSymb @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{amssymb} package.">@value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{amssymb} package.</set>
+<set name="NeedsSTIX" line=" NeedsSTIX @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{stix} package.">@value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{stix} package.</set>
+
+<clear name="HAS-MATH" line=" HAS-MATH "></clear>
<node name="Top" spaces=" "><nodename>Top</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">About this document</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">(dir)</nodeup></node>
<top spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</sectiontitle>
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-October 2015) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
+November 2016) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">About this document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -302,7 +319,7 @@ it to a PostScript <code>.ps</code> file with <command>dvips</command> or to a
Portable Document Format <code>.pdf</code> file with <command>dvipdfmx</command>.
The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with
<command>dvitype</command>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are
-available (<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware</urefurl></url>).
+available (<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</urefurl></url>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.pdf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="13">.pdf <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
@@ -475,6 +492,7 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.&noeos; bugs).
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Environment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Area of the source with distinct behavior.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Declaration</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Change the value or meaning of a command.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\makeatletter and \makeatother</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Change the status of the at-sign character.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -484,7 +502,7 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.&noeos; bugs).
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;<var>environment name</var>&rbrace;
- ..
+ ...
\end&lbrace;<var>environment name</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -494,11 +512,13 @@ behavior. For instance, for poetry in &latex; put the lines between
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;verse&rbrace;
- There once was a man from Nantucket \\
- ..
+ There once was a man from Nantucket \\
+ ...
\end&lbrace;verse&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<para>See&nbsp;<ref label="Environments"><xrefnodename>Environments</xrefnodename></ref> for a list of environments.
+</para>
<para>The <var>environment name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
the end. This includes the case where <var>environment name</var> ends in a
star&nbsp;(<code>*</code>); both the <code>\begin</code> and <code>\end</code> texts must
@@ -511,25 +531,91 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;[t]&lbrace;r|l&rbrace;
- .. rows of table ..
+ ... rows of table ...
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<node name="Declaration" spaces=" "><nodename>Declaration</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Environment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Declaration" spaces=" "><nodename>Declaration</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makeatletter and \makeatother</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Environment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeup></node>
<para>A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other
command or parameter. For instance, the <code>\mainmatter</code> command
changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic.
</para>
+<node name="_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" spaces=" "><nodename>\makeatletter and \makeatother</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Declaration</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeup></node>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\makeatletter
+ ... definition of commands with &arobase; in their name ..
+\makeatother
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Used to redefine internal &latex; commands. <code>\makeatletter</code> makes
+the at-sign character&nbsp;<code>&arobase;</code> have the category code of a letter,
+11. <code>\makeatother</code> sets the category code of&nbsp;<code>&arobase;</code> to 12,
+its original value.
+</para>
+<para>As each character is read by &tex; for &latex;, it is assigned a
+character category code, or
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="42">catcode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">character category code</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="44">category code, character</indexterm></cindex>
+<dfn>catcode</dfn> for shorter. For instance, the backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> is
+assigned the catcode 0, for characters that start a command. These two
+commands alter the catcode assigned to <code>&arobase;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The alteration is needed because many of &latex;&textrsquo;s commands use
+<code>&arobase;</code> in their name, to prevent users from accidentally defining a
+command that replaces one of &latex;&textrsquo;s own. Command names consist of a
+category&nbsp;0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed by letters,
+category&nbsp;11 characters (except that a command name can also consist
+of a category&nbsp;0 character followed by a single non-letter symbol).
+So under the default category codes, user-defined commands cannot
+contain an <code>&arobase;</code>. But <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code>
+allow users to define or redefine commands named with <code>&arobase;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Use these inside a <file>.tex</file> file, in the preamble. Don&textrsquo;t use them
+inside <file>.sty</file> or <file>.cls</file> files since the <code>\usepackage</code>
+and <code>\documentclass</code> commands set the at sign to have the character
+code of a letter.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45"><r>package</r>, <code>macros2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46"><code>macros2e</code> <r>package</r> For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>in their names, see document
+<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</urefurl></url>. These macros are mainly useful
+to package or class authors; examples that may be useful to document
+authors are provided hereinafter.
+</para>
+<para>The example code below, if put in the preamble, redefines the
+section command to center the section title, put it in bold type,
+and adjust the spacing.
+</para>
+<!-- c xxx TODO, make \@startsection a separate node, see latex2e-fr.texi -->
+<!-- c From http://zoonek.free.fr/LaTeX/LaTeX_samples_section/0.html -->
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\makeatletter
+\renewcommand\section&lbrace;%
+ \&arobase;startsection&lbrace;section&rbrace;% Name
+ &lbrace;1&rbrace;% Level: 0=part, 1=chapter, etc.
+ &lbrace;0pt&rbrace;% Heading indent
+ &lbrace;-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex&rbrace;% Beforeskip (if neg, no head indent)
+ &lbrace;2.3ex plus.2ex&rbrace;% Afterskip (if neg, run-in heading)
+ &lbrace;\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries&rbrace;&rbrace; % Style of head
+\makeatother
+</pre></example>
+
+<!-- c xx TODO document \@ifstar, see latex2e-fr.texi -->
+
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Document-classes" spaces=" "><nodename>Document classes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Fonts</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Overview</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document classes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="42">document classes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">document classes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="28">\documentclass</indexterm></findex>
<para>The document&textrsquo;s overall class is defined with this command, which is
@@ -576,16 +662,18 @@ template</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Document class options</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Global options.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Additional packages</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bring in packages.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Class and package construction</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Create new classes and packages.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="Document-class-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Document class options</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Document-class-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Document class options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Additional packages</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document class options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="44">document class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46">class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">global options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">document class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">global options</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can specify so-called <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> to
the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets.
@@ -618,24 +706,28 @@ size (these show height by width):
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">a4paper </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>210 by 297 mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches)
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>210 by 297<dmn>mm</dmn> (about 8.25 by 11.75&nbsp;inches)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">a5paper </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>148 by 210<dmn>mm</dmn> (about 5.8 by 8.3&nbsp;inches)
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b5paper</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>176 by 250 mm (about 7 by 9.875 inches)
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>176 by 250<dmn>mm</dmn> (about 6.9 by 9.8&nbsp;inches)
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">executivepaper</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>7.25 by 10.5 inches
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>7.25 by 10.5&nbsp;inches
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">legalpaper</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>8.5 by 14 inches
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>8.5 by 14&nbsp;inches
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">letterpaper</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>8.5 by 11 inches (the default)
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>8.5 by 11&nbsp;inches (the default)
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43">\pdfpagewidth</indexterm></findex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44">\pdfpageheight</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48"><code>geometry</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53"><r>package</r>, <code>geometry</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54"><code>geometry</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>When using one of the engines pdf&latex;, Lua&latex;, or Xe&latex;
(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set
the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
@@ -657,35 +749,38 @@ area and physical page size.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">final</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a
black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">fleqn</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">centered equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">centered equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">landscape</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">leqno</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">openbib</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Use &textldquo;open&textrdquo; bibliography format.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">titlepage</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">notitlepage</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
+for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
+<code>report</code> class is <code>titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is
+<code>notitlepage</code>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
<para>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class.
@@ -725,35 +820,470 @@ being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and
<para>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex>
+
+</section>
+<node name="Additional-packages" spaces=" "><nodename>Additional packages</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Document class options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Additional packages</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62">\usepackage</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Additional packages are loaded like this:
+<para>Load a package <var>pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
+list <var>options</var>, as here.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]&lbrace;<var>pkg</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]&lbrace;<var>pkg</var>&rbrace;.
</pre></example>
-<para>To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma,
+<para>To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
as in <code>\usepackage&lbrace;<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...&rbrace;</code>, or use multiple
<code>\usepackage</code> commands.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">global options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">options, global</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">global options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">options, global</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
-by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
+to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<code>\usepackage</code>.
</para>
</section>
+<node name="Class-and-package-construction" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package construction</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Additional packages</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package construction</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">document class commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">commands, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">new class commands</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
+your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a
+standard header for each page, then you could create a new class
+<code>smcmemo.cls</code> and begin your documents with
+<code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a
+package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
+specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
+package while a command to make the page headers say <code>Memo from the
+SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74">class and package difference</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">difference between class and package</indexterm></cindex>
+</para>
+<para>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>&arobase;</code> as a
+character in command names without having to surround that command with
+<code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code>. <xref label="_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother"><xrefnodename>\makeatletter and
+\makeatother</xrefnodename></xref>. This allow you to create commands that users will not
+accidentally redefine. Another technique is to preface class- or
+package-specific commands with some string to prevent your class or
+package from interacting with others. For instance, the class
+<code>smcmemo</code> might have commands <code>\smc&arobase;tolist</code>,
+<code>\smc&arobase;fromlist</code>, etc.
+</para>
+
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Class and package structure</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Layout of the file.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Class and package commands</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of commands.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="Class-and-package-structure" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package structure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package structure</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">class and package structure</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">class file layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">package file layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">package options</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>A class file or package file typically has four parts. (1)&nbsp;In the
+identification part, the file says that it is a &latex; package or
+class and describes itself, using the <code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code> and
+<code>\ProvidesClass</code> or <code>\ProvidesPackage</code> commands. (2)&nbsp;The
+preliminary declarations part declares some commands and can also load
+other files. Usually these commands will be those needed for the code
+used in the next part. For example, an <code>smcmemo</code> class might be
+called with an option to read in a file with a list of people for the
+to-head, as <code>\documentclass[mathto]&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>, and therefore
+needs to define a command
+<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\setto&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\def\&arobase;tolist&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> used in that
+file. (3)&nbsp;In the handle options part the class or package declares
+and processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their
+document as <code>\documentclass[<var>option list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class
+name</var>&rbrace;</code>, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you
+declare <code>\documentclass[11pt]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> to set the default
+document font size. Finally, (4)&nbsp;in the more declarations part the
+class or package usually does most of its work: declaring new variables,
+commands and fonts, and loading other files.
+</para>
+<para>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <code>stub.cls</code>
+where &latex; can find it, for example in the same directory as the
+<code>.tex</code> file.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;LaTeX2e&rbrace;
+\ProvidesClass&lbrace;stub&rbrace;[2017/07/06 stub to start building classes from]
+\DeclareOption*&lbrace;\PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;\CurrentOption&rbrace;&lbrace;article&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\ProcessOptions\relax
+\LoadClass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">class file example</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
+passing them all to the <code>article</code> class, and then loads the
+<code>article</code> class to provide the basis for this class&textrsquo;s code.
+</para>
+<para>For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
+Class Guide, at
+<url><urefurl>http://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</urefurl></url> (much
+of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
+<url><urefurl>https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</urefurl></url>.
+</para>
+</subsection>
+<node name="Class-and-package-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Class and package structure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package commands</sectiontitle>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">class and package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">commands, class and package</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtBeginDvi&lbrace;specials&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63">\AtBeginDvi</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Save in a box register things that are written to the <code>.dvi</code> file
+at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtEndOfClass&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtEndOfPackage&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64">\AtEndOfClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65">\AtEndOfPackage</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when &latex; finishes
+processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
+multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you
+called it. See also <ref label="_005cAtBeginDocument"><xrefnodename>\AtBeginDocument</xrefnodename></ref>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassError&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>error text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>help text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageError&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>error text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>help text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassWarning&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageWarning&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassWarningNoLine&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageWarningNoLine&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfo&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfo&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfoNoLine&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfoNoLine&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66">\ClassError</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67">\PackageError</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68">\ClassWarning</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69">\PackageWarning</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70">\ClassWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71">\PackageWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72">\ClassInfo</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73">\PackageInfo</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74">\ClassInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75">\PackageInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
+</para>
+<para>For <code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> the message is
+<var>error text</var>, followed by &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>?</code> error prompt. If the
+user then asks for help by typing <code>h</code>, they see the <var>help
+text</var>.
+</para>
+<para>The four warning commands are similar except that they write
+<var>warning text</var> on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
+commands write <var>info text</var> only in the transcript file. The
+<code>NoLine</code> versions do not show the number of the line generating the
+message, while the other versions do show that number.
+</para>
+<para>To format the messages, including the <var>help text</var>: use
+<code>\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
+<code>\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code>\space</code>. Note that
+&latex; appends a period to the messages.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CurrentOption</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76">\CurrentOption</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
+be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code>
+or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption&lbrace;<var>option</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption*&lbrace;<var>option</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77">\DeclareOption</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78">\DeclareOption*</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">options, class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Make an option available to a user, for invoking in their
+<code>\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code>smcmemo</code> class
+could have an option allowing users to put the institutional logo on the
+first page with <code>\documentclass[logo]&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>. The class file
+must contain <code>\DeclareOption&lbrace;logo&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</code> (and later,
+<code>\ProcessOptions</code>).
+</para>
+<para>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
+will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s): [badoption].</code>
+Change this behaviour with the starred version
+<code>\DeclareOption*&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</code>. For example, many classes extend
+an existing class, using a declaration such as
+<code>\LoadClass&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code>, and for passing extra options to the
+underlying class use code such as this.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareOption*&lbrace;%
+\PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;\CurrentOption&rbrace;&lbrace;article&rbrace;%
+&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Another example is that the class <code>smcmemo</code> may allow users to keep
+lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could invoke
+<code>\documentclass[math]&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> and it will read the file
+<code>math.memo</code>. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
+passes the option to the <code>article</code> class.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareOption*&lbrace;\InputIfFileExists&lbrace;\CurrentOption.memo&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;\CurrentOption&rbrace;&lbrace;article&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IfFileExists&lbrace;<var>file name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\InputIfFileExists&lbrace;<var>file name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79">\IfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80">\InputIfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Execute <var>true code</var> if &latex; can find the file and <var>false
+code</var> otherwise. In the second case it inputs the file immediately
+after executing <var>true code</var>. Thus
+<code>\IfFileExists&lbrace;img.pdf&rbrace;&lbrace;\includegraphics&lbrace;img.pdf&rbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;\typeout&lbrace;WARNING:
+img.pdf not found&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> will include the graphic if it is found but
+otherwise just give a warning.
+</para>
+<para>This command looks for the file in all search paths that &latex; uses,
+not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
+directory do something like <code>\IfFileExists&lbrace;./filename&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true
+code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</code>. If you ask for a filename without a
+<code>.tex</code> extension then &latex; will first look for the file by
+appending the <code>.tex</code>; for more on how &latex; handles file
+extensions see <ref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></ref>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\LoadClassWithOptions&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81">\LoadClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82">\LoadClassWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options
+list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release info</var>]</code>. An example is
+<code>\LoadClass[twoside]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The <var>options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+<var>release date</var> is optional. If present it must have the form
+<var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If you request a <var>release date</var> and the date of
+the package installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning
+on the screen and in the log like <code>You have requested, on input
+line 4, version `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only version
+`2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class' is available.</code>
+</para>
+<para>The command version <code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of
+options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
+to it via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command
+that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
+<code>article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ExecuteOptions&lbrace;<var>options-list</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83">\ExecuteOptions</indexterm></findex>
+<para>For each option in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
+executes the command <code>\ds&arobase;</code><var>option</var>. If this command is not
+defined then that option is silently ignored.
+</para>
+<para>It can be used to provide a default option list before
+<code>\ProcessOptions</code>. For example, if in a class file you want the
+default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
+<code>\ExecuteOptions&lbrace;11pt&rbrace;\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;<var>format</var>&rbrace;[<var>format date</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84">\NeedsTeXFormat</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Specifies the format that this class should be run under. Often issued
+as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
+<code>\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;LaTeX2e&rbrace;</code>. The format that you specify must
+exactly match the one installed on your system that you invoked,
+including that the string is case sensitive. If it does not match then
+execution stops with an error like <samp>This file needs format `xxx'
+but this is `LaTeX2e'.</samp>
+</para>
+<para>To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
+features, include the optional <var>format date</var> on which those features
+were implemented. If present it must be in the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
+If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
+<var>format date</var> then you get a warning like <samp>You have requested
+release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is
+available.</samp> (The &latex; kernel has been frozen for many years so you
+probably do not not need to specify the format date.)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OptionNotUsed</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85">\OptionNotUsed</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
+within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
+<code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
+</para>
+<!-- c I cannot reproduce this behavior as it is documented in clsguide. -->
+<!-- c In the absence of a @code{\DeclareOption*} declaration, @LaTeX{} issues -->
+<!-- c on the console a warning like @code{LaTeX Warning: Unused global -->
+<!-- c option(s): [unusedoption].} with the list of not-used options when it -->
+<!-- c reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}. -->
+
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;<var>options list</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;<var>options list</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="86">\PassOptionsToClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="87">\PassOptionsToPackage</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the
+options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or <code>\usepackage</code>
+command for package <var>package name</var> or the class <var>class name</var>.
+</para>
+<para>The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number of
+times with no options but if you want options then you may only supply
+them when you first load the package. Loading a package with options
+more than once will get you an error like <code>Option clash for package
+foo.</code> (&latex; throws an error even if there is no conflict between the
+options.)
+</para>
+<para>If your code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse that
+to once, for example replacing the two
+<code>\RequirePackage[landscape]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;\RequirePackage[margins=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;</code>
+with the single
+<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;</code>. But if you
+are loading a package that in turn loads another package then you need
+to queue up the options you desire. For instance, suppose the package
+<code>foo</code> loads the package <code>geometry</code>. Instead of <code>
+\RequirePackage&lbrace;foo&rbrace;\RequirePackage[draft]&lbrace;graphics&rbrace;</code> you must write
+<code>\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;draft&rbrace;&lbrace;graphics&rbrace;
+\RequirePackage&lbrace;foo&rbrace;</code>. (If <code>foo.sty</code> loads an option in conflict
+with what you want then you may have to look into altering its source.)
+</para>
+<para>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
+writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code>graphicx</code>
+package with the option <code>draft</code> and also wants to use a class
+<code>foo</code> that loads the <code>graphicx</code> package, but without that
+option. The user could start their &latex; file with
+<code>\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;draft&rbrace;&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace;\documentclass&lbrace;foo&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProcessOptions</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProcessOptions*<var>\&arobase;options</var></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="88">\ProcessOptions</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89">\ProcessOptions*</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
+in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
+existence of the starred command).
+</para>
+<para>Options come in two types. &textlsquo;Local&textrsquo; options have been specified for this
+particular package in the <var>options</var> argument of
+<code>\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;<var>options</var>&rbrace;</code>,
+<code>\usepackage[<var>options</var>]</code>, or
+<code>\RequirePackage[<var>options</var>]</code>. &textlsquo;Global&textrsquo; options are those given
+by the class user in <code>\documentclass[<var>options</var>]</code> (If an option
+is specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
+</para>
+<para>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <code>pkg.sty</code>, the
+following happens. (1) For each option <var>option</var> so far declared
+with <code>\DeclareOption</code>, it looks to see if that option is either a
+global or a local option for <code>pkg</code>. If so then it executes the
+declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were
+given in <code>pkg.sty</code>. (2) For each remaining local option, it
+executes the command <code>\ds&arobase;</code><var>option</var> if it has been defined
+somewhere (other than by a <code>\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it
+executes the default option code given in <code>\DeclareOption*</code>. If no
+default option code has been declared then it gives an error message.
+This is done in the order in which these options were specified.
+</para>
+<para>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same
+way except that all options are local, and the default value for
+<code>\DeclareOption*</code> is <code>\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error.
+</para>
+<para>The starred version <code>\ProcessOptions*</code><var>\&arobase;options</var> executes the
+options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
+the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
+means that the global options are processed first.
+</para>
+
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesClass&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>&lt;release date&gt;</var> <var>&lt;brief additional information&gt;</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>&lt;release date&gt;</var> <var>&lt;brief additional information&gt;</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="90">\ProvidesClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="91">\ProvidesPackage</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and the log file.
+</para>
+<para>When a user writes <code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> then &latex; loads
+the file <code>smcmemo.cls</code>. Similarly, a user writing
+<code>\usepackage&lbrace;test&rbrace;</code> prompts &latex; to load the file
+<code>test.sty</code>. If the name of the file does not match the declared
+class or package name then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
+<code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>, and the file <code>smcmemo.cls</code> has
+the statement <code>\ProvidesClass&lbrace;xxx&rbrace;</code> then you get a warning like
+<code>You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
+class provides 'xxx'.</code> This warning does not prevent &latex; from
+processing the rest of the class file normally.
+</para>
+<para>If you include the optional part then you must include the date, before
+the first space, and it must have the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest
+of the optional part is free-form, although it traditionally identifies
+the class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the
+log file. Thus, if your file <code>smcmem.cls</code> contains the line
+<code>\ProvidesClass&lbrace;smcmem&rbrace;[2008/06/01 SMC memo class]</code> and your
+document&textrsquo;s first line is <code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmem&rbrace;</code> then you will
+see <code>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 SMC memo class</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The date in the optional portion allows class and package users to ask
+to be warned if the version of the class or package installed on their
+system is earlier than <var>release date</var>, by using the optional calls
+such as <code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmem&rbrace;[2018/10/12]</code> or
+<code>\usepackage&lbrace;foo&rbrace;[[2017/07/07]]</code>. (Note that package users only
+rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesFile&lbrace;<var>file name</var>&rbrace;[<var>additional information</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="92">\ProvidesFile</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
+configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
+file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
+2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackage[<var>options list</var>]&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="93">\RequirePackage</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94">\RequirePackageWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Load a package, like the author command <code>\usepackage</code>.
+<xref label="Additional-packages"><xrefnodename>Additional packages</xrefnodename></xref>. An example is
+<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;</code>. Note that the
+&latex; development team strongly recommends use of these commands over
+Plain&nbsp;&tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\input</code>; see the Class Guide.
+</para>
+<para>The <var>options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+<var>release date</var>, if present, must have the form <var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If
+the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
+than <var>release date</var> then you get a warning like <code>You have
+requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but
+only version `2000/01/01' is available</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code> version uses the list of options
+for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
+via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command to allow
+easily building classes on existing ones without having to track which
+options were passed.
+</para>
+<para>The difference between <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\RequirePackage</code> is
+small. The <code>\usepackage</code> command is intended for the document file
+while <code>\RequirePackage</code> is intended for package and class files.
+Thus, using <code>\usepackage</code> before the <code>\documentclass</code> command
+causes &latex; to give error like <code>\usepackage before
+\documentclass</code>, but you can use <code>\RequirePackage</code> there.
+</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+
+</subsection>
+</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Fonts" spaces=" "><nodename>Fonts</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Layout</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Document classes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Fonts</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Typefaces">Typefaces</anchor><!-- c old name -->
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">typefaces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">typefaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Two important aspects of selecting a <dfn>font</dfn> are specifying a size
and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
@@ -768,9 +1298,9 @@ and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
<node name="Font-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Font styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Font sizes</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">type styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93">type styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.
</para>
@@ -788,8 +1318,8 @@ are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or
<para>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for
instance, <code>\begin&lbrace;ttfamily&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;ttfamily&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64">\nocorr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96">\nocorr</indexterm></findex>
<para>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections
if needed. (<xref label="_005c_002f"><xrefnodename>\/</xrefnodename></xref>, for the details of italic corrections.)
Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following
@@ -801,59 +1331,59 @@ command argument, such as <code>\textit&lbrace;\nocorr text&rbrace;</code> or
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65">\textrm</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="97">\textrm</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="98">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Roman.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textit (\itshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67">\textit</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68">\itshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99">\textit</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100">\itshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Italics.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69">\textmd</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70">\mdseries</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101">\textmd</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102">\mdseries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Medium weight (default).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71">\textbf</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72">\bfseries</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103">\textbf</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104">\bfseries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Boldface.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textup (\upshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73">\textup</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74">\upshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105">\textup</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106">\upshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Upright (default).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsl (\slshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75">\textsl</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76">\slshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107">\textsl</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108">\slshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Slanted.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77">\textsf</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78">\sffamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109">\textsf</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110">\sffamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Sans serif.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsc (\scshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79">\textsc</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80">\scshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111">\textsc</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112">\scshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Small caps.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81">\texttt</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113">\texttt</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Typewriter.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83">\textnormal</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84">\normalfont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115">\textnormal</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116">\normalfont</indexterm></findex>
<para>Main document font.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85">\emph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117">\emph</indexterm></findex>
<para>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> command
is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
substitute for <code>\textit</code>. For example, <code>\emph&lbrace;<var>start
@@ -868,40 +1398,40 @@ they are used differently than the above commands:
are two unrelated constructs.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="86">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="118">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Switch to bold face.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="87">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="119">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="88">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="120">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Italics.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="89">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="121">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Roman.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="90">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="122">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Small caps.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="91">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="123">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Sans serif.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="92">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="124">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Slanted (oblique).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="93">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="125">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -923,19 +1453,19 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathrm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94">\mathrm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="126">\mathrm</indexterm></findex>
<para>Roman, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathbf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95">\mathbf</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="127">\mathbf</indexterm></findex>
<para>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathsf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96">\mathsf</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="128">\mathsf</indexterm></findex>
<para>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathtt</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="97">\mathtt</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="129">\mathtt</indexterm></findex>
<para>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathit</itemformat></item>
@@ -943,27 +1473,28 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathnormal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="98">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="130">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex>
<para>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathcal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99">\mathcal</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="131">\mathcal</indexterm></findex>
<para>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100">\mathversion</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132">\mathversion</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion&lbrace;bold&rbrace;</code> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <code>\mathversion&lbrace;normal&rbrace;</code> restores the default.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88"><code>textcomp</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113"><r>package</r>, <code>textcomp</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114"><code>textcomp</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums&lbrace;<var>numerals</var>&rbrace;</code> will typeset
so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and
depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo; numerals,
@@ -980,9 +1511,9 @@ are provided to make them the default. FAQ entry:
<node name="Font-sizes" spaces=" "><nodename>Font sizes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Low-level font commands</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Font styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font sizes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
@@ -990,16 +1521,16 @@ size used (in points) with the <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>11pt</samp>, and
<samp>12pt</samp> document size options, respectively (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102">\tiny</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105">\small</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106">\normalsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107">\large</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108">\Large</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109">\LARGE</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110">\huge</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111">\Huge</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="134">\tiny</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="135">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137">\small</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138">\normalsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139">\large</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="140">\Large</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141">\LARGE</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="142">\huge</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143">\Huge</indexterm></findex>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on"><code>\normalsize</code> (default)</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>10pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>11pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>12pt</code>
@@ -1035,8 +1566,8 @@ these commands; for instance, <code>\begin&lbrace;tiny&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;tin
<node name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Low-level font commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Font sizes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Low-level font commands</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
@@ -1046,7 +1577,7 @@ ones.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontencoding&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="144">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex>
<para>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>,
Knuth&textrsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
@@ -1056,9 +1587,9 @@ accented characters used by the most widespread European languages
hyphenate words containing accented letters.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>family</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select the font family. The web page
<url><urefurl>http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/</urefurl></url> provides one way to browse
through many of the fonts easily used with &latex;. Here are
@@ -1090,8 +1621,8 @@ examples of some common families:
</para></listitem></itemize>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontseries&lbrace;<var>series</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114">\fontseries</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146">\fontseries</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select the font series. A <dfn>series</dfn> combines a <dfn>weight</dfn> and a
<dfn>width</dfn>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
@@ -1104,7 +1635,7 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>bx</code> Bold extended
</para></listitem></itemize>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The possible values for weight, individually, are:
</para>
<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
@@ -1119,7 +1650,7 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ub</code> Ultra bold
</para></listitem></itemize>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages
are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts):
</para>
@@ -1141,8 +1672,8 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
(<samp><code>m</code></samp>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontshape&lbrace;<var>shape</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115">\fontshape</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147">\fontshape</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</para>
<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
@@ -1158,9 +1689,9 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
small caps are often missing as well.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontsize&lbrace;<var>size</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>skip</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116">\fontsize</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">font size</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148">\fontsize</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">font size</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
<para>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the
@@ -1170,15 +1701,16 @@ Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is
reset every time a size change happens; see <code>\baselinestretch</code>, next.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\baselinestretch</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="150">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; multiplies the line spacing by the value of the
<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter; the default factor is 1. A change
takes effect when <code>\selectfont</code> (see below) is called. You can
make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;2.0&rbrace;</code> in the preamble.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101"><code>setspace</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127"><r>package</r>, <code>setspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128"><code>setspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the
<file>setspace</file> package. In addition to offering a number of spacing
options, this package keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
@@ -1186,7 +1718,7 @@ where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
captions. See the package documentation.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\linespread&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
<para>Equivalent to
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code>, and
therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect.
@@ -1194,7 +1726,7 @@ Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as
just described.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\selectfont</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120">\selectfont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152">\selectfont</indexterm></findex>
<para>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in
<code>\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>familyname</var>&rbrace;\selectfont</code>. It is often useful
@@ -1203,7 +1735,7 @@ to put this in a macro:&linebreak;
(<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\usefont&lbrace;<var>enc</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>family</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>series</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>shape</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="121">\usefont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153">\usefont</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
@@ -1220,7 +1752,7 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<node name="Layout" spaces=" "><nodename>Layout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Sectioning</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Fonts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Layout</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Commands for controlling the general page layout.
</para>
@@ -1237,13 +1769,12 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<node name="_005conecolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\onecolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\onecolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="122">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="154">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces
-single-column output. If the document is given the class option
-<code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default behavior (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document
-class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document is
+given the class option <code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default
+behavior (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -1252,20 +1783,20 @@ class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
<node name="_005ctwocolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\twocolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\onecolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\twocolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="123">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="155">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Synopsis:
+<para>Synopses:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\twocolumn[<var>prelim one column text</var>]
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\twocolumn
+\twocolumn[<var>prelim one column text</var>]
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces
-two-column output. If the document is given the class option
-<code>twocolumn</code> then this is the default (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
-options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Start a new page and produce two-column output. If the document is given
+the class option <code>twocolumn</code> then this is the default
+(<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>If the optional <var>prelim one column text</var> argument
is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column
@@ -1276,20 +1807,20 @@ typesetting starts.
<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="124">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="156">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\columnsep&rbrace;&lbrace;40pt&rbrace;</code> You must change
it before the two column environment starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="125">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="157">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between
the two columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule.
Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\columnseprule&rbrace;&lbrace;0.4pt&rbrace;</code>, before the two-column
environment starts.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="126">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="158">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default &latex; sets the
width of each of the two columns to be half of <code>\textwidth</code> minus
@@ -1304,12 +1835,12 @@ and <pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>). &latex; pl
The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="127">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="159">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not
exceed <code>0.7\textheight</code> . If the height of your starred float
-environment exceeeds this then you can take one of the following actions
+environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following actions
to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document:
</para>
<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
@@ -1329,24 +1860,24 @@ to avoid going to float pages so soon.
<para>You can redefine it, for instance with
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\dbltopfraction&rbrace;&lbrace;0.9&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="128">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="160">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
&latex;&textrsquo;s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="129">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="161">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
<code>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code>10pt</code> or
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at
<code>12pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="130">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="162">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt
minus4pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="131">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="163">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The &latex;
default is <code>2</code>.
@@ -1354,25 +1885,25 @@ default is <code>2</code>.
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
<!-- c From egreg at http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/142232/339 -->
-<para>This example shows the use of the optional argument of <code>\twocolumn</code>
-to create a title that spans the two-column article:
+<para>This example uses <code>\twocolumn</code>&textrsquo;s optional argument of to create a
+title that spans the two-column article:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[twocolumn]&lbrace;article&rbrace;
\newcommand&lbrace;\authormark&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\textsuperscript&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
\twocolumn[&lbrace;% inside this optional argument goes one-column text
- \centering
- \LARGE The Title \\[1.5em]
- \large Author One\authormark&lbrace;1&rbrace;,
- Author Two\authormark&lbrace;2&rbrace;,
- Author Three\authormark&lbrace;1&rbrace; \\[1em]
- \normalsize
- \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;p&lbrace;.2\textwidth&rbrace;&arobase;&lbrace;\hspace&lbrace;2em&rbrace;&rbrace;p&lbrace;.2\textwidth&rbrace;&rbrace;
- \authormark&lbrace;1&rbrace;Department one &amp;\authormark&lbrace;2&rbrace;Department two \\
- School one &amp;School two
- \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;\\[3em] % space below title part
-&rbrace;]
+ \centering
+ \LARGE The Title \\[1.5em]
+ \large Author One\authormark&lbrace;1&rbrace;,
+ Author Two\authormark&lbrace;2&rbrace;,
+ Author Three\authormark&lbrace;1&rbrace; \\[1em]
+ \normalsize
+ \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;p&lbrace;.2\textwidth&rbrace;&arobase;&lbrace;\hspace&lbrace;2em&rbrace;&rbrace;p&lbrace;.2\textwidth&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ \authormark&lbrace;1&rbrace;Department one &amp;\authormark&lbrace;2&rbrace;Department two \\
+ School one &amp;School two
+ \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;\\[3em] % space below title part
+ &rbrace;]
Two column text here.
</pre></example>
@@ -1382,38 +1913,38 @@ Two column text here.
<node name="_005cflushbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\flushbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\flushbottom</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="164">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\flushbottom</code> command can go at any point in the document
-body. It makes all later pages the same height, stretching the vertical
-space where necessary to fill out the page.
+<para>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same
+height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
+page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the
+differences in facing pages can be glaring.
</para>
<para>If &tex; cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page
then you get a message like <samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
-occurred while \output is active</samp>. You can change to
-<code>\raggedbottom</code> (see below). Alternatively, you can try to adjust
-the <code>textheight</code> to be compatible, or you can add some vertical
-stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs, as in
-<code>\setlength&lbrace;\parskip&rbrace;&lbrace;0ex plus0.1ex&rbrace;</code>. In a final editing
-stage you can adjust the height of individual pages
+occurred while \output is active</samp>. If you get that, one option is to
+change to <code>\raggedbottom</code> (<pxref label="_005craggedbottom"><xrefnodename>\raggedbottom</xrefnodename></pxref>). Alternatively,
+you can adjust the <code>textheight</code> to make compatible pages, or you
+can add some vertical stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs,
+as in <code>\setlength&lbrace;\parskip&rbrace;&lbrace;0ex plus0.1ex&rbrace;</code>. Your last option
+is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
(<pxref label="_005cenlargethispage"><xrefnodename>\enlargethispage</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>This is the default only if you select the <code>twoside</code> document class
-option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>The <code>\flushbottom</code> state is the default only if you select the
+<code>twoside</code> document class option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005craggedbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedbottom</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <code>\raggedbottom</code> command can go at any point in the document
-body. It makes all later pages the natural height of the material on
-that page; no rubber lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
-document the facing pages may be different heights. See also
-<code>\flushbottom</code> above.
+<para>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
+rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
+document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go
+at any point in the document body. See <ref label="_005cflushbottom"><xrefnodename>\flushbottom</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
<para>This is the default unless you select the <code>twoside</code> document class
option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
@@ -1423,49 +1954,49 @@ option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class optio
<node name="Page-layout-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Floats</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page layout parameters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="134">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="135">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="136">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137">\columnsep</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="166">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="167">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="168">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169">\columnsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="170">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
<xref label="_005ctwocolumn"><xrefnodename>\twocolumn</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="140">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141">\headheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="172">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="173">\headheight</indexterm></findex>
<para>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is <samp>12pt</samp>,
at all type sizes.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="142">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143">\headsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="174">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="175">\headsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is <samp>25pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if the
document is set at 10pt then it is <samp>0.25in</samp>, and at 11pt and 12pt
it is <samp>0.275in</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="144">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145">\footskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="176">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="177">\footskip</indexterm></findex>
<para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is <samp>30pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: when
the type size is 10pt the default is <samp>0.35in</samp>, while at 11pt it is
<samp>0.38in</samp>, and at 12pt it is <samp>30pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="146">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147">\linewidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="178">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179">\linewidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
(<pxref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></pxref>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
equal <code>\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code>\linewidth</code>
@@ -1475,12 +2006,12 @@ is decreased by the sum of that list&textrsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
<!-- c etc. For an @code{article} document set in 10pt, the default is -->
<!-- c @samp{345pt}, while in two-column mode that becomes @samp{229.5pt}. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="148">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="149">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="150">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152">\marginsep</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="180">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="181">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="182">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="183">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184">\marginsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="185">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal
width of the notes.
@@ -1505,10 +2036,10 @@ classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code>\paperwidth
&minus; \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that
distance.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="154">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="155">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="156">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="157">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="186">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="189">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is the extra distance between the left side of
the page and the text&textrsquo;s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the
document class option <code>twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when
@@ -1520,22 +2051,22 @@ even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and
<code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="158">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="159">\paperheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="190">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="191">\paperheight</indexterm></findex>
<para>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
It is normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="160">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="192">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="193">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
It is normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="162">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163">\textheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="194">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="195">\textheight</indexterm></findex>
<para>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code>
the default is <samp>43\baselineskip</samp>, while for a <code>book</code> it is
@@ -1543,8 +2074,8 @@ the default is <samp>43\baselineskip</samp>, while for a <code>book</code> it is
<samp>38\baselineskip</samp> for all document classes. At 12pt it is
<samp>36\baselineskip</samp> for all classes.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="164">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165">\textwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="196">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="197">\textwidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is <samp>345pt</samp>
when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is <samp>360pt</samp> at 11pt,
@@ -1564,22 +2095,22 @@ column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists.
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="199">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
<para>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the &tex;
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
be used in normal &latex; documents.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="168">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169">topmargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="200">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="201">topmargin</indexterm></findex>
<para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed
based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight &minus; 2in &minus;
\headheight &minus; \headsep &minus; \textheight &minus; \footskip</code>,
and then divided by two.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="170">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171">\topskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="202">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="203">\topskip</indexterm></findex>
<para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at a type size of 10pt.
@@ -1607,17 +2138,17 @@ while the first table appears in the source before the first figure, it
appears in the output after it.
</para>
<para>The placement of floats is subject to parameters, given below, that
-limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and the
-bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued up that the limits prevent
+limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and
+the bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued that the limits prevent
them all from fitting on a page then &latex; places what it can and
-defers the rest to the next page. In this way, floats may be typset far
-from their place in the source. In particular, a float that is big can
-migrate to the end of the document. But then because all floats in a
-class must appear in sequential order, every subsequent float in that
-class also appears at the end.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
+defers the rest to the next page. In this way, floats may end up
+being typeset far from their place in the source. In particular, a
+float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which
+event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order,
+every following float in that class also appears at the end.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
<var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the
@@ -1640,15 +2171,16 @@ FAQ: <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</ure
appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
automatically added.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117"><code>float</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144"><r>package</r>, <code>float</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145"><code>float</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To absolutely force a float to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;float&rbrace;</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</urefurl></url>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">p</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">float page</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">float page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>(Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate <dfn>float page</dfn>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</para>
@@ -1677,12 +2209,12 @@ use the <file>afterpage</file> package and issue
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</para>
<para>&latex; can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
-(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in the
-<var>placement</var> paramater. If this is not desired, and deleting the
-<code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed at
-the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using the
-<file>flafter</file> package or using the command
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="172">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex>
+(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in
+the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
+the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
+at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
+the <file>flafter</file> package or using the command
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex>
<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
</para>
@@ -1691,24 +2223,24 @@ non-float text (change them with
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;<var>parameter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="173">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="205">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex>
<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="175">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="207">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex>
<para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default <samp>.5</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="177">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178">\textfraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="209">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210">\textfraction</indexterm></findex>
<para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="179">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180">\topfraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="211">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212">\topfraction</indexterm></findex>
<para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default <samp>.7</samp>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -1717,19 +2249,19 @@ floats; default <samp>.7</samp>.
<code>\setlength&lbrace;<var>parameter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>length expression</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="181">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182">\floatsep</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="213">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214">\floatsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="183">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184">\intextsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="215">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="216">\intextsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for 10 point and 11 point documents,
and <samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for 12 point documents.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="185">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="186">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="217">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="218">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -1738,33 +2270,34 @@ default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>.
<code>\setcounter&lbrace;<var>ctrname</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>natural number</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="219">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="220">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="190">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="221">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="222">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex>
<para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="192">topnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="223">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="224">topnumber</indexterm></findex>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="193">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="194">totalnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="225">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226">totalnumber</indexterm></findex>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
<para>The principal &tex;&nbsp;FAQ entry relating to floats
<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</urefurl></url> contains
suggestions for relaxing &latex;&textrsquo;s default parameters to reduce the
-problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explaination of the
-float placement algorithm is Frank Mittelbach&textrsquo;s article &textldquo;How to
-infuence the position of float environments like figure and table in
-&latex;?&textrdquo; <url><urefurl>http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf</urefurl></url>.
+problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explanation of the
+float placement algorithm is in Frank Mittelbach&textrsquo;s article &textldquo;How to
+influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
+&latex;?&textrdquo;
+(<url><urefurl>http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf</urefurl></url>).
</para>
</section>
@@ -1772,19 +2305,19 @@ infuence the position of float environments like figure and table in
<node name="Sectioning" spaces=" "><nodename>Sectioning</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Cross references</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Layout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Sectioning</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="195">\part</indexterm>\part</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="196">\chapter</indexterm>\chapter</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="227">\part</indexterm>\part</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="228">\chapter</indexterm>\chapter</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>(<code>report</code> and <code>book</code> class only)
-</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="197">\section</indexterm>\section</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="198">\subsection</indexterm>\subsection</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199">\subsubsection</indexterm>\subsubsection</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="200">\paragraph</indexterm>\paragraph</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="201">\subparagraph</indexterm>\subparagraph</itemformat></item>
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="229">\section</indexterm>\section</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="230">\subsection</indexterm>\subsection</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="231">\subsubsection</indexterm>\subsubsection</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="232">\paragraph</indexterm>\paragraph</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="233">\subparagraph</indexterm>\subparagraph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry></ftable>
<para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
@@ -1808,7 +2341,7 @@ To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
<var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other
places.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print
<var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
entry in the table of contents. For instance:
@@ -1817,8 +2350,8 @@ entry in the table of contents. For instance:
<pre xml:space="preserve">\section*&lbrace;Preamble&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">appendix, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">appendix, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units
are numbered. The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text
and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this
@@ -1831,8 +2364,8 @@ command is something like
\chapter&lbrace;The First Appendix&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="203">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers.
The setting
</para>
@@ -1849,10 +2382,40 @@ The setting
<node name="Cross-references" spaces=" "><nodename>Cross references</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Environments</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Cross references</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
-the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo;
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>One reason for numbering things such as figures and equations is to
+refer the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure~3 for more details.&textrdquo;
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">label</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Including the figure number in the source is poor practice since if that
+number changes as the document evolves then you must remember to update
+this reference by hand. Instead, &latex; has you write a <dfn>label</dfn>
+like <code>\label&lbrace;eq:GreensThm&rbrace;</code> and refer to it with <code>See
+equation~\ref&lbrace;eq:GreensThm&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; writes the information from the labels to a file with the same
+name as the file containing the <code>\label&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> but with an
+<file>.aux</file> extension. (The information has the format
+<code>\newlabel&lbrace;<var>label</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;&lbrace;<var>currentlabel</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pagenumber</var>&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>
+where <var>currentlabel</var> is the current value of the macro
+<code>\&arobase;currentlabel</code> that is usually updated whenever you call
+<code>\refstepcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code>.)
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">forward reference</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">reference, forward</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The most common side effect of the prior paragraph happens when your
+document has a <dfn>forward reference</dfn>, a <code>\ref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code> that
+appears earlier than the associated <code>\label&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code>; see the
+example in the <code>\pageref&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> description. &latex; gets the
+information for references from the <file>.aux</file> file. If this is the
+first time you are compiling the document then you will get a message
+<code>LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get
+cross references right.</code> and in the output the reference will appear as
+two question marks&nbsp;<samp>??</samp>, in boldface. Or, if you change some
+things so the references change then you get the same warning and the
+output contains the old reference information. The solution in either
+case is just to compile the document a second time.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\label</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
@@ -1864,7 +2427,7 @@ the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo;
<node name="_005clabel" spaces=" "><nodename>\label</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pageref</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\label</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204">\label</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236">\label</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1872,37 +2435,22 @@ the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo;
<pre xml:space="preserve">\label&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to
-<var>key</var> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing
-inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>. The
-assigned number can be retrieved with the <code>\ref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code>
-command (<pxref label="_005cref"><xrefnodename>\ref</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-</para>
-<para>Thus, in the example below the key <code>sec:test</code> holds the number of
-the current section and the key <code>fig:test</code> that of the figure.
-(Incidentally, labels must appear after captions in figures and
-tables.)
+<para>Assign a reference number to <var>key</var>. In ordinary text
+<code>\label&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code> assigns to <var>key</var> the number of the
+current sectional unit. Inside an environment with numbering, such as a
+<code>table</code> or <code>theorem</code> environment, <code>\label&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code>
+assigns to <var>key</var> the number of that environment. Retrieve the
+assigned number with the <code>\ref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code> command
+(<pxref label="_005cref"><xrefnodename>\ref</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\section&lbrace;section name&rbrace;
-\label&lbrace;sec:test&rbrace;
-This is Section~\ref&lbrace;sec:test&rbrace;.
-\begin&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
- ...
- \caption&lbrace;caption text&rbrace;
- \label&lbrace;fig:test&rbrace;
-\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
-See Figure~\ref&lbrace;fig:test&rbrace;.
-</pre></example>
-
<para>A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common
punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are
distinguished, as usual.
</para>
-<para>Although the name can be more or less anything, a common convention is
-to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon
-or period. This helps to avoid accidentally creating two labels with
-the same name. Some commonly-used prefixes:
+<para>A common convention is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix
+separated by a colon or period. This helps to avoid accidentally
+creating two labels with the same name, and makes your source more
+readable. Some commonly-used prefixes:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">ch</itemformat></item>
@@ -1917,17 +2465,34 @@ the same name. Some commonly-used prefixes:
</tableterm><tableitem><para>for equations
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:test</code> or
-<code>fig.test</code>.
+<para>Thus, <code>\label&lbrace;fig:Euler&rbrace;</code> is a label for a figure with a portrait
+of the great man.
</para>
+<para>In this example below the key <code>sec:test</code> will get the number of the
+current section and the key <code>fig:test</code> will get the number of the
+figure. (Incidentally, put labels after captions in figures and
+tables.)
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\section&lbrace;section name&rbrace;
+\label&lbrace;sec:test&rbrace;
+This is Section~\ref&lbrace;sec:test&rbrace;.
+\begin&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+ ...
+ \caption&lbrace;caption text&rbrace;
+ \label&lbrace;fig:test&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+See Figure~\ref&lbrace;fig:test&rbrace;.
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005cpageref" spaces=" "><nodename>\pageref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ref</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\label</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pageref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="205">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1935,21 +2500,33 @@ the same name. Some commonly-used prefixes:
<pre xml:space="preserve">\pageref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\pageref</code>&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace; command produces the page number of
-the place in the text where the corresponding
+<para>Produce the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding
<code>\label</code>&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace; command appears.
