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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt index 8c9a6e28506..e0acffde016 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt @@ -2,57 +2,84 @@ LaTeX2e ******* This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document -preparation system, version as of July 2010. It is intended to cover +preparation system, version as of May 2011. It is intended to cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years. - LaTeX is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's TeX -typesetting program. LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it -is now maintained by a group of volunteers (`http://latex-project.org'). -The official documentation written by the LaTeX project is available -there. Again, the present document is unofficial and has not been -reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. - 1 Overview of LaTeX ******************* -The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the -LaTeX "macro package" for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an -input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands -that describe how the text should be formatted. It produces at least -three files as output: +The LaTeX document preparation system is implemented as a macro package +for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program. LaTeX was originally +created by Leslie Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers +(`http://latex-project.org'). The official documentation written by the +LaTeX project is available from their web site. + + The present document is completely unofficial and has not been +reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything +else about this document to them. Instead, please send all comments to +<latexrefman-discuss@gna.org>. + + The home page for this document is `http://home.gna.org/latexrefman'. +That page has links to the current output in various formats, sources, +mailing lists, and other infrastructure. + +2 Overview of LaTeX +******************* - 1. A main output file, which is one of: +What is LaTeX? - 1. If invoked as `latex', a "Device Independent" (`.dvi') file. - This contains commands that can be translated into commands - for a variety of output devices. You can view such `.dvi' - output of LaTeX by using a program such as `xdvi' (display - directly) or `dvips' (convert to PostScript). + LaTeX typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX +"macro package" for TeX. That is, it processes an input file containing +the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the +text should be formatted. LaTeX files are plain text that can be +written in any reasonable editor. It produces at least three files as +output: - 2. If invoked as `pdflatex', a "Portable Document Format" + 1. The main output file, which is one of: + + `.dvi' + If invoked as `latex', a "Device Independent" (`.dvi') file is + produced. This contains commands that can be translated into + commands for virtually any output device. You can view such + `.dvi' output of LaTeX by using a program such as `xdvi' + (display directly), `dvips' (convert to PostScript), or + `dvipdfmx' (convert to PDF). + + `.pdf' + If invoked as `pdflatex', a "Portable Document Format" (`.pdf') file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does make the output much larger than the `.dvi' produced from the same document. - There are other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) as well, - which can produce HTML, XML, and other things. + If invoked as `lualatex', a `.pdf' file is created using the + LuaTeX engine (`http://luatex.org'). + + If invoked as `xelatex', a `.pdf' file is created using the + XeTeX engine (`http://tug.org/xetex'). + + Many other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) exist, which can + produce HTML, XML, and other things. - 2. A "transcript" or `.log' file that contains summary information and - diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. + 2. The "transcript" or `.log' file that contains summary information + and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input + file. 3. An "auxiliary" or `.aux' file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for - things such as sectioning. + things such as cross-references. - A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a `\' -followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. -Arguments contained in square brackets, `[]', are optional while -arguments contained in braces, `{}', are required. + An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won't try to +list them all. Xxx components? + + In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a `\', followed +by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments +contained in square brackets, `[]', are optional while arguments +contained in braces, `{}', are required. LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise. -2 Starting & ending +3 Starting & ending ******************* A minimal input file looks like the following: @@ -69,7 +96,7 @@ locally. You may include other LaTeX commands between the `\documentclass' and the `\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the "preamble"). -3 Document classes +4 Document classes ****************** The class of a given document is defined with the command: @@ -86,7 +113,7 @@ are available as add-ons; *note Overview::): Standard OPTIONS are described below. -3.1 Document class options +4.1 Document class options ========================== You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the @@ -147,7 +174,7 @@ paper size (default is `letterpaper'): size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, `\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between `\paperwidth' and - `\textwidth' with `\evensidemargin' the remainder. + `\textwidth', with `\evensidemargin' the remainder. `openright' `openany' @@ -168,13 +195,13 @@ use multiple `\usepackage' commands. the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with `\usepackage'. -4 Typefaces +5 Typefaces *********** Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here. -4.1 Font styles +5.1 Font styles =============== The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. @@ -281,7 +308,7 @@ differently than the above commands, too: `{\CMD ...