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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
index e8a7e781622..149b8b35ac7 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
-document preparation system, version of August 2017.
+document preparation system, version of March 2018.
This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in
the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Group as TeXniques number 10), as reference material (no
text was directly copied).
Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
-2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Karl Berry.
+2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry.
Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
@@ -34,16 +34,16 @@ notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
-<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.1, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.5, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
-<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)</title>
-<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)">
-<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)">
+<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)">
+<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
<link href="#Concept-Index" rel="index" title="Concept Index">
<link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
+code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
-->
</style>
@@ -80,7 +81,9 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
</head>
<body lang="en">
-<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)</h1>
+<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)</h1>
+
+
@@ -112,12 +115,14 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">21 Special insertions</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">22 Splitting the input</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">23 Front/back matter</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">24 Letters</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">25 Terminal input/output</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">26 Command line</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Color-1" href="#toc-Color-1">21 Color</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Graphics-1" href="#toc-Graphics-1">22 Graphics</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">26 Letters</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">27 Terminal input/output</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">28 Command line</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Concept-Index-1" href="#toc-Concept-Index-1">Concept Index</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Command-Index-1" href="#toc-Command-Index-1">Command Index</a></li>
@@ -191,7 +196,11 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cAtBeginDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cAtEndDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a></li>
@@ -209,7 +218,8 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list_002e" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list.</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list" href="#trivlist">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code>math</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li>
@@ -297,6 +307,7 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.7 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont_003a-Define-a-new-font-_0028obsolete_0029" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.8 <code>\newfont</code>: Define a new font (obsolete)</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.9 <code>\protect</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.10 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -350,16 +361,20 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">19.3 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and \@</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.3 <code>\spacefactor</code></a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">19.3.1 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and <code>\@</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.3.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.3.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005c--after-control-sequence" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.5 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.6 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.7 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">19.8 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace_007blength_007d" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.12 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.6 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">19.7 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.8 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.9 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.10 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace_007blength_007d" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.11 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -373,53 +388,82 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="toc-_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csbox">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">21 Color</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Color-package-options-1" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 Color package options</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">21.2 Color models</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">21.3 Commands for color</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Define-colors-1" href="#Define-colors">21.3.1 Define colors</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Colored-text-1" href="#Colored-text">21.3.2 Colored text</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Colored-boxes-1" href="#Colored-boxes">21.3.3 Colored boxes</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Colored-pages-1" href="#Colored-pages">21.3.4 Colored pages</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">22 Graphics</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Graphics-package-options-1" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 Graphics package options</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Graphics-package-configuration-1" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 Graphics package configuration</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Commands-for-graphics-1" href="#Commands-for-graphics">22.3 Commands for graphics</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">23 Special insertions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">21.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">21.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">21.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">21.4 Text symbols</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">21.5 Accents</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">21.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">21.7 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">21.8 <code>\today</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">23.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">23.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">23.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">23.4 Text symbols</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">23.5 Accents</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">23.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">23.7 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">23.8 <code>\today</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">24 Splitting the input</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">22.1 <code>\include</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">22.2 <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">22.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">24.1 <code>\include</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">25 Front/back matter</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">23.1 Tables of contents</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">25.1 Tables of contents</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">23.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">23.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">23.2 Glossaries</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">23.3 Indexes</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.2 Glossaries</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.3 Indexes</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">24 Letters</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">26 Letters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">24.1 <code>\address</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">24.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">24.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">24.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">24.5 <code>\location</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">24.7 <code>\name</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">24.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">24.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">24.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">24.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">26.1 <code>\address</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">26.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">26.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">26.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">26.5 <code>\location</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">26.7 <code>\name</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">26.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">26.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">26.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">25 Terminal input/output</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">27 Terminal input/output</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">25.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">25.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">26 Command line</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">28 Command line</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
@@ -434,7 +478,6 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
-
<a name="Top"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
@@ -444,7 +487,7 @@ Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this documen
<h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-August 2017) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+March 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -487,6 +530,10 @@ August 2017) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making boxes.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color">Color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Defining and using colors.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Importing graphics from outside LaTeX.
+</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting reserved and special characters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Dealing with big files by splitting.
@@ -1009,6 +1056,7 @@ have the character code of a letter.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-macros2e"></a>
<a name="index-macros2e-package"></a>
+
<p>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign
in their names see <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>. These macros are
mainly intended to package or class authors.
@@ -1250,12 +1298,16 @@ size (these show height by width):
<a name="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></a>
<a name="index-package_002c-geometry"></a>
<a name="index-geometry-package"></a>
+
<p>When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX
(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set
the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
-<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document&rsquo;s preamble. The
-<code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
+<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document&rsquo;s preamble.
+<a name="index-package_002c-geometry-1"></a>
+<a name="index-geometry-package-1"></a>
+</p>
+<p>The <code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
area and physical page size.
</p>
<a name="index-draft-option"></a>
@@ -1648,6 +1700,7 @@ command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></a>
<a name="index-etoolbox-package"></a>
+
<p>The <code>etoolbox</code> package offers commands <code>\newrobustcmd</code>,
<code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>,
<code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code> which are similar
@@ -2183,10 +2236,11 @@ formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.
<a name="index-lining-numerals"></a>
<a name="index-package_002c-textcomp"></a>
<a name="index-textcomp-package"></a>
+
<p>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will typeset
so-called &ldquo;old-style&rdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and
depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &ldquo;lining&rdquo; numerals,
-which all have the same height as upper-case letters. LaTeX&rsquo;s
+which all have the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX&rsquo;s
default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code> (but not
other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer
Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the
@@ -2269,7 +2323,8 @@ Knuth&rsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
<code>T1</code>, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the
accented characters used by the most widespread European languages
(German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to
-hyphenate words containing accented letters.
+hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
+<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</code></dt>
@@ -2281,27 +2336,29 @@ hyphenate words containing accented letters.
through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are
examples of some common families:
</p>
+<table>
+<tr><td><code>pag</code></td><td>Avant Garde</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>fvs</code></td><td>Bitstream Vera Sans</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>pbk</code></td><td>Bookman</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>bch</code></td><td>Charter</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>ccr</code></td><td>Computer Concrete</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>cmr</code></td><td>Computer Modern</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>cmss</code></td><td>Computer Modern Sans Serif</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>cmtt</code></td><td>Computer Modern Typewriter</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>pcr</code></td><td>Courier</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>phv</code></td><td>Helvetica</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>fi4</code></td><td>Inconsolata</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>lmr</code></td><td>Latin Modern</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>lmss</code></td><td>Latin Modern Sans</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>lmtt</code></td><td>Latin Modern Typewriter</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>pnc</code></td><td>New Century Schoolbook</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>ppl</code></td><td>Palatino</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>ptm</code></td><td>Times</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>uncl</code></td><td>Uncial</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>put</code></td><td>Utopia</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>pzc</code></td><td>Zapf Chancery</td></tr>
+</table>
-<ul class="no-bullet">
-<li><!-- /@w --> <code>pag</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Avant Garde
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>fvs</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Bitstream Vera Sans
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pbk</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Bookman
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>bch</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Charter
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ccr</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Computer Concrete
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>cmr</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Computer Modern
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pcr</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Courier
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>phv</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Helvetica
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>fi4</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Inconsolata
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>lmr</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Latin Modern
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>lmss</code> Latin Modern Sans
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>lmtt</code> Latin Modern Typewriter
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pnc</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> New Century Schoolbook
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ppl</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Palatino
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ptm</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Times
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>uncl</code> Uncial
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>put</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Utopia
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pzc</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Zapf Chancery
-</li></ul>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</code></dt>
@@ -2311,44 +2368,46 @@ examples of some common families:
<em>width</em>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</p>
-<ul class="no-bullet">
-<li><!-- /@w --> <code>m</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Medium (normal)
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>b</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Bold
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>c</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Condensed
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>bc</code> Bold condensed
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>bx</code> Bold extended
-</li></ul>
+<table>
+<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>bc</code></td><td>Bold condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>bx</code></td><td>Bold extended</td></tr>
+</table>
<a name="index-weights_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<p>The possible values for weight, individually, are:
</p>
-<ul class="no-bullet">
-<li><!-- /@w --> <code>ul</code> Ultra light
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>el</code> Extra light
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>l</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Light
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sl</code> Semi light
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>m</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Medium (normal)
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sb</code> Semi bold
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>b</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Bold
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>eb</code> Extra bold
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ub</code> Ultra bold
-</li></ul>
+<table>
+<tr><td><code>ul</code></td><td>Ultra light</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>el</code></td><td>Extra light</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>l</code></td><td>Light</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>sl</code></td><td>Semi light</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>sb</code></td><td>Semi bold</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>eb</code></td><td>Extra bold</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>ub</code></td><td>Ultra bold</td></tr>
+</table>
<a name="index-widths_002c-of-fonts"></a>
-<p>The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages
-are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts):
+<p>The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and
+relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
</p>
-<ul class="no-bullet">
-<li><!-- /@w --> <code>uc</code> Ultra condensed, 50%
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ec</code> Extra condensed, 62.5%
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>c</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Condensed, 75%
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sc</code> Semi condensed, 87.5%
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>m</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Medium, 100%
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sx</code> Semi expanded, 112.5%
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>x</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Expanded, 125%
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ex</code> Extra expanded, 150%
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ux</code> Ultra expanded, 200%
-</li></ul>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td><code>uc</code></td><td>Ultra condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>ec</code></td><td>Extra condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>sc</code></td><td>Semi condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>sx</code></td><td>Semi expanded</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>x</code></td><td>Expanded</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>ex</code></td><td>Extra expanded</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>ux</code></td><td>Ultra expanded</td></tr>
+</table>
+
<p>When forming the <var>series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the
<code>m</code> that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both
@@ -2361,14 +2420,15 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
<a name="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</p>
-<ul class="no-bullet">
-<li><!-- /@w --> <code>n</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Upright (normal)
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>it</code> Italic
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique)
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sc</code> Small caps
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ui</code> Upright italics
-</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ol</code> Outline
-</li></ul>
+<table>
+<tr><td><code>n</code></td><td>Upright (normal)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>it</code></td><td>Italic</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>sl</code></td><td>Slanted (oblique)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>sc</code></td><td>Small caps</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>ui</code></td><td>Upright italics</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code>ol</code></td><td>Outline</td></tr>
+</table>
+
<p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and
small caps are often missing as well.
@@ -2392,11 +2452,13 @@ reset every time a size change happens; see <code>\baselinestretch</code>, next.
<p>LaTeX multiplies the line spacing by the value of the
<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter; the default factor is 1. A change
takes effect when <code>\selectfont</code> (see below) is called. You can
-make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing
-<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}</code> in the preamble.
+make a line skip change happen for the entire document, for instance
+doubling it, by doing <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}</code> in
+the preamble.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-setspace"></a>
<a name="index-setspace-package"></a>
+
<a name="index-double-spacing"></a>
<p>However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the
<samp>setspace</samp> package. In addition to offering a number of spacing
@@ -2972,6 +3034,7 @@ automatically added.
<a name="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a>
<a name="index-package_002c-float"></a>
<a name="index-float-package"></a>
+
<p>To absolutely force a float to appear &ldquo;here&rdquo;, you can
<code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
@@ -3011,6 +3074,7 @@ is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-flafter"></a>
<a name="index-flafter-package"></a>
+
<p>LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in
the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
@@ -3227,7 +3291,9 @@ The setting
</pre></div>
<p>suppresses heading numbers at any depth <em>&gt; <var>level</var></em>, where
-<code>chapter</code> is level zero. (See <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>.)
+<code>chapter</code> is level zero. The default <code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in
+LaTeX&rsquo;s <samp>article</samp> class and 2 in the <samp>book</samp> and
+<samp>report</samp> classes. (See <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>.)
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="1">\@startsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Redefine layout of start of sections, subsections, etc.
@@ -3253,8 +3319,8 @@ Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href=
<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning divisions such
-as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>.
+<p>Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
+divisions such as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>.
