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-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml6527
1 files changed, 4472 insertions, 2055 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
index 7be3644661f..2658617dce8 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
@@ -1,20 +1,30 @@
<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V6.0//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/6.0/texinfo.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V6.4//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/6.4/texinfo.dtd">
<texinfo xml:lang="en">
<filename file="latex2e.xml"></filename>
<preamble>\input texinfo
-</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 561 2017-07-21 15:19:34Z karl $ -->
+</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 613 2018-03-21 18:48:08Z jimhefferon $ -->
<!-- comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<setfilename file="latex2e.info" spaces=" ">latex2e.info</setfilename>
-<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED November 2016">November 2016</set>
-<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (November 2016)</settitle>
+<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED March 2018">March 2018</set>
+<set name="LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE" line=" LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/
+">http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</set>
+<set name="LTXREFMAN_BUGS" line=" LTXREFMAN_BUGS latexrefman@@tug.org
+">latexrefman@@tug.org</set>
+<clear name="HAS-MATH" line=" HAS-MATH
+"></clear>
+<macro name="iftexthenelse" line=" iftexthenelse {then,else}
+"><formalarg>then</formalarg><formalarg>else</formalarg>\else\@c
+</macro>
+
+
+<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)</settitle>
<!-- comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<!-- c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, -->
<!-- c xx but latex2e stuff is missing. -->
<!-- c xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file -->
<!-- c -->
-<!-- c xx misc commands from clsguide.pdf -->
<!-- c xx ending a run with errors -->
<!-- c xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX -->
<!-- c xx classes and packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts -->
@@ -25,6 +35,7 @@
<!-- c xx merge latex-manual from savannah -->
<!-- c xx merge display style math -->
<!-- c xx vertical mode, horizontal mode -->
+<!-- c xx JH Discuss restricted execution -->
<!-- c -->
<!-- c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel -->
<!-- c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. -->
@@ -33,7 +44,7 @@
<copying endspaces=" ">
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of November 2016.
+document preparation system, version of March 2018.
</para>
<para>This manual was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in
the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -48,7 +59,7 @@ Group as <cite>&tex;niques</cite> number 10), as reference material (no
text was directly copied).
</para>
<para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
-2014, 2015, 2016 Karl Berry.&linebreak;
+2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry.&linebreak;
Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak;
Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
</para>
@@ -80,13 +91,12 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></direntry>
<tex endspaces=" ">
-\global\hbadness=4444 % don&textrsquo;t complain much
</tex>
<titlepage endspaces=" ">
<title spaces=" ">&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
-<subtitle spaces=" ">November 2016</subtitle>
-<author spaces=" "><url><urefurl>http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</urefurl></url></author>
+<subtitle spaces=" ">March 2018</subtitle>
+<author spaces=" "><url><urefurl>http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</urefurl></url></author>
<page></page>
<vskip> 0pt plus 1filll</vskip>
<insertcopying></insertcopying>
@@ -100,26 +110,24 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
</macro>
<macro name="BESU" line=" BESU {utf8,math}"><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\}
</macro>
-<macro name="iftexthenelse" line=" iftexthenelse {then,else}"><formalarg>then</formalarg><formalarg>else</formalarg>\else\@c
-</macro>
<macro name="EnvIndex" line=" EnvIndex {env}"><formalarg>env</formalarg>@findex @r{environment}, @code{\env\}
@findex @code{\env\} @r{environment}
+
</macro>
<macro name="PkgIndex" line=" PkgIndex {pkg}"><formalarg>pkg</formalarg>@cindex @r{package}, @code{\pkg\}
@cindex @code{\pkg\} @r{package}
+
</macro>
<set name="NotInPlainTeX" line=" NotInPlainTeX Not available in plain @TeX{}.">Not available in plain @TeX{}.</set>
<set name="NeedsAMSSymb" line=" NeedsAMSSymb @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{amssymb} package.">@value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{amssymb} package.</set>
<set name="NeedsSTIX" line=" NeedsSTIX @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{stix} package.">@value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{stix} package.</set>
-<clear name="HAS-MATH" line=" HAS-MATH "></clear>
-
<node name="Top" spaces=" "><nodename>Top</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">About this document</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">(dir)</nodeup></node>
<top spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</sectiontitle>
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-November 2016) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
+March 2018) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">About this document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -142,6 +150,8 @@ November 2016) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Page styles</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Various styles of page layout.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Spaces</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal and vertical space.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Boxes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Making boxes.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Color</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Defining and using colors.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Graphics</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Importing graphics from outside &latex;.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Special insertions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting reserved and special characters.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Splitting the input</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Dealing with big files by splitting.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Front/back matter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
@@ -158,31 +168,31 @@ November 2016) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
<node name="About-this-document" spaces=" "><nodename>About this document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Overview</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Top</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>About this document</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1">bug reporting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="2">reporting bugs</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1"><url><urefurl>http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</urefurl></url> <r>home page</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1"><url><urefurl>http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</urefurl></url> <r>home page</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>This is an unofficial reference manual for the &latex;2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the &tex;
typesetting program (<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>). This document&textrsquo;s home page is
-<url><urefurl>http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</urefurl></url>. That page has links to the
+<url><urefurl>http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</urefurl></url>. That page has links to the
current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and
subscriptions, and other infrastructure.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="3">&latex; vs.&noeos; &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1">&latex; vs.&noeos; &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In this document, we will mostly just use &textlsquo;&latex;&textrsquo; rather than
&textlsquo;&latex;2e&textrsquo;, since the previous version of &latex;&nbsp;(2.09) was
-retired many years ago.
+frozen decades ago.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="4">unofficial nature of this manual</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="5">&latex; Project team</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="2"><email><emailaddress>latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org</emailaddress></email> <r>email address</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="2">unofficial nature of this manual</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="3">&latex; Project team</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="2"><email><emailaddress>latexrefman&arobase;tug.org</emailaddress></email> <r>email address</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; is currently maintained by a group of volunteers
(<url><urefurl>http://latex-project.org</urefurl></url>). The official documentation written by
the &latex; project is available from their web site. This document is
completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex;
-maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this
-document to them. Instead, please send all comments to
-<email><emailaddress>latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org</emailaddress></email>.
+maintainers.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="4">bug reporting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="5">reporting bugs</indexterm></cindex>
+Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
+Instead, please send all comments to <email><emailaddress>latexrefman&arobase;tug.org</emailaddress></email>.
</para>
<para>This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources
of information about &latex;, at all levels. Here are a few
@@ -199,8 +209,9 @@ introductions.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="5">usrguide <r>official documentation</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of &latex;;
-there are plenty of others available elsewhere.
+<para>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of &latex;.
+Many other guides by many other people are also available, independent
+of &latex; itself; one such is the next item:
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="6">lshort <r>document</r></indexterm></findex>
@@ -497,6 +508,7 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.&noeos; bugs).
<node name="Environment" spaces=" "><nodename>Environment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Declaration</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environments</sectiontitle>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -536,14 +548,18 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
</pre></example>
+</subsection>
<node name="Declaration" spaces=" "><nodename>Declaration</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makeatletter and \makeatother</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Environment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command declarations</sectiontitle>
<para>A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other
command or parameter. For instance, the <code>\mainmatter</code> command
changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic.
</para>
+</subsection>
<node name="_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" spaces=" "><nodename>\makeatletter and \makeatother</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Declaration</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code></sectiontitle>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -563,7 +579,7 @@ character category code, or
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="42">catcode</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">character category code</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="44">category code, character</indexterm></cindex>
-<dfn>catcode</dfn> for shorter. For instance, the backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> is
+<dfn>catcode</dfn> for short. For instance, the backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> is
assigned the catcode 0, for characters that start a command. These two
commands alter the catcode assigned to <code>&arobase;</code>.
</para>
@@ -577,46 +593,117 @@ So under the default category codes, user-defined commands cannot
contain an <code>&arobase;</code>. But <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code>
allow users to define or redefine commands named with <code>&arobase;</code>.
</para>
-<para>Use these inside a <file>.tex</file> file, in the preamble. Don&textrsquo;t use them
-inside <file>.sty</file> or <file>.cls</file> files since the <code>\usepackage</code>
-and <code>\documentclass</code> commands set the at sign to have the character
-code of a letter.
+<para>Use these two commands inside a <file>.tex</file> file, in the preamble, when
+defining or redefining a command with <code>&arobase;</code> in its name. Don&textrsquo;t use
+them inside <file>.sty</file> or <file>.cls</file> files since the
+<code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands set the at sign to
+have the character code of a letter.
</para>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45"><r>package</r>, <code>macros2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46"><code>macros2e</code> <r>package</r> For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>in their names, see document
-<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</urefurl></url>. These macros are mainly useful
-to package or class authors; examples that may be useful to document
-authors are provided hereinafter.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46"><code>macros2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign
+in their names see <url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</urefurl></url>. These macros are
+mainly intended to package or class authors.
</para>
-<para>The example code below, if put in the preamble, redefines the
-section command to center the section title, put it in bold type,
-and adjust the spacing.
+<para>The example below is typical. In the user&textrsquo;s class file is a command
+<code>\thesis&arobase;universityname</code>. The user wants to change the
+definition. These three lines should go in the preamble, before the
+<code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<!-- c xxx TODO, make \@startsection a separate node, see latex2e-fr.texi -->
-<!-- c From http://zoonek.free.fr/LaTeX/LaTeX_samples_section/0.html -->
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\makeatletter
-\renewcommand\section&lbrace;%
- \&arobase;startsection&lbrace;section&rbrace;% Name
- &lbrace;1&rbrace;% Level: 0=part, 1=chapter, etc.
- &lbrace;0pt&rbrace;% Heading indent
- &lbrace;-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex&rbrace;% Beforeskip (if neg, no head indent)
- &lbrace;2.3ex plus.2ex&rbrace;% Afterskip (if neg, run-in heading)
- &lbrace;\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries&rbrace;&rbrace; % Style of head
+\renewcommand&lbrace;\thesis&arobase;universityname&rbrace;&lbrace;Saint Michael's College&rbrace;
\makeatother
</pre></example>
-<!-- c xx TODO document \@ifstar, see latex2e-fr.texi -->
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;ifstar</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define your own commands with *-variants.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005c_0040ifstar" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;ifstar</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">\makeatletter and \makeatother</nodeup></node>
+<subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;ifstar</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="28">\&arobase;ifstar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">commands, star-variants</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48">star-variants, commands</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\mycmd&rbrace;&lbrace;\&arobase;ifstar&lbrace;\mycmd&arobase;star&rbrace;&lbrace;\mycmd&arobase;nostar&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\newcommand&lbrace;\mycmd&arobase;nostar&rbrace;[<var>non-starred command number of args</var>]&lbrace;<var>body of non-starred command</var>&rbrace;
+\newcommand&lbrace;\mycmd&arobase;star&rbrace;[<var>starred command number of args</var>]&lbrace;<var>body of starred command</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Many standard &latex; environments or commands have a variant with the
+same name but ending with a star character&nbsp;<code>*</code>, an asterisk.
+Examples are the <code>table</code> and <code>table*</code> environments and the
+<code>\section</code> and <code>\section*</code> commands.
+</para>
+<para>When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
+because <code>\newenvironment</code> and <code>\renewenvironment</code> allow the
+environment name to contain a star. For commands the situation is more
+complex. As in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command,
+given above as <code>\mycmd</code>, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed
+by a star. For instance, &latex; does not really have a
+<code>\section*</code> command; instead, the <code>\section</code> command peeks
+ahead. This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to
+one of two commands that do accept arguments. In the synopsis these two
+are <code>\mycmd&arobase;nostar</code> and <code>\mycmd&arobase;star</code>. They could take the
+same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all.
+As always, in a &latex; document a command using at-sign&nbsp;<code>&arobase;</code>
+must be enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
+(<pxref label="_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother"><xrefnodename>\makeatletter and \makeatother</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>This example of <code>\&arobase;ifstar</code> defines the command <code>\ciel</code> and a
+variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to
+<code>\ciel&lbrace;night&rbrace;</code> will return &quot;starry night sky&quot; while
+<code>\ciel*&lbrace;blue&rbrace;</code> will return &quot;starry not blue sky&quot;.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand*&lbrace;\ciel&arobase;unstarred&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;starry #1 sky&rbrace;
+\newcommand*&lbrace;\ciel&arobase;starred&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;starry not #1 sky&rbrace;
+\newcommand*&lbrace;\ciel&rbrace;&lbrace;\&arobase;ifstar&lbrace;\ciel&arobase;starred&rbrace;&lbrace;\ciel&arobase;unstarred&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+<para>In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
+arguments than does the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent
+007&textrsquo;s <code>``My name is \agentsecret*&lbrace;Bond&rbrace;,
+\agentsecret&lbrace;James&rbrace;&lbrace;Bond&rbrace;.''</code> is equivalent to <code>``My name is
+\textsc&lbrace;Bond&rbrace;, \textit&lbrace;James&rbrace; textsc&lbrace;Bond&rbrace;.''</code>
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand*&lbrace;\agentsecret&arobase;unstarred&rbrace;[2]&lbrace;\textit&lbrace;#1&rbrace; \textsc&lbrace;#2&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\newcommand*&lbrace;\agentsecret&arobase;starred&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\textsc&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\newcommand*&lbrace;\agentsecret&rbrace;&lbrace;\&arobase;ifstar&lbrace;\agentsecret&arobase;starred&rbrace;&lbrace;\agentsecret&arobase;unstarred&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work of
+<code>\&arobase;ifstar</code>. The <file>suffix</file> package allows the construct
+<code>\newcommand\mycommand&lbrace;<var>unstarred version</var>&rbrace;</code> followed by
+<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*&lbrace;<var>starred version</var>&rbrace;</code>. And
+&latex;3 has the <file>xparse</file> package that allows this code.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\NewDocumentCommand\foo&lbrace;s&rbrace;&lbrace;\IfBooleanTF#1
+ &lbrace;<var>starred version</var>&rbrace;%
+ &lbrace;<var>unstarred version</var>&rbrace;%
+ &rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsubsection>
+</subsection>
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Document-classes" spaces=" "><nodename>Document classes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Fonts</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Overview</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document classes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">document classes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="28">\documentclass</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">document classes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="29">\documentclass</indexterm></findex>
<para>The document&textrsquo;s overall class is defined with this command, which is
normally the first command in a &latex; source file.
@@ -625,11 +712,11 @@ normally the first command in a &latex; source file.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]&lbrace;<var>class</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="29">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="30">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="31">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="32">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="33">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="30">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="31">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="32">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="33">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="34">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into &latex;.
(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
@@ -670,10 +757,10 @@ template</xrefnodename></pxref>).
<node name="Document-class-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Document class options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Additional packages</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document class options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">document class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">global options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">document class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54">global options</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can specify so-called <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> to
the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets.
@@ -685,9 +772,9 @@ To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma, as in:
<para>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="34">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
</para>
@@ -695,12 +782,12 @@ options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
<pre xml:space="preserve">10pt 11pt 12pt
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
size (these show height by width):
</para>
@@ -724,59 +811,63 @@ size (these show height by width):
</tableterm><tableitem><para>8.5 by 11&nbsp;inches (the default)
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43">\pdfpagewidth</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44">\pdfpageheight</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53"><r>package</r>, <code>geometry</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54"><code>geometry</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44">\pdfpagewidth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45">\pdfpageheight</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55"><r>package</r>, <code>geometry</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56"><code>geometry</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>When using one of the engines pdf&latex;, Lua&latex;, or Xe&latex;
(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set
the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
-<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document&textrsquo;s preamble. The
-<code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
+<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document&textrsquo;s preamble.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57"><r>package</r>, <code>geometry</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58"><code>geometry</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+</para>
+<para>The <code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
area and physical page size.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Miscellaneous other options:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">final</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a
black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">fleqn</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">centered equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">centered equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">landscape</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">leqno</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">openbib</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Use &textldquo;open&textrdquo; bibliography format.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">titlepage</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">notitlepage</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<code>report</code> class is <code>titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is
@@ -785,12 +876,12 @@ for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<para>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">onecolumn</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twocolumn</itemformat></itemx>
@@ -798,8 +889,8 @@ for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">oneside</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twoside</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
<para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except
that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>.
</para>
@@ -816,7 +907,7 @@ being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and
<code>openright</code> for <code>book</code>, and <code>openany</code> for <code>report</code>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61">clock <r>option to <code>slides</code> class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62">clock <r>option to <code>slides</code> class</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</para>
@@ -825,10 +916,10 @@ the time at the bottom of each note.
<node name="Additional-packages" spaces=" "><nodename>Additional packages</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Document class options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Additional packages</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62">\usepackage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63">\usepackage</indexterm></findex>
<para>Load a package <var>pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
list <var>options</var>, as here.
</para>
@@ -840,8 +931,8 @@ list <var>options</var>, as here.
as in <code>\usepackage&lbrace;<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...&rbrace;</code>, or use multiple
<code>\usepackage</code> commands.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">global options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">options, global</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">global options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74">options, global</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<code>\usepackage</code>.
@@ -851,9 +942,9 @@ to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<node name="Class-and-package-construction" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package construction</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Additional packages</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package construction</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">document class commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">commands, document class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">new class commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">document class commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">commands, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">new class commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a
@@ -866,18 +957,18 @@ package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
package while a command to make the page headers say <code>Memo from the
SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74">class and package difference</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">difference between class and package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">class and package difference</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">difference between class and package</indexterm></cindex>
</para>
<para>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>&arobase;</code> as a
-character in command names without having to surround that command with
-<code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code>. <xref label="_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother"><xrefnodename>\makeatletter and
-\makeatother</xrefnodename></xref>. This allow you to create commands that users will not
-accidentally redefine. Another technique is to preface class- or
-package-specific commands with some string to prevent your class or
-package from interacting with others. For instance, the class
-<code>smcmemo</code> might have commands <code>\smc&arobase;tolist</code>,
-<code>\smc&arobase;fromlist</code>, etc.
+character in command names without having to surround the code
+containing that command with <code>\makeatletter</code> and
+<code>\makeatother</code>. <xref label="_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother"><xrefnodename>\makeatletter and \makeatother</xrefnodename></xref>. This allow
+you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine.
+Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with
+some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with
+others. For instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands
+<code>\smc&arobase;tolist</code>, <code>\smc&arobase;fromlist</code>, etc.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
@@ -887,39 +978,47 @@ package from interacting with others. For instance, the class
<node name="Class-and-package-structure" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package structure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package structure</sectiontitle>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">class and package structure</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">class file layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">package file layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">package options</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>A class file or package file typically has four parts. (1)&nbsp;In the
-identification part, the file says that it is a &latex; package or
-class and describes itself, using the <code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code> and
-<code>\ProvidesClass</code> or <code>\ProvidesPackage</code> commands. (2)&nbsp;The
-preliminary declarations part declares some commands and can also load
-other files. Usually these commands will be those needed for the code
-used in the next part. For example, an <code>smcmemo</code> class might be
-called with an option to read in a file with a list of people for the
-to-head, as <code>\documentclass[mathto]&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>, and therefore
-needs to define a command
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package structure</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">class and package structure</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">class file layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">package file layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">package options</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>A class file or package file typically has four parts.
+</para><enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
+<beforefirstitem><para>In the <dfn>identification part</dfn>, the file says that it is a &latex;
+package or class and describes itself, using the <code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code>
+and <code>\ProvidesClass</code> or <code>\ProvidesPackage</code> commands.
+</para></beforefirstitem><listitem>
+<para>The <dfn>preliminary declarations part</dfn> declares some commands and
+can also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed
+for the code used in the next part. For example, an <code>smcmemo</code>
+class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list of
+people for the to-head, as <code>\documentclass[mathto]&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>, and
+therefore needs to define a command
<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\setto&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\def\&arobase;tolist&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> used in that
-file. (3)&nbsp;In the handle options part the class or package declares
+file.
+</para></listitem><listitem>
+<para>In the <dfn>handle options part</dfn> the class or package declares
and processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their
document as <code>\documentclass[<var>option list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class
name</var>&rbrace;</code>, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you
declare <code>\documentclass[11pt]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> to set the default
-document font size. Finally, (4)&nbsp;in the more declarations part the
-class or package usually does most of its work: declaring new variables,
-commands and fonts, and loading other files.
-</para>
-<para>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <code>stub.cls</code>
+document font size.
+</para></listitem><listitem>
+<para>Finally, in the <dfn>more declarations part</dfn> the class or package usually does
+most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and
+loading other files.
+</para></listitem></enumerate>
+
+
+<para>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <file>stub.cls</file>
where &latex; can find it, for example in the same directory as the
-<code>.tex</code> file.
+<file>.tex</file> file.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;LaTeX2e&rbrace;
@@ -928,7 +1027,7 @@ where &latex; can find it, for example in the same directory as the
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">class file example</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">class file example</indexterm></cindex>
<para>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
passing them all to the <code>article</code> class, and then loads the
@@ -943,26 +1042,42 @@ of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
</subsection>
<node name="Class-and-package-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Class and package structure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package commands</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">class and package commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">commands, class and package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">class and package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">commands, class and package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtBeginDvi&lbrace;specials&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63">\AtBeginDvi</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Save in a box register things that are written to the <code>.dvi</code> file
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64">\AtBeginDvi</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Save in a box register things that are written to the <file>.dvi</file> file
at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtEndOfClass&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtEndOfPackage&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64">\AtEndOfClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65">\AtEndOfPackage</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65">\AtEndOfClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66">\AtEndOfPackage</indexterm></findex>
<para>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when &latex; finishes
processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you
called it. See also <ref label="_005cAtBeginDocument"><xrefnodename>\AtBeginDocument</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CheckCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CheckCommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67">\CheckCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68">\CheckCommand*</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">new command, check</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) but does
+not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
+<var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">long command</indexterm></cindex>
+<dfn>long</dfn> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
+<code>\par</code> within an argument. The <var>cmd</var> command is expected to be
+long with the unstarred version of <code>\CheckCommand</code>. Raises an
+error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start
+redefining <code>cmd</code> yourself that no other package has already
+redefined this command.
+</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassError&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>error text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>help text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageError&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>error text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>help text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassWarning&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
@@ -973,16 +1088,16 @@ called it. See also <ref label="_005cAtBeginDocument"><xrefnodename>\AtBeginDoc
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfo&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfoNoLine&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfoNoLine&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66">\ClassError</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67">\PackageError</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68">\ClassWarning</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69">\PackageWarning</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70">\ClassWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71">\PackageWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72">\ClassInfo</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73">\PackageInfo</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74">\ClassInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75">\PackageInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69">\ClassError</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70">\PackageError</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71">\ClassWarning</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72">\PackageWarning</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73">\ClassWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74">\PackageWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75">\ClassInfo</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76">\PackageInfo</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77">\ClassInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78">\PackageInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
<para>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
</para>
<para>For <code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> the message is
@@ -998,23 +1113,24 @@ message, while the other versions do show that number.
</para>
<para>To format the messages, including the <var>help text</var>: use
<code>\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
-<code>\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code>\space</code>. Note that
-&latex; appends a period to the messages.
+<code>\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code>\space</code> when a space
+character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that &latex;
+appends a period to the messages.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CurrentOption</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76">\CurrentOption</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79">\CurrentOption</indexterm></findex>
<para>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code>
or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption&lbrace;<var>option</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption*&lbrace;<var>option</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77">\DeclareOption</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78">\DeclareOption*</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">package options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">options, class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption*&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80">\DeclareOption</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81">\DeclareOption*</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93">package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">options, class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Make an option available to a user, for invoking in their
<code>\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code>smcmemo</code> class
could have an option allowing users to put the institutional logo on the
@@ -1047,16 +1163,58 @@ passes the option to the <code>article</code> class.
\PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;\CurrentOption&rbrace;&lbrace;article&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareRobustCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace; </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareRobustCommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82">\DeclareRobustCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83">\DeclareRobustCommand*</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">new command, definition</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Like <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp;
+\renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
+within the <var>definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
+fragile commands <pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>.) Use this command to define new
+robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
+robust. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code> these do not give an error if macro
+<var>cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
+transcript file if a command is redefined.
+</para>
+<para>Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
+using <code>\newcommand</code> so unless the command&textrsquo;s data is fragile and the
+command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97"><r>package</r>, <code>etoolbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98"><code>etoolbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The <code>etoolbox</code> package offers commands <code>\newrobustcmd</code>,
+<code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>,
+<code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code> which are similar
+to <code>\newcommand</code>, <code>\newcommand*</code>, <code>\renewcommand</code>,
+<code>\renewcommand*</code>, <code>\providecommand</code>, and
+<code>\providecommand*</code>, but define a robust <var>cmd</var> with two advantages
+as compared to <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code>:
+</para><enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
+<listitem>
+<para>They use the low-level e-&tex; protection mechanism rather than the
+higher level &latex; <code>\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur
+the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
+</para></listitem><listitem>
+<para>They make the same distinction between <code>\new&dots;</code>,
+<code>\renew&dots;</code>, and <code>\provide&dots;</code>, as the standard
+commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
+<var>cmd</var> that already exists, in that case you need to use either
+<code>\renew&dots;</code> or <code>\provide&dots;</code> or you get an error.
+</para></listitem></enumerate>
+
+
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IfFileExists&lbrace;<var>file name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\InputIfFileExists&lbrace;<var>file name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79">\IfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80">\InputIfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Execute <var>true code</var> if &latex; can find the file and <var>false
-code</var> otherwise. In the second case it inputs the file immediately
-after executing <var>true code</var>. Thus
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84">\IfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85">\InputIfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Execute <var>true code</var> if &latex; can find the file <file><var>file
+name</var></file> and <var>false code</var> otherwise. In the second case it inputs the
+file immediately after executing <var>true code</var>. Thus
<code>\IfFileExists&lbrace;img.pdf&rbrace;&lbrace;\includegraphics&lbrace;img.pdf&rbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;\typeout&lbrace;WARNING:
-img.pdf not found&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> will include the graphic if it is found but
-otherwise just give a warning.
+img.pdf not found&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> will include the graphic <file>img.pdf</file> if it is
+found but otherwise just give a warning.
</para>
<para>This command looks for the file in all search paths that &latex; uses,
not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
@@ -1068,15 +1226,20 @@ extensions see <ref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></ref>
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\LoadClassWithOptions&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81">\LoadClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82">\LoadClassWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="86">\LoadClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="87">\LoadClassWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
<para>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options
list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release info</var>]</code>. An example is
<code>\LoadClass[twoside]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<para>The <var>options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
<var>release date</var> is optional. If present it must have the form
-<var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If you request a <var>release date</var> and the date of
+<var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>.
+<!-- c BTW, there are at-macros documented in macros2e.pdf to check the version -->
+<!-- c and do some actions conditionnally on version later or not to some -->
+<!-- c date. -->
+</para>
+<para>If you request a <var>release date</var> and the date of
the package installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning
on the screen and in the log like <code>You have requested, on input
line 4, version `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only version
@@ -1089,9 +1252,9 @@ that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
<code>article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ExecuteOptions&lbrace;<var>options-list</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83">\ExecuteOptions</indexterm></findex>
-<para>For each option in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
-executes the command <code>\ds&arobase;</code><var>option</var>. If this command is not
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="88">\ExecuteOptions</indexterm></findex>
+<para>For each option <var>option</var> in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
+executes the command <code>\ds&arobase;<var>option</var></code>. If this command is not
defined then that option is silently ignored.