}' instead of `\tt' Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). -4.2 Font sizes +5.2 Font sizes ============== The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The @@ -307,7 +334,7 @@ declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these commands; for instance, `\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. -4.3 Low-level font commands +5.3 Low-level font commands =========================== These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and @@ -388,18 +415,18 @@ ones. and `\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by `\selectfont'. -5 Layout +6 Layout ******** Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. -5.1 `\onecolumn' +6.1 `\onecolumn' ================ The `\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. This is the default. -5.2 `\twocolumn' +6.2 `\twocolumn' ================ Synopsis: @@ -443,7 +470,7 @@ typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page and the main text. Default `20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. -5.3 `\flushbottom' +6.3 `\flushbottom' ================== The `\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height, @@ -452,13 +479,13 @@ adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. This is the default if `twocolumn' mode is selected (*note Document class options::). -5.4 `\raggedbottom' +6.4 `\raggedbottom' =================== The `\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. -5.5 Page layout parameters +6.5 Page layout parameters ========================== `\headheight' @@ -477,10 +504,12 @@ the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. where it varies with the type size. `\linewidth' - Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, - paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an `article' document in - `10pt', it's set to `345pt'; in two-column mode, that becomes - `229.5pt'. + Width of the current line, decreased for each nested `list' (*note + list::). Specifically, it is smaller than `\textwidth' by the sum + of `\leftmargin' and `\rightmargin' (*note itemize::). The default + varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc. For + an `article' document in `10pt', it's set to `345pt'; in two-column + mode, that becomes `229.5pt'. `\textheight' The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies @@ -490,10 +519,28 @@ the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. and for `12pt', `36\baselineskip'. `\textwidth' - The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as - usual. For an `article' or `report' document, it's `345pt' at - `10pt', `360pt' at `11pt', and `390pt' at `12pt'. For a `book' - document, it's `4.5in' at `10pt', and `5in' at `11pt' or `12pt'. + The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default + varies as usual. For an `article' or `report' document, it's + `345pt' at `10pt', `360pt' at `11pt', and `390pt' at `12pt'. For a + `book' document, it's `4.5in' at `10pt', and `5in' at `11pt' or + `12pt'. + + In multi-column output, `\textwidth' remains the width of the + entire page body, while `\columnwidth' is the width of one column + (*note \twocolumn::). + + In lists (*note list::), `\textwidth' remains the width of the + entire page body (and `\columnwidth' the width of the entire + column), while `\linewidth' may decrease for nested lists. + + Inside a minipage (*note minipage::) or `\parbox' (*note + \parbox::), all the width-related parameters are set to the + specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of + the `minipage' or `\parbox'. + + For completeness: `\hsize' is the TeX primitive parameter used when + text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal LaTeX + documents. `\topmargin' Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the @@ -507,7 +554,7 @@ the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., `10pt' at `10pt'. -6 Sectioning +7 Sectioning ************ Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: @@ -566,13 +613,13 @@ setting suppresses heading numbers at any depth > LEVEL, where `chapter' is level zero. (*Note \setcounter::.) -7 Cross references +8 Cross references ****************** One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." -7.1 `\label' +8.1 `\label' ============ Synopsis: @@ -608,7 +655,7 @@ colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: Thus, a label for a figure would look like `fig:snark' or `fig.snark'. -7.2 `\pageref{KEY}' +8.2 `\pageref{KEY}' =================== Synopsis: @@ -618,7 +665,7 @@ Synopsis: The `\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding `\label'{KEY} command appears. -7.3 `\ref{KEY}' +8.3 `\ref{KEY}' =============== Synopsis: @@ -630,7 +677,7 @@ equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding `\label' command (*note \label::). It does not produce any text, such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself. -8 Environments +9 Environments ************** LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each @@ -640,7 +687,7 @@ environment begins and ends in the same manner: ... \end{ENVNAME} -8.1 `abstract' +9.1 `abstract' ============== Synopsis: @@ -651,7 +698,7 @@ Synopsis: Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. -8.2 `array' +9.2 `array' =========== Synopsis: @@ -698,7 +745,7 @@ parameters which affect formatting in `array' environments, namely The `array' environment can only be used in math mode. -8.3 `center' +9.3 `center' ============ Synopsis: @@ -712,7 +759,7 @@ Synopsis: of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the string `\\'. -8.3.1 `\centering' +9.3.1 `\centering' ------------------ The `\centering' declaration corresponds to the `center' environment. @@ -735,7 +782,7 @@ environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. second line \\ \end{quote} -8.4 `description' +9.4 `description' ================= Synopsis: @@ -758,7 +805,7 @@ resets all other style variations: `\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'. For details about list spacing, see *note itemize::. -8.5 `displaymath' +9.5 `displaymath' ================= Synopsis: @@ -778,13 +825,13 @@ option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::. No equation number is added to `displaymath' text; to get an equation number, use the `equation' environment (*note equation::). -8.6 `document' +9.6 `document' ============== The `document' environment encloses the body of a document. It is required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting & ending::. -8.7 `enumerate' +9.7 `enumerate' =============== Synopsis: @@ -825,7 +872,7 @@ letters: \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} -8.8 `eqnarray' +9.8 `eqnarray' ============== \begin{eqnarray} (or `eqnarray*') @@ -851,7 +898,7 @@ entirely, while otherwise being the same as `eqnarray'. lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width. -8.9 `equation' +9.9 `equation' ============== Synopsis: @@ -864,7 +911,7 @@ Synopsis: displaymath::), e.g., centering the MATH text on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. -8.10 `figure' +9.10 `figure' ============= \begin{figure[*]}[PLACEMENT] @@ -944,7 +991,7 @@ the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::). Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before floats; default is `.7'. -8.11 `flushleft' +9.11 `flushleft' ================ \begin{flushleft} @@ -957,7 +1004,7 @@ the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::). consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged right Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'. -8.11.1 `\raggedright' +9.11.1 `\raggedright' --------------------- The `\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the `flushleft' @@ -970,7 +1017,7 @@ units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command that ends the paragraph unit. -8.12 `flushright' +9.12 `flushright' ================= \begin{flushright} @@ -983,7 +1030,7 @@ paragraph unit. consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'. -8.12.1 `\raggedleft' +9.12.1 `\raggedleft' -------------------- The `\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the `flushright' @@ -996,7 +1043,7 @@ units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command that ends the paragraph unit. -8.13 `itemize' +9.13 `itemize' ============== Synopsis: @@ -1101,12 +1148,12 @@ within a single item (`\parskip' is not list-specific, *note \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% {\end{itemize}} -8.14 `letter' environment: writing letters +9.14 `letter' environment: writing letters ========================================== This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::. -8.15 `list' +9.15 `list' =========== The `list' environment is a generic environment which is used for @@ -1128,7 +1175,10 @@ It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be empty, i.e., `{}', which leaves the default spacing. -8.16 `math' + The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by +`\linewidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). + +9.16 `math' =========== Synopsis: @@ -1140,7 +1190,7 @@ Synopsis: The `math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running text. `\(...\))' and `$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. -8.17 `minipage' +9.17 `minipage' =============== \begin{minipage}[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH} @@ -1168,7 +1218,7 @@ Counters::). However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. -8.18 `picture' +9.18 `picture' ============== \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) @@ -1236,7 +1286,7 @@ corner of the box. The `picture' commands are described in the following sections. -8.18.1 `\circle' +9.18.1 `\circle' ---------------- \circle[*]{DIAMETER} @@ -1247,7 +1297,7 @@ solid circle. Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. -8.18.2 `\makebox' +9.18.2 `\makebox' ----------------- `\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}' @@ -1273,7 +1323,7 @@ text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: *Note \makebox::. -8.18.3 `\framebox' +9.18.3 `\framebox' ------------------ Synopsis: @@ -1287,7 +1337,7 @@ creates. The `\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness `\fboxrule', and leaves a space `\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box. -8.18.4 `\dashbox' +9.18.4 `\dashbox' ----------------- Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: @@ -1302,7 +1352,7 @@ POS. A dashed box looks best when the `rwidth' and `rheight' are multiples of the `dlen'. -8.18.5 `\frame' +9.18.5 `\frame' --------------- Synopsis: @@ -1313,7 +1363,7 @@ Synopsis: reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. -8.18.6 `\line' +9.18.6 `\line' -------------- Synopsis: @@ -1328,7 +1378,7 @@ have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, see the `curve2e' and many many other packages on CTAN. -8.18.7 `\linethickness' +9.18.7 `\linethickness' ----------------------- The `\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal @@ -1338,21 +1388,21 @@ positive length. `\linethickness' does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, circles, or the quarter circles drawn by `\oval'. -8.18.8 `\thicklines' +9.18.8 `\thicklines' -------------------- The `\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: and *note \thinlines::. -8.18.9 `\thinlines' +9.18.9 `\thinlines' ------------------- The `\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: and *note \thicklines::. -8.18.10 `\multiput' +9.18.10 `\multiput' ------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1362,7 +1412,7 @@ Synopsis: across a picture. OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at (x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, N times. -8.18.11 `\oval' +9.18.11 `\oval' --------------- Synopsis: @@ -1389,7 +1439,7 @@ following: maximum radius of 20pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with rounded corners. -8.18.12 `\put' +9.18.12 `\put' -------------- `\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }' @@ -1397,7 +1447,7 @@ rounded corners. The `\put' command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the given coordinates. -8.18.13 `\shortstack' +9.18.13 `\shortstack' --------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1418,7 +1468,7 @@ positions are: Objects are separated with `\\'. -8.18.14 `\vector' +9.18.14 `\vector' ----------------- Synopsis: @@ -1429,7 +1479,7 @@ Synopsis: length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. -8.19 `quotation' +9.19 `quotation' ================ Synopsis: @@ -1444,7 +1494,7 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph. Unlike the `quote' environment, each paragraph is indented normally. -8.20 `quote' +9.20 `quote' ============ Snyopsis: @@ -1459,7 +1509,7 @@ line between text produces a new paragraph. Unlike the `quotation' environment, paragraphs are not indented. -8.21 `tabbing' +9.21 `tabbing' ============== Synopsis: @@ -1550,7 +1600,7 @@ environment. end;\\ \end{tabbing} -8.22 `table' +9.22 `table' ============ Synopsis: @@ -1577,7 +1627,7 @@ and described there (*note figure::). The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you wish. The `\caption' command allows you to title your table. -8.23 `tabular' +9.23 `tabular' ============== Synopsis: @@ -1687,7 +1737,7 @@ rule below the table) follows. These commands can be used inside a `tabular' environment: -8.23.1 `\multicolumn' +9.23.1 `\multicolumn' --------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1709,7 +1759,7 @@ third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to put in the entry. 