</p>
<p>Note that the <samp>titlesec</samp> package makes manipulation of sectioning
easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
@@ -3263,30 +3329,33 @@ the standard LaTeX <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes the command
<code>\chapter</code> and <code>\report</code> are not constructed in this way. To
make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command.
</p>
-<p>Technically, this command has the form:
+<p>Technically, <code>\@startsection</code> has the form
</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}
- *[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>so that issuing:
+<p>(the star&nbsp;<code>*</code> is optional), so that issuing
</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}%
- {<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}}
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}}
</pre></div>
-<p>redefine <code>\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form
-<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code>. See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a> and
+<p>redefines <code>\section</code> to have the form
+<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code> (here too, the
+star&nbsp;<code>*</code> is optional). See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>. This implies that
+when you write a command like <code>\renewcommand{section}{...}</code>,
+the <code>\@startsection{...}</code> must come last in the definition. See
the examples below.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>name</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter (which must be defined
-separately) used to number for the sectioning header. Most commonly
-either <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or <code>paragraph</code>. Although
-in those three cases the name of the counter is also the name of the
-sectioning command itself, using the same name is not required.
+<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter used to number the
+sectioning header. This counter must be defined separately. Most
+commonly this is either <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or
+<code>paragraph</code>. Although in those three cases the counter name is the
+same as the sectioning command itself, using the same name is not
+required.
</p>
<p>Then <code>\the</code><var>name</var> displays the title number and
-<code>\</code><var>name</var><code>mark</code> is for the page headers.
+<code>\</code><var>name</var><code>mark</code> is for the page headers. See the third
+example below.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>level</var></dt>
@@ -3301,22 +3370,22 @@ classes <code>part</code> has level -1, while in the <code>article</code> class
<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <code>secnumdepth</code>
then the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered. For
instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 then a
-<code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like <code>1
-Introduction</code> while <code>\subsection{History}</code> will produce output
-like <code>History</code>, without the number
-prefix. See <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>.
+<code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like &ldquo;1
+Introduction&rdquo; while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will produce
+output like &ldquo;Discussion&rdquo;, without the number prefix.
+See <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>.
</p>
<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <var>tocdepth</var> then
-the table of contents will have an entrie for this sectioning unit.
+the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit.
For instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <var>tocdepth</var> is 1 then the table of
contents will list sections but not subsections.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>indent</var></dt>
<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></a><p>A length giving the indentation of all
-of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the
-title flush with the margin use <code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation
-such as <code>-1em</code> will move the title into the left margin.
+of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the title
+flush with the margin use <code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as
+<code>-\parindent</code> will move the title into the left margin.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>beforeskip</var></dt>
@@ -3334,7 +3403,7 @@ then to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times
the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in
the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with
<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>, is good practice here since it gives
-LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page.
+LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
<p>The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the
line prior to this sectioning unit&rsquo;s header and the baseline of the
@@ -3357,9 +3426,9 @@ between the end of the title and the beginning of the following
paragraph. (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is
<code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
</p>
-<p>As with <var>beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length with <code>plus</code> and
-<code>minus</code> components is good practice here since it gives LaTeX
-more flexibility in putting the page together.
+<p>As with <var>beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length, with <code>plus</code> and
+<code>minus</code> components, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX
+more flexibility in putting together the page.
</p>
<p>If <code>afterskip</code> is non-negative then the full accounting of the
vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit&rsquo;s header and
@@ -3384,22 +3453,41 @@ produce titles that are bold and upper case.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>Here are examples. To use them, either put them in a package or class
-file, or put them in the preamble of a LaTeX document between a
-<code>\makeatletter</code> command and a <code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the
-error message <code>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode.</code>
-means that you forgot this.) See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>.
+<p>These are LaTeX&rsquo;s defaults for the first three sectioning units that
+are defined with <code>\@startsection</code>, for the <samp>article</samp>,
+<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes.
</p>
-<p>This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered.
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th width="10%"></th><th width="30%"><code>section</code></th><th width="30%"><code>subsection</code></th><th width="30%"><code>subsubsection</code></th></tr></thead>
+<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a></td><td width="30%">section</td><td width="30%">subsection</td><td width="30%">subsubsection</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a></td><td width="30%">1</td><td width="30%">2</td><td width="30%">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>0pt</code></td><td width="30%"><code>0pt</code></td><td width="30%"><code>0pt</code></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code></td><td width="30%"><code>\normalfont\large\bfseries</code></td><td width="30%"><code>\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Here are examples. They go either in a package or class file or in the
+preamble of a LaTeX document. If you put them in the preamble they
+must go between a <code>\makeatletter</code> command and a
+<code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the error message <code>You can't use
+`\spacefactor' in vertical mode.</code> means that you forgot this.)
+See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>.
+</p>
+<p>This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It says
+<code>\renewcommand</code> because LaTeX&rsquo;s standard classes have already
+defined a <code>\section</code>. For the same reason it does not define a
+<code>section</code> counter, or the commands <code>\thesection</code> and
+<code>\l@section</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand\section{%
- \@startsection{section}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>.
- {1}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>.
- {0pt}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>.
- {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>.
- {2.3ex plus.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>.
- {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>.
+ \@startsection{section}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>
+ {1}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>
+ {0pt}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>
+ {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>
+ {2.3ex plus.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>
+ {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>
}
</pre></div>
@@ -3407,12 +3495,12 @@ means that you forgot this.) See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeato
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand\subsection{%
- \@startsection{subsection}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>.
- {2}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>.
- {0em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>.
- {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>.
- {-1em plus 0.2em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>.
- {\scshape}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>.
+ \@startsection{subsection}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>
+ {2}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>
+ {0em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>
+ {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>
+ {-1em plus 0.2em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>
+ {\scshape}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>
}
</pre></div>
@@ -3742,6 +3830,7 @@ Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environ
<a name="index-environment_002c-abstract"></a>
<a name="index-abstract-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-abstracts"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -3805,6 +3894,7 @@ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="
<a name="index-environment_002c-array"></a>
<a name="index-array-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-arrays_002c-math"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -3850,6 +3940,7 @@ default for this is &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath"></a>
<a name="index-amsmath-package"></a>
+
<p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <samp>amsmath</samp>
package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
surrounded by parentheses&nbsp;<code>(...)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array
@@ -3894,6 +3985,7 @@ Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous:
<a name="index-environment_002c-center"></a>
<a name="index-center-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -4005,6 +4097,7 @@ Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous:
<a name="index-environment_002c-description"></a>
<a name="index-description-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></a>
<a name="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></a>
@@ -4012,44 +4105,61 @@ Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{description}
-\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item
-\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item
+\item[<var>label of first item</var>] text of first item
+\item[<var>label of second item</var>] text of second item
...
\end{description}
</pre></div>
-<p>Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item&rsquo;s <var>label</var>
-is typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item&rsquo;s text may contain multiple
-paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no
-sensible default, so all items should have labels.
+<p>Environment to make a labeled list of items. Each item&rsquo;s <var>label</var> is
+typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the
+first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having
+none causes the LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a
+missing \item</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions.
+The labels &lsquo;<samp>lama</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>llama</samp>&rsquo; come out in boldface with their
+left edges aligned on the left margin.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{definition}
+ \item[lama] A priest.
+ \item[llama] A beast.
+\end{definition}
+</pre></div>
+
<a name="index-_005citem"></a>
-<p>The list consists of at least one item, created with the <code>\item</code>
-command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). Having no items causes the LaTeX error
-&lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo;).
+<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). Use the
+optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is
+no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which
+may contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<a name="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></a>
<a name="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></a>
<p>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
-change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will
-come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter
-with <code>\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold
+change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will come
+out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
+<code>\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold
typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold
typewriter is to use declarative style: <code>\item[{\tt label
-text}]</code>. Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use
-<code>\item[{\rm label text}]</code>.
+text}]</code>. Similarly, get the standard roman font with <code>\item[{\rm
+label text}]</code>.
</p>
<p>For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>
-and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. For information about customizing list layout, see
-<a href="#list">list</a>; also, the package <samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for this.
+and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. Unlike those environments, nesting
+<code>description</code> environments does not change the default label; it is
+boldface and flush left at all levels.
</p>
-<p>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions.
+<p>For information about list layout parameters, including the default
+values, and for information about customizing list layout, see
+<a href="#list">list</a>. The package <samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for customizing
+lists.
+</p>
+<p>This example changes the description labels to small caps.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{definition}
- \item[lama] A priest.
- \item[llama] A beast.
-\end{definition}
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{%
+ {\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}}
</pre></div>
@@ -4064,6 +4174,7 @@ Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></a>
<a name="index-displaymath-environment"></a>
+
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4085,6 +4196,7 @@ math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></a>
<a name="index-amsmath-package-1"></a>
+
<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
@@ -4123,6 +4235,7 @@ Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a
<a name="index-environment_002c-document"></a>
<a name="index-document-environment"></a>
+
<p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a>.
@@ -4141,7 +4254,8 @@ It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Star
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next">\AtEndDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="node-heading">\AtBeginDocument</h4>
+<a name="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></a>
<a name="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></a>
@@ -4168,7 +4282,8 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\AtBeginDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="node-heading">\AtEndDocument</h4>
+<a name="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></a>
<a name="index-end-of-document-hook"></a>
@@ -4201,28 +4316,29 @@ Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></a>
<a name="index-enumerate-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate}
-\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item
-\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item
+\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item
+\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item
...
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
<p>Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the
-label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within
-another; see below.
-</p>
-<a name="index-_005citem-1"></a>
-<p>The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the
-LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo;. Each
-item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command.
+label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see
+below. The default top-level numbering is &lsquo;<samp>1.</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>2.</samp>&rsquo;,
+etc. Each <code>enumerate</code> list environment must have at least one item;
+having none causes the LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a
+missing \item</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<p>This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon.
+<p>This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon.
+As a top-level list the labels would come out as &lsquo;<samp>1.</samp>&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;<samp>2.</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate}
@@ -4231,12 +4347,20 @@ item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command.
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<p>Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment,
-including <code>itemize</code> (see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>), <code>description</code>
-(see <a href="#description">description</a>) and <code>enumeration</code>, up to four levels deep.
-The format of the label produced depends on the place in the nesting.
-This gives LaTeX&rsquo;s default for the format at each nesting level
-(where 1 is the outermost level):
+<a name="index-_005citem-1"></a>
+<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). If you
+give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
+brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item
+will continue the interrupted sequence (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). That is, you
+will get labels like &lsquo;<samp>1.</samp>&rsquo;, then &lsquo;<samp>Interstitial label</samp>&rsquo;, then
+&lsquo;<samp>2.</samp>&rsquo;. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may
+contain multiple paragraphs.
+</p>
+<p>Enumerations may be nested within other <code>enumerate</code> environments,
+or within any paragraph-making environment such as <code>itemize</code>
+(see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX&rsquo;s
+default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level,
+the outermost level.
</p>
<ol>
<li> arabic number followed by a period: &lsquo;<samp>1.</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>2.</samp>&rsquo;,&nbsp;&hellip;
@@ -4250,9 +4374,13 @@ This gives LaTeX&rsquo;s default for the format at each nesting level
<a name="index-_005cenumiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005cenumiv"></a>
<p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
-<code>\enumiv</code> counters (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>). If you use the optional
-argument to <code>\item</code> then the counter is not incremented for that
-item (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>).
+<code>\enumiv</code> (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
+</p>
+<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see
+<a href="#description">description</a> and <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>. For information about list layout
+parameters, including the default values, and for information about
+customizing list layout, see <a href="#list">list</a>. The package <samp>enumitem</samp> is
+useful for customizing lists.
</p>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumi"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumii"></a>
@@ -4262,26 +4390,20 @@ item (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>).
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
-period:
+period.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cAlph-example"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}}
\begin{enumerate}
- \item eI
- \item bi:
- \item si:
+ \item Shows as boldface A
+ \item Shows as boldface B
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<p>For a list of counter-labelling commands like <code>\Alph</code> see
-<a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>.
