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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
index 5606ddbb59b..e8a7e781622 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
-document preparation system, version of October 2015.
+document preparation system, version of August 2017.
This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in
the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Group as TeXniques number 10), as reference material (no
text was directly copied).
Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
-2014, 2015 Karl Berry.
+2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Karl Berry.
Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
-<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.0, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.1, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
-<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2015)</title>
+<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)</title>
-<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2015)">
-<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2015)">
+<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)">
+<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
@@ -69,9 +69,8 @@ pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
-span.nocodebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
-span.roman {font-family: serif; font-weight: normal}
+span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
-->
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
</head>
<body lang="en">
-<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2015)</h1>
+<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)</h1>
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Environments-2" href="#toc-Environments-2">8 Environments</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li>
@@ -137,11 +136,25 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="toc-Starting-and-ending-1" href="#Starting-and-ending">2.1 Starting and ending</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Output-files-1" href="#Output-files">2.2 Output files</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environment">2.4.1 Environments</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-declarations" href="#Declaration">2.4.2 Command declarations</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">2.4.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code></a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">2.4.3.1 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ </ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Additional-packages-1" href="#Additional-packages">3.2 Additional packages</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-construction-1" href="#Class-and-package-construction">3.3 Class and package construction</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-structure-1" href="#Class-and-package-structure">3.3.1 Class and package structure</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-commands-1" href="#Class-and-package-commands">3.3.2 Class and package commands</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Fonts-1" href="#Fonts">4 Fonts</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -158,14 +171,17 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Floats-1" href="#Floats">5.6 Floats</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040startsection-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.1 <code>\@startsection</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cpageref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Environments-2" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a></li>
@@ -191,7 +207,10 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.14 <code>itemize</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list_002e" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list.</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code>math</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code>picture</code></a>
@@ -242,10 +261,11 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfussy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy">9.5 <code>\fussy</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005csloppy">9.6 <code>\sloppy</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cfussy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy">9.6 <code>\fussy</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005csloppy">9.7 <code>\sloppy</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.8 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.9 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -292,8 +312,8 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Units-of-length-1" href="#Units-of-length">14.1 Units of length</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csetlength_007b_005clen_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.2 <code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddtolength_007b_005clen_007d_007bamount_007d" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code>\addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csetlength-1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddtolength-1" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
@@ -315,7 +335,10 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.5 Spacing in math mode</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.6 Math miscellany</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005censuremath-1" href="#g_t_005censuremath">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">18 Page styles</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li>
@@ -328,7 +351,7 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">19.3 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and \@</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c--after-a-control-sequence" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS">19.4 <code>\ </code> after a control sequence</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c--after-control-sequence" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.5 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.6 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.7 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</a></li>
@@ -353,16 +376,18 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
<li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">21.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">21.2 Text symbols</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">21.3 Accents</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Non_002dEnglish-characters-1" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">21.4 Non-English characters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">21.5 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">21.6 <code>\today</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">21.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">21.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">21.4 Text symbols</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">21.5 Accents</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">21.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">21.7 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">21.8 <code>\today</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">22.1 <code>\include</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">22.2 <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">22.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a>
@@ -408,6 +433,8 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
+
+
<a name="Top"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
@@ -417,7 +444,7 @@ Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this documen
<h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-October 2015) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+August 2017) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -490,31 +517,31 @@ Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="About-this-document-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2>
-<a name="index-bug-reporting"></a>
-<a name="index-reporting-bugs"></a>
-<a name="index-http_003a_002f_002fhome_002egna_002eorg_002flatexrefman-home-page"></a>
+<a name="index-http_003a_002f_002fpuszcza_002egnu_002eorg_002eua_002fsoftware_002flatexrefman_002f-home-page"></a>
<p>This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX
typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>). This document&rsquo;s home page is
-<a href="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</a>. That page has links to the
+<a href="http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/">http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</a>. That page has links to the
current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and
subscriptions, and other infrastructure.
</p>
<a name="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></a>
<p>In this document, we will mostly just use &lsquo;LaTeX&rsquo; rather than
&lsquo;LaTeX2e&rsquo;, since the previous version of LaTeX&nbsp;(2.09) was
-retired many years ago.
+frozen decades ago.
</p>
<a name="index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual"></a>
<a name="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></a>
-<a name="index-latexrefman_002ddiscuss_0040gna_002eorg-email-address"></a>
+<a name="index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"></a>
<p>LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers
(<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>). The official documentation written by
the LaTeX project is available from their web site. This document is
completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX
-maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this
-document to them. Instead, please send all comments to
-<a href="mailto:latexrefman-discuss@gna.org">latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</a>.
+maintainers.
+<a name="index-bug-reporting"></a>
+<a name="index-reporting-bugs"></a>
+Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
+Instead, please send all comments to <a href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a>.
</p>
<p>This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources
of information about LaTeX, at all levels. Here are a few
@@ -533,8 +560,9 @@ introductions.
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</a></dt>
<dd><a name="index-usrguide-official-documentation"></a>
-<p>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX;
-there are plenty of others available elsewhere.
+<p>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX.
+Many other guides by many other people are also available, independent
+of LaTeX itself; one such is the next item:
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a></dt>
@@ -674,7 +702,7 @@ it to a PostScript <code>.ps</code> file with <code>dvips</code> or to a
Portable Document Format <code>.pdf</code> file with <code>dvipdfmx</code>.
The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with
<code>dvitype</code>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are
-available (<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware">http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware</a>).
+available (<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware">http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>.pdf</code></dt>
@@ -866,6 +894,8 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="2">Declaration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the value or meaning of a command.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the status of the at-sign character.
+</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -875,13 +905,14 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
<p>
Next: <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Declaration</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="node-heading">Environment</h4>
+<a name="Environments-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">2.4.1 Environments</h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment name</var>}
- ..
+ ...
\end{<var>environment name</var>}
</pre></div>
@@ -891,11 +922,13 @@ behavior. For instance, for poetry in LaTeX put the lines between
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{verse}
- There once was a man from Nantucket \\
- ..
+ There once was a man from Nantucket \\
+ ...
\end{verse}
</pre></div>
+<p>See&nbsp;<a href="#Environments">Environments</a> for a list of environments.
+</p>
<p>The <var>environment name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
the end. This includes the case where <var>environment name</var> ends in a
star&nbsp;(<code>*</code>); both the <code>\begin</code> and <code>\end</code> texts must
@@ -908,7 +941,7 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
- .. rows of table ..
+ ... rows of table ...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
@@ -917,9 +950,10 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
<a name="Declaration"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="node-heading">Declaration</h4>
+<a name="Command-declarations"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">2.4.2 Command declarations</h4>
<p>A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other
command or parameter. For instance, the <code>\mainmatter</code> command
@@ -927,6 +961,154 @@ changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic.
</p>
<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Declaration</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">2.4.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code></h4>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\makeatletter
+ ... definition of commands with @ in their name ..
+\makeatother
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Used to redefine internal LaTeX commands. <code>\makeatletter</code> makes
+the at-sign character&nbsp;<code>@</code> have the category code of a letter,
+11. <code>\makeatother</code> sets the category code of&nbsp;<code>@</code> to 12,
+its original value.
+</p>
+<p>As each character is read by TeX for LaTeX, it is assigned a
+character category code, or
+<a name="index-catcode"></a>
+<a name="index-character-category-code"></a>
+<a name="index-category-code_002c-character"></a>
+<em>catcode</em> for short. For instance, the backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> is
+assigned the catcode 0, for characters that start a command. These two
+commands alter the catcode assigned to <code>@</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The alteration is needed because many of LaTeX&rsquo;s commands use
+<code>@</code> in their name, to prevent users from accidentally defining a
+command that replaces one of LaTeX&rsquo;s own. Command names consist of a
+category&nbsp;0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed by letters,
+category&nbsp;11 characters (except that a command name can also consist
+of a category&nbsp;0 character followed by a single non-letter symbol).
+So under the default category codes, user-defined commands cannot
+contain an <code>@</code>. But <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code>
+allow users to define or redefine commands named with <code>@</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Use these two commands inside a <samp>.tex</samp> file, in the preamble, when
+defining or redefining a command with <code>@</code> in its name. Don&rsquo;t use
+them inside <samp>.sty</samp> or <samp>.cls</samp> files since the
+<code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands set the at sign to
+have the character code of a letter.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-macros2e"></a>
+<a name="index-macros2e-package"></a>
+<p>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign
+in their names see <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>. These macros are
+mainly intended to package or class authors.
+</p>
+<p>The example below is typical. In the user&rsquo;s class file is a command
+<code>\thesis@universityname</code>. The user wants to change the
+definition. These three lines should go in the preamble, before the
+<code>\begin{document}</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\makeatletter
+\renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{Saint Michael's College}
+\makeatother
+</pre></div>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="1">\@ifstar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands with *-variants.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Up: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="u" rel="up">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.4.3.1 <code>\@ifstar</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></a>
+<a name="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}}
+\newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[<var>non-starred command number of args</var>]{<var>body of non-starred command</var>}
+\newcommand{\mycmd@star}[<var>starred command number of args</var>]{<var>body of starred command</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the
+same name but ending with a star character&nbsp;<code>*</code>, an asterisk.
+Examples are the <code>table</code> and <code>table*</code> environments and the
+<code>\section</code> and <code>\section*</code> commands.
+</p>
+<p>When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
+because <code>\newenvironment</code> and <code>\renewenvironment</code> allow the
+environment name to contain a star. For commands the situation is more
+complex. As in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command,
+given above as <code>\mycmd</code>, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed
+by a star. For instance, LaTeX does not really have a
+<code>\section*</code> command; instead, the <code>\section</code> command peeks
+ahead. This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to
+one of two commands that do accept arguments. In the synopsis these two
+are <code>\mycmd@nostar</code> and <code>\mycmd@star</code>. They could take the
+same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all.
+As always, in a LaTeX document a command using at-sign&nbsp;<code>@</code>
+must be enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This example of <code>\@ifstar</code> defines the command <code>\ciel</code> and a
+variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to
+<code>\ciel{night}</code> will return &quot;starry night sky&quot; while
+<code>\ciel*{blue}</code> will return &quot;starry not blue sky&quot;.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky}
+\newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky}
+\newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel@starred}{\ciel@unstarred}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
+arguments than does the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent
+007&rsquo;s <code>``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond},
+\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''</code> is equivalent to <code>``My name is
+\textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''</code>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
+\newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
+\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{\@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work of
+<code>\@ifstar</code>. The <samp>suffix</samp> package allows the construct
+<code>\newcommand\mycommand{<var>unstarred version</var>}</code> followed by
+<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{<var>starred version</var>}</code>. And
+LaTeX3 has the <samp>xparse</samp> package that allows this code.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
+ {<var>starred version</var>}%
+ {<var>unstarred version</var>}%
+ }
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
<a name="Document-classes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
@@ -988,6 +1170,10 @@ such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Global options.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="2">Additional packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bring in packages.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="3">Class and package construction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Create new classes and packages.