</para>
+<para>In this example the <code>\label&lbrace;eq:main&rbrace;</code> is used both for the
+formula number and for the page number. (Note that the two references
+are forward references, so this document would need to be compiled twice
+to resolve those.)
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">The main result is formula~\ref&lbrace;eq:main&rbrace; on page~\pageref&lbrace;eq:main&rbrace;.
+ ...
+\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace; \label&lbrace;eq:main&rbrace;
+ \mathbf&lbrace;P&rbrace;=\mathbf&lbrace;NP&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005cref" spaces=" "><nodename>\ref</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pageref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206">\ref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238">\ref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1957,30 +2534,53 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding
<pre xml:space="preserve">\ref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\ref</code> command produces the number of the sectional unit,
+<para>Produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, &dots;, of the corresponding
<code>\label</code> command (<pxref label="_005clabel"><xrefnodename>\label</xrefnodename></pxref>). It does not produce any text,
such as the word &textlsquo;Section&textrsquo; or &textlsquo;Figure&textrsquo;, just the bare number itself.
</para>
+<para>In this example, the <code>\ref&lbrace;popular&rbrace;</code> produces <samp>2</samp>. Note
+that it is a forward reference since it comes before
+<code>\label&lbrace;popular&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">The most widely-used format is item number~\ref&lbrace;popular&rbrace;.
+\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
+\item Plain \TeX
+\item \label&lbrace;popular&rbrace; \LaTeX
+\item Con\TeX t
+\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Environments" spaces=" "><nodename>Environments</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Line breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Cross references</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environments</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="207">\begin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208">\end</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239">\begin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240">\end</indexterm></findex>
-<para>&latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text.
-Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
+<para>&latex; provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
+An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>,
+like this:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;<var>envname</var>&rbrace;
-...
-\end&lbrace;<var>envname</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;<var>environment-name</var>&rbrace;
+ ...
+\end&lbrace;<var>environment-name</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<para>The <var>environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
+the end. For instance, the input
+<code>\begin&lbrace;table*&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;table&rbrace;</code> will cause an error like:
+<samp>! LaTeX Error: \begin&lbrace;table*&rbrace; on input line 5 ended by
+\end&lbrace;table&rbrace;.</samp>
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">group, and environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Environments are executed within a group.
+</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">abstract</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Produce an abstract.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">array</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Math arrays.
@@ -2016,8 +2616,9 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
<node name="abstract" spaces=" "><nodename>abstract</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">array</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>abstract</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="209">abstract <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241"><r>environment</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242"><code>abstract</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2027,22 +2628,63 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
\end&lbrace;abstract&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.
+<para>Produce an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. This environment
+is only defined in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code> document classes
+(<pxref label="Document-classes"><xrefnodename>Document classes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
+<para>Using the example below in the <code>article</code> class produces a displayed
+paragraph. Document class option <code>titlepage</code> causes the abstract
+to be on a separate page (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>); this is the
+default only in the <code>report</code> class.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;abstract&rbrace;
+ We compare all known accounts of the proposal made by Porter Alexander
+ to Robert E Lee at the Appomattox Court House that the army continue
+ in a guerrilla war, which Lee refused.
+\end&lbrace;abstract&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for
+a more flexible solution, use the package <file>abstract</file>).
+</para>
+<!-- c Adopted from http://www.tex.ac.uk/FAQ-onecolabs.html -->
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[twocolumn]&lbrace;article&rbrace;
+ ...
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+\title&lbrace;Babe Ruth as Cultural Progenitor: a Atavistic Approach&rbrace;
+\author&lbrace;Smith \\ Jones \\ Robinson\thanks&lbrace;Railroad tracking grant.&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\twocolumn[
+ \begin&lbrace;&arobase;twocolumnfalse&rbrace;
+ \maketitle
+ \begin&lbrace;abstract&rbrace;
+ Ruth was not just the Sultan of Swat, he was the entire swat
+ team.
+ \end&lbrace;abstract&rbrace;
+ \end&lbrace;&arobase;twocolumnfalse&rbrace;
+ ]
+&lbrace; % by-hand insert a footnote at page bottom
+ \renewcommand&lbrace;\thefootnote&rbrace;&lbrace;\fnsymbol&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ \footnotetext[1]&lbrace;Thanks for all the fish.&rbrace;
+&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="array" spaces=" "><nodename>array</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">center</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">abstract</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>array</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210">array <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243"><r>environment</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="244"><code>array</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;array&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cols</var>&rbrace;
-<var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
-...
+ <var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
+ ...
\end&lbrace;array&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -2050,8 +2692,8 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;array&rbrace;[<var>pos</var>]&lbrace;<var>cols</var>&rbrace;
-<var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
-...
+ <var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
+ ...
\end&lbrace;array&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -2059,7 +2701,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
mode, and normally appears within a displayed mathematics environment
such as <code>equation</code> (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>). Column entries are
separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>). Rows are terminated with
-double-backslashes&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>) (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+double-backslashes (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>The required argument <var>cols</var> describes the number of columns, their
alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. See
@@ -2068,24 +2710,24 @@ other common features of the two environments, including the optional
<var>pos</var> argument.
</para>
<para>There are two ways that <code>array</code> diverges from <code>tabular</code>. The
-first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in mathematics mode, in
+first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in math mode, in
textstyle (except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies the column with
-<code>&arobase;p&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode).
+<code>p&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode).
The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s parameter
-<code>\tabcolsep</code>, &latex;&textrsquo;s intercolumn space in an array is governed
+<code>\tabcolsep</code>, &latex;&textrsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is governed
by
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="211">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
-<code>\arraycolsep</code> which gives half the width between columns. The
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
default for this is <samp>5pt</samp>.
</para>
<para>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <file>amsmath</file>
package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
-surrounded by parentheses&nbsp;<code>(..)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array
-surrounded by square brackets&nbsp;<code>[..]</code>, <code>Bmatrix</code> for an
-array surrounded by curly braces&nbsp;<code>&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>, <code>vmatrix</code> for
-an array surrounded by vertical bars&nbsp;<code>|..|</code>, and
+surrounded by parentheses&nbsp;<code>(...)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array
+surrounded by square brackets&nbsp;<code>[...]</code>, <code>Bmatrix</code> for an
+array surrounded by curly braces&nbsp;<code>&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, <code>vmatrix</code> for
+an array surrounded by vertical bars&nbsp;<code>|...|</code>, and
<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
-bars&nbsp;<code>||..||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
+bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
</para>
<para>Here is an example of an array:
</para>
@@ -2098,37 +2740,63 @@ bars&nbsp;<code>||..||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<para>The next example works if <code>\usepackage&lbrace;amsmath&rbrace;</code> is in the
+preamble:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \begin&lbrace;vmatrix&rbrace;&lbrace;cc&rbrace;
+ a &amp;b \\
+ c &amp;d
+ \end&lbrace;vmatrix&rbrace;=ad-bc
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="center" spaces=" "><nodename>center</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">description</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">array</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>center</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212">center <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="246"><r>environment</r>, <code>center</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247"><code>center</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
- .. text ..
+ ... text ...
\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Environment to create a sequence of lines that are centered within the
-left and right margins on the current page. If the text in the
-environment body is too long to fit on a line, &latex; will insert line
-breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
-interword space. To force a line break at a particular spot use
-double-backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code> (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="213">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
+centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Use
+double-backslash to get a line break at a particular spot (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+If some text environment body is too long to fit on a line, &latex;
+will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or
+shrinking any interword space.
</para>
<para>This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See
<ref label="_005ccentering"><xrefnodename>\centering</xrefnodename></ref> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code>figure</code>
environment.
</para>
-<para>In this example, depending on the line width, &latex; may choose a break
-for the part before the double backslash, will center the line or two,
-then will break at the double backslash, and will center the ending.
+<para>This example produces three centered lines. There is extra vertical
+space between the last two lines.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fufillment \\
+ of the Requirements of \\[0.5ex]
+ the School of Environmental Engineering
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>In this example, depending on the page&textrsquo;s line width, &latex; may choose
+a line break for the part before the double backslash. If so, it will
+center each of the two lines and if not it will center the single line.
+Then &latex; will break at the double backslash, and will center the
+ending.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
@@ -2148,10 +2816,10 @@ then will break at the double backslash, and will center the ending.
<node name="_005ccentering" spaces=" "><nodename>\centering</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">center</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\centering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214">\centering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249">\centering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
+<para>A declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
most often used inside an environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a
<code>parbox</code>.
</para>
@@ -2189,9 +2857,10 @@ centered.
<node name="description" spaces=" "><nodename>description</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">displaymath</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">center</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>description</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215">description <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="250"><r>environment</r>, <code>description</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251"><code>description</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2203,26 +2872,26 @@ centered.
\end&lbrace;description&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="216">\item</indexterm></findex>
<para>Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item&textrsquo;s <var>label</var>
is typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item&textrsquo;s text may contain multiple
paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no
sensible default, so all items should have labels.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="217">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The list consists of at least one item; see&nbsp;<ref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></ref> (having no
-items causes the &latex; error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a
-missing \item</samp>). Each item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="252">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The list consists of at least one item, created with the <code>\item</code>
+command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). Having no items causes the &latex; error
+<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
-change given in argument style (see <ref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></ref>) then it will come
-out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
-<code>\item[\texttt&lbrace;label text&rbrace;]</code> then it will appear in bold
-typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bolded
-typewriter is to use declaritive style <code>\item[&lbrace;\tt label text&rbrace;]</code>.
-Similarly, get normal text use <code>\item[&lbrace;\rm label text&rbrace;]</code>.
+change given in argument style (see <ref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></ref>) then it will
+come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter
+with <code>\item[\texttt&lbrace;label text&rbrace;]</code> then it will appear in bold
+typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold
+typewriter is to use declarative style: <code>\item[&lbrace;\tt label
+text&rbrace;]</code>. Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use
+<code>\item[&lbrace;\rm label text&rbrace;]</code>.
</para>
<para>For other major &latex; labelled list environments, see <ref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></ref>
and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. For information about customizing list layout, see
@@ -2243,13 +2912,14 @@ and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. For in
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>displaymath</code></sectiontitle>
<!-- c http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/40492/what-are-the-differences-between-align-equation-and-displaymath -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="218">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="254"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
- .. math text ..
+ ... math text ...
\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -2295,7 +2965,8 @@ spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code> environment honors the
<node name="document" spaces=" "><nodename>document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">enumerate</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">displaymath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>document</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="219">document <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255"><r>environment</r>, <code>document</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="256"><code>document</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-and-ending"><xrefnodename>Starting and ending</xrefnodename></xref>.
@@ -2308,8 +2979,8 @@ It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-and-ending"><xr
<node name="_005cAtBeginDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtBeginDocument</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\AtEndDocument</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="220">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2329,8 +3000,8 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<node name="_005cAtEndDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtEndDocument</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\AtBeginDocument</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="221">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="258">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2353,8 +3024,9 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<node name="enumerate" spaces=" "><nodename>enumerate</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">eqnarray</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">document</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>enumerate</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="222">enumerate <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259"><r>environment</r>, <code>enumerate</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="260"><code>enumerate</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2370,7 +3042,7 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within
another; see below.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="223">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="261">\item</indexterm></findex>
<para>The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the
&latex; error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>. Each
item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command.
@@ -2398,26 +3070,26 @@ This gives &latex;&textrsquo;s default for the format at each nesting level
</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>upper case letter followed by a period: <samp>A.</samp>, <samp>B.</samp>,&nbsp;&dots;
</para></listitem></enumerate>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="224">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="225">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="227">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="262">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="263">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="264">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
<code>\enumiv</code> counters (<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you use the optional
argument to <code>\item</code> then the counter is not incremented for that
item (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="228">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="229">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="231">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
<para>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
(<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
period:
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelenumi&rbrace;&lbrace;\textbf&lbrace;\Alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
@@ -2439,13 +3111,14 @@ period:
<node name="eqnarray" spaces=" "><nodename>eqnarray</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">equation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">enumerate</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>eqnarray</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="233">eqnarray <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271"><r>environment</r>, <code>eqnarray</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272"><code>eqnarray</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
<para>First, a caveat: the <code>eqnarray</code> environment is depreciated. It has
infelicities that cannot be overcome, including spacing that is
inconsistent with other mathematics elements (see the article &textldquo;Avoid
@@ -2474,7 +3147,7 @@ documents, a synopsis:
\end&lbrace;eqnarray*&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right
sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text
mode.
@@ -2482,18 +3155,18 @@ mode.
<para>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items
within a row separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>), and with rows
separated by double backslash&nbsp; <code>\\</code>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
equations, and will disallow a page break there (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every
line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a
<code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits
equation numbering, while otherwise being the same.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
@@ -2514,9 +3187,10 @@ while the third line has not entry on the left side.
<node name="equation" spaces=" "><nodename>equation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">figure</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">eqnarray</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>equation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2540,9 +3214,10 @@ new documents.
<node name="figure" spaces=" "><nodename>figure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">filecontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">equation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>figure</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239">figure</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279"><r>environment</r>, <code>figure</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280"><code>figure</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2581,9 +3256,9 @@ in <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>.
<para>The figure body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
</para>
-<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross-references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
+<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
references</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281">\caption</indexterm></findex>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
figure. By default it is numbered. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is
used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Tables-of-contents"><xrefnodename>Tables of
@@ -2607,9 +3282,12 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats.
<node name="filecontents" spaces=" "><nodename>filecontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushleft</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">figure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code>: Write an external file</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241">filecontents</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283"><code>filecontents</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents*</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285"><code>filecontents*</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2672,9 +3350,10 @@ Article by \myname.
<node name="flushleft" spaces=" "><nodename>flushleft</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushright</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">filecontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242">flushleft <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushleft</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287"><code>flushleft</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
@@ -2684,7 +3363,7 @@ Article by \myname.
\end&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
right. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
@@ -2697,10 +3376,10 @@ right. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005craggedright" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedright</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushleft</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="244">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
@@ -2718,9 +3397,10 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
<node name="flushright" spaces=" "><nodename>flushright</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">itemize</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushleft</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245">flushright <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushright</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291"><code>flushright</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
@@ -2730,7 +3410,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
\end&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="246">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence <code>\\</code>.
@@ -2743,10 +3423,10 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence <code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005craggedleft" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedleft</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushright</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
@@ -2764,11 +3444,12 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
<node name="itemize" spaces=" "><nodename>itemize</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">letter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushright</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>itemize</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248">itemize <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294"><r>environment</r>, <code>itemize</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295"><code>itemize</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2781,7 +3462,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
</pre></example>
<para>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an &textldquo;unordered&textrdquo;, &textldquo;bulleted&textrdquo;
-list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four
+list. Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four
levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -2797,10 +3478,10 @@ There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.
</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
</para></listitem></enumerate>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="250">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="252">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code>
through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can
use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels. For instance, to have
@@ -2810,13 +3491,13 @@ the first level use diamonds:
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelitemi&rbrace;&lbrace;$\diamond$&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="254">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="256">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="258">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="260">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define
the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the list. By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set
@@ -2835,20 +3516,20 @@ This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
<para>Some parameters that affect list formatting:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="261">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="308">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="262">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="309">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between the label and text of an item; default <samp>.5em</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="263">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="310">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the label; default <samp>2em</samp>, or <samp>1.5em</samp> in two-column mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="264">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="311">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
list item; default <samp>0pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="265">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="312">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
enclosing environment; default <samp>0pt</samp>, except in the <code>quote</code>,
<code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal
@@ -2860,23 +3541,23 @@ to <code>\leftmargin</code>.
loose, by default).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="266">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="313">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt
minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="267">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="314">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults
are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="268">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="315">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for
<code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>,
and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. These are reduced
for nested lists.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="269">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="316">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a
paragraph. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code>
documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt
@@ -2884,7 +3565,7 @@ plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
@@ -2905,7 +3586,8 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
<node name="letter" spaces=" "><nodename>letter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">list</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">itemize</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271">letter <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318"><r>environment</r>, <code>letter</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319"><code>letter</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>This environment is used for creating letters. <xref label="Letters"><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
@@ -2914,8 +3596,9 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
<node name="list" spaces=" "><nodename>list</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">math</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">letter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>list</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272">list</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320"><r>environment</r>, <code>list</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321"><code>list</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
@@ -2947,6 +3630,7 @@ empty, i.e., <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which leaves the default spacing.
<node name="_005citem" spaces=" "><nodename>\item</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">list</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list.</sectiontitle>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2987,12 +3671,14 @@ not get a <samp>3.</samp>).
</para>
+</subsection>
</section>
<node name="math" spaces=" "><nodename>math</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">minipage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">list</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>math</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">in-line formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">in-line formulas</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3011,8 +3697,9 @@ running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
<node name="minipage" spaces=" "><nodename>minipage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">picture</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">math</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>minipage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274">minipage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324"><r>environment</r>, <code>minipage</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325"><code>minipage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]&lbrace;<var>width</var>&rbrace;
@@ -3028,15 +3715,15 @@ other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
<!-- c (xxref positions) -->
<para>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cparbox"><xrefnodename>\parbox</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
<para>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code>
environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;1pc&rbrace;</code> command.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
@@ -3052,9 +3739,10 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
<node name="picture" spaces=" "><nodename>picture</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quotation and quote</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">minipage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>picture</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276">picture</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327"><r>environment</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328"><code>picture</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>)
@@ -3062,7 +3750,7 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
\end&lbrace;picture&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any
kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying
@@ -3077,7 +3765,15 @@ centimeters.
<code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> environment.
The default value is <code>1pt</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209"><r>package</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210"><code>picture</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The <code>picture</code> package redefine the <code>picture</code> environment so
+that everywhere a number is used in a <var>picture commands</var> to specify
+a coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that
+this will prevent scaling those lengths by changing <code>\unitlength</code>.
+</para>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A <dfn>position</dfn> is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying
the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>.
Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
@@ -3127,7 +3823,7 @@ command. The command
picture, with its reference point at coordinates <math>(11.3,-.3)</math>.
The reference points for various objects will be described below.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278">lR box</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330">lR box</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn>. You can put anything
that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox"><xrefnodename>\mbox</xrefnodename></pxref>) in the text argument of
the <code>\put</code> command. When you do this, the reference point will
@@ -3156,7 +3852,7 @@ be the lower left corner of the box.
<node name="_005ccircle" spaces=" "><nodename>\circle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\circle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279">\circle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331">\circle</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3175,7 +3871,7 @@ draws a solid circle.
<node name="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\circle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3212,7 +3908,7 @@ your <var>text</var> appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
<node name="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\framebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dashbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3224,8 +3920,8 @@ your <var>text</var> appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
that it creates.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness
<code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule
and the contents of the box.
@@ -3235,7 +3931,7 @@ and the contents of the box.
<node name="_005cdashbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\dashbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frame</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dashbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3256,7 +3952,7 @@ multiples of the <var>dlen</var>.
<node name="_005cframe" spaces=" "><nodename>\frame</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\dashbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frame</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285">\frame</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337">\frame</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3273,7 +3969,7 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
<node name="_005cline" spaces=" "><nodename>\line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linethickness</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frame</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\line</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286">\line</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338">\line</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3284,8 +3980,8 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
<para>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and
slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <math><var>slope</var> = x/y</math>,
where <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> have integer values from &minus;6
through&nbsp;6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes,
@@ -3296,7 +3992,7 @@ see <code>pict2e</code> and many other packages on CTAN.
<node name="_005clinethickness" spaces=" "><nodename>\linethickness</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thicklines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linethickness</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\linethickness&lbrace;<var>dim</var>&rbrace;</code> command declares the thickness
of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
@@ -3310,7 +4006,7 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>.
<node name="_005cthicklines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thicklines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinlines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\linethickness</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thicklines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
@@ -3321,7 +4017,7 @@ cf.&nbsp;<ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnoden
<node name="_005cthinlines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinlines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\multiput</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thicklines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinlines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
@@ -3332,7 +4028,7 @@ cf.&nbsp;<ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnoden
<node name="_005cmultiput" spaces=" "><nodename>\multiput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\oval</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinlines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multiput</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3350,7 +4046,7 @@ pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position
<node name="_005coval" spaces=" "><nodename>\oval</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\put</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multiput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\oval</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291">\oval</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343">\oval</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3385,7 +4081,7 @@ boxes with rounded corners.
<node name="_005cput" spaces=" "><nodename>\put</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\shortstack</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\oval</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\put</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292">\put</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344">\put</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3402,7 +4098,7 @@ boxes with rounded corners.
<node name="_005cshortstack" spaces=" "><nodename>\shortstack</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vector</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\put</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\shortstack</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3422,7 +4118,7 @@ positions are:
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>.
</para>
@@ -3430,7 +4126,7 @@ positions are:
<node name="_005cvector" spaces=" "><nodename>\vector</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\shortstack</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vector</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295">\vector</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347">\vector</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3448,14 +4144,16 @@ values must lie between &minus;4 and +4, inclusive.
<node name="quotation-and-quote" spaces=" "><nodename>quotation and quote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabbing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">picture</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quotation</code> and <code>quote</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296">quotation</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297">quote</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348"><r>environment</r>, <code>quotation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349"><code>quotation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350"><r>environment</r>, <code>quote</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351"><code>quote</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3492,7 +4190,7 @@ quotations.
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;quotation&rbrace;
\it Four score and seven years ago
- .. shall not perish from the earth.
+ ... shall not perish from the earth.
\hspace&lbrace;1em plus 1fill&rbrace;---Abraham Lincoln
\end&lbrace;quotation&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -3502,10 +4200,11 @@ quotations.
<node name="tabbing" spaces=" "><nodename>tabbing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">quotation and quote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabbing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298">tabbing <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabbing</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353"><code>tabbing</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3528,37 +4227,37 @@ environment.
<para>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="299">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="354">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>End a line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="300">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="355">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="301">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="356">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
<para>Advances to the next tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="303">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="358">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="304">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="359">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="305">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="360">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="306">\&textrsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="361">\&textrsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
current column, i.e., everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>,
<code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right
of the previous column, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="307">\&textlsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="362">\&textlsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last column
because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the
@@ -3567,29 +4266,29 @@ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or <code>\'</code> command between
the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="308">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309">\a&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310">\a&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="363">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364">\a&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365">\a&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead,
the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="312">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="367">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code>
except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code>
commands in that line remain in effect.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="313">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="368">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
<para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="315">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="370">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="316">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="371">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -3613,9 +4312,10 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
<node name="table" spaces=" "><nodename>table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabular</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabbing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>table</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317">table</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372"><r>environment</r>, <code>table</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="373"><code>table</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3638,9 +4338,9 @@ float placement algorithm, see <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnod
<para>The table body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
</para>
-<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross-references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
+<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
references</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="374">\caption</indexterm></findex>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
table. By default it is numbered. If <var>lottitle</var> is present, it is
used in the list of tables instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Tables-of-contents"><xrefnodename>Tables of
@@ -3667,9 +4367,10 @@ unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
<node name="tabular" spaces=" "><nodename>tabular</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">thebibliography</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabular</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319">tabular <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="375"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabular</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="376"><code>tabular</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3705,10 +4406,10 @@ in columns. This illustrates many of the features.
<para>The vertical format of two left-aligned columns, with a vertical bar
between them, is specified in <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s argument <code>&lbrace;l|l&rbrace;</code>.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320">&amp;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="377">&amp;</indexterm></findex>
Columns are separated with an ampersand <code>&amp;</code>. A horizontal rule
between two rows is created with <code>\hline</code>.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="378">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex>
The end of each row is marked with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
This <code>\\</code> is optional after the last row unless an <code>\hline</code>
command follows, to put a rule below the table.