-</p>
-<p>For more on customizing the layout see <a href="#list">list</a>. Also, the package
-<samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for this.
+<p>For a list of counter-labeling commands see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>.
</p>
-
<hr>
<a name="eqnarray"></a>
<div class="header">
@@ -4293,6 +4415,7 @@ Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></a>
<a name="index-eqnarray-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-equations_002c-aligning"></a>
<a name="index-aligning-equations"></a>
@@ -4374,6 +4497,7 @@ Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="
<a name="index-environment_002c-equation"></a>
<a name="index-equation-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></a>
@@ -4390,6 +4514,10 @@ equation number in the right margin.
</p>
<p>The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
</p>
+<p>You should have no blank lines between <code>\begin{equation}</code> and
+<code>\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a
+missing dollar sign,&nbsp;$<code>$</code>.
+</p>
<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
new documents.
@@ -4406,6 +4534,7 @@ Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">filecontents</a>, Previou
<a name="index-environment_002c-figure"></a>
<a name="index-figure-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-inserting-figures"></a>
<a name="index-figures_002c-inserting"></a>
@@ -4477,8 +4606,10 @@ Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a
<a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></a>
<a name="index-filecontents-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></a>
<a name="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-external-files_002c-writing"></a>
<a name="index-writing-external-files"></a>
@@ -4550,6 +4681,7 @@ Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <
<a name="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></a>
<a name="index-flushleft-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
@@ -4608,6 +4740,7 @@ Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="index-environment_002c-flushright"></a>
<a name="index-flushright-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
@@ -4666,6 +4799,7 @@ Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="
<a name="index-environment_002c-itemize"></a>
<a name="index-itemize-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-_005citem-2"></a>
<a name="index-lists-of-items"></a>
<a name="index-unordered-lists"></a>
@@ -4675,37 +4809,58 @@ Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{itemize}
-\item <var>item1</var>
-\item <var>item2</var>
+\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item
+\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item
...
\end{itemize}
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an &ldquo;unordered&rdquo;, &ldquo;bulleted&rdquo;
-list. Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four
-levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
-environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
+list. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of
+this environment; see below. Each <code>itemize</code> list environment must
+have at least one item; having none causes the LaTeX error
+&lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<p>Each item of an <code>itemize</code> list begins with an <code>\item</code> command.
-There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.
+<p>This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label
+would come out as a bullet, &bull;.
</p>
-<p>By default, the marks at each level look like this:
-</p>
-<ol>
-<li> &bull; (bullet)
-</li><li> <b>-<span class="nolinebreak">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash)
-</li><li> * (asterisk)
-</li><li> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
-</li></ol>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{itemize}
+ \item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra
+ \item Rice portrait
+\end{itemize}
+</pre></div>
+<a name="index-_005citem-3"></a>
+<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). If you
+give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
+brackets, as in <code>\item[Optional label]</code>, then by default it will
+appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left
+margin. For labels that are flush left see the <a href="#description">description</a>
+environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may
+contain multiple paragraphs.
+</p>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemi"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemiv"></a>
-<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code>
-through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can
-use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels. For instance, to have
-the first level use diamonds:
+<p>Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
+They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
+as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>). The <code>itemize</code> environment
+uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to
+produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case
+roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting
+level). These are the default marks at each level.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> &bull; (bullet, from <code>\textbullet</code>)
+</li><li> <b>-<span class="nolinebreak">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash, from <code>\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>)
+</li><li> * (asterisk, from <code>\textasteriskcentered</code>)
+</li><li> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code>\textperiodcentered</code>)
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>Change the labels with <code>\renewcommand</code>. For instance, this makes
+the first level use diamonds.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
@@ -4718,99 +4873,28 @@ the first level use diamonds:
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginv"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></a>
-<p>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define
-the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
-the left margin of the list. By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set
-to the appropriate <code>\leftmargin<var>N</var></code> when a new level of
-nesting is entered.
-</p>
-<p>The defaults vary from &lsquo;<samp>.5em</samp>&rsquo; (highest levels of nesting) to
-&lsquo;<samp>2.5em</samp>&rsquo; (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.
-This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
+<p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
+the left margin of the <code>itemize</code> list is determined by the
+parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Note the
+convention of using lower case roman numerals a the end of the command
+name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: <code>2.5em</code> in
+level 1 (<code>2em</code> in two-column mode), <code>2.2em</code> in level 2,
+<code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with smaller
+values for more deeply nested levels.
+</p>
+<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see
+<a href="#description">description</a> and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. For information about list
+layout parameters, including the default values, and for information
+about customizing list layout, see <a href="#list">list</a>. The package
+<samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for customizing lists.
+</p>
+<p>This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized
+lists.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
</pre></div>
-<p>Some parameters that affect list formatting:
-</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\itemindent</code>
-<a name="index-_005citemindent"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\labelsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005clabelsep"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Space between the label and text of an item; default &lsquo;<samp>.5em</samp>&rsquo;.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\labelwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005clabelwidth"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Width of the label; default &lsquo;<samp>2em</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>1.5em</samp>&rsquo; in two-column mode.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\listparindent</code>
-<a name="index-_005clistparindent"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
-list item; default &lsquo;<samp>0pt</samp>&rsquo;.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\rightmargin</code>
-<a name="index-_005crightmargin"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
-enclosing environment; default &lsquo;<samp>0pt</samp>&rsquo;, except in the <code>quote</code>,
-<code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal
-to <code>\leftmargin</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
-loose, by default).
-</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\itemsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005citemsep"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt
-minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for
-<code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\parsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cparsep"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults
-are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\topsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctopsep"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
-For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for
-<code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>,
-and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. These are reduced
-for nested lists.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\partopsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpartopsep"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a
-paragraph. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code>
-documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt
-plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
<a name="index-_005cparskip-example"></a>
<p>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
@@ -4839,6 +4923,7 @@ Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#ite
<a name="index-environment_002c-letter"></a>
<a name="index-letter-environment"></a>
+
<p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>.
</p>
@@ -4854,35 +4939,349 @@ Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#let
<a name="index-environment_002c-list"></a>
<a name="index-list-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></a>
-<p>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for
-defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
-documents, but often in macros.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>}
-\item <var>item1</var>
-\item <var>item2</var>
+\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item
+\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item
...
\end{list}
</pre></div>
-<p>The mandatory <var>labeling</var> argument specifies how items should be
-labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <code>\item</code>).
-This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
-label. It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.
+<p>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment for constructing
+more specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the
+<code>description</code>, <code>enumerate</code>, and <code>itemize</code> environments
+(see <a href="#description">description</a>, <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>, and <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Also, many standard LaTeX environments that are not visually lists
+are constructed using <code>list</code>, including <code>quotation</code>,
+<code>quote</code>, <code>center</code>, <code>verbatim</code>, and plenty more
+(see <a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a>, see <a href="#center">center</a>, see <a href="#flushright">flushright</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-enumitem"></a>
+<a name="index-enumitem-package"></a>
+
+<p>The third-party package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
+Here, we describe the <code>list</code> environment by defining a new custom
+environment.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items
+\newenvironment{named}
+ {\begin{list}
+ {Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling argument
+ {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument
+ \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}} % still spacing arg
+ }
+ {\end{list}}
+
+\begin{named}
+ \item Shows as ``Item~I.''
+ \item[Special label.] Shows as ``Special label.''
+ \item Shows as ``Item~II.''
+\end{named}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>list</code> environment&rsquo;s mandatory first argument,
+<var>labeling</var>, specifies the default labeling of list items. It can
+contain text and LaTeX commands, as above where it contains both
+&lsquo;<samp>Item</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\Roman{...}</samp>&rsquo;. LaTeX forms the label by
+putting the <var>labeling</var> argument in a box of width
+<code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the additional
+material extends to the right. When making an instance of a list you
+can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an optional
+argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above
+<code>\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_005cmakelabel"></a>
+<p>The label box is constructed by the command <code>\makelabel</code>. By
+default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument,
+the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing
+its definition is that to the above example before the definition of the
+<code>named</code> environment add
+<code>\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}</code>, and between
+the <code>\setlength</code> command and the parenthesis that closes the
+<var>spacing</var> argument also add <code>\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel</code>.
+Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the
+second code line to <code>\let\makelabel\fbox</code> puts the labels inside a
+framed box. Another example is at the bottom of this entry.
+</p>
+<p>The mandatory second argument <var>spacing</var> can have a list of
+commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as
+<code>\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}</code>. If this argument is empty,
+i.e., <code>{}</code>, then the list will have the default spacing given
+below. To number the items using a counter, put
+<code>\usecounter{<var>countername</var>}</code> in this argument
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the
+figure below. Each is a length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The vertical
+spaces are normally rubber lengths, with <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>
+components, to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change
+each with a command such as <code>\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt
+minus1pt}</code>. For some effects these lengths should be zero or
+negative. Default values for derived environments such as
+<code>itemize</code> can be changed from the values shown here for the basic
+<code>list</code>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\itemindent</code>
+<a name="index-_005citemindent"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
+first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\itemsep</code>
+<a name="index-_005citemsep"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
+for the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;,
+and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt
+minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
+<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at
+11 point are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is,
+<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code>topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt
+plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt
+minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
+<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\labelsep</code>
+<a name="index-_005clabelsep"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
+The default for LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;,
+and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes is <code>0.5em</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\labelwidth</code>
+<a name="index-_005clabelwidth"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
+If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
+line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material.
+If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text of width less than or equal to
+<code>\labelwidth</code> then LaTeX&rsquo;s default is that the label is typeset
+flush right in a box of this width.
+</p>
+<p>The left edge of the label box is
+<code>\leftmargin</code>+<code>\itemindent</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>-<code>\labelwidth</code>
+from the left margin of the enclosing environment.
+</p>
+<p>The default for LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and
+&lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at the top level is
+<code>\leftmargini</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>, (which is <code>2em</code> in one column
+mode and <code>1.5em</code> in two column mode). At the second level it is
+<code>\leftmarginii</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>, and at the third level it is
+<code>\leftmarginiii</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>. These definitions make the
+label&rsquo;s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
+environment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\leftmargin</code>
+<a name="index-_005cleftmargin-1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
+(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the
+left margin of this list. It must be non-negative.
+</p>
+<p>In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this set
+to the value of <code>\leftmargini</code>, while a list that is nested inside
+a top-level list has this margin set to <code>\leftmarginii</code>. More
+deeply nested lists get the values of <code>\leftmarginiii</code> through
+<code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Nesting greater than level five generates the
+error message &lsquo;<samp>Too deeply nested</samp>&rsquo;.)
+</p>
+<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes are: <code>\leftmargini</code> is
+<code>2.5em</code> (in two column mode, <code>2em</code>), <code>\leftmarginii</code> is
+<code>2.2em</code>, and <code>\leftmarginiii</code> is <code>1.87em</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\listparindent</code>
+<a name="index-_005clistparindent"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
+<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
+item. A negative value makes this an &ldquo;outdent&rdquo;. Its default value
+is <code>0pt</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\parsep</code>
+<a name="index-_005cparsep"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;
+and &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo; classes The defaults for the first three levels in
+LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10
+point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt
+minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point size are:
+<code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and
+<code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt
+minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\partopsep</code>
+<a name="index-_005cpartopsep"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
+and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
+a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list
+changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line
+following the list is blank does not matter.)
+</p>
+<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code>2pt
+plus1 minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt
+minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point are: <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>,
+<code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>). The
+defaults at 12 point are: <code>3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code>3pt plus2pt
+minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\rightmargin</code>
+<a name="index-_005crightmargin"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
+margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
+It must be non-negative.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\topsep</code>
+<a name="index-_005ctopsep"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
+to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>). The defaults for the first three
+levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo;
+classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>, <code>4pt
+plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11
+point are: <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code>, <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>,
+and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point are:
+<code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code>, <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, and
+<code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>This shows the horizontal and vertical distances.
</p>
-<p>The mandatory <var>spacing</var> argument contains commands to change the
-spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be
-empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing.