+</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -995,7 +1181,7 @@ such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
<a name="Document-class-options"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Document-class-options-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3>
@@ -1036,28 +1222,33 @@ size (these show height by width):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>a4paper</code></dt>
-<dd><p>210 by 297 mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches)
+<dd><p>210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75&nbsp;inches)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>a5paper</code></dt>
+<dd><p>148 by 210mm (about 5.8 by 8.3&nbsp;inches)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>b5paper</code></dt>
-<dd><p>176 by 250 mm (about 7 by 9.875 inches)
+<dd><p>176 by 250mm (about 6.9 by 9.8&nbsp;inches)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>executivepaper</code></dt>
-<dd><p>7.25 by 10.5 inches
+<dd><p>7.25 by 10.5&nbsp;inches
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>legalpaper</code></dt>
-<dd><p>8.5 by 14 inches
+<dd><p>8.5 by 14&nbsp;inches
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>letterpaper</code></dt>
-<dd><p>8.5 by 11 inches (the default)
+<dd><p>8.5 by 11&nbsp;inches (the default)
</p></dd>
</dl>
<a name="index-_005cpdfpagewidth"></a>
<a name="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-geometry"></a>
<a name="index-geometry-package"></a>
<p>When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX
(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set
@@ -1113,7 +1304,10 @@ black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
<dt><code>titlepage</code></dt>
<dt><code>notitlepage</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din"></a>
-<p>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
+<p>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
+for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
+<code>report</code> class is <code>titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is
+<code>notitlepage</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -1157,28 +1351,567 @@ being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and
<p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Additional-packages"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package construction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document class options</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Additional-packages-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.2 Additional packages</h3>
+
<a name="index-loading-additional-packages"></a>
<a name="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></a>
<a name="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></a>
<a name="index-_005cusepackage"></a>
-<p>Additional packages are loaded like this:
+<p>Load a package <var>pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
+list <var>options</var>, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>}
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>}.
</pre></div>
-<p>To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma,
+<p>To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
as in <code>\usepackage{<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple
<code>\usepackage</code> commands.
</p>
<a name="index-global-options-1"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-global"></a>
<p>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
-by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
+to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<code>\usepackage</code>.
</p>
<hr>
+<a name="Class-and-package-construction"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Class-and-package-construction-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.3 Class and package construction</h3>
+
+<a name="index-document-class-commands"></a>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-document-class"></a>
+<a name="index-new-class-commands"></a>
+
+<p>You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
+your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a
+standard header for each page, then you could create a new class
+<code>smcmemo.cls</code> and begin your documents with
+<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a
+package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
+specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
+package while a command to make the page headers say <code>Memo from the
+SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
+<a name="index-class-and-package-difference"></a>
+<a name="index-difference-between-class-and-package"></a>
+</p>
+<p>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>@</code> as a
+character in command names without having to surround the code
+containing that command with <code>\makeatletter</code> and
+<code>\makeatother</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>. This allow
+you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine.
+Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with
+some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with
+others. For instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands
+<code>\smc@tolist</code>, <code>\smc@fromlist</code>, etc.
+</p>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="1">Class and package structure</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of the file.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="2">Class and package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Class-and-package-structure"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Class-and-package-structure-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4>
+
+<a name="index-class-and-package-structure"></a>
+<a name="index-class-file-layout"></a>
+<a name="index-package-file-layout"></a>
+<a name="index-options_002c-document-class-1"></a>
+<a name="index-options_002c-package"></a>
+<a name="index-class-options-1"></a>
+<a name="index-package-options"></a>
+
+<p>A class file or package file typically has four parts.
+</p><ol>
+<li>In the <em>identification part</em>, the file says that it is a LaTeX
+package or class and describes itself, using the <code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code>
+and <code>\ProvidesClass</code> or <code>\ProvidesPackage</code> commands.
+</li><li> The <em>preliminary declarations part</em> declares some commands and
+can also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed
+for the code used in the next part. For example, an <code>smcmemo</code>
+class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list of
+people for the to-head, as <code>\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}</code>, and
+therefore needs to define a command
+<code>\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}</code> used in that
+file.
+</li><li> In the <em>handle options part</em> the class or package declares
+and processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their
+document as <code>\documentclass[<var>option list</var>]{<var>class
+name</var>}</code>, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you
+declare <code>\documentclass[11pt]{article}</code> to set the default
+document font size.
+</li><li> Finally, in the <em>more declarations part</em> the class or package usually does
+most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and
+loading other files.
+</li></ol>
+
+
+<p>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <samp>stub.cls</samp>
+where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the
+<samp>.tex</samp> file.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+\ProvidesClass{stub}[2017/07/06 stub to start building classes from]
+\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}
+\ProcessOptions\relax
+\LoadClass{article}
+</pre></div>
+<a name="index-class-file-example"></a>
+
+<p>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
+passing them all to the <code>article</code> class, and then loads the
+<code>article</code> class to provide the basis for this class&rsquo;s code.
+</p>
+<p>For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
+Class Guide, at
+<a href="http://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf">http://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</a> (much
+of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
+<a href="https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</a>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Class-and-package-commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Class and package structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Class-and-package-commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4>
+<a name="index-class-and-package-commands"></a>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></a>
+
+<p>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\AtBeginDvi{specials}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cAtBeginDvi"></a>
+<p>Save in a box register things that are written to the <samp>.dvi</samp> file
+at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\AtEndOfClass{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\AtEndOfPackage{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cAtEndOfClass"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></a>
+<p>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when LaTeX finishes
+processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
+multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you
+called it. See also <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\CheckCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\CheckCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cCheckCommand"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></a>
+<a name="index-new-command_002c-check"></a>
+<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) but does
+not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
+<var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not
+<a name="index-long-command"></a>
+<em>long</em> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
+<code>\par</code> within an argument. The <var>cmd</var> command is expected to be
+long with the unstarred version of <code>\CheckCommand</code>. Raises an
+error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start
+redefining <code>cmd</code> yourself that no other package has already
+redefined this command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\ClassError{<var>class name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\PackageError{<var>package name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\ClassWarning{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\PackageWarning{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\ClassWarningNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\PackageWarningNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\ClassInfo{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\PackageInfo{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\ClassInfoNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\PackageInfoNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cClassError"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cPackageError"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cClassWarning"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cPackageWarning"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cClassInfo"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cPackageInfo"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></a>
+<p>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
+</p>
+<p>For <code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> the message is
+<var>error text</var>, followed by TeX&rsquo;s <code>?</code> error prompt. If the
+user then asks for help by typing <code>h</code>, they see the <var>help
+text</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The four warning commands are similar except that they write
+<var>warning text</var> on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
+commands write <var>info text</var> only in the transcript file. The
+<code>NoLine</code> versions do not show the number of the line generating the
+message, while the other versions do show that number.
+</p>
+<p>To format the messages, including the <var>help text</var>: use
+<code>\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
+<code>\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code>\space</code> when a space
+character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX
+appends a period to the messages.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\CurrentOption</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cCurrentOption"></a>
+<p>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
+be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code>
+or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\DeclareOption{<var>option</var>}{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cDeclareOption"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></a>
+<a name="index-class-options-2"></a>
+<a name="index-package-options-1"></a>
+<a name="index-options_002c-class"></a>
+<a name="index-options_002c-package-1"></a>
+<p>Make an option available to a user, for invoking in their
+<code>\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code>smcmemo</code> class
+could have an option allowing users to put the institutional logo on the
+first page with <code>\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code>. The class file
+must contain <code>\DeclareOption{logo}{<var>code</var>}</code> (and later,
+<code>\ProcessOptions</code>).
+</p>
+<p>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
+will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s): [badoption].</code>
+Change this behaviour with the starred version
+<code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code>. For example, many classes extend
+an existing class, using a declaration such as
+<code>\LoadClass{article}</code>, and for passing extra options to the
+underlying class use code such as this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareOption*{%
+\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
+}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Another example is that the class <code>smcmemo</code> may allow users to keep
+lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could invoke
+<code>\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}</code> and it will read the file
+<code>math.memo</code>. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
+passes the option to the <code>article</code> class.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\DeclareRobustCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></a>
+<a name="index-new-command_002c-definition"></a>
+<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
+within the <var>definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
+fragile commands see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>.) Use this command to define new
+robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
+robust. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code> these do not give an error if macro
+<var>cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
+transcript file if a command is redefined.
+</p>
+<p>Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
+using <code>\newcommand</code> so unless the command&rsquo;s data is fragile and the
+command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></a>
+<a name="index-etoolbox-package"></a>
+<p>The <code>etoolbox</code> package offers commands <code>\newrobustcmd</code>,
+<code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>,
+<code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code> which are similar
+to <code>\newcommand</code>, <code>\newcommand*</code>, <code>\renewcommand</code>,
+<code>\renewcommand*</code>, <code>\providecommand</code>, and
+<code>\providecommand*</code>, but define a robust <var>cmd</var> with two advantages
+as compared to <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code>:
+</p><ol>
+<li> They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than the
+higher level LaTeX <code>\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur
+the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
+</li><li> They make the same distinction between <code>\new&hellip;</code>,
+<code>\renew&hellip;</code>, and <code>\provide&hellip;</code>, as the standard
+commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
+<var>cmd</var> that already exists, in that case you need to use either
+<code>\renew&hellip;</code> or <code>\provide&hellip;</code> or you get an error.
+</li></ol>
+
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\IfFileExists{<var>file name</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>file name</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cIfFileExists"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></a>
+<p>Execute <var>true code</var> if LaTeX can find the file <samp><var>file
+name</var></samp> and <var>false code</var> otherwise. In the second case it inputs the
+file immediately after executing <var>true code</var>. Thus
+<code>\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{\includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{WARNING:
+img.pdf not found}}</code> will include the graphic <samp>img.pdf</samp> if it is
+found but otherwise just give a warning.
+</p>
+<p>This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX uses,
+not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
+directory do something like <code>\IfFileExists{./filename}{<var>true
+code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code>. If you ask for a filename without a
+<code>.tex</code> extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by
+appending the <code>.tex</code>; for more on how LaTeX handles file
+extensions see <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\LoadClassWithOptions{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cLoadClass"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></a>
+<p>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options
+list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release info</var>]</code>. An example is
+<code>\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <var>options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+<var>release date</var> is optional. If present it must have the form
+<var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>.
+</p>
+<p>If you request a <var>release date</var> and the date of
+the package installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning
+on the screen and in the log like <code>You have requested, on input
+line 4, version `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only version
+`2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class' is available.</code>
+</p>
+<p>The command version <code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of
+options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
+to it via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command
+that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
+<code>article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\ExecuteOptions{<var>options-list</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cExecuteOptions"></a>
+<p>For each option <var>option</var> in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
+executes the command <code>\ds@<var>option</var></code>. If this command is not
+defined then that option is silently ignored.
+</p>
+<p>It can be used to provide a default option list before
+<code>\ProcessOptions</code>. For example, if in a class file you want the
+default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
+<code>\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\NeedsTeXFormat{<var>format</var>}[<var>format date</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"></a>
+<p>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
+as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
+<code>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</code>. When a document using that class is
+processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
+actually being run (including that the <var>format</var> string is case
+sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an error
+like &lsquo;<samp>This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+<p>To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
+features, include the optional <var>format date</var> on which those features
+were implemented. If present it must be in the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
+If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
+<var>format date</var> then you get a warning like &lsquo;<samp>You have requested
+release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is
+available.</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cOptionNotUsed"></a>
+<p>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
+within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
+<code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
+</p>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\PassOptionsToClass{<var>option list</var>}{<var>class name</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>option list</var>}{<var>package name</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></a>
+<p>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the
+options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or <code>\usepackage</code>
+command for package <var>package name</var> or the class <var>class name</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number of
+times with no options but if you want options then you may only supply
+them when you first load the package. Loading a package with options
+more than once will get you an error like <code>Option clash for package
+foo.</code> (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no conflict between the
+options.)
+</p>
+<p>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse
+that to once, for example replacing the two
+<code>\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}</code>
+with the single
+<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}</code>. But if you
+are loading a package that in turn loads another package then you need
+to queue up the options you desire for this other package. For
+instance, suppose the package <code>foo</code> loads the package
+<code>geometry</code>. Instead of
+<code>\RequirePackage{foo}\RequirePackage[draft]{graphics}</code> you must
+write <code>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphics}
+\RequirePackage{foo}</code>. (If <code>foo.sty</code> loads an option in conflict
+with what you want then you may have to look into altering its source.)