@@ -3722,7 +4423,7 @@ the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns
should be rubber, as with <code>&arobase;&lbrace;\extracolsep&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, to allow
the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
-..</code> warning.
+...</code> warning.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">pos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional. Specifies the table&textrsquo;s vertical position. The default is to
@@ -3758,14 +4459,14 @@ column and intercolumn material.
<var>text or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is
fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>This specifier is optional: unless you put in your own &arobase;-expression
-then &latex;&textrsquo;s book, article, and report classes will put on either
-side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which by
-default is <samp>6pt</samp>. That is, by default adjacent columns are
+<para>This specifier is optional: with no &arobase;-expression, &latex;&textrsquo;s
+<code>book</code>, <code>article</code>, and <code>report</code> classes will put on
+either side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which
+by default is <samp>6pt</samp>. That is, by default adjacent columns are
separated by 12pt (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly-named since it
-is not the separation between tabular columns). Also by default a space
-of 6pt comes before the first column as well as after the final column,
-unless you put a <code>&arobase;&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> or <code>|</code> there.
+is not the separation between tabular columns). By implication, a
+space of 6pt also comes before the first column and after the final
+column, unless you put a <code>&arobase;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> or <code>|</code> there.
</para>
<para>If you override the default and use an &arobase;-expression then you must
insert any desired space yourself, as in <code>&arobase;&lbrace;\hspace&lbrace;1em&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
@@ -3777,7 +4478,7 @@ lines need to lie on the left margin.
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;&arobase;&lbrace;&rbrace;l&rbrace;
- ..
+ ...
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -3792,7 +4493,7 @@ so the numbers in the table are aligned on that decimal point.
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="379">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>An <code>\extracolsep&lbrace;<var>wd</var>&rbrace;</code> command in an &arobase;-expression causes an
extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code> command.
@@ -3833,7 +4534,7 @@ ending the row.
positive integer and <var>cols</var> is a list of specifiers. Thus
<code>\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;|*&lbrace;3&rbrace;&lbrace;l|r&rbrace;|&rbrace;</code> is equivalent to
<code>\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;|l|rl|rl|r|&rbrace;</code>. Note that <var>cols</var> may
-contain another <code>*-expression</code>.
+contain another <code>*</code>-expression.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -3842,22 +4543,22 @@ contain another <code>*-expression</code>.
<!-- c xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? -->
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="323">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments. The default is <samp>.4pt</samp>. Change it as in
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\arrayrulewidth&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="324">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is <samp>1</samp>, for
no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\arraystretch&rbrace;&lbrace;1.2&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="325">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
<code>||</code> specifier. The default is <samp>2pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="326">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
<samp>6pt</samp>. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
</para>
@@ -3878,7 +4579,7 @@ lines:
<node name="_005cmulticolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\multicolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multicolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="384">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3900,7 +4601,7 @@ spanned by the single heading <samp>Name</samp>.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;lccl&rbrace;
\textit&lbrace;ID&rbrace; &amp;\multicolumn&lbrace;2&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;&lbrace;\textit&lbrace;Name&rbrace;&rbrace; &amp;\textit&lbrace;Age&rbrace; \\ \hline % row one
978-0-393-03701-2 &amp;O'Brian &amp;Patrick &amp;55 \\ % row two
- ..
+ ...
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -3914,7 +4615,7 @@ and&nbsp;<code>p&lbrace;1.5in&rbrace;|</code>.
<para>The <var>cols</var> argument overrides the <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code>
environment&textrsquo;s intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn
entry. To affect that area, this argument can contain vertical bars
-<code>|</code> indicating the placement of vertical rules, and <code>&arobase;&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>
+<code>|</code> indicating the placement of vertical rules, and <code>&arobase;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>
expressions. Thus if <var>cols</var> is <samp>|c|</samp> then this multicolumn
entry will be centered and a vertical rule will come in the intercolumn
area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior.
@@ -3927,6 +4628,7 @@ area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior.
&amp;z % entry four
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+
<para>Before the first entry the output will not have a vertical rule because
the <code>\multicolumn</code> has the <var>cols</var> specifier <samp>r</samp> with no
initial vertical bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a
@@ -3974,14 +4676,14 @@ vertical bar in the <var>cols</var> of either of the first row&textrsquo;s
<node name="_005cvline" spaces=" "><nodename>\vline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multicolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328">\vline</indexterm></findex>
-
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="385">\vline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment
-extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be used
-in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical bar&nbsp;<code>|</code> is
-more common. This command is rarely used; typically a table&textrsquo;s vertical
-lines are specified in <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s <var>cols</var> argument and
-overriden as needed with <code>\multicolumn</code>.
+extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be
+used in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical
+bar&nbsp;<code>|</code> is more common. This command is rarely used in the
+body of a table; typically a table&textrsquo;s vertical lines are specified in
+<code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s <var>cols</var> argument and overridden as needed with
+<code>\multicolumn</code>.
</para>
<para>This example illustrates some pitfalls. In the first line&textrsquo;s second
entry the <code>\hfill</code> moves the <code>\vline</code> to the left edge of the
@@ -4007,7 +4709,7 @@ to the <code>g</code>, with no whitespace.
<node name="_005ccline" spaces=" "><nodename>\cline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329">\cline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386">\cline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4037,7 +4739,7 @@ height.
<node name="_005chline" spaces=" "><nodename>\hline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\cline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330">\hline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387">\hline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
<code>array</code> environment. It&textrsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the
@@ -4062,8 +4764,9 @@ is required.
<node name="thebibliography" spaces=" "><nodename>thebibliography</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">theorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabular</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>thebibliography</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331">thebibliography <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388"><r>environment</r>, <code>thebibliography</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389"><code>thebibliography</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4103,7 +4806,7 @@ less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
<node name="_005cbibitem" spaces=" "><nodename>\bibitem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cite</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bibitem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4111,25 +4814,26 @@ less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]&lbrace;<var>cite_key</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by
-<var>label</var>. If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is
-automatically generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The
-<var>cite_key</var> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation
-symbols not containing a comma.
+<para>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by <var>label</var>.
+If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is automatically
+generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <var>cite_key</var> is a
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228">citation key</indexterm></cindex>
+<dfn>citation key</dfn> consisting in any sequence of
+letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
</para>
<para>This command writes an entry to the <file>.aux</file> file containing the
-item&textrsquo;s <var>cite_key</var> and label. When the <file>.aux</file> file is read by
-the <code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> command, the item&textrsquo;s <code>label</code> is
+item&textrsquo;s <var>cite_key</var> and <var>label</var>. When the <file>.aux</file> file is
+read by the <code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> command, the item&textrsquo;s <var>label</var> is
associated with <code>cite_key</code>, causing references to <var>cite_key</var>
-with a <code>\cite</code> command (see next section) to produce the
-associated label.
+with a <code>\cite</code> command (<pxref label="_005ccite"><xrefnodename>\cite</xrefnodename></pxref>) to produce the associated
+<var>label</var>.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005ccite" spaces=" "><nodename>\cite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nocite</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bibitem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333">\cite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391">\cite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4137,24 +4841,28 @@ associated label.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]&lbrace;<var>keys</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys,
-separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to
-the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries in the
-<file>.aux</file> file.
+<para>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys
+(<pxref label="_005cbibitem"><xrefnodename>\bibitem</xrefnodename></pxref>), separated by commas. This command generates an
+in-text citation to the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries
+in the <file>.aux</file> file.
</para>
<para>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the
citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]&lbrace;knuth&rbrace;</code> might produce
-&textlsquo;[Knuth, p.&nbsp;314]&textrsquo;.
+<samp>[Knuth, p.&nbsp;314]</samp>.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005cnocite" spaces=" "><nodename>\nocite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Using BibTeX</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nocite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\nocite&lbrace;<var>keys</var>&rbrace;</code>
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve"><code>\nocite&lbrace;<var>keys</var>&rbrace;</code>
+</pre></example>
+
<para>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <var>keys</var>,
which is a list of one or more citation keys, to the <file>.aux</file> file.
</para>
@@ -4163,11 +4871,11 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, to the <file>.aux</file> file.
<node name="Using-BibTeX" spaces=" "><nodename>Using BibTeX</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nocite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Using Bib&tex;</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
<para>If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly
recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
@@ -4184,7 +4892,7 @@ you include the lines
its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will
be produced: <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file
<var>bibstyle</var><file>.bst</file>, which defines how your citations will look.
-The standard <var>style</var> names distributed with Bib&tex; are:
+The standard <var>bibstyle</var> names distributed with Bib&tex; are:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">alpha</itemformat></item>
@@ -4204,7 +4912,8 @@ the demands of various publications. See
</para>
<para>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
bibliography. The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files
-named <file><var>bibfile</var>.bib</file>, which should contain your database in
+named <file><var>bibfile1</var>.bib</file>, <file><var>bibfile2</var>.bib</file>, &dots;,
+which should contain your database in
Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and
<code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography.
</para>
@@ -4214,8 +4923,9 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and
<node name="theorem" spaces=" "><nodename>theorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">titlepage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>theorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337">theorem <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395"><r>environment</r>, <code>theorem</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396"><code>theorem</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4235,38 +4945,63 @@ possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code>
<node name="titlepage" spaces=" "><nodename>titlepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verbatim</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">theorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>titlepage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338">titlepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397"><r>environment</r>, <code>titlepage</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398"><code>titlepage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;titlepage&rbrace;
-<var>text</var>
+ ... text and spacing ...
\end&lbrace;titlepage&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>titlepage</code> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page
-with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following
-page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to
-you. The <code>\today</code> command may be useful on title pages
-(<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading. The
+following page will be numbered page one.
+</para>
+<para>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code>
+environment you can use <code>\maketitle</code> (<pxref label="_005cmaketitle"><xrefnodename>\maketitle</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>You can use the <code>\maketitle</code> command (<pxref label="_005cmaketitle"><xrefnodename>\maketitle</xrefnodename></pxref>) to
-produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment.
+<para>Notice in this example that all formatting, including vertical spacing,
+is left to the author.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;titlepage&rbrace;
+\vspace*&lbrace;\stretch&lbrace;1&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\huge\bfseries Thesis \\[1ex]
+ title&rbrace; \\[6.5ex]
+ &lbrace;\large\bfseries Author name&rbrace; \\
+ \vspace&lbrace;4ex&rbrace;
+ Thesis submitted to \\[5pt]
+ \textit&lbrace;University name&rbrace; \\[2cm]
+ in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of \\[2cm]
+ \textsc&lbrace;\Large Doctor of Philosophy&rbrace; \\[2ex]
+ \textsc&lbrace;\large Mathematics&rbrace; \\[12ex]
+ \vfill
+ Department of Mathematics \\
+ Address \\
+ \vfill
+ \today
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+\vspace&lbrace;\stretch&lbrace;2&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;titlepage&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="verbatim" spaces=" "><nodename>verbatim</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verse</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">titlepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verbatim</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339">verbatim <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399"><r>environment</r>, <code>verbatim</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400"><code>verbatim</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4291,8 +5026,8 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter.
<node name="_005cverb" spaces=" "><nodename>\verb</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">verbatim</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\verb</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340">\verb</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401">\verb</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4307,7 +5042,7 @@ including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
<code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the
verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
&textldquo;visible space&textrdquo; character.
<tex endspaces=" ">
@@ -4320,8 +5055,9 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
<node name="verse" spaces=" "><nodename>verse</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">verbatim</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verse</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341">verse <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402"><r>environment</r>, <code>verse</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403"><code>verse</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4336,7 +5072,7 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
<para>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
other uses for it.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each
stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
@@ -4348,8 +5084,8 @@ stanzas.
<node name="Line-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Line breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Environments</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Line breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
@@ -4364,6 +5100,7 @@ you but in some environments you manually force line breaks.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make each input line start a new output line.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Break the line
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\- (hyphenation)</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert explicit hyphenation.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\discretionary</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert explicit hyphenation with control of hyphen character.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\fussy</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Be fussy about line breaking.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\sloppy</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Be sloppy about line breaking.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hyphenation</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Tell &latex; how to hyphenate a word.
@@ -4374,9 +5111,9 @@ you but in some environments you manually force line breaks.
<node name="_005c_005c" spaces=" "><nodename>\\</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\\</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4400,7 +5137,7 @@ particular, to start a new paragraph instead leave a blank line. This
command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text such as in
a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment.
</para>
-<para>Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a <code>p&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> column
+<para>Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a <code>p&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> column
in a <code>tabular</code> environment) the <code>\newline</code> command is a synonym for
<code>\\</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewline"><xrefnodename>\newline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -4418,9 +5155,9 @@ in a <code>tabular</code> environment) the <code>\newline</code> command is a sy
<node name="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" spaces=" "><nodename>\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\\</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file
(<samp>^^M</samp>, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by
@@ -4434,14 +5171,14 @@ in the output.
<node name="_005cnewline" spaces=" "><nodename>\newline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346">\newline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408">\newline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In ordinary text this is equivalent to double-backslash (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>); it
breaks a line, with no stretching of the text before it.
</para>
<para>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, in a column with a
-specifier producing a paragraph box, like typically <code>p&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>,
+specifier producing a paragraph box, like typically <code>p&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>,
<code>\newline</code> will insert a line break inside of the column, that is,
it does not break the entire row. To break the entire row use <code>\\</code>
or its equivalent <code>\tabularnewline</code>.
@@ -4459,11 +5196,11 @@ single cell of the table.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fussy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\discretionary</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\-</code> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at
that point. &latex; is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds
@@ -4475,26 +5212,39 @@ cases.
hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.
</para>
+</section>
+<node name="_005cdiscretionary" spaces=" "><nodename>\discretionary</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fussy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</sectiontitle>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">hyphenation, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">discretionary hyphenation</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\discretionary&lbrace;<var>pre-break-text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>post-break-text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>no-break-text</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<!-- c xxx TODO, complete this node, see LaTeX-fr -->
</section>
-<node name="_005cfussy" spaces=" "><nodename>\fussy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sloppy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cfussy" spaces=" "><nodename>\fussy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sloppy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\discretionary</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fussy</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
<para>The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes &tex;
picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between
words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
</para>
<para>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code>\sloppy</code> command
-(<pxref label="_005csloppy"><xrefnodename>\sloppy</xrefnodename></pxref>.
+(<pxref label="_005csloppy"><xrefnodename>\sloppy</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005csloppy" spaces=" "><nodename>\sloppy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fussy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sloppy</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349">\sloppy</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411">\sloppy</indexterm></findex>
<para>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes &tex; less fussy about line
breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
@@ -4507,8 +5257,8 @@ interword spacing.
<node name="_005chyphenation" spaces=" "><nodename>\hyphenation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\sloppy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hyphenation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4532,10 +5282,10 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words):
<node name="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -4559,8 +5309,8 @@ from a demand to a request. The <var>priority</var> must be a number from
<node name="Page-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Page breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically,
@@ -4578,8 +5328,8 @@ but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
<node name="_005ccleardoublepage" spaces=" "><nodename>\cleardoublepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\clearpage</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cleardoublepage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all
the pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
@@ -4592,9 +5342,9 @@ necessary.
<node name="_005cclearpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\clearpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newpage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cleardoublepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\clearpage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all the
pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
@@ -4605,9 +5355,9 @@ input to be printed.
<node name="_005cnewpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\newpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\clearpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newpage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear
floats (<pxref label="_005cclearpage"><xrefnodename>\clearpage</xrefnodename></pxref>).
@@ -4617,8 +5367,8 @@ floats (<pxref label="_005cclearpage"><xrefnodename>\clearpage</xrefnodename></p
<node name="_005cenlargethispage" spaces=" "><nodename>\enlargethispage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enlargethispage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\enlargethispage&lbrace;size&rbrace;</code>
</para>
@@ -4637,10 +5387,10 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
<node name="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="358">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -4665,7 +5415,7 @@ insistent the request is.
<node name="Footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Definitions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Place a numbered footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
</para>
@@ -4700,7 +5450,7 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior.
<node name="_005cfootnote" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnote</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="359">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="421">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4723,9 +5473,9 @@ at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''&rbrace;
number. If you use this option then the footnote number counter is not
incremented, and if you do not use it then the counter is incremented.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="360">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="422">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="423">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
<para>Change how &latex; shows the footnote counter with something like
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\thefootnote&rbrace;&lbrace;\fnsymbol&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which
uses a sequence of symbols (<pxref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman
@@ -4740,8 +5490,8 @@ sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode). There are some workarounds; see following sections.
<!-- c xx mention packages that fix this -->
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">Footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267">Footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
command uses the <code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the
<code>footnote</code> counter, so they are numbered independently. They are
@@ -4753,7 +5503,7 @@ And by default they are shown alphabetically. <xref label="minipage"><xrefnodena
<node name="_005cfootnotemark" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotemark</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotemark</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="424">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -4796,7 +5546,7 @@ and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;]
<node name="_005cfootnotetext" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotetext</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotetext</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="425">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -4815,7 +5565,7 @@ argument <var>number</var> changes the displayed footnote number. The
<node name="Footnotes-in-a-table" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in a table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in a table</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">Footnotes, in a table</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">Footnotes, in a table</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Inside a <code>table</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command does not
work. For instance, if the code below appears on its own then the
@@ -4829,7 +5579,8 @@ but nothing is set at the bottom of the page.
\textit&lbrace;HMS Sophie&rbrace; &amp;Master and Commander \\
\textit&lbrace;HMS Polychrest&rbrace; &amp;Post Captain \\
\textit&lbrace;HMS Lively&rbrace; &amp;Post Captain \\
- \textit&lbrace;HMS Surprise&rbrace; &amp;A number of books\footnote&lbrace;Starting with HMS Surprise.&rbrace;
+ \textit&lbrace;HMS Surprise&rbrace; &amp;A number of books\footnote&lbrace;Starting with
+ HMS Surprise.&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -4840,7 +5591,7 @@ but nothing is set at the bottom of the page.
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;&lbrace;.5\textwidth&rbrace;
- .. tabular material ..
+ ... tabular material ...
\end&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -4870,26 +5621,33 @@ sequence with other footnotes.
<node name="Footnotes-in-section-headings" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in section headings</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes of footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in section headings</sectiontitle>
-<para>Putting a footnote in a section heading
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">footnotes, in section headings</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\section&lbrace;Full sets\protect\footnote&lbrace;This material is due to R~Jones.&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\section&lbrace;Full sets\protect\footnote&lbrace;This material due to ...&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>causes the footnote to appear both at the bottom of the page where the
-section starts and at the bottom of the table of contents page. To have
-it not appear on the table of contents use the package <file>footmisc</file>
-with the <code>stable</code> option.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272"><r>package</r>, <code>footmisc</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273"><code>footmisc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274"><code>stable</code> option to <code>footmisc</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
+section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
+contents, where it is not likely to be desired. To have it not appear
+on the table of contents use the package <file>footmisc</file> with the
+<code>stable</code> option.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[stable]&lbrace;footmisc&rbrace;
- ..
+...
\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
- ..
-\section&lbrace;Full sets\footnote&lbrace;This material is due to R~Jones.&rbrace;&rbrace;
+...
+\section&lbrace;Full sets\footnote&lbrace;This material due to ...&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Note that the <code>\protect</code> is gone; putting it in causes the
+<para>Note that the <code>\protect</code> is gone; including it would cause the
footnote to reappear on the table of contents.
</para>
@@ -4906,12 +5664,12 @@ ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;bigfoot&rbrace;
\DeclareNewFootnote&lbrace;Default&rbrace;
\DeclareNewFootnote&lbrace;from&rbrace;[alph] % create class \footnotefrom&lbrace;&rbrace;
- ..
+ ...
\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
- ..
+...
The third theorem is a partial converse of the
second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;First noted in Wilson.\footnote&lbrace;Second edition only.&rbrace;&rbrace;
- ..
+...
</pre></example>
@@ -4926,13 +5684,13 @@ uses the package <file>cleverref</file>.
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;cleveref&rbrace;[2012/02/15] % this version of package or later
\crefformat&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&lbrace;#2\footnotemark[#1]#3&rbrace;
- ..
+...
\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
- ..
+...
The theorem is from Evers.\footnote&lbrace;\label&lbrace;fn:TE&rbrace;Tinker and Evers, 1994.&rbrace;
The corollary is from Chance.\footnote&lbrace;Evers and Chance, 1990.&rbrace;
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref&lbrace;fn:TE&rbrace;
- ..
+...
</pre></example>
<para>This solution will work with the package <file>hyperref</file>.
@@ -4944,17 +5702,17 @@ of multiple authors with the same affiliation.
<node name="Footnote-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnote parameters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Multiple reference to footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnote parameters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="364">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="426">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s
footnotes. Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and
<code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except
<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="365">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="427">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By
default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code>
fonts (<pxref label="Font-sizes"><xrefnodename>Font sizes</xrefnodename></pxref>), therefore there is no extra space between
@@ -4969,7 +5727,7 @@ footnotes. This is <samp>6.65pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>7.7pt</samp
<node name="Definitions" spaces=" "><nodename>Definitions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Counters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Definitions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</para>
@@ -4991,90 +5749,95 @@ footnotes. This is <samp>6.65pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>7.7pt</samp
<node name="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\providecommand</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="428">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a
command, respectively. Synopses:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newcommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
- \newcommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
-\renewcommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
-\renewcommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newcommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+ \newcommand*&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\renewcommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\renewcommand*&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>*</code>-form of these two commands requires that the arguments
-not contain multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain
-&tex; terms).
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">starred form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">*-form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The starred form of these two commands requires that the arguments not
+contain multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain &tex;
+terms).
</para>
<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">cmd</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the command name. It must begin with <code>\</code>. For
-<code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined and must not begin
-with <code>\end</code>. For <code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be
-defined.
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is the command name. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it
+must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>. For
+<code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">nargs</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments
-that the command will take. If this argument is not present, the
-default is for the command to have no arguments. When redefining a
-command, the new version can have a different number of arguments than
-the old version.
+that the command can take, including any optional argument. If this
+argument is not present, the default is for the command to have no
+arguments. When redefining a command, the new version can have a
+different number of arguments than the old version.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optargdefault</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of defined
-command <var>\cmd</var> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
+command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then
-<var>\cmd</var> does not take an optional argument.
-</para>
-<para>That is, if <var>\cmd</var> is used with square brackets following, as in
-<code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within <var>defn</var> <code>#1</code> expands
-<var>myval</var>. While if <var>\cmd</var> is called without square brackets
-following, then within <var>defn</var> the <code>#1</code> expands to the default
-<var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, any required arguments will be
-referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
-</para>
-<para>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different from having the
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">positional parameter</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets following,
+as in <code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the first
+<dfn>positional parameter</dfn> <code>#1</code> expands <var>myval</var>. On the
+other hand, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is called without square brackets
+following, then within <var>defn</var> the positional parameter <code>#1</code>
+expands to the default <var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, any
+required arguments will be referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in a call is different from having the
square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results
in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">defn</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a
-construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by the
-text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>; the
+positional parameter <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by
+the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<para>A command with no arguments that is followed in the source by a space
-will swallow that space. The solution is to type <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> after the
-command and before the space.
+<para>&tex; ignores spaces in the source following an alphabetic control
+sequence, as in <samp>\cmd </samp>. If you actually want a space there, one
+solution is to type <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> after the command (<samp>\cmd&lbrace;&rbrace; </samp>;
+another solution is to use an explicit control space (<samp>\cmd\ </samp>).