</para>
<para>It can be used to provide a default option list before
@@ -1100,14 +1263,14 @@ default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
<code>\ExecuteOptions&lbrace;11pt&rbrace;\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;<var>format</var>&rbrace;[<var>format date</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84">\NeedsTeXFormat</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Specifies the format that this class should be run under. Often issued
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89">\NeedsTeXFormat</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
-<code>\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;LaTeX2e&rbrace;</code>. The format that you specify must
-exactly match the one installed on your system that you invoked,
-including that the string is case sensitive. If it does not match then
-execution stops with an error like <samp>This file needs format `xxx'
-but this is `LaTeX2e'.</samp>
+<code>\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;LaTeX2e&rbrace;</code>. When a document using that class is
+processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
+actually being run (including that the <var>format</var> string is case
+sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an error
+like <samp>This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.</samp>
</para>
<para>To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
features, include the optional <var>format date</var> on which those features
@@ -1115,11 +1278,10 @@ were implemented. If present it must be in the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
<var>format date</var> then you get a warning like <samp>You have requested
release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is
-available.</samp> (The &latex; kernel has been frozen for many years so you
-probably do not not need to specify the format date.)
+available.</samp>
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OptionNotUsed</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85">\OptionNotUsed</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="90">\OptionNotUsed</indexterm></findex>
<para>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
<code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
@@ -1130,10 +1292,10 @@ within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
<!-- c option(s): [unusedoption].} with the list of not-used options when it -->
<!-- c reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}. -->
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;<var>options list</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;<var>options list</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="86">\PassOptionsToClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="87">\PassOptionsToPackage</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;<var>option list</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;<var>option list</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="91">\PassOptionsToClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="92">\PassOptionsToPackage</indexterm></findex>
<para>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the
options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or <code>\usepackage</code>
command for package <var>package name</var> or the class <var>class name</var>.
@@ -1145,16 +1307,17 @@ more than once will get you an error like <code>Option clash for package
foo.</code> (&latex; throws an error even if there is no conflict between the
options.)
</para>
-<para>If your code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse that
-to once, for example replacing the two
+<para>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse
+that to once, for example replacing the two
<code>\RequirePackage[landscape]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;\RequirePackage[margins=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;</code>
with the single
<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;</code>. But if you
are loading a package that in turn loads another package then you need
-to queue up the options you desire. For instance, suppose the package
-<code>foo</code> loads the package <code>geometry</code>. Instead of <code>
-\RequirePackage&lbrace;foo&rbrace;\RequirePackage[draft]&lbrace;graphics&rbrace;</code> you must write
-<code>\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;draft&rbrace;&lbrace;graphics&rbrace;
+to queue up the options you desire for this other package. For
+instance, suppose the package <code>foo</code> loads the package
+<code>geometry</code>. Instead of
+<code>\RequirePackage&lbrace;foo&rbrace;\RequirePackage[draft]&lbrace;graphics&rbrace;</code> you must
+write <code>\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;draft&rbrace;&lbrace;graphics&rbrace;
\RequirePackage&lbrace;foo&rbrace;</code>. (If <code>foo.sty</code> loads an option in conflict
with what you want then you may have to look into altering its source.)
</para>
@@ -1167,93 +1330,103 @@ option. The user could start their &latex; file with
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProcessOptions</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProcessOptions*<var>\&arobase;options</var></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="88">\ProcessOptions</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89">\ProcessOptions*</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="93">\ProcessOptions</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94">\ProcessOptions*</indexterm></findex>
<para>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
existence of the starred command).
</para>
-<para>Options come in two types. &textlsquo;Local&textrsquo; options have been specified for this
+<para>Options come in two types. <dfn>Local options</dfn> have been specified for this
particular package in the <var>options</var> argument of
<code>\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;<var>options</var>&rbrace;</code>,
<code>\usepackage[<var>options</var>]</code>, or
-<code>\RequirePackage[<var>options</var>]</code>. &textlsquo;Global&textrsquo; options are those given
+<code>\RequirePackage[<var>options</var>]</code>. <dfn>Global options</dfn> are those given
by the class user in <code>\documentclass[<var>options</var>]</code> (If an option
is specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
</para>
-<para>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <code>pkg.sty</code>, the
-following happens. (1) For each option <var>option</var> so far declared
+<para>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <file>pkg.sty</file>, the
+following happens:
+</para><enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
+<listitem>
+<para>For each option <var>option</var> so far declared
with <code>\DeclareOption</code>, it looks to see if that option is either a
global or a local option for <code>pkg</code>. If so then it executes the
declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were
-given in <code>pkg.sty</code>. (2) For each remaining local option, it
-executes the command <code>\ds&arobase;</code><var>option</var> if it has been defined
-somewhere (other than by a <code>\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it
-executes the default option code given in <code>\DeclareOption*</code>. If no
-default option code has been declared then it gives an error message.
-This is done in the order in which these options were specified.
-</para>
+given in <file>pkg.sty</file>.
+</para></listitem><listitem>
+<para>For each remaining local option, it executes the command
+<code>\ds&arobase;</code><var>option</var> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
+a <code>\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it executes the default option code
+given in <code>\DeclareOption*</code>. If no default option code has been
+declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
+which these options were specified.
+</para></listitem></enumerate>
+
<para>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same
-way except that all options are local, and the default value for
+way except that all options are local, and the default <var>code</var> for
<code>\DeclareOption*</code> is <code>\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error.
</para>
-<para>The starred version <code>\ProcessOptions*</code><var>\&arobase;options</var> executes the
+<para>The starred version <code>\ProcessOptions*</code> executes the
options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
means that the global options are processed first.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesClass&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>&lt;release date&gt;</var> <var>&lt;brief additional information&gt;</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>&lt;release date&gt;</var> <var>&lt;brief additional information&gt;</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="90">\ProvidesClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="91">\ProvidesPackage</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesClass&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesClass&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95">\ProvidesClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96">\ProvidesPackage</indexterm></findex>
<para>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and the log file.
</para>
<para>When a user writes <code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> then &latex; loads
-the file <code>smcmemo.cls</code>. Similarly, a user writing
+the file <file>smcmemo.cls</file>. Similarly, a user writing
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;test&rbrace;</code> prompts &latex; to load the file
<code>test.sty</code>. If the name of the file does not match the declared
class or package name then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
-<code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>, and the file <code>smcmemo.cls</code> has
+<code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>, and the file <file>smcmemo.cls</file> has
the statement <code>\ProvidesClass&lbrace;xxx&rbrace;</code> then you get a warning like
<code>You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
class provides 'xxx'.</code> This warning does not prevent &latex; from
processing the rest of the class file normally.
</para>
-<para>If you include the optional part then you must include the date, before
-the first space, and it must have the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest
-of the optional part is free-form, although it traditionally identifies
+<para>If you include the optional argument, then you must include the date, before
+the first space if any, and it must have the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest
+of the optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies
the class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the
-log file. Thus, if your file <code>smcmem.cls</code> contains the line
-<code>\ProvidesClass&lbrace;smcmem&rbrace;[2008/06/01 SMC memo class]</code> and your
-document&textrsquo;s first line is <code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmem&rbrace;</code> then you will
-see <code>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 SMC memo class</code>.
+log file. Thus, if your file <file>smcmemo.cls</file> contains the line
+<code>\ProvidesClass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and your
+document&textrsquo;s first line is <code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> then you will
+see <code>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</code>.
</para>
-<para>The date in the optional portion allows class and package users to ask
+<para>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask
to be warned if the version of the class or package installed on their
-system is earlier than <var>release date</var>, by using the optional calls
-such as <code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmem&rbrace;[2018/10/12]</code> or
+system is earlier than <var>release date</var>, by using the optional arguments
+such as <code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;[2018/10/12]</code> or
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;foo&rbrace;[[2017/07/07]]</code>. (Note that package users only
rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesFile&lbrace;<var>file name</var>&rbrace;[<var>additional information</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="92">\ProvidesFile</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="97">\ProvidesFile</indexterm></findex>
<para>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
-2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code>.
+2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>file name</var> equal to
+<samp>test.config</samp> and <var>additional information</var> equal to
+<samp>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackage[<var>options list</var>]&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="93">\RequirePackage</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94">\RequirePackageWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Load a package, like the author command <code>\usepackage</code>.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="98">\RequirePackage</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99">\RequirePackageWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Load a package, like the document author command <code>\usepackage</code>.
<xref label="Additional-packages"><xrefnodename>Additional packages</xrefnodename></xref>. An example is
<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;</code>. Note that the
&latex; development team strongly recommends use of these commands over
Plain&nbsp;&tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\input</code>; see the Class Guide.
</para>
-<para>The <var>options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+<para>The <var>option list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
<var>release date</var>, if present, must have the form <var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If
the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
than <var>release date</var> then you get a warning like <code>You have
@@ -1282,8 +1455,8 @@ causes &latex; to give error like <code>\usepackage before
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Fonts</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Typefaces">Typefaces</anchor><!-- c old name -->
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">typefaces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">typefaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Two important aspects of selecting a <dfn>font</dfn> are specifying a size
and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
@@ -1298,9 +1471,9 @@ and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
<node name="Font-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Font styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Font sizes</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93">type styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">type styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.
</para>
@@ -1318,8 +1491,8 @@ are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or
<para>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for
instance, <code>\begin&lbrace;ttfamily&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;ttfamily&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96">\nocorr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101">\nocorr</indexterm></findex>
<para>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections
if needed. (<xref label="_005c_002f"><xrefnodename>\/</xrefnodename></xref>, for the details of italic corrections.)
Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following
@@ -1331,59 +1504,59 @@ command argument, such as <code>\textit&lbrace;\nocorr text&rbrace;</code> or
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="97">\textrm</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="98">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102">\textrm</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Roman.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textit (\itshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99">\textit</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100">\itshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104">\textit</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105">\itshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Italics.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101">\textmd</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102">\mdseries</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106">\textmd</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107">\mdseries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Medium weight (default).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103">\textbf</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104">\bfseries</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108">\textbf</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109">\bfseries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Boldface.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textup (\upshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105">\textup</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106">\upshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110">\textup</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111">\upshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Upright (default).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsl (\slshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107">\textsl</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108">\slshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112">\textsl</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113">\slshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Slanted.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109">\textsf</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110">\sffamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114">\textsf</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115">\sffamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Sans serif.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsc (\scshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111">\textsc</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112">\scshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116">\textsc</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117">\scshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Small caps.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113">\texttt</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118">\texttt</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Typewriter.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115">\textnormal</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116">\normalfont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120">\textnormal</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="121">\normalfont</indexterm></findex>
<para>Main document font.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117">\emph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="122">\emph</indexterm></findex>
<para>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> command
is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
substitute for <code>\textit</code>. For example, <code>\emph&lbrace;<var>start
@@ -1398,40 +1571,40 @@ they are used differently than the above commands:
are two unrelated constructs.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="118">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="123">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Switch to bold face.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="119">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="124">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="120">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="125">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Italics.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="121">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="126">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Roman.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="122">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="127">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Small caps.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="123">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="128">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Sans serif.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="124">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="129">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Slanted (oblique).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="125">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="130">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -1453,19 +1626,19 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathrm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="126">\mathrm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="131">\mathrm</indexterm></findex>
<para>Roman, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathbf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="127">\mathbf</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132">\mathbf</indexterm></findex>
<para>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathsf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="128">\mathsf</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133">\mathsf</indexterm></findex>
<para>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathtt</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="129">\mathtt</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="134">\mathtt</indexterm></findex>
<para>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathit</itemformat></item>
@@ -1473,32 +1646,33 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathnormal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="130">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="135">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex>
<para>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathcal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="131">\mathcal</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136">\mathcal</indexterm></findex>
<para>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132">\mathversion</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137">\mathversion</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion&lbrace;bold&rbrace;</code> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <code>\mathversion&lbrace;normal&rbrace;</code> restores the default.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113"><r>package</r>, <code>textcomp</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114"><code>textcomp</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122"><r>package</r>, <code>textcomp</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123"><code>textcomp</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums&lbrace;<var>numerals</var>&rbrace;</code> will typeset
so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and
depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo; numerals,
-which all have the same height as upper-case letters. &latex;&textrsquo;s
+which all have the same height as uppercase letters. &latex;&textrsquo;s
default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code> (but not
other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer
Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the
@@ -1511,9 +1685,9 @@ are provided to make them the default. FAQ entry:
<node name="Font-sizes" spaces=" "><nodename>Font sizes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Low-level font commands</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Font styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font sizes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
@@ -1521,16 +1695,16 @@ size used (in points) with the <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>11pt</samp>, and
<samp>12pt</samp> document size options, respectively (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="134">\tiny</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="135">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137">\small</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138">\normalsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139">\large</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="140">\Large</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141">\LARGE</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="142">\huge</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143">\Huge</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139">\tiny</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="140">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="142">\small</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143">\normalsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="144">\large</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145">\Large</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146">\LARGE</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147">\huge</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148">\Huge</indexterm></findex>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on"><code>\normalsize</code> (default)</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>10pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>11pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>12pt</code>
@@ -1566,8 +1740,8 @@ these commands; for instance, <code>\begin&lbrace;tiny&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;tin
<node name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Low-level font commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Font sizes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Low-level font commands</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
@@ -1577,94 +1751,139 @@ ones.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontencoding&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="144">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex>
<para>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>,
Knuth&textrsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
<code>T1</code>, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the
accented characters used by the most widespread European languages
(German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows &tex; to
-hyphenate words containing accented letters.
+hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
+<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</urefurl></url>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>family</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="150">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select the font family. The web page
<url><urefurl>http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/</urefurl></url> provides one way to browse
through many of the fonts easily used with &latex;. Here are
examples of some common families:
</para>
-<!-- c Sorry about the ugly @t{@ }. The idea is to make the lists line up -->
-<!-- c in Info. Since the items are so short, it seems nice to have them -->
-<!-- c on the same line instead of using @table. -->
-
-<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
-<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pag</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Avant Garde
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>fvs</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bitstream Vera Sans
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pbk</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bookman
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>bch</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Charter
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ccr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Computer Concrete
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>cmr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Computer Modern
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pcr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Courier
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>phv</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Helvetica
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>fi4</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Inconsolata
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>lmr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Latin Modern
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>lmss</code> Latin Modern Sans
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>lmtt</code> Latin Modern Typewriter
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pnc</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> New Century Schoolbook
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ppl</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Palatino
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ptm</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Times
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>uncl</code> Uncial
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>put</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Utopia
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pzc</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Zapf Chancery
-</para></listitem></itemize>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">font</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Computer Modern Typewriter XXXX</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
+<tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>pag</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Avant Garde
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>fvs</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bitstream Vera Sans
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>pbk</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bookman
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>bch</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Charter
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ccr</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Computer Concrete
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>cmr</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Computer Modern
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>cmss</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Computer Modern Sans Serif
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>cmtt</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Computer Modern Typewriter
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>pcr</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Courier
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>phv</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Helvetica
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>fi4</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Inconsolata
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>lmr</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Latin Modern
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>lmss</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Latin Modern Sans
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>lmtt</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Latin Modern Typewriter
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>pnc</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>New Century Schoolbook
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ppl</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Palatino
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ptm</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Times
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>uncl</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Uncial
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>put</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Utopia
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>pzc</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Zapf Chancery
+</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
+
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontseries&lbrace;<var>series</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146">\fontseries</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151">\fontseries</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select the font series. A <dfn>series</dfn> combines a <dfn>weight</dfn> and a
<dfn>width</dfn>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</para>
-<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
-<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>m</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Medium (normal)
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>b</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bold
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>c</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Condensed
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>bc</code> Bold condensed
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>bx</code> Bold extended
-</para></listitem></itemize>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Medium (normal)xx</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
+<tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>m</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Medium (normal)
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>b</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bold
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>c</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Condensed
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>bc</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bold condensed
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>bx</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bold extended
+</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The possible values for weight, individually, are:
</para>
-<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
-<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ul</code> Ultra light
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>el</code> Extra light
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>l</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Light
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sl</code> Semi light
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>m</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Medium (normal)
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sb</code> Semi bold
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>b</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bold
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>eb</code> Extra bold
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ub</code> Ultra bold
-</para></listitem></itemize>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Medium (normal) xx</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
+<tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ul</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Ultra light
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>el</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Extra light
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>l</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Light
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sl</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Semi light
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>m</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Medium (normal)
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sb</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Semi bold
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>b</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bold
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>eb</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Extra bold
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ub</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Ultra bold
+</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages
-are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts):
-</para>
-<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
-<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>uc</code> Ultra condensed, 50%
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ec</code> Extra condensed, 62.5%
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>c</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Condensed, 75%
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sc</code> Semi condensed, 87.5%
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>m</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Medium, 100%
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sx</code> Semi expanded, 112.5%
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>x</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Expanded, 125%
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ex</code> Extra expanded, 150%
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ux</code> Ultra expanded, 200%
-</para></listitem></itemize>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and
+relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
+</para>
+
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Ultra condensed</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
+<tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>uc</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Ultra condensed
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ec</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Extra condensed
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>c</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Condensed
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sc</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Semi condensed
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>m</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Medium
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sx</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Semi expanded
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>x</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Expanded
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ex</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Extra expanded
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ux</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Ultra expanded
+</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
+
<para>When forming the <var>series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the
<code>m</code> that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both
@@ -1672,26 +1891,33 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
(<samp><code>m</code></samp>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontshape&lbrace;<var>shape</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147">\fontshape</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152">\fontshape</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</para>
-<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
-<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>n</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Upright (normal)
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>it</code> Italic
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique)
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sc</code> Small caps
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ui</code> Upright italics
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ol</code> Outline
-</para></listitem></itemize>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Slanted (oblique)xx</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
+<tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>n</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Upright (normal)
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>it</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Italic
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sl</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Slanted (oblique)
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sc</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Small caps
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ui</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Upright italics
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ol</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Outline
+</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
+
<para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and
small caps are often missing as well.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontsize&lbrace;<var>size</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>skip</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148">\fontsize</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">font size</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153">\fontsize</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">font size</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="154">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
<para>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the
@@ -1701,16 +1927,18 @@ Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is
reset every time a size change happens; see <code>\baselinestretch</code>, next.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\baselinestretch</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="150">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="155">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; multiplies the line spacing by the value of the
<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter; the default factor is 1. A change
takes effect when <code>\selectfont</code> (see below) is called. You can
-make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing
-<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;2.0&rbrace;</code> in the preamble.
+make a line skip change happen for the entire document, for instance
+doubling it, by doing <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;2.0&rbrace;</code> in
+the preamble.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127"><r>package</r>, <code>setspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128"><code>setspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136"><r>package</r>, <code>setspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137"><code>setspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the
<file>setspace</file> package. In addition to offering a number of spacing
options, this package keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
@@ -1718,7 +1946,7 @@ where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
captions. See the package documentation.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\linespread&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="156">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
<para>Equivalent to
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code>, and
therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect.
@@ -1726,7 +1954,7 @@ Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as
just described.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\selectfont</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152">\selectfont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="157">\selectfont</indexterm></findex>
<para>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in
<code>\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>familyname</var>&rbrace;\selectfont</code>. It is often useful
@@ -1735,7 +1963,7 @@ to put this in a macro:&linebreak;
(<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\usefont&lbrace;<var>enc</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>family</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>series</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>shape</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153">\usefont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="158">\usefont</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
@@ -1752,7 +1980,7 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<node name="Layout" spaces=" "><nodename>Layout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Sectioning</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Fonts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Layout</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Commands for controlling the general page layout.
</para>
@@ -1769,8 +1997,8 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<node name="_005conecolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\onecolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\onecolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="154">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="159">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document is
given the class option <code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default
@@ -1783,9 +2011,9 @@ behavior (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class opt
<node name="_005ctwocolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\twocolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\onecolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\twocolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="155">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="160">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -1807,20 +2035,20 @@ typesetting starts.
<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="156">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="161">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\columnsep&rbrace;&lbrace;40pt&rbrace;</code> You must change
it before the two column environment starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="157">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="162">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between
the two columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule.
Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\columnseprule&rbrace;&lbrace;0.4pt&rbrace;</code>, before the two-column
environment starts.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="158">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="163">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default &latex; sets the
width of each of the two columns to be half of <code>\textwidth</code> minus
@@ -1835,7 +2063,7 @@ and <pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>). &latex; pl
The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="159">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="164">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not
@@ -1860,24 +2088,24 @@ to avoid going to float pages so soon.
<para>You can redefine it, for instance with
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\dbltopfraction&rbrace;&lbrace;0.9&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="160">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="165">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
&latex;&textrsquo;s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="161">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="166">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
<code>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code>10pt</code> or
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at
<code>12pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="162">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="167">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt
minus4pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="163">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="168">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The &latex;
default is <code>2</code>.
@@ -1913,7 +2141,7 @@ Two column text here.
<node name="_005cflushbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\flushbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\flushbottom</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="164">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex>
<para>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same
height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
@@ -1938,8 +2166,8 @@ is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
<node name="_005craggedbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedbottom</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="170">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
@@ -1954,49 +2182,49 @@ option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class optio
<node name="Page-layout-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Floats</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page layout parameters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="166">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="167">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="168">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169">\columnsep</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="170">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="171">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="172">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="173">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174">\columnsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="175">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
<xref label="_005ctwocolumn"><xrefnodename>\twocolumn</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="172">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="173">\headheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="177">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178">\headheight</indexterm></findex>
<para>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is <samp>12pt</samp>,
at all type sizes.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="174">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="175">\headsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="179">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180">\headsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is <samp>25pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if the
document is set at 10pt then it is <samp>0.25in</samp>, and at 11pt and 12pt
it is <samp>0.275in</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="176">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="177">\footskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="181">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182">\footskip</indexterm></findex>
<para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is <samp>30pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: when
the type size is 10pt the default is <samp>0.35in</samp>, while at 11pt it is
<samp>0.38in</samp>, and at 12pt it is <samp>30pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="178">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179">\linewidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="183">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184">\linewidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
(<pxref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></pxref>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
equal <code>\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code>\linewidth</code>
@@ -2006,12 +2234,12 @@ is decreased by the sum of that list&textrsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
<!-- c etc. For an @code{article} document set in 10pt, the default is -->
<!-- c @samp{345pt}, while in two-column mode that becomes @samp{229.5pt}. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="180">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="181">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="182">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="183">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184">\marginsep</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="185">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="185">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="186">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="189">\marginsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="190">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal
width of the notes.
@@ -2036,10 +2264,10 @@ classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code>\paperwidth
&minus; \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that
distance.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="186">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="189">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="192">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="193">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="194">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is the extra distance between the left side of
the page and the text&textrsquo;s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the
document class option <code>twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when
@@ -2051,22 +2279,22 @@ even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and
<code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="190">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="191">\paperheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="195">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="196">\paperheight</indexterm></findex>
<para>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
It is normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="192">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="193">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="197">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
It is normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="194">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="195">\textheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="200">\textheight</indexterm></findex>
<para>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code>
the default is <samp>43\baselineskip</samp>, while for a <code>book</code> it is
@@ -2074,8 +2302,8 @@ the default is <samp>43\baselineskip</samp>, while for a <code>book</code> it is
<samp>38\baselineskip</samp> for all document classes. At 12pt it is
<samp>36\baselineskip</samp> for all classes.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="196">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="197">\textwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="201">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202">\textwidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is <samp>345pt</samp>
when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is <samp>360pt</samp> at 11pt,
@@ -2095,22 +2323,22 @@ column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists.
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="199">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="203">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
<para>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the &tex;
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
be used in normal &latex; documents.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="200">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="201">topmargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="205">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206">topmargin</indexterm></findex>
<para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed
based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight &minus; 2in &minus;
\headheight &minus; \headsep &minus; \textheight &minus; \footskip</code>,
and then divided by two.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="202">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="203">\topskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="207">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208">\topskip</indexterm></findex>
<para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at a type size of 10pt.
@@ -2147,8 +2375,8 @@ float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which
event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order,
every following float in that class also appears at the end.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
<var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the
@@ -2171,16 +2399,17 @@ FAQ: <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</ure
appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
automatically added.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144"><r>package</r>, <code>float</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145"><code>float</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153"><r>package</r>, <code>float</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154"><code>float</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>To absolutely force a float to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;float&rbrace;</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</urefurl></url>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">p</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">float page</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">float page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>(Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate <dfn>float page</dfn>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</para>
@@ -2208,13 +2437,16 @@ use the <file>afterpage</file> package and issue
<code>\afterpage&lbrace;\clearpage&rbrace;</code>. This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156"><r>package</r>, <code>flafter</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157"><code>flafter</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>&latex; can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in
the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
the <file>flafter</file> package or using the command
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="209">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex>
<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
</para>
@@ -2223,24 +2455,24 @@ non-float text (change them with
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;<var>parameter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="205">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="210">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="211">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex>
<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="207">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="212">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="213">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex>
<para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default <samp>.5</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="209">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210">\textfraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="214">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215">\textfraction</indexterm></findex>
<para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="211">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212">\topfraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="216">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="217">\topfraction</indexterm></findex>
<para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default <samp>.7</samp>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -2249,19 +2481,19 @@ floats; default <samp>.7</samp>.
<code>\setlength&lbrace;<var>parameter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>length expression</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="213">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214">\floatsep</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="218">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="219">\floatsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="215">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="216">\intextsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="220">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="221">\intextsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for 10 point and 11 point documents,
and <samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for 12 point documents.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="217">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="218">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="222">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="223">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -2270,23 +2502,23 @@ default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>.
<code>\setcounter&lbrace;<var>ctrname</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>natural number</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="219">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="220">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="224">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="225">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="221">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="222">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="226">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="227">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex>
<para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="223">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="224">topnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="228">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="229">topnumber</indexterm></findex>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="225">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226">totalnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="230">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="231">totalnumber</indexterm></findex>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -2305,19 +2537,19 @@ influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
<node name="Sectioning" spaces=" "><nodename>Sectioning</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Cross references</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Layout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Sectioning</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="227">\part</indexterm>\part</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="228">\chapter</indexterm>\chapter</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="232">\part</indexterm>\part</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="233">\chapter</indexterm>\chapter</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>(<code>report</code> and <code>book</code> class only)
-</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="229">\section</indexterm>\section</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="230">\subsection</indexterm>\subsection</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="231">\subsubsection</indexterm>\subsubsection</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="232">\paragraph</indexterm>\paragraph</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="233">\subparagraph</indexterm>\subparagraph</itemformat></item>
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="234">\section</indexterm>\section</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="235">\subsection</indexterm>\subsection</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="236">\subsubsection</indexterm>\subsubsection</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="237">\paragraph</indexterm>\paragraph</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="238">\subparagraph</indexterm>\subparagraph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry></ftable>
<para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
@@ -2341,7 +2573,7 @@ To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
<var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other
places.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print
<var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
entry in the table of contents. For instance:
@@ -2350,8 +2582,8 @@ entry in the table of contents. For instance:
<pre xml:space="preserve">\section*&lbrace;Preamble&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">appendix, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">appendix, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units
are numbered. The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text
and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this
@@ -2364,8 +2596,9 @@ command is something like
\chapter&lbrace;The First Appendix&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<anchor name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</anchor>
<para>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers.
The setting
</para>
@@ -2375,19 +2608,252 @@ The setting
<noindent></noindent>
<para>suppresses heading numbers at any depth <math>&gt; <var>level</var></math>, where
-<code>chapter</code> is level zero. (<xref label="_005csetcounter"><xrefnodename>\setcounter</xrefnodename></xref>.)
+<code>chapter</code> is level zero. The default <code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in
+&latex;&textrsquo;s <file>article</file> class and 2 in the <file>book</file> and
+<file>report</file> classes. (<xref label="_005csetcounter"><xrefnodename>\setcounter</xrefnodename></xref>.)