+</p>
+<p>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
+writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code>graphicx</code>
+package with the option <code>draft</code> and also wants to use a class
+<code>foo</code> that loads the <code>graphicx</code> package, but without that
+option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
+<code>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\ProcessOptions</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\ProcessOptions*<var>\@options</var></code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cProcessOptions"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></a>
+<p>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
+in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
+existence of the starred command).
+</p>
+<p>Options come in two types. <em>Local options</em> have been specified for this
+particular package in the <var>options</var> argument of
+<code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>options</var>}</code>,
+<code>\usepackage[<var>options</var>]</code>, or
+<code>\RequirePackage[<var>options</var>]</code>. <em>Global options</em> are those given
+by the class user in <code>\documentclass[<var>options</var>]</code> (If an option
+is specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
+</p>
+<p>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <samp>pkg.sty</samp>, the
+following happens:
+</p><ol>
+<li> For each option <var>option</var> so far declared
+with <code>\DeclareOption</code>, it looks to see if that option is either a
+global or a local option for <code>pkg</code>. If so then it executes the
+declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were
+given in <samp>pkg.sty</samp>.
+</li><li> For each remaining local option, it executes the command
+<code>\ds@</code><var>option</var> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
+a <code>\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it executes the default option code
+given in <code>\DeclareOption*</code>. If no default option code has been
+declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
+which these options were specified.
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same
+way except that all options are local, and the default <var>code</var> for
+<code>\DeclareOption*</code> is <code>\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error.
+</p>
+<p>The starred version <code>\ProcessOptions*</code> executes the
+options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
+the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
+means that the global options are processed first.
+</p>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cProvidesClass"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></a>
+<p>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and the log file.
+</p>
+<p>When a user writes <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then LaTeX loads
+the file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp>. Similarly, a user writing
+<code>\usepackage{test}</code> prompts LaTeX to load the file
+<code>test.sty</code>. If the name of the file does not match the declared
+class or package name then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
+<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>, and the file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp> has
+the statement <code>\ProvidesClass{xxx}</code> then you get a warning like
+<code>You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
+class provides 'xxx'.</code> This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
+processing the rest of the class file normally.
+</p>
+<p>If you include the optional argument, then you must include the date, before
+the first space if any, and it must have the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest
+of the optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies
+the class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the
+log file. Thus, if your file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp> contains the line
+<code>\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and your
+document&rsquo;s first line is <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then you will
+see <code>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask
+to be warned if the version of the class or package installed on their
+system is earlier than <var>release date</var>, by using the optional arguments
+such as <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</code> or
+<code>\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</code>. (Note that package users only
+rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>file name</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cProvidesFile"></a>
+<p>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
+configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
+file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
+2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>file name</var> equal to
+&lsquo;<samp>test.config</samp>&rsquo; and <var>additional information</var> equal to
+&lsquo;<samp>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cRequirePackage"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></a>
+<p>Load a package, like the document author command <code>\usepackage</code>.
+See <a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>. An example is
+<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</code>. Note that the
+LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of these commands over
+Plain&nbsp;TeX&rsquo;s <code>\input</code>; see the Class Guide.
+</p>
+<p>The <var>option list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+<var>release date</var>, if present, must have the form <var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If
+the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
+than <var>release date</var> then you get a warning like <code>You have
+requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but
+only version `2000/01/01' is available</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code> version uses the list of options
+for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
+via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command to allow
+easily building classes on existing ones without having to track which
+options were passed.
+</p>
+<p>The difference between <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\RequirePackage</code> is
+small. The <code>\usepackage</code> command is intended for the document file
+while <code>\RequirePackage</code> is intended for package and class files.
+Thus, using <code>\usepackage</code> before the <code>\documentclass</code> command
+causes LaTeX to give error like <code>\usepackage before
+\documentclass</code>, but you can use <code>\RequirePackage</code> there.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
<a name="Fonts"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
@@ -1448,6 +2181,7 @@ formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.
<a name="index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle"></a>
<a name="index-old_002dstyle-numerals"></a>
<a name="index-lining-numerals"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-textcomp"></a>
<a name="index-textcomp-package"></a>
<p>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will typeset
so-called &ldquo;old-style&rdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and
@@ -1661,6 +2395,7 @@ takes effect when <code>\selectfont</code> (see below) is called. You can
make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing
<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}</code> in the preamble.
</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-setspace"></a>
<a name="index-setspace-package"></a>
<a name="index-double-spacing"></a>
<p>However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the
@@ -1744,9 +2479,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up:
<a name="index-_005conecolumn"></a>
<a name="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></a>
-<p>The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces
-single-column output. If the document is given the class option
-<code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default behavior (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
+<p>Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document is
+given the class option <code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default
+behavior (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
<p>This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
@@ -1764,15 +2499,16 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>,
<a name="index-multicolumn-text"></a>
<a name="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\twocolumn[<var>prelim one column text</var>]
+<pre class="example">\twocolumn
+\twocolumn[<var>prelim one column text</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces
-two-column output. If the document is given the class option
-<code>twocolumn</code> then this is the default (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
+<p>Start a new page and produce two-column output. If the document is given
+the class option <code>twocolumn</code> then this is the default
+(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
<p>If the optional <var>prelim one column text</var> argument
is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column
@@ -1827,7 +2563,7 @@ The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not
exceed <code>0.7\textheight</code> . If the height of your starred float
-environment exceeeds this then you can take one of the following actions
+environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following actions
to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document:
</p>
<ul>
@@ -1881,25 +2617,25 @@ default is <code>2</code>.
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>This example shows the use of the optional argument of <code>\twocolumn</code>
-to create a title that spans the two-column article:
+<p>This example uses <code>\twocolumn</code>&rsquo;s optional argument of to create a
+title that spans the two-column article:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
\newcommand{\authormark}[1]{\textsuperscript{#1}}
\begin{document}
\twocolumn[{% inside this optional argument goes one-column text
- \centering
- \LARGE The Title \\[1.5em]
- \large Author One\authormark{1},
- Author Two\authormark{2},
- Author Three\authormark{1} \\[1em]
- \normalsize
- \begin{tabular}{p{.2\textwidth}@{\hspace{2em}}p{.2\textwidth}}
- \authormark{1}Department one &amp;\authormark{2}Department two \\
- School one &amp;School two
- \end{tabular}\\[3em] % space below title part
-}]
+ \centering
+ \LARGE The Title \\[1.5em]
+ \large Author One\authormark{1},
+ Author Two\authormark{2},
+ Author Three\authormark{1} \\[1em]
+ \normalsize
+ \begin{tabular}{p{.2\textwidth}@{\hspace{2em}}p{.2\textwidth}}
+ \authormark{1}Department one &amp;\authormark{2}Department two \\
+ School one &amp;School two
+ \end{tabular}\\[3em] % space below title part
+ }]
Two column text here.
</pre></div>
@@ -1916,22 +2652,23 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raggedbottom</a>
<a name="index-_005cflushbottom"></a>
-<p>The <code>\flushbottom</code> command can go at any point in the document
-body. It makes all later pages the same height, stretching the vertical
-space where necessary to fill out the page.
+<p>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same
+height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
+page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the
+differences in facing pages can be glaring.
</p>
<p>If TeX cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page
then you get a message like &lsquo;<samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
-occurred while \output is active</samp>&rsquo;. You can change to
-<code>\raggedbottom</code> (see below). Alternatively, you can try to adjust
-the <code>textheight</code> to be compatible, or you can add some vertical
-stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs, as in
-<code>\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}</code>. In a final editing
-stage you can adjust the height of individual pages
+occurred while \output is active</samp>&rsquo;. If you get that, one option is to
+change to <code>\raggedbottom</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>). Alternatively,
+you can adjust the <code>textheight</code> to make compatible pages, or you
+can add some vertical stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs,
+as in <code>\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}</code>. Your last option
+is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
(see <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>).
</p>
-<p>This is the default only if you select the <code>twoside</code> document class
-option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
+<p>The <code>\flushbottom</code> state is the default only if you select the
+<code>twoside</code> document class option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
@@ -1946,11 +2683,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout par
<a name="index-_005craggedbottom"></a>
<a name="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></a>
-<p>The <code>\raggedbottom</code> command can go at any point in the document
-body. It makes all later pages the natural height of the material on
-that page; no rubber lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
-document the facing pages may be different heights. See also
-<code>\flushbottom</code> above.
+<p>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
+rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
+document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go
+at any point in the document body. See <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>.
</p>
<p>This is the default unless you select the <code>twoside</code> document class
option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
@@ -2198,14 +2934,14 @@ while the first table appears in the source before the first figure, it
appears in the output after it.
</p>
<p>The placement of floats is subject to parameters, given below, that
-limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and the
-bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued up that the limits prevent
+limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and
+the bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued that the limits prevent
them all from fitting on a page then LaTeX places what it can and
-defers the rest to the next page. In this way, floats may be typset far
-from their place in the source. In particular, a float that is big can
-migrate to the end of the document. But then because all floats in a
-class must appear in sequential order, every subsequent float in that
-class also appears at the end.
+defers the rest to the next page. In this way, floats may end up
+being typeset far from their place in the source. In particular, a
+float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which
+event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order,
+every following float in that class also appears at the end.
</p>
<a name="index-placement-of-floats"></a>
<a name="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></a>
@@ -2234,6 +2970,7 @@ appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
automatically added.
</p>
<a name="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-float"></a>
<a name="index-float-package"></a>
<p>To absolutely force a float to appear &ldquo;here&rdquo;, you can
<code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
@@ -2272,12 +3009,14 @@ use the <samp>afterpage</samp> package and issue
<code>\afterpage{\clearpage}</code>. This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-flafter"></a>
+<a name="index-flafter-package"></a>
<p>LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
-(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in the
-<var>placement</var> paramater. If this is not desired, and deleting the
-<code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed at
-the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using the
-<samp>flafter</samp> package or using the command
+(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in
+the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
+the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
+at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
+the <samp>flafter</samp> package or using the command
<a name="index-_005csuppressfloats"></a>
<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
@@ -2390,10 +3129,11 @@ default 2.
<p>The principal TeX&nbsp;FAQ entry relating to floats
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</a> contains
suggestions for relaxing LaTeX&rsquo;s default parameters to reduce the
-problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explaination of the
-float placement algorithm is Frank Mittelbach&rsquo;s article &ldquo;How to
-infuence the position of float environments like figure and table in
-LaTeX?&rdquo; <a href="http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf">http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf</a>.
+problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explanation of the
+float placement algorithm is in Frank Mittelbach&rsquo;s article &ldquo;How to
+influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
+LaTeX?&rdquo;
+(<a href="http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf">http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf</a>).
</p>
<hr>
@@ -2479,7 +3219,7 @@ command is something like
<a name="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a>
<a name="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a>
-<p>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers.
+<a name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></a><p>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers.
The setting
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -2489,6 +3229,211 @@ The setting
<p>suppresses heading numbers at any depth <em>&gt; <var>level</var></em>, where
<code>chapter</code> is level zero. (See <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>.)
</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="1">\@startsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Redefine layout of start of sections, subsections, etc.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\@startsection</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005c_0040startsection"></a>
+<a name="index-section_002c-redefining"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning divisions such
+as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Note that the <samp>titlesec</samp> package makes manipulation of sectioning
+easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
+satisfied with <code>\@startsection</code>, some cannot. For instance, in
+the standard LaTeX <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes the commands
+<code>\chapter</code> and <code>\report</code> are not constructed in this way. To
+make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command.