</para>
<para>A simple example of defining a new command:
-<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\JH&rbrace;&lbrace;Jim Hef&lbrace;&rbrace;feron&rbrace;</code> causes the abbreviation
-<code>\JH</code> to be replaced by the longer text.
+<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\RS&rbrace;&lbrace;Robin Smith&rbrace;</code> results in
+<code>\RS</code> being replaced by the longer text.
</para>
-<para>Redefining a command is basically the same:
+<para>Redefining an existing command is similar:
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\qedsymbol&rbrace;&lbrace;&lbrace;\small QED&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<para>Here&textrsquo;s a command definition that uses arguments:
+<para>Here&textrsquo;s a command definition with one required argument:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\defreference&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;Definition~\ref&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\defref&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;Definition~\ref&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<noindent></noindent> <para>Then, <code>\defreference&lbrace;def:basis&rbrace;</code> will expand to
+<noindent></noindent> <para>Then, <code>\defref&lbrace;def:basis&rbrace;</code> expands to
+<code>Definition~\ref&lbrace;def:basis&rbrace;</code>, which will ultimately expand to
something like <samp>Definition~3.14</samp>.
</para>
-<para>An example with two arguments:
-<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\nbym&rbrace;[2]&lbrace;#1\!\times\!#2&rbrace;</code> is invoked as
+<para>An example with two required arguments:
+<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\nbym&rbrace;[2]&lbrace;$#1 \times #2$&rbrace;</code> is invoked as
<code>\nbym&lbrace;2&rbrace;&lbrace;k&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<para>An example with optional arguments:
+<para>An example with an optional argument:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\salutation&rbrace;[1][Sir or Madam]&lbrace;Dear #1:&rbrace;
@@ -5084,27 +5847,29 @@ something like <samp>Definition~3.14</samp>.
<code>\salutation[John]</code> gives <samp>Dear John:</samp>. And
<code>\salutation[]</code> gives <samp>Dear :</samp>.
</para>
-<para>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not delimit the scope of the result of
-expanding <var>defn</var>. So <code>\newcommand&lbrace;\shipname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\it #1&rbrace;</code>
-is wrong since in the sentence
+<para>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not define a group, that is, they do
+not delimit the scope of the result of expanding <var>defn</var>. So
+<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\shipname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\it #1&rbrace;</code> is problematic; in this
+sentence,
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">The \shipname&lbrace;Monitor&rbrace; met the \shipname&lbrace;Virginia&rbrace;.
+<pre xml:space="preserve">The \shipname&lbrace;Monitor&rbrace; met the \shipname&lbrace;Merrimac&rbrace;.
</pre></example>
-<noindent></noindent> <para>the words <samp>met the</samp> will incorrectly be in italics. An
-extra pair of braces <code>\newcommand&lbrace;\shipname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;&lbrace;\it #1&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>
-fixes it.
+<noindent></noindent> <para>the words <samp>met the</samp> would incorrectly be in italics. Another
+pair of braces in the definition is needed, like this:
+<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\shipname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;&lbrace;\it #1&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>. Those braces are
+part of the definition and thus do define a group.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cprovidecommand" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\providecommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\providecommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367">\providecommand</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="429">\providecommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists.
Synopses:
@@ -5125,24 +5890,27 @@ loaded more than once.
<node name="_005cnewcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newlength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\providecommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="430">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Synopsis:
+<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter&lbrace;<var>countername</var>&rbrace;[<var>supercounter</var>]
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter&lbrace;<var>countername</var>&rbrace;
+\newcounter&lbrace;<var>countername</var>&rbrace;[<var>supercounter</var>]
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\newcounter</code> command globally defines a new counter named
-<var>countername</var>. The name consists of letters only and does not begin
-with a backslash (<samp>\</samp>). The name must not already be used by
-another counter. The new counter is initialized to zero.
+<para>Globally defines a new counter named <var>countername</var> and initialize
+the new counter to zero.
+</para>
+<para>The name <var>countername</var> must consists of letters only, and does not
+begin with a backslash. This name must not already be in use by another
+counter.
</para>
-<para>If the optional argument <code>[<var>supercounter</var>]</code> appears, then
+<para>When you use the optional argument <code>[<var>supercounter</var>]</code> then
<var>countername</var> will be numbered within, or subsidiary to, the
existing counter <var>supercounter</var>. For example, ordinarily
-<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code>. Any time
+<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code> so that any time
<var>supercounter</var> is incremented with <code>\stepcounter</code>
(<pxref label="_005cstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>) or <code>\refstepcounter</code>
(<pxref label="_005crefstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\refstepcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>) then <var>countername</var> is reset to zero.
@@ -5154,11 +5922,11 @@ existing counter <var>supercounter</var>. For example, ordinarily
<node name="_005cnewlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\newlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newlength</code>: Allocating a length</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="431">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Allocate a new <dfn>length</dfn> register. Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5180,8 +5948,8 @@ sequence <code>\<var>arg</var></code> must not already be defined.
<node name="_005cnewsavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\newsavebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newsavebox</code>: Allocating a box</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="432">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Allocate a &textldquo;bin&textrdquo; for holding a box. Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5203,29 +5971,31 @@ be already defined.
<node name="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" spaces=" "><nodename>\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is,
-<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace; &dots; \end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>. Synopses:
+<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace; <var>body</var> \end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>. Synopses:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newenvironment&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdefn</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddefn</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newenvironment&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdefn</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddefn</var>&rbrace;
\newenvironment*&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdefn</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddefn</var>&rbrace;
-\renewenvironment&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdefn</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddefn</var>&rbrace;
+ \renewenvironment&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdefn</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddefn</var>&rbrace;
\renewenvironment*&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdefn</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddefn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Unlike <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code>, the <code>*</code>-forms
-<code>\newenvironment*</code> and <code>\renewcommand*</code> have the same effect
-as the forms with no <code>*</code>.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
+contain multiple paragraphs of text. The body of these environments can
+still contain multiple paragraphs.
</para>
<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">env</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the environment name. It does not begin with backslash
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the environment name. It consists only of letters or the
+<code>*</code> character, and thus does not begin with backslash
(<code>\</code>). It must not begin with the string <code>end</code>. For
<code>\newenvironment</code>, the name <var>env</var> must not be the name of an
already existing environment, and also the command <code>\<var>env</var></code>
@@ -5234,8 +6004,8 @@ name of an existing environment.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">nargs</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
-that the environment will take. These arguments appear after the
-<code>\begin</code>, as in
+that the environment will take. When the environment is used these
+arguments appear after the <code>\begin</code>, as in
<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>arg1</var>&rbrace;&dots;&lbrace;<var>argn</var>&rbrace;</code>. If this
argument is not present then the default is for the environment to have
no arguments. When redefining an environment, the new version can have
@@ -5247,16 +6017,16 @@ defined environment is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then
the environment does not take an optional argument.
</para>
-<para>That is, when <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> is present in the environment
-definition, if <code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code> is used with square brackets
-following, as in <code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within
-the environment <code>#1</code> expands <var>myval</var>. If
-<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code> is called without square brackets following,
-then within the environment the <code>#1</code> expands to the default
-<var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, any required arguments will be
-referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
+<para>That is, when <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> is present in the
+environment definition, if <code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code> is used with
+square brackets following, as in
+<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then, within <var>begdefn</var>,
+the positional parameter <code>#1</code> expands to <var>myval</var>. If
+<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code> is called without square brackets
+following, then, within within <var>begdefn</var>, the positional parameter
+<code>#1</code> expands to the default <var>optargdefault</var>. In either case,
+any required arguments will be referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
</para>
-
<para>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different from having the
square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results
in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
@@ -5264,23 +6034,25 @@ in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">begdefn</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
-<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>; a construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in
-<var>begdef</var> is replaced by the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
+<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>. Within <var>begdef</var>, the <var>n</var>th
+positional parameter (i.e., <code>#<var>n</var></code>) is replaced by the text
+of the <var>n</var>th argument.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">enddefn</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
-<code>\end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>. Note that it may not contain any argument
-parameters, so <code>#<var>n</var></code> cannot be used here.
+<code>\end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>. This may not contain any positional
+parameters, so <code>#<var>n</var></code> cannot be used here (but see the final
+example below).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<para>The environment <var>env</var> delimits the scope of the result of expanding
-<var>begdefn</var> and <var>enddefn</var>. Thus, in the first example below, the
-effect of the <code>\small</code> is limited to the quote and does not extend
-to material following the environment.
+<para>All environments, that is to say the <var>begdefn</var> code, the environment
+body and the <var>enddefn</var> code, are processed within a group. Thus, in
+the first example below, the effect of the <code>\small</code> is limited to
+the quote and does not extend to material following the environment.
</para>
-<para>This example gives an environment like &latex;&textrsquo;s <code>quotation</code> except that
-it will be set in smaller type.
+<para>This example gives an environment like &latex;&textrsquo;s <code>quotation</code>
+except that it will be set in smaller type:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment&lbrace;smallquote&rbrace;&lbrace;%
@@ -5290,8 +6062,8 @@ it will be set in smaller type.
&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>This shows the use of arguments; it gives a quotation environment that
-cites the author.
+<para>This one shows the use of arguments; it gives a quotation environment
+that cites the author:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment&lbrace;citequote&rbrace;[1][Shakespeare]&lbrace;%
@@ -5302,17 +6074,17 @@ cites the author.
&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<noindent></noindent> <para>The author&textrsquo;s name is optional, and defaults to Shakespeare.
-In the document, use the environment as here:
+<noindent></noindent> <para>The author&textrsquo;s name is optional, and defaults to <samp>Shakespeare</samp>.
+In the document, use the environment like this:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;citequote&rbrace;[Lincoln]
- ..
+ ...
\end&lbrace;citequote&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>The final example shows how to save the value of an argument to use in
-<var>enddefn</var>.
+<var>enddefn</var>, in this case in a box (<pxref label="_005csbox"><xrefnodename>\sbox</xrefnodename></pxref>):
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox&lbrace;\quoteauthor&rbrace;
@@ -5330,48 +6102,44 @@ In the document, use the environment as here:
<node name="_005cnewtheorem" spaces=" "><nodename>\newtheorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newfont</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newtheorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="373">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Define a new <dfn>theorem-like environment</dfn>. Synopses:
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Define a new theorem-like environment. Synopses:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_within</var>]
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;
+\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_within</var>]
\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_like</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Both create a theorem-like environment <var>name</var>. Using the first
-form,
+<para>Using the first form, <code>\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;</code>
+creates an environment that will be labelled with <var>title</var>. See the
+first example below.
</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_within</var>]
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent> <para>with the optional argument after the second required argument,
+<para>The second form
+<code>\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_within</var>]</code>
creates an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing
-counter <var>numbered_within</var>: it will be reset when
+counter <var>numbered_within</var> (its counter will be reset when
<var>numbered_within</var> is reset).
</para>
-<para>Using the second form,
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_like</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-<noindent></noindent> <para>with the optional argument between the two required
-arguments, will create an environment whose counter will share the
-previously defined counter <var>numbered_like</var>.
+<para>The third form
+<code>\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_like</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;</code>,
+with optional argument between the two required arguments, will create
+an environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter
+<var>numbered_like</var>.
</para>
<para>You can specify one of <var>numbered_within</var> and <var>numbered_like</var>,
or neither, but not both.
</para>
<para>This command creates a counter named <var>name</var>. In addition, unless
-the optional argument <var>numbered_like</var> is used, the current
-<code>\ref</code> value will be that of <code>\the<var>numbered_within</var></code>
-(<pxref label="_005cref"><xrefnodename>\ref</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+the optional argument <var>numbered_like</var> is used, inside of the
+theorem-like environment the current <code>\ref</code> value will be that of
+<code>\the<var>numbered_within</var></code> (<pxref label="_005cref"><xrefnodename>\ref</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>This declaration is global. It is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -5403,8 +6171,9 @@ new environment will be numbered in sequence with <var>numbered_like</var>.
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
<para>Without any optional arguments the environments are numbered
-sequentially. This example has a declaration in the preamble that
-results in <samp>Definition&nbsp;1</samp> and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2</samp> in the output.
+sequentially. The example below has a declaration in the preamble that
+results in <samp>Definition&nbsp;1</samp> and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2</samp> in the
+output.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;defn&rbrace;&lbrace;Definition&rbrace;
@@ -5420,7 +6189,7 @@ results in <samp>Definition&nbsp;1</samp> and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2</samp> in
\end&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Because this example specifies the optional argument
+<para>Because the next example specifies the optional argument
<var>numbered_within</var> to <code>\newtheorem</code> as <code>section</code>, the
example, with the same document body, gives <samp>Definition&nbsp;1.1</samp>
and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2.1</samp>.
@@ -5439,8 +6208,8 @@ and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2.1</samp>.
\end&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>In this example there are two declarations in the preamble, the second
-of which calls for the new <code>thm</code> environment to use the same
+<para>In the next example there are two declarations in the preamble, the
+second of which calls for the new <code>thm</code> environment to use the same
counter as <code>defn</code>. It gives <samp>Definition&nbsp;1.1</samp>, followed
by <samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp> and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2.2</samp>.
</para>
@@ -5468,9 +6237,9 @@ by <samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp> and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2.2</samp>.
<node name="_005cnewfont" spaces=" "><nodename>\newfont</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\protect</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newfont</code>: Define a new font (obsolete)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="374">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\newfont</code>, now obsolete, defines a command that will switch fonts.
Synopsis:
@@ -5484,7 +6253,7 @@ current font. &latex; will look on your system for a file named
<file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>. The control sequence must must not already
be defined. It must begin with a backslash (<samp>\</samp>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="375">.fd <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="437">.fd <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>This command is obsolete. It is a low-level command for setting up an
individual font. Today fonts are almost always defined in families
(which allows you to, for example, associate a boldface with a roman)
@@ -5493,8 +6262,8 @@ through the so-called &textldquo;New Font Selection Scheme&textrdquo;, either by
system fonts such as Xe&latex; (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
<!-- c xx explain nfss somewhere -->
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>But since it is part of &latex;, here is an explanation: the
<var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
<dfn>at clause</dfn>; this can have the form either <code>at <var>dimen</var></code>
@@ -5508,7 +6277,7 @@ characters in each:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newfont&lbrace;\testfontat&rbrace;&lbrace;cmb10 at 11pt&rbrace;
-\newfont&lbrace;\testfontscaled&rbrace;&lbrace;cmb10 scaled 11pt&rbrace;
+\newfont&lbrace;\testfontscaled&rbrace;&lbrace;cmb10 scaled 1100&rbrace;
\testfontat abc
\testfontscaled abc
</pre></example>
@@ -5518,26 +6287,28 @@ characters in each:
<node name="_005cprotect" spaces=" "><nodename>\protect</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\newfont</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\protect</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="376">\protect</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="438">\protect</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>All &latex; commands are either <dfn>fragile</dfn> or <dfn>robust</dfn>.
Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
many more, are fragile. A fragile command can break when it is used in
the argument to certain commands. To prevent such commands from
-breaking they must be preceded by the command <code>\protect</code>.
+breaking one solution is to have them preceded by the command
+<code>\protect</code>.
</para>
<para>For example, when &latex; runs the <code>\section&lbrace;<var>section
name</var>&rbrace;</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to the
<file>.aux</file> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the
document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
internally expanded by &latex; without typesetting it directly is
-referred to as a <dfn>moving argument</dfn>. A command is fragile if it can
+referred to as a
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
+<dfn>moving argument</dfn>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid &tex; code. Some examples of
-moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>
-command (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>), in the <code>\thanks&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> command
+moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>
+command (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>), in the <code>\thanks&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> command
(<pxref label="_005cmaketitle"><xrefnodename>\maketitle</xrefnodename></pxref>), and in &arobase;-expressions in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments (<pxref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -5550,13 +6321,13 @@ commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <code>\protect</code>
command. Nor can a <code>\protect</code> command be used in the argument to
<code>\addtocounter</code> or <code>\setcounter</code> command.
</para>
-<para>In this example the <code>caption</code> command gives a mysterious error
+<para>In this example the <code>\caption</code> command gives a mysterious error
about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each
<code>\raisebox</code> command with <code>\protect</code>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
- ..
+ ...
\caption&lbrace;Company headquarters of A\raisebox&lbrace;1pt&rbrace;&lbrace;B&rbrace;\raisebox&lbrace;-1pt&rbrace;&lbrace;C&rbrace;&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -5569,9 +6340,9 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
\tableofcontents
- ..
+...
\section&lbrace;Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)&rbrace;
- ..
+...
</pre></example>
@@ -5580,16 +6351,18 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
<node name="Counters" spaces=" "><nodename>Counters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Definitions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Counters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the
-environment or command associated with the number, except with no
-backslash (<code>\</code>). Thus the <code>\chapter</code> command starts a
-chapter and the <code>chapter</code> counter keeps track of the chapter
-number. Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard
-document classes to control numbering.
+environment or command associated with the number, except that the
+counter&textrsquo;s name has no backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code>. Thus, associated with
+the <code>\chapter</code> command is the <code>chapter</code> counter that keeps
+track of the chapter number.
+</para>
+<para>Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard document
+classes to control numbering.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">part paragraph figure enumi
@@ -5600,64 +6373,83 @@ subsubsection
</pre></example>
<para>The <code>mpfootnote</code> counter is used by the <code>\footnote</code> command
-inside of a minipage (<pxref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-</para>
-<para>The <code>enumi</code> through <code>enumiv</code> counters are used in the
-<code>enumerate</code> environment, for up to four nested levels
-(<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+inside of a minipage (<pxref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></pxref>). The counters <code>enumi</code>
+through <code>enumiv</code> are used in the <code>enumerate</code> environment, for
+up to four levels of nesting (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>New counters are created with <code>\newcounter</code>. <xref label="_005cnewcounter"><xrefnodename>\newcounter</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Print value of a counter.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\usecounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\value</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\setcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the value of a counter.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addtocounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add a quantity to a counter.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\refstepcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\stepcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\day \month \year</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Numeric date values.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Print value of a counter.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\usecounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\value</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\setcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the value of a counter.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addtocounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add a quantity to a counter.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\refstepcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add to a counter.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\stepcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\day \month \year</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Numeric date values.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" spaces=" "><nodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usecounter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
+the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
+<code>\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code> in your source will result in a lower case
+letter&nbsp;a appearing in the output.
+</para>
<para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
instance, <code>\alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;</code>. Note that the counter name does not
start with a backslash.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377">\alph</indexterm>\alph</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;, &enddots;
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="439">\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378">\Alph</indexterm>\Alph</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>uses uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots;
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440">\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379">\arabic</indexterm>\arabic</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>uses Arabic numbers: &textlsquo;1&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;2&textrsquo;, &enddots;
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441">\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in Arabic numbers: &textlsquo;1&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;2&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380">\roman</indexterm>\roman</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots;
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="442">\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381">\Roman</indexterm>\Roman</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots;
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="443">\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382">\fnsymbol</indexterm>\fnsymbol</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="444">\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine
symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
<var>counter</var> must be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive.
</para>
-<para>Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output):
-</para>
-<display endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">asterisk(*) dagger(<U>2021</U>) ddagger(<U>2021</U>)
-section-sign(<U>00A7</U>) paragraph-sign(<U>00B6</U>) parallel(<U>2225</U>)
-double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(<U>2020</U><U>2020</U>) double-ddagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>)
-</pre></display>
+<para>Here are the symbols:
+</para>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=" .33 .33 .33"><columnfraction value=".33"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".33"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".33"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
+<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Name</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>Equivalent Unicode symbol and/or numeric code point<!-- c -->
+</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item">
+<para>asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>*<!-- c -->
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>dagger</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\dagger</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2020</U>
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>ddagger</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ddagger</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2021</U>
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>section-sign</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\S</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>00A7</U>
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>paragraph-sign</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\P</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>00B6</U>
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>double-vert</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\parallel</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2016</U>
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>double-asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>**<!-- c -->
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>double-dagger</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\dagger\dagger</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2020</U><U>2020</U>
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>double-ddagger</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ddagger\ddagger</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2021</U><U>2021</U>
+</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -5666,9 +6458,9 @@ double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(<U>2020</U><U>2020</U>) double-ddagger(<U>2021
<node name="_005cusecounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\usecounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\value</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usecounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="383">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="445">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5702,8 +6494,8 @@ value. This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\prot
<node name="_005cvalue" spaces=" "><nodename>\value</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\usecounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\value&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="384">\value</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="446">\value</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5743,9 +6535,9 @@ Other counter is \arabic&lbrace;other&rbrace;.
<node name="_005csetcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\setcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\value</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>value</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="385">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="447">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5757,22 +6549,37 @@ Other counter is \arabic&lbrace;other&rbrace;.
to the <var>value</var> argument. Note that the counter name does not start
with a backslash.
</para>
+<para>In this example the section value appears as <samp>V</samp>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\setcounter&lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;5&rbrace;
+Here it is in Roman: \Roman&lbrace;section&rbrace;.
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005caddtocounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>value</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="448">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command globally increments <var>counter</var> by
the amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
</para>
+<para>In this example the section value appears as <samp>VII</samp>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\setcounter&lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;5&rbrace;
+\addtocounter&lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;
+Here it is in Roman: \Roman&lbrace;section&rbrace;.
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005crefstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\refstepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\refstepcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="449">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as
<code>\stepcounter</code> (<pxref label="_005cstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>): it globally increments the
@@ -5791,7 +6598,7 @@ locally, i.e., inside the current group.
<node name="_005cstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\stepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\day \month \year</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stepcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="450">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command globally adds one to <var>counter</var> and
resets all counters numbered within it. (For the definition of
@@ -5802,9 +6609,9 @@ resets all counters numbered within it. (For the definition of
<node name="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" spaces=" "><nodename>\day \month \year</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389">\day</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390">\month</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391">\year</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="451">\day</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="452">\month</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="453">\year</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>,
1&textndash;31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1&textndash;12), and year
@@ -5821,7 +6628,7 @@ current day (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxre
<node name="Lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Lengths</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Counters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Lengths</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A <dfn>length</dfn> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
length as an argument.
@@ -5864,67 +6671,67 @@ and <code>\setlength&lbrace;\zlength&rbrace;&lbrace;3\ylength&rbrace;</code> the
<node name="Units-of-length" spaces=" "><nodename>Units of length</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setlength</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Units of length</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272">units, of length</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">units, of length</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&tex; and &latex; know about these units both inside and outside of
math mode.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pt </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392">pt</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273">Point</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="454">pt</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">Point</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Point 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
places, is 1<dmn>point</dmn> = 2.85<dmn>mm</dmn> = 28.45<dmn>cm</dmn>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">pica</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393">pc</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">pica</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="455">pc</indexterm></findex>
<para>Pica, 12 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">in </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394">in</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395">inch</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="456">in</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="457">inch</indexterm></findex>
<para>Inch, 72.27 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">bp </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396">bp</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">Big point</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="458">bp</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">Big point</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cm </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">Centimeter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397">cm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">Centimeter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="459">cm</indexterm></findex>
<para>Centimeter
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">mm </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">Millimeter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398">mm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">Millimeter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="460">mm</indexterm></findex>
<para>Millimeter
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">dd </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">Didot point</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399">dd</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">Didot point</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="461">dd</indexterm></findex>
<para>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cc </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">Cicero</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400">cc</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">Cicero</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="462">cc</indexterm></findex>
<para>Cicero, 12 dd
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">sp </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">Scaled point</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401">sp</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">Scaled point</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="463">sp</indexterm></findex>
<para>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">ex</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">x-height</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402">ex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">m-width</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">em</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403">em</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">ex</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">x-height</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="464">ex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">m-width</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">em</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="465">em</indexterm></findex>
<para>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
the font. The x-height of the current font <dfn>ex</dfn>, traditionally the
height of the lower case letter x, is often used for vertical
@@ -5937,8 +6744,8 @@ of the vertical space between list items given as
likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition
given in points.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404">mu</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="466">mu</indexterm></findex>
<para>In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
<dfn>mu</dfn> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
math symbols family. <xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></xref>.