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;startsection</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Redefine layout of start of sections, subsections, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005c_0040startsection" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;startsection</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;startsection</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241">\&arobase;startsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">section, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\&arobase;startsection&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>level</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>indent</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>beforeskip</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>afterskip</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>style</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
+divisions such as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Note that the <file>titlesec</file> package makes manipulation of sectioning
+easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
+satisfied with <code>\&arobase;startsection</code>, some cannot. For instance, in
+the standard &latex; <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes the commands
+<code>\chapter</code> and <code>\report</code> are not constructed in this way. To
+make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command.
+<!-- c xx define, and make a cross reference to, secdef. -->
+</para>
+<para>Technically, <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> has the form
+</para><example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\&arobase;startsection&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>level</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>indent</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>beforeskip</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>afterskip</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>style</var>&rbrace;*[<var>toctitle</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent> <para>(the star&nbsp;<code>*</code> is optional), so that issuing
+</para><example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\section&rbrace;&lbrace;\&arobase;startsection&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>level</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>indent</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>beforeskip</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>afterskip</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>style</var>&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent> <para>redefines <code>\section</code> to have the form
+<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;</code> (here too, the
+star&nbsp;<code>*</code> is optional). <xref label="Sectioning"><xrefnodename>Sectioning</xrefnodename></xref>. This implies that
+when you write a command like <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>,
+the <code>\&arobase;startsection&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> must come last in the definition. See
+the examples below.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<beforefirstitem>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">name</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="_005c_0040startsection_002fname">\&arobase;startsection/name</anchor> <para>Name of the counter used to number the
+sectioning header. This counter must be defined separately. Most
+commonly this is either <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or
+<code>paragraph</code>. Although in those three cases the counter name is the
+same as the sectioning command itself, using the same name is not
+required.
+</para>
+<para>Then <code>\the</code><var>name</var> displays the title number and
+<code>\</code><var>name</var><code>mark</code> is for the page headers. See the third
+example below.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">level</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="_005c_0040startsection_002flevel">\&arobase;startsection/level</anchor> <para>An integer giving the depth of the
+sectioning command: 0 for <code>chapter</code> (only applies to the standard
+<code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes), 1 for <code>section</code>, 2 for
+<code>subsection</code>, 3 for <code>subsubsection</code>, 4 for <code>paragraph</code>,
+and 5 for <code>subparagraph</code>. In the <code>book</code> and <code>report</code>
+classes <code>part</code> has level -1, while in the <code>article</code> class
+<code>part</code> has level 0.
+</para>
+<para>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <code>secnumdepth</code>
+then the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered. For
+instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 then a
+<code>\section&lbrace;Introduction&rbrace;</code> command will produce output like &textldquo;1
+Introduction&textrdquo; while <code>\subsection&lbrace;Discussion&rbrace;</code> will produce
+output like &textldquo;Discussion&textrdquo;, without the number prefix.
+<xref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+<para>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <var>tocdepth</var> then
+the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit.
+For instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <var>tocdepth</var> is 1 then the table of
+contents will list sections but not subsections.
+<!-- c xx add, and cross reference to, tocdepth -->
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">indent</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="_005c_0040startsection_002findent">\&arobase;startsection/indent</anchor> <para>A length giving the indentation of all
+of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the title
+flush with the margin use <code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as
+<code>-\parindent</code> will move the title into the left margin.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">beforeskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip">\&arobase;startsection/beforeskip</anchor> <para>The absolute value of this length is
+the amount of vertical space that is inserted before this sectioning
+unit&textrsquo;s title. This space will be discarded if the sectioning unit
+happens to start at the top of a fresh page. If this number is negative
+then the first paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is
+non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the
+negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus
+-3pt</code>.)
+</para>
+<para>For example, if <var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>
+then to start the new sectioning unit, &latex; will add about 3.5 times
+the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in
+the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with
+<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>, is good practice here since it gives
+&latex; more flexibility in making up the page (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the
+line prior to this sectioning unit&textrsquo;s header and the baseline of the
+header is that it is the sum of the <code>\parskip</code> of the text font,
+the <code>\baselineskip</code> of the title font, and the absolute value of
+the <var>beforeskip</var>. This space is typically rubber so it may stretch
+or shrink. (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page so that the
+vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the header text will be
+where &latex; would put the baseline of the first text line on that
+page.)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">afterskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip">\&arobase;startsection/afterskip</anchor> <para>This is a length. If <var>afterskip</var>
+is non-negative then this is the vertical space inserted after the
+sectioning unit&textrsquo;s title header. If it is negative then the title header
+becomes a run-in header, so that it becomes part of the next paragraph.
+In this case the absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space
+between the end of the title and the beginning of the following
+paragraph. (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is
+<code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
+</para>
+<para>As with <var>beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length, with <code>plus</code> and
+<code>minus</code> components, is good practice here since it gives &latex;
+more flexibility in putting together the page.
+</para>
+<para>If <code>afterskip</code> is non-negative then the full accounting of the
+vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit&textrsquo;s header and
+the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is that it is
+the sum of the <code>\parskip</code> of the title font, the
+<code>\baselineskip</code> of the text font, and the value of <var>after</var>.
+That space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that
+because the sign of <code>afterskip</code> changes the sectioning unit
+header&textrsquo;s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
+<code>afterskip</code> to cancel part of the <code>\parskip</code>.)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">style</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle">\&arobase;startsection/style</anchor> <para>Controls the styling of the title. See
+the examples below. Typical commands to use here are <code>\centering</code>,
+<code>\raggedright</code>, <code>\normalfont</code>, <code>\hrule</code>, or
+<code>\newpage</code>. The last command in <var>style</var> may be one such as
+<code>\MakeUppercase</code> or <code>\fbox</code> that takes one argument. The
+section title will be supplied as the argument to this command. For
+instance, setting <var>style</var> to <code>\bfseries\MakeUppercase</code> would
+produce titles that are bold and upper case.
+</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<para>These are &latex;&textrsquo;s defaults for the first three sectioning units that
+are defined with <code>\&arobase;startsection</code>, for the <file>article</file>,
+<file>book</file>, and <file>report</file> classes.
+</para>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=" .10 .30 .30 .30"><columnfraction value=".10"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
+<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>section</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>subsection</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>subsubsection</code>
+</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/name</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>name</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>name</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>section </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>subsection </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>subsubsection
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/level</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>level</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>level</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>1 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>2 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>3
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/indent</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>indent</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>indent</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>0pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>0pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>0pt</code>
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/beforeskip</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>beforeskip</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>beforeskip</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/afterskip</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>afterskip</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>afterskip</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/style</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>style</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>style</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\normalfont\large\bfseries</code>
+</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code>
+</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
+
+<para>Here are examples. They go either in a package or class file or in the
+preamble of a &latex; document. If you put them in the preamble they
+must go between a <code>\makeatletter</code> command and a
+<code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the error message <code>You can't use
+`\spacefactor' in vertical mode.</code> means that you forgot this.)
+<xref label="_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother"><xrefnodename>\makeatletter and \makeatother</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+<para>This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It says
+<code>\renewcommand</code> because &latex;&textrsquo;s standard classes have already
+defined a <code>\section</code>. For the same reason it does not define a
+<code>section</code> counter, or the commands <code>\thesection</code> and
+<code>\l&arobase;section</code>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand\section&lbrace;%
+ \&arobase;startsection&lbrace;section&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/name</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>name</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>name</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &lbrace;1&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/level</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>level</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>level</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &lbrace;0pt&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/indent</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>indent</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>indent</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &lbrace;-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/beforeskip</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>beforeskip</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>beforeskip</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &lbrace;2.3ex plus.2ex&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/afterskip</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>afterskip</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>afterskip</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &lbrace;\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/style</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>style</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>style</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>This will put <code>subsection</code> titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand\subsection&lbrace;%
+ \&arobase;startsection&lbrace;subsection&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/name</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>name</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>name</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &lbrace;2&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/level</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>level</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>level</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &lbrace;0em&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/indent</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>indent</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>indent</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &lbrace;-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/beforeskip</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>beforeskip</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>beforeskip</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &lbrace;-1em plus 0.2em&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/afterskip</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>afterskip</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>afterskip</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &lbrace;\scshape&rbrace;% <ref label="_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection/style</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><var>style</var></xrefinfoname><xrefprinteddesc><var>style</var></xrefprinteddesc></ref>
+ &rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands. This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to display that counter.
</para>
+<!-- c From https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/comp.text.tex/startsection%7Csort:relevance/comp.text.tex/sB-nTS-oL08/ZZeKYdG0llMJ -->
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\setcounter&lbrace;secnumdepth&rbrace;&lbrace;6&rbrace;% show counters this far down
+\newcounter&lbrace;subsubparagraph&rbrace;[subparagraph]% counter for numbering
+\renewcommand&lbrace;\thesubsubparagraph&rbrace;% how to display
+ &lbrace;\thesubparagraph.\&arobase;arabic\c&arobase;subsubparagraph&rbrace;% numbering
+\newcommand&lbrace;\subsubparagraph&rbrace;&lbrace;\&arobase;startsection
+ &lbrace;subsubparagraph&rbrace;%
+ &lbrace;6&rbrace;%
+ &lbrace;0em&rbrace;%
+ &lbrace;\baselineskip&rbrace;%
+ &lbrace;0.5\baselineskip&rbrace;%
+ &lbrace;\normalfont\normalsize&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\newcommand*\l&arobase;subsubparagraph&lbrace;\&arobase;dottedtocline&lbrace;6&rbrace;&lbrace;10em&rbrace;&lbrace;5em&rbrace;&rbrace;% for toc
+\newcommand&lbrace;\subsubparagraphmark&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;&rbrace;% for page headers
+</pre></example>
+
+</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Cross-references" spaces=" "><nodename>Cross references</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Environments</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Cross references</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
<para>One reason for numbering things such as figures and equations is to
refer the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure~3 for more details.&textrdquo;
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">label</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">label</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Including the figure number in the source is poor practice since if that
number changes as the document evolves then you must remember to update
this reference by hand. Instead, &latex; has you write a <dfn>label</dfn>
@@ -2402,8 +2868,8 @@ where <var>currentlabel</var> is the current value of the macro
<code>\&arobase;currentlabel</code> that is usually updated whenever you call
<code>\refstepcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code>.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">forward reference</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">reference, forward</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">forward reference</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">reference, forward</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The most common side effect of the prior paragraph happens when your
document has a <dfn>forward reference</dfn>, a <code>\ref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code> that
appears earlier than the associated <code>\label&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code>; see the
@@ -2427,7 +2893,7 @@ case is just to compile the document a second time.
<node name="_005clabel" spaces=" "><nodename>\label</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pageref</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\label</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236">\label</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242">\label</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2490,9 +2956,9 @@ See Figure~\ref&lbrace;fig:test&rbrace;.
<node name="_005cpageref" spaces=" "><nodename>\pageref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ref</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\label</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pageref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2521,12 +2987,12 @@ to resolve those.)
<node name="_005cref" spaces=" "><nodename>\ref</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pageref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238">\ref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="244">\ref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2558,9 +3024,9 @@ that it is a forward reference since it comes before
<node name="Environments" spaces=" "><nodename>Environments</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Line breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Cross references</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environments</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239">\begin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240">\end</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245">\begin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="246">\end</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>,
@@ -2578,7 +3044,7 @@ the end. For instance, the input
<samp>! LaTeX Error: \begin&lbrace;table*&rbrace; on input line 5 ended by
\end&lbrace;table&rbrace;.</samp>
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">group, and environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">group, and environments</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Environments are executed within a group.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
@@ -2616,9 +3082,10 @@ the end. For instance, the input
<node name="abstract" spaces=" "><nodename>abstract</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">array</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>abstract</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241"><r>environment</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242"><code>abstract</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247"><r>environment</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248"><code>abstract</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2675,9 +3142,10 @@ a more flexible solution, use the package <file>abstract</file>).
<node name="array" spaces=" "><nodename>array</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">center</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">abstract</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>array</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243"><r>environment</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="244"><code>array</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249"><r>environment</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="250"><code>array</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2716,10 +3184,13 @@ textstyle (except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies the column with
The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s parameter
<code>\tabcolsep</code>, &latex;&textrsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is governed
by
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
default for this is <samp>5pt</samp>.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <file>amsmath</file>
package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
surrounded by parentheses&nbsp;<code>(...)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array
@@ -2757,9 +3228,10 @@ preamble:
<node name="center" spaces=" "><nodename>center</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">description</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">array</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>center</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="246"><r>environment</r>, <code>center</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247"><code>center</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="252"><r>environment</r>, <code>center</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253"><code>center</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2772,7 +3244,7 @@ preamble:
<para>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Use
double-backslash to get a line break at a particular spot (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="254">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
If some text environment body is too long to fit on a line, &latex;
will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or
shrinking any interword space.
@@ -2816,8 +3288,8 @@ ending.
<node name="_005ccentering" spaces=" "><nodename>\centering</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">center</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\centering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249">\centering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255">\centering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
most often used inside an environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a
@@ -2857,54 +3329,72 @@ centered.
<node name="description" spaces=" "><nodename>description</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">displaymath</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">center</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>description</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="250"><r>environment</r>, <code>description</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251"><code>description</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="256"><r>environment</r>, <code>description</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257"><code>description</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;description&rbrace;
-\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item
-\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item
+\item[<var>label of first item</var>] text of first item
+\item[<var>label of second item</var>] text of second item
...
\end&lbrace;description&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item&textrsquo;s <var>label</var>
-is typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item&textrsquo;s text may contain multiple
-paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no
-sensible default, so all items should have labels.
+<para>Environment to make a labeled list of items. Each item&textrsquo;s <var>label</var> is
+typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the
+first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having
+none causes the &latex; error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a
+missing \item</samp>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="252">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The list consists of at least one item, created with the <code>\item</code>
-command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). Having no items causes the &latex; error
-<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>).
+<para>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions.
+The labels <samp>lama</samp> and <samp>llama</samp> come out in boldface with their
+left edges aligned on the left margin.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;definition&rbrace;
+ \item[lama] A priest.
+ \item[llama] A beast.
+\end&lbrace;definition&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="258">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). Use the
+optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is
+no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which
+may contain multiple paragraphs.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
-change given in argument style (see <ref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></ref>) then it will
-come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter
-with <code>\item[\texttt&lbrace;label text&rbrace;]</code> then it will appear in bold
+change given in argument style (see <ref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></ref>) then it will come
+out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
+<code>\item[\texttt&lbrace;label text&rbrace;]</code> then it will appear in bold
typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold
typewriter is to use declarative style: <code>\item[&lbrace;\tt label
-text&rbrace;]</code>. Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use
-<code>\item[&lbrace;\rm label text&rbrace;]</code>.
+text&rbrace;]</code>. Similarly, get the standard roman font with <code>\item[&lbrace;\rm
+label text&rbrace;]</code>.
</para>
<para>For other major &latex; labelled list environments, see <ref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></ref>
-and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. For information about customizing list layout, see
-<ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>; also, the package <file>enumitem</file> is useful for this.
+and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. Unlike those environments, nesting
+<code>description</code> environments does not change the default label; it is
+boldface and flush left at all levels.
</para>
-<para>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions.
+<para>For information about list layout parameters, including the default
+values, and for information about customizing list layout, see
+<ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The package <file>enumitem</file> is useful for customizing
+lists.
+</para>
+<para>This example changes the description labels to small caps.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;definition&rbrace;
- \item[lama] A priest.
- \item[llama] A beast.
-\end&lbrace;definition&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\descriptionlabel&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;%
+ &lbrace;\hspace&lbrace;\labelsep&rbrace;\textsc&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
</section>
@@ -2912,14 +3402,15 @@ and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. For in
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>displaymath</code></sectiontitle>
<!-- c http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/40492/what-are-the-differences-between-align-equation-and-displaymath -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="254"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="260"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
- ... math text ...
+<var>math text</var>
\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -2927,29 +3418,31 @@ and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. For in
and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global option
<code>fleqn</code>; see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-<para>&latex; will not break the math text across lines.
-</para>
<para>In the <code>displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the
math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
<code>equation</code> environment (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>Note that the <file>amsmath</file> package has extensive displayed equation
-facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
-new documents. For example, there are a number of options in that
-package for having math text broken across lines.
+<para>&latex; will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Note that the <file>amsmath</file> package has significantly more extensive
+displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
+ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</para>
-<para>The construct <code>\[..math text..\]</code> is essentially a synonym for
-<code>\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;..math text..\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;</code> but the
+<para>The construct <code>\[<var>math text</var>\]</code> is essentially a synonym for
+<code>\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;<var>math text</var>\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;</code> but the
latter is easier to work with in the source file; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
-<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique. (The construct <code>$$..math
-text..$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;&tex; is sometimes mistakenly used as a
-synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is not a synonym, because the
-<code>displaymath</code> environment checks that it isn&textrsquo;t started in math mode
-and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching environment start,
-because the <code>displaymath</code> environment has different vertical
-spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code> environment honors the
-<code>fleqn</code> option.)
+<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique. (The construct
+<code>$$<var>math text</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;&tex; is sometimes
+mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is not a
+synonym, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment checks that it isn&textrsquo;t
+started in math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching
+environment start, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment has
+different vertical spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code>
+environment honors the <code>fleqn</code> option.)
</para>
<para>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
</para><example endspaces=" ">
@@ -2965,8 +3458,9 @@ spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code> environment honors the
<node name="document" spaces=" "><nodename>document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">enumerate</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">displaymath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>document</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255"><r>environment</r>, <code>document</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="256"><code>document</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="261"><r>environment</r>, <code>document</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="262"><code>document</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
<para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-and-ending"><xrefnodename>Starting and ending</xrefnodename></xref>.
@@ -2978,9 +3472,10 @@ It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-and-ending"><xr
<node name="_005cAtBeginDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtBeginDocument</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\AtEndDocument</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="263">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2998,10 +3493,12 @@ the preamble so you cannot do any typesetting with it.
will be executed in the order that you gave them.
</para>
+</subsection>
<node name="_005cAtEndDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtEndDocument</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\AtBeginDocument</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtEndDocument</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="258">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="264">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3020,34 +3517,36 @@ appropriate point in <var>code</var>.
will be executed in the order that you gave them.
</para>
+</subsection>
</section>
<node name="enumerate" spaces=" "><nodename>enumerate</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">eqnarray</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">document</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>enumerate</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259"><r>environment</r>, <code>enumerate</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="260"><code>enumerate</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265"><r>environment</r>, <code>enumerate</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266"><code>enumerate</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
-\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item
-\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item
+\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item
+\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item
...
\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the
-label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within
-another; see below.
+label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see
+below. The default top-level numbering is <samp>1.</samp>, <samp>2.</samp>,
+etc. Each <code>enumerate</code> list environment must have at least one item;
+having none causes the &latex; error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a
+missing \item</samp>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="261">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the
-&latex; error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>. Each
-item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command.
-</para>
-<para>This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon.
+<para>This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon.
+As a top-level list the labels would come out as <samp>1.</samp> and
+<samp>2.</samp>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
@@ -3056,12 +3555,20 @@ item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command.
\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment,
-including <code>itemize</code> (<pxref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></pxref>), <code>description</code>
-(<pxref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></pxref>) and <code>enumeration</code>, up to four levels deep.
-The format of the label produced depends on the place in the nesting.
-This gives &latex;&textrsquo;s default for the format at each nesting level
-(where 1 is the outermost level):
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you
+give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
+brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item
+will continue the interrupted sequence (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). That is, you
+will get labels like <samp>1.</samp>, then <samp>Interstitial label</samp>, then
+<samp>2.</samp>. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may
+contain multiple paragraphs.
+</para>
+<para>Enumerations may be nested within other <code>enumerate</code> environments,
+or within any paragraph-making environment such as <code>itemize</code>
+(<pxref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></pxref>), up to four levels deep. This gives &latex;&textrsquo;s
+default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level,
+the outermost level.
</para>
<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
<listitem spaces=" "><para>arabic number followed by a period: <samp>1.</samp>, <samp>2.</samp>,&nbsp;&dots;
@@ -3070,55 +3577,55 @@ This gives &latex;&textrsquo;s default for the format at each nesting level
</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>upper case letter followed by a period: <samp>A.</samp>, <samp>B.</samp>,&nbsp;&dots;
</para></listitem></enumerate>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="262">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="263">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="264">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
-<code>\enumiv</code> counters (<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you use the optional
-argument to <code>\item</code> then the counter is not incremented for that
-item (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<code>\enumiv</code> (<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>For other major &latex; labeled list environments, see
+<ref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></ref> and <ref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></ref>. For information about list layout
+parameters, including the default values, and for information about
+customizing list layout, see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The package <file>enumitem</file> is
+useful for customizing lists.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
<para>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
(<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
-period:
+period.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelenumi&rbrace;&lbrace;\textbf&lbrace;\Alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
- \item eI
- \item bi:
- \item si:
+ \item Shows as boldface A
+ \item Shows as boldface B
\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>For a list of counter-labelling commands like <code>\Alph</code> see
-<ref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></ref>.
-</para>
-<para>For more on customizing the layout see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. Also, the package
-<file>enumitem</file> is useful for this.
+<para>For a list of counter-labeling commands see <ref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic
+\roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-
</section>
<node name="eqnarray" spaces=" "><nodename>eqnarray</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">equation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">enumerate</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>eqnarray</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271"><r>environment</r>, <code>eqnarray</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272"><code>eqnarray</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277"><r>environment</r>, <code>eqnarray</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278"><code>eqnarray</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
<para>First, a caveat: the <code>eqnarray</code> environment is depreciated. It has
infelicities that cannot be overcome, including spacing that is
inconsistent with other mathematics elements (see the article &textldquo;Avoid
@@ -3147,7 +3654,7 @@ documents, a synopsis:
\end&lbrace;eqnarray*&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right
sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text
mode.
@@ -3155,18 +3662,18 @@ mode.
<para>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items
within a row separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>), and with rows
separated by double backslash&nbsp; <code>\\</code>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
equations, and will disallow a page break there (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every
line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a
<code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits
equation numbering, while otherwise being the same.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
@@ -3187,10 +3694,11 @@ while the third line has not entry on the left side.
<node name="equation" spaces=" "><nodename>equation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">figure</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">eqnarray</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>equation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3205,6 +3713,10 @@ equation number in the right margin.
</para>
<para>The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
</para>
+<para>You should have no blank lines between <code>\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;</code> and
+<code>\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;</code>, or &latex; will tell you that there is a
+missing dollar sign,&nbsp;$<code>$</code>.
+</para>
<para>Note that the <file>amsmath</file> package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
new documents.
@@ -3214,10 +3726,11 @@ new documents.
<node name="figure" spaces=" "><nodename>figure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">filecontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">equation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>figure</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279"><r>environment</r>, <code>figure</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280"><code>figure</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285"><r>environment</r>, <code>figure</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286"><code>figure</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3258,7 +3771,7 @@ and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
</para>
<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
references</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287">\caption</indexterm></findex>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
figure. By default it is numbered. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is
used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Tables-of-contents"><xrefnodename>Tables of
@@ -3282,12 +3795,14 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats.
<node name="filecontents" spaces=" "><nodename>filecontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushleft</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">figure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code>: Write an external file</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283"><code>filecontents</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents*</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285"><code>filecontents*</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289"><code>filecontents</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents*</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291"><code>filecontents*</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3350,10 +3865,11 @@ Article by \myname.
<node name="flushleft" spaces=" "><nodename>flushleft</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushright</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">filecontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushleft</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287"><code>flushleft</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushleft</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293"><code>flushleft</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
@@ -3363,7 +3879,7 @@ Article by \myname.
\end&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
right. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
@@ -3376,10 +3892,10 @@ right. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005craggedright" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedright</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushleft</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
@@ -3397,10 +3913,11 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
<node name="flushright" spaces=" "><nodename>flushright</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">itemize</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushleft</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushright</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291"><code>flushright</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushright</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297"><code>flushright</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
@@ -3410,7 +3927,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
\end&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence <code>\\</code>.
@@ -3423,10 +3940,10 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence <code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005craggedleft" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedleft</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushright</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
@@ -3444,128 +3961,105 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
<node name="itemize" spaces=" "><nodename>itemize</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">letter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushright</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>itemize</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294"><r>environment</r>, <code>itemize</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295"><code>itemize</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300"><r>environment</r>, <code>itemize</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301"><code>itemize</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;itemize&rbrace;
-\item <var>item1</var>
-\item <var>item2</var>
+\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item
+\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item
...
\end&lbrace;itemize&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an &textldquo;unordered&textrdquo;, &textldquo;bulleted&textrdquo;
-list. Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four
-levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
-environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+list. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of
+this environment; see below. Each <code>itemize</code> list environment must
+have at least one item; having none causes the &latex; error
+<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>.
</para>
-<para>Each item of an <code>itemize</code> list begins with an <code>\item</code> command.
-There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.
+<para>This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label
+would come out as a bullet, &bullet;.
</para>
-<para>By default, the marks at each level look like this:
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;itemize&rbrace;
+ \item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra
+ \item Rice portrait
+\end&lbrace;itemize&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you
+give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
+brackets, as in <code>\item[Optional label]</code>, then by default it will
+appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left
+margin. For labels that are flush left see the <ref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></ref>
+environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may
+contain multiple paragraphs.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
+They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
+as <code>enumerate</code> (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>). The <code>itemize</code> environment
+uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to
+produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case
+roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting
+level). These are the default marks at each level.
</para>
<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
-<listitem spaces=" "><para>&bullet; (bullet)
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para><b>-<w>-</w></b> (bold en-dash)
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>* (asterisk)
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
+<listitem spaces=" "><para>&bullet; (bullet, from <code>\textbullet</code>)
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para><b>-<w>-</w></b> (bold en-dash, from <code>\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>)
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>* (asterisk, from <code>\textasteriskcentered</code>)
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code>\textperiodcentered</code>)
</para></listitem></enumerate>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code>
-through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can
-use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels. For instance, to have
-the first level use diamonds:
+<para>Change the labels with <code>\renewcommand</code>. For instance, this makes
+the first level use diamonds.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelitemi&rbrace;&lbrace;$\diamond$&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define
-the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
-the left margin of the list. By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set
-to the appropriate <code>\leftmargin<var>N</var></code> when a new level of
-nesting is entered.
-</para>
-<para>The defaults vary from <samp>.5em</samp> (highest levels of nesting) to
-<samp>2.5em</samp> (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.
-This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
+the left margin of the <code>itemize</code> list is determined by the
+parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Note the
+convention of using lower case roman numerals a the end of the command
+name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: <code>2.5em</code> in
+level 1 (<code>2em</code> in two-column mode), <code>2.2em</code> in level 2,
+<code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with smaller
+values for more deeply nested levels.
+</para>
+<para>For other major &latex; labeled list environments, see
+<ref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></ref> and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. For information about list
+layout parameters, including the default values, and for information
+about customizing list layout, see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The package
+<file>enumitem</file> is useful for customizing lists.
+</para>
+<para>This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized
+lists.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\leftmargini&rbrace;&lbrace;1.25em&rbrace; % default 2.5em
</pre></example>
-<!-- c xx should be in its own generic section -->
-<para>Some parameters that affect list formatting:
-</para>
-<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="308">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="309">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between the label and text of an item; default <samp>.5em</samp>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="310">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the label; default <samp>2em</samp>, or <samp>1.5em</samp> in two-column mode.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="311">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
-list item; default <samp>0pt</samp>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="312">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
-enclosing environment; default <samp>0pt</samp>, except in the <code>quote</code>,
-<code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal
-to <code>\leftmargin</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-
-<para>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
-loose, by default).