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr \end{tabular} -8.23.2 `\cline' +9.23.2 `\cline' --------------- Synopsis: @@ -1720,21 +1770,21 @@ Synopsis: specified, beginning in column I and ending in column J, which are specified in the mandatory argument. -8.23.3 `\hline' +9.23.3 `\hline' --------------- The `\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing `tabular' or `array' environment. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. -8.23.4 `\vline' +9.23.4 `\vline' --------------- The `\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An `\hfill' command can be used to move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression. -8.24 `thebibliography' +9.24 `thebibliography' ====================== Synopsis: @@ -1759,7 +1809,7 @@ wide as the widest item label produced by the `\bibitem' commands. It is typically given as `9' for bibliographies with less than 10 references, `99' for ones with less than 100, etc. -8.24.1 `\bibitem' +9.24.1 `\bibitem' ----------------- Synopsis: @@ -1776,7 +1826,7 @@ CITE_KEY and label. When the `.aux' file is read by the `cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a `\cite' command (see next section) to produce the associated label. -8.24.2 `\cite' +9.24.2 `\cite' -------------- Synopsis: @@ -1790,7 +1840,7 @@ associated with KEYS by entries in the `.aux' file. The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the citation. For example, `\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce `[Knuth, p. 314]'. -8.24.3 `\nocite' +9.24.3 `\nocite' ---------------- `\nocite{key_list}' @@ -1798,7 +1848,7 @@ For example, `\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce `[Knuth, p. 314]'. The `\nocite' command produces no text, but writes `key_list', which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the `.aux' file. -8.24.4 Using BibTeX +9.24.4 Using BibTeX ------------------- If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if @@ -1838,7 +1888,7 @@ bibliography. The argument to `\bibliography' refers to files named Only the entries referred to via `\cite' and `\nocite' will be listed in the bibliography. -8.25 `theorem' +9.25 `theorem' ============== Synopsis: @@ -1851,7 +1901,7 @@ Synopsis: by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described under `\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::). -8.26 `titlepage' +9.26 `titlepage' ================ Synopsis: @@ -1868,7 +1918,7 @@ be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The You can use the `\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce a standard title page without a `titlepage' environment. -8.27 `verbatim' +9.27 `verbatim' =============== Synopsis: @@ -1885,7 +1935,7 @@ typewriter. The `verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (`\tt'). -8.27.1 `\verb' +9.27.1 `\verb' -------------- Synopsis: @@ -1902,7 +1952,7 @@ in LITERAL-TEXT. The `*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible space" character. -8.28 `verse' +9.28 `verse' ============ Synopsis: @@ -1921,8 +1971,8 @@ not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each stanza with `\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas. -9 Line breaking -*************** +10 Line breaking +**************** The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a @@ -1933,8 +1983,8 @@ lines must be broken into pages). environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the `\\' command, and you can always manually force breaks. -9.1 `\\'[*][MORESPACE] -====================== +10.1 `\\'[*][MORESPACE] +======================= The `\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to @@ -1943,8 +1993,8 @@ be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. The `\\*' command is the same as the ordinary `\\' command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. -9.2 `\obeycr' & `\restorecr' -============================ +10.2 `\obeycr' & `\restorecr' +============================= The `\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file (`^^M', internally) the same as `\\' (followed by `\relax'). So each new line @@ -1952,15 +2002,15 @@ in the input will also be a new line in the output. `\restorecr' restores normal line-breaking behavior. -9.3 `\newline' -============== +10.3 `\newline' +=============== The `\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph mode. -9.4 `\-' (discretionary hyphen) -=============================== +10.4 `\-' (discretionary hyphen) +================================ The `\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most @@ -1971,8 +2021,8 @@ one. The `\-' command is used for the exceptional cases. hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. -9.5 `\fussy' -============ +10.5 `\fussy' +============= The declaration `\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at the @@ -1981,16 +2031,16 @@ cost of an occasional overfull box. This command cancels the effect of a previous `\sloppy' command (*note \sloppy::. -9.6 `\sloppy' -============= +10.6 `\sloppy' +============== The declaration `\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. Lasts until a `\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::). -9.7 `\hyphenation' -================== +10.7 `\hyphenation' +=================== Synopsis: @@ -2005,8 +2055,8 @@ words): \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} -9.8 `\linebreak' & `\nolinebreak' -================================= +10.8 `\linebreak' & `\nolinebreak' +================================== Synopses: @@ -2022,14 +2072,14 @@ margin as usual. a demand to a request. The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. -10 Page breaking +11 Page breaking **************** LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. -10.1 `\cleardoublepage' +11.1 `\cleardoublepage' ======================= The `\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all @@ -2037,19 +2087,19 @@ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. -10.2 `\clearpage' +11.2 `\clearpage' ================= The `\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. -10.3 `\newpage' +11.3 `\newpage' =============== The `\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats (see `\clearpage' above). -10.4 `\enlargethispage' +11.4 `\enlargethispage' ======================= `\enlargethispage{size}' @@ -2064,7 +2114,7 @@ line. as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit `\pagebreak'. -10.5 `\pagebreak' & `\nopagebreak' +11.5 `\pagebreak' & `\nopagebreak' ================================== Synopses: @@ -2081,14 +2131,14 @@ extends to the normal bottom margin. command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. -11 Footnotes +12 Footnotes ************ Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command, the `\footnote' command. They can also be produced with two commands, the `\footnotemark' and the `\footnotetext' commands. -11.1 `\footnote' +12.1 `\footnote' ================ Synopsis: @@ -2103,7 +2153,7 @@ default footnote number. cannot use it in sectioning commands like `\chapter', in figures, tables or in a `tabular' environment. (See following sections.) -11.2 `\footnotemark' +12.2 `\footnotemark' ==================== With no optional argument, the `\footnotemark' command puts the current @@ -2118,7 +2168,7 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with after the first `\footnote' command. -11.3 `\footnotetext' +12.3 `\footnotetext' ==================== Synopsis: @@ -2132,7 +2182,7 @@ mode. The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number. -11.4 Symbolic footnotes +12.4 Symbolic footnotes ======================= If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing @@ -2145,7 +2195,7 @@ numbers, redefine `\thefootnote' like this: use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also redefine `\@fnsymbol'. -11.5 Footnote parameters +12.5 Footnote parameters ======================== `\footnoterule' @@ -2161,12 +2211,12 @@ redefine `\@fnsymbol'. between footnotes. This is `6.65pt' for `10pt', `7.7pt' for `11pt', and `8.4pt' for `12pt'. -12 Definitions +13 Definitions ************** LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. -12.1 `\newcommand' & `\renewcommand' +13.1 `\newcommand' & `\renewcommand' ==================================== `\newcommand' and `\renewcommand' define and redefine a command, @@ -2198,7 +2248,7 @@ DEFN construct of the form `#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the Nth argument. -12.2 `\newcounter' +13.2 `\newcounter' ================== Synopsis: @@ -2213,7 +2263,7 @@ whenever COUNTERNAME is incremented. *Note Counters::, for more information about counters. -12.3 `\newlength' +13.3 `\newlength' ================= Synopsis: @@ -2227,7 +2277,7 @@ as in `\newlength{\foo}'. An error occurs if `\foo' is already defined. *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and for more information about lengths in general. -12.4 `\newsavebox' +13.4 `\newsavebox' ================== Synopsis: @@ -2237,7 +2287,7 @@ Synopsis: Defines `\CMD', which must be a command name not already defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. -12.5 `\newenvironment' & `\renewenvironment' +13.5 `\newenvironment' & `\renewenvironment' ============================================ Synopses: @@ -2272,7 +2322,7 @@ ENDDEF The text expanded at every occurrence of `\end{ENV}'. It may not contain any argument parameters. -12.6 `\newtheorem' +13.6 `\newtheorem' ================== \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN] @@ -2300,7 +2350,7 @@ WITHIN At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both. -12.7 `\newfont' +13.7 `\newfont' =============== Synopsis: @@ -2314,7 +2364,7 @@ is named `FONTNAME.tfm'. This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. More commonly, fonts are defined in families through `.fd' files. -12.8 `\protect' +13.8 `\protect' =============== Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and @@ -2335,7 +2385,7 @@ preceded by `\protect'. `http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html' `http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect' -13 Counters +14 Counters *********** Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The @@ -2350,7 +2400,7 @@ counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering. subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection -13.1 `\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters +14.1 `\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters ===================================================================== All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for @@ -2382,7 +2432,7 @@ instance, `\alph{enumi}'. asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger -13.2 `\usecounter{COUNTER}' +14.2 `\usecounter{COUNTER}' =========================== Synopsis: @@ -2393,7 +2443,7 @@ Synopsis: `list' environment to specify COUNTER to be used to number the list items. -13.3 `\value{COUNTER}' +14.3 `\value{COUNTER}' ====================== Synopsis: @@ -2407,7 +2457,7 @@ anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example: \addtocounter{myctr}{1} \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} -13.4 `\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' +14.4 `\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' ================================== Synopsis: @@ -2417,26 +2467,26 @@ Synopsis: The `\setcounter' command sets the value of \COUNTER to the VALUE argument. -13.5 `\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' +14.5 `\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' ==================================== The `\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified by the VALUE argument, which may be negative. -13.6 `\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' +14.6 `\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' =============================== The `\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as `\stepcounter' *Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current `\ref' value to be the result of `\thecounter'. -13.7 `\stepcounter{COUNTER}' +14.7 `\stepcounter{COUNTER}' ============================ The `\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all subsidiary counters. -13.8 `\day \month \year': Predefined counters +14.8 `\day \month \year': Predefined counters ============================================= LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (`\day', 1-31), month of @@ -2447,26 +2497,26 @@ running. They are not updated as the job progresses. The related command `\today' produces a string representing the current day (*note \today::). -14 Lengths +15 Lengths ********** A `length' is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument. -14.1 `\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' +15.1 `\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' ============================== The `\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which can be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (`in'), millimeters (`mm'), points (`pt'), big points (`bp', etc. -14.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} +15.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} =============================== The `\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative. -14.3 `\settodepth' +15.3 `\settodepth' ================== `\settodepth{\gnat}{text}' @@ -2474,7 +2524,7 @@ amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative. The `\settodepth' command sets the value of a `length' command equal to the depth of the `text' argument. -14.4 `\settoheight' +15.4 `\settoheight' =================== `\settoheight{\gnat}{text}' @@ -2482,13 +2532,13 @@ to the depth of the `text' argument. The `\settoheight' command sets the value of a `length' command equal to the height of the `text' argument. -14.5 `\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' +15.5 `\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' ============================== The `\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the width of the TEXT argument. -14.6 Predefined lengths +15.6 Predefined lengths ======================= `\width' @@ -2506,7 +2556,7 @@ make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size, e.g., say `\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}' -15 Making paragraphs +16 Making paragraphs ******************** A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not @@ -2514,7 +2564,7 @@ containing even a `%'. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command. -15.1 `\indent' +16.1 `\indent' ============== `\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of @@ -2525,20 +2575,20 @@ to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed. otherwise `15pt' for `10pt' documents, `17pt' for `11pt', and `1.5em' for `12pt'. -15.2 `\noindent' +16.2 `\noindent' ================ When used at the beginning of the paragraph, `\noindent' suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph. -15.3 `\parskip' +16.3 `\parskip' =============== `\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before each paragraph. The default is `0pt plus1pt'. -15.4 Marginal notes +16.4 Marginal notes =================== Synopsis: @@ -2587,7 +2637,7 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with `\hspace{0pt}'. The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes from falling off the bottom of the page. -16 Math formulas +17 Math formulas **************** There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: @@ -2625,7 +2675,7 @@ formula to be that of `displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below summations. For example $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ -16.1 Subscripts & superscripts +17.1 Subscripts & superscripts ============================== To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type @@ -2634,7 +2684,7 @@ LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. -16.2 Math symbols +17.2 Math symbols ================= LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The @@ -3270,7 +3320,7 @@ symbol (\pi) in your output. `\zeta' \zeta -16.3 Math functions +17.3 Math functions =================== These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper @@ -3378,7 +3428,7 @@ spacing. `\tanh' \tanh -16.4 Math accents +17.4 Math accents ================= LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in @@ -3427,7 +3477,7 @@ Accents::). `\widehat' Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}. -16.5 Spacing in math mode +17.5 Spacing in math mode ========================= In a `math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in @@ -3448,7 +3498,7 @@ math mode: `\!' A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad). -16.6 Math miscellany +17.6 Math miscellany ==================== `\*' @@ -3498,7 +3548,7 @@ math mode: `\vdots' Produces a vertical ellipsis. -17 Modes +18 Modes ******** When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three @@ -3536,13 +3586,13 @@ in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode". -18 Page styles +19 Page styles ************** The `\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. -18.1 `\maketitle' +19.1 `\maketitle' ================= The `\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title @@ -3568,7 +3618,7 @@ obtained from the following declarations: The `\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the document. Use `\\' to force a line break, as usual. -18.2 `\pagenumbering' +19.2 `\pagenumbering' ===================== Synopsis: @@ -3592,7 +3642,7 @@ Synopsis: `Alph' uppercase letters -18.3 `\pagestyle' +19.3 `\pagestyle' ================= Synopsis: @@ -3628,14 +3678,14 @@ typeset from the current page onwards. Values for STYLE: `\markright{RIGHT}' Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. -18.4 `\thispagestyle{STYLE}' +19.4 `\thispagestyle{STYLE}' ============================ The `\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the `\pagestyle' command (see previous section) except that it changes to STYLE for the current page only. -19 Spaces +20 Spaces ********* LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. @@ -3644,7 +3694,7 @@ LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. (usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is