@@ -5946,50 +6753,72 @@ math symbols family. <xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing i
</section>
<node name="_005csetlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\setlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtolength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Units of length</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setlength&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>value</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setlength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="467">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var>
-argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex;
-understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), points
-(<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>, etc.
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;<var>\len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>amount</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <dfn>length command</dfn>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">length command</indexterm></cindex>
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> to the <var>value</var> argument which can be expressed in any
+units that &latex; understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters
+(<code>mm</code>), points (<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>), etc.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005caddtolength" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtolength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settodepth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtolength&lbrace;<var>\len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>amount</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtolength</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="468">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\addtolength&lbrace;<var>\len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>amount</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a &textldquo;length command&textrdquo;
-<var>\len</var> by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which
-may be negative.
+<para>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a length command <code>\<var>len</var></code>
+by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which may be
+negative.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005csettodepth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settodepth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settoheight</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtolength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settodepth</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="469">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\settodepth&lbrace;\gnat&rbrace;&lbrace;text&rbrace;</code>
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
-<para>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command
-equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument.
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\settodepth&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a length command
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> equal to the depth of the <var>text</var> argument.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005csettoheight" spaces=" "><nodename>\settoheight</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settowidth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settodepth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settoheight</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="470">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\settoheight&lbrace;\gnat&rbrace;&lbrace;text&rbrace;</code>
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
-<para>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\settoheight&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;text&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a length command <code>\<var>len</var></code>
equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument.
</para>
@@ -5998,7 +6827,13 @@ equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument.
<node name="_005csettowidth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settowidth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Predefined lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settoheight</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settowidth&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="471">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\settowidth&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
<para>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var>
to the width of the <var>text</var> argument.
@@ -6008,37 +6843,39 @@ to the width of the <var>text</var> argument.
<node name="Predefined-lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Predefined lengths</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\settowidth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Predefined lengths</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">lengths, predefined</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">predefined lengths</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">lengths, predefined</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">predefined lengths</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\width</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410">\width</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="472">\width</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para><code>\height</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411">\height</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="473">\height</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para><code>\depth</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412">\depth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="474">\depth</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para><code>\totalheight</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413">\totalheight</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="475">\totalheight</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
commands (<pxref label="Boxes"><xrefnodename>Boxes</xrefnodename></pxref>). They specify the natural width, etc., of
-the text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <code>\height</code> +
-<code>\depth</code>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
+the text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <math><code>&backslashchar;height</code> +
+<code>&backslashchar;depth</code></math>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
natural size, e.g., say
</para>
-<para><code>\makebox[2\width]&lbrace;Get a stretcher&rbrace;</code>
-</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\makebox[2\width]&lbrace;Get a stretcher&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Making-paragraphs" spaces=" "><nodename>Making paragraphs</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math formulas</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Lengths</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Making paragraphs</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&textmdash;lines not
containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not appear where a new
@@ -6056,9 +6893,9 @@ a sectioning command.
<node name="_005cindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\indent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\noindent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\indent</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414">\indent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="476">\indent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="477">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals to the
<code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used
@@ -6073,14 +6910,14 @@ mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</c
<node name="_005cnoindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\noindent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\indent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\noindent</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">indent, suppressing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="478">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340">indent, suppressing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any
paragraph indentation, as in this example.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">.. end of the prior paragraph.
+<pre xml:space="preserve">... end of the prior paragraph.
\noindent This paragraph is not indented.
</pre></example>
@@ -6095,8 +6932,8 @@ paragraph indentation, as in this example.
<node name="_005cparskip" spaces=" "><nodename>\parskip</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Marginal notes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\noindent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parskip</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="479">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
@@ -6106,10 +6943,10 @@ before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
<node name="Marginal-notes" spaces=" "><nodename>Marginal notes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\parskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Marginal notes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="480">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6133,8 +6970,8 @@ will be placed
<para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option <code>twocolumn</code>, see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para></listitem></itemize>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="481">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="482">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes
in the opposite (inside) margin. <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them
in the default position.
@@ -6148,15 +6985,15 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;</c
<para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="421">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="483">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for
<samp>12pt</samp> documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="422">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="484">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
<samp>11pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> documents, <samp>10pt</samp> else.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="423">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="485">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided <samp>10pt</samp> document
is <samp>90pt</samp>, <samp>83pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>68pt</samp> for
<samp>12pt</samp>; <samp>17pt</samp> more in each case for a two-sided document.
@@ -6176,12 +7013,15 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
<node name="Math-formulas" spaces=" "><nodename>Math formulas</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Modes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math formulas</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="424">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="425">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="426">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="486"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="487"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="488"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="489"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="490"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="491"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode:
</para>
@@ -6195,10 +7035,10 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
number in the right margin.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="427">\(</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="428">\)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="429">\[</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="430">\]</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="492">\(</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="493">\)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="494">\[</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="495">\]</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used
only in paragraph mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code>
@@ -6209,7 +7049,7 @@ environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
\[...\] <r>instead of</r> \begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="431">$</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="496">$</indexterm></findex>
<para>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:
</para>
@@ -6217,15 +7057,15 @@ shorter form:
<pre xml:space="preserve">$ ... $ <r>instead of</r> \(...\)
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="432">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="497">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="498">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
a bold font. It is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode. Conversely, the
<code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
it too is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode.
</para>
<!-- c xx own section? Math fonts? -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="499">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and
below summations. For example:
@@ -6249,14 +7089,14 @@ below summations. For example:
<node name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" spaces=" "><nodename>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435">_</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436">^</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="500">_</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="501">^</indexterm></findex>
<para>In math mode, use the caret character&nbsp;<code>^</code> to make the
-<var>exp</var> appear as a superscript, ie.&noeos; type <code>^&lbrace;<var>exp</var>&rbrace;</code>.
+<var>exp</var> appear as a superscript: <code>^&lbrace;<var>exp</var>&rbrace;</code>.
Similarly, in math mode, underscore&nbsp;<code>_&lbrace;<var>exp</var>&rbrace;</code> makes a
subscript out of <var>exp</var>.
</para>
@@ -6297,9 +7137,9 @@ writing Chemical formulas such as <file>mhchem</file>.
<node name="Math-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Math symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math functions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you&textrsquo;re likely to need.
For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get
@@ -6308,393 +7148,391 @@ the pi symbol <U>03C0</U>.
<para>Below is a list of commonly-available symbols. It is by no means an
exhaustive list. Each symbol here is described with a short phrase, and
its symbol class (which determines the spacing around it) is given in
-parenthesis. The commands for these symbols can be used only in math
-mode.
+parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can
+be used only in math mode.
</para>
+<para>To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current mode,
+see <ref label="_005censuremath"><xrefnodename>\ensuremath</xrefnodename></ref>.
+</para>
+
<!-- c xx Add Negation: @code{} for negations of relevant symbols -->
<!-- c Useful: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-math-970515/section6.html -->
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="502">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\parallel</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="438">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="503">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2135</U> Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="439">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="504">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B1</U> Lower case Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="505">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A3F</U> Disjoint union (binary)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="506">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2220</U> Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
sign&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code> and angle bracket&nbsp;<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="442">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="507">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2248</U> Almost equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="443">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2217</U> Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
(binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or
subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar:&nbsp;<code>\star</code>, which is
five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="444">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>224D</U> Asymptomatically equivalent (relation).
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>224D</U> Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="445">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="510">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus&nbsp;<code>\setminus</code>, and
<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="446">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="511">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B2</U> Lower case Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="447">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="512">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C2</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
binary intersection&nbsp;<code>\cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="448">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="513">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>26AA</U> Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function
composition&nbsp;<code>\circ</code>.
<!-- c bb Best unicode symbol for this? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="514">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="515">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A00</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="451">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="516">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A01</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="452">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="517">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A02</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="453">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25BD</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down
(operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="454">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="455">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A06</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="456">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A04</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="457">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="522">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C1</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="458">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="523">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C0</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="459">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A5</U> Up tack, bottom, least element of a poset, or a contradiction
-(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="524">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A5</U> Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
+set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="460">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="525">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C8</U> Natural join of two relations (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="461">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25A1</U> Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary). This
-is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the
-<file>amssymb</file> package.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="526">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25A1</U> Modal operator for necessity; square open box
+(ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="462">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="527">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2022</U> Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication
dot&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="463">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="528">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2229</U> Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="464">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="529">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C5</U> Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet
dot&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="465">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="530">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C7</U> Lower case Greek chi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="466">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="531">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2218</U> Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcirc</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="467">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="532">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2663</U> Club card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="533">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2201</U> Set complement, used as a superscript as in
-<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). This is not available in Plain
-&tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. Also
+<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. Also
used: <code>$S^&lbrace;\mathsf&lbrace;c&rbrace;&rbrace;$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar&lbrace;S&rbrace;$</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="469">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="534">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2245</U> Congruent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="535">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2210</U> Coproduct (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="471">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="536">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222A</U> Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="472">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="537">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2020</U> Dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="473">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="538">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A3</U> Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="474">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="539">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2021</U> Double dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="475">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="540">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0394</U> Greek upper case delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="476">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="541">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B4</U> Greek lower case delta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="477">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C7</U> Large diamond operator (ordinary). This is not available in
-Plain &tex;. In &latex; you must load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="542">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C7</U> Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="478">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="543">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C4</U> Diamond operator, or diamond bullet (binary). Similar: large
diamond&nbsp;<code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="479">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2662</U> Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="480">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00F7</U> Division sign (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="481">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2250</U> Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
to&nbsp;<code>\Doteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="482">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2193</U> Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: double line down
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Downarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="483">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D3</U> Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: single line down
arrow&nbsp;<code>\downarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="484">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2113</U> Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="485">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol (ordinary). Similar: reversed empty
-set&nbsp;<code>\varnothing</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
+<code>\varnothing</code>.
<!-- c bb Why Unicode has \revemptyset but no \emptyset? -->
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="486">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F5</U> Lower case Greek-text letter (ordinary). More widely used in
-mathematics is the curly epsilon
-<code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03B5</U>. Related: the set membership relation
-<code>\in</code>&nbsp;<U>2208</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="551">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F5</U> Lower case lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
+Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
+letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03B5</U>. Related:
+the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;<U>2208</U>.
<!-- c src: David Carlisle http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/98018/339 and -->
<!-- c Unicode referenced there asserts varepsilon is much more widely used. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="487">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="552">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2261</U> Equivalence (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="488">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="553">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B7</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="489">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="554">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2203</U> Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="490">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="555">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266D</U> Musical flat (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="491">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="556">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2200</U> Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="492">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="557">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2322</U> Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="493">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="558">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0393</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="494">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B3</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="495">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\geq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="496">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\ge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="497">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Is assigned the value (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="498">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226B</U> Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less
than&nbsp;<code>\ll</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="499">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>210F</U> Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="500">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2661</U> Heart card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="501">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A9</U> Hooked left arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="502">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21AA</U> Hooked right arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="503">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>
with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="504">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2111</U> Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part&nbsp;<code>\Re</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="505">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2208</U> Set element (relation). See also: lower case Greek letter
-epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code><U>03F5</U> and rounded small
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2208</U> Set element (relation). See also: lower case lunate
+epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code><U>03F5</U> and small letter script
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="506">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221E</U> Infinity (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="507">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B9</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A1D</U> Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
&tex;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="510">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BA</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="511">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039B</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="512">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BB</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="513">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). This is a synonym for <code>\wedge</code>.
See also logical or&nbsp;<code>\lor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="514">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E8</U> Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
less-than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rangle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="515">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007B</U> Left curly brace
(opening). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&lbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="516">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005B</U> Left square bracket (opening).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>[</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="517">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2308</U> Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
shaved off (opening). Matches&nbsp;<code>\rceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21DD</U> Squiggly right arrow (relation). This is not available in
-Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21DD</U> Squiggly right arrow (relation). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
<code>\newcommand*&lbrace;\Leadsto&rbrace;&lbrace;\ensuremath&lbrace;\leadsto&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> in the
preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D0</U> Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
single-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Single-line left arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="522">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BD</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="523">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BC</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="524">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D4</U> Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
Similar: single-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="525">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2194</U> Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="526">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\le</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="527">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230A</U> Left floor bracket (opening).
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230A</U> Left floor bracket (opening). Matches:&nbsp;<code>\floor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="528">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). This is
-not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the
-<file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
+Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
<file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="529">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226A</U> Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
than&nbsp;<code>\gg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="530">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="531">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F5</U> Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="532">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line double-headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="533">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27FC</U> Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation). Similar: shorter version&nbsp;<code>\mapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="534">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F6</U> Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line right arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="535">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or (binary). Synonym: wedge&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="536">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A6</U> Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation).
Similar: longer version&nbsp;<code>\longmapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="537">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2127</U> Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
-This is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the
-<file>amssymb</file> package.
+Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="538">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2223</U> Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of
<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\&lbrace;\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
@@ -6704,42 +7542,42 @@ ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as
ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry
for&nbsp;<code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="539">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A8</U> Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
(relation). Similar: long double dash&nbsp;<code>\vDash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="540">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2213</U> Minus or plus (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="541">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BC</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="542">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2207</U> Hamilton&textrsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="543">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266E</U> Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2197</U> North-east arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
negation:&nbsp;<code>\sim</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ne</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0020</U><U>00A0</U><U>0338</U> Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
<!-- c Need blank space for it to overstrike -->
@@ -6748,388 +7586,399 @@ following operator (relation).
particularly with the <file>amssymb</file> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
is probably typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2209</U> Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
of&nbsp;<code>\nsubseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="551">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BD</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="552">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2196</U> North-west arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="553">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2299</U> Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigodot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="554">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222E</U> Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="555">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A9</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="556">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C9</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="557">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2296</U> Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="558">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2295</U> Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigoplus</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2298</U> Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2297</U> Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigotimes</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\|</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2202</U> Partial differential (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27C2</U> Perpendicular (relation). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\bot</code> uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D5</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varphi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A0</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C0</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varpi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00B1</U> Plus or minus (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227A</U> Preceeds (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227A</U> Precedes (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AAF</U> Preceeds or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AAF</U> Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2032</U> Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically
-used as a superscript <code>$A^\prime$</code>. Note that <code>$f^\prime$</code>
-and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second is
-that <code>$f'''$</code> produces the the desired symbol, that is, the same
-result as <code>$f^&lbrace;\prime\prime\prime&rbrace;$</code>, but uses somewhat less
-typing. Note that you can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode but you
-can type right single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode also, although it
-resuts in a different look than in math mode.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2032</U> Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
+Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code>
+and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second
+is that <code>$f'''$</code> produces the desired symbol, that is, the same
+result as <code>$f^&lbrace;\prime\prime\prime&rbrace;$</code>, but uses rather less
+typing. You can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode. Using the right
+single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character
+(apostrophe).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220F</U> Product (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221D</U> Is proportional to (relation)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A8</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C8</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27B9</U> Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E9</U> Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007D</U> Right curly brace
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&rbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005D</U> Right square bracket
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>]</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2309</U> Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>211C</U> Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
double-line, or blackboard bold, R&nbsp;<code>\mathbb&lbrace;R&rbrace;</code>; to access
this, load the <file>amsfonts</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U> Restriction of a function
-(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in
-Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647">\revemptyset</indexterm>\revemptyset</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29B0</U> Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
+<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>stix</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230B</U> Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lfloor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). This is
-not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the
-<file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should
-instead load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
+Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
+load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C1</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varrho</code>&nbsp;<U>03F1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D2</U> Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar:
right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line arrow&nbsp;<code>\Rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C1</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C0</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21CC</U> Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2198</U> Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29F5</U> Set difference, reverse solidus or slash, like \
(binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266F</U> Musical sharp (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A3</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C3</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varsigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C2</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>223C</U> Similar, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2243</U> Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
display (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2323</U> Upward curving arc (ordinary).
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2323</U> Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2660</U> Spade card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2293</U> Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
intersection&nbsp;<code>cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2294</U> Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
union&nbsp;<code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigsqcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228F</U> Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
-subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. This is not available in Plain &tex;. In
-&latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2291</U> Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
equal to&nbsp;<code>\subseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2290</U> Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
-superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. This is not available in Plain &tex;. In
-&latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2292</U> Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or
equal&nbsp;<code>\supseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C6</U> Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation
but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: the
synonyms asterisk&nbsp;<code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which are six-pointed,
and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene
star.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2282</U> Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2286</U> Subset or equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227B</U> Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AB0</U> Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
than or equal to&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2211</U> Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
sigma&nbsp;<code>\Sigma</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2283</U> Superset (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2287</U> Superset or equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221A</U> Radical symbol (ordinary). The &latex; command
-<code>\sqrt&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
+<code>\sqrt&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2199</U> Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C4</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B8</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\vartheta</code>&nbsp;<U>03D1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00D7</U> Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
also&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A4</U> Top, greatest element of a poset (ordinary). See
-also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A4</U> Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
+(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Triangle (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Not-filled triangle pointing left
(binary). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
should load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B7</U> Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal
-subgroup symbol you should instead load <file>amssymb</file> and
-use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a relation and so gives
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B7</U> Not-filled triangle pointing right
+(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
+<file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
+relation and so gives better spacing).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B4</U> Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
+is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For
+the normal subgroup symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and
+use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B4</U> Left-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a
-line under (binary). This is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex;
-you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup
-symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which
-is a relation and so gives better spacing).
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B5</U> Right-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a
-line under (binary). This is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex;
-you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup
-symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code>
-(which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B5</U> Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
+is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For
+the normal subgroup symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and
+use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
+better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D1</U> Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
-single-line up-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D1</U> Double-line upward-pointing arrow
+(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
+arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2191</U> Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar:
-double-line up-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2191</U> Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
+(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
+arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D5</U> Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
-single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D5</U> Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
+(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
+arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2195</U> Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U> Up harpoon, with barb on right side
-(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>&backslashchar;restriction</code>. Not available in Plain
-&tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>&backslashchar;restriction</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228E</U> Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the middle
-(binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
-operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228E</U> Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
+the middle (binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related:
+variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A5</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C5</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B5</U> Rounded small epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used in
-mathematics than the non-variant lower case Greek-text letter form
-<code>\epsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03F5</U>. Related: set membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C6</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D5</U>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D6</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C0</U>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F1</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;<U>03C1</U>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C2</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is <code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C3</U>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D1</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is <code>\theta</code>&nbsp;<U>03B8</U>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A2</U> Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar:
-turnstile rotated a half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: logical
-and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B5</U> Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
+more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
+<code>\epsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03F5</U>. Related: set
+membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701">\vanothing</indexterm>\vanothing</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol. Similar:
+<code>\emptyset</code>. Related: <code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C6</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D5</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D6</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C0</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F1</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;<U>03C1</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C2</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter
+(ordinary). The non-variant form is
+<code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C3</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D1</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter
+(ordinary). The non-variant form is
+<code>\theta</code>&nbsp;<U>03B8</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A2</U> Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
+(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
+half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
+logical and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2016</U> Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
bar&nbsp;<code>\vert</code>.
</para>
-<para>For a norm you can use the <file>mathtools</file> package and add
+<para>For a norm symbol, you can use the <file>mathtools</file> package and add
<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm&lbrace;\lVert&rbrace;&lbrace;\rVert&rbrace;</code> to your
-preamble. This gives you three command variants for double-line vertical
-bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you
-write the starred version <code>$\norm*&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;$</code> then the height of
-the vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas with
-<code>\norm&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;</code> the bars do not grow with the height of the
-argument but instead are the default height, and <code>\norm[<var>size
-command</var>]&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;</code> also gives bars that do not grow but are set to
-the size given in the <var>size command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
+preamble. This gives you three command variants for double-line
+vertical bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the
+document body you write the starred version <code>$\norm*&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;$</code>
+then the height of the vertical bars will match the height of the
+argument, whereas with <code>\norm&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;</code> the bars do not grow
+with the height of the argument but instead are the default height,
+and <code>\norm[<var>size command</var>]&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;</code> also gives bars that
+do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size command</var>,
+e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007C</U> Single line vertical bar (ordinary). Similar: double-line
vertical bar&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>. For such that, as in the definition of a
set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it is a relation.
@@ -7146,24 +7995,24 @@ the height of the argument but instead are the default height, and
that do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size
command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\land</code>. See also
logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2118</U> Weierstrass p (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2240</U> Wreath product (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039E</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BE</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B6</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -7173,116 +8022,116 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
<node name="Math-functions" spaces=" "><nodename>Math functions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math functions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arccos</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arcsin</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arctan</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arg</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Binary modulo operator (<math>x \bmod y</math>)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cos</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cosh</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cot</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\coth</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\csc</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\deg</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\det</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dim</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\exp</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gcd</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hom</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\inf</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ker</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lg</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lim</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\liminf</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\limsup</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ln</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\log</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\max</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\min</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>parenthesized modulus, as in (<math>\pmod 2^n - 1</math>)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Pr</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sec</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sin</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sinh</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>sup
-<!-- c don't try to use \sup since that turned into a Texinfo command -->
-<!-- c and it's not worth hassling with different versions when it's -->
-<!-- c just three roman letters anyway. -->
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sup</math>
+<!-- c don't try to use \sup with dvi/pdf output since that turned into a -->
+<!-- c Texinfo command and it's not worth hassling with different versions -->
+<!-- c when it's just three roman letters anyway. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tan</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tanh</math>
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -7292,76 +8141,76 @@ spacing.
<node name="Math-accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Math accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math functions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math. These are different from accents in normal text
(<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math acute accent: <math>\acute{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math bar-over accent: <math>\bar{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math breve accent: <math>\breve{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check) accent: <math>\check{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dieresis accent: <math>\ddot{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dot accent: <math>\dot{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math grave accent: <math>\grave{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <math>\hat{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dotless i.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dotless j.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math ring accent: <accent type="ring">x</accent>. <!-- c don't bother implementing in texinfo -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math tilde accent: <math>\tilde{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math vector symbol: <math>\vec{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide hat accent: <math>\widehat{x+y}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide tilde accent: <math>\widetilde{x+y}</math>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -7371,8 +8220,8 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
<node name="Spacing-in-math-mode" spaces=" "><nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spacing in math mode</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In a <code>math</code> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces that you use
in the source, and instead puts in the spacing according to the normal
@@ -7385,39 +8234,39 @@ math symbols family (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of lengt
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="699">\;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="700">\thickspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="766">\;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="767">\thickspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. The longer name is
<code>\thickspace</code>. Math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\:</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&gt;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="701">\:</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="702">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="703">\medspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="768">\:</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="769">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="770">\medspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. The longer name is
<code>\medspace</code>. Math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\,</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="704">\,</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="705">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="771">\,</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="772">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Normally <code>3mu</code>. The longer name is <code>\thinspace</code>. This can
-be used in both math mode and text mode.
+be used in both math mode and text mode. <xref label="_005cthinspace"><xrefnodename>\thinspace</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\!</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="706">\!</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="773">\!</indexterm></findex>
<para>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. Math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\quad</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">quad</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="707">\quad</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">quad</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="774">\quad</indexterm></findex>
<para>This is 18<dmn>mu</dmn>, that is, 1<dmn>em</dmn>. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available
in both text and math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\qquad</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="708">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="775">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
<para>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36<dmn>mu</dmn> = 2<dmn>em</dmn>. It is available in
both text and math mode.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -7434,85 +8283,106 @@ infinitesimal.