-</para>
-<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="313">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt
-minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for
-<code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="314">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults
-are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="315">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
-For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for
-<code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>,
-and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. These are reduced
-for nested lists.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="316">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a
-paragraph. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code>
-documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt
-plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
@@ -3586,8 +4080,9 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
<node name="letter" spaces=" "><nodename>letter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">list</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">itemize</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318"><r>environment</r>, <code>letter</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319"><code>letter</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="316"><r>environment</r>, <code>letter</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317"><code>letter</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
<para>This environment is used for creating letters. <xref label="Letters"><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
@@ -3596,41 +4091,308 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
<node name="list" spaces=" "><nodename>list</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">math</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">letter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>list</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320"><r>environment</r>, <code>list</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321"><code>list</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318"><r>environment</r>, <code>list</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319"><code>list</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for
-defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
-documents, but often in macros.
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;list&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>labeling</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>spacing</var>&rbrace;
-\item <var>item1</var>
-\item <var>item2</var>
+\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item
+\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item
...
\end&lbrace;list&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The mandatory <var>labeling</var> argument specifies how items should be
-labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <code>\item</code>).
-This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
-label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands.
+<para>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment for constructing
+more specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the
+<code>description</code>, <code>enumerate</code>, and <code>itemize</code> environments
+(<pxref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></pxref>, <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>, and <ref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para>
-<para>The mandatory <var>spacing</var> argument contains commands to change the
-spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be
-empty, i.e., <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which leaves the default spacing.
+<para>Also, many standard &latex; environments that are not visually lists
+are constructed using <code>list</code>, including <code>quotation</code>,
+<code>quote</code>, <code>center</code>, <code>verbatim</code>, and plenty more
+(<pxref label="quotation-and-quote"><xrefnodename>quotation and quote</xrefnodename></pxref>, <pxref label="center"><xrefnodename>center</xrefnodename></pxref>, <pxref label="flushright"><xrefnodename>flushright</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by
-<code>\linewidth</code> (<pxref label="Page-layout-parameters"><xrefnodename>Page layout parameters</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The third-party package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
+Here, we describe the <code>list</code> environment by defining a new custom
+environment.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter&lbrace;namedlistcounter&rbrace; % number the items
+\newenvironment&lbrace;named&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\begin&lbrace;list&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;Item~\Roman&lbrace;namedlistcounter&rbrace;.&rbrace; % labeling argument
+ &lbrace;\usecounter&lbrace;namedlistcounter&rbrace; % spacing argument
+ \setlength&lbrace;\leftmargin&rbrace;&lbrace;3.5em&rbrace;&rbrace; % still spacing arg
+ &rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\end&lbrace;list&rbrace;&rbrace;
+
+\begin&lbrace;named&rbrace;
+ \item Shows as ``Item~I.''
+ \item[Special label.] Shows as ``Special label.''
+ \item Shows as ``Item~II.''
+\end&lbrace;named&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <code>list</code> environment&textrsquo;s mandatory first argument,
+<var>labeling</var>, specifies the default labeling of list items. It can
+contain text and &latex; commands, as above where it contains both
+<samp>Item</samp> and <samp>\Roman&lbrace;...&rbrace;</samp>. &latex; forms the label by
+putting the <var>labeling</var> argument in a box of width
+<code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the additional
+material extends to the right. When making an instance of a list you
+can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an optional
+argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above
+<code>\item[Special label.]</code>; <pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320">\makelabel</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The label box is constructed by the command <code>\makelabel</code>. By
+default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument,
+the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing
+its definition is that to the above example before the definition of the
+<code>named</code> environment add
+<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\namedmakelabel&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\textsc&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, and between
+the <code>\setlength</code> command and the parenthesis that closes the
+<var>spacing</var> argument also add <code>\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel</code>.
+Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the
+second code line to <code>\let\makelabel\fbox</code> puts the labels inside a
+framed box. Another example is at the bottom of this entry.
+</para>
+<para>The mandatory second argument <var>spacing</var> can have a list of
+commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as
+<code>\setlength&lbrace;\labelwidth&rbrace;&lbrace;2em&rbrace;</code>. If this argument is empty,
+i.e., <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>, then the list will have the default spacing given
+below. To number the items using a counter, put
+<code>\usecounter&lbrace;<var>countername</var>&rbrace;</code> in this argument
+(<pxref label="_005cusecounter"><xrefnodename>\usecounter</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the
+figure below. Each is a length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). The vertical
+spaces are normally rubber lengths, with <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>
+components, to give &tex; flexibility in setting the page. Change
+each with a command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;itemsep&rbrace;&lbrace;2pt plus1pt
+minus1pt&rbrace;</code>. For some effects these lengths should be zero or
+negative. Default values for derived environments such as
+<code>itemize</code> can be changed from the values shown here for the basic
+<code>list</code>.
+</para>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="321">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
+first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="322">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
+for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>,
+and <samp>report</samp> classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt
+minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
+<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at
+11 point are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is,
+<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code>topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt
+plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt
+minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
+<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="323">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
+The default for &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>,
+and <samp>report</samp> classes is <code>0.5em</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="324">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
+If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
+line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material.
+If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text of width less than or equal to
+<code>\labelwidth</code> then &latex;&textrsquo;s default is that the label is typeset
+flush right in a box of this width.
+</para>
+<para>The left edge of the label box is
+<code>\leftmargin</code>+<code>\itemindent</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>-<code>\labelwidth</code>
+from the left margin of the enclosing environment.
+</para>
+<para>The default for &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>, and
+<samp>report</samp> classes at the top level is
+<code>\leftmargini</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>, (which is <code>2em</code> in one column
+mode and <code>1.5em</code> in two column mode). At the second level it is
+<code>\leftmarginii</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>, and at the third level it is
+<code>\leftmarginiii</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>. These definitions make the
+label&textrsquo;s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
+environment.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="325">\leftmargin</indexterm>\leftmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
+(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the
+left margin of this list. It must be non-negative.
+</para>
+<para>In the standard &latex; document classes, a top-level list has this set
+to the value of <code>\leftmargini</code>, while a list that is nested inside
+a top-level list has this margin set to <code>\leftmarginii</code>. More
+deeply nested lists get the values of <code>\leftmarginiii</code> through
+<code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Nesting greater than level five generates the
+error message <samp>Too deeply nested</samp>.)
+</para>
+<para>The defaults for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>,
+<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes are: <code>\leftmargini</code> is
+<code>2.5em</code> (in two column mode, <code>2em</code>), <code>\leftmarginii</code> is
+<code>2.2em</code>, and <code>\leftmarginiii</code> is <code>1.87em</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="326">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
+<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
+item. A negative value makes this an &textldquo;outdent&textrdquo;. Its default value
+is <code>0pt</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="327">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the <samp>book</samp>
+and <samp>article</samp> classes The defaults for the first three levels in
+&latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes at 10
+point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt
+minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point size are:
+<code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and
+<code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt
+minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="328">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
+and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
+a blank line. (A blank line in the &latex; source before the list
+changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line
+following the list is blank does not matter.)
+</para>
+<para>The defaults for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>,
+<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes at 10 point size are: <code>2pt
+plus1 minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt
+minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point are: <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>,
+<code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>). The
+defaults at 12 point are: <code>3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code>3pt plus2pt
+minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="329">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
+margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
+It must be non-negative.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="330">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
+to <code>\parskip</code> (<pxref label="_005cparskip"><xrefnodename>\parskip</xrefnodename></pxref>). The defaults for the first three
+levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp>
+classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>, <code>4pt
+plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11
+point are: <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code>, <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>,
+and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point are:
+<code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code>, <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, and
+<code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+
+<para>This shows the horizontal and vertical distances.
+</para>
+<float type="" endspaces=" ">
+<image><imagefile>latex2e-figures/list</imagefile><imagewidth>3.21in</imagewidth><imageextension>.png</imageextension></image>
+</float>
+
+<para>The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the
+right edge of the bracket for <var>h1</var> equals the right edge of the
+bracket for <var>h4</var>, so that the left edge of the label box is at
+<var>h3</var>+<var>h4</var>-(<var>h0</var>+<var>h1</var>).
+</para>
+<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">v0</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><math><code>&backslash;topsep</code> + <code>&backslash;parskip</code></math> if
+the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and
+<code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>+<code>\partopsep</code> if it does
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">v1</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><code>\parsep</code>
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">v2</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><code>\itemsep</code>+<code>\parsep</code>
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">v3</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Same as <var>v0</var>. (This space is affected by whether a blank line
+appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line
+appears in the source below the environment does not matter.)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">h1</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><code>\labelsep</code>
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">h2</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><code>\listparindent</code>
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">h3</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><code>\leftmargin</code>
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">h4</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><code>\itemindent</code>
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">h5</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><code>\rightmargin</code>
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<para>The list&textrsquo;s left and right margins, shown above as <var>h3</var> and <var>h5</var>,
+are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or
+with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width
+used for typesetting the list items is <code>\linewidth</code> (<pxref label="Page-layout-parameters"><xrefnodename>Page
+layout parameters</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance, set the list&textrsquo;s left margin to be one
+quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the
+enclosing environment with
+<code>\setlength&lbrace;\leftmargin&rbrace;&lbrace;0.25\linewidth&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three
+parameters below. For each, the &latex; default is
+<code>-\&arobase;lowpenalty</code>, that is, <code>-51</code>. Because it is negative,
+it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. Change it with,
+e.g., <code>\&arobase;beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a
+page break.
+</para>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="331">\&arobase;beginparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;beginparpenalty</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="332">\&arobase;itempenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;itempenalty</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="333">\&arobase;endparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;endparpenalty</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+
+<para>This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left
+edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;color&rbrace;
+\newcounter&lbrace;cnt&rbrace;
+\newcommand&lbrace;\makeredlabel&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\textcolor&lbrace;red&rbrace;&lbrace;#1.&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\newenvironment&lbrace;redlabel&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\begin&lbrace;list&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\arabic&lbrace;cnt&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\usecounter&lbrace;cnt&rbrace;
+ \setlength&lbrace;\labelwidth&rbrace;&lbrace;0em&rbrace;
+ \setlength&lbrace;\labelsep&rbrace;&lbrace;0.5em&rbrace;
+ \setlength&lbrace;\leftmargin&rbrace;&lbrace;1.5em&rbrace;
+ \setlength&lbrace;\itemindent&rbrace;&lbrace;0.5em&rbrace; % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep
+ \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel
+ &rbrace;
+ &rbrace;
+&lbrace;\end&lbrace;list&rbrace; &rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\item</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">An entry in a list.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">trivlist</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">A restricted form of <code>list</code>.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="_005citem" spaces=" "><nodename>\item</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">list</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list.</sectiontitle>
+<node name="_005citem" spaces=" "><nodename>\item</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">trivlist</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">list</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</sectiontitle>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3640,21 +4402,25 @@ empty, i.e., <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which leaves the default spacing.
<para>or
</para><example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\item[<var>optional label</var>] text of item
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\item[<var>optional-label</var>] text of item
</pre></example>
<para>An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default
-depends on the list type.
+depends on the list type.
+</para>
+<para>Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets
+<samp>[...]</samp>, if you have an item whose text starts with <samp>[</samp>, you
+have to to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code>\item
+&lbrace;[&rbrace; is an open square bracket</code>; otherwise, &latex; will think it
+marks the start of an optional label.
</para>
-<para>Because the optional argument <var>optional label</var> is surrounded by
-square brackets&nbsp;(<code>[</code> and <code>]</code>), to use square brackets
-inside the optional argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as
-in <code>\item[Close square bracket, &lbrace;]&rbrace;]</code>. Similarly, to use an open
-square bracket as first character in the text of the item, also hide it
-inside curly braces. <xref label="LaTeX-command-syntax"><xrefnodename>&latex; command syntax</xrefnodename></xref>.
+<para>Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a
+close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same
+way: <code>\item[Close square bracket, &lbrace;]&rbrace;]</code>. <xref label="LaTeX-command-syntax"><xrefnodename>&latex;
+command syntax</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
-<para>In this example the <code>enumerate</code> list has two items that use the
-default label and one that uses the optional label.
+<para>In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default
+label and one that uses the optional label.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
@@ -3665,20 +4431,68 @@ default label and one that uses the optional label.
</pre></example>
<para>The first item is labelled <samp>1.</samp>, the second item is labelled
-<samp>sometimes</samp>, and the third item is labelled <samp>2.</samp> (note that,
-because of the optional label in the second item, the third item does
-not get a <samp>3.</samp>).
+<samp>sometimes</samp>, and the third item is labelled <samp>2.</samp>. Because
+of the optional label in the second item, the third item is not
+labelled&nbsp;<samp>3.</samp>.
</para>
+</subsection>
+<node name="trivlist" spaces=" "><nodename>trivlist</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\item</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">list</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;trivlist&rbrace;
+ ...
+\end&lbrace;trivlist&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not
+indented and an <code>\item</code> without an optional argument produces no
+text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where
+the <code>\item</code> command as part of the environment&textrsquo;s definition. For
+instance, the <code>center</code> environment is defined essentially like
+this:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\begin&lbrace;trivlist&rbrace;\centering\item\relax&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\end&lbrace;trivlist&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Using <code>trivlist</code> in this way allows the macro to inherit some
+common code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments;
+detecting whether the text following the environment should be
+considered a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one;
+adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list
+environments.
+</para>
+<para>Specifically, <code>trivlist</code> uses the current values of the list
+parameters (<pxref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></pxref>), except that <code>\parsep</code> is set to the
+value of <code>\parskip</code>, and <code>\leftmargin</code>, <code>\labelwidth</code>,
+and <code>\itemindent</code> are set to zero.
+</para>
+<para>This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by
+default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;trivlist&rbrace;
+\item The \textit&lbrace;Surprise&rbrace; is not old; no one would call her old.
+\item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines.
+\end&lbrace;trivlist&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</subsection>
</section>
<node name="math" spaces=" "><nodename>math</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">minipage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">list</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>math</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">in-line formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">in-line formulas</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3688,8 +4502,8 @@ not get a <samp>3.</samp>).
\end&lbrace;math&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the
-running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
+<para>The <code>math</code> environment inserts given <var>math</var> material within
+the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
<xref label="Math-formulas"><xrefnodename>Math formulas</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
@@ -3697,9 +4511,10 @@ running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
<node name="minipage" spaces=" "><nodename>minipage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">picture</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">math</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>minipage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324"><r>environment</r>, <code>minipage</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325"><code>minipage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336"><r>environment</r>, <code>minipage</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337"><code>minipage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]&lbrace;<var>width</var>&rbrace;
@@ -3715,15 +4530,15 @@ other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
<!-- c (xxref positions) -->
<para>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cparbox"><xrefnodename>\parbox</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
<para>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code>
environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;1pc&rbrace;</code> command.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
@@ -3739,10 +4554,11 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
<node name="picture" spaces=" "><nodename>picture</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quotation and quote</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">minipage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>picture</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327"><r>environment</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328"><code>picture</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339"><r>environment</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340"><code>picture</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>)
@@ -3750,7 +4566,7 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
\end&lbrace;picture&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any
kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying
@@ -3765,15 +4581,16 @@ centimeters.
<code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> environment.
The default value is <code>1pt</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209"><r>package</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210"><code>picture</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227"><r>package</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228"><code>picture</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>The <code>picture</code> package redefine the <code>picture</code> environment so
that everywhere a number is used in a <var>picture commands</var> to specify
a coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that
this will prevent scaling those lengths by changing <code>\unitlength</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A <dfn>position</dfn> is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying
the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>.
Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
@@ -3823,7 +4640,7 @@ command. The command
picture, with its reference point at coordinates <math>(11.3,-.3)</math>.
The reference points for various objects will be described below.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330">lR box</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342">lR box</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn>. You can put anything
that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox"><xrefnodename>\mbox</xrefnodename></pxref>) in the text argument of
the <code>\put</code> command. When you do this, the reference point will
@@ -3852,7 +4669,7 @@ be the lower left corner of the box.
<node name="_005ccircle" spaces=" "><nodename>\circle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\circle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331">\circle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343">\circle</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3871,7 +4688,7 @@ draws a solid circle.
<node name="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\circle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3908,7 +4725,7 @@ your <var>text</var> appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
<node name="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\framebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dashbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3920,8 +4737,8 @@ your <var>text</var> appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
that it creates.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness
<code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule
and the contents of the box.
@@ -3931,7 +4748,7 @@ and the contents of the box.
<node name="_005cdashbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\dashbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frame</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dashbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3952,7 +4769,7 @@ multiples of the <var>dlen</var>.
<node name="_005cframe" spaces=" "><nodename>\frame</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\dashbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frame</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337">\frame</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349">\frame</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3969,7 +4786,7 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
<node name="_005cline" spaces=" "><nodename>\line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linethickness</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frame</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\line</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338">\line</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350">\line</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3980,8 +4797,8 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
<para>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and
slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <math><var>slope</var> = x/y</math>,
where <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> have integer values from &minus;6
through&nbsp;6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes,
@@ -3992,7 +4809,7 @@ see <code>pict2e</code> and many other packages on CTAN.
<node name="_005clinethickness" spaces=" "><nodename>\linethickness</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thicklines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linethickness</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\linethickness&lbrace;<var>dim</var>&rbrace;</code> command declares the thickness
of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
@@ -4006,7 +4823,7 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>.
<node name="_005cthicklines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thicklines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinlines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\linethickness</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thicklines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
@@ -4017,7 +4834,7 @@ cf.&nbsp;<ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnoden
<node name="_005cthinlines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinlines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\multiput</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thicklines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinlines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
@@ -4028,7 +4845,7 @@ cf.&nbsp;<ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnoden
<node name="_005cmultiput" spaces=" "><nodename>\multiput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\oval</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinlines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multiput</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4046,7 +4863,7 @@ pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position
<node name="_005coval" spaces=" "><nodename>\oval</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\put</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multiput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\oval</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343">\oval</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355">\oval</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4081,7 +4898,7 @@ boxes with rounded corners.
<node name="_005cput" spaces=" "><nodename>\put</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\shortstack</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\oval</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\put</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344">\put</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356">\put</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4098,7 +4915,7 @@ boxes with rounded corners.
<node name="_005cshortstack" spaces=" "><nodename>\shortstack</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vector</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\put</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\shortstack</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4118,7 +4935,7 @@ positions are:
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="358">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>.
</para>
@@ -4126,7 +4943,7 @@ positions are:
<node name="_005cvector" spaces=" "><nodename>\vector</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\shortstack</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vector</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347">\vector</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="359">\vector</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4144,16 +4961,18 @@ values must lie between &minus;4 and +4, inclusive.
<node name="quotation-and-quote" spaces=" "><nodename>quotation and quote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabbing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">picture</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quotation</code> and <code>quote</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348"><r>environment</r>, <code>quotation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349"><code>quotation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350"><r>environment</r>, <code>quote</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351"><code>quote</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="360"><r>environment</r>, <code>quotation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361"><code>quotation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362"><r>environment</r>, <code>quote</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363"><code>quote</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4200,106 +5019,156 @@ quotations.
<node name="tabbing" spaces=" "><nodename>tabbing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">quotation and quote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabbing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabbing</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353"><code>tabbing</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabbing</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365"><code>tabbing</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;
-<var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> \= <var>row1col3</var> \= <var>row1col4</var> \\
-<var>row2col1</var> \&gt; \&gt; <var>row2col3</var> \\
+<var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> ... \\
+<var>row2col1</var> \&gt; <var>row2col2</var> ... \\
...
\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align text in
-columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
-was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where
-the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
+<para>The <code>tabbing</code> environment aligns text in columns. It works by
+setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter.
+It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant
+and known in advance.
</para>
-<para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code>
-environment.
+<para>This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit
+widths, ended by a <code>\kill</code> command (which is described below):
</para>
-<para>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment:
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;
+\hspace&lbrace;0.75in&rbrace; \= \hspace&lbrace;0.40in&rbrace; \= \hspace&lbrace;0.40in&rbrace; \kill
+Ship \&gt; Guns \&gt; Year \\
+\textit&lbrace;Sophie&rbrace; \&gt; 14 \&gt; 1800 \\
+\textit&lbrace;Polychrest&rbrace; \&gt; 24 \&gt; 1803 \\
+\textit&lbrace;Lively&rbrace; \&gt; 38 \&gt; 1804 \\
+\textit&lbrace;Surprise&rbrace; \&gt; 28 \&gt; 1805 \\
+\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Both the <code>tabbing</code> environment and the more widely-used
+<code>tabular</code> environment put text in columns. The most important
+distinction is that in <code>tabular</code> the width of columns is
+determined automatically by &latex;, while in <code>tabbing</code> the user
+sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that <code>tabular</code>
+generates a box, but <code>tabbing</code> can be broken across pages.
+Finally, while <code>tabular</code> can be used in any mode, <code>tabbing</code>
+can be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph.
+</para>
+<para>A <code>tabbing</code> environment always starts a new paragraph, without
+indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need
+to use the starred form of the <code>\hspace</code> command at the beginning
+of a tabbed row. The right margin of the <code>tabbing</code> environment is
+the end of line, so that the width of the environment is
+<code>\linewidth</code>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">row, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The <code>tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <dfn>tabbed
+rows</dfn>. The first tabbed row begins immediately after
+<code>\begin&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code> and each row ends with <code>\\</code> or
+<code>\kill</code>. The last row may omit the <code>\\</code> and end with just
+<code>\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a current tab stop
+pattern, a sequence of <math><var>n</var> &gt; 0</math> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
+etc. These create <var>n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop&nbsp;0 is
+always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab
+stop number&nbsp;<var>i</var> is set if it is assigned a horizontal
+position on the page. Tab stop number&nbsp;<var>i</var> can only be set if
+all the stops 0, &dots;, <math>i-1</math> have already been set; normally
+later stops are to the right of earlier ones.
+</para>
+<para>By default any text typeset in a <code>tabbing</code> environment is typeset
+ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is
+done in LR mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
+They are all fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="354">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>End a line.
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="366">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>End a tabbed line and typeset it.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="355">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="367">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="356">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="368">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
<para>Advances to the next tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="358">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="370">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="359">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="371">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="360">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="372">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="361">\&textrsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
-current column, i.e., everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>,
-<code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right
-of the previous column, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="373">\' <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e.,
+everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>, <code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>,
+<code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned
+to the right, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="362">\&textlsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="374">\` <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
-stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last column
-because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the
-text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code>
-command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
-environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or <code>\'</code> command between
-the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="363">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364">\a&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365">\a&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last
+column because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves
+all the text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or
+<code>\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code> command that ends the line, to the right margin
+of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or
+<code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the <code>\\</code> or
+<code>\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code> command that ends the line.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="375">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="376">\a' <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="377">\a` <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="378">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead,
-the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used.
+use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="367">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code>
-except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
-output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code>
-commands in that line remain in effect.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except
+that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.
+Any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in
+effect.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="368">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="381">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
<para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="370">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="371">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<para>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
+<para>This example typesets a Pascal function:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\&gt; begin \= \+ \\
- \&gt; if \= n $&gt;$ 1 then \+ \\
+ \&gt; if \= n &gt; 1 then \+ \\
fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
else \+ \\
fact := 1; \-\- \\
@@ -4307,15 +5176,45 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<para>The output looks like this:
+</para><example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">function fact(n : integer) : integer;
+ begin
+ if n &gt; 1 then
+ fact := n * fact(n-1);
+ else
+ fact := 1;
+ end;
+</pre></example>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242"><r>package</r>, <code>algorithm2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243"><code>algorithm2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+
+<para>(The above example is just for illustration of the environment. To
+actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim
+environment (<pxref label="verbatim"><xrefnodename>verbatim</xrefnodename></pxref>) would normally suffice. For
+pretty-printed code, there are quite a few packages, including
+<code>algorithm2e</code>, <code>fancyvrb</code>, <code>listings</code>, and
+<code>minted</code>.)
+</para>
+
</section>
<node name="table" spaces=" "><nodename>table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabular</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabbing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>table</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372"><r>environment</r>, <code>table</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="373"><code>table</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="384"><r>environment</r>, <code>table</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="385"><code>table</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4340,7 +5239,7 @@ and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
</para>
<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
references</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="374">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386">\caption</indexterm></findex>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
table. By default it is numbered. If <var>lottitle</var> is present, it is
used in the list of tables instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Tables-of-contents"><xrefnodename>Tables of
@@ -4367,10 +5266,11 @@ unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
<node name="tabular" spaces=" "><nodename>tabular</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">thebibliography</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabular</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="375"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabular</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="376"><code>tabular</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabular</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388"><code>tabular</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4406,10 +5306,10 @@ in columns. This illustrates many of the features.
<para>The vertical format of two left-aligned columns, with a vertical bar
between them, is specified in <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s argument <code>&lbrace;l|l&rbrace;</code>.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="377">&amp;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389">&amp;</indexterm></findex>
Columns are separated with an ampersand <code>&amp;</code>. A horizontal rule
between two rows is created with <code>\hline</code>.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="378">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex>
The end of each row is marked with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
This <code>\\</code> is optional after the last row unless an <code>\hline</code>
command follows, to put a rule below the table.
@@ -4493,7 +5393,7 @@ so the numbers in the table are aligned on that decimal point.
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="379">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>An <code>\extracolsep&lbrace;<var>wd</var>&rbrace;</code> command in an &arobase;-expression causes an
extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code> command.
@@ -4543,22 +5443,22 @@ contain another <code>*</code>-expression.
<!-- c xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? -->
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="392">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments. The default is <samp>.4pt</samp>. Change it as in
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\arrayrulewidth&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="393">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is <samp>1</samp>, for
no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\arraystretch&rbrace;&lbrace;1.2&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="394">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
<code>||</code> specifier. The default is <samp>2pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="395">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
<samp>6pt</samp>. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
</para>
@@ -4579,7 +5479,7 @@ lines:
<node name="_005cmulticolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\multicolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multicolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="384">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4676,7 +5576,7 @@ vertical bar in the <var>cols</var> of either of the first row&textrsquo;s
<node name="_005cvline" spaces=" "><nodename>\vline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multicolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="385">\vline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397">\vline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment
extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be
used in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical
@@ -4709,7 +5609,7 @@ to the <code>g</code>, with no whitespace.
<node name="_005ccline" spaces=" "><nodename>\cline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386">\cline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398">\cline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4739,7 +5639,7 @@ height.
<node name="_005chline" spaces=" "><nodename>\hline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\cline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387">\hline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399">\hline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
<code>array</code> environment. It&textrsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the
@@ -4764,9 +5664,10 @@ is required.
<node name="thebibliography" spaces=" "><nodename>thebibliography</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">theorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabular</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>thebibliography</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388"><r>environment</r>, <code>thebibliography</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389"><code>thebibliography</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400"><r>environment</r>, <code>thebibliography</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401"><code>thebibliography</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4781,15 +5682,33 @@ is required.
reference list.
</para>
<para>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled
-&textldquo;References&textrdquo;; in the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled
-&textldquo;Bibliography&textrdquo;. You can change the label (in the standard classes)
-by redefining the command <code>\refname</code>. For instance, this
-eliminates it entirely:
+<samp>References</samp> and the label is stored in macro <code>\refname</code>; in
+the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled <samp>Bibliography</samp> and the
+label is stored in macro <code>\bibname</code>.