+</p>
+<p>Technically, this command has the form:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}
+ *[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+</pre></div>
+<p>so that issuing:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}%
+ {<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}}
+</pre></div>
+<p>redefine <code>\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form
+<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code>. See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a> and
+the examples below.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><var>name</var></dt>
+<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter (which must be defined
+separately) used to number for the sectioning header. Most commonly
+either <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or <code>paragraph</code>. Although
+in those three cases the name of the counter is also the name of the
+sectioning command itself, using the same name is not required.
+</p>
+<p>Then <code>\the</code><var>name</var> displays the title number and
+<code>\</code><var>name</var><code>mark</code> is for the page headers.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>level</var></dt>
+<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></a><p>An integer giving the depth of the
+sectioning command: 0 for <code>chapter</code> (only applies to the standard
+<code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes), 1 for <code>section</code>, 2 for
+<code>subsection</code>, 3 for <code>subsubsection</code>, 4 for <code>paragraph</code>,
+and 5 for <code>subparagraph</code>. In the <code>book</code> and <code>report</code>
+classes <code>part</code> has level -1, while in the <code>article</code> class
+<code>part</code> has level 0.
+</p>
+<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <code>secnumdepth</code>
+then the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered. For
+instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 then a
+<code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like <code>1
+Introduction</code> while <code>\subsection{History}</code> will produce output
+like <code>History</code>, without the number
+prefix. See <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>.
+</p>
+<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <var>tocdepth</var> then
+the table of contents will have an entrie for this sectioning unit.
+For instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <var>tocdepth</var> is 1 then the table of
+contents will list sections but not subsections.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>indent</var></dt>
+<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></a><p>A length giving the indentation of all
+of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the
+title flush with the margin use <code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation
+such as <code>-1em</code> will move the title into the left margin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>beforeskip</var></dt>
+<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></a><p>The absolute value of this length is
+the amount of vertical space that is inserted before this sectioning
+unit&rsquo;s title. This space will be discarded if the sectioning unit
+happens to start at the top of a fresh page. If this number is negative
+then the first paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is
+non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the
+negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus
+-3pt</code>.)
+</p>
+<p>For example, if <var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>
+then to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times
+the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in
+the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with
+<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>, is good practice here since it gives
+LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page.
+</p>
+<p>The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the
+line prior to this sectioning unit&rsquo;s header and the baseline of the
+header is that it is the sum of the <code>\parskip</code> of the text font,
+the <code>\baselineskip</code> of the title font, and the absolute value of
+the <var>beforeskip</var>. This space is typically rubber so it may stretch
+or shrink. (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page so that the
+vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the header text will be
+where LaTeX would put the baseline of the first text line on that
+page.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>afterskip</var></dt>
+<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></a><p>This is a length. If <var>afterskip</var>
+is non-negative then this is the vertical space inserted after the
+sectioning unit&rsquo;s title header. If it is negative then the title header
+becomes a run-in header, so that it becomes part of the next paragraph.
+In this case the absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space
+between the end of the title and the beginning of the following
+paragraph. (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is
+<code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
+</p>
+<p>As with <var>beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length with <code>plus</code> and
+<code>minus</code> components is good practice here since it gives LaTeX
+more flexibility in putting the page together.
+</p>
+<p>If <code>afterskip</code> is non-negative then the full accounting of the
+vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit&rsquo;s header and
+the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is that it is
+the sum of the <code>\parskip</code> of the title font, the
+<code>\baselineskip</code> of the text font, and the value of <var>after</var>.
+That space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that
+because the sign of <code>afterskip</code> changes the sectioning unit
+header&rsquo;s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
+<code>afterskip</code> to cancel part of the <code>\parskip</code>.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>style</var></dt>
+<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></a><p>Controls the styling of the title. See
+the examples below. Typical commands to use here are <code>\centering</code>,
+<code>\raggedright</code>, <code>\normalfont</code>, <code>\hrule</code>, or
+<code>\newpage</code>. The last command in <var>style</var> may be one such as
+<code>\MakeUppercase</code> or <code>\fbox</code> that takes one argument. The
+section title will be supplied as the argument to this command. For
+instance, setting <var>style</var> to <code>\bfseries\MakeUppercase</code> would
+produce titles that are bold and upper case.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Here are examples. To use them, either put them in a package or class
+file, or put them in the preamble of a LaTeX document between a
+<code>\makeatletter</code> command and a <code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the
+error message <code>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode.</code>
+means that you forgot this.) See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>.
+</p>
+<p>This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand\section{%
+ \@startsection{section}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>.
+ {1}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>.
+ {0pt}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>.
+ {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>.
+ {2.3ex plus.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>.
+ {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>.
+ }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This will put <code>subsection</code> titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand\subsection{%
+ \@startsection{subsection}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>.
+ {2}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>.
+ {0em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>.
+ {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>.
+ {-1em plus 0.2em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>.
+ {\scshape}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>.
+ }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands. This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to display that counter.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down
+\newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]% counter for numbering
+\renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}% how to display
+ {\thesubparagraph.\@arabic\c@subsubparagraph}% numbering
+\newcommand{\subsubparagraph}{\@startsection
+ {subsubparagraph}%
+ {6}%
+ {0em}%
+ {\baselineskip}%
+ {0.5\baselineskip}%
+ {\normalfont\normalsize}}
+\newcommand*\l@subsubparagraph{\@dottedtocline{6}{10em}{5em}}% for toc
+\newcommand{\subsubparagraphmark}[1]{}% for page headers
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="Cross-references"></a>
@@ -2501,8 +3446,38 @@ Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previou
<a name="index-cross-references"></a>
-<p>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
-the reader to them, as in &ldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&rdquo;
+<p>One reason for numbering things such as figures and equations is to
+refer the reader to them, as in &ldquo;See Figure~3 for more details.&rdquo;
+</p>
+<a name="index-label"></a>
+<p>Including the figure number in the source is poor practice since if that
+number changes as the document evolves then you must remember to update
+this reference by hand. Instead, LaTeX has you write a <em>label</em>
+like <code>\label{eq:GreensThm}</code> and refer to it with <code>See
+equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX writes the information from the labels to a file with the same
+name as the file containing the <code>\label{...}</code> but with an
+<samp>.aux</samp> extension. (The information has the format
+<code>\newlabel{<var>label</var>}{{<var>currentlabel</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}}</code>
+where <var>currentlabel</var> is the current value of the macro
+<code>\@currentlabel</code> that is usually updated whenever you call
+<code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code>.)
+</p>
+<a name="index-forward-reference"></a>
+<a name="index-reference_002c-forward"></a>
+<p>The most common side effect of the prior paragraph happens when your
+document has a <em>forward reference</em>, a <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code> that
+appears earlier than the associated <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code>; see the
+example in the <code>\pageref{...}</code> description. LaTeX gets the
+information for references from the <samp>.aux</samp> file. If this is the
+first time you are compiling the document then you will get a message
+<code>LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get
+cross references right.</code> and in the output the reference will appear as
+two question marks&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>??</samp>&rsquo;, in boldface. Or, if you change some
+things so the references change then you get the same warning and the
+output contains the old reference information. The solution in either
+case is just to compile the document a second time.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1">\label</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
@@ -2531,37 +3506,22 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pageref</a>, Up: <a h
<pre class="example">\label{<var>key</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to
-<var>key</var> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing
-inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>. The
-assigned number can be retrieved with the <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code>
-command (see <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>).
-</p>
-<p>Thus, in the example below the key <code>sec:test</code> holds the number of
-the current section and the key <code>fig:test</code> that of the figure.
-(Incidentally, labels must appear after captions in figures and
-tables.)
+<p>Assign a reference number to <var>key</var>. In ordinary text
+<code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> assigns to <var>key</var> the number of the
+current sectional unit. Inside an environment with numbering, such as a
+<code>table</code> or <code>theorem</code> environment, <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code>
+assigns to <var>key</var> the number of that environment. Retrieve the
+assigned number with the <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code> command
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>).
</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section{section name}
-\label{sec:test}
-This is Section~\ref{sec:test}.
-\begin{figure}
- ...
- \caption{caption text}
- \label{fig:test}
-\end{figure}
-See Figure~\ref{fig:test}.
-</pre></div>
-
<p>A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common
punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are
distinguished, as usual.
</p>
-<p>Although the name can be more or less anything, a common convention is
-to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon
-or period. This helps to avoid accidentally creating two labels with
-the same name. Some commonly-used prefixes:
+<p>A common convention is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix
+separated by a colon or period. This helps to avoid accidentally
+creating two labels with the same name, and makes your source more
+readable. Some commonly-used prefixes:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>ch</code></dt>
@@ -2581,9 +3541,26 @@ the same name. Some commonly-used prefixes:
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:test</code> or
-<code>fig.test</code>.
+<p>Thus, <code>\label{fig:Euler}</code> is a label for a figure with a portrait
+of the great man.
+</p>
+<p>In this example below the key <code>sec:test</code> will get the number of the
+current section and the key <code>fig:test</code> will get the number of the
+figure. (Incidentally, put labels after captions in figures and
+tables.)
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\section{section name}
+\label{sec:test}
+This is Section~\ref{sec:test}.
+\begin{figure}
+ ...
+ \caption{caption text}
+ \label{fig:test}
+\end{figure}
+See Figure~\ref{fig:test}.
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cpageref"></a>
@@ -2604,10 +3581,22 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ref</a>, Previous: <a hre
<pre class="example">\pageref{<var>key</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\pageref</code>{<var>key</var>} command produces the page number of
-the place in the text where the corresponding
+<p>Produce the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding
<code>\label</code>{<var>key</var>} command appears.
</p>
+<p>In this example the <code>\label{eq:main}</code> is used both for the
+formula number and for the page number. (Note that the two references
+are forward references, so this document would need to be compiled twice
+to resolve those.)
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The main result is formula~\ref{eq:main} on page~\pageref{eq:main}.
+ ...
+\begin{equation} \label{eq:main}
+ \mathbf{P}=\mathbf{NP}
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cref"></a>
@@ -2631,11 +3620,24 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pageref</a>, Up:
<pre class="example">\ref{<var>key</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\ref</code> command produces the number of the sectional unit,
+<p>Produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, &hellip;, of the corresponding
<code>\label</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>). It does not produce any text,
such as the word &lsquo;Section&rsquo; or &lsquo;Figure&rsquo;, just the bare number itself.
</p>
+<p>In this example, the <code>\ref{popular}</code> produces &lsquo;<samp>2</samp>&rsquo;. Note
+that it is a forward reference since it comes before
+<code>\label{popular}</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}.
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item Plain \TeX
+\item \label{popular} \LaTeX
+\item Con\TeX t
+\end{enumerate}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="Environments"></a>
@@ -2643,22 +3645,32 @@ such as the word &lsquo;Section&rsquo; or &lsquo;Figure&rsquo;, just the bare nu
<p>
Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Environments-1"></a>
+<a name="Environments-2"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2>
<a name="index-environments"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbegin"></a>
<a name="index-_005cend"></a>
-<p>LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text.
-Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
+<p>LaTeX provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
+An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>,
+like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{<var>envname</var>}
-...
-\end{<var>envname</var>}
+<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment-name</var>}
+ ...
+\end{<var>environment-name</var>}
</pre></div>
+<p>The <var>environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
+the end. For instance, the input
+<code>\begin{table*}...\end{table}</code> will cause an error like:
+&lsquo;<samp>! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by
+\end{table}.</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+<a name="index-group_002c-and-environments"></a>
+<p>Environments are executed within a group.
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#abstract" accesskey="1">abstract</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Produce an abstract.
</td></tr>
@@ -2728,6 +3740,7 @@ Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environ
<a name="abstract-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-abstract"></a>
<a name="index-abstract-environment"></a>
<a name="index-abstracts"></a>
@@ -2739,8 +3752,47 @@ Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environ
\end{abstract}
</pre></div>
-<p>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.
