diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html')
-rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html | 7877 |
1 files changed, 7877 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2a810c81b3e --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html @@ -0,0 +1,7877 @@ +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<title>LaTeX2e reference manual 2.0</title> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html"> +<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e reference manual 2.0"> +<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.12"> +<link title="Top" rel="top" href="#Top"> +<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage"> +<!-- +This document is version 2.0 (June 2008) of an +unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document preparation +system. LaTeX is a macro package for TeX. + +This was originally translated from `LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the VMS +Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by +GeorgeD. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The +LaTeX2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The +LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl +Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges +using `Hypertext Help with LaTeX', by Sheldon Green, and the +`LaTeX Command Summary' (for LaTeX 2.09) by L.Botway +and C.Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as +`TeXniques' number 10), as reference material (text was not +directly copied). + +Copyright (C) 2007, 2008 Karl Berry. + +Copyright (C) 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. + +Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. + +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. + + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire +resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission +notice identical to this one. + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.--> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"> +<style type="text/css"><!-- + pre.display { font-family:inherit } + pre.format { font-family:inherit } + pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } + pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } + pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller } + pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller } + span.sc { font-variant:small-caps } + span.roman { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; } + span.sansserif { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; } +--></style> +</head> +<body> +<h1 class="settitle">LaTeX2e reference manual 2.0</h1> +<div class="shortcontents"> +<h2>Short Contents</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href="#toc_Top">LaTeX2e</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Overview">1 Overview of LaTeX</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Starting-_0026-ending">2 Starting & ending</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Document-classes">3 Document classes</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Typefaces">4 Typefaces</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Layout">5 Layout</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Cross-references">7 Cross references</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Environments">8 Environments</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Footnotes">9 Footnotes</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Definitions">10 Definitions</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Counters">11 Counters</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Lengths">12 Lengths</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Line-breaking">13 Line breaking</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Page-breaking">14 Page breaking</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Modes">17 Modes</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Page-Styles">18 Page Styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Spaces">19 Spaces</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Boxes">20 Boxes</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Letters">24 Letters</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Terminal-Input_002fOutput">25 Terminal Input/Output</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Command-Line">26 Command Line</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li> +<li><a href="#toc_Command-Index">Command Index</a></li> +</ul> +</div> + + + + <div class="contents"> +<h2>Table of Contents</h2> +<ul> +<li><a name="toc_Top" href="#Top">LaTeX2e</a> +<li><a name="toc_Overview" href="#Overview">1 Overview of LaTeX</a> +<li><a name="toc_Starting-_0026-ending" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">2 Starting & ending</a> +<li><a name="toc_Document-classes" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Typefaces" href="#Typefaces">4 Typefaces</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#Font-styles">4.1 Font styles</a> +<li><a href="#Font-sizes">4.2 Font sizes</a> +<li><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.3 Low-level font commands</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Layout" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a> +<li><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Sectioning" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a> +<li><a name="toc_Cross-references" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Environments" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a> +<li><a href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a> +<li><a href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a> +<li><a href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a> +<li><a href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a> +<li><a href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a> +<li><a href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a> +<li><a href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a> +<li><a href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a> +<li><a href="#flushleft">8.11 <code>flushleft</code></a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005craggedright">8.11.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a href="#flushright">8.12 <code>flushright</code></a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005craggedleft">8.12.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a href="#itemize">8.13 <code>itemize</code></a> +<li><a href="#letter">8.14 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a> +<li><a href="#list">8.15 <code>list</code></a> +<li><a href="#math">8.16 <code>math</code></a> +<li><a href="#minipage">8.17 <code>minipage</code></a> +<li><a href="#picture">8.18 <code>picture</code></a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005ccircle">8.18.1 <code>\circle</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.18.2 <code>\makebox</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.18.3 <code>\framebox</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cdashbox">8.18.4 <code>\dashbox</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cframe">8.18.5 <code>\frame</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cline">8.18.6 <code>\line</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005clinethickness">8.18.7 <code>\linethickness</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cthicklines">8.18.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cthinlines">8.18.9 <code>\thinlines</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cmultiput">8.18.10 <code>\multiput</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005coval">8.18.11 <code>\oval</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cput">8.18.12 <code>\put</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cshortstack">8.18.13 <code>\shortstack</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cvector">8.18.14 <code>\vector</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a href="#quotation">8.19 <code>quotation</code></a> +<li><a href="#quote">8.20 <code>quote</code></a> +<li><a href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a> +<li><a href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a> +<li><a href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005ccline">8.23.2 <code>\cline</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005chline">8.23.3 <code>\hline</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cvline">8.23.4 <code>\vline</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a> +<li><a href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a> +<li><a href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a> +<li><a href="#verbatim">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005cverb">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a href="#verse">8.28 <code>verse</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Footnotes" href="#Footnotes">9 Footnotes</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005cfootnote">9.1 <code>\footnote</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cfootnotemark">9.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cfootnotetext">9.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a> +<li><a href="#Footnote-parameters">9.4 Footnote parameters</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Definitions" href="#Definitions">10 Definitions</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">10.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cnewcounter">10.2 <code>\newcounter</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cnewlength">10.3 <code>\newlength</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cnewsavebox">10.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">10.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cnewtheorem">10.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cnewfont">10.7 <code>\newfont</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cprotect">10.8 <code>\protect</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Counters" href="#Counters">11 Counters</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">11.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a> +<li><a href="#_005cusecounter">11.2 <code>\usecounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cvalue">11.3 <code>\value{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005csetcounter">11.4 <code>\setcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005caddtocounter">11.5 <code>\addtocounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005crefstepcounter">11.6 <code>\refstepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cstepcounter">11.7 <code>\stepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">11.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Lengths" href="#Lengths">12 Lengths</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005csetlength">12.1 <code>\setlength{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005caddtolength">12.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</a> +<li><a href="#_005csettodepth">12.3 <code>\settodepth</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005csettoheight">12.4 <code>\settoheight</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005csettowidth">12.5 <code>\settowidth{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#Predefined-lengths">12.6 Predefined lengths</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Line-breaking" href="#Line-breaking">13 Line breaking</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005c_005c">13.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</a> +<li><a href="#_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">13.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cnewline">13.3 <code>\newline</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">13.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a> +<li><a href="#_005cfussy">13.5 <code>\fussy</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005csloppy">13.6 <code>\sloppy</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005chyphenation">13.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">13.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Page-breaking" href="#Page-breaking">14 Page breaking</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005ccleardoublepage">14.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cclearpage">14.2 <code>\clearpage</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cnewpage">14.3 <code>\newpage</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cenlargethispage">14.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">14.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Making-paragraphs" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005cindent">15.1 <code>\indent</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></a> +<li><a href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Math-formulas" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">16.1 Subscripts & Superscripts</a> +<li><a href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a> +<li><a href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a> +<li><a href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a> +<li><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.5 Spacing in math mode</a> +<li><a href="#Math-Miscellany">16.6 Math Miscellany</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Modes" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a> +<li><a name="toc_Page-Styles" href="#Page-Styles">18 Page Styles</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{</code><var>style</var><code>}</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Spaces" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005chspace">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005chfill">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cSPACE">19.3 <code>\SPACE</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cAT">19.4 <code>\@</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cthinspace">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005c_002f">19.6 <code>\/</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005chrulefill">19.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cdotfill">19.8 <code>\dotfill</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005caddvspace">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cvfill">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cvspace">19.12 <code>\vspace[*]{</code><var>length</var><code>}</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Boxes" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005cmbox">20.1 <code>\mbox{</code><var>text}</var></a> +<li><a href="#_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></a> +<li><a href="#lrbox">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cmakebox">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cparbox">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005craisebox">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005csavebox">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005csbox">20.8 <code>\sbox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cusebox">20.9 <code>\usebox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Special-insertions" href="#Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#Reserved-characters">21.1 Reserved characters</a> +<li><a href="#Text-symbols">21.2 Text symbols</a> +<li><a href="#Accents">21.3 Accents</a> +<li><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">21.4 Non-English characters</a> +<li><a href="#_005crule">21.5 <code>\rule</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005ctoday">21.6 <code>\today</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Splitting-the-input" href="#Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005cinclude">22.1 <code>\include</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cincludeonly">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cinput">22.3 \input</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Front_002fback-matter" href="#Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#Tables-of-contents">23.1 Tables of contents</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005caddcontentsline">23.1.1 \addcontentsline</a> +<li><a href="#_005caddtocontents">23.1.2 \addtocontents</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a href="#Glossaries">23.2 Glossaries</a> +<li><a href="#Indexes">23.3 Indexes</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Letters" href="#Letters">24 Letters</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005caddress">24.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></a> +<li><a href="#_005ccc">24.2 <code>\cc</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cclosing">24.3 <code>\closing</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cencl">24.4 <code>\encl</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005clocation">24.5 <code>\location</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cmakelabels">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cname">24.7 <code>\name</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005copening">24.8 <code>\opening{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cps">24.9 <code>\ps</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005csignature">24.10 <code>\signature{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cstartbreaks">24.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005cstopbreaks">24.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005ctelephone">24.13 <code>\telephone</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Terminal-Input_002fOutput" href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">25 Terminal Input/Output</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#_005ctypein">25.1 <code>\typein[</code><var>cmd</var><code>]{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></a> +<li><a href="#_005ctypeout">25.2 <code>\typeout{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Command-Line" href="#Command-Line">26 Command Line</a> +<li><a name="toc_Document-templates" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="#book-template">A.1 <code>book</code> template</a> +<li><a href="#beamer-template">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</a> +<li><a href="#tugboat-template">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</a> +</li></ul> +<li><a name="toc_Concept-Index" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a> +<li><a name="toc_Command-Index" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a> +</li></ul> +</div> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Top"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Overview">Overview</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#dir">(dir)</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="unnumbered">LaTeX2e</h2> + +<p>This document is version 2.0 (June 2008) of an +unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document preparation +system. It is intended to cover LaTeX2e, which has been the +standard version of LaTeX for many years. + + <p><a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1"></a><a name="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie-2"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-Project-team-3"></a>LaTeX is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's +TeX typesetting program. LaTeX was originally created by Leslie +Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers +(<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>). The official documentation written +by the LaTeX project is available there. Again, the present +document is unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX +maintainers. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Overview">Overview</a>: What is LaTeX? +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a>: The standard beginning and end of a document. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>: Some of the various classes available. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>: And fonts, such as bold, italics etc. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Layout">Layout</a>: Controlling the page layout. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>: How to section properly. +<li><a accesskey="7" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>: Automatic referencing. +<li><a accesskey="8" href="#Environments">Environments</a>: Such as enumerate & itemize. +<li><a accesskey="9" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>: Influencing line breaks. +<li><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>: Influencing page breaks. +<li><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>: How to produce footnotes. +<li><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>: Define your own commands etc. +<li><a href="#Counters">Counters</a>: Internal counters used by LaTeX. +<li><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>: The length commands. +<li><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>: Paragraph commands. +<li><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>: How to create mathematical formulas. +<li><a href="#Modes">Modes</a>: Paragraph, Math or LR modes. +<li><a href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a>: Various styles of page layout. +<li><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>: Horizontal and vertical space. +<li><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>: Making boxes. +<li><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>: Inserting reserved and special characters. +<li><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>: Dealing with big files by splitting. +<li><a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. +<li><a href="#Letters">Letters</a>: The letter class. +<li><a href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a>: User interaction. +<li><a href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a>: System-independent command-line behavior. +<li><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>: Starter templates for various document classes. +<li><a href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>: Alphabetical list of LaTeX commands. +<li><a href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>: General index. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Overview"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Top">Top</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">1 Overview of LaTeX</h2> + +<p><a name="index-overview-of-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-4"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-overview-5"></a> +The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program +and the LaTeX “macro package” for TeX. To be more specific, +it processes an input file containing the text of a document with +interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted. +It produces at least three files as output: + + <ol type=1 start=1> +<li>A main output file, which is one of: + + <ol type=1 start=1> +<li>If invoked as <samp><span class="command">latex</span></samp>, a “Device Independent” (<samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp>) +file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for +a variety of output devices. You can view such <samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp> output of +LaTeX by using a program such as <samp><span class="command">xdvi</span></samp> (display directly) +or <samp><span class="command">dvips</span></samp> (convert to PostScript). + + <li>If invoked as <samp><span class="command">pdflatex</span></samp>, a “Portable Document Format” +(<samp><span class="file">.pdf</span></samp>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with +all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does +make the output much larger than the <samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp> produced from the +same document. + </ol> + + <p>There are other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) as well, +which can produce HTML, XML, and other things. + + <li>A “transcript” or <samp><span class="file">.log</span></samp> file that contains summary information and +diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. + + <li>An “auxiliary” or <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for +things such as sectioning. + </ol> + + <p>A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a +<code>\</code> followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a +single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <code>[]</code>, +are optional while arguments contained in braces, <code>{}</code>, are +required. + + <p>LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless +explicitly directed to do otherwise. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Starting-%26-ending"></a> +<a name="Starting-_0026-ending"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Overview">Overview</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">2 Starting & ending</h2> + +<p><a name="index-starting-_0026-ending-6"></a><a name="index-ending-_0026-starting-7"></a> +A minimal input file looks like the following: + +<pre class="example"> \documentclass{<var>class</var>} + \begin{document} + <var>your text</var> + \end{document} +</pre> + <p class="noindent">where the <var>class</var> is a valid document class for LaTeX. +See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>, for details of the various document classes +available locally. + + <p><a name="index-preamble_002c-defined-8"></a>You may include other LaTeX commands between the <code>\documentclass</code> +and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands (this area is called the +<dfn>preamble</dfn>). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Document-classes"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2> + +<p><a name="index-document-classes-9"></a><a name="index-classes-of-documents-10"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cdocumentclass-11"></a> +The class of a given document is defined with the command: + +<pre class="example"> \documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>} +</pre> + <p class="noindent">The <code>\documentclass</code> command must be the first command in a +LaTeX source file. + + <p><a name="index-article-_0040r_007bclass_007d-12"></a><a name="index-report-_0040r_007bclass_007d-13"></a><a name="index-book-_0040r_007bclass_007d-14"></a><a name="index-letter-_0040r_007bclass_007d-15"></a><a name="index-slides-_0040r_007bclass_007d-16"></a>Built-in LaTeX document <var>class</var> names are (many other document +classes are available as add-ons; see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>): + +<pre class="example"> article report book letter slides +</pre> + <!-- xx briefly describe each one --> + <p>Standard <var>options</var> are described below. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>: Global options. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Document-class-options"></a> +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3> + +<p><a name="index-document-class-options-17"></a><a name="index-options_002c-document-class-18"></a><a name="index-class-options-19"></a><a name="index-global-options-20"></a> +You can specify so-called <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> +to the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square +brackets as usual. To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate +them with a comma: + +<pre class="example"> \documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>} +</pre> + <p>Here is the list of the standard class options. + + <p><a name="index-g_t10pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-21"></a><a name="index-g_t11pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-22"></a><a name="index-g_t12pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-23"></a>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following +options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>): + +<pre class="example"> 10pt 11pt 12pt +</pre> + <p><a name="index-a4paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-24"></a><a name="index-a5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-25"></a><a name="index-b5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-26"></a><a name="index-executivepaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-27"></a><a name="index-legalpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-28"></a><a name="index-letterpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-29"></a>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper +size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>): + +<pre class="example"> a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper +</pre> + <p><a name="index-draft-_0040r_007boption_007d-30"></a><a name="index-final-_0040r_007boption_007d-31"></a><a name="index-fleqn-_0040r_007boption_007d-32"></a><a name="index-landscape-_0040r_007boption_007d-33"></a><a name="index-leqno-_0040r_007boption_007d-34"></a><a name="index-openbib-_0040r_007boption_007d-35"></a><a name="index-titlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-36"></a><a name="index-notitlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-37"></a>Miscellaneous other options: + + <dl> +<dt><code>draft, final</code><dd><a name="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting-38"></a>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <code>final</code>. +<br><dt><code>fleqn</code><dd>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. +<br><dt><code>landscape</code><dd>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. +<br><dt><code>leqno</code><dd>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. +<br><dt><code>openbib</code><dd>Use “open” bibliography format. +<br><dt><code>titlepage, notitlepage</code><dd>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. +</dl> + + <p>These options are not available with the slides class: + + <p><a name="index-onecolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-39"></a><a name="index-twocolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-40"></a><a name="index-oneside-_0040r_007boption_007d-41"></a><a name="index-twoside-_0040r_007boption_007d-42"></a><a name="index-openright-_0040r_007boption_007d-43"></a><a name="index-openany-_0040r_007boption_007d-44"></a> + <dl> +<dt><code>onecolumn</code><dt><code>twocolumn</code><dd>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code>onecolumn</code>. + + <br><dt><code>oneside</code><dt><code>twoside</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cevensidemargin-45"></a><a name="index-g_t_005coddsidemargin-46"></a>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except +for the <code>book</code> class. + + <p>The <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code> parameter determines +the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the +page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper +size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided +printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is +40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code> +with <code>\evensidemargin</code> the remainder. + + <br><dt><code>openright</code><dt><code>openany</code><dd>Determines if a chapter should start on a +right-hand page; default is <code>openright</code> for book. +</dl> + + <p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing +the time at the bottom of each note. + + <p><a name="index-packages_002c-loading-47"></a><a name="index-loading-additional-packages-48"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cusepackage-49"></a>Additional packages are loaded like this: + +<pre class="example"> \usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>} +</pre> + <p>To specify more than one <var>pkg</var>, you can separate them with a +comma, or use multiple <code>\usepackage</code> commands. + + <p><a name="index-global-options-50"></a><a name="index-options_002c-global-51"></a>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown +by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with +<code>\usepackage</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Typefaces"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Layout">Layout</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">4 Typefaces</h2> + +<p><a name="index-typefaces-52"></a><a name="index-fonts-53"></a> +Two important aspects of selecting a <dfn>font</dfn> are specifying a size +and a style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>: Select roman, italics etc. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>: Select point size. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a>: Select encoding, family, series, shape. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Font-styles"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">4.1 Font styles</h3> + +<p><a name="index-font-styles-54"></a><a name="index-typeface-styles-55"></a><a name="index-styles-of-text-56"></a> +The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. + + <p>These commands are used like <code>\textit{italic text}</code>. The +corresponding command in parenthesis is the “declaration form”, which +takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the +next type style command or the end of the current group. + + <p>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either +<code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code> to get bold +sans serif. + + <p>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance, +<code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>. + + <dl> +<dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextrm-57"></a><a name="index-g_t_005crmfamily-58"></a>Roman. + + <br><dt><code>\textit (\itshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextit-59"></a><a name="index-g_t_005citshape-60"></a>Italics. + + <br><dt><code>\emph</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cemph-61"></a><a name="index-emphasis-62"></a>Emphasis (switches between <code>\textit</code> and <code>\textrm</code>). + + <br><dt><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextmd-63"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmdseries-64"></a>Medium weight (default). + + <br><dt><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextbf-65"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbfseries-66"></a>Boldface. +<br><dt><code>\textup (\upshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextup-67"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cupshape-68"></a>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. +<br><dt><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextsl-69"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cslshape-70"></a>Slanted. +<br><dt><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextsf-71"></a><a name="index-g_t_005csffamily-72"></a>Sans serif. +<br><dt><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextsc-73"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cscshape-74"></a>Small caps. +<br><dt><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctexttt-75"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cttfamily-76"></a>Typewriter. +<br><dt><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextnormal-77"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnormalfont-78"></a>Main document font. +<br><dt><code>\mathrm</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathrm-79"></a>Roman, for use in math mode. +<br><dt><code>\mathbf</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathbf-80"></a>Boldface, for use in math mode. +<br><dt><code>\mathsf</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathsf-81"></a>Sans serif, for use in math mode. +<br><dt><code>\mathtt</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathtt-82"></a>Typewriter, for use in math mode. + + <br><dt><code>\mathit</code><dt><code>(\mit)</code><dd>Italics, for use in math mode. + + <br><dt><code>\mathnormal</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathnormal-83"></a>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. +<br><dt><code>\mathcal</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathcal-84"></a>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. +</dl> + + <p>In addition, the command +<code>\mathversion{bold}</code> +<a name="index-g_t_005cmathversion-85"></a>can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in +formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default. + + <p>LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to +the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative. They are used +differently than the above commands, too: <code>{\</code><var>cmd</var><code> ...}</code> +instead of <code>\</code><var>cmd</var><code>{...}</code>. These are two very different +things. + + <dl> +<dt><code>\bf</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbf-86"></a><dd><a name="index-bold-font-87"></a>Switch to <b>bold face</b>. + + <br><dt><code>\cal</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccal-88"></a><dd><a name="index-script-letters-for-math-89"></a><a name="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math-90"></a>Switch to calligraphic letters for math. + + <br><dt><code>\em</code><a name="index-g_t_005cem-91"></a><dd><a name="index-emphasis-92"></a>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). + + <br><dt><code>\it</code><a name="index-g_t_005cit-93"></a><dd><a name="index-italic-font-94"></a>Italics. + + <br><dt><code>\rm</code><a name="index-g_t_005crm-95"></a><dd><a name="index-roman-font-96"></a>Roman. + + <br><dt><code>\sc</code><a name="index-g_t_005csc-97"></a><dd><a name="index-small-caps-font-98"></a>Small caps. + + <br><dt><code>\sf</code><a name="index-g_t_005csf-99"></a><dd><a name="index-sans-serif-font-100"></a>Sans serif. + + <br><dt><code>\sl</code><a name="index-g_t_005csl-101"></a><dd><a name="index-slanted-font-102"></a><a name="index-oblique-font-103"></a>Slanted (oblique). + + <br><dt><code>\tt</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctt-104"></a><dd><a name="index-typewriter-font-105"></a><a name="index-monospace-font-106"></a><a name="index-fixed_002dwidth-font-107"></a>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Font-sizes"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">4.2 Font sizes</h3> + +<p><a name="index-font-sizes-108"></a><a name="index-typeface-sizes-109"></a><a name="index-sizes-of-text-110"></a> +The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. +The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font +size used (in points) with the ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’, and +‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’ document size options, respectively (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005ctiny-111"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cscriptsize-112"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotesize-113"></a><a name="index-g_t_005csmall-114"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnormalsize-115"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clarge-116"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cLarge-117"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cLARGE-118"></a><a name="index-g_t_005chuge-119"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cHuge-120"></a> + <p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><th valign="top">Command </th><th valign="top"><code>10pt</code> </th><th valign="top"><code>11pt</code> </th><th valign="top"><code>12pt</code> +<br></th></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\tiny</code> +</td><td valign="top">5 </td><td valign="top">6 </td><td valign="top">6 +<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\scriptsize</code> +</td><td valign="top">7 </td><td valign="top">8 </td><td valign="top">8 +<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\footnotesize</code> +</td><td valign="top">8 </td><td valign="top">9 </td><td valign="top">10 +<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\small</code> +</td><td valign="top">9 </td><td valign="top">10 </td><td valign="top">10.95 +<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\normalsize</code> (default) +</td><td valign="top">10 </td><td valign="top">10.95 </td><td valign="top">12 +<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\large</code> +</td><td valign="top">12 </td><td valign="top">12 </td><td valign="top">14.4 +<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\Large</code> +</td><td valign="top">14.4 </td><td valign="top">14.4 </td><td valign="top">17.28 +<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\LARGE</code> +</td><td valign="top">17.28 </td><td valign="top">17.28 </td><td valign="top">20.74 +<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\huge</code> +</td><td valign="top">20.74 </td><td valign="top">20.74 </td><td valign="top">24.88 +<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\Huge</code> +</td><td valign="top">24.88 </td><td valign="top">24.88 </td><td valign="top">24.88 + <br></td></tr></table> + + <p>The commands as listed here are “declaration forms”. The scope of +the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the +end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of +these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Low-level-font-commands"></a> +<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">4.3 Low-level font commands</h3> + +<p><a name="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands-121"></a><a name="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel-122"></a> +These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and +packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available +ones. + + <dl> +<dt><code>\fontencoding{enc}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontencoding-123"></a>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <code>OT1</code> and <code>T1</code>. + + <br><dt><code>\fontfamily{family}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontfamily-124"></a>Select font family. Valid families include: + + <ul> +<li><code>cmr</code> for Computer Modern Roman +<li><code>cmss</code> for Computer Modern Sans Serif +<li><code>cmtt</code> for Computer Modern Typewriter +</ul> + + <p>and numerous others. + + <br><dt><code>\fontseries{series}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontseries-125"></a>Select font series. Valid series include: + + <ul> +<li><code>m</code> Medium (normal) +<li><code>b</code> Bold +<li><code>c</code> Condensed +<li><code>bc</code> Bold condensed +<li><code>bx</code> Bold extended +</ul> + + <p>and various other combinations. + + <br><dt><code>\fontshape{shape}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontshape-126"></a>Select font shape. Valid shapes are: + + <ul> +<li><code>n</code> Upright (normal) +<li><code>it</code> Italic +<li><code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique) +<li><code>sc</code> Small caps +<li><code>ui</code> Upright italics +<li><code>ol</code> Outline +</ul> + + <p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families. + + <br><dt><code>\fontsize{size}{skip}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontsize-127"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbaselineskip-128"></a>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and +the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter +named <code>\baselineskip</code>. The unit of both parameters defaults to +pt. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for the Computer Modern typeface +is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cbaselinestretch-129"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bsetspace_007d-package-130"></a>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the +<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter when the type size changes; the +default is 1. However, the best way to “double space” a document, +if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the +<code>setspace</code> package; see +<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</a>. + + <br><dt><code>\selectfont</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cselectfont-131"></a>The changes made by calling the four font commands described above do +not come into effect until <code>\selectfont</code> is called. + + <br><dt><code>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cusefont-132"></a>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>, +<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters, +followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. +</dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Layout"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2> + +<p><a name="index-layout-commands-133"></a> +Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a>: Use one-column layout. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>: Use two-column layout. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>: Make all text pages the same height. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>: Allow text pages of differing height. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>: \headheight \footskip. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5conecolumn"></a> +<a name="g_t_005conecolumn"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005conecolumn-134"></a><a name="index-one_002dcolumn-output-135"></a> +The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces +single-column output. This is the default. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5ctwocolumn"></a> +<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctwocolumn-136"></a><a name="index-multicolumn-text-137"></a><a name="index-two_002dcolumn-output-138"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \twocolumn[<var>text1col</var>] +</pre> + <p>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces +two-column output. If the optional <var>text1col</var> argument is present, +it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting +starts. + + <p>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: + + <dl> +<dt><code>\columnsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccolumnsep-139"></a><dd>The distance between columns (35pt by default). + + <br><dt><code>\columnseprule</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccolumnseprule-140"></a><dd>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule. + + <br><dt><code>\columnwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccolumnwidth-141"></a><dd>The width of the current column; this is equal to <code>\textwidth</code> in +single-column text. + + </dl> + + <p>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: + + <dl> +<dt><code>\dbltopfraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdbltopfraction-142"></a><dd>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied +by floats. Default ‘<samp><span class="samp">.7</span></samp>’, can be usefully redefined to (say) +‘<samp><span class="samp">.9</span></samp>’ to avoid going to float pages so soon. + + <br><dt><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdblfloatpagefraction-143"></a><dd>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, +for a two-column float page. Default ‘<samp><span class="samp">.5</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\dblfloatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdblfloatsep-144"></a><dd>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float +page. Default ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ and +‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’ documents, ‘<samp><span class="samp">14pt plus2pt minus4pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdbltextfloatsep-145"></a><dd>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page +and the main text. Default ‘<samp><span class="samp">20pt plus2pt minus4pt</span></samp>’. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cflushbottom"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cflushbottom-146"></a> +The <code>\flushbottom</code> declaration makes all text pages the same +height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the +page. + + <p>This is the default if <code>twocolumn</code> mode is selected +(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5craggedbottom"></a> +<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005craggedbottom-147"></a><a name="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical-148"></a> +The <code>\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes all pages the natural +height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be +stretched. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Page-layout-parameters"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3> + +<p><a name="index-page-layout-parameters-149"></a><a name="index-parameters_002c-page-layout-150"></a><a name="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for-151"></a><a name="index-header_002c-parameters-for-152"></a><a name="index-footer_002c-parameters-for-153"></a><a name="index-running-header-and-footer-154"></a> + <dl> +<dt><code>\headheight</code><a name="index-g_t_005cheadheight-155"></a><dd>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is +‘<samp><span class="samp">30pt</span></samp>’, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the +type size. + + <br><dt><code>\headsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cheadsep-156"></a><dd>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of +the main text. Default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">25pt</span></samp>’, except in the <code>book</code> +class, where it varies with the type size. + + <br><dt><code>\footskip</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfootskip-157"></a><dd>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of +the page footer. Default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">30pt</span></samp>’, except in the <code>book</code> +class, where it varies with the type size. + + <br><dt><code>\linewidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005clinewidth-158"></a><dd>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, +paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an <code>article</code> document in +‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, it's set to ‘<samp><span class="samp">345pt</span></samp>’; in two-column mode, that +becomes ‘<samp><span class="samp">229.5pt</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\textheight</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextheight-159"></a><dd>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with +the font size, document class, etc. For an <code>article</code> or +<code>report</code> document in ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, it's set to +‘<samp><span class="samp">43\baselineskip</span></samp>’; for <code>book</code>, it's ‘<samp><span class="samp">41\baselineskip</span></samp>’. +For ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’, it's ‘<samp><span class="samp">38\baselineskip</span></samp>’ and for ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’, +‘<samp><span class="samp">36\baselineskip</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\textwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextwidth-160"></a><dd>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as +usual. For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, it's +‘<samp><span class="samp">345pt</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">360pt</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’, and +‘<samp><span class="samp">390pt</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’. For a <code>book</code> document, it's +‘<samp><span class="samp">4.5in</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span class="samp">5in</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’ or ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\topmargin</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopmargin-161"></a><dd>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the +paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed +based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight − 2in − +\headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip</code>, and +then divided by two. + + <br><dt><code>\topskip</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopskip-162"></a><dd>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of +the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the +same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Sectioning"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Layout">Layout</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2> + +<p><a name="index-sectioning-163"></a> +Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: + + <dl> +<dt><code>\part</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpart-164"></a><br><dt><code>\chapter</code><a name="index-g_t_005cchapter-165"></a><dd>(report and book class only) +<br><dt><code>\section</code><a name="index-g_t_005csection-166"></a><br><dt><code>\subsection</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubsection-167"></a><br><dt><code>\subsubsection</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubsubsection-168"></a><br><dt><code>\paragraph</code><a name="index-g_t_005cparagraph-169"></a><br><dt><code>\subparagraph</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubparagraph-170"></a><dd></dl> + + <p>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., + +<pre class="example"> \chapter[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} +</pre> + <p>In addition to providing the heading <var>title</var> in the main text, the +section title can appear in two other places: + + <ol type=1 start=1> +<li>The table of contents. +<li>The running head at the top of the page. + </ol> + + <p>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. +To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument +<var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other +places. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands-171"></a>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print +<var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an +entry in the table of contents. For instance: + +<pre class="example"> \section*{Preamble} +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cappendix-172"></a><a name="index-appendix_002c-creating-173"></a>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units +are numbered. The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text +and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this +command is something like + +<pre class="example"> \chapter{A Chapter} + ... + \appendix + \chapter{The First Appendix} +</pre> + <div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Cross-references"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Environments">Environments</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2> + +<p><a name="index-cross-references-174"></a> +One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer +the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.” + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>: Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a>: Refer to a page number. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>: Refer to a section, figure or similar. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5clabel"></a> +<a name="g_t_005clabel"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005clabel-175"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \label{<var>key</var>} +</pre> + <p>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to +<var>key</var> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing +inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>. + + <p>A <var>key</var> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. + + <p>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is +common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by +a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: + + <dl> +<dt><code>ch</code><dd>for chapters +<br><dt><code>sec</code><dd>for lower-level sectioning commands +<br><dt><code>fig</code><dd>for figures +<br><dt><code>tab</code><dd>for tables +<br><dt><code>eq</code><dd>for equations +</dl> + + <p>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:snark</code> or +<code>fig.snark</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cpageref"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cpageref"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpageref-176"></a><a name="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number-177"></a><a name="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing-178"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \pageref{<var>key</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\pageref</code>{<var>key</var>} command produces the page number of +the place in the text where the corresponding +<code>\label</code>{<var>key</var>} command appears. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cref"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cref"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cref-179"></a><a name="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic-180"></a><a name="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing-181"></a><a name="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing-182"></a><a name="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing-183"></a><a name="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing-184"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \ref{<var>key</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\ref</code> command produces the number of the sectional unit, +equation, footnote, figure, <small class="dots">...</small>, of the corresponding +<code>\label</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>). It does not produce any text, +such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Environments"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2> + +<p><a name="index-environments-185"></a> +<a name="index-g_t_005cbegin-186"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cend-187"></a> +LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. +Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{<var>envname</var>} + ... + \end{<var>envname</var>} +</pre> + <ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#abstract">abstract</a>: Produce an abstract. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#array">array</a>: Math arrays. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#center">center</a>: Centred lines. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#description">description</a>: Labelled lists. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>: Formulas that appear on their own line. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#document">document</a>: Enclose the whole document. +<li><a accesskey="7" href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>: Numbered lists. +<li><a accesskey="8" href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a>: Sequences of aligned equations. +<li><a accesskey="9" href="#equation">equation</a>: Displayed equation. +<li><a href="#figure">figure</a>: Floating figures. +<li><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>: Flushed left lines. +<li><a href="#flushright">flushright</a>: Flushed right lines. +<li><a href="#itemize">itemize</a>: Bulleted lists. +<li><a href="#letter">letter</a>: Letters. +<li><a href="#list">list</a>: Generic list environment. +<li><a href="#math">math</a>: In-line math. +<li><a href="#minipage">minipage</a>: Miniature page. +<li><a href="#picture">picture</a>: Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles. +<li><a href="#quotation">quotation</a>: Indented environment with paragraph indentation. +<li><a href="#quote">quote</a>: Indented environment with no paragraph indentation. +<li><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>: Align text arbitrarily. +<li><a href="#table">table</a>: Floating tables. +<li><a href="#tabular">tabular</a>: Align text in columns. +<li><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>: Bibliography or reference list. +<li><a href="#theorem">theorem</a>: Theorems, lemmas, etc. +<li><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>: For hand crafted title pages. +<li><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>: Simulating typed input. +<li><a href="#verse">verse</a>: For poetry and other things. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="abstract"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#array">array</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-abstract-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-188"></a><a name="index-abstracts-189"></a> +Synopsis: +<pre class="example"> \begin{abstract} + ... + \end{abstract} +</pre> + <p>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="array"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#center">center</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#abstract">abstract</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-array-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-190"></a><a name="index-arrays_002c-math-191"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{array}{<var>template</var>} + <var>col1 text</var>&<var>col1 text</var>&<var>coln</var>}\\ + ... + \end{array} +</pre> + <p>Math arrays are produced with the <code>array</code> environment, normally +within an <code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>). It has a +single mandatory <var>template</var> argument describing the number of +columns and the alignment within them. Each column <var>col</var> is +specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should +be formatted, as follows: + + <dl> +<dt><code>c</code><dd>centered +<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>flush left +<br><dt><code>r</code><dd>flush right +</dl> + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007barray_007d_0029-192"></a>Column entries are separated by <code>&</code>. Column entries may include +other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array is terminated with +<code>\\</code>. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_0040_0040_0040_007b_002e_002e_002e_0040_007d-193"></a>In the template, the construct <code>@{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code> puts <var>text</var> +between columns in each row. + + <p>Here's an example: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{equation} + \begin{array}{lrc} + left1 & right1 & centered1 \\ + left2 & right2 & centered2 \\ + \end{array} + \end{equation} +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005carraycolsep-194"></a>The <code>\arraycolsep</code> parameter defines half the width of the space +separating columns; the default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">5pt</span></samp>’. See <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>, for other +parameters which affect formatting in <code>array</code> environments, +namely <code>\arrayrulewidth</code> and <code>\arraystretch</code>. + + <p>The <code>array</code> environment can only be used in math mode. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="center"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#description">description</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#array">array</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-center-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-195"></a><a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for-196"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{center} + <var>line1</var> \\ + <var>line2</var> \\ + \end{center} +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bcenter_007d_0029-197"></a>The <code>center</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph +consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right +margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the +string <code>\\</code>. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a>: Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5ccentering"></a> +<a name="g_t_005ccentering"></a> +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#center">center</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccentering-198"></a><a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for-199"></a> +The <code>\centering</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>center</code> +environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such +as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. Thus, the text of a figure or +table can be centered on the page by putting a <code>\centering</code> +command at the beginning of the figure or table environment. + + <p>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command +does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats +paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of +the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command (of +an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. + + <p>Here's an example: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{quote} + \centering + first line \\ + second line \\ + \end{quote} +</pre> + <div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="description"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#center">center</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-description-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-200"></a><a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating-201"></a><a name="index-description-lists_002c-creating-202"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{description} + \item [<var>label1</var>] <var>item1</var> + \item [<var>label2</var>] <var>item2</var> + ... + \end{description} +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005citem-203"></a>The <code>description</code> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each +<var>label</var> is typeset in bold, flush right. The <var>item</var> text may +contain multiple paragraphs. + + <p><a name="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding-204"></a><a name="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists-205"></a>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if +you typeset a label in typewriter using <code>\texttt</code>, you'll get +bold typewriter: <code>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</code>. This +may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use +<code>\tt</code>, which resets all other style variations: <code>\item[{\tt +plain typewriter}]</code>. + + <p>For details about list spacing, see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="displaymath"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#document">document</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#description">description</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-206"></a> +Synopsis: +<pre class="example"> \begin{displaymath} + <var>math</var> + \end{displaymath} +</pre> + <p class="noindent">or + +<pre class="example"> \[<var>math</var>\] +</pre> + <p>The <code>displaymath</code> environment (<code>\[...\]</code> is a synonym) +typesets the <var>math</var> text on its own line, centered by default. +The global <code>fleqn</code> option makes equations flush left; see +<a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>. + + <p>No equation number is added to <code>displaymath</code> text; to get an +equation number, use the <code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="document"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-document-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-207"></a> +The <code>document</code> environment encloses the body of a document. +It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="enumerate"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#document">document</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-enumerate-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-208"></a><a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered-209"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{enumerate} + \item <var>item1</var> + \item <var>item2</var> + ... + \end{enumerate} +</pre> + <p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations +can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also +be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as +<code>itemize</code> (see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>) and <code>description</code> +(see <a href="#description">description</a>). + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005citem-210"></a>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. +There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. + + <p>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this: + + <ol type=1 start=1> +<li>1., 2., <small class="dots">...</small> +<li>(a), (b), <small class="dots">...</small> +<li>i., ii., <small class="dots">...</small> +<li>A., B., <small class="dots">...</small> + </ol> + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cenumi-211"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cenumii-212"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cenumiii-213"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cenumiv-214"></a>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> +through <code>\enumiv</code> counters (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>). If the optional +argument to <code>\item</code> is given, the counter is not incremented for +that item. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumi-215"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumii-216"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumiii-217"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumiv-218"></a>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelenumi</code> +through <code>\labelenumiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can +use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase +letters: + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cAlph-_0040r_007bexample_007d-219"></a> +<pre class="example"> \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} +</pre> + <div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="eqnarray"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#equation">equation</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-eqnarray-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-220"></a><a name="index-equations_002c-aligning-221"></a><a name="index-aligning-Equations-222"></a> +<pre class="example"> \begin{eqnarray} <span class="roman">(or </span><code>eqnarray*</code><span class="roman">)</span> + <var>formula1</var> \\ + <var>formula2</var> \\ + ... + \end{eqnarray} +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-223"></a>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a sequence of +equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column +<code>array</code> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <code>\\</code> +and consecutive items within a row separated by an <code>&</code>. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-224"></a><code>\\*</code> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal +meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cnonumber-225"></a><a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting-226"></a>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a +<code>\nonumber</code> command. Alternatively, The <code>*</code>-form of the +environment (<code>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</code>) will +omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as +<code>eqnarray</code>. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005clefteqn-227"></a>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across +lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of +zero width. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="equation"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#figure">figure</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-228"></a><a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for-229"></a><a name="index-formulas_002c-environment-for-230"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{equation} + <var>math</var> + \end{equation} +</pre> + <p>The <code>equation</code> environment starts a <code>displaymath</code> +environment (see <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>), e.g., centering the <var>math</var> text +on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="figure"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#equation">equation</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-figure-231"></a><a name="index-inserting-figures-232"></a><a name="index-figures_002c-inserting-233"></a> +<pre class="example"> \begin{figure}[<var>placement</var>] + <var>figbody</var> + \label{<var>label}</var> + \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>text</var>} + \end{figure} +</pre> + <p>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +instead “floated” to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. +Figures will not be split between two pages. + + <p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where LaTeX will try +to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly +put a float: + + <ol type=1 start=1> +<li><code>h</code> (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure +environment appears. +<li><code>t</code> (Top) - at the top of a text page. +<li><code>b</code> (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page. +<li><code>p</code> (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a page +containing no text, only floats. + </ol> + + <p>The standard report and article classes use the default placement +<code>tbp</code>. + + <p>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. +you wish. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005ccaption-234"></a>The <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption <var>text</var> for the +figure. The caption is numbered by default. If <var>loftitle</var> is +present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <var>text</var> +(see <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>). + +<!-- xx float-placement, float-caption sections? --> + +<a name="index-g_t_005cbottomfraction-235"></a> +<dl>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at +the bottom; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">.3</span></samp>’. + + <dt><code>\floatpagefraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfloatpagefraction-236"></a><dd>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; +default ‘<samp><span class="samp">.5</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\floatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfloatsep-237"></a><dd>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default +‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\intextsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cintextsep-238"></a><dd>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default +‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ and ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’ styles, +‘<samp><span class="samp">14pt plus4pt minus4pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\textfloatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextfloatsep-239"></a><dd>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; +default ‘<samp><span class="samp">20pt plus2pt minus4pt</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\textfraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextfraction-240"></a><dd>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too +much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a +different page. The default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">.2</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\topfraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopfraction-241"></a><dd>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before +floats; default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">.7</span></samp>’. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="flushleft"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#flushright">flushright</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#figure">figure</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.11 <code>flushleft</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-flushleft-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-242"></a><a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-243"></a><a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for-244"></a> +<pre class="example"> \begin{flushleft} + <var>line1</var> \\ + <var>line2</var> \\ + ... + \end{flushleft} +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bflushleft_007d_007d-245"></a>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph +consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged +right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>: Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5craggedright"></a> +<a name="g_t_005craggedright"></a> +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#flushleft">flushleft</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.11.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005craggedright-246"></a><a name="index-ragged-right-text-247"></a><a name="index-left_002djustifying-text-248"></a><a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-right-249"></a> +The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the +<code>flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an +environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. + + <p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code> +command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX +formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the +scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> +command that ends the paragraph unit. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="flushright"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#itemize">itemize</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushright</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-flushright-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-250"></a><a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for-251"></a><a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-252"></a> +<pre class="example"> \begin{flushright} + <var>line1</var> \\ + <var>line2</var> \\ + ... + \end{flushright} +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bflushright_007d_0029-253"></a>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph +consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged +left. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a>: Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5craggedleft"></a> +<a name="g_t_005craggedleft"></a> +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#flushright">flushright</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005craggedleft-254"></a><a name="index-ragged-left-text-255"></a><a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-left-256"></a><a name="index-right_002djustifying-text-257"></a> +The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the +<code>flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an +environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. + + <p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code> +command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX +formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the +scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> +command that ends the paragraph unit. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="itemize"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#letter">letter</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#flushright">flushright</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.13 <code>itemize</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-itemize-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-258"></a><a name="index-g_t_005citem-259"></a><a name="index-lists-of-items-260"></a><a name="index-unordered-lists-261"></a><a name="index-bulleted-lists-262"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{itemize} + \item <var>item1</var> + \item <var>item2</var> + ... + \end{itemize} +</pre> + <p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted” +list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four +levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making +environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>). + + <p>Each item of an <code>itemize</code> list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. +There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. + + <p>By default, the marks at each level look like this: + + <ol type=1 start=1> +<li>• +<li><b>--<!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash) +<li>* +<li>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period) + </ol> + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemi-263"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemii-264"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemiii-265"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemiv-266"></a>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> +through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can +use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels. For instance, to have +the first level use diamonds: + +<pre class="example"> \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmargin-267"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmargini-268"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginii-269"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginiii-270"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginiv-271"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginv-272"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginvi-273"></a>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define +the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and +the left margin of the list. By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set +to the appropriate <code>\leftmargin</code><var>N</var> when a new level of +nesting is entered. + + <p>The defaults vary from ‘<samp><span class="samp">.5em</span></samp>’ (highest levels of nesting) to +‘<samp><span class="samp">2.5em</span></samp>’ (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. +This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: + +<pre class="example"> \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em +</pre> + <!-- xx should be in its own generic section --> + <p>Some parameters that affect list formatting: + + <dl> +<dt><code>\itemindent</code><a name="index-g_t_005citemindent-274"></a><dd>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. + + <br><dt><code>\labelsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005clabelsep-275"></a><dd>Space between the label and text of an item; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">.5em</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\labelwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005clabelwidth-276"></a><dd>Width of the label; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">2em</span></samp>’, or ‘<samp><span class="samp">1.5em</span></samp>’ in two-column mode. + + <br><dt><code>\listparindent</code><a name="index-g_t_005clistparindent-277"></a><dd>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a +list item; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">0pt</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\rightmargin</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightmargin-278"></a><dd>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the +enclosing environment; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">0pt</span></samp>’, except in the <code>quote</code>, +<code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal +to <code>\leftmargin</code>. + + </dl> + + <p>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather +loose, by default). + + <dl> +<dt><code>\itemsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005citemsep-279"></a><dd>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt +minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for +<code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. + + <br><dt><code>\parsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cparsep-280"></a><dd>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults +are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>. + + <br><dt><code>\topsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopsep-281"></a><dd>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. +The default is <code>4pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, +<code>6pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>9pt plus3pt +minus5pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. + + <br><dt><code>\partopsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpartopsep-282"></a><dd>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a +paragraph. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> +documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt +plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. + + <br><dt><code>\topsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopsep-283"></a><dd>Extra vertical space added before an initial and after a final list +item. Its value is changed with list level and font size changes; for +instance, within a first-level list at ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, it is ‘<samp><span class="samp">4pt +plus2pt minus2pt</span></samp>’. + + </dl> + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cparskip-_0040r_007bexample_007d-284"></a>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide +space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code> +environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs +within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific, +see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>): + +<pre class="example"> \newenvironment{itemize*}% + {\begin{itemize}% + \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% + \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}% + \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% + {\end{itemize}} +</pre> + <div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="letter"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#list">list</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#itemize">itemize</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.14 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3> + +<p><a name="index-letter-285"></a> +This environment is used for creating letters. See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="list"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#math">math</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#letter">letter</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.15 <code>list</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-list-286"></a><a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic-287"></a> +The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for +defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in +documents, but often in macros. + +<pre class="example"> \begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>} + \item <var>item1</var> + \item <var>item2</var> + ... + \end{list} +</pre> + <p>The mandatory <var>labeling</var> argument specifies how items should be +labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <code>\item</code>). +This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the +label. It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. + + <p>The mandatory <var>spacing</var> argument contains commands to change the +spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be +empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="math"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#minipage">minipage</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#list">list</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.16 <code>math</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-288"></a><a name="index-in_002dline-formulas-289"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{math} + <var>math</var> + \end{math} +</pre> + <p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the +running text. <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. +See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="minipage"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#picture">picture</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#math">math</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.17 <code>minipage</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-minipage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-290"></a><a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a-291"></a> +<pre class="example"> \begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>]{<var>width</var>} + <var>text</var> + \end{minipage} +</pre> + <p>The <code>minipage</code> environment typesets its body <var>text</var> in a +block that will not be broken across pages (similar to the +<code>\parbox</code> command, see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>). You may use other +paragraph-making environments inside a minipage (unlike <code>\parbox</code>). + +<!-- (xxref positions) --> + <p>It takes an optional <var>position</var> argument for placing <var>text</var>, +and a mandatory <var>width</var> argument for specifying the line width. + + <p><a name="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage-292"></a><a name="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage-293"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cparindent-294"></a>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code> +environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as +<code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> command. + + <p><a name="index-footnotes-in-figures-295"></a><a name="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in-296"></a>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is +particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A +<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at +the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it +uses the <code>\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary +<code>footnote</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>). + + <p>However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using +footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="picture"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#quotation">quotation</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#minipage">minipage</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.18 <code>picture</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-picture-297"></a><a name="index-creating-pictures-298"></a><a name="index-pictures_002c-creating-299"></a> +<pre class="example"> \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) + ... <var>picture commands</var> ... + \end{picture} +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cunitlength-300"></a>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any +kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. +You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying +their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal +point and a minus sign—a number like <code>5</code>, <code>0.3</code> or +<code>-3.1416</code>. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the +unit length <code>\unitlength</code>, so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set +to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 +centimeters. You should only change the value of <code>\unitlength</code>, +using the <code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> +environment. + + <p>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying +the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>. +Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, +which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that +when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; +the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. + + <p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a +<code>position</code>. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment +produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this +argument's x- and y-coordinates. + + <p>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional <code>position</code> +argument, following the <code>size</code> argument, that can change the +origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not +contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the +coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture +(thereby determining the origin). For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> +has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the command +<pre class="example"> \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) +</pre> + <p>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 +millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose +upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first +draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin +at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by +shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument. + + <p>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the +picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; +LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even +off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining +how much room to leave for it. + + <p>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <code>\put</code> +command. The command + +<pre class="example"> \put (11.3,-.3){...} +</pre> + <p class="noindent">puts the object specified by <code>...</code> in the +picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). +The reference points for various objects will be described below. + + <p><a name="index-lR-box-301"></a>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn>. You can put anything +that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) in the text argument of +the <code>\put</code> command. When you do this, the reference point will +be the lower left corner of the box. + + <p>The <code>picture</code> commands are described in the following sections. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a>: Draw a circle. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>: Draw a box of the specified size. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>: Draw a box with a frame around it. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>: Draw a dashed box. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>: Draw a frame around an object. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a>: Draw a straight line. +<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a>: Set the line thickness. +<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>: A heavier line thickness. +<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>: The default line thickness. +<li><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>: Draw multiple instances of an object. +<li><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>: Draw an ellipse. +<li><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>: Place an object at a specified place. +<li><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>: Make a pile of objects. +<li><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>: Draw a line with an arrow. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5ccircle"></a> +<a name="g_t_005ccircle"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.1 <code>\circle</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccircle-302"></a> +<pre class="example"> \circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\circle</code> command produces a circle with a diameter as close +to the specified one as possible. The <code>*</code>-form of the command +draws a solid circle. + + <p>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cmakebox-(picture)"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.2 <code>\makebox</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-303"></a> +<code>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code> + + <p>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is similar to +the normal <code>\makebox</code> command except that you must specify a +<code>width</code> and <code>height</code> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>. + + <p>The optional argument, <code>[position]</code>, specifies the quadrant that +your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: + + <ul> +<li><code>t</code> - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle +<li><code>b</code> - Moves the item to the bottom +<li><code>l</code> - Moves the item to the left +<li><code>r</code> - Moves the item to the right +</ul> + + <p>See <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cframebox-(picture)"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.3 <code>\framebox</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cframebox-304"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \framebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{...} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\framebox</code> command is like <code>\makebox</code> (see previous +section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box +that it creates. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxrule-305"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxsep-306"></a>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness +<code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule +and the contents of the box. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cdashbox"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cdashbox"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.4 <code>\dashbox</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cdashbox-307"></a> +Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \dashbox{<var>dlen</var>}(<var>rwidth</var>,<var>rheight</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre> + <p><code>\dashbox</code> creates a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var> in a +<code>picture</code> environment. Dashes are <var>dlen</var> units long, and the +rectangle has overall width <var>rwidth</var> and height <var>rheight</var>. +The <var>text</var> is positioned at optional <var>pos</var>. <!-- xxref positions. --> + + <p>A dashed box looks best when the <code>rwidth</code> and <code>rheight</code> are +multiples of the <code>dlen</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cframe"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cframe"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.5 <code>\frame</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cframe-308"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \frame{<var>text</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\frame</code> command puts a rectangular frame around <var>text</var>. +The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra +space is put between the frame and the object. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cline"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cline"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.6 <code>\line</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cline-309"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \line(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and +slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>. + + <p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with <var>slope</var> = x/y, +where x and y have integer values from −6 +through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, +see the <code>curve2e</code> and many many other packages on CTAN. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5clinethickness"></a> +<a name="g_t_005clinethickness"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.7 <code>\linethickness</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005clinethickness-310"></a> +The <code>\linethickness{</code><var>dim</var><code>}</code> command declares the thickness +of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be +<var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length. + + <p><code>\linethickness</code> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, +circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cthicklines"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cthicklines"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthicklines-311"></a> +The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for +horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; +cf. <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cthinlines"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cthinlines"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.9 <code>\thinlines</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthinlines-312"></a> +The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for +horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; +cf. <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cmultiput"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cmultiput"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.10 <code>\multiput</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmultiput-313"></a> +Synopsis: +<pre class="example"> \multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>n</var>}{<var>obj</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\multiput</code> command copies the object <var>obj</var> in a regular +pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position +(x,y), then at (x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, +<var>n</var> times. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5coval"></a> +<a name="g_t_005coval"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.11 <code>\oval</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005coval-314"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>] +</pre> + <p>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. +The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to select part of the +oval via the following: + + <dl> +<dt><code>t</code><dd>selects the top portion; +<br><dt><code>b</code><dd>selects the bottom portion; +<br><dt><code>r</code><dd>selects the right portion; +<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>selects the left portion. +</dl> + + <p>The “corners” of the oval are made with quarter circles with a +maximum radius of 20<span class="dmn">pt</span>, so large “ovals” will look more like +boxes with rounded corners. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cput"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cput"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.12 <code>\put</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cput-315"></a> +<code>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</code> + + <p>The <code>\put</code> command places the item specified by the mandatory +argument at the given coordinates. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cshortstack"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cshortstack"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.13 <code>\shortstack</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cshortstack-316"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \shortstack[<var>position</var>]{...\\...\\...} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\shortstack</code> command produces a stack of objects. The valid +positions are: + + <dl> +<dt><code>r</code><dd>Move the objects to the right of the stack. +<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>Move the objects to the left of the stack +<br><dt><code>c</code><dd>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) +</dl> + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007b_0028for-_0040code_007b_005cshortstack_007d-objects_0029_007d-317"></a>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cvector"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cvector"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.18.14 <code>\vector</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvector-318"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \vector(<var>x-slope</var>,<var>y-slope</var>){<var>length</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified +length and slope. The x and y values must lie between +−4 and +4, inclusive. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="quotation"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#quote">quote</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#picture">picture</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.19 <code>quotation</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-quotation-319"></a><a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-320"></a><a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation-321"></a><a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text-322"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{quotation} + <var>text</var> + \end{quotation} +</pre> + <p>The margins of the <code>quotation</code> environment are indented on both +the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. +Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. + + <p>Unlike the <code>quote</code> environment, each paragraph is indented +normally. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="quote"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#quotation">quotation</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quote</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-quote-323"></a><a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-324"></a><a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation-325"></a><a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting-326"></a> +Snyopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{quote} + <var>text</var> + \end{quote} +</pre> + <p>The margins of the <code>quote</code> environment are indented on both the +left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a +blank line between text produces a new paragraph. + + <p>Unlike the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are not indented. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="tabbing"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#table">table</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#quote">quote</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-tabbing-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-327"></a><a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using-328"></a><a name="index-lining-text-up-in-columns-using-tab-stops-329"></a><a name="index-alignment-via-tabbing-330"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{tabbing} + <var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> \= <var>row1col3</var> \= <var>row1col4</var> \\ + <var>row2col1</var> \> \> <var>row2col3</var> \\ + ... + \end{tabbing} +</pre> + <p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align text in +columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as +was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where +the width of each column is constant and known in advance. + + <p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code> +environment. + + <p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> enviroment: + + <dl> +<dt><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">tabbing</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007btabbing_007d-331"></a><dd>End a line. + + <br><dt><code>\= </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-332"></a><dd>Sets a tab stop at the current position. + + <br><dt><code>\> </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_003e-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-333"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003e-334"></a>Advances to the next tab stop. + + <br><dt><code>\<</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_003c-335"></a><dd>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing +the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. + + <br><dt><code>\+</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_002b-336"></a><dd>Moves the left margin of the next and all the +following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if +necessary. + + <br><dt><code>\-</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_002d-337"></a><dd>Moves the left margin of the next and all the +following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if +necessary. + + <br><dt><code>\' </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-338"></a><dd>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the +current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, +<code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right +of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop. + + <br><dt><code>\` </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-339"></a><dd>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab +stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column +because there's no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the +text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end{tabbing}</code> +command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing +environment. There must be no <code>\></code> or <code>\'</code> command between +the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line. + + <br><dt><code>\a </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ca-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-340"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ca_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-341"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ca_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-342"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ca_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-343"></a>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and +<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>). Instead, +the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used. + + <br><dt><code>\kill</code><a name="index-g_t_005ckill-344"></a><dd>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> +except that it throws away the current line instead of producing +output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> +commands in that line remain in effect. + + <br><dt><code>\poptabs</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpoptabs-345"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cpoptabs-346"></a>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>. + + <br><dt><code>\pushtabs</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpushtabs-347"></a><dd>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing +tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment. + + <br><dt><code>\tabbingsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctabbingsep-348"></a><dd>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>. + + </dl> + + <p>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{tabbing} + function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ + \> begin \= \+ \\ + \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ + else \+ \\ + fact := 1; \-\- \\ + end;\\ + \end{tabbing} +</pre> + <div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="table"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#tabular">tabular</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-table-349"></a><a name="index-tables_002c-creating-350"></a><a name="index-creating-tables-351"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{table}[placement] + + body of the table + + \caption{table title} + \end{table} +</pre> + <p>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +usually “floated” to a convenient place, like the top of a page. +Tables will not be split between two pages. + + <p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where LaTeX will try +to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put +a float: + + <ul> +<li><code>h</code>: Here - at the position in the text where the table +environment appears. +<li><code>t</code>: Top - at the top of a text page. +<li><code>b</code>: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. +<li><code>p</code>: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page +containing no text, only floats. +</ul> + + <p>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default +placement <code>[tbp]</code>. + + <p>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., +you wish. The <code>\caption</code> command allows you to title your table. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="tabular"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#table">table</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-tabular-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-352"></a><a name="index-lines-in-tables-353"></a><a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables-354"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + ... + \end{tabular} +</pre> + <p>or + +<pre class="example"> \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + ... + \end{tabular*} +</pre> + <p>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of +items, aligned vertically in columns. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007btabular_007d_007d-355"></a><code>\\</code> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, +except for the last, where it is optional—unless an <code>\hline</code> +command (to put a rule below the table) follows. + + <p>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: + + <dl> +<dt><code>width</code><dd>Specifies the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. There must be +rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified +width. +<br><dt><code>pos</code><dd>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of +the environment. + + <ul> +<li><code>t</code> - align on top row +<li><code>b</code> - align on bottom row +</ul> + + <br><dt><code>cols</code><dd>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the +following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and +intercolumn material. + + <ul> +<li><code>l</code> - A column of left-aligned items. +<li><code>r</code> - A column of right-aligned items. +<li><code>c</code> - A column of centred items. +<li><code>|</code> - A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. +<li><code>@{text}</code> - This inserts <code>text</code> in every row. An @-expression +suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any +desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be +included in text. An <code>\extracolsep{wd}</code> command in an +@-expression causes an extra space of width <code>wd</code> to appear to the +left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another +<code>\extracolsep</code> command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this +extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An +<code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an @-expression in the +<code>cols</code> argument. +<li><code>p{wd}</code> - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of +width <code>wd</code>, as if it were the argument of a <code>\parbox[t]{wd}</code> +command. However, a <code>\\</code> may not appear in the item, except in the +following situations: + <ol type=1 start=1> +<li>inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or <code>tabular</code>. +<li>inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>. +<li>in the scope of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code> +declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an +environment when used in a <code>p</code>-column element. + </ol> +<li><code>*{num}{cols}</code> - Equivalent to <code>num</code> copies of +<code>cols</code>, where <code>num</code> is any positive integer and <code>cols</code> is +any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another +<code>*-expression</code>. + + </ul> + + </dl> + + <p>Parameters that control formatting: +<!-- xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? --> + + <dl> +<dt><code>\arrayrulewidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005carrayrulewidth-356"></a><dd>Thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, <code>\hline</code>, and +<code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; the +default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">.4pt</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\arraystretch</code><a name="index-g_t_005carraystretch-357"></a><dd>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> +environments; default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>’,for no scaling. + + <br><dt><code>\doublerulesep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdoublerulesep-358"></a><dd>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <code>||</code> +in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">2pt</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><code>\tabcolsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctabcolsep-359"></a><dd>Half the width of the space between columns; default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">6pt</span></samp>’. + + </dl> + + <p>These commands can be used inside a <code>tabular</code> environment: + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a>: Make an item spanning several columns. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a>: Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a>: Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a>: Draw a vertical line. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cmulticolumn"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmulticolumn-360"></a> +Synopsis: +<pre class="example"> \multicolumn{<var>cols</var>}{<var>pos</var>}{<var>text</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\multicolumn</code> command makes an entry that spans several +columns. The first mandatory argument, <var>cols</var>, specifies the +number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, <var>pos</var>, +specifies the formatting of the entry; <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code> +for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright. The third mandatory argument, +<var>text</var>, specifies what text to put in the entry. + + <p>Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; +<code>\multicolumn</code> is used for the heading: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l} + \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr + 0x80&0x7FF \cr + 0x800&0xFFFF \cr + 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr + \end{tabular} +</pre> + <div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5ccline"></a> +<a name="g_t_005ccline"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\cline</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccline-361"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\cline</code> command draws horizontal lines across the columns +specified, beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>, +which are specified in the mandatory argument. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5chline"></a> +<a name="g_t_005chline"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\hline</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005chline-362"></a> +The <code>\hline</code> command draws a horizontal line the width of the +enclosing <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment. It's most +commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows +of a table. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cvline"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cvline"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\vline</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvline-363"></a> +The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line extending the full +height and depth of its row. An <code>\hfill</code> command can be used to +move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an +@-expression. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="thebibliography"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#theorem">theorem</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#tabular">tabular</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-thebibliography-364"></a><a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029-365"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{thebibliography}{<var>widest-label</var>} + \bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key}</var> + ... + \end{thebibliography} +</pre> + <p>The <code>thebibliography</code> environment produces a bibliography or +reference list. + + <p>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled +“References”; in the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled +“Bibliography”. You can change the label (in the standard classes) +by redefining the command <code>\refname</code>. For instance, this +eliminates it entirely: + +<pre class="example"> \renewcommand{\refname}{} +</pre> + <p>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset, +is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code> +commands. It is typically given as <code>9</code> for bibliographies with +less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>: Specify a bibliography item. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>: Refer to a bibliography item. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a>: Include an item in the bibliography. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>: Automatic generation of bibliographies. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cbibitem"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cbibitem"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cbibitem-366"></a> +Synopsis: +<pre class="example"> \bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by +<var>label</var>. If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is +automatically generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The +<var>cite_key</var> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation +symbols not containing a comma. + + <p>This command writes an entry to the <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file containing the +item's <var>cite_key</var> and label. When the <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file is read by +the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item's <code>label</code> is +associated with <code>cite_key</code>, causing references to <var>cite_key</var> +with a <code>\cite</code> command (see next section) to produce the +associated label. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5ccite"></a> +<a name="g_t_005ccite"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccite-367"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var> +</pre> + <p>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys, +separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to +the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries in the +<samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file. + + <p>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the +citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might produce +`[Knuth, p. 314]'. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cnocite"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cnocite"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnocite-368"></a> +<code>\nocite{key_list}</code> + + <p>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <code>key_list</code>, +which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Using-BibTeX"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4> + +<p><a name="index-using-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-369"></a><a name="index-bib_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-using-370"></a><a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029-371"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-372"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliography-373"></a> +If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly +recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of +titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the +<code>thebibliography</code> environment (see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>). Instead, +you include the lines + +<pre class="example"> \bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>} + \bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>,<var>bibfile2</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\bibliographystyle</code> command does not produce any output of +its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will +be produced: <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file +<var>bibstyle</var><samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp>, which defines how your citations will look. +The standard <var>style</var> names distributed with BibTeX are: + + <dl> +<dt><code>alpha</code><dd>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of +publication. +<br><dt><code>plain</code><dd>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. +<br><dt><code>unsrt</code><dd>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation. +<br><dt><code>abbrv</code><dd>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels. +</dl> + + <p>In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to +the demands of various publications. See +<a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</a>. + + <p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the +bibliography. The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files +named <samp><var>bibfile</var><span class="file">.bib</span></samp>, which should contain your database in +BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and +<code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="theorem"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-theorem-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-374"></a><a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting-375"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{theorem} + <var>theorem-text</var> + \end{theorem} +</pre> + <p>The <code>theorem</code> environment produces “Theorem <var>n</var>” in +boldface followed by <var>theorem-text</var>, where the numbering +possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code> +(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="titlepage"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#theorem">theorem</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-titlepage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-376"></a><a name="index-making-a-title-page-377"></a><a name="index-title-pages_002c-creating-378"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{titlepage} + <var>text</var> + \end{titlepage} +</pre> + <p>The <code>titlepage</code> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page +with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following +page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to +you. The <code>\today</code> command may be useful on title pages +(see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>). + + <p>You can use the <code>\maketitle</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>) to +produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="verbatim"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#verse">verse</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-verbatim-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-379"></a><a name="index-verbatim-text-380"></a><a name="index-simulating-typed-text-381"></a><a name="index-typed-text_002c-simulating-382"></a><a name="index-code_002c-typesetting-383"></a><a name="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting-384"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{verbatim} + <var>literal-text</var> + \end{verbatim} +</pre> + <p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment is a paragraph-making environment in +which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the +<code>\</code> character produces a printed ‘<samp><span class="samp">\</span></samp>’. It turns LaTeX +into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same +effect that they would on a typewriter. + + <p>The <code>verbatim</code> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>). + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a>: The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cverb"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cverb"></a> +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#verbatim">verbatim</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cverb-385"></a><a name="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline-386"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \verb<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var> + \verb*<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var> +</pre> + <p>The <code>\verb</code> command typesets <var>literal-text</var> as it is input, +including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter +(<code>\tt</code>) font. No spaces are allowed between <code>\verb</code> or +<code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the +verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. + + <p><a name="index-visible-space-387"></a>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a +“visible space” character. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="verse"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-verse-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-388"></a><a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for-389"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{verse} + <var>line1</var> \\ + <var>line2</var> \\ + ... + \end{verse} +</pre> + <p>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find +other uses for it. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bverse_007d_007d-390"></a>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not +indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each +stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the +stanzas. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Footnotes"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">9 Footnotes</h2> + +<p><a name="index-footnotes_002c-creating-391"></a> +Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced +with one command, the <code>\footnote</code> command. They can also be +produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the +<code>\footnotetext</code> commands. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a>: Insert a footnote. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>: Insert footnote mark only. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>: Insert footnote text only. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a>: Parameters for footnote formatting. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cfootnote"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cfootnote"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnote-392"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\footnote</code> command places the numbered footnote <var>text</var> +at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument <var>number</var> +changes the default footnote number. + + <p>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you +cannot use it in sectioning commands like <code>\chapter</code>, in figures, +tables or in a <code>tabular</code> environment. (See following sections.) +<!-- xx mention packages that fix this --> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cfootnotemark"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotemark-393"></a> +With no optional argument, the <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the +current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in +inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, +with the <code>\footnotetext</code> command. + + <p>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote +markers referring to the same footnote with + +<pre class="example"> \footnotemark[\value{footnote}] +</pre> + <p>after the first <code>\footnote</code> command. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cfootnotetext"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotetext-394"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\footnotetext</code> command places <var>text</var> at the bottom of +the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the +<code>\footnotemark</code> command. The <code>\footnotetext</code> command must +appear in outer paragraph mode. + + <p>The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the default footnote number. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Footnote-parameters"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">9.4 Footnote parameters</h3> + +<p><a name="index-footnote-parameters-395"></a> + <dl> +<dt><code>\footnoterule</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnoterule-396"></a><dd>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's +footnotes. Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and +<code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except +slides, where it does not appear). + + <br><dt><code>\footnotesep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotesep-397"></a><dd>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By +default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code> +fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no extra space between +footnotes. This is ‘<samp><span class="samp">6.65pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">7.7pt</span></samp>’ for +‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span class="samp">8.4pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Definitions"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Counters">Counters</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">10 Definitions</h2> + +<p><a name="index-definitions-398"></a> +LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. + +<!-- xx everything in this chapter needs examples. --> +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>: (Re)define a new command. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>: Define a new counter. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a>: Define a new length. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>: Define a new box. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>: Define a new environment. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>: Define a new theorem-like environment. +<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>: Define a new font name. +<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>: Using tricky commands. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cnewcommand-%26-%5crenewcommand"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewcommand-399"></a><a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-400"></a><a name="index-defining-a-new-command-401"></a><a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining-402"></a> +<code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a +command, respectively. Synopses: + +<pre class="example"> \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} + \renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} + \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>defn</var>} + \renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +</pre> + <dl> +<dt><var>cmd</var><dd>The command name beginning with <code>\</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it +must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>; for +<code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined. + + <br><dt><var>nargs</var><dd>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments +that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no +arguments. + + <br><dt><var>default</var><dd>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's +first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the +default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified +in the call) is the string ‘<samp><span class="samp">def</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><var>defn</var><dd>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a +construct of the form <code>#</code><var>n</var> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by the +text of the <var>n</var>th argument. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cnewcounter"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\newcounter</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewcounter-403"></a><a name="index-counters_002c-defining-new-404"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \newcounter{<var>cnt</var>}[<var>countername</var>] +</pre> + <p>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>cnt</var>. +The new counter is initialized to zero. + + <p>Given the optional argument <code>[</code><var>countername</var><code>]</code>, <var>cnt</var> +will be reset whenever <var>countername</var> is incremented. + + <p>See <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>, for more information about counters. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cnewlength"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cnewlength"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\newlength</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewlength-405"></a><a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-new-406"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \newlength{\<var>arg</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory argument as a +<code>length</code> command with a value of <code>0in</code>. The argument must +be a control sequence, as in <code>\newlength{\foo}</code>. An error +occurs if <code>\foo</code> is already defined. + + <p>See <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and +for more information about lengths in general. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cnewsavebox"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewsavebox-407"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \newsavebox{<var>cmd</var>} +</pre> + <p>Defines <code>\</code><var>cmd</var>, which must be a command name not already +defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cnewenvironment-%26-%5crenewenvironment"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">10.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewenvironment-408"></a><a name="index-g_t_005crenewenvironment-409"></a><a name="index-environments_002c-defining-410"></a><a name="index-defining-new-environments-411"></a><a name="index-redefining-environments-412"></a> +Synopses: + +<pre class="example"> \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} + \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} + \renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} +</pre> + <p>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is, +<code>\begin{</code><var>env</var><code>} ... \end{</code><var>env</var><code>}</code>. + + <dl> +<dt><var>env</var><dd>The name of the environment. For <code>\newenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> +must not be an existing environment, and the command <code>\</code><var>env</var> +must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be +the name of an existing environment. + + <br><dt><var>nargs</var><dd>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of +the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. + + <br><dt><var>default</var><dd>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <var>default</var> +gives the default value for that argument. + + <br><dt><var>begdef</var><dd>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\begin{</code><var>env</var><code>}</code>; a +construct of the form <code>#</code><var>n</var> in <var>begdef</var> is replaced by +the text of the <var>n</var>th argument. + + <br><dt><var>enddef</var><dd>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\end{</code><var>env</var><code>}</code>. It +may not contain any argument parameters. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cnewtheorem"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">10.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewtheorem-413"></a><a name="index-theorems_002c-defining-414"></a><a name="index-defining-new-theorems-415"></a> +<pre class="example"> \newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}{<var>label</var>}[<var>within</var>] + \newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>label</var>} +</pre> + <p>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments: + + <dl> +<dt><var>newenv</var><dd>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an +existing environment or otherwise defined. + + <br><dt><var>label</var><dd>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the +number. For example, ‘<samp><span class="samp">Theorem</span></samp>’. + + <br><dt><var>numbered_like</var><dd>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment; +the new environment will be numbered just like <var>numbered_like</var>. + + <br><dt><var>within</var><dd>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. +The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the +<var>within</var> counter. + + </dl> + + <p>At most one of <var>numbered_like</var> and <var>within</var> can be specified, +not both. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cnewfont"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cnewfont"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">10.7 <code>\newfont</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewfont-416"></a><a name="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for-417"></a><a name="index-defining-new-fonts-418"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \newfont{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>fontname</var>} +</pre> + <p>Defines a control sequence <code>\</code><var>cmd</var>, which must not already +be defined, to make <var>fontname</var> be the current font. The file +looked for on the system is named <samp><var>fontname</var><span class="file">.tfm</span></samp>. + + <p>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. +More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <samp><span class="file">.fd</span></samp> files. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cprotect"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cprotect"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">10.8 <code>\protect</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cprotect-419"></a> +<a name="index-fragile-commands-420"></a><a name="index-moving-arguments-421"></a>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and +many more are so-called <dfn>fragile</dfn> commands. When a fragile +command is used in certain contexts, called <dfn>moving arguments</dfn>, it +must be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. In addition, any fragile +commands within the arguments must have their own <code>\protect</code>. + + <p>Some examples of moving arguments are <code>\caption</code> +(see <a href="#figure">figure</a>), <code>\thanks</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>), and +expressions in <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments +(see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>). + + <p><a name="index-robust-commands-422"></a>Commands which are not fragile are called <dfn>robust</dfn>. They must not +be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. + + <p>See also: + +<pre class="smallexample"><br><a href="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</a><br> +<br><a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</a><br> +</pre> + <!-- xx really need examples. --> +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Counters"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">11 Counters</h2> + +<p><a name="index-counters_002c-a-list-of-423"></a><a name="index-variables_002c-a-list-of-424"></a> +Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with +it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment +or command that produces the number, except with no <code>\</code>. +(<code>enumi</code>–<code>enumiv</code> are used for the nested enumerate +environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's +standard document classes to control numbering. + +<pre class="example"> part paragraph figure enumi + chapter subparagraph table enumii + section page footnote enumiii + subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv + subsubsection +</pre> + <ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>: Print value of a counter. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>: Use a specified counter in a list environment. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a>: Use the value of a counter in an expression. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>: Set the value of a counter. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a>: Add a quantity to a counter. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. +<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. +<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>: Numeric date values. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5calph-%5cAlph-%5carabic-%5croman-%5cRoman-%5cfnsymbol"></a> +<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3> + +<p>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for +instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. + + <dl> +<dt><code>\alph</code><a name="index-g_t_005calph-425"></a><dd>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: `a', `b', <small class="enddots">...</small> + + <br><dt><code>\Alph</code><a name="index-g_t_005cAlph-426"></a><dd>uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', <small class="enddots">...</small> + + <br><dt><code>\arabic</code><a name="index-g_t_005carabic-427"></a><dd>uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', <small class="enddots">...</small> + + <br><dt><code>\roman</code><a name="index-g_t_005croman-428"></a><dd>uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', <small class="enddots">...</small> + + <br><dt><code>\roman</code><a name="index-g_t_005croman-429"></a><dd>uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', <small class="enddots">...</small> + + <br><dt><code>\fnsymbol</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfnsymbol-430"></a><dd>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine +symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of +<var>counter</var> must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. + + <p>The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names: + <pre class="display"> asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel + double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger +</pre> + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cusecounter"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cusecounter"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\usecounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cusecounter-431"></a><a name="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter-432"></a><a name="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter-433"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \usecounter{<var>counter</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\usecounter</code> command is used in the second argument of the +<code>list</code> environment to specify <var>counter</var> to be used to number +the list items. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cvalue"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cvalue"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\value{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvalue-434"></a><a name="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of-435"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \value{<var>counter</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\value</code> command produces the value of <var>counter</var>. It can +be used anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example: + +<pre class="example"> \setcounter{myctr}{3} + \addtocounter{myctr}{1} + \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} +</pre> + <div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5csetcounter"></a> +<a name="g_t_005csetcounter"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">11.4 <code>\setcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005csetcounter-436"></a><a name="index-counters_002c-setting-437"></a><a name="index-setting-counters-438"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \setcounter{<var>\counter</var>}{<var>value</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>\counter</var> to the +<var>value</var> argument. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5caddtocounter"></a> +<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">11.5 <code>\addtocounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddtocounter-439"></a> +The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments <var>counter</var> by the +amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5crefstepcounter"></a> +<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">11.6 <code>\refstepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005crefstepcounter-440"></a> +The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as +<code>\stepcounter</code> See <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>, except it also defines the +current <code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cstepcounter"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">11.7 <code>\stepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cstepcounter-441"></a> +The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to <var>counter</var> and +resets all subsidiary counters. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cday-%5cmonth-%5cyear"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">11.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cday-442"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmonth-443"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cyear-444"></a> +LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>, +1–31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1–12), and year +(<code>\year</code>, Common Era). When TeX starts up, they are +set to the current values on the system where TeX is running. They +are not updated as the job progresses. + + <p>The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string representing the +current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Lengths"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Counters">Counters</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">12 Lengths</h2> + +<p><a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using-445"></a> +A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a +length as an argument. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>: Set the value of a length. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a>: Add a quantity to a length. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>: Set a length to the depth of something. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a>: Set a length to the height of something. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a>: Set a length to the width of something. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>: Lengths that are, like, predefined. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5csetlength"></a> +<a name="g_t_005csetlength"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\setlength{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005csetlength-446"></a><a name="index-lengths_002c-setting-447"></a> +The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var> +argument, which can be expressed in any units that LaTeX +understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), points +(<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>, etc. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5caddtolength"></a> +<a name="g_t_005caddtolength"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">12.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddtolength-448"></a><a name="index-lengths_002c-adding-to-449"></a> +The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a “length command” +<var>\len</var> by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which +may be negative. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5csettodepth"></a> +<a name="g_t_005csettodepth"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\settodepth</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005csettodepth-450"></a> +<code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code> + + <p>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command +equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5csettoheight"></a> +<a name="g_t_005csettoheight"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\settoheight</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005csettoheight-451"></a> +<code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code> + + <p>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command +equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5csettowidth"></a> +<a name="g_t_005csettowidth"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\settowidth{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005csettowidth-452"></a> +The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var> +to the width of the <var>text</var> argument. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Predefined-lengths"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">12.6 Predefined lengths</h3> + +<p><a name="index-lengths_002c-predefined-453"></a><a name="index-predefined-lengths-454"></a> +<code>\width</code> +<a name="index-g_t_005cwidth-455"></a> +<code>\height</code> +<a name="index-g_t_005cheight-456"></a> +<code>\depth</code> +<a name="index-g_t_005cdepth-457"></a> +<code>\totalheight</code> +<a name="index-g_t_005ctotalheight-458"></a> +These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making +commands (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). They specify the natural width etc. of the +text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <code>\height</code> + +<code>\depth</code>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the +natural size, e.g., say + + <p><code>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</code> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Line-breaking"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Environments">Environments</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">13 Line breaking</h2> + +<p><a name="index-line-breaking-459"></a><a name="index-breaking-lines-460"></a> +The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to +translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To +produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines +(and these lines must be broken into pages). + + <p>LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in +some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the +<code>\\</code> command, and you can always manually force breaks. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>: Start a new line. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>: Make each input line start a new output line. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>: Break the line +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a>: Insert explicit hyphenation. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>: Be fussy about line breaking. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a>: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word. +<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a>: Forcing & avoiding line breaks. +<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>: Be sloppy about line breaking. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5c%5c"></a> +<a name="g_t_005c_005c"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bforce-line-break_007d-461"></a><a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-462"></a><a name="index-line-break_002c-forcing-463"></a> +The <code>\\</code> command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an +optional argument, <var>morespace</var>, that specifies how much extra +vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a +negative amount. + + <p>The <code>\\*</code> command is the same as the ordinary <code>\\</code> command +except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cobeycr-%26-%5crestorecr"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cobeycr-464"></a><a name="index-g_t_005crestorecr-465"></a><a name="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input-466"></a> +The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file +(‘<samp><span class="samp">^^M</span></samp>’, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by +<code>\relax</code>). So each new line in the input will also be a new line +in the output. + + <p><code>\restorecr</code> restores normal line-breaking behavior. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cnewline"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cnewline"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\newline</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewline-467"></a><a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029-468"></a> +The <code>\newline</code> command breaks the line at the present point, with +no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph +mode. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5c--(hyphenation)"></a> +<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_002d-_0040r_007b_0028hyphenation_0029_007d-469"></a><a name="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing-470"></a> +The <code>\-</code> command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at +that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually +find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an +incorrect one. The <code>\-</code> command is used for the exceptional +cases. + + <p>When you insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be +hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points +that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cfussy"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cfussy"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\fussy</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfussy-471"></a> +The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes TeX +picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between +words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. + + <p>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code>\sloppy</code> command +(see <a href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5csloppy"></a> +<a name="g_t_005csloppy"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\sloppy</code></h3> + +<p>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes TeX less fussy about line +breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose +interword spacing. + + <p>Lasts until a <code>\fussy</code> command is issued (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5chyphenation"></a> +<a name="g_t_005chyphenation"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005chyphenation-472"></a><a name="index-hyphenation_002c-defining-473"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \hyphenation{<var>word-one</var> <var>word-two</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\hyphenation</code> command declares allowed hyphenation points +with a <code>-</code> character in the given words. The words are separated +by spaces. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no +inflections are tried. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands +accumulate. Some examples (the default TeX hyphenation patterns +misses the hyphenations in these words): + +<pre class="example"> \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} +</pre> + <div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5clinebreak-%26-%5cnolinebreak"></a> +<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005clinebreak-474"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnolinebreak-475"></a><a name="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing-476"></a><a name="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing-477"></a> +Synopses: + +<pre class="example"> \linebreak[<var>priority</var>] + \nolinebreak[<var>priority</var>] +</pre> + <p>By default, the <code>\linebreak</code> (<code>\nolinebreak</code>) command forces +(prevents) a line break at the current position. For +<code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it +extends to the right margin as usual. + + <p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the command +from a demand to a request. The <var>priority</var> must be a number from +0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Page-breaking"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">14 Page breaking</h2> + +<p><a name="index-page-breaking-478"></a><a name="index-breaking-pages-479"></a> +LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has +accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, +but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a>: Start a new right-hand page. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>: Start a new page. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>: Start a new page. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>: Enlarge the current page a bit. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a>: Forcing & avoiding page breaks. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5ccleardoublepage"></a> +<a name="g_t_005ccleardoublepage"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">14.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccleardoublepage-480"></a><a name="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page-481"></a> +The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand +(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cclearpage"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cclearpage"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\clearpage</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cclearpage-482"></a><a name="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page-483"></a><a name="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats-484"></a> +The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cnewpage"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cnewpage"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\newpage</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewpage-485"></a><a name="index-new-page_002c-starting-486"></a><a name="index-starting-a-new-page-487"></a> +The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear +floats (see <code>\clearpage</code> above). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cenlargethispage"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cenlargethispage-488"></a><a name="index-enlarge-current-page-489"></a> +<code>\enlargethispage{size}</code> + + <p><code>\enlargethispage*{size}</code> + + <p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the specified +amount; e.g. <code>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> will allow one +additional line. + + <p>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as +much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit +<code>\pagebreak</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cpagebreak-%26-%5cnopagebreak"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpagebreak-490"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnopagebreak-491"></a><a name="index-page-break_002c-forcing-492"></a><a name="index-page-break_002c-preventing-493"></a> +Synopses: + +<pre class="example"> \pagebreak[<var>priority</var>] + \nopagebreak[<var>priority</var>] +</pre> + <p>By default, the <code>\pagebreak</code> (<code>\nopagebreak</code>) command forces +(prevents) a page break at the current position. For +<code>\linebreak</code>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out +where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin. + + <p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the +<code>\pagebreak</code> command from a demand to a request. The number must +be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more +insistent the request is. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Making-paragraphs"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2> + +<p><a name="index-making-paragraphs-494"></a><a name="index-paragraphs-495"></a> +A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines—lines not +containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not appear where a new +paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of +a sectioning command. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a>: Indent this paragraph. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a>: Do not indent this paragraph. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>: Space added before paragraphs. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a>: Putting remarks in the margin. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cindent"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cindent"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\indent</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cindent-496"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cparindent-497"></a><a name="index-indent_002c-forcing-498"></a> +<code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the +width of the <code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph +indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would +otherwise be suppressed. + + <p>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column +mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</code> for +<code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cnoindent"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cnoindent"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnoindent-499"></a><a name="index-indent_002c-suppressing-500"></a> +When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <code>\noindent</code> +suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in +the middle of a paragraph. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cparskip"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cparskip"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cparskip-501"></a><a name="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs-502"></a> +<code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added +before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Marginal-notes"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3> + +<p><a name="index-marginal-notes-503"></a><a name="index-notes-in-the-margin-504"></a><a name="index-remarks-in-the-margin-505"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginpar-506"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\marginpar</code> command creates a note in the margin. The first +line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text +where the <code>\marginpar</code> occurs. + + <p>When you only specify the mandatory argument <var>right</var>, the text +will be placed + + <ul> +<li>in the right margin for one-sided layout; +<li>in the outside margin for two-sided layout; +<li>in the nearest margin for two-column layout. +</ul> + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005creversemarginpar-507"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnormalmarginpar-508"></a>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes +in the opposite (inside) margin. <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them +in the default position. + + <p>When you specify both arguments, <var>left</var> is used for the left +margin, and <var>right</var> is used for the right margin. + + <p>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable +hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace{0pt}</code>. + + <p>These parameters affect the formatting of the note: + + <dl> +<dt><code>\marginparpush</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginparpush-509"></a><dd>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">7pt</span></samp>’ for +‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’ documents, ‘<samp><span class="samp">5pt</span></samp>’ else. + + <br><dt><code>\marginparsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginparsep-510"></a><dd>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default +‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ documents, ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ else. + + <br><dt><code>\marginparwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginparwidth-511"></a><dd>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ document +is ‘<samp><span class="samp">90pt</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">83pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span class="samp">68pt</span></samp>’ for +‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’; ‘<samp><span class="samp">17pt</span></samp>’ more in each case for a two-sided document. +In two column mode, the default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">48pt</span></samp>’. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Math-formulas"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Modes">Modes</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2> + +<p><a name="index-math-formulas-512"></a><a name="index-formulas_002c-math-513"></a><a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering-514"></a> +<a name="index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-515"></a><a name="index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-516"></a><a name="index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-517"></a>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: + + <dl> +<dt><code>math</code><dd>For formulas that appear right in the text. +<br><dt><code>displaymath</code><dd>For formulas that appear on their own line. +<br><dt><code>equation</code><dd>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation +number in the right margin. +</dl> + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_0028-518"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0029-519"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005b-520"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005d-521"></a>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, +but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used +only in paragraph mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code> +environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: + +<pre class="example"> \(...\) <span class="roman">instead of</span> \begin{math}...\end{math} + \[...\] <span class="roman">instead of</span> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_0024-522"></a>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even +shorter form: + +<pre class="example"> $ ... $ <span class="roman">instead of</span> \(...\) +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cboldmath-523"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cunboldmath-524"></a>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in +a bold font. It is used <em>outside</em> of math mode. Conversely, the +<code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; +it too is used <em>outside</em> of math mode. + +<!-- xx own section? Math fonts? --> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cdisplaystyle-525"></a>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the +formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and +below summations. For example +<pre class="example"> $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ +</pre> + <!-- xx see also \cal, \mathcal --> +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts & Superscripts</a>: Also known as exponent or index. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>: Various mathematical squiggles. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a>: Math function names like sin and exp. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>: Accents in math. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a>: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Subscripts-%26-Superscripts"></a> +<a name="Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts & Superscripts</h3> + +<p><a name="index-superscript-526"></a><a name="index-subscript-527"></a><a name="index-exponent-528"></a><a name="index-g_t_005f-529"></a><a name="index-g_t_005e-530"></a> +To get an expression <i>exp</i> to appear as a subscript, you just type +<code>_{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. To get <i>exp</i> to appear as a +superscript, you type <code>^{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. LaTeX handles +superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. +It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a +superscript. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Math-symbols"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts & Superscripts</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3> + +<p><a name="index-math-symbols-531"></a><a name="index-symbols_002c-math-532"></a><a name="index-greek-letters-533"></a> +LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to +need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. +For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get +the pi symbol (\pi) in your output. + + <dl> +<dt><code>\|</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_007c-534"></a><dd>\| + + <br><dt><code>\aleph</code><a name="index-g_t_005caleph-535"></a><dd>\aleph + + <br><dt><code>\alpha</code><a name="index-g_t_005calpha-536"></a><dd>\alpha + + <br><dt><code>\amalg</code><a name="index-g_t_005camalg-537"></a><dd>\amalg (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\angle</code><a name="index-g_t_005cangle-538"></a><dd>\angle + + <br><dt><code>\approx</code><a name="index-g_t_005capprox-539"></a><dd>\approx (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\ast</code><a name="index-g_t_005cast-540"></a><dd>\ast (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\asymp</code><a name="index-g_t_005casymp-541"></a><dd>\asymp (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\backslash</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbackslash-542"></a><dd>\ (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\beta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbeta-543"></a><dd>\beta + + <br><dt><code>\bigcap</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcap-544"></a><dd>\bigcap + + <br><dt><code>\bigcirc</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcirc-545"></a><dd>\bigcirc (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\bigcup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcup-546"></a><dd>\bigcup + + <br><dt><code>\bigodot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigodot-547"></a><dd>\bigodot + + <br><dt><code>\bigoplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigoplus-548"></a><dd>\bigoplus + + <br><dt><code>\bigotimes</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigotimes-549"></a><dd>\bigotimes + + <br><dt><code>\bigtriangledown</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigtriangledown-550"></a><dd>\bigtriangledown (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\bigtriangleup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigtriangleup-551"></a><dd>\bigtriangleup (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\bigsqcup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigsqcup-552"></a><dd>\bigsqcup + + <br><dt><code>\biguplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbiguplus-553"></a><dd>\biguplus + + <br><dt><code>\bigcap</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcap-554"></a><dd>\bigvee + + <br><dt><code>\bigwedge</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigwedge-555"></a><dd>\bigwedge + + <br><dt><code>\bot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbot-556"></a><dd>\bot + + <br><dt><code>\bowtie</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbowtie-557"></a><dd>\bowtie (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\Box</code><a name="index-g_t_005cBox-558"></a><dd>(square open box symbol) <!-- xx not in plain --> + + <br><dt><code>\bullet</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbullet-559"></a><dd><a name="index-bullet-symbol-560"></a>\bullet (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\cap</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccap-561"></a><dd>\cap (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\cdot</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccdot-562"></a><dd>\cdot (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\chi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cchi-563"></a><dd>\chi + + <br><dt><code>\circ</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccirc-564"></a><dd>\circ (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\clubsuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cclubsuit-565"></a><dd>\clubsuit + + <br><dt><code>\cong</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccong-566"></a><dd>\cong (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\coprod</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccoprod-567"></a><dd>\coprod + + <br><dt><code>\cup</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccup-568"></a><dd>\cup (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\dagger</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdagger-569"></a><dd>\dagger (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\dashv</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdashv-570"></a><dd>\dashv (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\ddagger</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddagger-571"></a><dd>\dagger (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\Delta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cDelta-572"></a><dd>\Delta + + <br><dt><code>\delta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdelta-573"></a><dd>\delta + + <br><dt><code>\Diamond</code><a name="index-g_t_005cDiamond-574"></a><dd>bigger \diamond <!-- xx not in plain --> + + <br><dt><code>\diamond</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdiamond-575"></a><dd>\diamond (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\diamondsuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdiamondsuit-576"></a><dd>\diamondsuit + + <br><dt><code>\div</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdiv-577"></a><dd>\div (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\doteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdoteq-578"></a><dd>\doteq (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\downarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdownarrow-579"></a><dd>\downarrow (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\Downarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cDownarrow-580"></a><dd>\Downarrow (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\ell</code><a name="index-g_t_005cell-581"></a><dd>\ell + + <br><dt><code>\emptyset</code><a name="index-g_t_005cemptyset-582"></a><dd>\emptyset + + <br><dt><code>\epsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cepsilon-583"></a><dd>\epsilon + + <br><dt><code>\equiv</code><a name="index-g_t_005cequiv-584"></a><dd>\equiv (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\eta</code><a name="index-g_t_005ceta-585"></a><dd>\eta + + <br><dt><code>\exists</code><a name="index-g_t_005cexists-586"></a><dd>\exists + + <br><dt><code>\flat</code><a name="index-g_t_005cflat-587"></a><dd>\flat + + <br><dt><code>\forall</code><a name="index-g_t_005cforall-588"></a><dd>\forall + + <br><dt><code>\frown</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfrown-589"></a><dd>\frown (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\Gamma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cGamma-590"></a><dd>\Gamma + + <br><dt><code>\gamma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgamma-591"></a><dd>\gamma + + <br><dt><code>\ge</code><a name="index-g_t_005cge-592"></a><dd>\ge + + <br><dt><code>\geq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgeq-593"></a><dd>\geq (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\gets</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgets-594"></a><dd>\gets + + <br><dt><code>\gg</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgg-595"></a><dd>\gg (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\hbar</code><a name="index-g_t_005chbar-596"></a><dd>\hbar + + <br><dt><code>\heartsuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cheartsuit-597"></a><dd>\heartsuit + + <br><dt><code>\hookleftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005chookleftarrow-598"></a><dd>\hookleftarrow + + <br><dt><code>\hookrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005chookrightarrow-599"></a><dd>\hookrightarrow + + <br><dt><code>\iff</code><a name="index-g_t_005ciff-600"></a><dd>\iff + + <br><dt><code>\Im</code><a name="index-g_t_005cIm-601"></a><dd>\Im + + <br><dt><code>\in</code><a name="index-g_t_005cin-602"></a><dd>\in (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\infty</code><a name="index-g_t_005cinfty-603"></a><dd>\infty + + <br><dt><code>\int</code><a name="index-g_t_005cint-604"></a><dd>\int + + <br><dt><code>\iota</code><a name="index-g_t_005ciota-605"></a><dd>\iota + + <br><dt><code>\Join</code><a name="index-g_t_005cJoin-606"></a><dd>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) <!-- xx not in plain --> + + <br><dt><code>\kappa</code><a name="index-g_t_005ckappa-607"></a><dd>\kappa + + <br><dt><code>\Lambda</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLambda-608"></a><dd>\Lambda + + <br><dt><code>\lambda</code><a name="index-g_t_005clambda-609"></a><dd>\lambda + + <br><dt><code>\land</code><a name="index-g_t_005cland-610"></a><dd>\land + + <br><dt><code>\langle</code><a name="index-g_t_005clangle-611"></a><dd>\langle (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\lbrace</code><a name="index-g_t_005clbrace-612"></a><dd>\lbrace (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\lbrack</code><a name="index-g_t_005clbrack-613"></a><dd>\lbrack (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\lceil</code><a name="index-g_t_005clceil-614"></a><dd>\lceil (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\le</code><a name="index-g_t_005cle-615"></a><dd>\le + + <br><dt><code>\leadsto</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleadsto-616"></a><dd><!