</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\refname&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
+<para>You can change the label by redefining the command <code>\refname</code> or
+<code>\bibname</code>, whichever is applicable depending on the class:
+</para>
+<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" ">
+<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402">\bibname</indexterm></findex>
+<para>For standard classes whose top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code>
+(such as <file>book</file> and <file>report</file>), the label is in the macro
+<code>\bibname</code>;
+</para>
+</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403">\refname</indexterm></findex>
+<para>For standard classes whose the top level sectioning is <code>\section</code>
+(such as <file>article</file>), the label is in macro <code>\refname</code>.
+</para></listitem></itemize>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine
+<code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code>; language support packages like
+<file>babel</file> do this.
+</para>
<para>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset,
is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
commands. It is typically given as <code>9</code> for bibliographies with
@@ -4806,7 +5725,7 @@ less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
<node name="_005cbibitem" spaces=" "><nodename>\bibitem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cite</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bibitem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4817,7 +5736,7 @@ less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
<para>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by <var>label</var>.
If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is automatically
generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <var>cite_key</var> is a
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228">citation key</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">citation key</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>citation key</dfn> consisting in any sequence of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
</para>
@@ -4833,7 +5752,7 @@ with a <code>\cite</code> command (<pxref label="_005ccite"><xrefnodename>\cite<
<node name="_005ccite" spaces=" "><nodename>\cite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nocite</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bibitem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391">\cite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405">\cite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4855,7 +5774,7 @@ citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]&lbrace;knuth&rbrace;</code> might pr
<node name="_005cnocite" spaces=" "><nodename>\nocite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Using BibTeX</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nocite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4871,11 +5790,11 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, to the <file>.aux</file> file.
<node name="Using-BibTeX" spaces=" "><nodename>Using BibTeX</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nocite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Using Bib&tex;</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
<para>If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly
recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
@@ -4923,9 +5842,10 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and
<node name="theorem" spaces=" "><nodename>theorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">titlepage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>theorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395"><r>environment</r>, <code>theorem</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396"><code>theorem</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409"><r>environment</r>, <code>theorem</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410"><code>theorem</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4945,10 +5865,11 @@ possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code>
<node name="titlepage" spaces=" "><nodename>titlepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verbatim</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">theorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>titlepage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397"><r>environment</r>, <code>titlepage</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398"><code>titlepage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411"><r>environment</r>, <code>titlepage</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412"><code>titlepage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4995,13 +5916,14 @@ is left to the author.
<node name="verbatim" spaces=" "><nodename>verbatim</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verse</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">titlepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verbatim</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399"><r>environment</r>, <code>verbatim</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400"><code>verbatim</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413"><r>environment</r>, <code>verbatim</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414"><code>verbatim</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5017,7 +5939,8 @@ which &latex; produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
effect that they would on a typewriter.
</para>
-<para>The <code>verbatim</code> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>).
+<para>The <code>verbatim</code> environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font
+(<code>\tt</code>).
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\verb</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
@@ -5026,8 +5949,8 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter.
<node name="_005cverb" spaces=" "><nodename>\verb</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">verbatim</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\verb</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401">\verb</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415">\verb</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5042,11 +5965,10 @@ including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
<code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the
verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
&textldquo;visible space&textrdquo; character.
<tex endspaces=" ">
-(Namely, {\tt\char&textlsquo;\ }.)
</tex>
</para>
@@ -5055,9 +5977,10 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
<node name="verse" spaces=" "><nodename>verse</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">verbatim</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verse</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402"><r>environment</r>, <code>verse</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403"><code>verse</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416"><r>environment</r>, <code>verse</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417"><code>verse</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5072,7 +5995,7 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
<para>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
other uses for it.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each
stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
@@ -5084,8 +6007,8 @@ stanzas.
<node name="Line-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Line breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Environments</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Line breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
@@ -5111,9 +6034,9 @@ you but in some environments you manually force line breaks.
<node name="_005c_005c" spaces=" "><nodename>\\</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\\</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5155,9 +6078,9 @@ in a <code>tabular</code> environment) the <code>\newline</code> command is a sy
<node name="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" spaces=" "><nodename>\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\\</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="421">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file
(<samp>^^M</samp>, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by
@@ -5171,8 +6094,8 @@ in the output.
<node name="_005cnewline" spaces=" "><nodename>\newline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408">\newline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="422">\newline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In ordinary text this is equivalent to double-backslash (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>); it
breaks a line, with no stretching of the text before it.
@@ -5199,8 +6122,8 @@ single cell of the table.
<node name="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\discretionary</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="423">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\-</code> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at
that point. &latex; is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds
@@ -5215,8 +6138,8 @@ that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.
</section>
<node name="_005cdiscretionary" spaces=" "><nodename>\discretionary</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fussy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">hyphenation, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">discretionary hyphenation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">hyphenation, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">discretionary hyphenation</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5230,7 +6153,7 @@ that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.
<node name="_005cfussy" spaces=" "><nodename>\fussy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sloppy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\discretionary</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fussy</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="424">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
<para>The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes &tex;
picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between
@@ -5244,7 +6167,7 @@ words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
<node name="_005csloppy" spaces=" "><nodename>\sloppy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fussy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sloppy</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411">\sloppy</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="425">\sloppy</indexterm></findex>
<para>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes &tex; less fussy about line
breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
@@ -5257,8 +6180,8 @@ interword spacing.
<node name="_005chyphenation" spaces=" "><nodename>\hyphenation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\sloppy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hyphenation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="426">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5282,10 +6205,10 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words):
<node name="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="427">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="428">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -5309,8 +6232,8 @@ from a demand to a request. The <var>priority</var> must be a number from
<node name="Page-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Page breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically,
@@ -5328,8 +6251,8 @@ but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
<node name="_005ccleardoublepage" spaces=" "><nodename>\cleardoublepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\clearpage</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cleardoublepage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="429">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all
the pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
@@ -5342,9 +6265,9 @@ necessary.
<node name="_005cclearpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\clearpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newpage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cleardoublepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\clearpage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="430">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all the
pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
@@ -5355,9 +6278,9 @@ input to be printed.
<node name="_005cnewpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\newpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\clearpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newpage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="431">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear
floats (<pxref label="_005cclearpage"><xrefnodename>\clearpage</xrefnodename></pxref>).
@@ -5367,8 +6290,8 @@ floats (<pxref label="_005cclearpage"><xrefnodename>\clearpage</xrefnodename></p
<node name="_005cenlargethispage" spaces=" "><nodename>\enlargethispage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enlargethispage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="432">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\enlargethispage&lbrace;size&rbrace;</code>
</para>
@@ -5387,10 +6310,10 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
<node name="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -5415,7 +6338,7 @@ insistent the request is.
<node name="Footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Definitions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Place a numbered footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
</para>
@@ -5450,7 +6373,7 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior.
<node name="_005cfootnote" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnote</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="421">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5473,9 +6396,9 @@ at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''&rbrace;
number. If you use this option then the footnote number counter is not
incremented, and if you do not use it then the counter is incremented.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="422">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="423">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="437">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
<para>Change how &latex; shows the footnote counter with something like
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\thefootnote&rbrace;&lbrace;\fnsymbol&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which
uses a sequence of symbols (<pxref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman
@@ -5490,8 +6413,8 @@ sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode). There are some workarounds; see following sections.
<!-- c xx mention packages that fix this -->
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267">Footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">Footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
command uses the <code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the
<code>footnote</code> counter, so they are numbered independently. They are
@@ -5503,7 +6426,7 @@ And by default they are shown alphabetically. <xref label="minipage"><xrefnodena
<node name="_005cfootnotemark" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotemark</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotemark</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="424">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="438">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -5546,7 +6469,7 @@ and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;]
<node name="_005cfootnotetext" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotetext</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotetext</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="425">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="439">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -5565,7 +6488,7 @@ argument <var>number</var> changes the displayed footnote number. The
<node name="Footnotes-in-a-table" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in a table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in a table</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">Footnotes, in a table</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">Footnotes, in a table</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Inside a <code>table</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command does not
work. For instance, if the code below appears on its own then the
@@ -5621,17 +6544,18 @@ sequence with other footnotes.
<node name="Footnotes-in-section-headings" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in section headings</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes of footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in section headings</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">footnotes, in section headings</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">footnotes, in section headings</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\section&lbrace;Full sets\protect\footnote&lbrace;This material due to ...&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272"><r>package</r>, <code>footmisc</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273"><code>footmisc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274"><code>stable</code> option to <code>footmisc</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301"><r>package</r>, <code>footmisc</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302"><code>footmisc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303"><code>stable</code> option to <code>footmisc</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
@@ -5702,17 +6626,17 @@ of multiple authors with the same affiliation.
<node name="Footnote-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnote parameters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Multiple reference to footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnote parameters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="426">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s
footnotes. Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and
<code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except
<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="427">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By
default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code>
fonts (<pxref label="Font-sizes"><xrefnodename>Font sizes</xrefnodename></pxref>), therefore there is no extra space between
@@ -5727,11 +6651,12 @@ footnotes. This is <samp>6.65pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>7.7pt</samp
<node name="Definitions" spaces=" "><nodename>Definitions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Counters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Definitions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</para>
<!-- c xx everything in this chapter needs examples. -->
+<!-- c xx Add DeclareRobustCommand (see clsguide.pdf) -->
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">(Re)define a new command.
@@ -5743,17 +6668,18 @@ footnotes. This is <samp>6.65pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>7.7pt</samp
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newtheorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new theorem-like environment.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newfont</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new font name.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\protect</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using tricky commands.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Discard extra spaces.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\providecommand</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="428">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="442">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a
command, respectively. Synopses:
@@ -5765,8 +6691,8 @@ command, respectively. Synopses:
\renewcommand*&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">starred form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">*-form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">starred form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">*-form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The starred form of these two commands requires that the arguments not
contain multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain &tex;
terms).
@@ -5790,7 +6716,7 @@ command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optarg
(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then
<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">positional parameter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">positional parameter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets following,
as in <code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the first
<dfn>positional parameter</dfn> <code>#1</code> expands <var>myval</var>. On the
@@ -5866,10 +6792,10 @@ part of the definition and thus do define a group.
<node name="_005cprovidecommand" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\providecommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\providecommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="429">\providecommand</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="443">\providecommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists.
Synopses:
@@ -5890,8 +6816,8 @@ loaded more than once.
<node name="_005cnewcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newlength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\providecommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="430">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="444">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -5922,11 +6848,11 @@ existing counter <var>supercounter</var>. For example, ordinarily
<node name="_005cnewlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\newlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newlength</code>: Allocating a length</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="431">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="445">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Allocate a new <dfn>length</dfn> register. Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5948,8 +6874,8 @@ sequence <code>\<var>arg</var></code> must not already be defined.
<node name="_005cnewsavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\newsavebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newsavebox</code>: Allocating a box</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="432">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="446">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Allocate a &textldquo;bin&textrdquo; for holding a box. Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5971,11 +6897,11 @@ be already defined.
<node name="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" spaces=" "><nodename>\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="447">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="448">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is,
<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace; <var>body</var> \end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>. Synopses:
@@ -5987,7 +6913,7 @@ be already defined.
\renewenvironment*&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdefn</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddefn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
contain multiple paragraphs of text. The body of these environments can
still contain multiple paragraphs.
@@ -6102,12 +7028,12 @@ In the document, use the environment like this:
<node name="_005cnewtheorem" spaces=" "><nodename>\newtheorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newfont</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newtheorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="449">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Define a new theorem-like environment. Synopses:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -6237,9 +7163,9 @@ by <samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp> and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2.2</samp>.
<node name="_005cnewfont" spaces=" "><nodename>\newfont</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\protect</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newfont</code>: Define a new font (obsolete)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="450">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\newfont</code>, now obsolete, defines a command that will switch fonts.
Synopsis:
@@ -6253,7 +7179,7 @@ current font. &latex; will look on your system for a file named
<file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>. The control sequence must must not already
be defined. It must begin with a backslash (<samp>\</samp>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="437">.fd <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="451">.fd <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>This command is obsolete. It is a low-level command for setting up an
individual font. Today fonts are almost always defined in families
(which allows you to, for example, associate a boldface with a roman)
@@ -6262,8 +7188,8 @@ through the so-called &textldquo;New Font Selection Scheme&textrdquo;, either by
system fonts such as Xe&latex; (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
<!-- c xx explain nfss somewhere -->
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>But since it is part of &latex;, here is an explanation: the
<var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
<dfn>at clause</dfn>; this can have the form either <code>at <var>dimen</var></code>
@@ -6284,18 +7210,21 @@ characters in each:
</section>
-<node name="_005cprotect" spaces=" "><nodename>\protect</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\newfont</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cprotect" spaces=" "><nodename>\protect</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newfont</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\protect</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="438">\protect</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>All &latex; commands are either <dfn>fragile</dfn> or <dfn>robust</dfn>.
-Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
-many more, are fragile. A fragile command can break when it is used in
-the argument to certain commands. To prevent such commands from
-breaking one solution is to have them preceded by the command
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="452">\protect</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>All &latex; commands are either <dfn>fragile</dfn> or <dfn>robust</dfn>. A
+fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
+other commands. Commands that contain data that &latex; writes to an
+auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile. This includes material
+that goes into a table of contents, list of figures, list of tables,
+etc. Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an
+optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from
+breaking, one solution is to preceded them with the command
<code>\protect</code>.
</para>
<para>For example, when &latex; runs the <code>\section&lbrace;<var>section
@@ -6304,7 +7233,7 @@ name</var>&rbrace;</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to
document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
internally expanded by &latex; without typesetting it directly is
referred to as a
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>moving argument</dfn>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid &tex; code. Some examples of
moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>
@@ -6347,12 +7276,103 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
</section>
+<node name="_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" spaces=" "><nodename>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\protect</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="453">\ignorespaces</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="454">\ignorespacesafterend</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ignorespaces
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ignorespacesafterend
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Both commands cause &latex; to ignore spaces after the end of the
+command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command
+from Plain &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via
+<code>\newcommand</code>, or <code>\newenvironment</code>, or <code>\def</code>. The
+example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values
+for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as
+shown in the <code>enumerate</code> list, users must not put any space between
+the command and the question text.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\points&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\makebox[0pt]&lbrace;\makebox[10em][l]&lbrace;#1~pts&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
+ \item\points&lbrace;10&rbrace;no extra space output here
+ \item\points&lbrace;15&rbrace; extra space output between the number and the word `extra'
+\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The solution is to change to
+<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\points&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\makebox[0pt]&lbrace;\makebox[10em][l]&lbrace;#1~pts&rbrace;&rbrace;\ignorespaces&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The
+commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But,
+as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
+<code>\fullname</code> will reproduce that.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\makeatletter
+\newcommand&lbrace;\honorific&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\def\&arobase;honorific&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace; % remember title
+\newcommand&lbrace;\fullname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\&arobase;honorific~#1&rbrace; % recall title; put before name
+\makeatother
+\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;|l|&rbrace;
+\honorific&lbrace;Mr/Ms&rbrace; \fullname&lbrace;Jones&rbrace; \\ % no extra space here
+\honorific&lbrace; Mr/Ms&rbrace; \fullname&lbrace;Jones&rbrace; % extra space before title
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>To fix this, change to
+<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\fullname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\ignorespaces\&arobase;honorific~#1&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is also often used in a <code>\newenvironment</code>
+at the end of the <var>begin</var> clause, that is, as part of the second
+argument, as in <code>\begin&lbrace;newenvironment&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>env
+name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;... \ignorespaces&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>To strip spaces off the end of an environment use
+<code>\ignorespacesafterend</code>. An example is that this will show a much
+larger vertical space between the first and second environments than
+between the second and third.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment&lbrace;eq&rbrace;&lbrace;\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;eq&rbrace;
+e=mc^2
+\end&lbrace;eq&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+F=ma
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+E=IR
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Putting a comment character&nbsp;<code>%</code> immediately after the
+<code>\end&lbrace;eq&rbrace;</code> will make the vertical space disappear, but that is
+inconvenient. The solution is to change to
+<code>\newenvironment&lbrace;eq&rbrace;&lbrace;\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;\ignorespacesafterend&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+
+</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Counters" spaces=" "><nodename>Counters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Definitions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Counters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the
@@ -6395,7 +7415,7 @@ up to four levels of nesting (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</
<node name="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" spaces=" "><nodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usecounter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
@@ -6407,22 +7427,22 @@ instance, <code>\alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;</code>. Note that the counter name d
start with a backslash.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="439">\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="455">\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440">\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="456">\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441">\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="457">\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in Arabic numbers: &textlsquo;1&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;2&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="442">\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="458">\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="443">\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="459">\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="444">\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="460">\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine
symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
<var>counter</var> must be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive.
@@ -6430,9 +7450,11 @@ symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
<para>Here are the symbols:
</para>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=" .33 .33 .33"><columnfraction value=".33"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".33"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".33"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
-<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Name</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>Equivalent Unicode symbol and/or numeric code point<!-- c -->
+<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Name</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>Equivalent Unicode symbol and/or numeric code point<!-- c
+ -->
</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item">
-<para>asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>*<!-- c -->
+<para>asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>*<!-- c
+ -->
</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
<para>dagger</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\dagger</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2020</U>
</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
@@ -6444,7 +7466,8 @@ symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
<para>double-vert</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\parallel</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2016</U>
</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
-<para>double-asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>**<!-- c -->
+<para>double-asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>**<!-- c
+ -->
</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
<para>double-dagger</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\dagger\dagger</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2020</U><U>2020</U>
</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
@@ -6458,9 +7481,9 @@ symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
<node name="_005cusecounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\usecounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\value</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usecounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="445">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="461">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6494,8 +7517,8 @@ value. This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\prot
<node name="_005cvalue" spaces=" "><nodename>\value</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\usecounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\value&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="446">\value</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="462">\value</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6535,9 +7558,9 @@ Other counter is \arabic&lbrace;other&rbrace;.
<node name="_005csetcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\setcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\value</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>value</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="447">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="463">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6561,7 +7584,7 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman&lbrace;section&rbrace;.
<node name="_005caddtocounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>value</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="448">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="464">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command globally increments <var>counter</var> by
the amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
@@ -6579,7 +7602,7 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman&lbrace;section&rbrace;.
<node name="_005crefstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\refstepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\refstepcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="449">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="465">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as
<code>\stepcounter</code> (<pxref label="_005cstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>): it globally increments the
@@ -6598,7 +7621,7 @@ locally, i.e., inside the current group.
<node name="_005cstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\stepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\day \month \year</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stepcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="450">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="466">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command globally adds one to <var>counter</var> and
resets all counters numbered within it. (For the definition of
@@ -6609,9 +7632,9 @@ resets all counters numbered within it. (For the definition of
<node name="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" spaces=" "><nodename>\day \month \year</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="451">\day</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="452">\month</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="453">\year</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="467">\day</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="468">\month</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="469">\year</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>,
1&textndash;31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1&textndash;12), and year
@@ -6628,7 +7651,7 @@ current day (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxre
<node name="Lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Lengths</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Counters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Lengths</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A <dfn>length</dfn> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
length as an argument.
@@ -6671,67 +7694,67 @@ and <code>\setlength&lbrace;\zlength&rbrace;&lbrace;3\ylength&rbrace;</code> the
<node name="Units-of-length" spaces=" "><nodename>Units of length</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setlength</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Units of length</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">units, of length</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">units, of length</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&tex; and &latex; know about these units both inside and outside of
math mode.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pt </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="454">pt</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">Point</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="470">pt</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">Point</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Point 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
places, is 1<dmn>point</dmn> = 2.85<dmn>mm</dmn> = 28.45<dmn>cm</dmn>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">pica</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="455">pc</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">pica</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="471">pc</indexterm></findex>
<para>Pica, 12 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">in </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="456">in</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="457">inch</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="472">in</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="473">inch</indexterm></findex>
<para>Inch, 72.27 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">bp </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="458">bp</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">Big point</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="474">bp</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">Big point</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cm </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">Centimeter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="459">cm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">Centimeter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="475">cm</indexterm></findex>
<para>Centimeter
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">mm </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">Millimeter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="460">mm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">Millimeter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="476">mm</indexterm></findex>
<para>Millimeter
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">dd </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">Didot point</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="461">dd</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">Didot point</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="477">dd</indexterm></findex>
<para>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cc </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">Cicero</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="462">cc</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">Cicero</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="478">cc</indexterm></findex>
<para>Cicero, 12 dd
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">sp </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">Scaled point</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="463">sp</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">Scaled point</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="479">sp</indexterm></findex>
<para>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">ex</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">x-height</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="464">ex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">m-width</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">em</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="465">em</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">ex</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">x-height</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="480">ex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">m-width</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">em</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="481">em</indexterm></findex>
<para>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
the font. The x-height of the current font <dfn>ex</dfn>, traditionally the
height of the lower case letter x, is often used for vertical
@@ -6744,8 +7767,8 @@ of the vertical space between list items given as
likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition
given in points.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="466">mu</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="482">mu</indexterm></findex>
<para>In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
<dfn>mu</dfn> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
math symbols family. <xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></xref>.
@@ -6755,8 +7778,8 @@ math symbols family. <xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing i
<node name="_005csetlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\setlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtolength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Units of length</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setlength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="467">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="483">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6765,7 +7788,7 @@ math symbols family. <xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing i
</pre></example>
<para>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <dfn>length command</dfn>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">length command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">length command</indexterm></cindex>
<code>\<var>len</var></code> to the <var>value</var> argument which can be expressed in any
units that &latex; understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters
(<code>mm</code>), points (<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>), etc.
@@ -6775,8 +7798,8 @@ units that &latex; understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters
<node name="_005caddtolength" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtolength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settodepth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtolength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="468">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="484">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6794,7 +7817,7 @@ negative.
<node name="_005csettodepth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settodepth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settoheight</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtolength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settodepth</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="469">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="485">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6810,7 +7833,7 @@ negative.
<node name="_005csettoheight" spaces=" "><nodename>\settoheight</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settowidth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settodepth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settoheight</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="470">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="486">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6827,7 +7850,7 @@ equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument.
<node name="_005csettowidth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settowidth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Predefined lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settoheight</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settowidth&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="471">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="487">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6843,20 +7866,20 @@ to the width of the <var>text</var> argument.
<node name="Predefined-lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Predefined lengths</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\settowidth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Predefined lengths</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">lengths, predefined</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">predefined lengths</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">lengths, predefined</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">predefined lengths</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\width</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="472">\width</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="488">\width</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para><code>\height</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="473">\height</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="489">\height</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para><code>\depth</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="474">\depth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="490">\depth</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para><code>\totalheight</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="475">\totalheight</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="491">\totalheight</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
commands (<pxref label="Boxes"><xrefnodename>Boxes</xrefnodename></pxref>). They specify the natural width, etc., of
@@ -6874,8 +7897,8 @@ natural size, e.g., say
<node name="Making-paragraphs" spaces=" "><nodename>Making paragraphs</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math formulas</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Lengths</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Making paragraphs</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&textmdash;lines not
containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not appear where a new
@@ -6893,9 +7916,9 @@ a sectioning command.
<node name="_005cindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\indent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\noindent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\indent</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="476">\indent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="477">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="492">\indent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="493">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals to the
<code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used
@@ -6910,8 +7933,8 @@ mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</c
<node name="_005cnoindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\noindent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\indent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\noindent</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="478">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340">indent, suppressing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="494">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">indent, suppressing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any
paragraph indentation, as in this example.
@@ -6932,8 +7955,8 @@ paragraph indentation, as in this example.
<node name="_005cparskip" spaces=" "><nodename>\parskip</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Marginal notes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\noindent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parskip</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="479">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="495">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
@@ -6943,10 +7966,10 @@ before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
<node name="Marginal-notes" spaces=" "><nodename>Marginal notes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\parskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Marginal notes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="480">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="496">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6970,8 +7993,8 @@ will be placed
<para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option <code>twocolumn</code>, see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para></listitem></itemize>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="481">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="482">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="497">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="498">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes
in the opposite (inside) margin. <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them
in the default position.
@@ -6985,15 +8008,15 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;</c
<para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="483">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="499">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for
<samp>12pt</samp> documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="484">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="500">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
<samp>11pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> documents, <samp>10pt</samp> else.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="485">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="501">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided <samp>10pt</samp> document
is <samp>90pt</samp>, <samp>83pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>68pt</samp> for
<samp>12pt</samp>; <samp>17pt</samp> more in each case for a two-sided document.
@@ -7013,15 +8036,18 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
<node name="Math-formulas" spaces=" "><nodename>Math formulas</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Modes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math formulas</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="486"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="487"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="488"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="489"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="490"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="491"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="502"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="503"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="504"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="505"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="506"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="507"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
<para>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode:
</para>
@@ -7035,10 +8061,10 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
number in the right margin.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="492">\(</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="493">\)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="494">\[</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="495">\]</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="508">\(</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="509">\)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="510">\[</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="511">\]</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used
only in paragraph mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code>
@@ -7049,7 +8075,7 @@ environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
\[...\] <r>instead of</r> \begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="496">$</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="512">$</indexterm></findex>
<para>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:
</para>
@@ -7057,15 +8083,15 @@ shorter form:
<pre xml:space="preserve">$ ... $ <r>instead of</r> \(...\)
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="497">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="498">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="513">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="514">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
a bold font. It is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode. Conversely, the
<code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
it too is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode.
</para>
<!-- c xx own section? Math fonts? -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="499">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="515">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and
below summations. For example:
@@ -7089,11 +8115,11 @@ below summations. For example:
<node name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" spaces=" "><nodename>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="500">_</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="501">^</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="516">_</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="517">^</indexterm></findex>
<para>In math mode, use the caret character&nbsp;<code>^</code> to make the
<var>exp</var> appear as a superscript: <code>^&lbrace;<var>exp</var>&rbrace;</code>.
@@ -7137,9 +8163,9 @@ writing Chemical formulas such as <file>mhchem</file>.
<node name="Math-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Math symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math functions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you&textrsquo;re likely to need.
For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get
@@ -7159,185 +8185,185 @@ see <ref label="_005censuremath"><xrefnodename>\ensuremath</xrefnodename></ref>.
<!-- c Useful: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-math-970515/section6.html -->
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="502">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\parallel</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="503">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2135</U> Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="504">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B1</U> Lower case Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="505">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A3F</U> Disjoint union (binary)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="506">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="522">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2220</U> Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
sign&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code> and angle bracket&nbsp;<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="507">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="523">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2248</U> Almost equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="524">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2217</U> Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
(binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or
subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar:&nbsp;<code>\star</code>, which is
five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="525">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>224D</U> Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="510">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="526">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus&nbsp;<code>\setminus</code>, and
<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="511">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="527">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B2</U> Lower case Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="512">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="528">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C2</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
binary intersection&nbsp;<code>\cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="513">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="529">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>26AA</U> Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function
composition&nbsp;<code>\circ</code>.
<!-- c bb Best unicode symbol for this? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="514">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="530">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="515">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="531">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A00</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="516">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="532">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A01</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="517">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="533">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A02</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="534">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25BD</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down
(operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="535">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="536">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A06</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="537">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A04</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="522">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="538">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C1</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="523">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="539">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C0</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="524">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="540">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A5</U> Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="525">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="541">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C8</U> Natural join of two relations (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="526">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="542">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25A1</U> Modal operator for necessity; square open box
(ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="527">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="543">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2022</U> Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication
dot&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="528">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2229</U> Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="529">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C5</U> Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet
dot&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="530">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C7</U> Lower case Greek chi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="531">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2218</U> Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcirc</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="532">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2663</U> Club card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="533">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2201</U> Set complement, used as a superscript as in
<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. Also
used: <code>$S^&lbrace;\mathsf&lbrace;c&rbrace;&rbrace;$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar&lbrace;S&rbrace;$</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="534">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2245</U> Congruent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="535">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="551">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2210</U> Coproduct (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="536">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="552">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222A</U> Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="537">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="553">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2020</U> Dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="538">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="554">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A3</U> Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="539">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="555">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2021</U> Double dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="540">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="556">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0394</U> Greek upper case delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="541">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="557">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B4</U> Greek lower case delta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="542">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="558">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C7</U> Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="543">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C4</U> Diamond operator, or diamond bullet (binary). Similar: large
diamond&nbsp;<code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2662</U> Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00F7</U> Division sign (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2250</U> Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
to&nbsp;<code>\Doteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2193</U> Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: double line down
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Downarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D3</U> Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: single line down
arrow&nbsp;<code>\downarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2113</U> Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary).