+<p>Produce an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. This environment
+is only defined in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code> document classes
+(see <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>).
</p>
+<p>Using the example below in the <code>article</code> class produces a displayed
+paragraph. Document class option <code>titlepage</code> causes the abstract
+to be on a separate page (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>); this is the
+default only in the <code>report</code> class.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{abstract}
+ We compare all known accounts of the proposal made by Porter Alexander
+ to Robert E Lee at the Appomattox Court House that the army continue
+ in a guerrilla war, which Lee refused.
+\end{abstract}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for
+a more flexible solution, use the package <samp>abstract</samp>).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
+ ...
+\begin{document}
+\title{Babe Ruth as Cultural Progenitor: a Atavistic Approach}
+\author{Smith \\ Jones \\ Robinson\thanks{Railroad tracking grant.}}
+\twocolumn[
+ \begin{@twocolumnfalse}
+ \maketitle
+ \begin{abstract}
+ Ruth was not just the Sultan of Swat, he was the entire swat
+ team.
+ \end{abstract}
+ \end{@twocolumnfalse}
+ ]
+{ % by-hand insert a footnote at page bottom
+ \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
+ \footnotetext[1]{Thanks for all the fish.}
+}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="array"></a>
@@ -2751,6 +3803,7 @@ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="
<a name="array-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-array"></a>
<a name="index-array-environment"></a>
<a name="index-arrays_002c-math"></a>
@@ -2758,8 +3811,8 @@ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{array}{<var>cols</var>}
-<var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
-...
+ <var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
+ ...
\end{array}
</pre></div>
@@ -2767,8 +3820,8 @@ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{array}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
-<var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
-...
+ <var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
+ ...
\end{array}
</pre></div>
@@ -2776,7 +3829,7 @@ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="
mode, and normally appears within a displayed mathematics environment
such as <code>equation</code> (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>). Column entries are
separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>). Rows are terminated with
-double-backslashes&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>) (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
+double-backslashes (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
</p>
<p>The required argument <var>cols</var> describes the number of columns, their
alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. See
@@ -2785,24 +3838,26 @@ other common features of the two environments, including the optional
<var>pos</var> argument.
</p>
<p>There are two ways that <code>array</code> diverges from <code>tabular</code>. The
-first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in mathematics mode, in
+first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in math mode, in
textstyle (except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies the column with
-<code>@p{..}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode).
+<code>p{...}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode).
The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s parameter
-<code>\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX&rsquo;s intercolumn space in an array is governed
+<code>\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX&rsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is governed
by
<a name="index-_005carraycolsep"></a>
-<code>\arraycolsep</code> which gives half the width between columns. The
+<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
default for this is &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package"></a>
<p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <samp>amsmath</samp>
package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
-surrounded by parentheses&nbsp;<code>(..)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array
-surrounded by square brackets&nbsp;<code>[..]</code>, <code>Bmatrix</code> for an
-array surrounded by curly braces&nbsp;<code>{..}</code>, <code>vmatrix</code> for
-an array surrounded by vertical bars&nbsp;<code>|..|</code>, and
+surrounded by parentheses&nbsp;<code>(...)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array
+surrounded by square brackets&nbsp;<code>[...]</code>, <code>Bmatrix</code> for an
+array surrounded by curly braces&nbsp;<code>{...}</code>, <code>vmatrix</code> for
+an array surrounded by vertical bars&nbsp;<code>|...|</code>, and
<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
-bars&nbsp;<code>||..||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
+bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
</p>
<p>Here is an example of an array:
</p>
@@ -2815,6 +3870,18 @@ bars&nbsp;<code>||..||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
+<p>The next example works if <code>\usepackage{amsmath}</code> is in the
+preamble:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ \begin{vmatrix}{cc}
+ a &amp;b \\
+ c &amp;d
+ \end{vmatrix}=ad-bc
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="center"></a>
@@ -2825,6 +3892,7 @@ Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous:
<a name="center-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-center"></a>
<a name="index-center-environment"></a>
<a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
@@ -2832,25 +3900,38 @@ Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
- .. text ..
+ ... text ...
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>Environment to create a sequence of lines that are centered within the
-left and right margins on the current page. If the text in the
-environment body is too long to fit on a line, LaTeX will insert line
-breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
-interword space. To force a line break at a particular spot use
-double-backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
+<p>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
+centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Use
+double-backslash to get a line break at a particular spot (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></a>
+If some text environment body is too long to fit on a line, LaTeX
+will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or
+shrinking any interword space.
</p>
<p>This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See
<a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code>figure</code>
environment.
</p>
-<p>In this example, depending on the line width, LaTeX may choose a break
-for the part before the double backslash, will center the line or two,
-then will break at the double backslash, and will center the ending.
+<p>This example produces three centered lines. There is extra vertical
+space between the last two lines.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+ A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fufillment \\
+ of the Requirements of \\[0.5ex]
+ the School of Environmental Engineering
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In this example, depending on the page&rsquo;s line width, LaTeX may choose
+a line break for the part before the double backslash. If so, it will
+center each of the two lines and if not it will center the single line.
+Then LaTeX will break at the double backslash, and will center the
+ending.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
@@ -2880,7 +3961,7 @@ Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up">center</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Co
<a name="index-_005ccentering"></a>
<a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a>
-<p>Declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
+<p>A declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
most often used inside an environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a
<code>parbox</code>.
</p>
@@ -2922,6 +4003,7 @@ Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous:
<a name="description-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-description"></a>
<a name="index-description-environment"></a>
<a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></a>
<a name="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></a>
@@ -2936,26 +4018,26 @@ Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous:
\end{description}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005citem"></a>
<p>Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item&rsquo;s <var>label</var>
is typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item&rsquo;s text may contain multiple
paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no
sensible default, so all items should have labels.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005citem-1"></a>
-<p>The list consists of at least one item; see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a> (having no
-items causes the LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a
-missing \item</samp>&rsquo;). Each item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command.
+<a name="index-_005citem"></a>
+<p>The list consists of at least one item, created with the <code>\item</code>
+command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). Having no items causes the LaTeX error
+&lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
<a name="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></a>
<a name="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></a>
<p>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
-change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will come
-out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
-<code>\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold
-typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bolded
-typewriter is to use declaritive style <code>\item[{\tt label text}]</code>.
-Similarly, get normal text use <code>\item[{\rm label text}]</code>.
+change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will
+come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter
+with <code>\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold
+typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold
+typewriter is to use declarative style: <code>\item[{\tt label
+text}]</code>. Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use
+<code>\item[{\rm label text}]</code>.
</p>
<p>For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>
and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. For information about customizing list layout, see
@@ -2980,13 +4062,14 @@ Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="displaymath-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></a>
<a name="index-displaymath-environment"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
- .. math text ..
+<var>math text</var>
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
@@ -2994,29 +4077,30 @@ Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a hr
and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global option
<code>fleqn</code>; see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX will not break the math text across lines.
-</p>
<p>In the <code>displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the
math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
<code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>).
</p>
-<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation
-facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
-new documents. For example, there are a number of options in that
-package for having math text broken across lines.
+<p>LaTeX will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-1"></a>
+<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has significantly more extensive
+displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
+ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</p>
-<p>The construct <code>\[..math text..\]</code> is essentially a synonym for
-<code>\begin{displaymath}..math text..\end{displaymath}</code> but the
+<p>The construct <code>\[<var>math text</var>\]</code> is essentially a synonym for
+<code>\begin{displaymath}<var>math text</var>\end{displaymath}</code> but the
latter is easier to work with in the source file; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
-<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique. (The construct <code>$$..math
-text..$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;TeX is sometimes mistakenly used as a
-synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is not a synonym, because the
-<code>displaymath</code> environment checks that it isn&rsquo;t started in math mode
-and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching environment start,
-because the <code>displaymath</code> environment has different vertical
-spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code> environment honors the
-<code>fleqn</code> option.)
+<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique. (The construct
+<code>$$<var>math text</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;TeX is sometimes
+mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is not a
+synonym, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment checks that it isn&rsquo;t
+started in math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching
+environment start, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment has
+different vertical spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code>
+environment honors the <code>fleqn</code> option.)
</p>
<p>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
</p><div class="example">
@@ -3037,6 +4121,7 @@ Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a
<a name="document-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-document"></a>
<a name="index-document-environment"></a>
<p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
@@ -3114,6 +4199,7 @@ Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="enumerate-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></a>
<a name="index-enumerate-environment"></a>
<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></a>
@@ -3131,7 +4217,7 @@ Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a hr
label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within
another; see below.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005citem-2"></a>
+<a name="index-_005citem-1"></a>
<p>The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the
LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo;. Each
item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command.
@@ -3205,6 +4291,7 @@ Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="eqnarray-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></a>
<a name="index-eqnarray-environment"></a>
<a name="index-equations_002c-aligning"></a>
<a name="index-aligning-equations"></a>
@@ -3285,6 +4372,7 @@ Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="
<a name="equation-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-equation"></a>
<a name="index-equation-environment"></a>
<a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></a>
@@ -3316,7 +4404,8 @@ Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">filecontents</a>, Previou
<a name="figure-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3>
-<a name="index-figure"></a>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-figure"></a>
+<a name="index-figure-environment"></a>
<a name="index-inserting-figures"></a>
<a name="index-figures_002c-inserting"></a>
@@ -3357,7 +4446,7 @@ in <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
<p>The figure body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
</p>
-<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross-references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
+<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
<a name="index-_005ccaption"></a>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
figure. By default it is numbered. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is
@@ -3386,7 +4475,10 @@ Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a
<a name="filecontents_003a-Write-an-external-file"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.11 <code>filecontents</code>: Write an external file</h3>
-<a name="index-filecontents"></a>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></a>
+<a name="index-filecontents-environment"></a>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></a>
+<a name="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></a>
<a name="index-external-files_002c-writing"></a>
<a name="index-writing-external-files"></a>
@@ -3456,6 +4548,7 @@ Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <
<a name="flushleft-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></a>
<a name="index-flushleft-environment"></a>
<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
@@ -3513,6 +4606,7 @@ Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="flushright-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.13 <code>flushright</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-flushright"></a>
<a name="index-flushright-environment"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
@@ -3570,8 +4664,9 @@ Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="
<a name="itemize-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.14 <code>itemize</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-itemize"></a>
<a name="index-itemize-environment"></a>
-<a name="index-_005citem-3"></a>
+<a name="index-_005citem-2"></a>
<a name="index-lists-of-items"></a>
<a name="index-unordered-lists"></a>
<a name="index-bulleted-lists"></a>
@@ -3587,7 +4682,7 @@ Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an &ldquo;unordered&rdquo;, &ldquo;bulleted&rdquo;
-list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four
+list. Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four
levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
</p>
@@ -3742,6 +4837,7 @@ Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#ite
<a name="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-letter"></a>
<a name="index-letter-environment"></a>
<p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>.
@@ -3756,7 +4852,8 @@ Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#let
<a name="list-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.16 <code>list</code></h3>
-<a name="index-list"></a>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-list"></a>
+<a name="index-list-environment"></a>
<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></a>
<p>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for
@@ -3795,7 +4892,8 @@ empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing.
<p>
Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="node-heading">\item</h4>
+<a name="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list_002e"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list.</h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -3845,6 +4943,7 @@ Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="math-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.17 <code>math</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-math-environment"></a>
<a name="index-in_002dline-formulas"></a>
@@ -3870,6 +4969,7 @@ Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="minipage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.18 <code>minipage</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-minipage-environment"></a>
<a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a>
@@ -3915,7 +5015,8 @@ Next: <a href="#quotation-and-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation and quot
<a name="picture-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3>
-<a name="index-picture"></a>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-picture"></a>
+<a name="index-picture-environment"></a>
<a name="index-creating-pictures"></a>
<a name="index-pictures_002c-creating"></a>
@@ -3940,6 +5041,14 @@ centimeters.