+<div class="float">
+<img src="latex2e-figures/list.png" alt="latex2e-figures/list">
+</div>
+<p>The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the
+right edge of the bracket for <var>h1</var> equals the right edge of the
+bracket for <var>h4</var>, so that the left edge of the label box is at
+<var>h3</var>+<var>h4</var>-(<var>h0</var>+<var>h1</var>).
</p>
-<p>The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by
-<code>\linewidth</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>).
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><var>v0</var></dt>
+<dd><p><em><code>\topsep</code> + <code>\parskip</code></em> if
+the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and
+<code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>+<code>\partopsep</code> if it does
</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>v1</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code>\parsep</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>v2</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code>\itemsep</code>+<code>\parsep</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>v3</var></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <var>v0</var>. (This space is affected by whether a blank line
+appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line
+appears in the source below the environment does not matter.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>h1</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code>\labelsep</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>h2</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code>\listparindent</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>h3</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code>\leftmargin</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>h4</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code>\itemindent</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>h5</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code>\rightmargin</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The list&rsquo;s left and right margins, shown above as <var>h3</var> and <var>h5</var>,
+are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or
+with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width
+used for typesetting the list items is <code>\linewidth</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, set the list&rsquo;s left margin to be one
+quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the
+enclosing environment with
+<code>\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three
+parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is
+<code>-\@lowpenalty</code>, that is, <code>-51</code>. Because it is negative,
+it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. Change it with,
+e.g., <code>\@beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a
+page break.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\@beginparpenalty</code>
+<a name="index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\@itempenalty</code>
+<a name="index-_005c_0040itempenalty"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\@endparpenalty</code>
+<a name="index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left
+edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{color}
+\newcounter{cnt}
+\newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}}
+\newenvironment{redlabel}
+ {\begin{list}
+ {\arabic{cnt}}
+ {\usecounter{cnt}
+ \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em}
+ \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em}
+ \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em}
+ \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep
+ \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel
+ }
+ }
+{\end{list} }
+</pre></div>
+
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1">\item</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An entry in a list.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2">trivlist</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A restricted form of <code>list</code>.
+</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -4890,10 +5289,10 @@ empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing.
<a name="g_t_005citem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next">trivlist</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list_002e"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list.</h4>
+<a name="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4903,21 +5302,24 @@ Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Conten
<p>or
</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\item[<var>optional label</var>] text of item
+<pre class="example">\item[<var>optional-label</var>] text of item
</pre></div>
<p>An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default
-depends on the list type.
+depends on the list type.
</p>
-<p>Because the optional argument <var>optional label</var> is surrounded by
-square brackets&nbsp;(<code>[</code> and <code>]</code>), to use square brackets
-inside the optional argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as
-in <code>\item[Close square bracket, {]}]</code>. Similarly, to use an open
-square bracket as first character in the text of the item, also hide it
-inside curly braces. See <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a>.
+<p>Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets
+&lsquo;<samp>[...]</samp>&rsquo;, if you have an item whose text starts with &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo;, you
+have to to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code>\item
+{[} is an open square bracket</code>; otherwise, LaTeX will think it
+marks the start of an optional label.
</p>
-<p>In this example the <code>enumerate</code> list has two items that use the
-default label and one that uses the optional label.
+<p>Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a
+close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same
+way: <code>\item[Close square bracket, {]}]</code>. See <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a>.
+</p>
+<p>In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default
+label and one that uses the optional label.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate}
@@ -4928,11 +5330,63 @@ default label and one that uses the optional label.
</pre></div>
<p>The first item is labelled &lsquo;<samp>1.</samp>&rsquo;, the second item is labelled
-&lsquo;<samp>sometimes</samp>&rsquo;, and the third item is labelled &lsquo;<samp>2.</samp>&rsquo; (note that,
-because of the optional label in the second item, the third item does
-not get a &lsquo;<samp>3.</samp>&rsquo;).
+&lsquo;<samp>sometimes</samp>&rsquo;, and the third item is labelled &lsquo;<samp>2.</samp>&rsquo;. Because
+of the optional label in the second item, the third item is not
+labelled&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>3.</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="trivlist"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\item</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></h4>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{trivlist}
+ ...
+\end{trivlist}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not
+indented and an <code>\item</code> without an optional argument produces no
+text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where
+the <code>\item</code> command as part of the environment&rsquo;s definition. For
+instance, the <code>center</code> environment is defined essentially like
+this:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newenvironment{center}
+ {\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax}
+ {\end{trivlist}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Using <code>trivlist</code> in this way allows the macro to inherit some
+common code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments;
+detecting whether the text following the environment should be
+considered a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one;
+adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list
+environments.
+</p>
+<p>Specifically, <code>trivlist</code> uses the current values of the list
+parameters (see <a href="#list">list</a>), except that <code>\parsep</code> is set to the
+value of <code>\parskip</code>, and <code>\leftmargin</code>, <code>\labelwidth</code>,
+and <code>\itemindent</code> are set to zero.
+</p>
+<p>This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by
+default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{trivlist}
+\item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old.
+\item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines.
+\end{trivlist}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="math"></a>
@@ -4945,6 +5399,7 @@ Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="index-environment_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-math-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-in_002dline-formulas"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -4955,8 +5410,8 @@ Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a hr
\end{math}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the
-running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
+<p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts given <var>math</var> material within
+the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>.
</p>
@@ -4971,6 +5426,7 @@ Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="index-environment_002c-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-minipage-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a>
<div class="example">
@@ -5017,6 +5473,7 @@ Next: <a href="#quotation-and-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation and quot
<a name="index-environment_002c-picture"></a>
<a name="index-picture-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-creating-pictures"></a>
<a name="index-pictures_002c-creating"></a>
@@ -5043,6 +5500,7 @@ The default value is <code>1pt</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-picture"></a>
<a name="index-picture-package"></a>
+
<p>The <code>picture</code> package redefine the <code>picture</code> environment so
that everywhere a number is used in a <var>picture commands</var> to specify
a coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that
@@ -5521,11 +5979,13 @@ Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="index-environment_002c-quotation"></a>
<a name="index-quotation-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></a>
<a name="index-environment_002c-quote"></a>
<a name="index-quote-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></a>
@@ -5582,6 +6042,7 @@ Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#q
<a name="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></a>
<a name="index-tabbing-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></a>
<a name="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></a>
<a name="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></a>
@@ -5590,27 +6051,75 @@ Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#q
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing}
-<var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> \= <var>row1col3</var> \= <var>row1col4</var> \\
-<var>row2col1</var> \&gt; \&gt; <var>row2col3</var> \\
+<var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> ... \\
+<var>row2col1</var> \&gt; <var>row2col2</var> ... \\
...
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align text in
-columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
-was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where
-the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
+<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment aligns text in columns. It works by
+setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter.
+It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant
+and known in advance.
</p>
-<p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code>
-environment.
+<p>This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit
+widths, ended by a <code>\kill</code> command (which is described below):
</p>
-<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment:
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing}
+\hspace{0.75in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \kill
+Ship \&gt; Guns \&gt; Year \\
+\textit{Sophie} \&gt; 14 \&gt; 1800 \\
+\textit{Polychrest} \&gt; 24 \&gt; 1803 \\
+\textit{Lively} \&gt; 38 \&gt; 1804 \\
+\textit{Surprise} \&gt; 28 \&gt; 1805 \\
+\end{tabbing}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Both the <code>tabbing</code> environment and the more widely-used
+<code>tabular</code> environment put text in columns. The most important
+distinction is that in <code>tabular</code> the width of columns is
+determined automatically by LaTeX, while in <code>tabbing</code> the user
+sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that <code>tabular</code>
+generates a box, but <code>tabbing</code> can be broken across pages.
+Finally, while <code>tabular</code> can be used in any mode, <code>tabbing</code>
+can be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph.
+</p>
+<p>A <code>tabbing</code> environment always starts a new paragraph, without
+indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need
+to use the starred form of the <code>\hspace</code> command at the beginning
+of a tabbed row. The right margin of the <code>tabbing</code> environment is
+the end of line, so that the width of the environment is
+<code>\linewidth</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-row_002c-tabbing"></a>
+<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <em>tabbed
+rows</em>. The first tabbed row begins immediately after
+<code>\begin{tabbing}</code> and each row ends with <code>\\</code> or
+<code>\kill</code>. The last row may omit the <code>\\</code> and end with just
+<code>\end{tabbing}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a current tab stop
+pattern, a sequence of <em><var>n</var> &gt; 0</em> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
+etc. These create <var>n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop&nbsp;0 is
+always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab
+stop number&nbsp;<var>i</var> is set if it is assigned a horizontal
+position on the page. Tab stop number&nbsp;<var>i</var> can only be set if
+all the stops 0, &hellip;, <em>i-1</em> have already been set; normally
+later stops are to the right of earlier ones.
+</p>
+<p>By default any text typeset in a <code>tabbing</code> environment is typeset
+ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is
+done in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
+They are all fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>End a line.
+<dd><p>End a tabbed line and typeset it.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
@@ -5652,22 +6161,23 @@ necessary.
<dt><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
-current column, i.e., everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>,
-<code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right
-of the previous column, flush against the current column&rsquo;s tab stop.
+<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e.,
+everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>, <code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>,
+<code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned
+to the right, flush against the current column&rsquo;s tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
-stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&rsquo;t move text to the right of the last column
-because there&rsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the
-text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end{tabbing}</code>
-command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
-environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or <code>\'</code> command between
-the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line.
+stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&rsquo;t move text to the right of the last
+column because there&rsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves
+all the text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or
+<code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line, to the right margin
+of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or
+<code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the <code>\\</code> or
+<code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
@@ -5678,16 +6188,16 @@ the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line.
<a name="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
<p>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>). Instead,
-the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used.
+use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\kill</code>
<a name="index-_005ckill"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code>
-except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
-output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code>
-commands in that line remain in effect.
+<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except
+that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.
+Any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in
+effect.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\poptabs</code>
@@ -5707,18 +6217,18 @@ tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
<dt><code>\tabbingsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ctabbingsep"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>.
+<dd><p>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
+<p>This example typesets a Pascal function:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\&gt; begin \= \+ \\
- \&gt; if \= n $&gt;$ 1 then \+ \\
+ \&gt; if \= n &gt; 1 then \+ \\
fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
else \+ \\
fact := 1; \-\- \\
@@ -5726,7 +6236,36 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>
+<p>The output looks like this:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">function fact(n : integer) : integer;
+ begin
+ if n &gt; 1 then
+ fact := n * fact(n-1);
+ else
+ fact := 1;
+ end;
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-algorithm2e"></a>
+<a name="index-algorithm2e-package"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-listings"></a>
+<a name="index-listings-package"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-minted"></a>
+<a name="index-minted-package"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></a>
+<a name="index-fancyvrb-package"></a>
+
+
+<p>(The above example is just for illustration of the environment. To
+actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim
+environment (see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>) would normally suffice. For
+pretty-printed code, there are quite a few packages, including
+<code>algorithm2e</code>, <code>fancyvrb</code>, <code>listings</code>, and
+<code>minted</code>.)
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="table"></a>
<div class="header">
@@ -5738,6 +6277,7 @@ Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="index-environment_002c-table"></a>
<a name="index-table-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-tables_002c-creating"></a>
<a name="index-creating-tables"></a>
@@ -5796,6 +6336,7 @@ Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, P
<a name="index-environment_002c-tabular"></a>
<a name="index-tabular-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-lines-in-tables"></a>
<a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></a>
@@ -6241,6 +6782,7 @@ Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></a>
<a name="index-thebibliography-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -6256,15 +6798,31 @@ Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href
reference list.
</p>
<p>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled
-&ldquo;References&rdquo;; in the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled
-&ldquo;Bibliography&rdquo;. You can change the label (in the standard classes)
-by redefining the command <code>\refname</code>. For instance, this
-eliminates it entirely:
+&lsquo;<samp>References</samp>&rsquo; and the label is stored in macro <code>\refname</code>; in
+the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled &lsquo;<samp>Bibliography</samp>&rsquo; and the
+label is stored in macro <code>\bibname</code>.