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2113</U> Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varnothing</code>.
<!-- c bb Why Unicode has \revemptyset but no \emptyset? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="551">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F5</U> Lower case lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03B5</U>. Related:
@@ -7345,194 +8371,194 @@ the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;<U>2208</U>.
<!-- c src: David Carlisle http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/98018/339 and -->
<!-- c Unicode referenced there asserts varepsilon is much more widely used. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="552">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2261</U> Equivalence (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="553">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B7</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="554">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2203</U> Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="555">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266D</U> Musical flat (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="556">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2200</U> Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="557">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2322</U> Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="558">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0393</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B3</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\geq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\ge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Is assigned the value (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226B</U> Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less
than&nbsp;<code>\ll</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>210F</U> Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2661</U> Heart card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A9</U> Hooked left arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21AA</U> Hooked right arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>
with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2111</U> Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part&nbsp;<code>\Re</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2208</U> Set element (relation). See also: lower case lunate
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code><U>03F5</U> and small letter script
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221E</U> Infinity (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B9</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A1D</U> Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
&tex;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BA</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039B</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BB</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). This is a synonym for <code>\wedge</code>.
See also logical or&nbsp;<code>\lor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E8</U> Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
less-than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rangle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007B</U> Left curly brace
(opening). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&lbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005B</U> Left square bracket (opening).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>[</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2308</U> Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
shaved off (opening). Matches&nbsp;<code>\rceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21DD</U> Squiggly right arrow (relation). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
<code>\newcommand*&lbrace;\Leadsto&rbrace;&lbrace;\ensuremath&lbrace;\leadsto&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> in the
preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D0</U> Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
single-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Single-line left arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BD</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BC</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D4</U> Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
Similar: single-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2194</U> Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\le</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230A</U> Left floor bracket (opening). Matches:&nbsp;<code>\floor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
<file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226A</U> Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
than&nbsp;<code>\gg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F5</U> Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line double-headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27FC</U> Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation). Similar: shorter version&nbsp;<code>\mapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F6</U> Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line right arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or (binary). Synonym: wedge&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A6</U> Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation).
Similar: longer version&nbsp;<code>\longmapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2127</U> Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2223</U> Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of
<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\&lbrace;\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
@@ -7542,42 +8568,42 @@ ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as
ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry
for&nbsp;<code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A8</U> Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
(relation). Similar: long double dash&nbsp;<code>\vDash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2213</U> Minus or plus (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BC</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2207</U> Hamilton&textrsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266E</U> Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2197</U> North-east arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
negation:&nbsp;<code>\sim</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ne</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0020</U><U>00A0</U><U>0338</U> Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
<!-- c Need blank space for it to overstrike -->
@@ -7586,81 +8612,81 @@ following operator (relation).
particularly with the <file>amssymb</file> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
is probably typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2209</U> Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
of&nbsp;<code>\nsubseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BD</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2196</U> North-west arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2299</U> Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigodot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222E</U> Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A9</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C9</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2296</U> Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2295</U> Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigoplus</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2298</U> Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2297</U> Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigotimes</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\|</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2202</U> Partial differential (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27C2</U> Perpendicular (relation). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\bot</code> uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D5</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varphi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A0</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C0</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varpi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00B1</U> Plus or minus (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227A</U> Precedes (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AAF</U> Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2032</U> Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code>
and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second
@@ -7670,299 +8696,299 @@ typing. You can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode. Using the right
single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character
(apostrophe).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220F</U> Product (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221D</U> Is proportional to (relation)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A8</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C8</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E9</U> Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007D</U> Right curly brace
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&rbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005D</U> Right square bracket
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>]</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2309</U> Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>211C</U> Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
double-line, or blackboard bold, R&nbsp;<code>\mathbb&lbrace;R&rbrace;</code>; to access
this, load the <file>amsfonts</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U> Restriction of a function
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647">\revemptyset</indexterm>\revemptyset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663">\revemptyset</indexterm>\revemptyset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29B0</U> Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>stix</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230B</U> Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lfloor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C1</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varrho</code>&nbsp;<U>03F1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D2</U> Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar:
right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line arrow&nbsp;<code>\Rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C1</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C0</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21CC</U> Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2198</U> Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29F5</U> Set difference, reverse solidus or slash, like \
(binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266F</U> Musical sharp (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A3</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C3</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varsigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C2</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>223C</U> Similar, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2243</U> Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
display (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2323</U> Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2660</U> Spade card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2293</U> Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
intersection&nbsp;<code>cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2294</U> Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
union&nbsp;<code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigsqcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228F</U> Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2291</U> Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
equal to&nbsp;<code>\subseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2290</U> Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2292</U> Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or
equal&nbsp;<code>\supseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C6</U> Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation
but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: the
synonyms asterisk&nbsp;<code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which are six-pointed,
and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene
star.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2282</U> Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2286</U> Subset or equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227B</U> Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AB0</U> Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
than or equal to&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2211</U> Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
sigma&nbsp;<code>\Sigma</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2283</U> Superset (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2287</U> Superset or equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221A</U> Radical symbol (ordinary). The &latex; command
<code>\sqrt&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2199</U> Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C4</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B8</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\vartheta</code>&nbsp;<U>03D1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00D7</U> Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
also&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A4</U> Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Triangle (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Not-filled triangle pointing left
(binary). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
should load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B7</U> Not-filled triangle pointing right
(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
<file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B4</U> Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For
the normal subgroup symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B5</U> Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For
the normal subgroup symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D1</U> Double-line upward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2191</U> Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D5</U> Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2195</U> Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U> Up harpoon, with barb on right side
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>&backslashchar;restriction</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228E</U> Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
the middle (binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A5</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C5</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B5</U> Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
<code>\epsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03F5</U>. Related: set
membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701">\vanothing</indexterm>\vanothing</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717">\vanothing</indexterm>\vanothing</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol. Similar:
<code>\emptyset</code>. Related: <code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C6</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D5</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D6</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C0</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F1</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;<U>03C1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C2</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C3</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D1</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\theta</code>&nbsp;<U>03B8</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A2</U> Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
logical and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2016</U> Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
bar&nbsp;<code>\vert</code>.
</para>
@@ -7978,7 +9004,7 @@ and <code>\norm[<var>size command</var>]&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;</code> also give
do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size command</var>,
e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007C</U> Single line vertical bar (ordinary). Similar: double-line
vertical bar&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>. For such that, as in the definition of a
set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it is a relation.
@@ -7995,24 +9021,24 @@ the height of the argument but instead are the default height, and
that do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size
command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\land</code>. See also
logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2118</U> Weierstrass p (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2240</U> Wreath product (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039E</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BE</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B6</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -8022,116 +9048,116 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
<node name="Math-functions" spaces=" "><nodename>Math functions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math functions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arccos</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arcsin</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arctan</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arg</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Binary modulo operator (<math>x \bmod y</math>)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cos</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cosh</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cot</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\coth</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\csc</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\deg</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\det</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dim</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\exp</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gcd</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hom</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\inf</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ker</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lg</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lim</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\liminf</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\limsup</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ln</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\log</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\max</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\min</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>parenthesized modulus, as in (<math>\pmod 2^n - 1</math>)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Pr</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sec</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sin</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sinh</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sup</math>
<!-- c don't try to use \sup with dvi/pdf output since that turned into a -->
<!-- c Texinfo command and it's not worth hassling with different versions -->
<!-- c when it's just three roman letters anyway. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tan</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tanh</math>
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -8141,76 +9167,76 @@ spacing.
<node name="Math-accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Math accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math functions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math. These are different from accents in normal text
(<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math acute accent: <math>\acute{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math bar-over accent: <math>\bar{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math breve accent: <math>\breve{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check) accent: <math>\check{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dieresis accent: <math>\ddot{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dot accent: <math>\dot{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math grave accent: <math>\grave{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="774">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <math>\hat{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="775">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dotless i.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="776">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dotless j.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="777">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math ring accent: <accent type="ring">x</accent>. <!-- c don't bother implementing in texinfo -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="778">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math tilde accent: <math>\tilde{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="779">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math vector symbol: <math>\vec{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="780">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide hat accent: <math>\widehat{x+y}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="781">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide tilde accent: <math>\widetilde{x+y}</math>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -8220,8 +9246,8 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
<node name="Spacing-in-math-mode" spaces=" "><nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spacing in math mode</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In a <code>math</code> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces that you use
in the source, and instead puts in the spacing according to the normal
@@ -8234,39 +9260,39 @@ math symbols family (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of lengt
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="766">\;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="767">\thickspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="782">\;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="783">\thickspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. The longer name is
<code>\thickspace</code>. Math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\:</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&gt;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="768">\:</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="769">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="770">\medspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="784">\:</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="785">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="786">\medspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. The longer name is
<code>\medspace</code>. Math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\,</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="771">\,</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="772">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="787">\,</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="788">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Normally <code>3mu</code>. The longer name is <code>\thinspace</code>. This can
be used in both math mode and text mode. <xref label="_005cthinspace"><xrefnodename>\thinspace</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\!</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="773">\!</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="789">\!</indexterm></findex>
<para>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. Math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\quad</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">quad</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="774">\quad</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">quad</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="790">\quad</indexterm></findex>
<para>This is 18<dmn>mu</dmn>, that is, 1<dmn>em</dmn>. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available
in both text and math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\qquad</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="775">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="791">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
<para>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36<dmn>mu</dmn> = 2<dmn>em</dmn>. It is available in
both text and math mode.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -8283,12 +9309,12 @@ infinitesimal.
<node name="Math-miscellany" spaces=" "><nodename>Math miscellany</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math miscellany</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="776">\*</indexterm>\*</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382">discretionary multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792">\*</indexterm>\*</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">discretionary multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A <dfn>discretionary</dfn> multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
allowed. Without the break multiplication is implicitly indicated by a
space, while in the case of a break a <U>00D7</U> symbol is
@@ -8316,72 +9342,71 @@ through <math>A_4</math>, that is <math>A_1 A_2 \times</math>&linebreak;<math>A_
equal to zero.
</para></indentedblock>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="777">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
<tex endspaces=" ">
-As in: &textlsquo;$\cdots$&textrsquo;.
</tex>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="778">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A diagonal ellipsis: <math>\ddots</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="779">\frac&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>den</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\frac&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>den</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="780">\frac</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795">\frac&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>den</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\frac&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>den</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="796">\frac</indexterm></findex>
<para>Produces the fraction <var>num</var> divided by <var>den</var>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="781">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="782">\right</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="797">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="798">\right</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The two delimiters need not match; <samp>.</samp> acts as a <dfn>null delimiter</dfn>,
producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math
in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_&lbrace;i=1&rbrace;^&lbrace;10&rbrace; a_i \right]</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="783">\mathdollar</indexterm>\mathdollar</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="799">\mathdollar</indexterm>\mathdollar</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784">\mathellipsis</indexterm>\mathellipsis</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="800">\mathellipsis</indexterm>\mathellipsis</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: &dots;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785">\mathparagraph</indexterm>\mathparagraph</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="801">\mathparagraph</indexterm>\mathparagraph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode: <U>00B6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786">\mathsection</indexterm>\mathsection</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802">\mathsection</indexterm>\mathsection</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Section sign in math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787">\mathsterling</indexterm>\mathsterling</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803">\mathsterling</indexterm>\mathsterling</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788">\mathunderscore</indexterm>\mathunderscore</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="804">\mathunderscore</indexterm>\mathunderscore</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Underscore in math mode: _.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="805">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates a brace over <var>math</var>.
For example, <code>\overbrace&lbrace;x+\cdots+x&rbrace;^&lbrace;k \;\textrm&lbrace;times&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790">\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="806">\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>.
For example, <code>\overline&lbrace;x+y&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;<var>arg</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;<var>arg</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;<var>arg</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;<var>arg</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The
optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce. For
example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as
<code>\sqrt[3]&lbrace;x+y&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792">\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808">\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. For example,
<code>\stackrel&lbrace;f&rbrace;&lbrace;\longrightarrow&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793">\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="809">\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. For example, <code>\underbrace&lbrace;x+y+z&rbrace;_&lbrace;&gt;\,0&rbrace;</code>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794">\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="810">\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of
descenders.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="811">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -8392,11 +9417,11 @@ descenders.
<node name="Modes" spaces=" "><nodename>Modes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Modes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">modes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">modes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
<para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
modes:
@@ -8420,7 +9445,7 @@ input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages.
<para>&latex; is in <dfn>math mode</dfn> when it&textrsquo;s generating a mathematical
formula, either displayed math or within a line.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="796">\mbox<r>, and LR mode</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="812">\mbox<r>, and LR mode</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>In <dfn>LR mode</dfn>, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output
that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.
However, unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to
@@ -8490,8 +9515,8 @@ All roads \leadsto\ Rome.
<node name="Page-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Page styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spaces</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Modes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of
the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
@@ -8507,8 +9532,8 @@ the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them
<node name="_005cmaketitle" spaces=" "><nodename>\maketitle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\maketitle</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="797">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="813">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title
page&textmdash;except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed
@@ -8516,30 +9541,30 @@ at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
is obtained from the following declarations:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="798">\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="799">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="800">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="814">\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="815">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="816">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the
argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use
<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author&textrsquo;s entry&textmdash;for
example, to give the author&textrsquo;s institution or address.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="801">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="817">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document&textrsquo;s
date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxref>)
is used.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="818">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title,
usually used for credit acknowledgements.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="804">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="819">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="820">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the
document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.
</para>
@@ -8550,8 +9575,8 @@ document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.
<node name="_005cpagenumbering" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagenumbering</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\maketitle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagenumbering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="805">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="821">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8585,10 +9610,10 @@ the following:
<node name="_005cpagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagestyle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thispagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagestyle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="806">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">header style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">header style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8619,7 +9644,7 @@ goes in the headers.
<para>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="823">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A &textldquo;left-hand heading&textrdquo;
(<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before
the end of the page, while a &textldquo;right-hand heading&textrdquo; (<var>right</var>) is
@@ -8627,7 +9652,7 @@ generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that
comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
the page.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808">\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="824">\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -8637,7 +9662,7 @@ the page.
<node name="_005cthispagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thispagestyle&lbrace;<var>style</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="809">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="825">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the
<code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it
@@ -8649,8 +9674,8 @@ changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only.
<node name="Spaces" spaces=" "><nodename>Spaces</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spaces</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403">white space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">white space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
</para>
@@ -8658,9 +9683,8 @@ changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only.
<menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal space
</pre></menucomment><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fixed horizontal space.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space after a period.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\spacefactor</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchability of following space
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE) after control sequence</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space (gobbling) after a control sequence.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frenchspacing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thinspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">One-sixth of an em.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\/</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert italic correction.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hrulefill \dotfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
@@ -8676,7 +9700,7 @@ Vertical space
<node name="_005chspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\hspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hfill</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="810">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="826">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8708,68 +9732,153 @@ from the right margin.
</section>
-<node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="811">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produce a rubber length which has
no natural space but can stretch horizontally as far as
needed (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="812">\fill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="828">\fill</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\hfill</code> is equivalent to <code>\hspace&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code>. For
space that does not disappear at line breaks use
<code>\hspace*&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code> instead (<pxref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename>\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\(SPACE) after control sequence</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\(SPACE)</code> and \&arobase;</sectiontitle>
+<node name="_005cspacefactor" spaces=" "><nodename>\spacefactor</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\(SPACE) after control sequence</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\spacefactor</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="813">\(SPACE)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="814">\TAB</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="815">\NEWLINE</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="816">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\spacefactor=<var>integer</var>
+</pre></example>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="829">\spacefactor</indexterm></findex>
+<para>While &latex; is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance
+it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The
+<code>\spacefactor</code> command (from Plain&nbsp;&tex;) allows you to
+change the &latex;&textrsquo;s default behavior.
+</para>
+<para>After &latex; places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
+parameter called the <dfn>space factor</dfn>. If the next thing in the input
+is a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap
+&latex; will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called
+<dfn>interword glue</dfn>.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap
+can stretch more and shrink less.
+</para>
+<para>Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following
+most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is
+3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000
+after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a
+right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote.
+Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter.
+</para>
+<para>If the space factor&nbsp;<var>f</var> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the
+font&textrsquo;s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
+3.3333&nbsp;points). Otherwise, if the space factor <var>f</var> is greater
+than 2000 then &tex; adds the font&textrsquo;s extra space value (for Computer
+Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111&nbsp;points), and then the font&textrsquo;s
+normal stretch value is multiplied by <math>f /1000</math> and the normal
+shrink value is multiplied by <math>1000/f</math> (for Computer Modern Roman
+10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111&nbsp;points). In short, compared
+to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a
+lowercase letter, inter-sentence spacing has a fixed extra space added
+and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much.
+</para>
+<para>The rules for how &tex; uses space factors are even more complex
+because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two
+consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a
+close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in
+place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and
+shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter
+then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how
+to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not
+end in a capital letter, <pxref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</xrefnodename></pxref>.
+</para>
+
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space after a period.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frenchspacing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\normalsfcodes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Restore space factor settings to the default.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\(SPACE)</code> and <code>\&arobase;</code> </sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="830">\(SPACE)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="831">\TAB</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="832">\NEWLINE</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="833">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="_005cAT">\AT</anchor><!-- c old name -->
-<para>Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a
-sentence or as ending an abbreviation.
+<para>Here, <code>\(SPACE)</code> means a backslash followed by a space. These
+commands mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either
+ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation.
</para>
<para>By default, in justifying a line &latex; adjusts the space after a
sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or
-colon) more than the space between words
-(<pxref label="_005cfrenchspacing"><xrefnodename>\frenchspacing</xrefnodename></pxref>). &latex; assumes that the period ends a
-sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it
-takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a
-sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or
-bracket, or right single or double quote, then the inter-sentence space
-follows that parenthesis or quote.
-</para>
-<para>If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a
-capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the
+colon) more than the space between words. <xref label="_005cspacefactor"><xrefnodename>\spacefactor</xrefnodename></xref>. As
+described there, &latex; assumes that the period ends a sentence unless
+it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period
+for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is
+immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single
+or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through
+that parenthesis or quote.
+</para>
+<para>So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not
+a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the
sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (<code>\ </code>) or
-a tie (<code>~</code>). Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and
-<code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.)\ for sale</code>.
-</para>
-<para>For another use of <code>\ </code>, <pxref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE) after control sequence</xrefnodename></pxref>.
+a tie (<code>~</code>) or a <code>\&arobase;</code>. Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\
+Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.\&arobase;) for sale</code>
+(note that in the last the <code>\&arobase;</code> comes before the closing parenthesis).
</para>
<para>In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
-period that ends the sentence, then put <code>\&arobase;</code> before that period.
-For example, <code>book by the MAA\&arobase;.</code> will have inter-sentence
-spacing after the period.
+period that does end the sentence, then put <code>\&arobase;</code> before the
+period. For example, <code>book by the MAA\&arobase;.</code> will have correct
+inter-sentence spacing after the period.
+</para>
+<para>For another use of <code>\(SPACE)</code>, <pxref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE) after control sequence</xrefnodename></pxref>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cfrenchspacing" spaces=" "><nodename>\frenchspacing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\normalsfcodes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frenchspacing</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="834">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="835">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>This declaration (from Plain &tex;) causes &latex; to treat
+inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
+</para>
+<para>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including
+English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other
+punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this
+declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally.
</para>
-<para>In contrast, putting <code>\&arobase;</code> after a period tells &tex; that the
-period does not end the sentence. In the example <code>reserved words
-(if, then, etc.\&arobase;) are different</code>, &tex; will put interword space
-after the closing parenthesis (note that <code>\&arobase;</code> is before the
-parenthesis).
+<para>Revert to the default behavior by declaring <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code>.
</para>
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cnormalsfcodes" spaces=" "><nodename>\normalsfcodes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\normalsfcodes</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="836">\normalsfcodes</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Reset the &latex; space factor values to the default.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
</section>
-<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" spaces=" "><nodename>\(SPACE) after control sequence</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" spaces=" "><nodename>\(SPACE) after control sequence</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ </code> after control sequence</sectiontitle>
<para>The <code>\ </code> command is often used after control sequences to keep
@@ -8788,36 +9897,18 @@ by a space or by a punctuation mark. Compare:
\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace; is a nice system. \TeX&lbrace;&rbrace;, a nice system.
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406"><r>package</r>, <code>xspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407"><code>xspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439"><r>package</r>, <code>xspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440"><code>xspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>Some individual commands, notably those defined with the <code>xspace</code>,
package do not follow the standard behavior.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005cfrenchspacing" spaces=" "><nodename>\frenchspacing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) after control sequence</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frenchspacing</code></sectiontitle>
-
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="817">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="818">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>This declaration (from Plain &tex;) causes &latex; to treat
-inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
-</para>
-<para>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including
-English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other
-punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this
-declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally.
-</para>
-<para>Revert to the default behavior by declaring <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code>.
-</para>
-
-</section>
-<node name="_005cthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) after control sequence</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6<dmn>em</dmn></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="819">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="837">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
<para><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested
@@ -8828,8 +9919,8 @@ quotes, as in &textrsquo;<dmn></dmn>&textrdquo;.<!-- c Abuse @dmn, which is a th
<node name="_005c_002f" spaces=" "><nodename>\/</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hrulefill \dotfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="820">\/</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="838">\/</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <dfn>italic correction</dfn>. This is a
small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
@@ -8841,7 +9932,6 @@ insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
normal letters, it can help. Compare
<tex endspaces=" ">
-{\it f\/: f\/;}
</tex>
<i>f: f;</i> (in the &tex; output, the &textlsquo;f&textrsquo;s are nicely separated)
with <i>f: f;</i>.
@@ -8854,7 +9944,6 @@ styles</xrefnodename></pxref>).
<para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
correction. Compare
<tex endspaces=" ">
-pdf\/\TeX{}
</tex>
pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the &textlsquo;f&textrsquo;)
with pdf&tex;.
@@ -8867,8 +9956,8 @@ in a different way.
<node name="_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hrulefill \dotfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addvspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\/</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="821">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="839">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="840">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
<para>Produce an infinite rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) filled with a
horizontal rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of just white
@@ -8898,9 +9987,9 @@ length of 0.33<dmn>em</dmn> to 1.00<dmn>em</dmn>.
<node name="_005caddvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\addvspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hrulefill \dotfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addvspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="823">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="841">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\addvspace&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;</code>
</para>
@@ -8931,20 +10020,20 @@ change that is to precede this command with a <code>\par</code> command.
document class.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="824">\bigskip</indexterm>\bigskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="825">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="842">\bigskip</indexterm>\bigskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="843">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\bigskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="826">\medskip</indexterm>\medskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="844">\medskip</indexterm>\medskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="845">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\medskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about half of
a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code>
and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="828">\smallskip</indexterm>\smallskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="829">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="846">\smallskip</indexterm>\smallskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="847">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\smallskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus
@@ -8957,10 +10046,10 @@ quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
<node name="_005cvfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\vfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="830">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length
(<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) that is infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far
@@ -8991,9 +10080,9 @@ Lost Dog!
<node name="_005cvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\vspace</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\vfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vspace&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="831">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of these two:
</para>
@@ -9029,10 +10118,10 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
</section>
</chapter>
-<node name="Boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special insertions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spaces</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spaces</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Boxes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>All the predefined length parameters (<pxref label="Predefined-lengths"><xrefnodename>Predefined lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) can be
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
@@ -9053,9 +10142,9 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
<node name="_005cmbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\mbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fbox and \framebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mbox&lbrace;<var>text&rbrace;</var></code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="832">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
text created by its argument. The <var>text</var> is not broken into
lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
@@ -9065,8 +10154,8 @@ lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
<node name="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\fbox and \framebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">lrbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\mbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="833">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="834">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="852">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -9083,11 +10172,11 @@ specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument
(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var>
argument. <!-- c xxref -->
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="835">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="836">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="853">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="854">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default
-<samp>.4pt</samp>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default
-<samp>3pt</samp>) between the rule and the contents of the box.
+<code>0.4pt</code>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default <code>3pt</code>)
+between the rule and the contents of the box.
</para>
<para><xref label="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\framebox (picture)</xrefnodename></xref>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the
<code>picture</code> environment.
@@ -9097,7 +10186,7 @@ argument. <!-- c xxref -->
<node name="lrbox" spaces=" "><nodename>lrbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fbox and \framebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>lrbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="837">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="855">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9117,7 +10206,7 @@ which must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.
<node name="_005cmakebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">lrbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="838">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="856">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9151,7 +10240,7 @@ stretchable space for this to work.
<node name="_005cparbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\parbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raisebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="839">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="857">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9159,8 +10248,9 @@ stretchable space for this to work.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]&lbrace;<var>width</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created
-in <code>paragraph</code> mode. It should be used to make a box small
+in <dfn>paragraph mode</dfn>. It should be used to make a box small
pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
shouldn&textrsquo;t use any paragraph-making environments inside a
<code>\parbox</code> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones
@@ -9206,7 +10296,7 @@ for this to work.
<node name="_005craisebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\raisebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\savebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\parbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raisebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="840">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="858">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9229,7 +10319,7 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth.
<node name="_005csavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\savebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raisebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\savebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="841">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="859">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9247,7 +10337,7 @@ declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewsavebox"><xrefnode
<node name="_005csbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\sbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\savebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sbox&lbrace;<var>\boxcmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="842">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="860">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9266,7 +10356,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
<node name="_005cusebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\usebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\sbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usebox&lbrace;<var>\boxcmd</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="843">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="861">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9280,17 +10370,1276 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
</section>
</chapter>
-<node name="Special-insertions" spaces=" "><nodename>Special insertions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Color" spaces=" "><nodename>Color</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Graphics</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">color</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
+or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
+</para>
+<para>Color support comes as an additional package. So all the commands below
+will only work if your document preamble contains
+<code>\usepackage&lbrace;color&rbrace;</code>, that brings in the standard package.
+</para>
+<para>Many other packages also supplement &latex;&textrsquo;s color abilities.
+Particularly worth mentioning is <file>xcolor</file>, which is widely used and
+significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
+<samp>HTML</samp> and <samp>Hsb</samp> color models.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Color package options</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Options when you load the standard package.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Color models</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How colors are represented.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Commands for color</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The available commands.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="Color-package-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Color package options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color models</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color package options</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">color package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">options, color package</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]&lbrace;color&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>When you load the <file>color</file> package there are two kinds of available
+options.
+</para>
+<para>The first specifies the <dfn>printer driver</dfn>. &latex; doesn&textrsquo;t contain
+information about different output systems but instead depends on
+information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
+driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system&textrsquo;s
+default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
+across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
+currently relevant ones are: <file>dvipdfmx</file>, <file>dvips</file>,
+<file>dvisvgm</file>, <file>luatex</file>, <file>pdftex</file>, <file>xetex</file>. The two
+<file>xdvi</file> and <file>oztex</file> are essentially aliases for <file>dvips</file>
+(and <file>xdvi</file> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
+systems are: <file>dvipdf</file>, <file>dvipdfm</file>, <file>dviwin</file>,
+<file>dvipsone</file>, <file>emtex</file>, <file>pctexps</file>, <file>pctexwin</file>,
+<file>pctexhp</file>, <file>pctex32</file>, <file>truetex</file>, <file>tcidvi</file>,
+<file>vtex</file> (and <file>dviwindo</file> is an alias for <file>dvipsone</file>).