<code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> environment.
The default value is <code>1pt</code>.
</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-picture"></a>
+<a name="index-picture-package"></a>
+<p>The <code>picture</code> package redefine the <code>picture</code> environment so
+that everywhere a number is used in a <var>picture commands</var> to specify
+a coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that
+this will prevent scaling those lengths by changing <code>\unitlength</code>.
+</p>
+
<a name="index-position_002c-in-picture"></a>
<p>A <em>position</em> is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying
the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>.
@@ -4410,11 +5519,13 @@ Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="quotation-and-quote-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> and <code>quote</code></h3>
-<a name="index-quotation"></a>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-quotation"></a>
+<a name="index-quotation-environment"></a>
<a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></a>
-<a name="index-quote"></a>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-quote"></a>
+<a name="index-quote-environment"></a>
<a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></a>
@@ -4454,7 +5565,7 @@ quotations.
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quotation}
\it Four score and seven years ago
- .. shall not perish from the earth.
+ ... shall not perish from the earth.
\hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>
@@ -4469,6 +5580,7 @@ Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#q
<a name="tabbing-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></a>
<a name="index-tabbing-environment"></a>
<a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></a>
<a name="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></a>
@@ -4624,7 +5736,8 @@ Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="table-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3>
-<a name="index-table"></a>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-table"></a>
+<a name="index-table-environment"></a>
<a name="index-tables_002c-creating"></a>
<a name="index-creating-tables"></a>
@@ -4649,7 +5762,7 @@ float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
<p>The table body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
</p>
-<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross-references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
+<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
<a name="index-_005ccaption-1"></a>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
table. By default it is numbered. If <var>lottitle</var> is present, it is
@@ -4681,6 +5794,7 @@ Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, P
<a name="tabular-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-tabular"></a>
<a name="index-tabular-environment"></a>
<a name="index-lines-in-tables"></a>
<a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></a>
@@ -4735,7 +5849,7 @@ the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns
should be rubber, as with <code>@{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow
the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
-..</code> warning.
+...</code> warning.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>pos</var></dt>
@@ -4777,14 +5891,14 @@ column and intercolumn material.
<var>text or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is
fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>This specifier is optional: unless you put in your own @-expression
-then LaTeX&rsquo;s book, article, and report classes will put on either
-side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which by
-default is &lsquo;<samp>6pt</samp>&rsquo;. That is, by default adjacent columns are
+<p>This specifier is optional: with no @-expression, LaTeX&rsquo;s
+<code>book</code>, <code>article</code>, and <code>report</code> classes will put on
+either side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which
+by default is &lsquo;<samp>6pt</samp>&rsquo;. That is, by default adjacent columns are
separated by 12pt (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly-named since it
-is not the separation between tabular columns). Also by default a space
-of 6pt comes before the first column as well as after the final column,
-unless you put a <code>@{..}</code> or <code>|</code> there.
+is not the separation between tabular columns). By implication, a
+space of 6pt also comes before the first column and after the final
+column, unless you put a <code>@{...}</code> or <code>|</code> there.
</p>
<p>If you override the default and use an @-expression then you must
insert any desired space yourself, as in <code>@{\hspace{1em}}</code>.
@@ -4796,7 +5910,7 @@ lines need to lie on the left margin.
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l}
- ..
+ ...
\end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
</pre></div>
@@ -4853,7 +5967,7 @@ ending the row.
positive integer and <var>cols</var> is a list of specifiers. Thus
<code>\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}</code> is equivalent to
<code>\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}</code>. Note that <var>cols</var> may
-contain another <code>*-expression</code>.
+contain another <code>*</code>-expression.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -4943,7 +6057,7 @@ spanned by the single heading &lsquo;<samp>Name</samp>&rsquo;.
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{lccl}
\textit{ID} &amp;\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &amp;\textit{Age} \\ \hline % row one
978-0-393-03701-2 &amp;O'Brian &amp;Patrick &amp;55 \\ % row two
- ..
+ ...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
@@ -4957,7 +6071,7 @@ and&nbsp;<code>p{1.5in}|</code>.
<p>The <var>cols</var> argument overrides the <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code>
environment&rsquo;s intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn
entry. To affect that area, this argument can contain vertical bars
-<code>|</code> indicating the placement of vertical rules, and <code>@{..}</code>
+<code>|</code> indicating the placement of vertical rules, and <code>@{...}</code>
expressions. Thus if <var>cols</var> is &lsquo;<samp>|c|</samp>&rsquo; then this multicolumn
entry will be centered and a vertical rule will come in the intercolumn
area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior.
@@ -4970,6 +6084,7 @@ area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior.
&amp;z % entry four
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
+
<p>Before the first entry the output will not have a vertical rule because
the <code>\multicolumn</code> has the <var>cols</var> specifier &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; with no
initial vertical bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a
@@ -5023,13 +6138,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cline</a>, Previous: <a
<h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cvline"></a>
-
<p>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment
-extending the full height and depth of an entry&rsquo;s row. Can also be used
-in an @-expression, although its synonym vertical bar&nbsp;<code>|</code> is
-more common. This command is rarely used; typically a table&rsquo;s vertical
-lines are specified in <code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s <var>cols</var> argument and
-overriden as needed with <code>\multicolumn</code>.
+extending the full height and depth of an entry&rsquo;s row. Can also be
+used in an @-expression, although its synonym vertical
+bar&nbsp;<code>|</code> is more common. This command is rarely used in the
+body of a table; typically a table&rsquo;s vertical lines are specified in
+<code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s <var>cols</var> argument and overridden as needed with
+<code>\multicolumn</code>.
</p>
<p>This example illustrates some pitfalls. In the first line&rsquo;s second
entry the <code>\hfill</code> moves the <code>\vline</code> to the left edge of the
@@ -5124,6 +6239,7 @@ Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="thebibliography-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></a>
<a name="index-thebibliography-environment"></a>
<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></a>
@@ -5183,18 +6299,19 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#
<pre class="example">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by
-<var>label</var>. If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is
-automatically generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The
-<var>cite_key</var> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation
-symbols not containing a comma.
+<p>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by <var>label</var>.
+If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is automatically
+generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <var>cite_key</var> is a
+<a name="index-citation-key"></a>
+<em>citation key</em> consisting in any sequence of
+letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
</p>
<p>This command writes an entry to the <samp>.aux</samp> file containing the
-item&rsquo;s <var>cite_key</var> and label. When the <samp>.aux</samp> file is read by
-the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item&rsquo;s <code>label</code> is
+item&rsquo;s <var>cite_key</var> and <var>label</var>. When the <samp>.aux</samp> file is
+read by the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item&rsquo;s <var>label</var> is
associated with <code>cite_key</code>, causing references to <var>cite_key</var>
-with a <code>\cite</code> command (see next section) to produce the
-associated label.
+with a <code>\cite</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>) to produce the associated
+<var>label</var>.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -5214,14 +6331,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous:
<pre class="example">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys,
-separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to
-the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries in the
-<samp>.aux</samp> file.
+<p>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>), separated by commas. This command generates an
+in-text citation to the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries
+in the <samp>.aux</samp> file.
</p>
<p>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the
citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might produce
-&lsquo;[Knuth, p.&nbsp;314]&rsquo;.
+&lsquo;<samp>[Knuth, p.&nbsp;314]</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -5235,8 +6352,12 @@ Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previou
<a name="index-_005cnocite"></a>
-<p><code>\nocite{<var>keys</var>}</code>
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>\nocite{<var>keys</var>}</code>
+</pre></div>
+
<p>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <var>keys</var>,
which is a list of one or more citation keys, to the <samp>.aux</samp> file.
</p>
@@ -5271,7 +6392,7 @@ you include the lines
its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will
be produced: <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file
<var>bibstyle</var><samp>.bst</samp>, which defines how your citations will look.
-The standard <var>style</var> names distributed with BibTeX are:
+The standard <var>bibstyle</var> names distributed with BibTeX are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>alpha</code></dt>
@@ -5295,7 +6416,8 @@ the demands of various publications. See
</p>
<p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
bibliography. The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files
-named <samp><var>bibfile</var>.bib</samp>, which should contain your database in
+named <samp><var>bibfile1</var>.bib</samp>, <samp><var>bibfile2</var>.bib</samp>, &hellip;,
+which should contain your database in
BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and
<code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography.
</p>
@@ -5309,6 +6431,7 @@ Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a
<a name="theorem-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-theorem"></a>
<a name="index-theorem-environment"></a>
<a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></a>
@@ -5335,6 +6458,7 @@ Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="titlepage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-titlepage-environment"></a>
<a name="index-making-a-title-page"></a>
<a name="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></a>
@@ -5343,19 +6467,42 @@ Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a hr
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage}
-<var>text</var>
+ ... text and spacing ...
\end{titlepage}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>titlepage</code> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page
-with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following
-page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to
-you. The <code>\today</code> command may be useful on title pages
-(see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
+<p>Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading. The
+following page will be numbered page one.
</p>
-<p>You can use the <code>\maketitle</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>) to
-produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment.
+<p>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code>
+environment you can use <code>\maketitle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>).
</p>
+<p>Notice in this example that all formatting, including vertical spacing,
+is left to the author.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage}
+\vspace*{\stretch{1}}
+\begin{center}
+ {\huge\bfseries Thesis \\[1ex]
+ title} \\[6.5ex]
+ {\large\bfseries Author name} \\
+ \vspace{4ex}
+ Thesis submitted to \\[5pt]
+ \textit{University name} \\[2cm]
+ in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of \\[2cm]
+ \textsc{\Large Doctor of Philosophy} \\[2ex]
+ \textsc{\large Mathematics} \\[12ex]
+ \vfill
+ Department of Mathematics \\
+ Address \\
+ \vfill
+ \today
+\end{center}
+\vspace{\stretch{2}}
+\end{titlepage}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="verbatim"></a>
@@ -5366,6 +6513,7 @@ Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#t
<a name="verbatim-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></a>
<a name="index-verbatim-environment"></a>
<a name="index-verbatim-text"></a>
<a name="index-simulating-typed-text"></a>
@@ -5433,6 +6581,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href
<a name="verse-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-verse"></a>
<a name="index-verse-environment"></a>
<a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></a>
@@ -5485,13 +6634,15 @@ you but in some environments you manually force line breaks.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4">\- (hyphenation)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="5">\fussy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be fussy about line breaking.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5">\discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation with control of hyphen character.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="6">\fussy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be fussy about line breaking.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="6">\sloppy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be sloppy about line breaking.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="7">\sloppy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be sloppy about line breaking.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7">\hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="8">\hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="9">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks.
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -5531,7 +6682,7 @@ particular, to start a new paragraph instead leave a blank line. This
command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text such as in
a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment.
</p>
-<p>Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a <code>p{..}</code> column
+<p>Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a <code>p{...}</code> column
in a <code>tabular</code> environment) the <code>\newline</code> command is a synonym for
<code>\\</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>).
</p>
@@ -5582,7 +6733,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\-
breaks a line, with no stretching of the text before it.
</p>
<p>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, in a column with a
-specifier producing a paragraph box, like typically <code>p{..}</code>,
+specifier producing a paragraph box, like typically <code>p{...}</code>,
<code>\newline</code> will insert a line break inside of the column, that is,
it does not break the entire row. To break the entire row use <code>\\</code>
or its equivalent <code>\tabularnewline</code>.
@@ -5603,7 +6754,7 @@ single cell of the table.