</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\refname}{}
-</pre></div>
+<p>You can change the label by redefining the command <code>\refname</code> or
+<code>\bibname</code>, whichever is applicable depending on the class:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> <a name="index-_005cbibname"></a>
+For standard classes whose top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code>
+(such as <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp>), the label is in the macro
+<code>\bibname</code>;
+
+</li><li> <a name="index-_005crefname"></a>
+For standard classes whose the top level sectioning is <code>\section</code>
+(such as <samp>article</samp>), the label is in macro <code>\refname</code>.
+</li></ul>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-babel"></a>
+<a name="index-babel-package"></a>
+<p>Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine
+<code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code>; language support packages like
+<samp>babel</samp> do this.
+</p>
<p>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset,
is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
commands. It is typically given as <code>9</code> for bibliographies with
@@ -6433,6 +6991,7 @@ Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a
<a name="index-environment_002c-theorem"></a>
<a name="index-theorem-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -6460,6 +7019,7 @@ Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-titlepage-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-making-a-title-page"></a>
<a name="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></a>
@@ -6515,6 +7075,7 @@ Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#t
<a name="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></a>
<a name="index-verbatim-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-verbatim-text"></a>
<a name="index-simulating-typed-text"></a>
<a name="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></a>
@@ -6535,7 +7096,8 @@ which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
effect that they would on a typewriter.
</p>
-<p>The <code>verbatim</code> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>).
+<p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font
+(<code>\tt</code>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
@@ -6583,6 +7145,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href
<a name="index-environment_002c-verse"></a>
<a name="index-verse-environment"></a>
+
<a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -7286,6 +7849,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of fo
<a name="index-package_002c-footmisc"></a>
<a name="index-footmisc-package"></a>
+
<a name="index-stable-option-to-footmisc-package"></a>
<p>causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
@@ -7429,6 +7993,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a hr
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="9">\protect</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using tricky commands.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Discard extra spaces.
+</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -8026,7 +8592,7 @@ characters in each:
<a name="g_t_005cprotect"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cprotect-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\protect</code></h3>
@@ -8094,6 +8660,102 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\protect</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005cignorespaces"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a>
+<a name="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands"></a>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\ignorespaces
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\ignorespacesafterend
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore spaces after the end of the
+command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command
+from Plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via
+<code>\newcommand</code>, or <code>\newenvironment</code>, or <code>\def</code>. The
+example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values
+for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as
+shown in the <code>enumerate</code> list, users must not put any space between
+the command and the question text.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}
+\begin{enumerate}
+ \item\points{10}no extra space output here
+ \item\points{15} extra space output between the number and the word `extra'
+\end{enumerate}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The solution is to change to
+<code>\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The
+commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But,
+as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
+<code>\fullname</code> will reproduce that.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\makeatletter
+\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\@honorific{#1}} % remember title
+\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\@honorific~#1} % recall title; put before name
+\makeatother
+\begin{tabular}{|l|}
+\honorific{Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} \\ % no extra space here
+\honorific{ Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} % extra space before title
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>To fix this, change to
+<code>\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\@honorific~#1}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is also often used in a <code>\newenvironment</code>
+at the end of the <var>begin</var> clause, that is, as part of the second
+argument, as in <code>\begin{newenvironment}{<var>env
+name</var>}{... \ignorespaces}{...}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>To strip spaces off the end of an environment use
+<code>\ignorespacesafterend</code>. An example is that this will show a much
+larger vertical space between the first and second environments than
+between the second and third.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}}
+\begin{eq}
+e=mc^2
+\end{eq}
+\begin{equation}
+F=ma
+\end{equation}
+\begin{equation}
+E=IR
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Putting a comment character&nbsp;<code>%</code> immediately after the
+<code>\end{eq}</code> will make the vertical space disappear, but that is
+inconvenient. The solution is to change to
+<code>\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
<a name="Counters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
@@ -8919,10 +9581,13 @@ Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#M
<a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a>
<a name="index-environment_002c-math-1"></a>
<a name="index-math-environment-1"></a>
+
<a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></a>
<a name="index-displaymath-environment-1"></a>
+
<a name="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></a>
<a name="index-equation-environment-1"></a>
+
<p>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
</p>
@@ -9386,7 +10051,7 @@ arrow&nbsp;<code>\downarrow</code>.
<dt><code>\ell</code>
<a name="index-_005cell"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2113; Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x2113; Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\emptyset</code>
@@ -11496,24 +12161,22 @@ Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#P
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="2">\hfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="3">\(SPACE) and \@</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space after a period.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="3">\spacefactor</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="4">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space (gobbling) after a control sequence.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="5">\frenchspacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="6">\thinspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="5">\thinspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="7">\/</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert italic correction.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="6">\/</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert italic correction.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="8">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="7">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Vertical space
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="9">\addvspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="8">\addvspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed vertical spaces.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="9">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed vertical spaces.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
</td></tr>
@@ -11566,7 +12229,7 @@ from the right margin.
<a name="g_t_005chfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE) and \@</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next">\spacefactor</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chfill-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></h3>
@@ -11586,57 +12249,160 @@ space that does not disappear at line breaks use
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\spacefactor=<var>integer</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-_005cspacefactor"></a>
+<p>While LaTeX is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance
+it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The
+<code>\spacefactor</code> command (from Plain&nbsp;TeX) allows you to
+change the LaTeX&rsquo;s default behavior.
+</p>
+<p>After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
+parameter called the <em>space factor</em>. If the next thing in the input
+is a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap
+LaTeX will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called
+<em>interword glue</em>.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap
+can stretch more and shrink less.
+</p>
+<p>Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following
+most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is
+3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000
+after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a
+right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote.
+Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter.
+</p>
+<p>If the space factor&nbsp;<var>f</var> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the
+font&rsquo;s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
+3.3333&nbsp;points). Otherwise, if the space factor <var>f</var> is greater
+than 2000 then TeX adds the font&rsquo;s extra space value (for Computer
+Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111&nbsp;points), and then the font&rsquo;s
+normal stretch value is multiplied by <em>f /1000</em> and the normal
+shrink value is multiplied by <em>1000/f</em> (for Computer Modern Roman
+10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111&nbsp;points). In short, compared
+to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a
+lowercase letter, inter-sentence spacing has a fixed extra space added
+and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much.
+</p>
+<p>The rules for how TeX uses space factors are even more complex
+because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two
+consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a
+close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in
+place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and
+shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter
+then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how
+to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not
+end in a capital letter, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a>.
+</p>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="1">\(SPACE) and \@</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space after a period.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="2">\frenchspacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3">\normalsfcodes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Restore space factor settings to the default.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and \@</h3>
+<h4 class="subsection">19.3.1 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and <code>\@</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cTAB"></a>
<a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0040"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cAT"></a>
-<p>Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a
-sentence or as ending an abbreviation.
+<p>Here, <code>\(SPACE)</code> means a backslash followed by a space. These
+commands mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either
+ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation.
</p>
<p>By default, in justifying a line LaTeX adjusts the space after a
sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or
-colon) more than the space between words
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a>). LaTeX assumes that the period ends a
-sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it
-takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a
-sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or
-bracket, or right single or double quote, then the inter-sentence space
-follows that parenthesis or quote.
-</p>
-<p>If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a
-capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the
+colon) more than the space between words. See <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>. As
+described there, LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless
+it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period
+for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is
+immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single
+or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through
+that parenthesis or quote.
+</p>
+<p>So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not
+a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the
sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (<code>\ </code>) or
-a tie (<code>~</code>). Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and
-<code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.)\ for sale</code>.
-</p>
-<p>For another use of <code>\ </code>, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>.
+a tie (<code>~</code>) or a <code>\@</code>. Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\
+Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.\@) for sale</code>
+(note that in the last the <code>\@</code> comes before the closing parenthesis).
</p>
<p>In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
-period that ends the sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before that period.
-For example, <code>book by the MAA\@.</code> will have inter-sentence
-spacing after the period.
+period that does end the sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before the
+period. For example, <code>book by the MAA\@.</code> will have correct
+inter-sentence spacing after the period.
+</p>
+<p>For another use of <code>\(SPACE)</code>, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">\normalsfcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) and \@</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">19.3.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a>
+<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a>
+
+<p>This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat
+inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
</p>
-<p>In contrast, putting <code>\@</code> after a period tells TeX that the
-period does not end the sentence. In the example <code>reserved words
-(if, then, etc.\@) are different</code>, TeX will put interword space
-after the closing parenthesis (note that <code>\@</code> is before the
-parenthesis).
+<p>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including
+English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other
+punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this
+declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally.
+</p>
+<p>Revert to the default behavior by declaring <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">19.3.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></a>
+<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></a>
+
+<p>Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) and \@</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\spacefactor</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c--after-control-sequence"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</h3>
@@ -11660,42 +12426,19 @@ by a space or by a punctuation mark. Compare:
<a name="index-package_002c-xspace"></a>
<a name="index-xspace-package"></a>
+
<p>Some individual commands, notably those defined with the <code>xspace</code>,
package do not follow the standard behavior.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h3>
-
-<a name="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a>
-<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a>
-
-<p>This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat
-inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
-</p>
-<p>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including
-English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other
-punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this
-declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally.
-</p>
-<p>Revert to the default behavior by declaring <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cthinspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</h3>
<a name="index-_005cthinspace-1"></a>
@@ -11710,7 +12453,7 @@ quotes, as in &rsquo;&rdquo;.</p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</h3>
<a name="index-_005c_002f"></a>
<a name="index-italic-correction"></a>
@@ -11747,7 +12490,7 @@ in a different way.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005chrulefill"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdotfill"></a>
@@ -11783,7 +12526,7 @@ length of 0.33em to 1.00em.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space"></a>
@@ -11817,7 +12560,7 @@ change that is to precede this command with a <code>\par</code> command.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addvspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3>
<p>These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the
document class.
@@ -11861,7 +12604,7 @@ quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cvfill"></a>
@@ -11900,7 +12643,7 @@ Lost Dog!
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvspace_007blength_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cvspace"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space-1"></a>
@@ -11942,7 +12685,7 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
<a name="Boxes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Boxes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2>
@@ -12020,8 +12763,8 @@ argument. </p>
<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a>
<p>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default
-&lsquo;<samp>.4pt</samp>&rsquo;), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default
-&lsquo;<samp>3pt</samp>&rsquo;) between the rule and the contents of the box.
+<code>0.4pt</code>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default <code>3pt</code>)
+between the rule and the contents of the box.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the
<code>picture</code> environment.
@@ -12259,13 +13002,1420 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sbox</a>, Up: <a hre
</p>
<hr>
+<a name="Color"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Color-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">21 Color</h2>
+
+<a name="index-color"></a>
+
+<p>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
+or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
+</p>
+<p>Color support comes as an additional package. So all the commands below
+will only work if your document preamble contains
+<code>\usepackage{color}</code>, that brings in the standard package.
+</p>
+<p>Many other packages also supplement LaTeX&rsquo;s color abilities.
+Particularly worth mentioning is <samp>xcolor</samp>, which is widely used and
+significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
+&lsquo;<samp>HTML</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Hsb</samp>&rsquo; color models.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1">Color package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the standard package.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How colors are represented.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Color-package-options"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Color-package-options-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">21.1 Color package options</h3>
+
+<a name="index-color-package-options"></a>
+<a name="index-options_002c-color-package"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{color}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>When you load the <samp>color</samp> package there are two kinds of available
+options.
+</p>
+<p>The first specifies the <em>printer driver</em>. LaTeX doesn&rsquo;t contain
+information about different output systems but instead depends on
+information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
+driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system&rsquo;s
+default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
+across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
+currently relevant ones are: <samp>dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp>dvips</samp>,
+<samp>dvisvgm</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp>, <samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>. The two
+<samp>xdvi</samp> and <samp>oztex</samp> are essentially aliases for <samp>dvips</samp>
+(and <samp>xdvi</samp> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
+systems are: <samp>dvipdf</samp>, <samp>dvipdfm</samp>, <samp>dviwin</samp>,
+<samp>dvipsone</samp>, <samp>emtex</samp>, <samp>pctexps</samp>, <samp>pctexwin</samp>,
+<samp>pctexhp</samp>, <samp>pctex32</samp>, <samp>truetex</samp>, <samp>tcidvi</samp>,
+<samp>vtex</samp> (and <samp>dviwindo</samp> is an alias for <samp>dvipsone</samp>).