+</para>
+<para>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<beforefirstitem>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">monochrome</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
+not generate color either.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">dvipsnames</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
+particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
+provided by the <file>dvips</file> driver, giving the option name.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">nodvipsnames</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Do not load that list of color names, saving &latex; a tiny amount of
+memory space.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+
+</section>
+<node name="Color-models" spaces=" "><nodename>Color models</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Commands for color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color package options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color models</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">color models</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>A <dfn>color model</dfn> is a way of representing colors. &latex;&textrsquo;s
+capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <file>pdftex</file>,
+<file>xetex</file>, and <file>luatex</file> printer drivers are today by far the
+most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but
+one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers
+used today.
+</para>
+<para>Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
+mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
+of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
+such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
+and yellow makes black.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cmyk</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
+magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
+minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
+used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">gray</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
+of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">rgb</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
+second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
+none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
+This is an additive model.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">RGB</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>(<file>pdftex</file>, <file>xetex</file>, <file>luatex</file> drivers) A comma-separated
+list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
+convenience for using <code>rgb</code> since outside of &latex; colors are
+often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
+The values entered here are converted to the <code>rgb</code> model by
+dividing by 255.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">named</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Colors are accessed by name, such as <samp>PrussianBlue</samp>. The list of
+names depends on the driver, but all support the names <samp>black</samp>,
+<samp>blue</samp>, <samp>cyan</samp>, <samp>green</samp>, <samp>magenta</samp>, <samp>red</samp>,
+<samp>white</samp>, and <samp>yellow</samp> (See the <code>dvipsnames</code> option in
+<ref label="Color-package-options"><xrefnodename>Color package options</xrefnodename></ref>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+
+</section>
+<node name="Commands-for-color" spaces=" "><nodename>Commands for color</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Color models</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Commands for color</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">color package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>These are the commands available with the <file>color</file> package.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Define colors</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Give a color a name.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Colored text</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Text or rules in color.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Colored boxes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">A box of color, to write over.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Colored pages</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">A whole page colored.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="Define-colors" spaces=" "><nodename>Define colors</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored text</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Define colors</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">define color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">color, define</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>model</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>specification</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Give the name <var>name</var> to the color. For example, after
+<code>\definecolor&lbrace;silver&rbrace;&lbrace;rgb&rbrace;&lbrace;0.75,0.75,0.74&rbrace;</code> you can use that
+color name with <code>Hi ho, \textcolor&lbrace;silver&rbrace;&lbrace;Silver&rbrace;!</code>.
+</para>
+<para>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
+not be misleading.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;logocolor&rbrace;&lbrace;RGB&rbrace;&lbrace;145,92,131&rbrace; % RGB needs pdflatex
+\newcommand&lbrace;\logo&rbrace;&lbrace;\textcolor&lbrace;logocolor&rbrace;&lbrace;Bob's Big Bagels&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Often a document&textrsquo;s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class
+or style, rather than in the document body.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="Colored-text" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored text</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Define colors</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored text</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">colored text</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\textcolor&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\textcolor[<var>color model</var>]&lbrace;<var>color specification</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\color&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;
+\color[<var>color model</var>]&lbrace;<var>specification</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The affected text gets the color. This line
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\textcolor&lbrace;magenta&rbrace;&lbrace;My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:&rbrace; Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
+can use a color declared with <code>\definecolor</code> in exactly the same
+way that we just used the builtin color <samp>magenta</samp>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;MidlifeCrisisRed&rbrace;&lbrace;rgb&rbrace;&lbrace;1.0,0.11,0.0&rbrace;
+I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor&lbrace;MidlifeCrisisRed&rbrace;&lbrace;sports car&rbrace;.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The two <code>\textcolor</code> and <code>\color</code> differ in that the first is
+a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
+this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
+form is a declaration, as in <code>The moon is made of &lbrace;\color&lbrace;green&rbrace;
+green&rbrace; cheese</code>, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
+or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
+below where it colors everything inside the <code>center</code> environment,
+including the vertical and horizontal lines.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace; \color&lbrace;blue&rbrace;
+ \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;l|r&rbrace;
+ UL &amp;UR \\ \hline
+ LL &amp;LR
+ \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>You can use color in equations. A document might have
+<code>\definecolor&lbrace;highlightcolor&rbrace;&lbrace;RGB&rbrace;&lbrace;225,15,0&rbrace;</code> in the
+preamble, and then contain this equation.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \int_a^b \textcolor&lbrace;highlightcolor&rbrace;&lbrace;f'(x)&rbrace;\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style
+but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the
+synopses.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]&lbrace;0.33,0.14,0.47&rbrace;&lbrace;Purple&rbrace; and &lbrace;\color[rgb]&lbrace;0.72,0.60,0.37&rbrace; Gold&rbrace; for the team
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The format of <var>color specification </var> depends on the color model
+(<pxref label="Color-models"><xrefnodename>Color models</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance, while <code>rgb</code> takes three
+numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">The selection was \textcolor[gray]&lbrace;0.5&rbrace;&lbrace;grayed out&rbrace;.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\textcolor&lbrace;green&rbrace;&lbrace;kind of \textcolor&lbrace;blue&rbrace;&lbrace;blue&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
+</para>
+<!-- c xx address coloring a line of a table? -->
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="Colored-boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored pages</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored text</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored boxes</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">colored boxes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">box, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\colorbox&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\colorbox[<var>model name</var>]&lbrace;<var>box background color specification</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\fcolorbox&lbrace;<var>frame color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>box background color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\fcolorbox[<var>model name</var>]&lbrace;<var>frame color specification</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>box background color specification</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code>\fcolorbox</code>
+command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">Name:~\colorbox&lbrace;cyan&rbrace;&lbrace;\makebox[5cm][l]&lbrace;\strut&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
+depth and height from the <code>\strut</code> (so the depth is
+<code>-.3\baselineskip</code> and the height is <code>\baselineskip</code>). This
+puts white text on a blue background.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\colorbox&lbrace;blue&rbrace;&lbrace;\textcolor&lbrace;white&rbrace;&lbrace;Welcome to the machine.&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code>\fbox</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"><xrefnodename>\fbox and \framebox</xrefnodename></pxref>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to
+set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
+and the surrounding rule. &latex;&textrsquo;s defaults are <code>0.4pt</code> and
+<code>3pt</code>, respectively.
+</para>
+<para>This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
+that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
+of the second line.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">&lbrace;\setlength&lbrace;\fboxrule&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;
+\fcolorbox&lbrace;black&rbrace;&lbrace;red&rbrace;&lbrace;Under no circumstances turn this knob.&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="Colored-pages" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored pages</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored pages</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">colored page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">page, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467">background, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\pagecolor&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;
+\pagecolor[<var>color model</var>]&lbrace;<var>color specification</var>&rbrace;
+\nopagecolor
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages,
+to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second
+form <pxref label="Colored-text"><xrefnodename>Colored text</xrefnodename></pxref>. The third returns the background to normal,
+which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use
+<code>\pagecolor&lbrace;white&rbrace;</code>, although that will make a white background
+rather than the default transparent background.)
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve"> ...
+\pagecolor&lbrace;cyan&rbrace;
+ ...
+\nopagecolor
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsection>
+</section>
+</chapter>
+<node name="Graphics" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special insertions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Graphics</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your &latex; document.
+You need an additional package, which comes standard with &latex;.
+This example is the short how-to.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\include&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace; % goes in the preamble
+ ...
+\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]&lbrace;plot.pdf&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain
+either <code>\usepackage&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace;</code> or
+<code>\usepackage&lbrace;graphics&rbrace;</code>. Most of the time, <file>graphicx</file> is the
+better choice.
+</para>
+<para>Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. &latex; can use
+both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location
+in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph,
+in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of
+instructions such as <samp>draw a circle with this radius and that
+center</samp>. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote
+program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful
+because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other problems,
+and because they often have a smaller size.
+</para>
+<para>There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a
+&latex; document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts
+as in your document. &latex; comes with a <code>picture</code> environment
+(<pxref label="picture"><xrefnodename>picture</xrefnodename></pxref>) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are
+other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two
+such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems
+external to &latex;, that generate a graphic that you include using the
+commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are
+Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig.
+Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document;
+see their documentation.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Graphics package options</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Options when you load the package.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Graphics package configuration</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Where to look for files, which file types.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Commands for graphics</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The available commands.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="Graphics-package-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics package options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Graphics package options</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">graphics package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">options, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]&lbrace;graphics&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <code>graphicx</code> package has a format for optional arguments to the
+<code>\includegraphics</code> command that is convenient (it is the key-value
+format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load
+the <file>graphics</file> or <file>graphicx</file> package with <code>\usepackage</code>
+there are two kinds of available options.
+</para>
+<para>The first is that &latex; does not contain information about different
+output systems but instead depends on information stored in a
+<dfn>printer driver</dfn> file. Normally you should not specify the driver
+option in the document, and instead rely on your system&textrsquo;s default. One
+advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems.
+</para>
+<para>For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently relevant
+ones are: <file>dvipdfmx</file>, <file>dvips</file>, <file>dvisvgm</file>, <file>luatex</file>,
+<file>pdftex</file>, <file>xetex</file>. The two <file>xdvi</file> and <file>oztex</file> are
+essentially aliases for <file>dvips</file> (and <file>xdvi</file> is monochrome).
+Ones that should not be used for new systems are: <file>dvipdf</file>,
+<file>dvipdfm</file>, <file>dviwin</file>, <file>dvipsone</file>, <file>emtex</file>,
+<file>pctexps</file>, <file>pctexwin</file>, <file>pctexhp</file>, <file>pctex32</file>,
+<file>truetex</file>, <file>tcidvi</file>, <file>vtex</file> (and <file>dviwindo</file> is an
+alias for <file>dvipsone</file>). These are stored in files with a
+<file>.def</file> extension, such as <file>pdftex.def</file>.
+</para>
+<para>The second kind of options are below.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">demo</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Instead of an image file, &latex; puts in a 150&nbsp;pt by 100&nbsp;pt
+rectangle (unless another size is specified in the
+<code>\includegraphics</code> command).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is
+printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size,
+the file must be present.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">final</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Default) Override any previous <code>draft</code> option, so that the
+document shows the contents of the graphic files.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">hiderotate</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a
+previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.)
+<!-- c what does it show? -->
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">hidescale</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a
+previewer does not have the capability to scale.)
+<!-- c what does it show? -->
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">hiresbb</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The
+<code>%%BoundingBox</code> lines describe the graphic size using integer
+multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72
+inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal
+multiples, such as 1.23, in <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines. This
+option has &latex; to read the size from the latter.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+
+</section>
+<node name="Graphics-package-configuration" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics package configuration</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics package options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Graphics package configuration</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">configuration, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">EPS files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">JPEG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">JPG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">PDF graphic files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">PNG files</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>These commands configure the way &latex; searches the file system for
+the graphic.
+</para>
+<para>The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform
+dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as
+those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult
+the documentation in <file>grfguide.pdf</file>, or the &latex; source, or your
+&tex; distribution&textrsquo;s documentation.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\graphicspath</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Directories to search.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">File types, such as JPG or EPS.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareGraphicsRule</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How to handle file types.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005cgraphicspath" spaces=" "><nodename>\graphicspath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\graphicspath</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="862">\graphicspath</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\graphicspath&lbrace;<var>list of dir names inside curly brackets</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows
+you to later say something like <code>\includegraphics&lbrace;lion.png&rbrace;</code>
+instead of having to give its path.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; always looks for graphic files first in the current directory.
+The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
+<file>pix</file>, and then <file>../pix</file>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace; % or graphics; put in preamble
+ ...
+\graphicspath&lbrace; &lbrace;pix/&rbrace; &lbrace;../pix/&rbrace; &rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <code>\graphicspath</code> declaration is optional. If you don&textrsquo;t include
+it then &latex;&textrsquo;s default is to search all of the places that it
+usually looks for a file (it uses &latex;&textrsquo;s <code>\input&arobase;path</code>). In
+particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current
+directory.
+</para>
+<para>Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it says
+<samp><code>&lbrace;pix&rbrace;</code></samp>. Do this even if there is only one directory.
+Each directory name must end in a forward slash, <file>/</file>. This is true
+even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all
+the directory separators since it makes the document portable to other
+platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double
+quotes, as with <code>&lbrace;&quot;my docs/&quot;&rbrace;</code>. Getting one of these rules wrong
+will cause &latex; to report <code>Error: File `<var>filename</var>' not
+found</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in the
+current directory,
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\graphicspath&lbrace; &lbrace;pix/&rbrace; &lbrace;../pix/&rbrace; &rbrace;
+...
+\usepackage&lbrace;lion.png&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>for each of the listed directories, &latex; concatenates it with the
+file name and searches for the result, checking for <file>pix/lion.png</file>
+and then <file>../pix/lion.png</file>. This algorithm means that the
+<code>\graphicspath</code> command does not recursively search subdirectories:
+if you issue <code>\graphicspath&lbrace;&lbrace;a/&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> and the graphic is in
+<file>a/b/lion.png</file> then &latex; will not find it. It also means that
+you can use absolute paths such as
+<code>\graphicspath&lbrace;&lbrace;/home/jim/logos/&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> or
+<code>\graphicspath&lbrace;&lbrace;C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>. However, using
+these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve
+portability by adjusting your &tex; system settings configuration file
+parameter <code>TEXINPUTS</code>; see the documentation of your system.)
+</para>
+<para>You can use <code>\graphicspath</code> in the preamble or in the document
+body. You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value
+with <code>\makeatletter\typeout&lbrace;\Ginput&arobase;path&rbrace;\makeatother</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is,
+suppose that you are working on a document based on <file>book/book.tex</file>
+and it contains <code>\include&lbrace;chapters/chap1&rbrace;</code>. If in
+<file>chap1.tex</file> you put <code>\graphicspath&lbrace;&lbrace;plots/&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> then
+&latex; will not search for graphics in <file>book/chapters/plots</file>, but
+instead in <file>book/plots</file>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsRule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\graphicspath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="863">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions&lbrace;<var>comma-separated list of file extensions</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the
+order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files
+by giving the filename without the extension, as in
+<code>\includegraphics&lbrace;functionplot&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>In this example, &latex; will find files in the PNG format before PDF
+files.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions&lbrace;.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF&rbrace;
+ ...
+\includegraphics&lbrace;lion&rbrace; % will find <file>lion.png</file> before <file>lion.pdf</file>
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Because the file name <file>lion</file> does not have a period, &latex; uses
+the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path
+(<pxref label="_005cgraphicspath"><xrefnodename>\graphicspath</xrefnodename></pxref>), &latex; will try the extensions in the order
+given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories
+and extensions then it reports <samp>! LaTeX Error: File `<file>lion</file>'
+not found</samp>. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the
+extensions.
+</para>
+<para>Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of
+file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows
+platform is not case sensitive.
+</para>
+<para>You are not required to include <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code> in
+your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example,
+the most recent <file>pdftex.def</file> has the extension list
+<samp><code>.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2</code></samp>.
+</para>
+<para>You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. You
+can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with
+<code>\makeatletter\typeout&lbrace;\Gin&arobase;extensions&rbrace;\makeatother</code>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareGraphicsRule</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="864">\DeclareGraphicsRule</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareGraphicsRule&lbrace;<var>extension</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>type</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>size-file extension</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>command</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in <var>extension</var>.
+</para>
+<para>This example declares that all files with names have the form
+<file>filename-without-dot.mps</file> will be treated as output from MetaPost,
+meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to
+input the file.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareGraphicsRule&lbrace;.mps&rbrace;&lbrace;mps&rbrace;&lbrace;.mps&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>This
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareGraphicsRule&lbrace;*&rbrace;&lbrace;mps&rbrace;&lbrace;*&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>tells &latex; that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an
+extension not covered by another rule, so it covers <file>filename.1</file>,
+<file>filename.2</file>, etc.
+</para>
+<para>This describes the four arguments.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">extension</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything
+after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star,
+<code>*</code>, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">type</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined
+in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions <file>.ps</file>,
+<file>.eps</file>, or <file>.ps.gz</file> may all be classed as type <code>eps</code>.
+All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command
+by the printer driver. For example, the file types that <file>pdftex</file>
+recognizes are: <code>jpg</code>, <code>jbig2</code>, <code>mps</code>, <code>pdf</code>,
+<code>png</code>, <code>tif</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">size-file extension</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the
+graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as <var>extension</var>
+but it may be different.
+</para>
+<para>As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, it
+might be compressed into a <file>.ps.gz</file> file. Compressed files are not
+easily read by &latex; so you can put the bounding box information in a
+separate file. If <var>size-file extension</var> is empty then you must
+specify size information in the arguments of <code>\includegraphics</code>.
+</para>
+<para>If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for
+<code>type</code> then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure
+for reading <file>.eps</file> files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap
+files in a file with a PostScript style <code>%%BoundingBox</code> line if no
+other format is available.)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">command</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A command that will be applied to the
+file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a
+single backward quote. Thus,
+<code>\DeclareGraphicsRule&lbrace;.eps.gz&rbrace;&lbrace;eps&rbrace;&lbrace;.eps.bb&rbrace;&lbrace;`gunzip -c
+#1&rbrace;</code> specifies that any file with the extension <file>.eps.gz</file> should
+be treated as an <code>eps</code> file, with the the BoundingBox information
+stored in the file with extension <file>.eps.bb</file>, and that the command
+<code>gunzip -c</code> will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
+</para>
+<para>Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your &tex;
+system must allow you to run external commands; as a security measure
+modern systems restrict running commands unless you explicitly allow it.
+See the documentation for your &tex; distribution.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+</subsection>
+</section>
+<node name="Commands-for-graphics" spaces=" "><nodename>Commands for graphics</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Commands for graphics</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">graphics package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">commands, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>These are the commands available with the <file>graphics</file> and
+<file>graphicx</file> packages.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\includegraphics</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using a graphic in your document.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\rotatebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Rotating boxes, including graphics.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\scalebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Scaling boxes, including graphics.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\resizebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005cincludegraphics" spaces=" "><nodename>\includegraphics</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rotatebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\includegraphics</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">including graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">importing graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">EPS files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487">JPEG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488">JPG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489">PDF graphic files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490">PNG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="865">\includegraphics</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopses for <file>graphics</file> package:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\includegraphics&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+\includegraphics[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+\includegraphics[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+\includegraphics*&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+\includegraphics*[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+\includegraphics*[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Synopses for <file>graphicx</file> package:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\includegraphics&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+\includegraphics[<var>key-value list</var>]&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+\includegraphics*&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+\includegraphics*[<var>key-value list</var>]&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Include a graphics file. The starred form <code>\includegraphics*</code> will
+clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any
+part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will
+over-print the surrounding area.
+</para>
+<para>This
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace; % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ \includegraphics&lbrace;plot.pdf&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>will incorporate into the document the graphic in <file>plot.pdf</file>,
+centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file,
+as with <code>\includegraphics&lbrace;graphics/plot.pdf&rbrace;</code>. To specify a list
+of locations to search for the file, <pxref label="_005cgraphicspath"><xrefnodename>\graphicspath</xrefnodename></pxref>.
+</para>
+<para>If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as with
+<code>\includegraphics&lbrace;&quot;sister picture.jpg&quot;&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\includegraphics&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;</code> command decides on the
+type of graphic by splitting <var>filename</var> on the first dot. You can
+use <var>filename</var> with no dot, as in <code>\includegraphics&lbrace;turing&rbrace;</code>
+and then &latex; tries a sequence of extensions such as <code>.png</code> and
+<code>.pdf</code> until it finds a file with that extension
+(<pxref label="_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><xrefnodename>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide
+them with curly braces, as in
+<code>\includegraphics&lbrace;&lbrace;plot.2018.03.12.a&rbrace;.pdf&rbrace;</code>. Or, if you use
+the <file>graphicx</file> package then you can use the options <code>type</code> and
+<code>ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
+with the package <file>grffile</file>.
+</para>
+<para>This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so &latex; can
+move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
+(<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=3cm]&lbrace;lungxray.jpg&rbrace;
+ \caption&lbrace;The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.&rbrace; \label&lbrace;fig:xray&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at
+this point in the document even if makes &latex; stretch the text or
+resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a
+caption.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;caption&rbrace; % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ \includegraphics&lbrace;pix/nix.png&rbrace;
+ \captionof&lbrace;figure&rbrace;&lbrace;The spirit of the night&rbrace; \label&lbrace;pix:nix&rbrace; % if you want a caption
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having
+text, with the two vertically centered.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand*&lbrace;\vcenteredhbox&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\begingroup
+ \setbox0=\hbox&lbrace;#1&rbrace;\parbox&lbrace;\wd0&rbrace;&lbrace;\box0&rbrace;\endgroup&rbrace;
+ ...
+\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ \vcenteredhbox&lbrace;\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]&lbrace;plot&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ \hspace&lbrace;1em&rbrace;
+ \vcenteredhbox&lbrace;\begin&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;&lbrace;0.4\textwidth&rbrace;
+ \begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
+ f(x)=x\cdot \sin (1/x)
+ \end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
+ \end&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>If you use the <file>graphics</file> package then the only options involve the
+size of the graphic (but see <ref label="_005crotatebox"><xrefnodename>\rotatebox</xrefnodename></ref> and <ref label="_005cscalebox"><xrefnodename>\scalebox</xrefnodename></ref>).
+When one optional argument is present then it is
+<code>[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]</code> and it gives the coordinates of the top
+right corner of the image, as a pair of &tex; dimensions (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units
+of length</xrefnodename></pxref>). If the units are omitted they default to <code>bp</code>. In
+this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0).
+If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is
+<code>[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>]</code>, specifying the coordinates of the image&textrsquo;s
+lower left. Thus, <code>\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> calls for
+the graphic to be placed so it is 1&nbsp;inch wide and 0.618&nbsp;inches
+tall and so its origin is at (0,0).
+</para>
+<para>The <file>graphicx</file> package gives you many more options. Specify them
+in a key-value form, as here.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]&lbrace;lion&rbrace;
+ \hspace&lbrace;2em&rbrace;
+ \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]&lbrace;lion&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The options are read left-to-right. So the first graphic above is made
+one inch wide and then rotated, while the second is rotated and then
+made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic is perfectly square, the
+two will end with different widths and heights.
+</para>
+<para>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
+</para>
+<para>Note that a graphic is placed by &latex; into a box, which is
+traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the
+PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic&textrsquo;s printed area may
+go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when &latex; makes up a
+page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
+graphic.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">width</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example
+is <code>\includegraphics[width=1in]&lbrace;plot&rbrace;</code>. You can use the standard
+&tex; dimensions (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of length</xrefnodename></pxref>) and also convenient is
+<code>\linewidth</code>, or in a two-column document, <code>\columnwidth</code>
+(<pxref label="Page-layout-parameters"><xrefnodename>Page layout parameters</xrefnodename></pxref>). An example is that by using the
+<file>calc</file> package you can make the graphic be 1&nbsp;cm narrow than
+the width of the text with
+<code>\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]&lbrace;hefferon.jpg&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">height</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
+use the standard &tex; dimensions (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of length</xrefnodename></pxref>), and also
+convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (<pxref label="Page-layout-parameters"><xrefnodename>Page
+layout parameters</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance,
+<code>\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]&lbrace;godel&rbrace;</code> will make the
+graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">totalheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
+depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For
+instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height
+but a large depth.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">keepaspectratio</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> and you give as
+options both <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> (or <code>totalheight</code>),
+then &latex; will make the graphic is as large as possible without
+distortion. That is, &latex; will ensure that neither is the graphic
+wider than <code>width</code> nor taller than <code>height</code> (or
+<code>totalheight</code>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">scale</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying
+<code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> makes the graphic twice its
+nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1
+and&nbsp;0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect
+it.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">angle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise.
+The graphic is rotated about its <code>origin</code>; see that option. For a
+complete description of how rotated material is typeset,
+<pxref label="_005crotatebox"><xrefnodename>\rotatebox</xrefnodename></pxref>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">origin</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible
+values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for left,
+<code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center, <code>t</code>
+for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus,
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]&lbrace;moon&rbrace;</code> will turn the
+picture upside down from the center, while
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]&lbrace;LeBateau&rbrace;</code> will turn its
+picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code>
+gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code>, but gives the
+vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
+</para>
+<para>To rotate about an arbitrary point, <pxref label="_005crotatebox"><xrefnodename>\rotatebox</xrefnodename></pxref>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<para>These are lesser-used options.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">viewport</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
+separated by spaces and given in &tex; dimensions, as with
+<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>. The
+dimensions default to big points,&nbsp;<code>bp</code>. They are taken
+relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the
+<code>trim</code> option.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">trim</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated
+by spaces, that are given in &tex; dimensions, as with
+<code>\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>.
+These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, &latex;
+will crop the picture by 0&nbsp;inches on the left, 0.1&nbsp;inches on
+the bottom, 0.2&nbsp;inches on the right, and 0.3&nbsp;inches on the
+top. See also the <code>viewport</code> option.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">clip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,clip,...]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, then the graphic is
+cropped to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using
+the starred form of the command, as
+<code>\includegraphics*[...]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">page</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is
+<code>page=1</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pagebox</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among
+<code>mediabox</code>, <code>cropbox</code>, <code>bleedbox</code>, <code>trimbox</code>, or
+<code>artbox</code>. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript
+files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The
+MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the
+region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when
+displayed. The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page
+should be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions
+of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page&textrsquo;s meaningful
+content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if
+present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a
+driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">interpolate</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be
+set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">quiet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
+<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,quite,...]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>,
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>If you set it with <code>draft=true</code> or just specified it with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,draft,...]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, then the graphic will not
+appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. Instead,
+&latex; will put an empty box of the correct size with the filename
+printed in it.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<para>These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript
+graphic files, which have a size specified with a line
+<code>%%BoundingBox</code> that appears in the file. It has four values,
+giving the lower <math>x</math> coordinate, lower <math>y</math> coordinate, upper
+<math>x</math> coordinate, and upper <math>y</math> coordinate. The units are
+PostScript points, equivalent to &tex;&textrsquo;s big points, 1/72&nbsp;inch.
+For example, if an <file>.eps</file> file has the line <code>%%BoundingBox 10
+20 40 80</code> then its natural size is 30/72&nbsp;inch wide by
+60/72&nbsp;inch tall.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">bb</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four
+dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code>\includegraphics[.., bb=
+0in 0in 1in 0.618in]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>. Usually <code>\includegraphics</code> reads the
+BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is
+only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want
+to change it.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for
+compatibility with old packages.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">natwidth, natheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>An alternative for <code>bb</code>. Setting
+<code>\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>
+is the same as setting <code>bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">hiresbb</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, then &latex; will look
+for <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines instead of <code>%%BoundingBox</code>
+lines. (The <code>BoundingBox</code> lines use only natural numbers while the
+<code>HiResBoundingBox</code> lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to
+&tex;&textrsquo;s big points, 1/72&nbsp;inch.) To override a prior setting of
+<code>true</code>, you can set it to <code>false</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<para>These following options allow a user to override &latex;&textrsquo;s method of
+choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
+is that <code>\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]&lbrace;lion&rbrace;</code>
+will read the file <file>lion.xxx</file> as though it were
+<file>lion.png</file>. For more on these, <pxref label="_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><xrefnodename>\DeclareGraphicsRule</xrefnodename></pxref>.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">type</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specify the graphics type.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">ext</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specify the graphics extension.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">read</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specify the file extension of the read file.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">command</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specify a command to be applied to this file.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+<!-- c write18 and restricted execution. -->
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005crotatebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\rotatebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\scalebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\includegraphics</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rotatebox</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">rotation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">rotating graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">rotating text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="866">\rotatebox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis for <file>graphics</file> package:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\rotatebox&lbrace;<var>angle</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Synopses for <file>graphicx</file> package:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\rotatebox&lbrace;<var>angle</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;
+\rotatebox[<var>key-value list</var>]&lbrace;<var>angle</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Put <var>material</var> in a box and rotate it <var>angle</var> degrees counterclockwise.