more often useful in math mode (*note Spacing in math mode::). -19.1 `\hspace' +20.1 `\hspace' ============== Synopsis: @@ -3659,7 +3709,7 @@ with an `\hspace' command; adding negative space is like backspacing. LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional `*' form. -19.2 `\hfill' +20.2 `\hfill' ============= The `\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no @@ -3669,7 +3719,7 @@ natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. glue value `0pt plus1fill'); thus, `\hspace\fill' is equivalent to `\hfill'. -19.3 `\SPACE' +20.3 `\SPACE' ============= The `\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's useful @@ -3680,7 +3730,7 @@ used after control sequences, as in `\TeX\ is a nice system.' In normal circumstances, `\'<tab> and `\'<newline> are equivalent to `\ '. -19.4 `\@' +20.4 `\@' ========= The `\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a @@ -3694,13 +3744,13 @@ produces ... in C. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ... -19.5 `\thinspace' +20.5 `\thinspace' ================= `\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in '". -19.6 `\/' +20.6 `\/' ========= The `\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small space @@ -3718,20 +3768,20 @@ are nicely separated) with f: f;. correction. Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the `f') with pdfTeX. -19.7 `\hrulefill' +20.7 `\hrulefill' ================= The `\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. -19.8 `\dotfill' +20.8 `\dotfill' =============== The `\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots instead of just white space. -19.9 `\addvspace' +20.9 `\addvspace' ================= `\addvspace{length}' @@ -3742,7 +3792,7 @@ point in the output by a previous `\addvspace' command, then this command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to `length'. -19.10 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' +20.10 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' ==================================== These commands produce a given amount of space. @@ -3761,14 +3811,14 @@ These commands produce a given amount of space. The `\...amount' parameters are determined by the document class. -19.11 `\vfill' +20.11 `\vfill' ============== The `\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to `\vspace{\fill}' (*note \hfill::). -19.12 `\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' +20.12 `\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' ========================== Synopsis: @@ -3782,20 +3832,20 @@ length. LENGTH can be negative or positive. top or bottom of a page. With the optional `*' argument, the space is not removed. -20 Boxes +21 Boxes ******** All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands. -20.1 `\mbox{TEXT}' +21.1 `\mbox{TEXT}' ================== The `\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. -20.2 `\fbox' and `\framebox' +21.2 `\fbox' and `\framebox' ============================ Synopses: @@ -3817,7 +3867,7 @@ rule and the contents of the box. *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the `\framebox' command in the `picture' environment. -20.3 `lrbox' +21.3 `lrbox' ============ `\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}' @@ -3827,7 +3877,7 @@ rule and the contents of the box. The text inside the environment is saved in the box `cmd', which must have been declared with `\newsavebox'. -20.4 `\makebox' +21.4 `\makebox' =============== Synopsis: @@ -3855,7 +3905,7 @@ optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values: `\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note \makebox (picture)::. -20.5 `\parbox' +21.5 `\parbox' ============== Synopsis: @@ -3899,7 +3949,7 @@ box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used. stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space for this to work. -20.6 `\raisebox' +21.6 `\raisebox' ================ Synopsis: @@ -3915,7 +3965,7 @@ specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and depth. -20.7 `\savebox' +21.7 `\savebox' =============== Synopsis: @@ -3927,7 +3977,7 @@ Synopsis: it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with `\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). -20.8 `\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' +21.8 `\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' =========================== Synopsis: @@ -3939,7 +3989,7 @@ except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD. \BOXCMD must have been previously declared with `\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). -20.9 `\usebox{\BOXCMD' +21.9 `\usebox{\BOXCMD' ====================== Synopsis: @@ -3949,13 +3999,13 @@ Synopsis: `\usebox' producesthe box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by a `\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). -21 Special insertions +22 Special insertions ********************* LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. -21.1 Reserved characters +22.1 Reserved characters ======================== The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called @@ -3986,7 +4036,7 @@ it can be typed as `\symbol{32}'. with `"', so the previous example could also be written as `\symbol{'40}' or `\symbol{"20}'. -21.2 Text symbols +22.2 Text symbols ================= LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in @@ -4117,9 +4167,6 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the `textcomp' package. `\textordmasculine' Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: a, o. -`\textordfeminine' - Feminine ordinal symbol: (R). - `\textperiodcentered' Centered period: \cdot. @@ -4155,7 +4202,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the `textcomp' package. Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}. `\texttwelveudash' - Xx 12u-. + "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. `\textunderscore' Underscore: _. @@ -4163,7 +4210,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the `textcomp' package. `\textvisiblespace' Visible space symbol. -21.3 Accents +22.3 Accents ============ LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, @@ -4257,7 +4304,7 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1. `\capitalcaron' Produces a ha'c<ek (check, caron) accent, as in `o<'. -21.4 Non-English characters +22.4 Non-English characters =========================== Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used @@ -4307,7 +4354,7 @@ in languages other than English. `\TH' Icelandic letter thorn: th and TH. -21.5 `\rule' +22.5 `\rule' ============ Synopsis: @@ -4326,7 +4373,7 @@ WIDTH THICKNESS The thickness of the rule (mandatory). -21.6 `\today' +22.6 `\today' ============= The `\today' command produces today's date, in the format `MONTH DD, @@ -4337,7 +4384,7 @@ It is not updated as the program runs. The `datetime' package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats. -22 Splitting the input +23 Splitting the input ********************** A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole @@ -4346,7 +4393,7 @@ several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX. -22.1 `\include' +23.1 `\include' =============== Synopsis: @@ -4364,7 +4411,7 @@ section. The `\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another `\include' command. -22.2 \`includeonly' +23.2 \`includeonly' =================== Synopsis: @@ -4378,7 +4425,7 @@ comma-separated. Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a This command can only appear in the preamble. -22.3 \input +23.3 \input =========== Synopsis: @@ -4393,10 +4440,10 @@ that point. first tried with that extension (`foo.tex' or `foo.bar.tex'). If that is not found, the original FILE is tried (`foo' or `foo.bar'). -23 Front/back matter +24 Front/back matter ******************** -23.1 Tables of contents +24.1 Tables of contents ======================= A table of contents is produced with the `\tableofcontents' command. @@ -4416,7 +4463,7 @@ exactly the same as for the table of contents. The command `\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any of these lists from being generated. -23.1.1 \addcontentsline +24.1.1 \addcontentsline ----------------------- The `\addcontentsline'{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT} command adds an entry to the @@ -4447,7 +4494,7 @@ ENTRY What is written to the `.EXT' file is the command `\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'. -23.1.2 \addtocontents +24.1.2 \addtocontents --------------------- The `\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting @@ -4462,7 +4509,7 @@ EXT TEXT The text to be written. -23.2 Glossaries +24.2 Glossaries =============== The command `\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries. @@ -4477,7 +4524,7 @@ value. The `glossary' package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries. -23.3 Indexes +24.3 Indexes ============ The command `\makeindex' enables creating indexes. Put this in the @@ -4517,7 +4564,7 @@ the index. FAQ entry on this topic, `http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind'. -24 Letters +25 Letters ********** You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The @@ -4553,7 +4600,7 @@ separate the items. These commands are used with the `letter' class. -24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} +25.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} ============================= The `\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should @@ -4566,7 +4613,7 @@ formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. give an `\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. -24.2 `\cc' +25.2 `\cc' ========== Synopsis: @@ -4576,7 +4623,7 @@ Synopsis: Produce a list of NAMEs the letter was copied to. Each name is printed on a separate line. -24.3 `\closing' +25.3 `\closing' =============== Synopsis: @@ -4586,7 +4633,7 @@ Synopsis: A letter closes with a `\closing' command, for example, \closing{Best Regards,} -24.4 `\encl' +25.4 `\encl' ============ Synopsis: @@ -4595,7 +4642,7 @@ Synopsis: Declare a list of one more enclosures. -24.5 `\location' +25.5 `\location' ================ `\location{address}' @@ -4603,7 +4650,7 @@ Synopsis: This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears if the `firstpage' pagestyle is selected. -24.6 `\makelabels' +25.6 `\makelabels' ================== `\makelabels{number}' @@ -4611,7 +4658,7 @@ appears if the `firstpage' pagestyle is selected. If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. -24.7 `\name' +25.7 `\name' ============ `\name{June Davenport}' @@ -4619,7 +4666,7 @@ of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return address. -24.8 `\opening{TEXT}' +25.8 `\opening{TEXT}' ===================== Synopsis: @@ -4631,33 +4678,33 @@ TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For instance: \opening{Dear Joe,} -24.9 `\ps' +25.9 `\ps' ========== Use the `\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after `\closing'. -24.10 `\signature{TEXT}' +25.10 `\signature{TEXT}' ======================== Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature. `\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual. -24.11 `\startbreaks' +25.11 `\startbreaks' ==================== `\startbreaks' Used after a `\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again. -24.12 `\stopbreaks' +25.12 `\stopbreaks' =================== `\stopbreaks' Inhibit page breaks until a `\startbreaks' command occurs. -24.13 `\telephone' +25.13 `\telephone' ================== `\telephone{number}' @@ -4665,10 +4712,10 @@ space for your signature. `\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual. This is your telephone number. This only appears if the `firstpage' pagestyle is selected. -25 Terminal input/output +26 Terminal input/output ************************ -25.1 `\typein[CMD]{MSG}' +26.1 `\typein[CMD]{MSG}' ======================== Synopsis: @@ -4682,7 +4729,7 @@ had been included in the input file in place of the `\typein' command. If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. -25.2 `\typeout{MSG}' +26.2 `\typeout{MSG}' ==================== Synopsis: @@ -4698,7 +4745,7 @@ and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to `msg'. A `\space' command in `msg' causes a single space to be printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A `^^J' in `msg' prints a newline. -26 Command line +27 Command line *************** The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX @@ -4718,7 +4765,8 @@ Appendix A Document templates ***************************** Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will -be useful. +be useful. Additional templates are collected at +`http://www.howtotex.com/templates'. A.1 `book' template =================== |