+</p>
+<p>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>monochrome</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
+not generate color either.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dvipsnames</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
+particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
+provided by the <samp>dvips</samp> driver, giving the option name.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nodvipsnames</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of
+memory space.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Color-models"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Color-models-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">21.2 Color models</h3>
+
+<a name="index-color-models"></a>
+
+<p>A <em>color model</em> is a way of representing colors. LaTeX&rsquo;s
+capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <samp>pdftex</samp>,
+<samp>xetex</samp>, and <samp>luatex</samp> printer drivers are today by far the
+most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but
+one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers
+used today.
+</p>
+<p>Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
+mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
+of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
+such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
+and yellow makes black.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>cmyk</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
+magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
+minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
+used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>gray</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
+of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>rgb</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
+second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
+none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
+This is an additive model.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>RGB</code></dt>
+<dd><p>(<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated
+list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
+convenience for using <code>rgb</code> since outside of LaTeX colors are
+often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
+The values entered here are converted to the <code>rgb</code> model by
+dividing by 255.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>named</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as &lsquo;<samp>PrussianBlue</samp>&rsquo;. The list of
+names depends on the driver, but all support the names &lsquo;<samp>black</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>blue</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>cyan</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>green</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>magenta</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>red</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>white</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>yellow</samp>&rsquo; (See the <code>dvipsnames</code> option in
+<a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-for-color"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-for-color-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">21.3 Commands for color</h3>
+
+<a name="index-color-package-commands"></a>
+
+<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>color</samp> package.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a color a name.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Text or rules in color.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A box of color, to write over.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A whole page colored.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Define-colors"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Define-colors-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">21.3.1 Define colors</h4>
+
+<a name="index-color-1"></a>
+<a name="index-define-color"></a>
+<a name="index-color_002c-define"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\definecolor{<var>name</var>}{<var>model</var>}{<var>specification</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Give the name <var>name</var> to the color. For example, after
+<code>\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}</code> you can use that
+color name with <code>Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!</code>.
+</p>
+<p>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
+not be misleading.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
+\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Often a document&rsquo;s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class
+or style, rather than in the document body.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Colored-text"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Colored-text-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">21.3.2 Colored text</h4>
+
+<a name="index-color-2"></a>
+<a name="index-colored-text"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\textcolor{<var>name</var>}{...}
+\textcolor[<var>color model</var>]{<var>color specification</var>}{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\color{<var>name</var>}
+\color[<var>color model</var>]{<var>specification</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The affected text gets the color. This line
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
+can use a color declared with <code>\definecolor</code> in exactly the same
+way that we just used the builtin color &lsquo;<samp>magenta</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
+I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The two <code>\textcolor</code> and <code>\color</code> differ in that the first is
+a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
+this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
+form is a declaration, as in <code>The moon is made of {\color{green}
+green} cheese</code>, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
+or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
+below where it colors everything inside the <code>center</code> environment,
+including the vertical and horizontal lines.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center} \color{blue}
+ \begin{tabular}{l|r}
+ UL &amp;UR \\ \hline
+ LL &amp;LR
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>You can use color in equations. A document might have
+<code>\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}</code> in the
+preamble, and then contain this equation.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style
+but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the
+synopses.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37} Gold} for the team
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The format of <var>color specification </var> depends on the color model
+(see <a href="#Color-models">Color models</a>). For instance, while <code>rgb</code> takes three
+numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
+</p>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Colored-boxes"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Colored-boxes-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4>
+
+<a name="index-color-3"></a>
+<a name="index-colored-boxes"></a>
+<a name="index-box_002c-colored"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\colorbox{<var>name</var>}{...}
+\colorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>box background color specification</var>}{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\fcolorbox{<var>frame color</var>}{<var>box background color</var>}{...}
+\fcolorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>frame color specification</var>}{<var>box background color specification</var>}{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code>\fcolorbox</code>
+command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
+depth and height from the <code>\strut</code> (so the depth is
+<code>-.3\baselineskip</code> and the height is <code>\baselineskip</code>). This
+puts white text on a blue background.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code>\fbox</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to
+set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
+and the surrounding rule. LaTeX&rsquo;s defaults are <code>0.4pt</code> and
+<code>3pt</code>, respectively.
+</p>
+<p>This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
+that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
+of the second line.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
+\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Colored-pages"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Colored-pages-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4>
+
+<a name="index-color-4"></a>
+<a name="index-colored-page"></a>
+<a name="index-page_002c-colored"></a>
+<a name="index-background_002c-colored"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\pagecolor{<var>name</var>}
+\pagecolor[<var>color model</var>]{<var>color specification</var>}
+\nopagecolor
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages,
+to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second
+form see <a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a>. The third returns the background to normal,
+which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use
+<code>\pagecolor{white}</code>, although that will make a white background
+rather than the default transparent background.)
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"> ...
+\pagecolor{cyan}
+ ...
+\nopagecolor
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Graphics"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Graphics-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">22 Graphics</h2>
+
+<a name="index-graphics"></a>
+<a name="index-graphics-package"></a>
+
+<p>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document.
+You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX.
+This example is the short how-to.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble
+ ...
+\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain
+either <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> or
+<code>\usepackage{graphics}</code>. Most of the time, <samp>graphicx</samp> is the
+better choice.
+</p>
+<p>Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use
+both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location
+in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph,
+in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of
+instructions such as &lsquo;<samp>draw a circle with this radius and that
+center</samp>&rsquo;. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote
+program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful
+because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other problems,
+and because they often have a smaller size.
+</p>
+<p>There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a
+LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts
+as in your document. LaTeX comes with a <code>picture</code> environment
+(see <a href="#picture">picture</a>) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are
+other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two
+such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems
+external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the
+commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are
+Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig.
+Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document;
+see their documentation.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1">Graphics package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the package.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2">Graphics package configuration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Where to look for files, which file types.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="3">Commands for graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Graphics-package-options"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Graphics-package-options-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">22.1 Graphics package options</h3>
+
+<a name="index-graphics-package-options"></a>
+<a name="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{graphics}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{graphicx}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>graphicx</code> package has a format for optional arguments to the
+<code>\includegraphics</code> command that is convenient (it is the key-value
+format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load
+the <samp>graphics</samp> or <samp>graphicx</samp> package with <code>\usepackage</code>
+there are two kinds of available options.
+</p>
+<p>The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different
+output systems but instead depends on information stored in a
+<em>printer driver</em> file. Normally you should not specify the driver
+option in the document, and instead rely on your system&rsquo;s default. One
+advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems.
+</p>
+<p>For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently relevant
+ones are: <samp>dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp>dvips</samp>, <samp>dvisvgm</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp>,
+<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>. The two <samp>xdvi</samp> and <samp>oztex</samp> are
+essentially aliases for <samp>dvips</samp> (and <samp>xdvi</samp> is monochrome).
+Ones that should not be used for new systems are: <samp>dvipdf</samp>,
+<samp>dvipdfm</samp>, <samp>dviwin</samp>, <samp>dvipsone</samp>, <samp>emtex</samp>,
+<samp>pctexps</samp>, <samp>pctexwin</samp>, <samp>pctexhp</samp>, <samp>pctex32</samp>,
+<samp>truetex</samp>, <samp>tcidvi</samp>, <samp>vtex</samp> (and <samp>dviwindo</samp> is an
+alias for <samp>dvipsone</samp>). These are stored in files with a
+<samp>.def</samp> extension, such as <samp>pdftex.def</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>The second kind of options are below.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>demo</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150&nbsp;pt by 100&nbsp;pt
+rectangle (unless another size is specified in the
+<code>\includegraphics</code> command).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
+<dd><p>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is
+printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size,
+the file must be present.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>final</code></dt>
+<dd><p>(Default) Override any previous <code>draft</code> option, so that the
+document shows the contents of the graphic files.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hiderotate</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a
+previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hidescale</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a
+previewer does not have the capability to scale.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hiresbb</code></dt>
+<dd><p>In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The
+<code>%%BoundingBox</code> lines describe the graphic size using integer
+multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72
+inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal
+multiples, such as 1.23, in <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines. This
+option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Graphics-package-configuration"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Graphics-package-configuration-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">22.2 Graphics package configuration</h3>
+
+<a name="index-graphics-1"></a>
+<a name="index-graphics-package-1"></a>
+<a name="index-configuration_002c-graphics-package"></a>
+<a name="index-EPS-files"></a>
+<a name="index-JPEG-files"></a>
+<a name="index-JPG-files"></a>
+<a name="index-PDF-graphic-files"></a>
+<a name="index-PNG-files"></a>
+
+<p>These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for
+the graphic.
+</p>
+<p>The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform
+dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as
+those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult
+the documentation in <samp>grfguide.pdf</samp>, or the LaTeX source, or your
+TeX distribution&rsquo;s documentation.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1">\graphicspath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Directories to search.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">File types, such as JPG or EPS.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to handle file types.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cgraphicspath"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\graphicspath{<var>list of dir names inside curly brackets</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows
+you to later say something like <code>\includegraphics{lion.png}</code>
+instead of having to give its path.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory.
+The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
+<samp>pix</samp>, and then <samp>../pix</samp>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble
+ ...
+\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\graphicspath</code> declaration is optional. If you don&rsquo;t include
+it then LaTeX&rsquo;s default is to search all of the places that it
+usually looks for a file (it uses LaTeX&rsquo;s <code>\input@path</code>). In
+particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current
+directory.
+</p>
+<p>Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it says
+&lsquo;<samp><code>{pix}</code></samp>&rsquo;. Do this even if there is only one directory.
+Each directory name must end in a forward slash, <samp>/</samp>. This is true
+even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all
+the directory separators since it makes the document portable to other
+platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double
+quotes, as with <code>{&quot;my docs/&quot;}</code>. Getting one of these rules wrong
+will cause LaTeX to report <code>Error: File `<var>filename</var>' not
+found</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in the
+current directory,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
+...
+\usepackage{lion.png}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the
+file name and searches for the result, checking for <samp>pix/lion.png</samp>
+and then <samp>../pix/lion.png</samp>. This algorithm means that the
+<code>\graphicspath</code> command does not recursively search subdirectories:
+if you issue <code>\graphicspath{{a/}}</code> and the graphic is in
+<samp>a/b/lion.png</samp> then LaTeX will not find it. It also means that
+you can use absolute paths such as
+<code>\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}</code> or
+<code>\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}</code>. However, using
+these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve
+portability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file
+parameter <code>TEXINPUTS</code>; see the documentation of your system.)
+</p>
+<p>You can use <code>\graphicspath</code> in the preamble or in the document
+body. You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value
+with <code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput@path}\makeatother</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is,
+suppose that you are working on a document based on <samp>book/book.tex</samp>
+and it contains <code>\include{chapters/chap1}</code>. If in
+<samp>chap1.tex</samp> you put <code>\graphicspath{{plots/}}</code> then
+LaTeX will not search for graphics in <samp>book/chapters/plots</samp>, but
+instead in <samp>book/plots</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphicspath</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{<var>comma-separated list of file extensions</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the
+order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files
+by giving the filename without the extension, as in
+<code>\includegraphics{functionplot}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF
+files.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF}
+ ...
+\includegraphics{lion} % will find <samp>lion.png</samp> before <samp>lion.pdf</samp>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Because the file name <samp>lion</samp> does not have a period, LaTeX uses
+the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a>), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order
+given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories
+and extensions then it reports &lsquo;<samp>! LaTeX Error: File `<samp>lion</samp>'
+not found</samp>&rsquo;. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the
+extensions.