+</para>
+<para>This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;ll&rbrace;
+ \rotatebox&lbrace;45&rbrace;&lbrace;Character&rbrace; &amp;\rotatebox&lbrace;45&rbrace;&lbrace;NATO phonetic&rbrace; \\
+ A &amp;AL-FAH \\
+ B &amp;BRAH-VOH
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <var>material</var> can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve"> \rotatebox[origin=c]&lbrace;45&rbrace;&lbrace;\includegraphics[width=1in]&lbrace;lion&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>To place the rotated material, the first step is that &latex; sets
+<var>material</var> in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline.
+The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point.
+The third step is that &latex; computes a box to bound the rotated
+material. Fourth, &latex; moves this box horizontally so that the left
+edge of this new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box
+from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new
+bounding box, in its new position, is what &latex; uses as the box when
+typesetting this material.
+</para>
+<para>If you use the <file>graphics</file> package then the rotation is about the
+reference point of the box. If you use the <file>graphicx</file> package then
+then these are the options that can go in the <var>key-value list</var>, but
+note that you can get the same effect without needing this package,
+except for the <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> options (<pxref label="_005cincludegraphics"><xrefnodename>\includegraphics</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">origin</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The point of the <var>material</var>&textrsquo;s box about which the rotation happens.
+Possible values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for
+left, <code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center,
+<code>t</code> for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus,
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]&lbrace;moon&rbrace;</code> will turn the
+picture upside down from the center, while
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]&lbrace;LeBateau&rbrace;</code> will turn its
+picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code>
+gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code> but gives the
+vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">x, y</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with
+<code>\rotatebox[x=<var>&tex; dimension</var>,y=<var>&tex;
+dimension</var>]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of length</xrefnodename></pxref>). These give the offset
+from the box&textrsquo;s reference point.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">units</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise.
+Setting <code>units=-360</code> changes the direction to degrees clockwise and
+setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cscalebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\scalebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\resizebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\rotatebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\scalebox</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="867">\scalebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="868">\reflectbox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\scalebox&lbrace;<var>horizontal factor</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;
+\scalebox&lbrace;<var>horizontal factor</var>&rbrace;[<var>vertical factor</var>]&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;
+\reflectbox&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Scale the <var>material</var>.
+</para>
+<para>This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of the
+first text and doubles the size of the second.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\scalebox&lbrace;0.5&rbrace;&lbrace;DRINK ME&rbrace; and \scalebox&lbrace;2.0&rbrace;&lbrace;Eat Me&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>If you do not specify the optional <var>vertical factor</var> then it
+defaults to the same value as the <var>horizontal factor</var>.
+</para>
+<para>You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with
+<code>\scalebox&lbrace;0.5&rbrace;&lbrace;\includegraphics&lbrace;lion&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>. If you use the
+<file>graphicx</file> package then you can accomplish the same thing with
+optional arguments to <code>\includegraphics</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cincludegraphics"><xrefnodename>\includegraphics</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\reflectbox</code> command abbreviates
+<code>\scalebox&lbrace;-1&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;</code>. Thus, <code>Able was
+I\reflectbox&lbrace;Able was I&rbrace;</code> will show the phrase <samp>Able was I</samp>
+immediately followed by its mirror reflection.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cresizebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\resizebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\scalebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\resizebox</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="869">\resizebox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\resizebox&lbrace;<var>horizontal length</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>vertical length</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;
+\resizebox*&lbrace;<var>horizontal length</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>vertical length</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Given a size, such as <code>3cm</code>, transform <var>material</var> to make it
+that size. If either <var>horizontal length</var> or <var>vertical length</var>
+is an exclamation point&nbsp;<code>!</code> then the other argument is used
+to determine a scale factor for both directions.
+</para>
+<para>This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it
+vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\resizebox&lbrace;0.5in&rbrace;&lbrace;!&rbrace;&lbrace;\includegraphics&lbrace;lion&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The unstarred form <code>\resizebox</code> takes <var>vertical length</var> to be
+the box&textrsquo;s height while the starred form <code>\resizebox*</code> takes it to
+be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a
+quarter inch with <code>\resizebox*&lbrace;!&rbrace;&lbrace;0.25in&rbrace;&lbrace;\parbox&lbrace;1in&rbrace;&lbrace;This
+box has both height and depth.&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>You can use <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\totalheight</code>, and
+<code>\width</code> to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the
+text two inches wide but keep the original height with
+<code>\resizebox&lbrace;2in&rbrace;&lbrace;\height&rbrace;&lbrace;Two inches&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+</section>
+</chapter>
+<node name="Special-insertions" spaces=" "><nodename>Special insertions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Special insertions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">special insertions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">special insertions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Reserved characters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting <samp># $ % &amp; &lbrace; &rbrace; _ ~ ^ \</samp>
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Upper and lower case</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make text upper or lower case.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Symbols by font position</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting font symbols by number.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Text symbols</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Accents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting accents.
@@ -9300,13 +11649,13 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="Reserved-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Reserved characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Reserved-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Reserved characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Upper and lower case</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Reserved characters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">characters, special</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">characters, special</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for
example, the percent sign&nbsp;<code>%</code> is for comments) so they are
called <dfn>reserved characters</dfn> or <dfn>special characters</dfn>.
@@ -9315,21 +11664,21 @@ called <dfn>reserved characters</dfn> or <dfn>special characters</dfn>.
<pre xml:space="preserve"># $ % &amp; &lbrace; &rbrace; _ ~ ^ \
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="844">\#</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="845">\$</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="846">\%</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="847">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848">\_</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="870">\#</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="871">\$</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="872">\%</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="873">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="874">\_</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="875">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="876">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
<para>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
put a backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
<code>\$1.23</code> will produce&nbsp;<code>$1.23</code> in your output.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851">\~</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="852">\^</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="853">\textbackslash</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="877">\~</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="878">\^</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="879">\textbackslash</indexterm></findex>
<para>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use <code>\~&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text
@@ -9351,12 +11700,75 @@ split the lines.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="Symbols-by-font-position" spaces=" "><nodename>Symbols by font position</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Text symbols</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Reserved characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Upper-and-lower-case" spaces=" "><nodename>Upper and lower case</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Reserved characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Upper and lower case</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">Upper case</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513">Lower case</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">characters, case</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\uppercase&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+\lowercase&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+\MakeUppercase&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+\MakeLowercase&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Change the case of characters. The &tex; primitives commands
+<code>\uppercase</code> and <code>\lowercase</code> only work for American
+characters. The &latex; commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
+<code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change characters accessed by
+commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>. The commands
+<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust but they have
+moving arguments (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a
+command within <var>text</var>. But they do change the case of every other
+Latin letter inside the argument <var>text</var>. Thus,
+<code>\MakeUppercase&lbrace;Let $y=f(x)$</code>&rbrace; produces <samp>LET Y=F(X)</samp>. Another
+example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that
+<code>\MakeUppercase&lbrace;\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace; ... \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> will
+produce an error because the first half is changed to
+<code>\begin&lbrace;TABULAR&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a
+document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this
+works well with the standard &tex; fonts for all Latin alphabets but
+will cause problems when using other alphabets.
+</para>
+<para>To change the case of text that results from a macro inside <var>text</var>
+you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces
+<samp>COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS</samp>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\schoolname&rbrace;&lbrace;College of Mathematics&rbrace;
+\newcommand&lbrace;\Schoolname&rbrace;&lbrace;\expandafter\MakeUppercase
+<w> </w>\expandafter&lbrace;\schoolname&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515"><r>package</r>, <code>textcase</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516"><code>textcase</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The <file>textcase</file> package brings some of the missing feature of the
+standard &latex; commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
+<code>\MakeLowerCase</code>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517"><r>package</r>, <code>mfirstuc</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518"><code>mfirstuc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
+<file>mfirstuc</file>.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="Symbols-by-font-position" spaces=" "><nodename>Symbols by font position</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Text symbols</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Upper and lower case</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Symbols by font position</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="854">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">font symbols, by number</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="880">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520">font symbols, by number</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can access any character of the current font using its number with
the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character
@@ -9373,287 +11785,287 @@ example could also be written as <code>\symbol&lbrace;'40&rbrace;</code> or
<node name="Text-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Text symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Text symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="855">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="881">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="856">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="857">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="882">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="883">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The copyright symbol, &copyright;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="858">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="884">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="859">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="885">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The double dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="860">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="886">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="861">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="887">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex;2e logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="862">\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="863">\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="864">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="865">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="888">\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="889">\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="890">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="891">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
&laquo;, &raquo;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="866">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="867">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="868">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="892">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="893">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="894">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
<para>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &textlsquo;&dots;&textrsquo;. <code>\ldots</code>
and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="869">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="895">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Left (opening) quote: &textlsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="870">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="871">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="896">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="897">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow): <U>00B6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="872">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="873">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="898">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="899">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>English pounds sterling: &pound;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="874">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="875">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="900">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="901">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline:
&bdquo; and &sbquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="876">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="902">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Right (closing) quote: &textrsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="877">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="903">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>\itemx \textsection
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
Section sign: <U>00A7</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="878">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="904">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &tex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="879">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="905">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ASCII circumflex: ^.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="880">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="906">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ASCII tilde: ~.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="881">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="907">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Centered asterisk: *.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="882">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="908">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Backslash: \.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="883">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="909">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="560">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="561">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Vertical bar: |.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="884">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="910">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="562">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="563">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="564">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double vertical bar.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="885">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="911">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="565">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="566">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Big circle symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="886">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="912">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="567">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="568">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Left brace: &lbrace;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="887">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="913">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="569">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="570">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Right brace: &rbrace;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="888">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="914">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="571">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Bullet: &bullet;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="889">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="915">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="572">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in &registered;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="890">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="891">\textcapitalcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalcompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="892">\textascendercompwordmark</indexterm>\textascendercompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="916">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="917">\textcapitalcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalcompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="918">\textascendercompwordmark</indexterm>\textascendercompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="573">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="574">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="575">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Composite word mark (invisible). The <code>\textcapital...</code> form
has the cap height of the font, while the <code>\textascender...</code> form
has the ascender height.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="893">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="919">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="576">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dagger: <math>\dag</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="894">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="920">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="577">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="578">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double dagger: <math>\ddag</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="895">\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="921">\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="579">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="580">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dollar sign: $.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="896">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="922">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="581">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Em-dash: &textmdash; (for punctuation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="897">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="923">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="582">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>En-dash: &textndash; (for ranges).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="898">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="924">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="583">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="584">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The Euro symbol: &euro;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="899">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="925">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="585">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Upside down exclamation point: &iexcl;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="900">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="926">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="586">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Greater than: &gt;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="901">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="927">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="587">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Less than: &lt;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="902">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="928">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="588">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="589">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Left arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="903">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="904">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="929">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="930">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="590">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="591">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="592">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="593">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: &ordf;, &ordm;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="905">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="931">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="594">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="595">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Centered period: <U>00B7</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="906">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="932">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="596">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Upside down question mark: &iquest;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="907">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="933">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="597">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="598">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double left quote: &textldquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="908">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="934">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="599">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="600">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double right quote: &textrdquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="909">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="935">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="601">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="602">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Single left quote: &textlsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="910">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="936">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="603">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="604">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Single right quote: &textrsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="911">\textquotesingle</indexterm>\textquotesingle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">quote, single straight</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">straight single quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">single quote, straight</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="937">\textquotesingle</indexterm>\textquotesingle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="605">quote, single straight</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="606">straight single quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="607">single quote, straight</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="912">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="913">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="938">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="939">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="608">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="609">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="610">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="611">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="914">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="940">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="612">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Registered symbol: &registered;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="915">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="941">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="613">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="614">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Right arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="916">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="942">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="615">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="616">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="917">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="943">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="617">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Trademark symbol: <U>2122</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="918">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="944">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="618">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="619">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="919">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="945">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="620">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Underscore: _.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="920">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="946">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="621">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Visible space symbol.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -9663,13 +12075,14 @@ has the ascender height.
<node name="Accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Text symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527">accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="622">accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="623">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="624">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="625"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="626"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="627">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and
languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This
section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists
@@ -9681,134 +12094,134 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&quot;</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldieresis</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="922">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="947">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="948">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="628">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="629">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in <accent type="uml">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\'</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalacute</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923">\&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="949">\' <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="950">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="630">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces an acute accent, as in <accent type="acute">o</accent>. In the <code>tabbing</code>
environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
(<pxref label="tabbing"><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\.</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="925">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="951">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="631">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="632">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in <accent type="dotaccent">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\=</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalmacron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="926">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="927">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="952">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="953">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="633">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="634">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="635">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in <accent type="macr">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\^</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcircumflex</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="928">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="954">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="955">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="636">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="637">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in <accent type="circ">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\`</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalgrave</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930">\&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="931">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="956">\` <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="957">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="638">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in <accent type="grave">o</accent>. In the
<code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin
(<pxref label="tabbing"><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\~</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltilde</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="932">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="958">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="959">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="639">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in <accent type="tilde">n</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="960">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="640">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in <accent type="ubaraccent">o</accent>. See
also <code>\underbar</code> hereinafter.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\c</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcedilla</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="961">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="962">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="641">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in <accent type="cedil">c</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\d</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldotaccent</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="963">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="964">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="642">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in <accent type="udotaccent">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\H</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="965">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="966">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="643">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in <accent type="doubleacute">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\i</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="967">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="644">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dotless i, as in &textlsquo;<dotless>i</dotless>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\j</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="942">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="968">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="645">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dotless j, as in &textlsquo;<dotless>j</dotless>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\k</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalogonek</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="944">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="969">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="970">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="646">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="ogon">o</accent>&textrsquo;. Not available in
the OT1 encoding.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\r</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalring</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="946">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="971">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="972">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="647">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a ring accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="ring">o</accent>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\t</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\newtie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalnewtie</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="947">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="948">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="949">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="950">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="973">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="974">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="975">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="976">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="648">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a tie-after accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="tieaccent">oo</accent>&textrsquo;. The
<code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\u</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalbreve</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="951">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="952">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="977">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="978">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="649">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a breve accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="breve">o</accent>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\underbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="953">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="979">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="650">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is
always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
@@ -9817,11 +12230,11 @@ See also <code>\b</code> above.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\v</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcaron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="954">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="955">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="980">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="981">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="651">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="652">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="653">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check, caron) accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="caron">o</accent>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -9832,12 +12245,12 @@ See also <code>\b</code> above.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Additional Latin letters</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559">Latin letters, additional</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="560">letters, additional Latin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="561">extended Latin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="562">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="563">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="564">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="654">Latin letters, additional</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="655">letters, additional Latin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="656">extended Latin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="657">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="658">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="659">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting letters (beyond
A&textndash;Z) extending the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
@@ -9846,84 +12259,84 @@ than English.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\aa</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AA</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="956">\aa (&aring;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="957">\AA (&Aring;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="565">aring</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="982">\aa (&aring;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="983">\AA (&Aring;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="660">aring</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aring; and &Aring;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ae</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="958">\ae (&aelig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="959">\AE (&AElig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="566">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="984">\ae (&aelig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="985">\AE (&AElig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="661">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aelig; and &AElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dh</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="960">\dh (&eth;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="961">\DH (&ETH;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="567">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="568">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="986">\dh (&eth;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="987">\DH (&ETH;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="662">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="663">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc>
encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dj</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="962">\dj</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="963">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="988">\dj</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="989">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
<para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
available with <sc>OT1</sc> encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to
select an alternate font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ij</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="964">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="965">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="569">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="990">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="991">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="664">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\l</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\L</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="966">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="967">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="570">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="992">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="993">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="665">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lslash; and &Lslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ng</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NG</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="968">\ng</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="969">\NG</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="994">\ng</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="995">\NG</indexterm></findex>
<para>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\o</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\O</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="970">\o (&oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="971">\O (&Oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="571">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="996">\o (&oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="997">\O (&Oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="666">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\oe</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="972">\oe (&oelig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="973">\OE (&OElig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="572">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="998">\oe (&oelig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="999">\OE (&OElig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="667">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oelig; and &OElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ss</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\SS</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="974">\ss (&szlig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="975">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="573">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="574">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1000">\ss (&szlig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1001">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="668">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="669">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&szlig; and SS.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\th</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\TH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="976">\th (&thorn;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="977">\TH (&THORN;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="575">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="576">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1002">\th (&thorn;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1003">\TH (&THORN;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="670">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="671">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc>
encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
@@ -9935,7 +12348,7 @@ font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
<node name="_005crule" spaces=" "><nodename>\rule</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\today</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rule</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="978">\rule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1004">\rule</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9962,8 +12375,8 @@ rectangles. The arguments are:
<node name="_005ctoday" spaces=" "><nodename>\today</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\rule</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\today</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="979">\today</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="577">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1005">\today</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="672">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\today</code> command produces today&textrsquo;s date, in the format
<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>; for example, <samp>July 4, 1976</samp>.
@@ -9984,8 +12397,9 @@ will output <samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>:
\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="578"><r>package</r>, <code>datetime</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="579"><code>datetime</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="673"><r>package</r>, <code>datetime</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="674"><code>datetime</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
of other date formats.
</para>
@@ -9995,15 +12409,15 @@ of other date formats.
<node name="Splitting-the-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Splitting the input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Splitting the input</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="580">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="581">input file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="675">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="676">input file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it&textrsquo;s more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
there is one that is the
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="582">root file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="583">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="677">root file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="678">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>root file</dfn>; it is the one whose name you type
when you run &latex;.
</para>
@@ -10020,7 +12434,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document.
<node name="_005cinclude" spaces=" "><nodename>\include</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\includeonly</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\include</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="980">\include</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1006">\include</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10037,16 +12451,16 @@ command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page
only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to
<code>\includeonly</code>. See <ref label="_005cincludeonly"><xrefnodename>\includeonly</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="584">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="679">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another <code>\include</code> command.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cincludeonly" spaces=" "><nodename>\includeonly</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\include</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\<code>includeonly</code></sectiontitle>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\includeonly</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="981">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1007">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10067,7 +12481,7 @@ selection to be effective.
<node name="_005cinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\input</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\includeonly</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\input</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="982">\input</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1008">\input</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10100,10 +12514,10 @@ is tried (<samp>foo</samp> or <samp>foo.bar</samp>).
<node name="Tables-of-contents" spaces=" "><nodename>Tables of contents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Glossaries</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Tables of contents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="585">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="680">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="983">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="984">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1009">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1010">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code>
command. You put the command right where you want the table of
contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must
@@ -10114,16 +12528,16 @@ not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the
<code>\tableofcontents</code> command.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="985">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="986">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="987">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="988">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1011">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1012">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1013">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1014">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code>
produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from <file>.lof</file> and
<file>.lot</file> files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same
as for the table of contents.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="989">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1015">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and
<emph>prevents</emph> any of these lists from being generated.
</para>
@@ -10136,8 +12550,8 @@ as for the table of contents.
<node name="_005caddcontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addcontentsline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="990">\addcontentsline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="586">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1016">\addcontentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="681">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10150,7 +12564,7 @@ or table where:
</para>
<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">ext</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The filename extension of the file on which information is to be written,
typically one of: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), <code>lof</code> (list of
figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of tables).
</para>
@@ -10172,7 +12586,7 @@ following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text of the entry.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="991">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1017">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
<para>What is written to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file is the command
<code>\contentsline&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;</code>, where
<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>.
@@ -10184,7 +12598,7 @@ following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
<node name="_005caddtocontents" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocontents</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocontents</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="992">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1018">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\addtocontents</code>&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace; command adds text
(or formatting commands) directly to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file that
@@ -10206,22 +12620,22 @@ figures), or <file>lot</file> (list of tables).
<node name="Glossaries" spaces=" "><nodename>Glossaries</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Indexes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Glossaries</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="587">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="682">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="993">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1019">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="994">\glossary</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="588"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1020">\glossary</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="683"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The command <code>\glossary&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> writes a glossary entry for
<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.glo</file> extension.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="995">\glossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1021">\glossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
<para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\glossaryentry&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pageno</var>&rbrace;</code>, where
<var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="589">glossary <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="684">glossary <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier
glossaries.
</para>
@@ -10230,37 +12644,37 @@ glossaries.
<node name="Indexes" spaces=" "><nodename>Indexes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Indexes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="590">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="685">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="996">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1022">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes. Put this in
the preamble.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="997">\index</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="591"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1023">\index</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="686"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The command <code>\index&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> writes an index entry for
<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file named with the <file>.idx</file> extension.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="998">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1024">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
<para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\indexentry&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pageno</var>&rbrace;</code>, where <var>pageno</var>
is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="592">&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="593">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="687">&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="688">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>To generate a index entry for &textlsquo;bar&textrsquo; that says &textlsquo;See foo&textrsquo;, use a
vertical bar: <code>\index&lbrace;bar|see&lbrace;foo&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>. Use <code>seealso</code>
instead of <code>see</code> to make a &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; entry.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="999">\seename</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1000">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1025">\seename</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1026">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
<para>The text &textlsquo;See&textrsquo; is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo;
by the macro <code>\alsoname</code>. These can be redefined for other
languages.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="594"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="595"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="596"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="689"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="690"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="691"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The generated <file>.idx</file> file is then sorted with an external
command, usually either <command>makeindex</command>
(<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</urefurl></url>) or (the
@@ -10268,26 +12682,29 @@ multi-lingual) <command>xindy</command> (<url><urefurl>http://xindy.sourceforge.
This results in a <file>.ind</file> file, which can then be read to typeset
the index.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1001">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="597"><r>package</r>, <code>makeidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="598"><code>makeidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1027">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="692"><r>package</r>, <code>makeidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="693"><code>makeidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command.
This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;makeidx&rbrace;</code> needs to be in the preamble.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1002">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1028">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new
letter in the printed index; its default value is <samp>10pt plus5pt
minus3pt</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="599"><r>package</r>, <code>showidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="600"><code>showidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="694"><r>package</r>, <code>showidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="695"><code>showidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in
the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in
preparing the index.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="601"><r>package</r>, <code>multind</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="602"><code>multind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="696"><r>package</r>, <code>multind</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="697"><code>multind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the
&tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</urefurl></url>.
@@ -10298,8 +12715,8 @@ preparing the index.
<node name="Letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Letters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="603">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="604">writing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="698">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="699">writing letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10350,7 +12767,7 @@ enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands such as
<code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a <code>\closing</code>
command such as <code>\closing&lbrace;Yours,&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1003">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1029">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc&lbrace;the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss&rbrace;</code>. There&textrsquo;s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for
@@ -10405,7 +12822,7 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
<node name="_005caddress" spaces=" "><nodename>\address</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cc</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\address</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1004">\address</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1030">\address</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10439,8 +12856,8 @@ formatted as a personal letter.
<node name="_005ccc" spaces=" "><nodename>\cc</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\closing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\address</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cc</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1005">\cc</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="605">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1031">\cc</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="700">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10464,9 +12881,9 @@ backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>, as in:
<node name="_005cclosing" spaces=" "><nodename>\closing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\encl</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cc</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\closing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1006">\closing</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="606">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="607">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1032">\closing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="701">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="702">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10486,8 +12903,8 @@ is a <code>\closing</code> (although this command is optional). For example,
<node name="_005cencl" spaces=" "><nodename>\encl</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\location</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\closing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\encl</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1007">\encl</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="608">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1033">\encl</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="703">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10510,7 +12927,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005clocation" spaces=" "><nodename>\location</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makelabels</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\encl</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\location</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1008">\location</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1034">\location</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10526,7 +12943,7 @@ appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
<node name="_005cmakelabels" spaces=" "><nodename>\makelabels</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\name</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\location</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makelabels</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1009">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1035">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10556,7 +12973,7 @@ in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment. By default
<node name="_005cname" spaces=" "><nodename>\name</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\opening</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makelabels</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\name</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1010">\name</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1036">\name</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10572,8 +12989,8 @@ return address.
<node name="_005copening" spaces=" "><nodename>\opening</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ps</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\name</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\opening</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1011">\opening</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="609">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1037">\opening</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="704">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10593,8 +13010,8 @@ text that starts your letter. For instance:
</section>
<node name="_005cps" spaces=" "><nodename>\ps</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\signature</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\opening</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ps</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1012">\ps</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="610">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1038">\ps</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="705">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10621,7 +13038,7 @@ text that starts your letter. For instance:
... &rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1013">\signature</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1039">\signature</indexterm></findex>
<para>The sender&textrsquo;s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is
usual.
@@ -10672,7 +13089,7 @@ preamble).
<node name="_005ctelephone" spaces=" "><nodename>\telephone</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\signature</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\telephone</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1014">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1040">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10691,8 +13108,8 @@ page.
<node name="Terminal-input_002foutput" spaces=" "><nodename>Terminal input/output</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Terminal input/output</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="611">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="612">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="706">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="707">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\typein</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from the terminal.
@@ -10703,7 +13120,7 @@ page.
<node name="_005ctypein" spaces=" "><nodename>\typein</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typeout</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]&lbrace;<var>msg</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1015">\typein</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1041">\typein</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10724,7 +13141,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input.
<node name="_005ctypeout" spaces=" "><nodename>\typeout</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\typein</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typeout&lbrace;<var>msg</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1016">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1042">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10749,9 +13166,9 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in
<node name="Command-line" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Document templates</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="613">command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="708">command line</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1017">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1043">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
&tex; uses <file>.tex</file> as a default file extension. If you omit the
input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You can
@@ -10763,14 +13180,14 @@ error:
<pre xml:space="preserve">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1018">&textndash;help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1044">--help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also
be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with <samp>-</samp> or
<samp>--</samp>. For a list of those options, try <samp>latex --help</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="614"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="615">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1019">\stop</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="709"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="710">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1045">\stop</indexterm></findex>
<para>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
<samp>*</samp> prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code>
(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
@@ -10782,8 +13199,8 @@ be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with <samp>-</samp> or
<node name="Document-templates" spaces=" "><nodename>Document templates</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Concept Index</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<appendix spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document templates</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="616">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="617">templates, document</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="711">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="712">templates, document</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
@@ -10799,8 +13216,8 @@ be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
<node name="beamer-template" spaces=" "><nodename>beamer template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">book template</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>beamer</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="618"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="619">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="713"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="714">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
array of features, but here is a basic template:
@@ -10837,7 +13254,7 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
<node name="book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>book template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tugboat template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">beamer template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>book</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="620">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="715">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
<verbatim xml:space="preserve">
\documentclass{book}
@@ -10863,9 +13280,9 @@ The end.
<node name="tugboat-template" spaces=" "><nodename>tugboat template</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tugboat</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="621">template, TUGboat</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="622">TUGboat template</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="623"><code>ltugboat</code> class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="716">template, TUGboat</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="717">TUGboat template</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="718"><code>ltugboat</code> class</indexterm></cindex>
<para><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group,
<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat</urefurl></url>.