<node name="Math-miscellany" spaces=" "><nodename>Math miscellany</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math miscellany</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709">\*</indexterm>\*</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">discretionary multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>A &textldquo;discretionary&textrdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
-allowed.
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="776">\*</indexterm>\*</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382">discretionary multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>A <dfn>discretionary</dfn> multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
+allowed. Without the break multiplication is implicitly indicated by a
+space, while in the case of a break a <U>00D7</U> symbol is
+printed immediately before the break. So
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+Now \(A_3 = 0\), hence the product of all terms \(A_1\)
+through \(A_4\), that is \(A_1\* A_2\* A_3 \* A_4\), is
+equal to zero.
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>will make that sort of output<!-- c -->
+<w> </w>(the ellipsis <samp>[&dots;]</samp> is here to show the line break at
+the same place as in a &tex; output)<!-- c -->
+:
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
+<indentedblock endspaces=" ">
+<para>Now <math>A_3 = 0</math>,
+[&dots;]
+<math>A_1</math>
+through <math>A_4</math>, that is <math>A_1 A_2 \times</math>&linebreak;<math>A_3 A_4</math>, is
+equal to zero.
+</para></indentedblock>
+
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="777">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
<tex endspaces=" ">
As in: &textlsquo;$\cdots$&textrsquo;.
</tex>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="778">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A diagonal ellipsis: <math>\ddots</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712">\frac&lbrace;num&rbrace;&lbrace;den&rbrace;</indexterm>\frac&lbrace;num&rbrace;&lbrace;den&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="713">\frac</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="779">\frac&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>den</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\frac&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>den</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="780">\frac</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Produces the fraction <var>num</var> divided by <var>den</var>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="715">\right</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The two delimiters need not match; <samp>.</samp> acts as a null delimiter,
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="781">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="782">\right</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The two delimiters need not match; <samp>.</samp> acts as a <dfn>null delimiter</dfn>,
producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math
-in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</code>.
+in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_&lbrace;i=1&rbrace;^&lbrace;10&rbrace; a_i \right]</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="783">\mathdollar</indexterm>\mathdollar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784">\mathellipsis</indexterm>\mathellipsis</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: &dots;.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785">\mathparagraph</indexterm>\mathparagraph</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode: <U>00B6</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786">\mathsection</indexterm>\mathsection</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Section sign in math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>.
-For example, <math>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</math>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787">\mathsterling</indexterm>\mathsterling</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717">\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788">\mathunderscore</indexterm>\mathunderscore</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Underscore in math mode: _.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates a brace over <var>math</var>.
+For example, <code>\overbrace&lbrace;x+\cdots+x&rbrace;^&lbrace;k \;\textrm&lbrace;times&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790">\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>.
-For example, <math>\overline{x+y}</math>.
+For example, <code>\overline&lbrace;x+y&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;arg&rbrace;</indexterm>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;arg&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;<var>arg</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;<var>arg</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The
optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce. For
example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as
-<code>$\sqrt[3]&lbrace;x+y&rbrace;$</code>.
-<tex endspaces=" ">
-In &tex;, the result looks like this:
-$\root 3 \of x+y$.
-</tex>
+<code>\sqrt[3]&lbrace;x+y&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719">\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792">\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. For example,
<code>\stackrel&lbrace;f&rbrace;&lbrace;\longrightarrow&rbrace;</code>.
-<tex endspaces=" ">
-In &tex;, the result looks like this:
-$\buildrel f \over \longrightarrow$.
-</tex>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720">\underbrace&lbrace;math&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;math&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath.
-<tex endspaces=" ">
-In &tex;, the result looks like this:
-$\underbrace{x+y+z}_{&gt;\,0}$.
-</tex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793">\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. For example, <code>\underbrace&lbrace;x+y+z&rbrace;_&lbrace;&gt;\,0&rbrace;</code>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721">\underline&lbrace;text&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;text&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794">\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of
descenders.
-<tex endspaces=" ">
-In &tex;, the result looks like this:
-$\underline{xyz}$
-</tex>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="723">\vdots</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
-<tex endspaces=" ">
-In &tex;, the result looks like this:
-$\vdots$.
-</tex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -7522,11 +8392,11 @@ $\vdots$.
<node name="Modes" spaces=" "><nodename>Modes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Modes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">modes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">modes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
<para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
modes:
@@ -7550,7 +8420,7 @@ input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages.
<para>&latex; is in <dfn>math mode</dfn> when it&textrsquo;s generating a mathematical
formula, either displayed math or within a line.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="724">\mbox<r>, and LR mode</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="796">\mbox<r>, and LR mode</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>In <dfn>LR mode</dfn>, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output
that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.
However, unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to
@@ -7570,13 +8440,58 @@ When &latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to
be in &textldquo;inner paragraph mode&textrdquo; (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph
mode, which it starts out in, is called &textldquo;outer paragraph mode&textrdquo;.
</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ensuremath</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ensure that math mode is active
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+<node name="_005censuremath" spaces=" "><nodename>\ensuremath</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Modes</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ensuremath</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ensuremath&lbrace;<var>formula</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <code>\ensuremath</code> command ensures that <var>formula</var> is typeset in
+math mode whatever the current mode in which the command is used.
+</para>
+<para>For instance:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;report&rbrace;
+\newcommand&lbrace;\ab&rbrace;&lbrace;\ensuremath&lbrace;(\delta, \varepsilon)&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+Now, the \ab\ pair is equal to \(\ab = (\frac&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;\pi&rbrace;, 0)\), ...
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+<para>One can redefine commands that can be used only in math mode so that
+they ca be used in any mode like in the following example given for
+<code>\leadsto</code>:
+</para>
+<!-- c Vincent 2 Karl : "Tous les chemins mènent à Rome" is a French saying -->
+<!-- c meaning that there are many different ways to get the same result. I -->
+<!-- c am not sure whether in English the given example is also funny. -->
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;report&rbrace;
+\usepackage&lbrace;amssymb&rbrace;
+\newcommand&lbrace;\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;
+\let\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo\leadsto
+\renewcommand\leadsto&lbrace;\ensuremath&lbrace;\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+All roads \leadsto\ Rome.
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Page-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Page styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spaces</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Modes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of
the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
@@ -7592,8 +8507,8 @@ the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them
<node name="_005cmaketitle" spaces=" "><nodename>\maketitle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\maketitle</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="725">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="797">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title
page&textmdash;except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed
@@ -7601,30 +8516,30 @@ at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
is obtained from the following declarations:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726">\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="727">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="728">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="798">\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="799">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="800">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the
argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use
<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author&textrsquo;s entry&textmdash;for
example, to give the author&textrsquo;s institution or address.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="801">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document&textrsquo;s
date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxref>)
is used.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title,
usually used for credit acknowledgements.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="732">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="804">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the
document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.
</para>
@@ -7635,8 +8550,8 @@ document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.
<node name="_005cpagenumbering" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagenumbering</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\maketitle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagenumbering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="733">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="805">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7670,10 +8585,10 @@ the following:
<node name="_005cpagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagestyle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thispagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagestyle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="734">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">header style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="806">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">header style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7704,7 +8619,7 @@ goes in the headers.
<para>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A &textldquo;left-hand heading&textrdquo;
(<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before
the end of the page, while a &textldquo;right-hand heading&textrdquo; (<var>right</var>) is
@@ -7712,7 +8627,7 @@ generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that
comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
the page.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736">\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808">\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -7722,7 +8637,7 @@ the page.
<node name="_005cthispagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thispagestyle&lbrace;<var>style</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="737">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="809">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the
<code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it
@@ -7734,8 +8649,8 @@ changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only.
<node name="Spaces" spaces=" "><nodename>Spaces</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spaces</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">white space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403">white space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
</para>
@@ -7743,11 +8658,11 @@ changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only.
<menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal space
</pre></menucomment><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fixed horizontal space.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space after a period.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE) after CS</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Controlling space gobbling after a control sequence.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frenchspacing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make interword and intersentence space equal.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space after a period.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE) after control sequence</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space (gobbling) after a control sequence.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frenchspacing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thinspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">One-sixth of an em.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\/</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert italic correction.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\/</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert italic correction.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hrulefill \dotfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve">
Vertical space
@@ -7761,7 +8676,7 @@ Vertical space
<node name="_005chspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\hspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hfill</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="738">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="810">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7780,7 +8695,7 @@ space is like backspacing.
<para>Normally when &tex; breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white
space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you
get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both. This
-command&textrsquo;s starred version <code>\hspace*&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> puts a non-discardable
+command&textrsquo;s starred version <code>\hspace*&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> puts a non-discardable
invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the
output.
</para>
@@ -7796,28 +8711,28 @@ from the right margin.
<node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="739">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="811">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produce a rubber length which has
no natural space but can stretch horizontally as far as
needed (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="740">\fill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="812">\fill</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\hfill</code> is equivalent to <code>\hspace&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code>. For
space that does not disappear at line breaks use
<code>\hspace*&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code> instead (<pxref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename>\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\(SPACE) after CS</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename>\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\(SPACE) after control sequence</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\(SPACE)</code> and \&arobase;</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="741">\(SPACE)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="742">\TAB</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="743">\NEWLINE</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="744">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="813">\(SPACE)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="814">\TAB</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="815">\NEWLINE</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="816">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="_005cAT">\AT</anchor><!-- c old name -->
<para>Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a
@@ -7830,7 +8745,7 @@ colon) more than the space between words
sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it
takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a
sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or
-bracket, or right single or double quote, then the intersentence space
+bracket, or right single or double quote, then the inter-sentence space
follows that parenthesis or quote.
</para>
<para>If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a
@@ -7839,76 +8754,56 @@ sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (<code>\ </code>) or
a tie (<code>~</code>). Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and
<code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.)\ for sale</code>.
</para>
-<para>For other use of <code>\ </code>, see also <ref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE) after CS</xrefnodename></ref>.
+<para>For another use of <code>\ </code>, <pxref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE) after control sequence</xrefnodename></pxref>.
</para>
<para>In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
-period that ends the sentence, then put <code>\&arobase;</code> on the left of that
-period. For example, <code>book by the MAA\&arobase;.</code> will have intersentence
+period that ends the sentence, then put <code>\&arobase;</code> before that period.
+For example, <code>book by the MAA\&arobase;.</code> will have inter-sentence
spacing after the period.
</para>
-<para>In contrast, putting <code>\&arobase;</code> on the right of a period tells &tex;
-that the period does not end the sentence. In the example
-<code>reserved words (if, then, etc.\&arobase;) are different</code>, &tex; will put
-interword space after the closing parenthesis (note that <code>\&arobase;</code> is
-before the parenthesis).
+<para>In contrast, putting <code>\&arobase;</code> after a period tells &tex; that the
+period does not end the sentence. In the example <code>reserved words
+(if, then, etc.\&arobase;) are different</code>, &tex; will put interword space
+after the closing parenthesis (note that <code>\&arobase;</code> is before the
+parenthesis).
</para>
+
</section>
-<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS" spaces=" "><nodename>\(SPACE) after CS</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ </code> after a control sequence</sectiontitle>
+<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" spaces=" "><nodename>\(SPACE) after control sequence</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ </code> after control sequence</sectiontitle>
-<para>The <code>\ </code> command is often used after control sequences to keep them
-from gobbling the space that follows, as in <code>\TeX\ is a nice
-system.</code> And, under normal circumstances <code>\</code><key>tab</key> and
-<code>\</code><key>newline</key> are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. For other use of
+<para>The <code>\ </code> command is often used after control sequences to keep
+them from gobbling the space that follows, as in <samp>\TeX\ is nice</samp>.
+And, under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><key>tab</key> and
+<code>\</code><key>newline</key> are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. For another use of
<code>\ </code>, see also <ref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
<para>Some people prefer to use <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> for the same purpose, as in
-<code>\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace; is a nice system.</code> This has the advantage that you can
-always write it the same way, like <code>\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>, whether it is
-followed by a space or by a punctuation mark. Please compare:
+<code>\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace; is nice</code>. This has the advantage that you can always
+write it the same way, namely <code>\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>, whether it is followed
+by a space or by a punctuation mark. Compare:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system.&linebreak;
\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace; is a nice system. \TeX&lbrace;&rbrace;, a nice system.
</pre></example>
-
-<para>When you define user commands (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) you
-can prevent the space gobbling after the command by using the package
-<code>xspace</code> and inserting <code>\xspace</code> at the end of the definition
-For instance:
-</para><example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;minimal&rbrace;
-\usepackage&lbrace;xspace&rbrace;
-\newcommand*&lbrace;\Loup&rbrace;&lbrace;Grand Cric\xspace&rbrace;
-\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
-Que le \Loup me croque !
-\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>A quick hack to use <code>\xspace</code> for existing command is as follows:
-</para><example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;minimal&rbrace;
-\usepackage&lbrace;xspace&rbrace;
-\newcommand*&lbrace;\SansXspaceTeX&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;
-\let\SansXspaceTeX\TeX
-\renewcommand&lbrace;\TeX&rbrace;&lbrace;\SansXspaceTeX\xspace&rbrace;
-\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
-\TeX is a nice system.
-\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406"><r>package</r>, <code>xspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407"><code>xspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Some individual commands, notably those defined with the <code>xspace</code>,
+package do not follow the standard behavior.
+</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005cfrenchspacing" spaces=" "><nodename>\frenchspacing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) after CS</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cfrenchspacing" spaces=" "><nodename>\frenchspacing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) after control sequence</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frenchspacing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="745">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="746">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">spacing, intersentence</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="817">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="818">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
<para>This declaration (from Plain &tex;) causes &latex; to treat
-intersentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
+inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
</para>
<para>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including
English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other
@@ -7922,7 +8817,7 @@ declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally.
<node name="_005cthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6<dmn>em</dmn></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="747">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="819">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
<para><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested
@@ -7933,8 +8828,8 @@ quotes, as in &textrsquo;<dmn></dmn>&textrdquo;.<!-- c Abuse @dmn, which is a th
<node name="_005c_002f" spaces=" "><nodename>\/</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hrulefill \dotfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="748">\/</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="820">\/</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <dfn>italic correction</dfn>. This is a
small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
@@ -7972,8 +8867,8 @@ in a different way.
<node name="_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hrulefill \dotfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addvspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\/</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="749">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="750">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="821">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
<para>Produce an infinite rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) filled with a
horizontal rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of just white
@@ -8003,9 +8898,9 @@ length of 0.33<dmn>em</dmn> to 1.00<dmn>em</dmn>.
<node name="_005caddvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\addvspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hrulefill \dotfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addvspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="751">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="823">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\addvspace&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;</code>
</para>
@@ -8016,10 +8911,10 @@ then this command will not add more space than what is needed to make
the natural length of the total vertical space equal to <var>length</var>.
</para>
<para>Use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
-environment that starts a new paragraph. (For instance, a Theorem
-environment is defined to begin and end in <code>\addvspace&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> so
-that two consecutive Theorem&textrsquo;s are separated by one vertical space, not
-two.)
+environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a Theorem
+environment is defined to begin and end with <code>\addvspace&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>
+so that two consecutive Theorem&textrsquo;s are separated by one vertical space,
+not two.
</para>
<para>This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -8035,40 +8930,37 @@ change that is to precede this command with a <code>\par</code> command.
<para>These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the
document class.
</para>
-<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\bigskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="752">\bigskip</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="753">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="824">\bigskip</indexterm>\bigskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="825">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\bigskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\medskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="754">\medskip</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="755">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="826">\medskip</indexterm>\medskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\medskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about half of
a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code>
and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\smallskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="756">\smallskip</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="757">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="828">\smallskip</indexterm>\smallskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="829">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\smallskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus
1pt</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
</section>
<node name="_005cvfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\vfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="758">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="830">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length
(<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) that is infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far
@@ -8099,9 +8991,9 @@ Lost Dog!
<node name="_005cvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\vspace</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\vfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vspace&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="759">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="831">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of these two:
</para>
@@ -8113,9 +9005,13 @@ Lost Dog!
<para>Add the vertical space <var>length</var>. This can be negative or positive,
and is a rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>&latex; removes the vertical space from <code>\vfill</code> at a page break,
-that is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version
-<code>\vspace*&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> causes the space to stay.
+<para>&latex; removes the vertical space from <code>\vspace</code> at a page
+break, that is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version
+<code>\vspace*&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> causes the space to stay.
+</para>
+<para>If <code>\vspace</code> is used in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
+horizontal mode), the space is inserted <emph>after</emph> the line with
+the <code>\vspace</code> command. A new paragraph is not started.
</para>
<para>In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on
the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
@@ -8136,7 +9032,7 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
<node name="Boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special insertions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spaces</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Boxes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>All the predefined length parameters (<pxref label="Predefined-lengths"><xrefnodename>Predefined lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) can be
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
@@ -8157,9 +9053,9 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
<node name="_005cmbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\mbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fbox and \framebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mbox&lbrace;<var>text&rbrace;</var></code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="760">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="832">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
text created by its argument. The <var>text</var> is not broken into
lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
@@ -8169,8 +9065,8 @@ lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
<node name="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\fbox and \framebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">lrbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\mbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="761">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="762">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="833">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="834">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -8187,8 +9083,8 @@ specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument
(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var>
argument. <!-- c xxref -->
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="763">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="764">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="835">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="836">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default
<samp>.4pt</samp>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default
<samp>3pt</samp>) between the rule and the contents of the box.
@@ -8201,21 +9097,27 @@ argument. <!-- c xxref -->
<node name="lrbox" spaces=" "><nodename>lrbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fbox and \framebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>lrbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="765">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="837">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\begin&lbrace;lrbox&rbrace;&lbrace;cmd&rbrace; text \end&lbrace;lrbox&rbrace;</code>
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
-<para>This is the environment form of <code>\sbox</code>.
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;lrbox&rbrace;&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
+ <var>text </var>
+\end&lbrace;lrbox&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>This is the environment form of <ref label="_005csbox"><xrefnodename>\sbox</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><code>\sbox</code></xrefinfoname></ref>.
</para>
-<para>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <code>cmd</code>, which
-must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.
+<para>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>,
+which must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cmakebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">lrbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="766">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="838">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8249,7 +9151,7 @@ stretchable space for this to work.
<node name="_005cparbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\parbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raisebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="767">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="839">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8274,9 +9176,13 @@ containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
</tableterm><tableitem><para>the text that goes inside the parbox.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<para>The optional <var>position</var> argument allows you to align either the
-top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding
-text (default is top).
+<para>By default &latex; will position vertically a parbox so its center
+lines up with the center of the surrounding text line. When the
+optional <var>position</var> argument is present and equal either to <samp>t</samp>
+or <samp>b</samp>, this allows you respectively to align either the top or
+bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text. You
+may also specify <samp>m</samp> for <var>position</var> to get the default
+behaviour.
</para>
<para>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box.
</para>
@@ -8300,12 +9206,12 @@ for this to work.
<node name="_005craisebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\raisebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\savebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\parbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raisebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="768">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="840">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\raisebox&lbrace;distance&rbrace;[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]&lbrace;text&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\raisebox&lbrace;<var>distance</var>&rbrace;[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>. The first
@@ -8313,9 +9219,9 @@ mandatory argument specifies how high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or
lowered if it is a negative amount). <var>text</var> itself is processed
in LR mode.
</para>
-<para>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions.
-If they are specified, &latex; treats <var>text</var> as extending a
-certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth),
+<para>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. If
+they are specified, &latex; treats <var>text</var> as extending a certain
+distance above the baseline (<var>height</var>) or below (<var>depth</var>),
ignoring its natural height and depth.
</para>
@@ -8323,7 +9229,7 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth.
<node name="_005csavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\savebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raisebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\savebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="769">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="841">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8341,7 +9247,7 @@ declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewsavebox"><xrefnode
<node name="_005csbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\sbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\savebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sbox&lbrace;<var>\boxcmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="770">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="842">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8360,7 +9266,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
<node name="_005cusebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\usebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\sbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usebox&lbrace;<var>\boxcmd</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="771">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="843">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8377,366 +9283,393 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
<node name="Special-insertions" spaces=" "><nodename>Special insertions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Special insertions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">special insertions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">special insertions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Reserved characters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting <samp># $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ &lbrace; &rbrace;</samp>
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Text symbols</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Accents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting accents.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Non-English characters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-English characters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\rule</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting lines and rectangles.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\today</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting today&textrsquo;s date.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Reserved characters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting <samp># $ % &amp; &lbrace; &rbrace; _ ~ ^ \</samp>
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Symbols by font position</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting font symbols by number.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Text symbols</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Accents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting accents.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Additional Latin letters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-English characters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\rule</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting lines and rectangles.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\today</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting today&textrsquo;s date.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="Reserved-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Reserved characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Text symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Reserved-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Reserved characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Reserved characters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called
-&textldquo;reserved characters&textrdquo; or &textldquo;special characters&textrdquo;.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">characters, special</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>&latex; sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for
+example, the percent sign&nbsp;<code>%</code> is for comments) so they are
+called <dfn>reserved characters</dfn> or <dfn>special characters</dfn>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve"># $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ &lbrace; &rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve"># $ % &amp; &lbrace; &rbrace; _ ~ ^ \
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="772">\#</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="773">\$</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="774">\%</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="775">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="776">\_</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="777">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="778">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex;
-will do something special. If you simply want the character to be
-printed as itself, include a <code>\</code> in front of the character. For
-example, <code>\$</code> will produce <code>$</code> in your output.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="844">\#</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="845">\$</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="846">\%</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="847">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848">\_</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<para>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
+body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
+put a backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
+<code>\$1.23</code> will produce&nbsp;<code>$1.23</code> in your output.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851">\~</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="852">\^</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="853">\textbackslash</indexterm></findex>
+<para>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
+use <code>\~&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
+character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text
+body font circumflex use <code>\^&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>. A text body font backslash
+results from <code>\textbackslash&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="779">\backslash</indexterm></findex>
-<para>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has
-its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by
-typing <code>$\backslash$</code> in your file, and a typewriter <code>\</code> is
-produced by using <samp>\</samp> in a verbatim command (<pxref label="verbatim"><xrefnodename>verbatim</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
+<code>\verb!!</code>, as below.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="780">\~</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="781">\^</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over
-the following letter, as in <accent type="tilde">o</accent> and <accent type="circ">o</accent> (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>); to get
-a standalone <code>~</code> or <code>^</code>, you can again use a verbatim
-command.
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ \# \$ \% \&amp; \&lbrace; \&rbrace; \_ \~&lbrace;&rbrace; \^&lbrace;&rbrace; \textbackslash \\
+ \verb!# $ % &amp; &lbrace; &rbrace; _ ~ ^ \!
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>In that example the double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code> is only there to
+split the lines.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="782">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
-know its number by using the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the
-visible space character used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code
-decimal 32, so it can be typed as <code>\symbol&lbrace;32&rbrace;</code>.
+</section>
+<node name="Symbols-by-font-position" spaces=" "><nodename>Symbols by font position</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Text symbols</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Reserved characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Symbols by font position</sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="854">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">font symbols, by number</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>You can access any character of the current font using its number with
+the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character
+used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32, so it can be
+typed as <code>\symbol&lbrace;32&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<para>You can also specify octal numbers with <code>'</code> or hexadecimal numbers
-with <code>&quot;</code>, so the previous example could also be written as
-<code>\symbol&lbrace;'40&rbrace;</code> or <code>\symbol&lbrace;&quot;20&rbrace;</code>.