-- xx missing from plain --> + + <br><dt><code>\Leftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLeftarrow-617"></a><dd>\Leftarrow + + <br><dt><code>\leftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftarrow-618"></a><dd>\leftarrow + + <br><dt><code>\leftharpoondown</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftharpoondown-619"></a><dd>\leftharpoondown + + <br><dt><code>\leftharpoonup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftharpoonup-620"></a><dd>\leftharpoonup + + <br><dt><code>\Leftrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLeftrightarrow-621"></a><dd>\Leftrightarrow + + <br><dt><code>\leftrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftrightarrow-622"></a><dd>\leftrightarrow + + <br><dt><code>\leq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleq-623"></a><dd>\leq (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\lfloor</code><a name="index-g_t_005clfloor-624"></a><dd>\lfloor (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\lhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005clhd-625"></a><dd>(left-pointing arrow head) <!-- xx not in plain --> + + <br><dt><code>\ll</code><a name="index-g_t_005cll-626"></a><dd>\ll (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\lnot</code><a name="index-g_t_005clnot-627"></a><dd>\lnot + + <br><dt><code>\longleftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongleftarrow-628"></a><dd>\longleftarrow + + <br><dt><code>\longleftrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongleftrightarrow-629"></a><dd>\longleftrightarrow + + <br><dt><code>\longmapsto</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongmapsto-630"></a><dd>\longmapsto + + <br><dt><code>\longrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongrightarrow-631"></a><dd>\longrightarrow + + <br><dt><code>\lor</code><a name="index-g_t_005clor-632"></a><dd>\lor + + <br><dt><code>\mapsto</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmapsto-633"></a><dd>\mapsto + + <br><dt><code>\mho</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmho-634"></a><dd><!-- xx not in plain --> + + <br><dt><code>\mid</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmid-635"></a><dd>\mid (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\models</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmodels-636"></a><dd>\models (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\mp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmp-637"></a><dd>\mp (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\mu</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmu-638"></a><dd>\mu + + <br><dt><code>\nabla</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnabla-639"></a><dd>\nabla + + <br><dt><code>\natural</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnatural-640"></a><dd>\natural + + <br><dt><code>\ne</code><a name="index-g_t_005cne-641"></a><dd>\ne + + <br><dt><code>\nearrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnearrow-642"></a><dd>\nearrow + + <br><dt><code>\neg</code><a name="index-g_t_005cneg-643"></a><dd>\neg + + <br><dt><code>\neq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cneq-644"></a><dd>\neq (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\ni</code><a name="index-g_t_005cni-645"></a><dd>\ni (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\not</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnot-646"></a><dd>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=. + + <br><dt><code>\notin</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnotin-647"></a><dd>\ni + + <br><dt><code>\nu</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnu-648"></a><dd>\nu + + <br><dt><code>\nwarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnwarrow-649"></a><dd>\nwarrow + + <br><dt><code>\odot</code><a name="index-g_t_005codot-650"></a><dd>\odot (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\oint</code><a name="index-g_t_005coint-651"></a><dd>\oint + + <br><dt><code>\Omega</code><a name="index-g_t_005cOmega-652"></a><dd>\Omega + + <br><dt><code>\omega</code><a name="index-g_t_005comega-653"></a><dd>\omega + + <br><dt><code>\ominus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cominus-654"></a><dd>\ominus (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\oplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005coplus-655"></a><dd>\oplus (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\oslash</code><a name="index-g_t_005coslash-656"></a><dd>\oslash (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\otimes</code><a name="index-g_t_005cotimes-657"></a><dd>\otimes (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\owns</code><a name="index-g_t_005cowns-658"></a><dd>\owns + + <br><dt><code>\parallel</code><a name="index-g_t_005cparallel-659"></a><dd>\parallel (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\partial</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpartial-660"></a><dd>\partial + + <br><dt><code>\perp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cperp-661"></a><dd>\perp (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\phi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cphi-662"></a><dd>\phi + + <br><dt><code>\Pi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cPi-663"></a><dd>\Pi + + <br><dt><code>\pi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpi-664"></a><dd>\pi + + <br><dt><code>\pm</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpm-665"></a><dd>\pm (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\prec</code><a name="index-g_t_005cprec-666"></a><dd>\prec (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\preceq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpreceq-667"></a><dd>\preceq (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\prime</code><a name="index-g_t_005cprime-668"></a><dd>\prime + + <br><dt><code>\prod</code><a name="index-g_t_005cprod-669"></a><dd>\prod + + <br><dt><code>\propto</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpropto-670"></a><dd>\propto (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\Psi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cPsi-671"></a><dd>\Psi + + <br><dt><code>\psi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpsi-672"></a><dd>\psi + + <br><dt><code>\rangle</code><a name="index-g_t_005crangle-673"></a><dd>\rangle (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\rbrace</code><a name="index-g_t_005crbrace-674"></a><dd>\rbrace (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\rbrack</code><a name="index-g_t_005crbrack-675"></a><dd>\rbrack (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\rceil</code><a name="index-g_t_005crceil-676"></a><dd>\rceil (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\Re</code><a name="index-g_t_005cRe-677"></a><dd>\Re + + <br><dt><code>\rfloor</code><a name="index-g_t_005crfloor-678"></a><dd>\rfloor + + <br><dt><code>\rhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005crhd-679"></a><dd>(binary operation) <!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} --> + + <br><dt><code>\rho</code><a name="index-g_t_005crho-680"></a><dd>\rho + + <br><dt><code>\Rightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cRightarrow-681"></a><dd>\Rightarrow + + <br><dt><code>\rightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightarrow-682"></a><dd>\rightarrow + + <br><dt><code>\rightharpoondown</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightharpoondown-683"></a><dd>\rightharpoondown + + <br><dt><code>\rightharpoonup</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightharpoonup-684"></a><dd>\rightharpoonup + + <br><dt><code>\rightleftharpoons</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightleftharpoons-685"></a><dd>\rightleftharpoons + + <br><dt><code>\searrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005csearrow-686"></a><dd>\searrow + + <br><dt><code>\setminus</code><a name="index-g_t_005csetminus-687"></a><dd>\setminus (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\sharp</code><a name="index-g_t_005csharp-688"></a><dd>\sharp + + <br><dt><code>\Sigma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cSigma-689"></a><dd>\Sigma + + <br><dt><code>\sigma</code><a name="index-g_t_005csigma-690"></a><dd>\sigma + + <br><dt><code>\sim</code><a name="index-g_t_005csim-691"></a><dd>\sim (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\simeq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csimeq-692"></a><dd>\simeq (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\smallint</code><a name="index-g_t_005csmallint-693"></a><dd>\smallint + + <br><dt><code>\smile</code><a name="index-g_t_005csmile-694"></a><dd>\smile (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\spadesuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cspadesuit-695"></a><dd>\spadesuit + + <br><dt><code>\sqcap</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqcap-696"></a><dd>\sqcap (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\sqcup</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqcup-697"></a><dd>\sqcup (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\sqsubset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsubset-698"></a><dd>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) --> + + <br><dt><code>\sqsubseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsubseteq-699"></a><dd>\sqsubseteq (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\sqsupset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsupset-700"></a><dd>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) --> + + <br><dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsupseteq-701"></a><dd>\sqsupseteq (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\star</code><a name="index-g_t_005cstar-702"></a><dd>\star (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\subset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubset-703"></a><dd>\subset (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\subseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubseteq-704"></a><dd>\subseteq (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\succ</code><a name="index-g_t_005csucc-705"></a><dd>\succ (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\succeq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csucceq-706"></a><dd>\succeq (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\sum</code><a name="index-g_t_005csum-707"></a><dd>\sum + + <br><dt><code>\supset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csupset-708"></a><dd>\supset (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\supseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csupseteq-709"></a><dd>\supseteq (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\surd</code><a name="index-g_t_005csurd-710"></a><dd>\surd + + <br><dt><code>\swarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cswarrow-711"></a><dd>\swarrow + + <br><dt><code>\tau</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctau-712"></a><dd>\tau + + <br><dt><code>\theta</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctheta-713"></a><dd>\theta + + <br><dt><code>\times</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctimes-714"></a><dd>\times (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\to</code><a name="index-g_t_005cto-715"></a><dd>\to + + <br><dt><code>\top</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctop-716"></a><dd>\top + + <br><dt><code>\triangle</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctriangle-717"></a><dd>\triangle + + <br><dt><code>\triangleleft</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctriangleleft-718"></a><dd>\triangleleft (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\triangleright</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctriangleright-719"></a><dd>\triangleright (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\unlhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunlhd-720"></a><dd>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain --> + + <br><dt><code>\unrhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunrhd-721"></a><dd>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain --> + + <br><dt><code>\Uparrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cUparrow-722"></a><dd>\Uparrow (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\uparrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cuparrow-723"></a><dd>\uparrow (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\Updownarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cUpdownarrow-724"></a><dd>\Updownarrow (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\updownarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cupdownarrow-725"></a><dd>\updownarrow (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\uplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cuplus-726"></a><dd>\uplus (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\Upsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cUpsilon-727"></a><dd>\Upsilon + + <br><dt><code>\upsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cupsilon-728"></a><dd>\upsilon + + <br><dt><code>\varepsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarepsilon-729"></a><dd>\varepsilon + + <br><dt><code>\varphi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarphi-730"></a><dd>\varphi + + <br><dt><code>\varpi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarpi-731"></a><dd>\varpi + + <br><dt><code>\varrho</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarrho-732"></a><dd>\varrho + + <br><dt><code>\varsigma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarsigma-733"></a><dd>\varsigma + + <br><dt><code>\vartheta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvartheta-734"></a><dd>\vartheta + + <br><dt><code>\vdash</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvdash-735"></a><dd>\vdash (relation) + + <br><dt><code>\vee</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvee-736"></a><dd>\vee (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\Vert</code><a name="index-g_t_005cVert-737"></a><dd>\Vert (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\vert</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvert-738"></a><dd>\vert (delimiter) + + <br><dt><code>\wedge</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwedge-739"></a><dd>\wedge (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\wp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwp-740"></a><dd>\wp + + <br><dt><code>\wr</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwr-741"></a><dd>\wr (binary operation) + + <br><dt><code>\Xi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cXi-742"></a><dd>\Xi + + <br><dt><code>\xi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cxi-743"></a><dd>\xi + + <br><dt><code>\zeta</code><a name="index-g_t_005czeta-744"></a><dd>\zeta + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Math-functions"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3> + +<p><a name="index-math-functions-745"></a><a name="index-functions_002c-math-746"></a> +These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper +spacing. + + <dl> +<dt><code>\arccos</code><a name="index-g_t_005carccos-747"></a><dd>\arccos + + <br><dt><code>\arcsin</code><a name="index-g_t_005carcsin-748"></a><dd>\arcsin + + <br><dt><code>\arctan</code><a name="index-g_t_005carctan-749"></a><dd>\arctan + + <br><dt><code>\arg</code><a name="index-g_t_005carg-750"></a><dd>\arg + + <br><dt><code>\bmod</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbmod-751"></a><dd>Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y) + + <br><dt><code>\cos</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccos-752"></a><dd>\cos + + <br><dt><code>\cosh</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccosh-753"></a><dd>\cosh + + <br><dt><code>\cot</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccot-754"></a><dd>\cos + + <br><dt><code>\coth</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccoth-755"></a><dd>\cosh + + <br><dt><code>\csc</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccsc-756"></a><dd>\csc + + <br><dt><code>\deg</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdeg-757"></a><dd>\deg + + <br><dt><code>\det</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdet-758"></a><dd>\deg + + <br><dt><code>\dim</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdim-759"></a><dd>\dim + + <br><dt><code>\exp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cexp-760"></a><dd>\exp + + <br><dt><code>\gcd</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgcd-761"></a><dd>\gcd + + <br><dt><code>\hom</code><a name="index-g_t_005chom-762"></a><dd>\hom + + <br><dt><code>\inf</code><a name="index-g_t_005cinf-763"></a><dd>\inf + + <br><dt><code>\ker</code><a name="index-g_t_005cker-764"></a><dd>\ker + + <br><dt><code>\lg</code><a name="index-g_t_005clg-765"></a><dd>\lg + + <br><dt><code>\lim</code><a name="index-g_t_005clim-766"></a><dd>\lim + + <br><dt><code>\liminf</code><a name="index-g_t_005climinf-767"></a><dd>\liminf + + <br><dt><code>\limsup</code><a name="index-g_t_005climsup-768"></a><dd>\limsup + + <br><dt><code>\ln</code><a name="index-g_t_005cln-769"></a><dd>\ln + + <br><dt><code>\log</code><a name="index-g_t_005clog-770"></a><dd>\log + + <br><dt><code>\max</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmax-771"></a><dd>\max + + <br><dt><code>\min</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmin-772"></a><dd>\min + + <br><dt><code>\pmod</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpmod-773"></a><dd>parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1) + + <br><dt><code>\Pr</code><a name="index-g_t_005cPr-774"></a><dd>\Pr + + <br><dt><code>\sec</code><a name="index-g_t_005csec-775"></a><dd>\sec + + <br><dt><code>\sin</code><a name="index-g_t_005csin-776"></a><dd>\sin + + <br><dt><code>\sinh</code><a name="index-g_t_005csinh-777"></a><dd>\sinh + + <br><dt><code>\sup</code><a name="index-g_t_005csup-778"></a><dd>\sup + + <br><dt><code>\tan</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctan-779"></a><dd>\tan + + <br><dt><code>\tanh</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctanh-780"></a><dd>\tanh + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Math-accents"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3> + +<p><a name="index-math-accents-781"></a><a name="index-accents_002c-mathematical-782"></a> +LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters +in math. These are different from accents in normal text +(see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>). + + <dl> +<dt><code>\acute</code><a name="index-g_t_005cacute-783"></a><dd><a name="index-acute-accent_002c-math-784"></a>Math acute accent: \acutex. + + <br><dt><code>\breve</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbreve-785"></a><dd><a name="index-breve-accent_002c-math-786"></a>Math breve accent: \brevex. + + <br><dt><code>\check</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccheck-787"></a><dd><a name="index-check-accent_002c-math-788"></a><a name="index-h_0040_0027a_0040v_007bc_007dek-accent_002c-math-789"></a>Math hác<ek (check) accent: \checkx. + + <br><dt><code>\ddot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddot-790"></a><dd><a name="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math-791"></a>Math dieresis accent: \ddotx. + + <br><dt><code>\dot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdot-792"></a><dd><a name="index-overdot-accent_002c-math-793"></a><a name="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math-794"></a>Math dot accent: \dotx. + + <br><dt><code>\grave</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgrave-795"></a><dd><a name="index-grave-accent_002c-math-796"></a>Math grave accent: \gravex. + + <br><dt><code>\hat</code><a name="index-g_t_005chat-797"></a><dd><a name="index-hat-accent_002c-math-798"></a><a name="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math-799"></a>Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx. + + <br><dt><code>\imath</code><a name="index-g_t_005cimath-800"></a><dd><a name="index-dotless-i_002c-math-801"></a>Math dotless i. + + <br><dt><code>\jmath</code><a name="index-g_t_005cjmath-802"></a><dd><a name="index-dotless-j_002c-math-803"></a>Math dotless j. + + <br><dt><code>\tilde</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctilde-804"></a><dd><a name="index-tilde-accent_002c-math-805"></a>Math tilde accent: \tildex. + + <br><dt><code>\vec</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvec-806"></a><dd><a name="index-vector-symbol_002c-math-807"></a>Math vector symbol: \vecx. + + <br><dt><code>\widehat</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwidehat-808"></a><dd><a name="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math-809"></a>Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y. + + <br><dt><code>\widehat</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwidehat-810"></a><dd><a name="index-wide-tile-accent_002c-math-811"></a>Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">16.5 Spacing in math mode</h3> + +<p><a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode-812"></a><a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-813"></a> +In a <code>math</code> environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and +puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics +texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following +commands for use in math mode: + + <dl> +<dt><code>\;</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003b-814"></a>A thick space (5\over18\,quad). +<br><dt><code>\:</code><dt><code>\></code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003a-815"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_003e-816"></a>Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). +<br><dt><code>\,</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_002c-817"></a>A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. +<br><dt><code>\!</code><dd>A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad). +</dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Math-Miscellany"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">16.6 Math Miscellany</h3> + +<p><a name="index-math-Miscellany-818"></a> + <dl> +<dt><code>\*</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_002a-819"></a><dd><a name="index-discretionary-multiplication-820"></a><a name="index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break-821"></a>A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is +allowed. + + <br><dt><code>\cdots</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccdots-822"></a><dd>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. + + <br><dt><code>\ddots</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddots-823"></a><dd>A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots. + + <br><dt><code>\frac{num}{den}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfrac_0040_007bnum_0040_007d_0040_007bden_0040_007d-824"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfrac-825"></a>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>. + + <br><dt><code>\left </code><var>delim1</var><code> ... \right </code><var>delim2</var><a name="index-g_t_005cleft-_0040var_007bdelim1_007d-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-_0040var_007bdelim2_007d-826"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cright-827"></a><a name="index-null-delimiter-828"></a>The two delimiters need not match; ‘<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>’ acts as a null delimiter, +producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math +in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</code>. + + <br><dt><code>\overbrace{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005coverbrace_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-829"></a><dd>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>. +For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k \rm\;times. + + <br><dt><code>\overline{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005coverline_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-830"></a><dd>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>. +For exampe, \overlinex+y. + + <br><dt><code>\sqrt[</code><var>root</var><code>]{arg}</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqrt_005b_0040var_007broot_007d_005d_0040_007barg_0040_007d-831"></a><dd>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The +optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce. For +example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as +<code>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</code>. + + <br><dt><code>\stackrel{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>relation</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cstackrel_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007brelation_007d_0040_007d-832"></a><dd>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. For example, +<code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>. + + <br><dt><code>\underbrace{math}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunderbrace_0040_007bmath_0040_007d-833"></a><dd>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. + + <br><dt><code>\underline{text}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunderline_0040_007btext_0040_007d-834"></a><dd>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be +underlined. + + <br><dt><code>\vdots</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvdots-835"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cvdots-836"></a>Produces a vertical ellipsis. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Modes"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2> + +<p><a name="index-modes-837"></a><a name="index-paragraph-mode-838"></a><a name="index-math-mode-839"></a><a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode-840"></a><a name="index-lR-mode-841"></a> + + <p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three +modes: + + <ul> +<li>Paragraph mode +<li>Math mode +<li>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short +</ul> + + <p>LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a +different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. +Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when +LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. + + <p>“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in +when processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your +text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in +“math mode” when it's generating a mathematical formula. In “LR +mode”, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it +produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, +unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it +never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words +into an <code>\mbox</code>, LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left +to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting +box was too wide to fit on the line. + + <p>LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> +command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for +example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. +There are also several text-producing commands and environments for +making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of +these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>. When +LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in +“inner paragraph mode”. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out +in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Page-Styles"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Modes">Modes</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">18 Page Styles</h2> + +<p><a name="index-styles_002c-page-842"></a><a name="index-page-styles-843"></a> +The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of +the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>: Generate a title page. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a>: Set the style used for page numbers. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>: Change the headings/footings style. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a>: Change the headings/footings style for this page. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cmaketitle"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-titles_002c-making-844"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmaketitle-845"></a> +The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title +page—except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed +at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title +is obtained from the following declarations: + + <dl> +<dt><code>\author{</code><var>name</var><code> \and </code><var>name2</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cauthor_0040_007b_0040var_007bname_007d-_005cand-_0040var_007bname2_007d_0040_007d-846"></a><dd><a name="index-author_002c-for-titlepage-847"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-848"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cand-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-849"></a>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the +argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use +<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author's entry—for +example, to give the author's institution or address. + + <br><dt><code>\date{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdate_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-850"></a><dd><a name="index-date_002c-for-titlepage-851"></a>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document's +date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>) +is used. + + <br><dt><code>\thanks{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cthanks_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-852"></a><dd><a name="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage-853"></a><a name="index-credit-footnote-854"></a>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title, +usually used for credit acknowledgements. + + <br><dt><code>\title{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctitle_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-855"></a><dd><a name="index-title_002c-for-titlepage-856"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005ctitle_007d_007d-857"></a>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the +document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cpagenumbering"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpagenumbering-858"></a><a name="index-page-numbering-style-859"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \pagenumbering{<var>style</var>} +</pre> + <p>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>: + + <dl> +<dt><code>arabic</code><dd>arabic numerals +<br><dt><code>roman</code><dd>lowercase Roman numerals +<br><dt><code>Roman</code><dd>uppercase Roman numerals +<br><dt><code>alph</code><dd>lowercase letters +<br><dt><code>Alph</code><dd>uppercase letters +</dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cpagestyle"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpagestyle-860"></a><a name="index-header-style-861"></a><a name="index-footer-style-862"></a><a name="index-running-header-and-footer-style-863"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \pagestyle{<var>style</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\pagestyle</code> command specifies how the headers and footers +are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for <var>style</var>: + + <dl> +<dt><code>plain</code><dd>Just a plain page number. + + <br><dt><code>empty</code><dd>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers. + + <br><dt><code>headings</code><dd>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what +goes in the headers. + + <br><dt><code>myheadings</code><dd>Custom headers, specified via the <code>\markboth</code> or the +<code>\markright</code> commands. + + </dl> + + <p>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>: + + <dl> +<dt><code>\markboth{</code><var>left</var><code>}{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarkboth_0040_007b_0040var_007bleft_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-864"></a><dd>Sets both the left and the right heading. A “left-hand heading” +(<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before +the end of the page, while a “right-hand heading” (<var>right</var> is +generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that +comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before +the page. + + <br><dt><code>\markright{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarkright_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-865"></a><dd>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cthispagestyle"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{</code><var>style</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthispagestyle-866"></a> +The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the +<code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it +changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Spaces"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2> + +<p><a name="index-spaces-867"></a> +LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. + + <p>Another space-producing command is <code>\,</code> to produce a “thin” +space (usually 1/6<span class="dmn">quad</span>). It can be used in text mode, but is +more often useful in math mode (see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>). + +</li></ul> +<p>Horizontal space +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>: Fixed horizontal space. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>: Normal interword space. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a>: Ending a sentence. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>: One-sixth of an em. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>: Per-character italic correction. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>: Stretchable horizontal space. +<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a>: Stretchable horizontal rule. +<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a>: Stretchable horizontal dots. + +</li></ul> +<p>Vertical space +</p> +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. +<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>: Fixed vertical spaces. +<li><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>: Infinitely stretchable vertical space. +<li><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>: Add arbitrary vertical space. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5chspace"></a> +<a name="g_t_005chspace"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005chspace-868"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \hspace[*]{<var>length</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\hspace</code> command adds horizontal space. The <var>length</var> +argument can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: +points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both +negative and positive space with an <code>\hspace</code> command; adding +negative space is like backspacing. + + <p>LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning +or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional <code>*</code> +form. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5chfill"></a> +<a name="g_t_005chfill"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005chfill-869"></a>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has +no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as +needed. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cfill-870"></a>The <code>\fill</code> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, +the glue value ‘<samp><span class="samp">0pt plus1fill</span></samp>’); thus, <code>\hspace\fill</code> is +equivalent to <code>\hfill</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cSPACE"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cSPACE"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\SPACE</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cSPACE-871"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cTAB-872"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cNEWLINE-873"></a> +The <code>\ </code> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's +useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example +<code>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. +It is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a +nice system.</code> + + <p>In normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tab> and <code>\</code><newline> +are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cAT"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cAT"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\@</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_0040_0040-874"></a> +The <code>\@</code> command makes the following punctuation character end a +sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after +a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without +<code>\@</code>: + +<pre class="example"> ... in C\@. Pascal, though ... + ... in C. Pascal, though ... +</pre> + <p class="noindent">produces + +<!-- Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. --> + <blockquote> +<small class="dots">...</small> in C. Pascal, though <small class="dots">...</small> +<small class="dots">...</small> in C. Pascal, though <small class="dots">...</small> +</blockquote> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cthinspace"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cthinspace"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthinspace-875"></a> +<code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that +is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as +in '<span class="dmn">”</span>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5c%2f"></a> +<a name="g_t_005c_002f"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>\/</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_002f-876"></a> +The <code>\/</code> command produces an <dfn>italic correction</dfn>. This is a +small space defined by the font designer for a given character, +to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic +<i>f</i> character typically has a large italic correction value. + + <p>If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to +insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a +very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as +normal letters, it can help. Compare +<i>f: f;</i> (in the TeX output, the `f's are nicely separated) +with <i>f: f;</i>. + + <p>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic +correction. Compare +pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the `f') +with pdfTeX. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5chrulefill"></a> +<a name="g_t_005chrulefill"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005chrulefill-877"></a> +The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which can +stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal +rule. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cdotfill"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cdotfill"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\dotfill</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cdotfill-878"></a> +The <code>\dotfill</code> command produces a “rubber length” that fills +with dots instead of just white space. + +<!-- xx undone --> +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5caddvspace"></a> +<a name="g_t_005caddvspace"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddvspace-879"></a><a name="index-vertical-space-880"></a><a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical-881"></a> +<code>\addvspace{length}</code> + + <p>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical space of height +length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same +point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command, then this +command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length +of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cbigskip-%5cmedskip-%5csmallskip"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3> + +<p>These commands produce a given amount of space. + + <dl> +<dt><code>\bigskip</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cbigskip-882"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbigskipamount-883"></a>The same as <code>\vspace{bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line +space (with stretch and shrink). + + <br><dt><code>\medskip</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmedskip-884"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmedskipamount-885"></a>The same as <code>\vspace{medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily +about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). + + <br><dt><code>\smallskip</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005csmallskip-886"></a><a name="index-g_t_005csmallskipamount-887"></a>The same as <code>\vspace{smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a +quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). + + </dl> + + <p>The <code>\...amount</code> parameters are determined by the document class. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cvfill"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cvfill"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvfill-888"></a> +The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which +can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to +<code>\vspace{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cvspace"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cvspace"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\vspace[*]{</code><var>length</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvspace-889"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \vspace[*]{<var>length</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\vspace</code> command adds the vertical space <var>length</var>, i.e., +a rubber length. <var>length</var> can be negative or positive. + + <p>Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by <code>\vspace</code> at +the top or bottom of a page. With the optional <code>*</code> argument, the +space is not removed. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Boxes"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2> + +<p><a name="index-boxes-890"></a> +All the predefined length parameters (see <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>) can be +used in the arguments of the box-making commands. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>: Horizontal boxes. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>: Put a frame around a box. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#lrbox">lrbox</a>: An environment like \sbox. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>: Box, adjustable position. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>: Box with text in paragraph mode. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a>: Raise or lower text. +<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. +<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. +<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a>: Print saved text. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cmbox"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cmbox"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox{</code><var>text}</var></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmbox-891"></a> +<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing-892"></a>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the +text created by its argument. The <var>text</var> is not broken into +lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cfbox-and-%5cframebox"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#lrbox">lrbox</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfbox-893"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cframebox-894"></a> +Synopses: + +<pre class="example"> \fbox{<var>text</var>} + \framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code> commands are like <code>\mbox</code>, +except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created. + + <p>In addition, the <code>\framebox</code> command allows for explicit +specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument +(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var> +argument. <!-- xxref --> + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxrule-895"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxsep-896"></a>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default +‘<samp><span class="samp">.4pt</span></samp>’), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default +‘<samp><span class="samp">3pt</span></samp>’) between the rule and the contents of the box. + + <p>See <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the +<code>picture</code> environment. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="lrbox"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-lrbox-897"></a> +<code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code> + + <p>This is the environment form of <code>\sbox</code>. + + <p>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <code>cmd</code>, which +must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cmakebox"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cmakebox"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#lrbox">lrbox</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmakebox-898"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain +the <var>text</var> specified. The width of the box is specified by the +optional <var>width</var> argument. The position of the text within the box +is determined by the optional <var>position</var> argument, which may take +the following values: + + <dl> +<dt><code>c</code><dd>Centered (default). +<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>Flush left. +<br><dt><code>r</code><dd>Flush right. +<br><dt><code>s</code><dd>Stretch (justify) across entire <var>width</var>; <var>text</var> must contain +stretchable space for this to work. +</dl> + + <p><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the picture environment +see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cparbox"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cparbox"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cparbox-899"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>text</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created +in <code>paragraph</code> mode. It should be used to make a box small +pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you +shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a +<code>\parbox</code> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones +containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a +<code>minipage</code> environment (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>). + + <p><code>\parbox</code> has two mandatory arguments: + + <dl> +<dt><var>width</var><dd>the width of the parbox; +<br><dt><var>text</var><dd>the text that goes inside the parbox. +</dl> + + <p>The optional <var>position</var> argument allows you to align either the +top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding +text (default is top). + + <p>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box. + + <p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument controls the placement of the text inside +the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <var>position</var> is used. + + <dl> +<dt><code>t</code><dd>text is placed at the top of the box. +<br><dt><code>c</code><dd>text is centered in the box. +<br><dt><code>b</code><dd>text is placed at the bottom of the box. +<br><dt><code>s</code><dd>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space +for this to work. +</dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5craisebox"></a> +<a name="g_t_005craisebox"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005craisebox-900"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \raisebox{distance}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{text} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>. The first +mandatory argument specifies how high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or +lowered if it is a negative amount). <var>text</var> itself is processed +in LR mode. + + <p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. +If they are specified, LaTeX treats <var>text</var> as extending a +certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), +ignoring its natural height and depth. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5csavebox"></a> +<a name="g_t_005csavebox"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005csavebox-901"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \savebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre> + <p>This command typeset <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\makebox</code> +(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>), except that instead of printing the resulting box, +it saves it in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>, which must have been +declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5csbox"></a> +<a name="g_t_005csbox"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">20.8 <code>\sbox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005csbox-902"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>} +</pre> + <p><code>\sbox</code> types <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\mbox</code> +(see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) except that instead of the resulting box being +included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled +<var>\boxcmd</var>. <var>\boxcmd</var> must have been previously declared with +<code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cusebox"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cusebox"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">20.9 <code>\usebox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cusebox-903"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>} +</pre> + <p><code>\usebox</code> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin +<var>\boxcmd</var> by a <code>\savebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Special-insertions"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">21 Special insertions</h2> + +<p>LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a +special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>: Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a>: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Accents">Accents</a>: Inserting accents. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a>: Inserting other non-English characters. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>: Inserting lines and rectangles. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>: Inserting today's date. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Reserved-characters"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">21.1 Reserved characters</h3> + +<p><a name="index-reserved-characters-904"></a><a name="index-characters_002c-reserved-905"></a> +The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called +“reserved characters” or “special characters”. + +<pre class="example"> # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +</pre> + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_0023-906"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0024-907"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0025-908"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0026-909"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005f-910"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0040_007b-911"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0040_007d-912"></a>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX +will do something special. If you simply want the character to be +printed as itself, include a <code>\</code> in front of the character. For +example, <code>\$</code> will produce <code>$</code> in your output. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cbackslash-913"></a>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has +its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by +typing <code>$\backslash$</code> in your file, and a typewriter <code>\</code> is +produced by using ‘<samp><span class="samp">\</span></samp>’ in a verbatim command (see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>). + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_007e-914"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005e-915"></a>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over +the following letter, as in õ and ô (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>); to get +a standalone <code>~</code> or <code>^</code>, you can again use a verbatim +command. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005csymbol-916"></a><a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font-917"></a> +Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you +know its number by using the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the +visible space character used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code +decimal 32, so it can be typed as <code>\symbol{32}</code>. + + <p>You can also specify octal numbers with <code>'</code> or hexadecimal numbers +with <code>"</code>, so the previous example could also be written as +<code>\symbol{'40}</code> or <code>\symbol{"20}</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Text-symbols"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Accents">Accents</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">21.2 Text symbols</h3> + +<p><a name="index-text-symbols-918"></a>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols +in running text. + + <dl> +<dt><code>\copyright</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccopyright-919"></a><dd><a name="index-copyright-symbol-920"></a>The copyright symbol, ©. + + <br><dt><code>\dag</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdag-921"></a><dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text-922"></a>The dagger symbol (in text). + + <br><dt><code>\ddag</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddag-923"></a><dd><a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-924"></a>The double dagger symbol (in text). + + <br><dt><code>\LaTeX</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLaTeX-925"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-logo-926"></a><a name="index-logo_002c-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-927"></a>The LaTeX logo. + + <br><dt><code>\ldots</code><a name="index-g_t_005cldots-928"></a><dd><a name="index-ellipsis-929"></a>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `<small class="dots">...</small>'. This +command also works in math mode. + + <br><dt><code>\lq</code><a name="index-g_t_005clq-930"></a><dd><a name="index-left-quote-931"></a><a name="index-opening-quote-932"></a>Left (opening) quote: `. + + <br><dt><code>\P</code><a name="index-g_t_005cP-933"></a><dd><a name="index-paragraph-sign-934"></a><a name="index-pilcrow-935"></a>Paragraph sign (pilcrow). + + <br><dt><code>\pounds</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpounds-936"></a><dd><a name="index-pounds-symbol-937"></a><a name="index-sterling-symbol-938"></a>English pounds sterling. + + <br><dt><code>\rq</code><a name="index-g_t_005crq-939"></a><dd><a name="index-right-quote-940"></a><a name="index-closing-quote-941"></a>Right (closing) quote: '. + + <br><dt><code>\S</code><a name="index-g_t_005cS-942"></a><dd><a name="index-section-symbol-943"></a>Section symbol. + + <br><dt><code>\TeX</code><a name="index-g_t_005cTeX-944"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-logo-945"></a><a name="index-logo_002c-_0040TeX_007b_007d-946"></a>The TeX logo. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Accents"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">21.3 Accents</h3> + +<p><a name="index-accents-947"></a><a name="index-characters_002c-accented-948"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-accented-949"></a> +LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and +languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This +section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely the +core LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. + + <dl> +<dt><code>\"</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_0022-_0040r_007b_0028umlaut-accent_0029_007d-950"></a><a name="index-umlaut-accent-951"></a>Produces an umlaut, as in ö. + + <br><dt><code>\'</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent_0029_007d-952"></a><a name="index-acute-accent-953"></a>Produces an acute accent, as in ó. In the <code>tabbing</code> +environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column +(see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>). + + <br><dt><code>\.</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_002e-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029_007d-954"></a><a name="index-dot-accent-955"></a><a name="index-dot_002dover-accent-956"></a>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o.. + + <br><dt><code>\=</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent_0029_007d-957"></a><a name="index-macron-accent-958"></a><a name="index-overbar-accent-959"></a><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent-960"></a>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o¯. + + <br><dt><code>\^</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_005e-_0040r_007b_0028circumflex-accent_0029_007d-961"></a><a name="index-circumflex-accent-962"></a><a name="index-hat-accent-963"></a>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in ô. + + <br><dt><code>\`</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent_0029_007d-964"></a><a name="index-grave-accent-965"></a>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in ò. In the +<code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin +(see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>). + + <br><dt><code>\~</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_007e-_0040r_007b_0028tilde-accent_0029_007d-966"></a><a name="index-tilde-accent-967"></a>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in ñ. + + <br><dt><code>\b</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cb-_0040r_007b_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-968"></a><a name="index-bar_002dunder-accent-969"></a>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_. + + <br><dt><code>\bar</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cbar-_0040r_007b_0028macron_002c-bar_002dover-accent_0029_007d-970"></a><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent-971"></a><a name="index-macron-accent-972"></a>Produces a macron accent over the following, as in o¯. + + <br><dt><code>\c</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cc-_0040r_007b_0028cedilla-accent_0029_007d-973"></a><a name="index-cedilla-accent-974"></a>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in <!-- {c}. --> + + <br><dt><code>\d</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cd-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-975"></a><a name="index-dot_002dunder-accent-976"></a>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o. + + <br><dt><code>\H</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cH-_0040r_007b_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029_007d-977"></a><a name="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent-978"></a>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''. + + <br><dt><code>\i</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ci-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-i_0029_007d-979"></a><a name="index-dotless-i-980"></a>Produces a dotless i, as in `i'. + + <br><dt><code>\j</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cj-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-j_0029_007d-981"></a><a name="index-dotless-j-982"></a>Produces a dotless j, as in `j'. + + <br><dt><code>\t</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ct-_0040r_007b_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029_007d-983"></a><a name="index-tie_002dafter-accent-984"></a>Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. + + <br><dt><code>\u</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cu-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-985"></a><a name="index-breve-accent-986"></a>Produces a breve accent, as in `o('. + + <br><dt><code>\v</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cv-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-987"></a><a name="index-hacek-accent-988"></a><a name="index-check-accent-989"></a>Produces a hác<ek (check) accent, as in `o<'. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Non-English-characters"></a> +<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Accents">Accents</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">21.4 Non-English characters</h3> + +<p><a name="index-special-characters-990"></a><a name="index-non_002dEnglish-characters-991"></a><a name="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish-992"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish-993"></a> +Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly +used in languages other than English. + + <dl> +<dt><code>\aa</code><dt><code>\AA</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005caa-_0028_0040aa_007b_007d_0029-994"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cAA-_0028_0040AA_007b_007d_0029-995"></a><a name="index-aring-996"></a>å and Å. + + <br><dt><code>\ae</code><dt><code>\AE</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cae-_0028_0040ae_007b_007d_0029-997"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cAE-_0028_0040AE_007b_007d_0029-998"></a><a name="index-ae-ligature-999"></a>æ and Æ. + + <br><dt><code>\l</code><dt><code>\L</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cl-_0028_0040l_007b_007d_0029-1000"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cL-_0028_0040L_007b_007d_0029-1001"></a><a name="index-polish-l-1002"></a>/l and /L. + + <br><dt><code>\o</code><dt><code>\O</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005co-_0028_0040o_007b_007d_0029-1003"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cO-_0028_0040O_007b_007d_0029-1004"></a><a name="index-oslash-1005"></a>ø and Ø. + + <br><dt><code>\oe</code><dt><code>\OE</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005coe-_0028_0040oe_007b_007d_0029-1006"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cOE-_0028_0040OE_007b_007d_0029-1007"></a><a name="index-oe-ligature-1008"></a>œ and Œ. + + <br><dt><code>\ss</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005css-_0028_0040ss_007b_007d_0029-1009"></a><a name="index-es_002dzet-German-letter-1010"></a><a name="index-sharp-S-letters-1011"></a>ß. + + </dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5crule"></a> +<a name="g_t_005crule"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">21.5 <code>\rule</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005crule-1012"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\rule</code> command produces <dfn>rules</dfn>, that is, lines or +rectangles. The arguments are: + + <dl> +<dt><var>raise</var><dd>How high to raise the rule (optional). + + <br><dt><var>width</var><dd>The length of the rule (mandatory). + + <br><dt><var>thickness</var><dd>The thickness of the rule (mandatory). +</dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5ctoday"></a> +<a name="g_t_005ctoday"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">21.6 <code>\today</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctoday-1013"></a> +The <code>\today</code> command produces today's date, in the format +‘<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var><span class="samp">, </span><var>yyyy</var></samp>’; for example, `July 4, 1976'. +It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and +<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>) to do this. It is not +updated as the program runs. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bdatetime_007d-package-1014"></a>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety +of other date formats. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Splitting-the-input"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">22 Splitting the input</h2> + +<p><a name="index-splitting-the-input-file-1015"></a><a name="index-input-file-1016"></a> +A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole +input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into +several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, +there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type +when you run LaTeX. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a>: Conditionally include a file. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>: Determine which files are included. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>: Unconditionally include a file. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cinclude"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cinclude"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">22.1 <code>\include</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cinclude-1017"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \include{<var>file</var>} +</pre> + <p>If no <code>\includeonly</code> command is present, the <code>\include</code> +command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page +(see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>), then reads <var>file</var>, then does another +<code>\clearpage</code>. + + <p>Given an <code>\includeonly</code> command, the <code>\include</code> actions are +only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to +<code>\includeonly</code>. See the next section. + + <p><a name="index-nested-_0040code_007b_005cinclude_007d_002c-not-allowed-1018"></a>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file +read by another <code>\include</code> command. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cincludeonly"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cincludeonly-1019"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \includeonly{<var>file1</var>,<var>file2</var>,...} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by +subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. The list of filenames is +comma-separated. Each <var>file</var> must exactly match a filename +specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the selection to be +effective. + + <p>This command can only appear in the preamble. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cinput"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cinput"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">22.3 \input</h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cinput-1020"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \input{<var>file</var>} +</pre> + <p>The <code>\input</code> command causes the specified <var>file</var> to be read +and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current +file at that point. + + <p>If <var>file</var> does not end in ‘<samp><span class="samp">.tex</span></samp>’ (e.g., ‘<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>’ or +‘<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar</span></samp>’), it is first tried with that extension (‘<samp><span class="samp">foo.tex</span></samp>’ +or ‘<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar.tex</span></samp>’). If that is not found, the original <var>file</var> +is tried (‘<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>’ or ‘<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar</span></samp>’). + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Front%2fback-matter"></a> +<a name="Front_002fback-matter"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Letters">Letters</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">23 Front/back matter</h2> + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a> +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a> +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a> +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Tables-of-contents"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">23.1 Tables of contents</h3> + +<p><a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating-1021"></a> +<a name="index-g_t_005ctableofcontents-1022"></a>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code> +command. You put the command right where you want the table of +contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run must +have generated a <samp><span class="file">.toc</span></samp> file. + + <p>The <code>\tableofcontents</code> command produces a heading, but it does +not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the +table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the +<code>\tableofcontents</code> command. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005clistoffigures-1023"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clistoftables-1024"></a>The analagous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> +produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. +Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cnofiles-1025"></a>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and +<em>prevents</em> any of these lists from being generated. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>: Add an entry to table of contents etc. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a>: Add text directly to table of contents file etc. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5caddcontentsline"></a> +<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">23.1.1 \addcontentsline</h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddcontentsline_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bunit_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1026"></a><a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding-1027"></a> +The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command adds an entry to the specified list +or table where: + + <dl> +<dt><var>ext</var><dd>The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +typically one of: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), <code>lof</code> (list of +figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of tables). + + <br><dt><var>unit</var><dd>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the +following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument: + + <dl> +<dt><code>toc</code><dd>The name of the sectional unit: <code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>, +<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, <code>subsubsection</code>. +<br><dt><code>lof</code><dd>For the list of figures. +<br><dt><code>lot</code><dd>For the list of tables. +</dl> + + <br><dt><var>entry</var><dd>The actual text of the entry. +</dl> + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005ccontentsline-1028"></a>What is written to the <samp><span class="file">.</span><var>ext</var></samp> file is the +command <code>\contentsline{</code><var>unit</var><code>}{</code><var>name</var><code>}</code>. + +<!-- ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? --> +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5caddtocontents"></a> +<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a> + +</div> + +<h4 class="subsection">23.1.2 \addtocontents</h4> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddtocontents_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1029"></a> +The <code>\addtocontents</code> command adds text (or formatting commands) +directly to the <samp><span class="file">.</span></samp><var>ext</var> file that generates the table of +contents or lists of figures or tables. + + <dl> +<dt><var>ext</var><dd>The extension of the file on which information is to be written: +<samp><span class="file">toc</span></samp> (table of contents), <samp><span class="file">lof</span></samp> (list of figures), or +<samp><span class="file">lot</span></samp> (list of tables). + + <br><dt><var>text</var><dd>The text to be written. +</dl> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Glossaries"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">23.2 Glossaries</h3> + +<p><a name="index-glossaries-1030"></a> +<a name="index-g_t_005cmakeglossary-1031"></a>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cglossary-1032"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eglo_007d-file-1033"></a>The command <code>\glossary{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code> writes a glossary entry for +<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <samp><span class="file">.glo</span></samp> extension. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cglossaryentry-1034"></a>Specifically, what gets written is the command +<code>\glossaryentry{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>pageno</var><code>}</code>, where +<var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. + + <p>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier +glossaries. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Indexes"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">23.3 Indexes</h3> + +<p><a name="index-indexes-1035"></a> +<a name="index-g_t_005cmakeindex-1036"></a>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cindex-1037"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eidx_007d-file-1038"></a>The command <code>\index{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code> writes a glossary entry for +<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <samp><span class="file">.idx</span></samp> extension. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005cindexentry-1039"></a>Specifically, what gets written is the command +<code>\indexentry{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>pageno</var><code>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> +is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. + + <p>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new +letter in the index; its default value is ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt plus5pt +minus3pt</span></samp>’. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bmakeindex_007d-program-1040"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bxindy_007d-program-1041"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eind_007d-file-1042"></a> +The <samp><span class="file">.idx</span></samp> file can then be sorted with an external command, +typically <samp><span class="command">makeindex</span></samp> or <samp><span class="command">xindy</span></samp>, resulting in a +<samp><span class="file">.ind</span></samp> file, which can then be used to typeset the index. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Letters"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">24 Letters</h2> + +<p><a name="index-letters-1043"></a><a name="index-creating-letters-1044"></a> +You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The +<code>letter</code> document class is designed to make a number of letters at +once, although you can make just one if you so desire. + + <p>Your <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp> source file has the same minimum commands as the other +document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a +minimum: + +<pre class="example"> \documentclass{letter} + \begin{document} + ... letters ... + \end{document} +</pre> + <p>Each letter is a <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument is the name +and address of the recipient. For example, you might have: + +<pre class="example"> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. + \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} + ... + \end{letter} +</pre> + <p>The letter itself begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The text of +the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that +make no sense in a letter, like <code>\chapter</code>, do not work. The letter +closes with a <code>\closing</code> command. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-letters_007d-1045"></a>After the <code>closing</code>, you can have additional material. The +<code>\cc</code> command produces the usual “cc: <small class="dots">...</small>”. There's also a +similar <code>\encl</code> command for a list of enclosures. With both these +commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items. + + <p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a>: Your return address. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a>: Cc list. +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a>: Saying goodbye. +<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a>: List of enclosed material. +<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a>: Your organisation's address. +<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a>: Making address labels. +<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a>: Your name, for the return address. +<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a>: Saying hello. +<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a>: Adding a postscript. +<li><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>: Your signature. +<li><a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a>: Allow page breaks. +<li><a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a>: Disallow page breaks. +<li><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a>: Your phone number. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5caddress"></a> +<a name="g_t_005caddress"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddress-1046"></a> +The <code>\address</code> specifies the return address of a letter, as it +should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the +address should be separated by <code>\\</code> commands. + + <p>If you do not make an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter +will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard +letterhead. (See <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>, for details on your local +implementation). If you give an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the +letter will be formatted as a personal letter. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5ccc"></a> +<a name="g_t_005ccc"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\cc</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccc-1047"></a><a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters-1048"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \cc{<var>name1</var>\\<var>name2</var>} +</pre> + <p>Produce a list of <var>name</var>s the letter was copied to. Each name is +printed on a separate line. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cclosing"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cclosing"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\closing</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cclosing-1049"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-ending-1050"></a><a name="index-closing-letters-1051"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \closing{text} +</pre> + <p>A letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command, for example, +<pre class="example"> \closing{Best Regards,} +</pre> + <div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cencl"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cencl"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.4 <code>\encl</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cencl-1052"></a><a name="index-enclosure-list-1053"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \encl{<var>line1</var>\\<var>line2</var>} +</pre> + <p>Declare a list of one more enclosures. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5clocation"></a> +<a name="g_t_005clocation"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.5 <code>\location</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005clocation-1054"></a> +<code>\location{address}</code> + + <p>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears +if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cmakelabels"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmakelabels-1055"></a> +<code>\makelabels{number}</code> + + <p>If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of +address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cname"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cname"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.7 <code>\name</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cname-1056"></a> +<code>\name{June Davenport}</code> + + <p>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return +address. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5copening"></a> +<a name="g_t_005copening"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.8 <code>\opening{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005copening-1057"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-starting-1058"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \opening{<var>text</var>} +</pre> + <p>A letter begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The mandatory +argument, <var>text</var>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. +For instance: + +<pre class="example"> \opening{Dear Joe,} +</pre> + <div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cps"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cps"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.9 <code>\ps</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cps-1059"></a><a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters-1060"></a> +Use the <code>\ps</code> command to start a postscript in a letter, after +<code>\closing</code>. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5csignature"></a> +<a name="g_t_005csignature"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.10 <code>\signature{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005csignature-1061"></a> +Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the +space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within +<var>text</var> as usual. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cstartbreaks"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cstartbreaks"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cstartbreaks-1062"></a> +<code>\startbreaks</code> + + <p>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page breaks again. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5cstopbreaks"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cstopbreaks"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005cstopbreaks-1063"></a> +<code>\stopbreaks</code> + + <p>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command occurs. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5ctelephone"></a> +<a name="g_t_005ctelephone"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">24.13 <code>\telephone</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctelephone-1064"></a> +<code>\telephone{number}</code> + + <p>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the +<code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Terminal-Input%2fOutput"></a> +<a name="Terminal-Input_002fOutput"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Letters">Letters</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">25 Terminal Input/Output</h2> + +<p><a name="index-input_002fOutput-1065"></a><a name="index-terminal-Input_002fOutput-1066"></a> + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a>: Read text from the terminal. +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>: Write text to the terminal. +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5ctypein"></a> +<a name="g_t_005ctypein"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">25.1 <code>\typein[</code><var>cmd</var><code>]{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctypein-1067"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \typein[<var>\cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>} +</pre> + <p><code>\typein</code> prints <var>msg</var> on the terminal and causes LaTeX to +stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If +the optional <var>\cmd</var> argument is omitted, the typed input is +processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the +<code>\typein</code> command. If the <var>\cmd</var> argument is present, it +must be a command name. This command name is then defined or +redefined to be the typed input. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="%5ctypeout"></a> +<a name="g_t_005ctypeout"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">25.2 <code>\typeout{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></h3> + +<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctypeout-1068"></a> +Synopsis: + +<pre class="example"> \typeout{<var>msg</var>} +</pre> + <p>Prints <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file. +Commands in <code>msg</code> that are defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or +<code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions +before being printed. + + <p>LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space +and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. A +<code>\space</code> command in <code>msg</code> causes a single space to be +printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in +<code>msg</code> prints a newline. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Command-Line"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="chapter">26 Command Line</h2> + +<p><a name="index-command-Line-1069"></a> +The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; +TeX uses <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp> as a default file extension. If you omit the +input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You +specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the +command; e.g. + +<pre class="example"> latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' +</pre> + <p class="noindent">will process <samp><span class="file">foo.tex</span></samp> without pausing after every error. + + <p><a name="index-g_t_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-prompt-1070"></a><a name="index-prompt_002c-_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-1071"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cstop-1072"></a>If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a +‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’ prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code> +(and return) and it will prematurely end the document. + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Document-templates"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2> + +<p><a name="index-document-templates-1073"></a> +Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will +be useful. + +<ul class="menu"> +<li><a accesskey="1" href="#book-template">book template</a> +<li><a accesskey="2" href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a> +<li><a accesskey="3" href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a> +</ul> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="book-template"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">A.1 <code>book</code> template</h3> + +<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book} +\title{Book Class Template} +\author{Alex Author} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\chapter{First} +Some text. + +\chapter{Second} +Some other text. + +\section{A subtopic} +The end. +\end{document} +</pre> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="beamer-template"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#book-template">book template</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</h3> + +<p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates slides presentations. + +<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{beamer} + +\title{Beamer Class template} +\author{Alex Author} +\date{July 31, 2007} + +\begin{document} + +\maketitle + +% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors. +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{First Slide} + +\begin{verbatim} + This is \verbatim! +\end{verbatim} + +\end{frame} + +\end{document} + +</pre> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="tugboat-template"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a> + +</div> + +<h3 class="section">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3> + +<p><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the TeX Users Group, +<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</a>. + +<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings + +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{ifpdf} +\ifpdf + \usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black, + urlcolor=black]{hyperref} +\else + \usepackage{url} +\fi + +\begin{document} + +\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article} + +% repeat info for each author. +\author{First Last} +\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country} +\netaddress{user (at) example dot org} +\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/} + +\maketitle + +% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat. +\begin{abstract} +This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. +\end{abstract} + +\section{Introduction} + +This is an example article for \TUB, from +\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. + +We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref +package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced +using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays. + +The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others: + +{\small +\begin{verbatim} +\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW +\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML +\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe +\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas +\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS +\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG +\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE + +\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag +\careof \thinskip + +\acro{FRED} -> {\sc fred} % please use! +\cs{fred} -> \fred +\env{fred} -> \begin{fred} +\meta{fred} -> <fred> +\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ... +\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4 +\booktitle{Book of Fred} +\end{verbatim} +} + +For more information, see the ltubguid document at: +\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat} + +Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. + + +\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style +\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty +\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX + + +\makesignature % not in ltugproc +\end{document} +</pre> + +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Concept-Index"></a> +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="unnumbered">Concept Index</h2> + +<ul class="index-cp" compact> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-prompt-1070">‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’ prompt</a>: <a href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands-171">*-form of sectioning commands</a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eglo_007d-file-1033"><samp><span class="file">.glo</span></samp> file</a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eidx_007d-file-1038"><samp><span class="file">.idx</span></samp> file</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eind_007d-file-1042"><samp><span class="file">.ind</span></samp> file</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-abstracts-189">abstracts</a>: <a href="#abstract">abstract</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-accents-947">accents</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical-782">accents, mathematical</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font-917">accessing any character of a font</a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-acute-accent-953">acute accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math-784">acute accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-ae-ligature-999">ae ligature</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-aligning-Equations-222">aligning Equations</a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing-330">alignment via tabbing</a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-appendix_002c-creating-173">appendix, creating</a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-aring-996">aring</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math-191">arrays, math</a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage-847">author, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent-960">bar-over accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent-969">bar-under accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029-371">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029-365">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>: <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-bib_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-using-370">bibTeX, using</a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting-38">black boxes, omitting</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-bold-font-87">bold font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding-204">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-boxes-890">boxes</a>: <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-breaking-lines-460">breaking lines</a>: <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-breaking-pages-479">breaking pages</a>: <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-breve-accent-986">breve accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math-786">breve accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-bullet-symbol-560">bullet symbol</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-bulleted-lists-262">bulleted lists</a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math-90">calligraphic letters for math</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters-1048">cc list, in letters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-cedilla-accent-974">cedilla accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for-199">centering text, declaration for</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for-196">centering text, environment for</a>: <a href="#center">center</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented-948">characters, accented</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish-992">characters, non-English</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved-905">characters, reserved</a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-check-accent-989">check accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math-788">check accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-circumflex-accent-962">circumflex accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math-799">circumflex accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-class-options-19">class options</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-classes-of-documents-10">classes of documents</a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-closing-letters-1051">closing letters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-closing-quote-941">closing quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting-383">code, typesetting</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-command-Line-1069">command Line</a>: <a href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-400">commands, defining new ones</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting-384">computer programs, typesetting</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-copyright-symbol-920">copyright symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of-423">counters, a list of</a>: <a href="#Counters">Counters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new-404">counters, defining new</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of-435">counters, getting value of</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting-437">counters, setting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-creating-letters-1044">creating letters</a>: <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-creating-pictures-298">creating pictures</a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-creating-tables-351">creating tables</a>: <a href="#table">table</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-credit-footnote-854">credit footnote</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-cross-references-174">cross references</a>: <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number-177">cross referencing with page number</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic-180">cross referencing, symbolic</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-922">dagger, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage-851">date, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bdatetime_007d-package-1014"><code>datetime</code> package</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-401">defining a new command</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-defining-new-environments-411">defining new environments</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts-418">defining new fonts</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems-415">defining new theorems</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-definitions-398">definitions</a>: <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating-202">description lists, creating</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-discretionary-multiplication-820">discretionary multiplication</a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation-321">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation-325">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-document-class-options-17">document class options</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-document-classes-9">document classes</a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-document-templates-1073">document templates</a>: <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-dot-accent-955">dot accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math-794">dot over accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent-956">dot-over accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent-976">dot-under accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-dotless-i-980">dotless i</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math-801">dotless i, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-dotless-j-982">dotless j</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math-803">dotless j, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-924">double dagger, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math-791">double dot accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-ellipsis-929">ellipsis</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-emphasis-62">emphasis</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-enclosure-list-1053">enclosure list</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-ending-_0026-starting-7">ending & starting</a>: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page-489">enlarge current page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-environments-185">environments</a>: <a href="#Environments">Environments</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining-410">environments, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing-182">equation number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting-226">equation numbers, omitting</a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning-221">equations, aligning</a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for-229">equations, environment for</a>: <a href="#equation">equation</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter-1010">es-zet German letter</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-exponent-528">exponent</a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts & Superscripts</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing-183">figure number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in-296">figures, footnotes in</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting-233">figures, inserting</a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font-107">fixed-width font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page-483">flushing floats and starting a page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel-122">font commands, low-level</a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-font-sizes-108">font sizes</a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-font-styles-54">font styles</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-fonts-53">fonts</a>: <a href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for-417">fonts, new commands for</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-footer-style-862">footer style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for-153">footer, parameters for</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing-184">footnote number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-footnote-parameters-395">footnote parameters</a>: <a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures-295">footnotes in figures</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating-391">footnotes, creating</a>: <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for-230">formulas, environment for</a>: <a href="#equation">equation</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math-513">formulas, math</a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-fragile-commands-420">fragile commands</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-functions_002c-math-746">functions, math</a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-global-options-20">global options</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-glossaries-1030">glossaries</a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-grave-accent-965">grave accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math-796">grave accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-greek-letters-533">greek letters</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-h_0040_0027a_0040v_007bc_007dek-accent_002c-math-789">hác<ek accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-hacek-accent-988">hacek accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-hat-accent-963">hat accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math-798">hat accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-header-style-861">header style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for-152">header, parameters for</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent-978">hungarian umlaut accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining-473">hyphenation, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing-470">hyphenation, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing-892">hyphenation, preventing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas-289">in-line formulas</a>: <a href="#math">math</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing-498">indent, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing-500">indent, suppressing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage-292">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-indexes-1035">indexes</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-input-file-1016">input file</a>: <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-input_002fOutput-1065">input/Output</a>: <a href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-inserting-figures-232">inserting figures</a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-italic-font-94">italic font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left-256">justification, ragged left</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right-249">justification, ragged right</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1">Knuth, Donald E.</a>: <a href="#Top">Top</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating-201">labelled lists, creating</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie-2">Lamport, Leslie</a>: <a href="#Top">Top</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-logo-926">LaTeX logo</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-overview-5">LaTeX overview</a>: <a href="#Overview">Overview</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-Project-team-3">LaTeX Project team</a>: <a href="#Top">Top</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-layout-commands-133">layout commands</a>: <a href="#Layout">Layout</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for-151">layout, page parameters for</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-left-quote-931">left quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text-248">left-justifying text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-243">left-justifying text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode-840">left-to-right mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to-449">lengths, adding to</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using-445">lengths, defining and using</a>: <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-new-406">lengths, defining new</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-predefined-453">lengths, predefined</a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting-447">lengths, setting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-letters-1043">letters</a>: <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented-949">letters, accented</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending-1050">letters, ending</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish-993">letters, non-English</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting-1058">letters, starting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing-463">line break, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-line-breaking-459">line breaking</a>: <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing-476">line breaks, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing-477">line breaks, preventing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lines-in-tables-353">lines in tables</a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-columns-using-tab-stops-329">lining text up in columns using tab stops</a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables-354">lining text up in tables</a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter-432">list items, specifying counter</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lists-of-items-260">lists of items</a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic-287">lists of items, generic</a>: <a href="#list">list</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered-209">lists of items, numbered</a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages-48">loading additional packages</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-logo_002c-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-927">logo, LaTeX</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-logo_002c-_0040TeX_007b_007d-946">logo, TeX</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands-121">low-level font commands</a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lR-mode-841">lR mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-macron-accent-958">macron accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040command_007bmakeindex_007d-program-1040"><samp><span class="command">makeindex</span></samp> program</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-making-a-title-page-377">making a title page</a>: <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-making-paragraphs-494">making paragraphs</a>: <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-marginal-notes-503">marginal notes</a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-math-accents-781">math accents</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-math-formulas-512">math formulas</a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-math-functions-745">math functions</a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-math-Miscellany-818">math Miscellany</a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-math-mode-839">math mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering-514">math mode, entering</a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-813">math mode, spacing</a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-math-symbols-531">math symbols</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a-291">minipage, creating a</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-modes-837">modes</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-monospace-font-106">monospace font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-moving-arguments-421">moving arguments</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-multicolumn-text-137">multicolumn text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break-821">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-nested-_0040code_007b_005cinclude_007d_002c-not-allowed-1018">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-402">new commands, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input-466">new line, output as input</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-462">new line, starting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029-468">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting-486">new page, starting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters-991">non-English characters</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin-504">notes in the margin</a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-null-delimiter-828">null delimiter</a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter-433">numbered items, specifying counter</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-oblique-font-103">oblique font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-oe-ligature-1008">oe ligature</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output-135">one-column output</a>: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-opening-quote-932">opening quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-18">options, document class</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-options_002c-global-51">options, global</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-oslash-1005">oslash</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-overbar-accent-959">overbar accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math-793">overdot accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-overview-of-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-4">overview of LaTeX</a>: <a href="#Overview">Overview</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-47">packages, loading</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing-492">page break, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing-493">page break, preventing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-page-breaking-478">page breaking</a>: <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters-149">page layout parameters</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing-178">page number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-page-numbering-style-859">page numbering style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-page-styles-843">page styles</a>: <a href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage-293">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text-322">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting-326">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-838">paragraph mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-paragraph-sign-934">paragraph sign</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-paragraphs-495">paragraphs</a>: <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout-150">parameters, page layout</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating-299">pictures, creating</a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-pilcrow-935">pilcrow</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for-389">poetry, an environment for</a>: <a href="#verse">verse</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-polish-l-1002">polish l</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters-1060">postscript, in letters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-pounds-symbol-937">pounds symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined-8">preamble, defined</a>: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-predefined-lengths-454">predefined lengths</a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-1071">prompt, ‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’</a>: <a href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-320">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-324">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-ragged-left-text-255">ragged left text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for-251">ragged left text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-ragged-right-text-247">ragged right text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for-244">ragged right text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-redefining-environments-412">redefining environments</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin-505">remarks in the margin</a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-reserved-characters-904">reserved characters</a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-right-quote-940">right quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text-257">right-justifying text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-252">right-justifying text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-robust-commands-422">robust commands</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-roman-font-96">roman font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-154">running header and footer</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style-863">running header and footer style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-sans-serif-font-100">sans serif font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math-89">script letters for math</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing-181">section number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-section-symbol-943">section symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-sectioning-163">sectioning</a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bsetspace_007d-package-130"><code>setspace</code> package</a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-setting-counters-438">setting counters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters-1011">sharp S letters</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text-381">simulating typed text</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-sizes-of-text-110">sizes of text</a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-slanted-font-102">slanted font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-small-caps-font-98">small caps font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical-881">space, inserting vertical</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-spaces-867">spaces</a>: <a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode-812">spacing within math mode</a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-special-characters-990">special characters</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file-1015">splitting the input file</a>: <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-starting-_0026-ending-6">starting & ending</a>: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-487">starting a new page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats-484">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page-481">starting on a right-hand page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-sterling-symbol-938">sterling symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical-148">stretch, omitting vertical</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-styles-of-text-56">styles of text</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-styles_002c-page-842">styles, page</a>: <a href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-subscript-527">subscript</a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts & Superscripts</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-superscript-526">superscript</a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts & Superscripts</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math-532">symbols, math</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using-328">tab stops, using</a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding-1027">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating-1021">table of contents, creating</a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating-350">tables, creating</a>: <a href="#table">table</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-terminal-Input_002fOutput-1066">terminal Input/Output</a>: <a href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-logo-945">TeX logo</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-text-symbols-918">text symbols</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage-853">thanks, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining-414">theorems, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting-375">theorems, typesetting</a>: <a href="#theorem">theorem</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent-984">tie-after accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-tilde-accent-967">tilde accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math-805">tilde accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating-378">title pages, creating</a>: <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage-856">title, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-titles_002c-making-844">titles, making</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output-138">two-column output</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating-382">typed text, simulating</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-typeface-sizes-109">typeface sizes</a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-typeface-styles-55">typeface styles</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-typefaces-52">typefaces</a>: <a href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-typewriter-font-105">typewriter font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists-205">typewriter labels in lists</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-umlaut-accent-951">umlaut accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-unordered-lists-261">unordered lists</a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-using-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-369">using BibTeX</a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of-424">variables, a list of</a>: <a href="#Counters">Counters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math-807">vector symbol, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-verbatim-text-380">verbatim text</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline-386">verbatim text, inline</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-vertical-space-880">vertical space</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs-502">vertical space before paragraphs</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-visible-space-387">visible space</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math-809">wide hat accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-wide-tile-accent_002c-math-811">wide tile accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040command_007bxindy_007d-program-1041"><samp><span class="command">xindy</span></samp> program</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> + </ul><!-- The name of the `Command Index' node must NOT be altered for ltx-help.el. --> +<div class="node"> +<p><hr> +<a name="Command-Index"></a> +Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>, +Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>, +Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> + +</div> + +<h2 class="unnumbered">Command Index</h2> + + + +<ul class="index-fn" compact> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0024-522"><code>$</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t10pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-21"><code>10pt </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t11pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-22"><code>11pt </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t12pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-23"><code>12pt </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040_0040_0040_007b_002e_002e_002e_0040_007d-193"><code>@{...}</code></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0022-_0040r_007b_0028umlaut-accent_0029_007d-950"><code>\" </code><span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0023-906"><code>\#</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0024-907"><code>\$</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0025-908"><code>\%</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0026-909"><code>\&</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent_0029_007d-952"><code>\' </code><span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-338"><code>\' </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0028-518"><code>\(</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0029-519"><code>\)</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002a-819"><code>\*</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002b-336"><code>\+</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002c-817"><code>\,</code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002d-337"><code>\-</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002d-_0040r_007b_0028hyphenation_0029_007d-469"><code>\- </code><span class="roman">(hyphenation)</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002e-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029_007d-954"><code>\. </code><span class="roman">(dot-over accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002f-876"><code>\/</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003a-815"><code>\:</code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003b-814"><code>\;</code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003c-335"><code>\<</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent_0029_007d-957"><code>\= </code><span class="roman">(macron accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-332"><code>\= </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003e-816"><code>\></code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003e-334"><code>\></code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003e-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-333"><code>\> </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0040_0040-874"><code>\@</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005b-520"><code>\[</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007b_0028for-_0040code_007b_005cshortstack_007d-objects_0029_007d-317"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">(for </span><code>\shortstack</code><span class="roman"> objects)</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007barray_007d_0029-192"><code>\\ (for array)</code></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bcenter_007d_0029-197"><code>\\ (for center)</code></a>: <a href="#center">center</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-223"><code>\\ (for eqnarray)</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bflushright_007d_0029-253"><code>\\ (for flushright)</code></a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-848"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>\author</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005ctitle_007d_007d-857"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>\title</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bflushleft_007d_007d-245"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>flushleft</code></a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-letters_007d-1045"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for letters</span></a>: <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007btabular_007d_007d-355"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>tabular</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bverse_007d_007d-390"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>verse</code></a>: <a href="#verse">verse</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bforce-line-break_007d-461"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">force line break</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007btabbing_007d-331"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-224"><code>\\* (for eqnarray)</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005d-521"><code>\]</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005e-915"><code>\^</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005e-_0040r_007b_0028circumflex-accent_0029_007d-961"><code>\^ </code><span class="roman">(circumflex accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005f-910"><code>\_</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent_0029_007d-964"><code>\` </code><span class="roman">(grave accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-339"><code>\` </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-340"><code>\a </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-341"><code>\a' </code><span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-343"><code>\a= </code><span class="roman">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-342"><code>\a` </code><span class="roman">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAA-_0028_0040AA_007b_007d_0029-995"><code>\AA (Å)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caa-_0028_0040aa_007b_007d_0029-994"><code>\aa (å)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cacute-783"><code>\acute</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddcontentsline_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bunit_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1026"><code>\addcontentsline{</code><var>ext</var><code>}{</code><var>unit</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddress-1046"><code>\address</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddtocontents_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1029"><code>\addtocontents{</code><var>ext</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddtocounter-439"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddtolength-448"><code>\addtolength</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddvspace-879"><code>\addvspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAE-_0028_0040AE_007b_007d_0029-998"><code>\AE (Æ)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cae-_0028_0040ae_007b_007d_0029-997"><code>\ae (æ)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caleph-535"><code>\aleph</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAlph-426"><code>\Alph</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005calph-425"><code>\alph</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAlph-_0040r_007bexample_007d-219"><code>\Alph </code><span class="roman">example</span></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005calpha-536"><code>\alpha</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005camalg-537"><code>\amalg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cand-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-849"><code>\and </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>\author</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cangle-538"><code>\angle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cappendix-172"><code>\appendix</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005capprox-539"><code>\approx</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carabic-427"><code>\arabic</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carccos-747"><code>\arccos</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carcsin-748"><code>\arcsin</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carctan-749"><code>\arctan</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carg-750"><code>\arg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carraycolsep-194"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carrayrulewidth-356"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carraystretch-357"><code>\arraystretch</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cast-540"><code>\ast</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005casymp-541"><code>\asymp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cauthor_0040_007b_0040var_007bname_007d-_005cand-_0040var_007bname2_007d_0040_007d-846"><code>\author{</code><var>name</var><code> \and </code><var>name2</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cb-_0040r_007b_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-968"><code>\b </code><span class="roman">(bar-under accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbackslash-913"><code>\backslash</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbackslash-542"><code>\backslash</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbar-_0040r_007b_0028macron_002c-bar_002dover-accent_0029_007d-970"><code>\bar </code><span class="roman">(macron, bar-over accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbaselineskip-128"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbaselinestretch-129"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbegin-186"><code>\begin</code></a>: <a href="#Environments">Environments</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbeta-543"><code>\beta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbf-86"><code>\bf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbfseries-66"><code>\bfseries</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibitem-366"><code>\bibitem</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliography-373"><code>\bibliography</code></a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-372"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigcap-544"><code>\bigcap</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigcirc-545"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigcup-546"><code>\bigcup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigodot-547"><code>\bigodot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigoplus-548"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigotimes-549"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigskip-882"><code>\bigskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigskipamount-883"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigsqcup-552"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigtriangledown-550"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigtriangleup-551"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbiguplus-553"><code>\biguplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigwedge-555"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbmod-751"><code>\bmod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cboldmath-523"><code>\boldmath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbot-556"><code>\bot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbottomfraction-235"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbowtie-557"><code>\bowtie</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cBox-558"><code>\Box</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbreve-785"><code>\breve</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbullet-559"><code>\bullet</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cc-_0040r_007b_0028cedilla-accent_0029_007d-973"><code>\c </code><span class="roman">(cedilla accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccal-88"><code>\cal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccap-561"><code>\cap</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccaption-234"><code>\caption</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccc-1047"><code>\cc</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccdot-562"><code>\cdot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccdots-822"><code>\cdots</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccentering-198"><code>\centering</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cchapter-165"><code>\chapter</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccheck-787"><code>\check</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cchi-563"><code>\chi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccirc-564"><code>\circ</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccircle-302"><code>\circle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccite-367"><code>\cite</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccleardoublepage-480"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cclearpage-482"><code>\clearpage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccline-361"><code>\cline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cclosing-1049"><code>\closing</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cclubsuit-565"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccolumnsep-139"><code>\columnsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccolumnseprule-140"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccolumnwidth-141"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccong-566"><code>\cong</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccontentsline-1028"><code>\contentsline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccoprod-567"><code>\coprod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccopyright-919"><code>\copyright</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccos-752"><code>\cos</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccosh-753"><code>\cosh</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccot-754"><code>\cot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccoth-755"><code>\coth</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccsc-756"><code>\csc</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccup-568"><code>\cup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cd-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-975"><code>\d </code><span class="roman">(dot-under accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdag-921"><code>\dag</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdagger-569"><code>\dagger</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdashbox-307"><code>\dashbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdashv-570"><code>\dashv</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdate_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-850"><code>\date{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cday-442"><code>\day</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdblfloatpagefraction-143"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdblfloatsep-144"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdbltextfloatsep-145"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdbltopfraction-142"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddag-923"><code>\ddag</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddagger-571"><code>\ddagger</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddot-790"><code>\ddot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddots-823"><code>\ddots</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdeg-757"><code>\deg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdelta-573"><code>\delta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cDelta-572"><code>\Delta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdepth-457"><code>\depth</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdet-758"><code>\det</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdiamond-575"><code>\diamond</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cDiamond-574"><code>\Diamond</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdiamondsuit-576"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdim-759"><code>\dim</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdisplaystyle-525"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdiv-577"><code>\div</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdocumentclass-11"><code>\documentclass</code></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdot-792"><code>\dot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdoteq-578"><code>\doteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdotfill-878"><code>\dotfill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdoublerulesep-358"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cDownarrow-580"><code>\Downarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdownarrow-579"><code>\downarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cell-581"><code>\ell</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cem-91"><code>\em</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cemph-61"><code>\emph</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cemptyset-582"><code>\emptyset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cencl-1052"><code>\encl</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cend-187"><code>\end</code></a>: <a href="#Environments">Environments</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenlargethispage-488"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumi-211"><code>\enumi</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumii-212"><code>\enumii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumiii-213"><code>\enumiii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumiv-214"><code>\enumiv</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cepsilon-583"><code>\epsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cequiv-584"><code>\equiv</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ceta-585"><code>\eta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cevensidemargin-45"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cexists-586"><code>\exists</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cexp-760"><code>\exp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfbox-893"><code>\fbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxrule-895"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxrule-305"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxsep-896"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxsep-306"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfill-870"><code>\fill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cflat-587"><code>\flat</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfloatpagefraction-236"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfloatsep-237"><code>\floatsep</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cflushbottom-146"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfnsymbol-430"><code>\fnsymbol</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontencoding-123"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontfamily-124"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontseries-125"><code>\fontseries</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontshape-126"><code>\fontshape</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontsize-127"><code>\fontsize</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnote-392"><code>\footnote</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotemark-393"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnoterule-396"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>: <a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotesep-397"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>: <a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotesize-113"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotetext-394"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootskip-157"><code>\footskip</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cforall-588"><code>\forall</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfrac-825"><code>\frac</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfrac_0040_007bnum_0040_007d_0040_007bden_0040_007d-824"><code>\frac{num}{den}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cframe-308"><code>\frame</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cframebox-894"><code>\framebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cframebox-304"><code>\framebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfrown-589"><code>\frown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfussy-471"><code>\fussy</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgamma-591"><code>\gamma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cGamma-590"><code>\Gamma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgcd-761"><code>\gcd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cge-592"><code>\ge</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgeq-593"><code>\geq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgets-594"><code>\gets</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgg-595"><code>\gg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cglossary-1032"><code>\glossary</code></a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cglossaryentry-1034"><code>\glossaryentry</code></a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgrave-795"><code>\grave</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cH-_0040r_007b_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029_007d-977"><code>\H </code><span class="roman">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chat-797"><code>\hat</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chbar-596"><code>\hbar</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheadheight-155"><code>\headheight</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheadsep-156"><code>\headsep</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheartsuit-597"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheight-456"><code>\height</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chfill-869"><code>\hfill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chline-362"><code>\hline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chom-762"><code>\hom</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chookleftarrow-598"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chookrightarrow-599"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chrulefill-877"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chspace-868"><code>\hspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cHuge-120"><code>\Huge</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chuge-119"><code>\huge</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chyphenation-472"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ci-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-i_0029_007d-979"><code>\i </code><span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ciff-600"><code>\iff</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cIm-601"><code>\Im</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cimath-800"><code>\imath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cin-602"><code>\in</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinclude-1017"><code>\include</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cincludeonly-1019"><code>\includeonly</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cindent-496"><code>\indent</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cindex-1037"><code>\index</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cindexentry-1039"><code>\indexentry</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinf-763"><code>\inf</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinfty-603"><code>\infty</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinput-1020"><code>\input</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cint-604"><code>\int</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cintextsep-238"><code>\intextsep</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ciota-605"><code>\iota</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cit-93"><code>\it</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citem-259"><code>\item</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citem-210"><code>\item</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citem-203"><code>\item</code></a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citemindent-274"><code>\itemindent</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citemsep-279"><code>\itemsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citshape-60"><code>\itshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cj-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-j_0029_007d-981"><code>\j </code><span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cjmath-802"><code>\jmath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cJoin-606"><code>\Join</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ckappa-607"><code>\kappa</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cker-764"><code>\ker</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ckill-344"><code>\kill</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cL-_0028_0040L_007b_007d_0029-1001"><code>\L (/L)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cl-_0028_0040l_007b_007d_0029-1000"><code>\l (/l)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabel-175"><code>\label</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumi-215"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumii-216"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumiii-217"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumiv-218"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemi-263"><code>\labelitemi</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemii-264"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemiii-265"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemiv-266"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelsep-275"><code>\labelsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelwidth-276"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clambda-609"><code>\lambda</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLambda-608"><code>\Lambda</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cland-610"><code>\land</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clangle-611"><code>\langle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLARGE-118"><code>\LARGE</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLarge-117"><code>\Large</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clarge-116"><code>\large</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLaTeX-925"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clbrace-612"><code>\lbrace</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clbrack-613"><code>\lbrack</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clceil-614"><code>\lceil</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cldots-928"><code>\ldots</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cle-615"><code>\le</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleadsto-616"><code>\leadsto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleft-_0040var_007bdelim1_007d-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-_0040var_007bdelim2_007d-826"><code>\left </code><var>delim1</var><code> ... \right </code><var>delim2</var></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftarrow-618"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLeftarrow-617"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clefteqn-227"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftharpoondown-619"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftharpoonup-620"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmargin-267"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmargini-268"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginii-269"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginiii-270"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginiv-271"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginv-272"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginvi-273"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftrightarrow-622"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLeftrightarrow-621"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleq-623"><code>\leq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clfloor-624"><code>\lfloor</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clg-765"><code>\lg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clhd-625"><code>\lhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clim-766"><code>\lim</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005climinf-767"><code>\liminf</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005climsup-768"><code>\limsup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cline-309"><code>\line</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clinebreak-474"><code>\linebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clinethickness-310"><code>\linethickness</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clinewidth-158"><code>\linewidth</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clistoffigures-1023"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clistoftables-1024"><code>\listoftables</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clistparindent-277"><code>\listparindent</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cll-626"><code>\ll</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cln-769"><code>\ln</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clnot-627"><code>\lnot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clocation-1054"><code>\location</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clog-770"><code>\log</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongleftarrow-628"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongleftrightarrow-629"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongmapsto-630"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongrightarrow-631"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clor-632"><code>\lor</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clq-930"><code>\lq</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakebox-898"><code>\makebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-303"><code>\makebox (picture)</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakeglossary-1031"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakeindex-1036"><code>\makeindex</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakelabels-1055"><code>\makelabels</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmaketitle-845"><code>\maketitle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmapsto-633"><code>\mapsto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginpar-506"><code>\marginpar</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginparpush-509"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginparsep-510"><code>\marginparsep</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginparwidth-511"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarkboth_0040_007b_0040var_007bleft_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-864"><code>\markboth{</code><var>left</var><code>}{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarkright_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-865"><code>\markright{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathbf-80"><code>\mathbf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathcal-84"><code>\mathcal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathnormal-83"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathrm-79"><code>\mathrm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathsf-81"><code>\mathsf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathtt-82"><code>\mathtt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathversion-85"><code>\mathversion</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmax-771"><code>\max</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmbox-891"><code>\mbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmdseries-64"><code>\mdseries</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmedskip-884"><code>\medskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmedskipamount-885"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmho-634"><code>\mho</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmid-635"><code>\mid</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmin-772"><code>\min</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmodels-636"><code>\models</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmonth-443"><code>\month</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmp-637"><code>\mp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmu-638"><code>\mu</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmulticolumn-360"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmultiput-313"><code>\multiput</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnabla-639"><code>\nabla</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cname-1056"><code>\name</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnatural-640"><code>\natural</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cne-641"><code>\ne</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnearrow-642"><code>\nearrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cneg-643"><code>\neg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cneq-644"><code>\neq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewcommand-399"><code>\newcommand</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewcounter-403"><code>\newcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewenvironment-408"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewfont-416"><code>\newfont</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewlength-405"><code>\newlength</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cNEWLINE-873"><code>\NEWLINE</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewline-467"><code>\newline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewpage-485"><code>\newpage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewsavebox-407"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewtheorem-413"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cni-645"><code>\ni</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnocite-368"><code>\nocite</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnofiles-1025"><code>\nofiles</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnoindent-499"><code>\noindent</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnolinebreak-475"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnonumber-225"><code>\nonumber</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnopagebreak-491"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnormalfont-78"><code>\normalfont</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnormalmarginpar-508"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnormalsize-115"><code>\normalsize</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnot-646"><code>\not</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnotin-647"><code>\notin</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnu-648"><code>\nu</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnwarrow-649"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cO-_0028_0040O_007b_007d_0029-1004"><code>\O (Ø)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005co-_0028_0040o_007b_007d_0029-1003"><code>\o (ø)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cobeycr-464"><code>\obeycr</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coddsidemargin-46"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005codot-650"><code>\odot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cOE-_0028_0040OE_007b_007d_0029-1007"><code>\OE (Œ)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coe-_0028_0040oe_007b_007d_0029-1006"><code>\oe (œ)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coint-651"><code>\oint</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005comega-653"><code>\omega</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cOmega-652"><code>\Omega</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cominus-654"><code>\ominus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005conecolumn-134"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005copening-1057"><code>\opening</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coplus-655"><code>\oplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coslash-656"><code>\oslash</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cotimes-657"><code>\otimes</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coval-314"><code>\oval</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coverbrace_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-829"><code>\overbrace{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coverline_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-830"><code>\overline{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cowns-658"><code>\owns</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cP-933"><code>\P</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpagebreak-490"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpagenumbering-858"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpageref-176"><code>\pageref</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpagestyle-860"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparagraph-169"><code>\paragraph</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparallel-659"><code>\parallel</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparbox-899"><code>\parbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparindent-497"><code>\parindent</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparindent-294"><code>\parindent</code></a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparsep-280"><code>\parsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparskip-501"><code>\parskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparskip-_0040r_007bexample_007d-284"><code>\parskip </code><span class="roman">example</span></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpart-164"><code>\part</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpartial-660"><code>\partial</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpartopsep-282"><code>\partopsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cperp-661"><code>\perp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cphi-662"><code>\phi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpi-664"><code>\pi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cPi-663"><code>\Pi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpm-665"><code>\pm</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpmod-773"><code>\pmod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpoptabs-345"><code>\poptabs</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpounds-936"><code>\pounds</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cPr-774"><code>\Pr</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprec-666"><code>\prec</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpreceq-667"><code>\preceq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprime-668"><code>\prime</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprod-669"><code>\prod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpropto-670"><code>\propto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprotect-419"><code>\protect</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cps-1059"><code>\ps</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpsi-672"><code>\psi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cPsi-671"><code>\Psi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpushtabs-347"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cput-315"><code>\put</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craggedbottom-147"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craggedleft-254"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craggedright-246"><code>\raggedright</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craisebox-900"><code>\raisebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crangle-673"><code>\rangle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crbrace-674"><code>\rbrace</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crbrack-675"><code>\rbrack</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crceil-676"><code>\rceil</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cRe-677"><code>\Re</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cref-179"><code>\ref</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crefstepcounter-440"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crenewenvironment-409"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crestorecr-465"><code>\restorecr</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005creversemarginpar-507"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crfloor-678"><code>\rfloor</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crhd-679"><code>\rhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crho-680"><code>\rho</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cright-827"><code>\right</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightarrow-682"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cRightarrow-681"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightharpoondown-683"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightharpoonup-684"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightleftharpoons-685"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightmargin-278"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crm-95"><code>\rm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crmfamily-58"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005croman-428"><code>\roman</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crq-939"><code>\rq</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crule-1012"><code>\rule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cS-942"><code>\S</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csavebox-901"><code>\savebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csbox-902"><code>\sbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csc-97"><code>\sc</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cscriptsize-112"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cscshape-74"><code>\scshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csearrow-686"><code>\searrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csec-775"><code>\sec</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csection-166"><code>\section</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cselectfont-131"><code>\selectfont</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csetcounter-436"><code>\setcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csetlength-446"><code>\setlength</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csetminus-687"><code>\setminus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csettodepth-450"><code>\settodepth</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csettoheight-451"><code>\settoheight</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csettowidth-452"><code>\settowidth</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csf-99"><code>\sf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csffamily-72"><code>\sffamily</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csharp-688"><code>\sharp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cshortstack-316"><code>\shortstack</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csigma-690"><code>\sigma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cSigma-689"><code>\Sigma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csignature-1061"><code>\signature</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csim-691"><code>\sim</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csimeq-692"><code>\simeq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csin-776"><code>\sin</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csinh-777"><code>\sinh</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csl-101"><code>\sl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cslshape-70"><code>\slshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmall-114"><code>\small</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmallint-693"><code>\smallint</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmallskip-886"><code>\smallskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmallskipamount-887"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmile-694"><code>\smile</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cSPACE-871"><code>\SPACE</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cspadesuit-695"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqcap-696"><code>\sqcap</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqcup-697"><code>\sqcup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqrt_005b_0040var_007broot_007d_005d_0040_007barg_0040_007d-831"><code>\sqrt[</code><var>root</var><code>]{arg}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsubset-698"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsubseteq-699"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsupset-700"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsupseteq-701"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005css-_0028_0040ss_007b_007d_0029-1009"><code>\ss (ß)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstackrel_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007brelation_007d_0040_007d-832"><code>\stackrel{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>relation</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstar-702"><code>\star</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstartbreaks-1062"><code>\startbreaks</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstepcounter-441"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstop-1072"><code>\stop</code></a>: <a href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstopbreaks-1063"><code>\stopbreaks</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubparagraph-170"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubsection-167"><code>\subsection</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubset-703"><code>\subset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubseteq-704"><code>\subseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubsubsection-168"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csucc-705"><code>\succ</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csucceq-706"><code>\succeq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csum-707"><code>\sum</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csup-778"><code>\sup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csupset-708"><code>\supset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csupseteq-709"><code>\supseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csurd-710"><code>\surd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cswarrow-711"><code>\swarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csymbol-916"><code>\symbol</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ct-_0040r_007b_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029_007d-983"><code>\t </code><span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cTAB-872"><code>\TAB</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctabbingsep-348"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctabcolsep-359"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctableofcontents-1022"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctan-779"><code>\tan</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctanh-780"><code>\tanh</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctau-712"><code>\tau</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctelephone-1064"><code>\telephone</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cTeX-944"><code>\TeX</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextbf-65"><code>\textbf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextfloatsep-239"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextfraction-240"><code>\textfraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextheight-159"><code>\textheight</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextit-59"><code>\textit</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextmd-63"><code>\textmd</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextnormal-77"><code>\textnormal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextrm-57"><code>\textrm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextsc-73"><code>\textsc</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextsf-71"><code>\textsf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextsl-69"><code>\textsl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctexttt-75"><code>\texttt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextup-67"><code>\textup</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextwidth-160"><code>\textwidth</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthanks_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-852"><code>\thanks{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctheta-713"><code>\theta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthicklines-311"><code>\thicklines</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthinlines-312"><code>\thinlines</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthinspace-875"><code>\thinspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthispagestyle-866"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctilde-804"><code>\tilde</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctimes-714"><code>\times</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctiny-111"><code>\tiny</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctitle_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-855"><code>\title{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cto-715"><code>\to</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctoday-1013"><code>\today</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctop-716"><code>\top</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopfraction-241"><code>\topfraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopmargin-161"><code>\topmargin</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopsep-281"><code>\topsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopskip-162"><code>\topskip</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctotalheight-458"><code>\totalheight</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctriangle-717"><code>\triangle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctriangleleft-718"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctriangleright-719"><code>\triangleright</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctt-104"><code>\tt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cttfamily-76"><code>\ttfamily</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctwocolumn-136"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctypein-1067"><code>\typein</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctypeout-1068"><code>\typeout</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cu-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-985"><code>\u </code><span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunboldmath-524"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunderbrace_0040_007bmath_0040_007d-833"><code>\underbrace{math}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunderline_0040_007btext_0040_007d-834"><code>\underline{text}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunitlength-300"><code>\unitlength</code></a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunlhd-720"><code>\unlhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunrhd-721"><code>\unrhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cuparrow-723"><code>\uparrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cUparrow-722"><code>\Uparrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cupdownarrow-725"><code>\updownarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cUpdownarrow-724"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cuplus-726"><code>\uplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cupshape-68"><code>\upshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cupsilon-728"><code>\upsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cUpsilon-727"><code>\Upsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusebox-903"><code>\usebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusecounter-431"><code>\usecounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusefont-132"><code>\usefont</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusepackage-49"><code>\usepackage</code></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cv-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-987"><code>\v </code><span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvalue-434"><code>\value</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarepsilon-729"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarphi-730"><code>\varphi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarpi-731"><code>\varpi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarrho-732"><code>\varrho</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarsigma-733"><code>\varsigma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvartheta-734"><code>\vartheta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvdash-735"><code>\vdash</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvdots-835"><code>\vdots</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvec-806"><code>\vec</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvector-318"><code>\vector</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvee-736"><code>\vee</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cverb-385"><code>\verb</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvert-738"><code>\vert</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cVert-737"><code>\Vert</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvfill-888"><code>\vfill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvline-363"><code>\vline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvspace-889"><code>\vspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwedge-739"><code>\wedge</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwidehat-808"><code>\widehat</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwidth-455"><code>\width</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwp-740"><code>\wp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwr-741"><code>\wr</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cxi-743"><code>\xi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cXi-742"><code>\Xi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cyear-444"><code>\year</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005czeta-744"><code>\zeta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0040_007b-911"><code>\{</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_007c-534"><code>\|</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0040_007d-912"><code>\}</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_007e-914"><code>\~</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_007e-_0040r_007b_0028tilde-accent_0029_007d-966"><code>\~ </code><span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005e-530"><code>^</code></a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts & Superscripts</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-g_t_005f-529"><code>_</code></a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts & Superscripts</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-a4paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-24"><code>a4paper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-a5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-25"><code>a5paper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-abstract-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-188"><code>abstract </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#abstract">abstract</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-array-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-190"><code>array </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-article-_0040r_007bclass_007d-12"><code>article </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-b5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-26"><code>b5paper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-book-_0040r_007bclass_007d-14"><code>book </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-center-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-195"><code>center </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#center">center</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-description-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-200"><code>description </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-516"><code>displaymath </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-206"><code>displaymath </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-document-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-207"><code>document </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#document">document</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-draft-_0040r_007boption_007d-30"><code>draft </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-enumerate-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-208"><code>enumerate </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-eqnarray-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-220"><code>eqnarray </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-517"><code>equation </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-228"><code>equation </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#equation">equation</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-executivepaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-27"><code>executivepaper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-figure-231"><code>figure</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-final-_0040r_007boption_007d-31"><code>final </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-fleqn-_0040r_007boption_007d-32"><code>fleqn </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-flushleft-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-242"><code>flushleft </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-flushright-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-250"><code>flushright </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-itemize-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-258"><code>itemize </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-landscape-_0040r_007boption_007d-33"><code>landscape </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-legalpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-28"><code>legalpaper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-leqno-_0040r_007boption_007d-34"><code>leqno </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-letter-285"><code>letter</code></a>: <a href="#letter">letter</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-letter-_0040r_007bclass_007d-15"><code>letter </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-letterpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-29"><code>letterpaper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-list-286"><code>list</code></a>: <a href="#list">list</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lR-box-301"><code>lR box</code></a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-lrbox-897"><code>lrbox</code></a>: <a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-515"><code>math </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-288"><code>math </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#math">math</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-minipage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-290"><code>minipage </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-notitlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-37"><code>notitlepage </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-onecolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-39"><code>onecolumn </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-oneside-_0040r_007boption_007d-41"><code>oneside </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-openany-_0040r_007boption_007d-44"><code>openany </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-openbib-_0040r_007boption_007d-35"><code>openbib </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-openright-_0040r_007boption_007d-43"><code>openright </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-picture-297"><code>picture</code></a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-quotation-319"><code>quotation</code></a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-quote-323"><code>quote</code></a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-report-_0040r_007bclass_007d-13"><code>report </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-slides-_0040r_007bclass_007d-16"><code>slides </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-tabbing-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-327"><code>tabbing </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-table-349"><code>table</code></a>: <a href="#table">table</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-tabular-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-352"><code>tabular </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-thebibliography-364"><code>thebibliography</code></a>: <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-theorem-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-374"><code>theorem </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#theorem">theorem</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-titlepage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-376"><code>titlepage </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-titlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-36"><code>titlepage </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-twocolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-40"><code>twocolumn </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-twoside-_0040r_007boption_007d-42"><code>twoside </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-verbatim-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-379"><code>verbatim </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> +<li><a href="#index-verse-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-388"><code>verse </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#verse">verse</a></li> + </ul></body></html> + |