+</p>
+<p>Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of
+file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows
+platform is not case sensitive.
+</p>
+<p>You are not required to include <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code> in
+your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example,
+the most recent <samp>pdftex.def</samp> has the extension list
+&lsquo;<samp><code>.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2</code></samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. You
+can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with
+<code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatother</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{<var>extension</var>}{<var>type</var>}{<var>size-file extension</var>}{<var>command</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in <var>extension</var>.
+</p>
+<p>This example declares that all files with names have the form
+<samp>filename-without-dot.mps</samp> will be treated as output from MetaPost,
+meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to
+input the file.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an
+extension not covered by another rule, so it covers <samp>filename.1</samp>,
+<samp>filename.2</samp>, etc.
+</p>
+<p>This describes the four arguments.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><var>extension</var></dt>
+<dd><p>The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything
+after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star,
+<code>*</code>, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>type</var></dt>
+<dd><p>The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined
+in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions <samp>.ps</samp>,
+<samp>.eps</samp>, or <samp>.ps.gz</samp> may all be classed as type <code>eps</code>.
+All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command
+by the printer driver. For example, the file types that <samp>pdftex</samp>
+recognizes are: <code>jpg</code>, <code>jbig2</code>, <code>mps</code>, <code>pdf</code>,
+<code>png</code>, <code>tif</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>size-file extension</var></dt>
+<dd><p>The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the
+graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as <var>extension</var>
+but it may be different.
+</p>
+<p>As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, it
+might be compressed into a <samp>.ps.gz</samp> file. Compressed files are not
+easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box information in a
+separate file. If <var>size-file extension</var> is empty then you must
+specify size information in the arguments of <code>\includegraphics</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for
+<code>type</code> then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure
+for reading <samp>.eps</samp> files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap
+files in a file with a PostScript style <code>%%BoundingBox</code> line if no
+other format is available.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>command</var></dt>
+<dd><p>A command that will be applied to the
+file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a
+single backward quote. Thus,
+<code>\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c
+#1}</code> specifies that any file with the extension <samp>.eps.gz</samp> should
+be treated as an <code>eps</code> file, with the the BoundingBox information
+stored in the file with extension <samp>.eps.bb</samp>, and that the command
+<code>gunzip -c</code> will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
+</p>
+<p>Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX
+system must allow you to run external commands; as a security measure
+modern systems restrict running commands unless you explicitly allow it.
+See the documentation for your TeX distribution.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-for-graphics"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-for-graphics-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3>
+
+<a name="index-graphics-package-commands"></a>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></a>
+
+<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>graphics</samp> and
+<samp>graphicx</samp> packages.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1">\includegraphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using a graphic in your document.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2">\rotatebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Rotating boxes, including graphics.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3">\scalebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4">\resizebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-graphics-2"></a>
+<a name="index-graphics-package-2"></a>
+<a name="index-including-graphics"></a>
+<a name="index-importing-graphics"></a>
+<a name="index-EPS-files-1"></a>
+<a name="index-JPEG-files-1"></a>
+<a name="index-JPG-files-1"></a>
+<a name="index-PDF-graphic-files-1"></a>
+<a name="index-PNG-files-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cincludegraphics"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses for <samp>graphics</samp> package:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Synopses for <samp>graphicx</samp> package:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Include a graphics file. The starred form <code>\includegraphics*</code> will
+clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any
+part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will
+over-print the surrounding area.
+</p>
+<p>This
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin{center}
+ \includegraphics{plot.pdf}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will incorporate into the document the graphic in <samp>plot.pdf</samp>,
+centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file,
+as with <code>\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}</code>. To specify a list
+of locations to search for the file, see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a>.
+</p>
+<p>If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as with
+<code>\includegraphics{&quot;sister picture.jpg&quot;}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}</code> command decides on the
+type of graphic by splitting <var>filename</var> on the first dot. You can
+use <var>filename</var> with no dot, as in <code>\includegraphics{turing}</code>
+and then LaTeX tries a sequence of extensions such as <code>.png</code> and
+<code>.pdf</code> until it finds a file with that extension
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>).
+</p>
+<p>If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide
+them with curly braces, as in
+<code>\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}</code>. Or, if you use
+the <samp>graphicx</samp> package then you can use the options <code>type</code> and
+<code>ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
+with the package <samp>grffile</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so LaTeX can
+move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
+(see <a href="#figure">figure</a>).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg}
+ \caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray}
+\end{figure}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at
+this point in the document even if makes LaTeX stretch the text or
+resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a
+caption.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{caption} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin{center}
+ \includegraphics{pix/nix.png}
+ \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % if you want a caption
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having
+text, with the two vertically centered.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup
+ \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup}
+ ...
+\begin{center}
+ \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}}
+ \hspace{1em}
+ \vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
+ \begin{displaymath}
+ f(x)=x\cdot \sin (1/x)
+ \end{displaymath}
+ \end{minipage}}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package then the only options involve the
+size of the graphic (but see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a>).
+When one optional argument is present then it is
+<code>[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]</code> and it gives the coordinates of the top
+right corner of the image, as a pair of TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). If the units are omitted they default to <code>bp</code>. In
+this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0).
+If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is
+<code>[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>]</code>, specifying the coordinates of the image&rsquo;s
+lower left. Thus, <code>\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}</code> calls for
+the graphic to be placed so it is 1&nbsp;inch wide and 0.618&nbsp;inches
+tall and so its origin is at (0,0).
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>graphicx</samp> package gives you many more options. Specify them
+in a key-value form, as here.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion}
+ \hspace{2em}
+ \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The options are read left-to-right. So the first graphic above is made
+one inch wide and then rotated, while the second is rotated and then
+made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic is perfectly square, the
+two will end with different widths and heights.
+</p>
+<p>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
+</p>
+<p>Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is
+traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the
+PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic&rsquo;s printed area may
+go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a
+page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
+graphic.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>width</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example
+is <code>\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}</code>. You can use the standard
+TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>) and also convenient is
+<code>\linewidth</code>, or in a two-column document, <code>\columnwidth</code>
+(see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). An example is that by using the
+<samp>calc</samp> package you can make the graphic be 1&nbsp;cm narrow than
+the width of the text with
+<code>\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>height</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
+use the standard TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>), and also
+convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance,
+<code>\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}</code> will make the
+graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>totalheight</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
+depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For
+instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height
+but a large depth.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keepaspectratio</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}</code> and you give as
+options both <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> (or <code>totalheight</code>),
+then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as possible without
+distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither is the graphic
+wider than <code>width</code> nor taller than <code>height</code> (or
+<code>totalheight</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>scale</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying
+<code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code> makes the graphic twice its
+nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1
+and&nbsp;0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect
+it.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>angle</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise.
+The graphic is rotated about its <code>origin</code>; see that option. For a
+complete description of how rotated material is typeset,
+see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>origin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible
+values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for left,
+<code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center, <code>t</code>
+for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus,
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the
+picture upside down from the center, while
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its
+picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code>
+gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code>, but gives the
+vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
+</p>
+<p>To rotate about an arbitrary point, see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>These are lesser-used options.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>viewport</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
+separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with
+<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. The
+dimensions default to big points,&nbsp;<code>bp</code>. They are taken
+relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the
+<code>trim</code> option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>trim</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated
+by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with
+<code>\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}</code>.
+These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX
+will crop the picture by 0&nbsp;inches on the left, 0.1&nbsp;inches on
+the bottom, 0.2&nbsp;inches on the right, and 0.3&nbsp;inches on the
+top. See also the <code>viewport</code> option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>clip</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}</code>, then the graphic is
+cropped to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using
+the starred form of the command, as
+<code>\includegraphics*[...]{...}</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>page</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is
+<code>page=1</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>pagebox</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among
+<code>mediabox</code>, <code>cropbox</code>, <code>bleedbox</code>, <code>trimbox</code>, or
+<code>artbox</code>. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript
+files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The
+MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the
+region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when
+displayed. The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page
+should be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions
+of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page&rsquo;s meaningful
+content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if
+present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a
+driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>interpolate</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be
+set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>quiet</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
+<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}</code>,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If you set it with <code>draft=true</code> or just specified it with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}</code>, then the graphic will not
+appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. Instead,
+LaTeX will put an empty box of the correct size with the filename
+printed in it.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript
+graphic files, which have a size specified with a line
+<code>%%BoundingBox</code> that appears in the file. It has four values,
+giving the lower <em>x</em> coordinate, lower <em>y</em> coordinate, upper
+<em>x</em> coordinate, and upper <em>y</em> coordinate. The units are
+PostScript points, equivalent to TeX&rsquo;s big points, 1/72&nbsp;inch.
+For example, if an <samp>.eps</samp> file has the line <code>%%BoundingBox 10
+20 40 80</code> then its natural size is 30/72&nbsp;inch wide by
+60/72&nbsp;inch tall.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>bb</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four
+dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code>\includegraphics[.., bb=
+0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. Usually <code>\includegraphics</code> reads the
+BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is
+only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want
+to change it.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for
+compatibility with old packages.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>natwidth, natheight</code></dt>
+<dd><p>An alternative for <code>bb</code>. Setting
+<code>\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}</code>
+is the same as setting <code>bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hiresbb</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}</code>, then LaTeX will look
+for <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines instead of <code>%%BoundingBox</code>
+lines. (The <code>BoundingBox</code> lines use only natural numbers while the
+<code>HiResBoundingBox</code> lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to
+TeX&rsquo;s big points, 1/72&nbsp;inch.) To override a prior setting of
+<code>true</code>, you can set it to <code>false</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>These following options allow a user to override LaTeX&rsquo;s method of
+choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
+is that <code>\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}</code>
+will read the file <samp>lion.xxx</samp> as though it were
+<samp>lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>type</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify the graphics type.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>ext</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify the graphics extension.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>read</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify the file extension of the read file.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>command</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify a command to be applied to this file.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005crotatebox"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includegraphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005crotatebox-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-rotation"></a>
+<a name="index-rotating-graphics"></a>
+<a name="index-rotating-text"></a>
+<a name="index-_005crotatebox"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis for <samp>graphics</samp> package:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Synopses for <samp>graphicx</samp> package:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+\rotatebox[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Put <var>material</var> in a box and rotate it <var>angle</var> degrees counterclockwise.
+</p>
+<p>This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{ll}
+ \rotatebox{45}{Character} &amp;\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\
+ A &amp;AL-FAH \\
+ B &amp;BRAH-VOH
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>material</var> can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"> \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets
+<var>material</var> in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline.
+The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point.
+The third step is that LaTeX computes a box to bound the rotated
+material. Fourth, LaTeX moves this box horizontally so that the left
+edge of this new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box
+from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new
+bounding box, in its new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when
+typesetting this material.
+</p>
+<p>If you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package then the rotation is about the
+reference point of the box. If you use the <samp>graphicx</samp> package then
+then these are the options that can go in the <var>key-value list</var>, but
+note that you can get the same effect without needing this package,
+except for the <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> options (see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>).
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>origin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The point of the <var>material</var>&rsquo;s box about which the rotation happens.
+Possible values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for
+left, <code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center,
+<code>t</code> for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus,
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the
+picture upside down from the center, while
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its
+picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code>
+gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code> but gives the
+vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>x, y</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with
+<code>\rotatebox[x=<var>TeX dimension</var>,y=<var>TeX
+dimension</var>]{...}</code> (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). These give the offset
+from the box&rsquo;s reference point.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>units</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise.
+Setting <code>units=-360</code> changes the direction to degrees clockwise and
+setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cscalebox"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\resizebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cscalebox-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></a>
+<a name="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></a>
+<a name="index-scaling"></a>
+<a name="index-resizing"></a>
+<a name="index-text_002c-scaling"></a>
+<a name="index-text_002c-resizing"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cscalebox"></a>
+<a name="index-_005creflectbox"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\scalebox{<var>horizontal factor</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+\scalebox{<var>horizontal factor</var>}[<var>vertical factor</var>]{<var>material</var>}
+\reflectbox{<var>material</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Scale the <var>material</var>.