+<para>You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a <code>'</code>
+prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a <code>&quot;</code> prefix, so the previous
+example could also be written as <code>\symbol&lbrace;'40&rbrace;</code> or
+<code>\symbol&lbrace;&quot;20&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="Text-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Text symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Reserved characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Text-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Text symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Text symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="783">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="855">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="856">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="857">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The copyright symbol, &copyright;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="858">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="859">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The double dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="860">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="861">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex;2e logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790">\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791">\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="862">\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="863">\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="864">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="865">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
&laquo;, &raquo;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="796">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="866">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="867">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="868">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
<para>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &textlsquo;&dots;&textrsquo;. <code>\ldots</code>
and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="797">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="869">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Left (opening) quote: &textlsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="798">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="799">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="870">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="871">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow): <U>00B6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="800">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="801">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="872">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="873">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>English pounds sterling: &pound;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="874">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="875">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline:
&bdquo; and &sbquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="804">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="876">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Right (closing) quote: &textrsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="805">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Section symbol.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="877">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>\itemx \textsection
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+Section sign: <U>00A7</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="806">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="878">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &tex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="879">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ASCII circumflex: ^.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="880">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ASCII tilde: ~.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="809">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="881">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Centered asterisk: *.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="810">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="882">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Backslash: \.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="811">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="883">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Vertical bar: |.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="812">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="884">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double vertical bar.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="813">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="885">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Big circle symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="814">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="886">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Left brace: &lbrace;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="815">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="887">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Right brace: &rbrace;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="816">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="888">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Bullet: &bullet;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="817">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="889">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in &registered;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="818">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="819">\textcapitalwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="820">\textascenderwordmark</indexterm>\textascenderwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="890">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="891">\textcapitalcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalcompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="892">\textascendercompwordmark</indexterm>\textascendercompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Composite word mark (invisible). The <code>\textcapital...</code> form
has the cap height of the font, while the <code>\textascender...</code> form
has the ascender height.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="821">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="893">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dagger: <math>\dag</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="822">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="894">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double dagger: <math>\ddag</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="823">\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="895">\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dollar sign: $.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="824">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="896">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Em-dash: &textmdash; (for punctuation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="825">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="897">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>En-dash: &textndash; (for ranges).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="826">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="898">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The Euro symbol: &euro;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="827">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="899">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Upside down exclamation point: &iexcl;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="828">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="900">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Greater than: &gt;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="829">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="901">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Less than: &lt;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="830">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="902">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Left arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="831">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="832">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="903">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="904">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: &ordf;, &ordm;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="833">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Centered period: <math>\cdot</math>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="905">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Centered period: <U>00B7</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="834">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="906">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Upside down question mark: &iquest;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="835">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="907">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double left quote: &textldquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="836">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="908">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double right quote: &textrdquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="837">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="909">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Single left quote: &textlsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="838">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="910">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Single right quote: &textrsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="839">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="840">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="911">\textquotesingle</indexterm>\textquotesingle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">quote, single straight</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">straight single quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">single quote, straight</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="912">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="913">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="841">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="914">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Registered symbol: &registered;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="842">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="915">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Right arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="843">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="916">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="844">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Trademark symbol: <math>^{\hbox{TM}}</math>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="917">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Trademark symbol: <U>2122</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="845">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="918">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="846">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="919">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Underscore: _.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="847">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="920">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Visible space symbol.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
</section>
-<node name="Accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Non-English characters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Text symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Text symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527">accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475"><code>babel</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and
languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This
section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists
@@ -8748,134 +9681,134 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&quot;</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldieresis</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="922">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in <accent type="uml">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\'</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalacute</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850">\&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923">\&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces an acute accent, as in <accent type="acute">o</accent>. In the <code>tabbing</code>
environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
(<pxref label="tabbing"><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\.</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="852">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="925">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in <accent type="dotaccent">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\=</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalmacron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="853">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="854">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="926">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="927">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in <accent type="macr">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\^</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcircumflex</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="855">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="856">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="928">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in <accent type="circ">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\`</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalgrave</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="857">\&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="858">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930">\&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="931">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in <accent type="grave">o</accent>. In the
<code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin
(<pxref label="tabbing"><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\~</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltilde</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="859">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="860">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="932">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in <accent type="tilde">n</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="861">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in <accent type="ubaraccent">o</accent>. See
also <code>\underbar</code> hereinafter.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\c</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcedilla</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="862">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="863">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in <accent type="cedil">c</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\d</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldotaccent</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="864">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="865">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in <accent type="udotaccent">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\H</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="866">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="867">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in <accent type="doubleacute">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\i</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="868">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dotless i, as in &textlsquo;<dotless>i</dotless>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\j</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="869">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="942">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dotless j, as in &textlsquo;<dotless>j</dotless>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\k</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalogonek</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="870">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="871">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="944">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="ogon">o</accent>&textrsquo;. Not available in
the OT1 encoding.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\r</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalring</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="872">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="873">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="946">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a ring accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="ring">o</accent>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\t</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\newtie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalnewtie</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="874">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="875">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="876">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="877">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="947">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="948">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="949">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="950">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a tie-after accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="tieaccent">oo</accent>&textrsquo;. The
<code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\u</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalbreve</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="878">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="879">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="951">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="952">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a breve accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="breve">o</accent>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\underbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="880">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="953">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is
always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
@@ -8884,115 +9817,125 @@ See also <code>\b</code> above.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\v</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcaron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="881">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="882">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="954">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="955">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check, caron) accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="caron">o</accent>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
</section>
-<node name="Non_002dEnglish-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Non-English characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Non-English characters</sectiontitle>
+<node name="Additional-Latin-letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Additional Latin letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Additional Latin letters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">letters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
+<anchor name="Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</anchor>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559">Latin letters, additional</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="560">letters, additional Latin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="561">extended Latin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="562">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="563">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="564">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly
-used in languages other than English.
+<para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting letters (beyond
+A&textndash;Z) extending the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
+than English.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\aa</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AA</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="883">\aa (&aring;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="884">\AA (&Aring;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">aring</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="956">\aa (&aring;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="957">\AA (&Aring;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="565">aring</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aring; and &Aring;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ae</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="885">\ae (&aelig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="886">\AE (&AElig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="958">\ae (&aelig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="959">\AE (&AElig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="566">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aelig; and &AElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dh</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="887">\dh (&eth;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="888">\DH (&ETH;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="960">\dh (&eth;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="961">\DH (&ETH;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="567">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="568">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc>
+encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate
+font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dj</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="889">\dj</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="890">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="962">\dj</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="963">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
+available with <sc>OT1</sc> encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to
+select an alternate font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ij</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="891">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="892">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="964">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="965">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="569">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\l</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\L</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="893">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="894">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="966">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="967">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="570">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lslash; and &Lslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ng</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NG</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="895">\ng</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="896">\NG</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="968">\ng</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="969">\NG</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\o</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\O</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="897">\o (&oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="898">\O (&Oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="970">\o (&oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="971">\O (&Oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="571">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\oe</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="899">\oe (&oelig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="900">\OE (&OElig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="972">\oe (&oelig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="973">\OE (&OElig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="572">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oelig; and &OElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ss</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\SS</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="901">\ss (&szlig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="902">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="974">\ss (&szlig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="975">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="573">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="574">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&szlig; and SS.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\th</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\TH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="903">\th (&thorn;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="904">\TH (&THORN;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="976">\th (&thorn;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="977">\TH (&THORN;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="575">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="576">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc>
+encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate
+font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
</section>
-<node name="_005crule" spaces=" "><nodename>\rule</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\today</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Non-English characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005crule" spaces=" "><nodename>\rule</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\today</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rule</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="905">\rule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="978">\rule</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9019,16 +9962,30 @@ rectangles. The arguments are:
<node name="_005ctoday" spaces=" "><nodename>\today</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\rule</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\today</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="906">\today</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="979">\today</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="577">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\today</code> command produces today&textrsquo;s date, in the format
-<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>; for example, &textlsquo;July 4, 1976&textrsquo;.
+<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>; for example, <samp>July 4, 1976</samp>.
It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
<code>\year</code> (<pxref label="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"><xrefnodename>\day \month \year</xrefnodename></pxref>) to do this. It is not
updated as the program runs.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520"><code>datetime</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Multilingual packages like <file>babel</file> or classes like <file>lettre</file>,
+among others, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example, the following
+will output <samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4
+\documentclass&lbrace;minimal&rbrace;
+\usepackage[french]&lbrace;babel&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+\today
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="578"><r>package</r>, <code>datetime</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="579"><code>datetime</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
of other date formats.
</para>
@@ -9038,13 +9995,16 @@ of other date formats.
<node name="Splitting-the-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Splitting the input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Splitting the input</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522">input file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="580">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="581">input file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it&textrsquo;s more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
-there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
+there is one that is the
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="582">root file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="583">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
+<dfn>root file</dfn>; it is the one whose name you type
when you run &latex;.
</para>
<para><xref label="filecontents"><xrefnodename>filecontents</xrefnodename></xref>, for an environment that allows bundling an
@@ -9060,7 +10020,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document.
<node name="_005cinclude" spaces=" "><nodename>\include</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\includeonly</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\include</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="907">\include</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="980">\include</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9075,9 +10035,9 @@ command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page
</para>
<para>Given an <code>\includeonly</code> command, the <code>\include</code> actions are
only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to
-<code>\includeonly</code>. See the next section.
+<code>\includeonly</code>. See <ref label="_005cincludeonly"><xrefnodename>\includeonly</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="584">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another <code>\include</code> command.
</para>
@@ -9086,7 +10046,7 @@ read by another <code>\include</code> command.
<node name="_005cincludeonly" spaces=" "><nodename>\includeonly</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\include</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\<code>includeonly</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="908">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="981">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9096,9 +10056,9 @@ read by another <code>\include</code> command.
<para>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by
subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. The list of filenames is
-comma-separated. Each <var>file</var> must exactly match a filename
-specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the selection to be
-effective.
+comma-separated. Each element <var>file1</var>, <var>file2</var>, &dots; must
+exactly match a filename specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the
+selection to be effective.
</para>
<para>This command can only appear in the preamble.
</para>
@@ -9107,7 +10067,7 @@ effective.
<node name="_005cinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\input</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\includeonly</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\input</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="909">\input</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="982">\input</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9140,10 +10100,10 @@ is tried (<samp>foo</samp> or <samp>foo.bar</samp>).
<node name="Tables-of-contents" spaces=" "><nodename>Tables of contents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Glossaries</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Tables of contents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="585">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="910">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="911">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="983">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="984">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code>
command. You put the command right where you want the table of
contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must
@@ -9154,16 +10114,16 @@ not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the
<code>\tableofcontents</code> command.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="912">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="913">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="914">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="915">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="985">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="986">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="987">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="988">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code>
produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from <file>.lof</file> and
<file>.lot</file> files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same
as for the table of contents.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="916">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="989">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and
<emph>prevents</emph> any of these lists from being generated.
</para>
@@ -9176,11 +10136,17 @@ as for the table of contents.
<node name="_005caddcontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addcontentsline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="917">\addcontentsline&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="990">\addcontentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="586">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\addcontentsline&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\addcontentsline</code>&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
-command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:
+<para>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command adds an entry to the specified list
+or table where:
</para>
<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">ext</itemformat></item>
@@ -9197,18 +10163,19 @@ following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The name of the sectional unit: <code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>,
<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, <code>subsubsection</code>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">lof</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>For the list of figures.
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>For the list of figures: <code>figure</code>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">lot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>For the list of tables.
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>For the list of tables: <code>table</code>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">entry</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">text</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text of the entry.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="918">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
-<para>What is written to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file is the
-command <code>\contentsline&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;</code>.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="991">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<para>What is written to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file is the command
+<code>\contentsline&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;</code>, where
+<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>.
</para>
<!-- c xx how hardwired are these values? other unit names? -->
@@ -9217,7 +10184,7 @@ command <code>\contentsline&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>name</var
<node name="_005caddtocontents" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocontents</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocontents</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="919">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="992">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\addtocontents</code>&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace; command adds text
(or formatting commands) directly to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file that
@@ -9239,22 +10206,22 @@ figures), or <file>lot</file> (list of tables).
<node name="Glossaries" spaces=" "><nodename>Glossaries</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Indexes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Glossaries</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="587">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="920">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="993">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921">\glossary</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="994">\glossary</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="588"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The command <code>\glossary&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> writes a glossary entry for
<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.glo</file> extension.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="922">\glossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="995">\glossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
<para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\glossaryentry&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pageno</var>&rbrace;</code>, where
<var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">glossary <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="589">glossary <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier
glossaries.
</para>
@@ -9263,37 +10230,37 @@ glossaries.
<node name="Indexes" spaces=" "><nodename>Indexes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Indexes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="590">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="996">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes. Put this in
the preamble.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924">\index</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="997">\index</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="591"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The command <code>\index&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> writes an index entry for
-<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.idx</file> extension.
+<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file named with the <file>.idx</file> extension.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="925">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="998">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
<para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\indexentry&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pageno</var>&rbrace;</code>, where <var>pageno</var>
is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="592">&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="593">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>To generate a index entry for &textlsquo;bar&textrsquo; that says &textlsquo;See foo&textrsquo;, use a
vertical bar: <code>\index&lbrace;bar|see&lbrace;foo&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>. Use <code>seealso</code>
instead of <code>see</code> to make a &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; entry.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="926">\seename</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="927">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="999">\seename</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1000">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
<para>The text &textlsquo;See&textrsquo; is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo;
by the macro <code>\alsoname</code>. These can be redefined for other
languages.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="594"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="595"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="596"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The generated <file>.idx</file> file is then sorted with an external
command, usually either <command>makeindex</command>
(<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</urefurl></url>) or (the
@@ -9301,23 +10268,26 @@ multi-lingual) <command>xindy</command> (<url><urefurl>http://xindy.sourceforge.
This results in a <file>.ind</file> file, which can then be read to typeset
the index.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="928">printindex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536"><code>makeidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1001">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="597"><r>package</r>, <code>makeidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="598"><code>makeidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command.
This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;makeidx&rbrace;</code> needs to be in the preamble.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929">indexspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1002">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new
letter in the printed index; its default value is <samp>10pt plus5pt
minus3pt</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537"><code>showidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="599"><r>package</r>, <code>showidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="600"><code>showidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in
the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in
preparing the index.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538"><code>multind</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="601"><r>package</r>, <code>multind</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="602"><code>multind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the
&tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</urefurl></url>.
@@ -9328,8 +10298,8 @@ preparing the index.
<node name="Letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Letters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">writing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="603">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="604">writing letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9343,7 +10313,7 @@ preparing the index.
<var>letter body</var>
\closing&lbrace;<var>closing text</var>&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;letter&rbrace;
- ... more letters ...
+... more letters ...
\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -9372,15 +10342,15 @@ backslash&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>). &latex; will put the <var>sender name</var>
under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional
hand-written signature; it also can contain multiple lines.
</para>
-<para>Each letter environment begins with a required <code>\opening</code> command
+<para>Each <code>letter</code> environment body begins with a required <code>\opening</code> command
such as <code>\opening&lbrace;Dear Madam or Sir:&rbrace;</code>. The <var>letter body</var>
-text is ordinary &latex; so it can contain everything from from
+text is ordinary &latex; so it can contain everything from
enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands such as
<code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off. Each
-letter environment typically ends with a <code>\closing</code> command such as
-<code>\closing&lbrace;Yours,&rbrace;</code>.
+<code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a <code>\closing</code>
+command such as <code>\closing&lbrace;Yours,&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1003">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc&lbrace;the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss&rbrace;</code>. There&textrsquo;s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for
@@ -9435,7 +10405,7 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
<node name="_005caddress" spaces=" "><nodename>\address</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cc</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\address</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="931">\address</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1004">\address</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9469,20 +10439,20 @@ formatted as a personal letter.
<node name="_005ccc" spaces=" "><nodename>\cc</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\closing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\address</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cc</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="932">\cc</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1005">\cc</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="605">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\cc&lbrace;<var>first name</var> \\
- .. &rbrace;
+ ... &rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent. This
command is optional. If it appears then typically it comes after
<code>\closing</code>. Separate multiple lines with a double
-backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
+backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>, as in:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\cc&lbrace;President \\
@@ -9494,14 +10464,14 @@ backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005cclosing" spaces=" "><nodename>\closing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\encl</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cc</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\closing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933">\closing</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1006">\closing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="606">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="607">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\closing&lbrace;text&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\closing&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Usually at the end of a letter, above the handwritten signature, there
@@ -9516,14 +10486,14 @@ is a <code>\closing</code> (although this command is optional). For example,
<node name="_005cencl" spaces=" "><nodename>\encl</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\location</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\closing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\encl</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934">\encl</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1007">\encl</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="608">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\encl&lbrace;<var>first enclosed object</var> \\
- .. &rbrace;
+ ... &rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is
@@ -9540,7 +10510,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005clocation" spaces=" "><nodename>\location</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makelabels</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\encl</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\location</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935">\location</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1008">\location</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9556,7 +10526,7 @@ appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
<node name="_005cmakelabels" spaces=" "><nodename>\makelabels</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\name</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\location</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makelabels</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1009">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9580,11 +10550,13 @@ address</var>). The <var>sender address</var> is the value returned by the macro
in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment. By default
<code>\mlabel</code> ignores the first argument, the <var>sender address</var>.
</para>
+<!-- c xxx TODO, align on latex2e-fr.texi, see https://mail.gna.org/public/latexrefman-discuss/2015-10/msg00000.html -->
+
</section>
<node name="_005cname" spaces=" "><nodename>\name</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\opening</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makelabels</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\name</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937">\name</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1010">\name</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9600,8 +10572,8 @@ return address.
<node name="_005copening" spaces=" "><nodename>\opening</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ps</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\name</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\opening</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938">\opening</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1011">\opening</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="609">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9610,7 +10582,7 @@ return address.
</pre></example>
<para>This command is required. It starts a letter, following the
-<code>\begin&lbrace;letter&rbrace;&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>. The mandatory argument <var>text</var> is the
+<code>\begin&lbrace;letter&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>. The mandatory argument <var>text</var> is the
text that starts your letter. For instance:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -9621,8 +10593,8 @@ text that starts your letter. For instance:
</section>
<node name="_005cps" spaces=" "><nodename>\ps</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\signature</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\opening</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ps</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939">\ps</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1012">\ps</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="610">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9634,7 +10606,7 @@ text that starts your letter. For instance:
<code>\closing</code>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\ps&lbrace;P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ps&lbrace;P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -9646,10 +10618,10 @@ text that starts your letter. For instance:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\signature&lbrace;<var>first line</var> \\
- .. &rbrace;
+ ... &rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940">\signature</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1013">\signature</indexterm></findex>
<para>The sender&textrsquo;s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is
usual.
@@ -9700,7 +10672,7 @@ preamble).
<node name="_005ctelephone" spaces=" "><nodename>\telephone</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\signature</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\telephone</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1014">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9719,8 +10691,8 @@ page.
<node name="Terminal-input_002foutput" spaces=" "><nodename>Terminal input/output</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Terminal input/output</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="611">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="612">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\typein</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from the terminal.
@@ -9731,19 +10703,19 @@ page.
<node name="_005ctypein" spaces=" "><nodename>\typein</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typeout</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]&lbrace;<var>msg</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="942">\typein</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1015">\typein</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\typein[<var>\cmd</var>]&lbrace;<var>msg</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\typein[\<var>cmd</var>]&lbrace;<var>msg</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para><code>\typein</code> prints <var>msg</var> on the terminal and causes &latex; to
stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If
-the optional <var>\cmd</var> argument is omitted, the typed input is
+the optional <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> argument is omitted, the typed input is
processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the
-<code>\typein</code> command. If the <var>\cmd</var> argument is present, it
+<code>\typein</code> command. If the <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> argument is present, it
must be a command name. This command name is then defined or
redefined to be the typed input.
</para>
@@ -9752,7 +10724,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input.
<node name="_005ctypeout" spaces=" "><nodename>\typeout</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\typein</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typeout&lbrace;<var>msg</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1016">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9777,9 +10749,9 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in
<node name="Command-line" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Document templates</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="613">command line</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="944">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1017">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
&tex; uses <file>.tex</file> as a default file extension. If you omit the
input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You can
@@ -9791,14 +10763,14 @@ error:
<pre xml:space="preserve">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945">&textndash;help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1018">&textndash;help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also
be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with <samp>-</samp> or
<samp>--</samp>. For a list of those options, try <samp>latex --help</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="946">\stop</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="614"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="615">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1019">\stop</indexterm></findex>
<para>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
<samp>*</samp> prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code>
(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
@@ -9810,8 +10782,8 @@ be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with <samp>-</samp> or
<node name="Document-templates" spaces=" "><nodename>Document templates</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Concept Index</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<appendix spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document templates</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">templates, document</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="616">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="617">templates, document</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
@@ -9827,8 +10799,8 @@ be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
<node name="beamer-template" spaces=" "><nodename>beamer template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">book template</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>beamer</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="618"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="619">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
array of features, but here is a basic template:
@@ -9865,7 +10837,7 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
<node name="book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>book template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tugboat template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">beamer template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>book</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="620">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
<verbatim xml:space="preserve">
\documentclass{book}
@@ -9891,15 +10863,16 @@ The end.
<node name="tugboat-template" spaces=" "><nodename>tugboat template</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tugboat</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">template, TUGboat</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">TUGboat template</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559"><code>ltugboat</code> class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="621">template, TUGboat</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="622">TUGboat template</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="623"><code>ltugboat</code> class</indexterm></cindex>
<para><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group,
<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<verbatim xml:space="preserve">
\documentclass{ltugboat}
+
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
@@ -9908,6 +10881,8 @@ The end.
\usepackage{url}
\fi
+%%% Start of metadata %%%
+
\title{Example \TUB\ article}
% repeat info for each author.
@@ -9916,51 +10891,56 @@ The end.
\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
+%%% End of metadata %%%
+
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
This is an example article for \TUB{}.
+Please write an abstract.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
-This is an example article for \TUB, from
+This is an example article for \TUB, linked from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
-\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output.
-Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
-
-The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more:
+\texttt{hyperref} package if active urls are desired (in the \acro{PDF}
+output). Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
+The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations (and many more):
% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
-\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX
-\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
-\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP
+\mf \MFB
+\plain \POBox \PS
+\SGML \TANGLE \TB \TP
\TUB \TUG \tug
-\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
+\UNIX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
-\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
-\careof \thinskip
+\, \bull \Dash \dash \hyph
\acro{FRED} -&gt; {\small[er] fred} % please use!
\cs{fred} -&gt; \fred
-\env{fred} -&gt; \begin{fred}
\meta{fred} -&gt; &lt;fred&gt;
\nth{n} -&gt; 1st, 2nd, ...
\sfrac{3/4} -&gt; 3/4
\booktitle{Book of Fred}
\end{verbatim}
-For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
-\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
-(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references).
+For references to other \TUB\ issue, please use the format
+\textsl{volno:issno}, e.g., ``\TUB\ 32:1'' for our \nth{100} issue.
+
+This file is just a template. The \TUB\ style documentation is the
+\texttt{ltubguid} document at \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}. (For
+\CTAN\ references, where sensible we recommend that form of url, using
+\texttt{/pkg/}; or, if you need to refer to a specific file location,
+\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.)
Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.