<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newline</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next">\discretionary</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newline</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>
@@ -5621,15 +6772,32 @@ cases.
hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cdiscretionary"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"></a>
+<h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3>
+<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></a>
+<a name="index-discretionary-hyphenation"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\discretionary{<var>pre-break-text</var>}{<var>post-break-text</var>}{<var>no-break-text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfussy"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sloppy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sloppy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\discretionary</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfussy-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\fussy</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\fussy</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cfussy"></a>
@@ -5638,7 +6806,7 @@ picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between
words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
</p>
<p>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code>\sloppy</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>.
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>).
</p>
<hr>
@@ -5648,7 +6816,7 @@ words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fussy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csloppy-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\sloppy</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\sloppy</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csloppy"></a>
@@ -5666,7 +6834,7 @@ interword spacing.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sloppy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005chyphenation"></a>
<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></a>
@@ -5696,7 +6864,7 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words):
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">9.9 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005clinebreak"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
@@ -6061,7 +7229,8 @@ but nothing is set at the bottom of the page.
\textit{HMS Sophie} &amp;Master and Commander \\
\textit{HMS Polychrest} &amp;Post Captain \\
\textit{HMS Lively} &amp;Post Captain \\
- \textit{HMS Surprise} &amp;A number of books\footnote{Starting with HMS Surprise.}
+ \textit{HMS Surprise} &amp;A number of books\footnote{Starting with
+ HMS Surprise.}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
</pre></div>
@@ -6072,7 +7241,7 @@ but nothing is set at the bottom of the page.
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
- .. tabular material ..
+ ... tabular material ...
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
</pre></div>
@@ -6107,26 +7276,32 @@ Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of fo
<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.5 Footnotes in section headings</h3>
-<p>Putting a footnote in a section heading
+<a name="index-footnotes_002c-in-section-headings"></a>
+<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></a>
+<p>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material is due to R~Jones.}}
+<pre class="example">\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}}
</pre></div>
-<p>causes the footnote to appear both at the bottom of the page where the
-section starts and at the bottom of the table of contents page. To have
-it not appear on the table of contents use the package <samp>footmisc</samp>
-with the <code>stable</code> option.
+<a name="index-package_002c-footmisc"></a>
+<a name="index-footmisc-package"></a>
+<a name="index-stable-option-to-footmisc-package"></a>
+<p>causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
+section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
+contents, where it is not likely to be desired. To have it not appear
+on the table of contents use the package <samp>footmisc</samp> with the
+<code>stable</code> option.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage[stable]{footmisc}
- ..
+...
\begin{document}
- ..
-\section{Full sets\footnote{This material is due to R~Jones.}}
+...
+\section{Full sets\footnote{This material due to ...}}
</pre></div>
-<p>Note that the <code>\protect</code> is gone; putting it in causes the
+<p>Note that the <code>\protect</code> is gone; including it would cause the
footnote to reappear on the table of contents.
</p>
@@ -6148,12 +7323,12 @@ ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
<pre class="example">\usepackage{bigfoot}
\DeclareNewFootnote{Default}
\DeclareNewFootnote{from}[alph] % create class \footnotefrom{}
- ..
+ ...
\begin{document}
- ..
+...
The third theorem is a partial converse of the
second.\footnotefrom{First noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}}
- ..
+...
</pre></div>
@@ -6172,13 +7347,13 @@ uses the package <samp>cleverref</samp>.
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % this version of package or later
\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3}
- ..
+...
\begin{document}
- ..
+...
The theorem is from Evers.\footnote{\label{fn:TE}Tinker and Evers, 1994.}
The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers and Chance, 1990.}
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
- ..
+...
</pre></div>
<p>This solution will work with the package <samp>hyperref</samp>.
@@ -6276,84 +7451,89 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\providecommand
command, respectively. Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"> \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
- \newcommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\renewcommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example"> \newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+ \newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>*</code>-form of these two commands requires that the arguments
-not contain multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain
-TeX terms).
+<a name="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
+<a name="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
+<p>The starred form of these two commands requires that the arguments not
+contain multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain TeX
+terms).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>cmd</var></dt>
-<dd><p>Required; the command name. It must begin with <code>\</code>. For
-<code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined and must not begin
-with <code>\end</code>. For <code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be
-defined.
+<dd><p>Required; <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is the command name. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it
+must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>. For
+<code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>nargs</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments
-that the command will take. If this argument is not present, the
-default is for the command to have no arguments. When redefining a
-command, the new version can have a different number of arguments than
-the old version.
+that the command can take, including any optional argument. If this
+argument is not present, the default is for the command to have no
+arguments. When redefining a command, the new version can have a
+different number of arguments than the old version.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>optargdefault</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of defined
-command <var>\cmd</var> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
+command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then
-<var>\cmd</var> does not take an optional argument.
-</p>
-<p>That is, if <var>\cmd</var> is used with square brackets following, as in
-<code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within <var>defn</var> <code>#1</code> expands
-<var>myval</var>. While if <var>\cmd</var> is called without square brackets
-following, then within <var>defn</var> the <code>#1</code> expands to the default
-<var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, any required arguments will be
-referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
-</p>
-<p>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different from having the
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
+</p>
+<a name="index-positional-parameter"></a>
+<p>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets following,
+as in <code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the first
+<em>positional parameter</em> <code>#1</code> expands <var>myval</var>. On the
+other hand, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is called without square brackets
+following, then within <var>defn</var> the positional parameter <code>#1</code>
+expands to the default <var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, any
+required arguments will be referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in a call is different from having the
square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results
in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>defn</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a
-construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by the
-text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
+<dd><p>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>; the
+positional parameter <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by
+the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>A command with no arguments that is followed in the source by a space
-will swallow that space. The solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the
-command and before the space.
+<p>TeX ignores spaces in the source following an alphabetic control
+sequence, as in &lsquo;<samp>\cmd </samp>&rsquo;. If you actually want a space there, one
+solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command (&lsquo;<samp>\cmd{} </samp>&rsquo;;
+another solution is to use an explicit control space (&lsquo;<samp>\cmd\ </samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
<p>A simple example of defining a new command:
-<code>\newcommand{\JH}{Jim Hef{}feron}</code> causes the abbreviation
-<code>\JH</code> to be replaced by the longer text.
+<code>\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}</code> results in
+<code>\RS</code> being replaced by the longer text.
</p>
-<p>Redefining a command is basically the same:
+<p>Redefining an existing command is similar:
<code>\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}</code>.
</p>
-<p>Here&rsquo;s a command definition that uses arguments:
+<p>Here&rsquo;s a command definition with one required argument:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\defreference}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
</pre></div>
-<p>Then, <code>\defreference{def:basis}</code> will expand to
+<p>Then, <code>\defref{def:basis}</code> expands to
+<code>Definition~\ref{def:basis}</code>, which will ultimately expand to
something like &lsquo;<samp>Definition~3.14</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<p>An example with two arguments:
-<code>\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{#1\!\times\!#2}</code> is invoked as
+<p>An example with two required arguments:
+<code>\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}</code> is invoked as
<code>\nbym{2}{k}</code>.
</p>
-<p>An example with optional arguments:
+<p>An example with an optional argument:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:}
@@ -6363,17 +7543,19 @@ something like &lsquo;<samp>Definition~3.14</samp>&rsquo;.
<code>\salutation[John]</code> gives &lsquo;<samp>Dear John:</samp>&rsquo;. And
<code>\salutation[]</code> gives &lsquo;<samp>Dear :</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<p>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not delimit the scope of the result of
-expanding <var>defn</var>. So <code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</code>
-is wrong since in the sentence
+<p>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not define a group, that is, they do
+not delimit the scope of the result of expanding <var>defn</var>. So
+<code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</code> is problematic; in this
+sentence,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Virginia}.
+<pre class="example">The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}.
</pre></div>
-<p>the words &lsquo;<samp>met the</samp>&rsquo; will incorrectly be in italics. An
-extra pair of braces <code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>
-fixes it.
+<p>the words &lsquo;<samp>met the</samp>&rsquo; would incorrectly be in italics. Another
+pair of braces in the definition is needed, like this:
+<code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>. Those braces are
+part of the definition and thus do define a group.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -6417,21 +7599,24 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Prev
<a name="index-_005cnewcounter"></a>
<a name="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}[<var>supercounter</var>]
+<pre class="example">\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}
+\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}[<var>supercounter</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\newcounter</code> command globally defines a new counter named
-<var>countername</var>. The name consists of letters only and does not begin
-with a backslash (&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;). The name must not already be used by
-another counter. The new counter is initialized to zero.
+<p>Globally defines a new counter named <var>countername</var> and initialize
+the new counter to zero.
</p>
-<p>If the optional argument <code>[<var>supercounter</var>]</code> appears, then
+<p>The name <var>countername</var> must consists of letters only, and does not
+begin with a backslash. This name must not already be in use by another
+counter.
+</p>
+<p>When you use the optional argument <code>[<var>supercounter</var>]</code> then
<var>countername</var> will be numbered within, or subsidiary to, the
existing counter <var>supercounter</var>. For example, ordinarily
-<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code>. Any time
+<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code> so that any time
<var>supercounter</var> is incremented with <code>\stepcounter</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>) or <code>\refstepcounter</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>) then <var>countername</var> is reset to zero.
@@ -6514,22 +7699,24 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Pr
<a name="index-redefining-environments"></a>
<p>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is,
-<code>\begin{<var>env</var>} &hellip; \end{<var>env</var>}</code>. Synopses:
+<code>\begin{<var>env</var>} <var>body</var> \end{<var>env</var>}</code>. Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"> \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
+<pre class="example"> \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
\newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
-\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
+ \renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Unlike <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code>, the <code>*</code>-forms
-<code>\newenvironment*</code> and <code>\renewcommand*</code> have the same effect
-as the forms with no <code>*</code>.
+<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></a>
+<p>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
+contain multiple paragraphs of text. The body of these environments can
+still contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>env</var></dt>
-<dd><p>Required; the environment name. It does not begin with backslash
+<dd><p>Required; the environment name. It consists only of letters or the
+<code>*</code> character, and thus does not begin with backslash
(<code>\</code>). It must not begin with the string <code>end</code>. For
<code>\newenvironment</code>, the name <var>env</var> must not be the name of an
already existing environment, and also the command <code>\<var>env</var></code>
@@ -6539,8 +7726,8 @@ name of an existing environment.
</dd>
<dt><var>nargs</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
-that the environment will take. These arguments appear after the
-<code>\begin</code>, as in
+that the environment will take. When the environment is used these
+arguments appear after the <code>\begin</code>, as in
<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}{<var>arg1</var>}&hellip;{<var>argn</var>}</code>. If this
argument is not present then the default is for the environment to have
no arguments. When redefining an environment, the new version can have
@@ -6553,16 +7740,16 @@ defined environment is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then
the environment does not take an optional argument.
</p>
-<p>That is, when <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> is present in the environment
-definition, if <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> is used with square brackets
-following, as in <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within
-the environment <code>#1</code> expands <var>myval</var>. If
-<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> is called without square brackets following,
-then within the environment the <code>#1</code> expands to the default
-<var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, any required arguments will be
-referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
+<p>That is, when <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> is present in the
+environment definition, if <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> is used with
+square brackets following, as in
+<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then, within <var>begdefn</var>,
+the positional parameter <code>#1</code> expands to <var>myval</var>. If
+<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> is called without square brackets
+following, then, within within <var>begdefn</var>, the positional parameter
+<code>#1</code> expands to the default <var>optargdefault</var>. In either case,
+any required arguments will be referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
</p>
-
<p>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different from having the
square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results
in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
@@ -6571,25 +7758,27 @@ in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
</dd>
<dt><var>begdefn</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
-<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>; a construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in
-<var>begdef</var> is replaced by the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
+<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>. Within <var>begdef</var>, the <var>n</var>th
+positional parameter (i.e., <code>#<var>n</var></code>) is replaced by the text
+of the <var>n</var>th argument.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>enddefn</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
-<code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. Note that it may not contain any argument
-parameters, so <code>#<var>n</var></code> cannot be used here.