+</p>
+<p>This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of the
+first text and doubles the size of the second.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you do not specify the optional <var>vertical factor</var> then it
+defaults to the same value as the <var>horizontal factor</var>.
+</p>
+<p>You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with
+<code>\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}</code>. If you use the
+<samp>graphicx</samp> package then you can accomplish the same thing with
+optional arguments to <code>\includegraphics</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\reflectbox</code> command abbreviates
+<code>\scalebox{-1}[1]{<var>material</var>}</code>. Thus, <code>Able was
+I\reflectbox{Able was I}</code> will show the phrase &lsquo;<samp>Able was I</samp>&rsquo;
+immediately followed by its mirror reflection.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cresizebox"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\scalebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cresizebox-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></a>
+<a name="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></a>
+<a name="index-scaling-1"></a>
+<a name="index-resizing-1"></a>
+<a name="index-text_002c-scaling-1"></a>
+<a name="index-text_002c-resizing-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cresizebox"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\resizebox{<var>horizontal length</var>}{<var>vertical length</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+\resizebox*{<var>horizontal length</var>}{<var>vertical length</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Given a size, such as <code>3cm</code>, transform <var>material</var> to make it
+that size. If either <var>horizontal length</var> or <var>vertical length</var>
+is an exclamation point&nbsp;<code>!</code> then the other argument is used
+to determine a scale factor for both directions.
+</p>
+<p>This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it
+vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The unstarred form <code>\resizebox</code> takes <var>vertical length</var> to be
+the box&rsquo;s height while the starred form <code>\resizebox*</code> takes it to
+be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a
+quarter inch with <code>\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This
+box has both height and depth.}}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>You can use <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\totalheight</code>, and
+<code>\width</code> to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the
+text two inches wide but keep the original height with
+<code>\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two inches}</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
<a name="Special-insertions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Special-insertions-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">21 Special insertions</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">23 Special insertions</h2>
<a name="index-special-insertions"></a>
<a name="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></a>
@@ -12300,7 +14450,7 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Reserved-characters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.1 Reserved characters</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.1 Reserved characters</h3>
<a name="index-reserved-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a>
@@ -12356,7 +14506,7 @@ split the lines.
Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
<a name="index-Upper-case"></a>
<a name="index-Lower-case"></a>
@@ -12381,10 +14531,10 @@ moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a
command within <var>text</var>. But they do change the case of every other
-latin character inside the argument <var>text</var>. Thus,
-<code>\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$</code>} produces &ldquo;LET Y=F(X)&rdquo;. Another
+Latin letter inside the argument <var>text</var>. Thus,
+<code>\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$</code>} produces &lsquo;<samp>LET Y=F(X)</samp>&rsquo;. Another
example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that
-<code>\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}</code> will
+<code>\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}}</code> will
produce an error because the first half is changed to
<code>\begin{TABULAR}</code>.
</p>
@@ -12393,16 +14543,27 @@ document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this
works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but
will cause problems when using other alphabets.
</p>
-<p>To change the case of text that results from a command inside <var>text</var>
+<p>To change the case of text that results from a macro inside <var>text</var>
you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces
-&ldquo;COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS&rdquo;.
+&lsquo;<samp>COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics}
-\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\schoolname}}
+\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase
+ <!-- /@w -->\expandafter{\schoolname}}
</pre></div>
-<p>To uppercase only the first letter of words use the package
+<a name="index-package_002c-textcase"></a>
+<a name="index-textcase-package"></a>
+
+<p>The <samp>textcase</samp> package brings some of the missing feature of the
+standard LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
+<code>\MakeLowerCase</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-mfirstuc"></a>
+<a name="index-mfirstuc-package"></a>
+
+<p>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
<samp>mfirstuc</samp>.
</p>
@@ -12413,7 +14574,7 @@ you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces
Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
<a name="index-_005csymbol"></a>
<a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a>
@@ -12437,7 +14598,7 @@ example could also be written as <code>\symbol{'40}</code> or
Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Text-symbols-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.4 Text symbols</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.4 Text symbols</h3>
<a name="index-text-symbols"></a>
<a name="index-symbols_002c-text"></a>
@@ -12914,14 +15075,15 @@ has the ascender height.
Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Accents-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.5 Accents</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.5 Accents</h3>
<a name="index-accents"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-accented"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-accented"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-babel-1"></a>
+<a name="index-babel-package-1"></a>
+
<a name="index-multilingual-support"></a>
<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world&rsquo;s scripts and
languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This
@@ -13106,7 +15268,7 @@ See also <code>\b</code> above.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a><a name="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></a>
@@ -13225,7 +15387,7 @@ font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005crule-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.7 <code>\rule</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.7 <code>\rule</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005crule"></a>
@@ -13260,7 +15422,7 @@ rectangles. The arguments are:
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctoday-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.8 <code>\today</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.8 <code>\today</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctoday"></a>
<a name="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></a>
@@ -13286,6 +15448,7 @@ will output &lsquo;<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>&rsquo;:
<a name="index-package_002c-datetime"></a>
<a name="index-datetime-package"></a>
+
<p>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
of other date formats.
</p>
@@ -13297,7 +15460,7 @@ of other date formats.
Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Splitting-the-input-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">22 Splitting the input</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">24 Splitting the input</h2>
<a name="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a>
<a name="index-input-file"></a>
@@ -13331,7 +15494,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cinclude-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.1 <code>\include</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\include</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cinclude"></a>
@@ -13362,7 +15525,7 @@ read by another <code>\include</code> command.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\include</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.2 <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cincludeonly"></a>
@@ -13388,7 +15551,7 @@ selection to be effective.
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cinput-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.3 <code>\input</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\input</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cinput"></a>
@@ -13415,7 +15578,7 @@ is tried (&lsquo;<samp>foo</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>foo.bar</samp>&rsquo;).
Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Front_002fback-matter-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">23 Front/back matter</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">25 Front/back matter</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="1">Tables of contents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
@@ -13434,7 +15597,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href
Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Tables-of-contents-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.1 Tables of contents</h3>
+<h3 class="section">25.1 Tables of contents</h3>
<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a>
@@ -13478,7 +15641,7 @@ as for the table of contents.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">23.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005caddcontentsline"></a>
<a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a>
@@ -13536,7 +15699,7 @@ following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">23.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
@@ -13564,7 +15727,7 @@ figures), or <samp>lot</samp> (list of tables).
Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tables of contents</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Glossaries-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.2 Glossaries</h3>
+<h3 class="section">25.2 Glossaries</h3>
<a name="index-glossaries"></a>
@@ -13593,7 +15756,7 @@ glossaries.
Previous: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Indexes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.3 Indexes</h3>
+<h3 class="section">25.3 Indexes</h3>
<a name="index-indexes"></a>
@@ -13636,6 +15799,7 @@ the index.
<a name="index-_005cprintindex"></a>
<a name="index-package_002c-makeidx"></a>
<a name="index-makeidx-package"></a>
+
<p>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command.
This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so
<code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> needs to be in the preamble.
@@ -13647,12 +15811,14 @@ minus3pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-showidx"></a>
<a name="index-showidx-package"></a>
+
<p>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in
the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in
preparing the index.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-multind"></a>
<a name="index-multind-package"></a>
+
<p>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the
TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</a>.
@@ -13665,7 +15831,7 @@ TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Letters-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">24 Letters</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">26 Letters</h2>
<a name="index-letters_002c-writing"></a>
<a name="index-writing-letters"></a>
@@ -13788,7 +15954,7 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddress-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\address</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\address</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005caddress"></a>
@@ -13827,7 +15993,7 @@ formatted as a personal letter.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccc-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ccc"></a>
<a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a>
@@ -13857,7 +16023,7 @@ backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>, as in:
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cclosing-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cclosing"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-ending"></a>
@@ -13884,7 +16050,7 @@ is a <code>\closing</code> (although this command is optional). For example,
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cencl-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cencl"></a>
<a name="index-enclosure-list"></a>
@@ -13913,7 +16079,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clocation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005clocation"></a>
@@ -13934,7 +16100,7 @@ appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cmakelabels"></a>
@@ -13968,7 +16134,7 @@ in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment. By default
Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cname-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cname"></a>
@@ -13989,7 +16155,7 @@ return address.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005copening-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005copening"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-starting"></a>
@@ -14016,7 +16182,7 @@ text that starts your letter. For instance:
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cps-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cps"></a>
<a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a>
@@ -14041,7 +16207,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Prev
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csignature-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -14089,7 +16255,7 @@ preamble).
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctelephone"></a>
@@ -14112,7 +16278,7 @@ page.
Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Terminal-input_002foutput-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">25 Terminal input/output</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">27 Terminal input/output</h2>
<a name="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></a>
<a name="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a>
@@ -14132,7 +16298,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previou
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctypein"></a>
@@ -14158,7 +16324,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input.
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctypeout"></a>
@@ -14187,7 +16353,7 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in
Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Terminal input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Command-line-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">26 Command line</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">28 Command line</h2>
<a name="index-command-line"></a>
@@ -14502,6 +16668,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-algorithm2e-package"><code>algorithm2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
@@ -14522,7 +16689,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-background_002c-colored">background, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14543,6 +16712,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14596,16 +16766,31 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-1">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-2">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-3">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-4">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-models">color models</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-models">Color models</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-color">Commands for color</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-options">color package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-define">color, define</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-page">colored page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-text">colored text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line">command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
@@ -14630,6 +16815,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today&rsquo;s</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
@@ -14685,10 +16871,13 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files-1">EPS files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
@@ -14707,6 +16896,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
@@ -14747,12 +16937,25 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package-1"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary-package">glossary <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-2">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-1">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-2">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-commands">graphics package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-options">graphics package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14779,7 +16982,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing">indent, suppressing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
@@ -14795,6 +17000,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files-1">JPEG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files-1">JPG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
@@ -14848,6 +17057,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
@@ -14886,8 +17096,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code>mfirstuc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Millimeter">Millimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
@@ -14924,9 +17136,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-graphics-package">options, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14939,21 +17153,30 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datetime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>flafter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>float</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-footmisc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>footmisc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>makeidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>multind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-picture"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>picture</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>showidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcomp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
@@ -14964,6 +17187,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
@@ -14973,6 +17197,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files-1">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14982,6 +17208,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files-1">PNG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Point">Point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -15016,6 +17244,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -15030,6 +17260,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
@@ -15037,6 +17271,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Scaled-point">Scaled point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
@@ -15063,8 +17299,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -15106,6 +17344,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code>textcase</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
@@ -15367,8 +17610,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\&gt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\&gt; <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040itempenalty"><code>\@itempenalty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
@@ -15424,6 +17670,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibname"><code>\bibname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -15526,6 +17773,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"><code>\DeclareOption*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -15618,6 +17867,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossary"><code>\glossary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossaryentry"><code>\glossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(&laquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(&raquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -15647,12 +17897,15 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cignorespaces"><code>\ignorespaces</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespacesafterend</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij (ij)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
@@ -15670,8 +17923,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-3"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -15691,8 +17945,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemii"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiii"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiv"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLambda"><code>\Lambda</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clambda"><code>\lambda</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cland"><code>\land</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -15715,6 +17969,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin-1"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargini"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginii"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiii"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
@@ -15738,7 +17993,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth-1"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -15756,6 +18011,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="roman">(for <code>picture</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabel"><code>\makelabel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmapsto"><code>\mapsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -15834,6 +18090,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalmarginpar"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsfcodes"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsize"><code>\normalsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -15882,12 +18139,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"><code>\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpageheight"><code>\pdfpageheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
@@ -15935,10 +18192,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creflectbox"><code>\reflectbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefname"><code>\refname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cresizebox"><code>\resizebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestriction"><code>\restriction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crevemptyset"><code>\revemptyset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -15952,17 +18212,19 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -15995,6 +18257,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -16119,7 +18382,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction-1"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip-1"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctotalheight"><code>\totalheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>