+<code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. This may not contain any positional
+parameters, so <code>#<var>n</var></code> cannot be used here (but see the final
+example below).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>The environment <var>env</var> delimits the scope of the result of expanding
-<var>begdefn</var> and <var>enddefn</var>. Thus, in the first example below, the
-effect of the <code>\small</code> is limited to the quote and does not extend
-to material following the environment.
+<p>All environments, that is to say the <var>begdefn</var> code, the environment
+body and the <var>enddefn</var> code, are processed within a group. Thus, in
+the first example below, the effect of the <code>\small</code> is limited to
+the quote and does not extend to material following the environment.
</p>
-<p>This example gives an environment like LaTeX&rsquo;s <code>quotation</code> except that
-it will be set in smaller type.
+<p>This example gives an environment like LaTeX&rsquo;s <code>quotation</code>
+except that it will be set in smaller type:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newenvironment{smallquote}{%
@@ -6599,8 +7788,8 @@ it will be set in smaller type.
}
</pre></div>
-<p>This shows the use of arguments; it gives a quotation environment that
-cites the author.
+<p>This one shows the use of arguments; it gives a quotation environment
+that cites the author:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%
@@ -6611,17 +7800,17 @@ cites the author.
}
</pre></div>
-<p>The author&rsquo;s name is optional, and defaults to Shakespeare.
-In the document, use the environment as here:
+<p>The author&rsquo;s name is optional, and defaults to &lsquo;<samp>Shakespeare</samp>&rsquo;.
+In the document, use the environment like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]
- ..
+ ...
\end{citequote}
</pre></div>
<p>The final example shows how to save the value of an argument to use in
-<var>enddefn</var>.
+<var>enddefn</var>, in this case in a box (see <a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\quoteauthor}
@@ -6650,42 +7839,38 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous
<a name="index-theorem_002dlike-environment"></a>
<a name="index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike"></a>
-<p>Define a new <em>theorem-like environment</em>. Synopses:
+<p>Define a new theorem-like environment. Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>]
+<pre class="example">\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}
+\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>]
\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Both create a theorem-like environment <var>name</var>. Using the first
-form,
+<p>Using the first form, <code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}</code>
+creates an environment that will be labelled with <var>title</var>. See the
+first example below.
</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>]
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>with the optional argument after the second required argument,
+<p>The second form
+<code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>]</code>
creates an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing
-counter <var>numbered_within</var>: it will be reset when
+counter <var>numbered_within</var> (its counter will be reset when
<var>numbered_within</var> is reset).
</p>
-<p>Using the second form,
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>}
-</pre></div>
-<p>with the optional argument between the two required
-arguments, will create an environment whose counter will share the
-previously defined counter <var>numbered_like</var>.
+<p>The third form
+<code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code>,
+with optional argument between the two required arguments, will create
+an environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter
+<var>numbered_like</var>.
</p>
<p>You can specify one of <var>numbered_within</var> and <var>numbered_like</var>,
or neither, but not both.
</p>
<p>This command creates a counter named <var>name</var>. In addition, unless
-the optional argument <var>numbered_like</var> is used, the current
-<code>\ref</code> value will be that of <code>\the<var>numbered_within</var></code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>).
+the optional argument <var>numbered_like</var> is used, inside of the
+theorem-like environment the current <code>\ref</code> value will be that of
+<code>\the<var>numbered_within</var></code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>).
</p>
<p>This declaration is global. It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
@@ -6721,8 +7906,9 @@ new environment will be numbered in sequence with <var>numbered_like</var>.
</dl>
<p>Without any optional arguments the environments are numbered
-sequentially. This example has a declaration in the preamble that
-results in &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;2</samp>&rsquo; in the output.
+sequentially. The example below has a declaration in the preamble that
+results in &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;2</samp>&rsquo; in the
+output.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}
@@ -6738,7 +7924,7 @@ results in &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Definit
\end{defn}
</pre></div>
-<p>Because this example specifies the optional argument
+<p>Because the next example specifies the optional argument
<var>numbered_within</var> to <code>\newtheorem</code> as <code>section</code>, the
example, with the same document body, gives &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;1.1</samp>&rsquo;
and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -6757,8 +7943,8 @@ and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo;.
\end{defn}
</pre></div>
-<p>In this example there are two declarations in the preamble, the second
-of which calls for the new <code>thm</code> environment to use the same
+<p>In the next example there are two declarations in the preamble, the
+second of which calls for the new <code>thm</code> environment to use the same
counter as <code>defn</code>. It gives &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;1.1</samp>&rsquo;, followed
by &lsquo;<samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;2.2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
@@ -6830,7 +8016,7 @@ characters in each:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10 at 11pt}
-\newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10 scaled 11pt}
+\newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10 scaled 1100}
\testfontat abc
\testfontscaled abc
</pre></div>
@@ -6848,23 +8034,28 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up:
<a name="index-_005cprotect"></a>
<a name="index-fragile-commands"></a>
<a name="index-robust-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-moving-arguments"></a>
-<p>All LaTeX commands are either <em>fragile</em> or <em>robust</em>.
-Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
-many more, are fragile. A fragile command can break when it is used in
-the argument to certain commands. To prevent such commands from
-breaking they must be preceded by the command <code>\protect</code>.
+<p>All LaTeX commands are either <em>fragile</em> or <em>robust</em>. A
+fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
+other commands. Commands that contain data that LaTeX writes to an
+auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile. This includes material
+that goes into a table of contents, list of figures, list of tables,
+etc. Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an
+optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from
+breaking, one solution is to preceded them with the command
+<code>\protect</code>.
</p>
<p>For example, when LaTeX runs the <code>\section{<var>section
name</var>}</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to the
<samp>.aux</samp> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the
document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
internally expanded by LaTeX without typesetting it directly is
-referred to as a <em>moving argument</em>. A command is fragile if it can
+referred to as a
+<a name="index-moving-arguments"></a>
+<em>moving argument</em>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid TeX code. Some examples of
-moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption{..}</code>
-command (see <a href="#figure">figure</a>), in the <code>\thanks{..}</code> command
+moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption{...}</code>
+command (see <a href="#figure">figure</a>), in the <code>\thanks{...}</code> command
(see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>), and in @-expressions in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments (see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>).
</p>
@@ -6877,13 +8068,13 @@ commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <code>\protect</code>
command. Nor can a <code>\protect</code> command be used in the argument to
<code>\addtocounter</code> or <code>\setcounter</code> command.
</p>
-<p>In this example the <code>caption</code> command gives a mysterious error
+<p>In this example the <code>\caption</code> command gives a mysterious error
about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each
<code>\raisebox</code> command with <code>\protect</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
- ..
+ ...
\caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}}
\end{figure}
</pre></div>
@@ -6896,9 +8087,9 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
- ..
+...
\section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)}
- ..
+...
</pre></div>
@@ -6916,11 +8107,13 @@ Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href
<p>Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the
-environment or command associated with the number, except with no
-backslash (<code>\</code>). Thus the <code>\chapter</code> command starts a
-chapter and the <code>chapter</code> counter keeps track of the chapter
-number. Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX&rsquo;s standard
-document classes to control numbering.
+environment or command associated with the number, except that the
+counter&rsquo;s name has no backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code>. Thus, associated with
+the <code>\chapter</code> command is the <code>chapter</code> counter that keeps
+track of the chapter number.
+</p>
+<p>Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX&rsquo;s standard document
+classes to control numbering.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">part paragraph figure enumi
@@ -6931,11 +8124,9 @@ subsubsection
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>mpfootnote</code> counter is used by the <code>\footnote</code> command
-inside of a minipage (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
-</p>
-<p>The <code>enumi</code> through <code>enumiv</code> counters are used in the
-<code>enumerate</code> environment, for up to four nested levels
-(see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
+inside of a minipage (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>). The counters <code>enumi</code>
+through <code>enumiv</code> are used in the <code>enumerate</code> environment, for
+up to four levels of nesting (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
</p>
<p>New counters are created with <code>\newcounter</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.
</p>
@@ -6945,15 +8136,15 @@ inside of a minipage (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2">\usecounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3">\value</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3">\value</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4">\setcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a counter.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5">\addtocounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6">\refstepcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6">\refstepcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7">\stepcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7">\stepcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" accesskey="8">\day \month \year</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numeric date values.
</td></tr>
@@ -6971,55 +8162,67 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usecounter</a>, Up
<a name="index-counters_002c-printing"></a>
+<p>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
+the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
+<code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code> in your source will result in a lower case
+letter&nbsp;a appearing in the output.
+</p>
<p>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. Note that the counter name does not
start with a backslash.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\alph</code>
-<a name="index-_005calph"></a>
+<dt><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: &lsquo;a&rsquo;, &lsquo;b&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
+<dd><p>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &lsquo;a&rsquo;, &lsquo;b&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Alph</code>
-<a name="index-_005cAlph"></a>
+<dt><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>uses uppercase letters: &lsquo;A&rsquo;, &lsquo;B&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
+<dd><p>Print in uppercase letters: &lsquo;A&rsquo;, &lsquo;B&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\arabic</code>
-<a name="index-_005carabic"></a>
+<dt><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>uses Arabic numbers: &lsquo;1&rsquo;, &lsquo;2&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
+<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers: &lsquo;1&rsquo;, &lsquo;2&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\roman</code>
-<a name="index-_005croman"></a>
+<dt><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>uses lowercase roman numerals: &lsquo;i&rsquo;, &lsquo;ii&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
+<dd><p>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &lsquo;i&rsquo;, &lsquo;ii&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Roman</code>
-<a name="index-_005cRoman"></a>
+<dt><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>uses uppercase roman numerals: &lsquo;I&rsquo;, &lsquo;II&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
+<dd><p>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &lsquo;I&rsquo;, &lsquo;II&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\fnsymbol</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol"></a>
+<dt><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine
+<dd><p>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine
symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
<var>counter</var> must be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive.
</p>
-<p>Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output):
+<p>Here are the symbols:
</p>
-<div class="display">
-<pre class="display">asterisk(*) dagger(&#x2021;) ddagger(&#x2021;)
-section-sign(&#x00A7;) paragraph-sign(&#x00B6;) parallel(&#x2225;)
-double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(&#x2020;&#x2020;) double-ddagger(&#x2021;&#x2021;)
-</pre></div>
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th width="33%">Name</th><th width="33%">Command</th><th width="33%">Equivalent Unicode symbol and/or numeric code point</th></tr></thead>
+<tr><td width="33%">asterisk</td><td width="33%"><code>\ast</code></td><td width="33%">*</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="33%">dagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\dagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2020;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="33%">ddagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\ddagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2021;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="33%">section-sign</td><td width="33%"><code>\S</code></td><td width="33%">&#x00A7;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="33%">paragraph-sign</td><td width="33%"><code>\P</code></td><td width="33%">&#x00B6;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="33%">double-vert</td><td width="33%"><code>\parallel</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2016;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="33%">double-asterisk</td><td width="33%"><code>\ast\ast</code></td><td width="33%">**</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="33%">double-dagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\dagger\dagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2020;&#x2020;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="33%">double-ddagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\ddagger\ddagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2021;&#x2021;</td></tr>
+</table>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -7135,6 +8338,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a>
to the <var>value</var> argument. Note that the counter name does not start
with a backslash.
</p>
+<p>In this example the section value appears as &lsquo;<samp>V</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setcounter{section}{5}
+Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter"></a>
@@ -7150,6 +8360,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\refstepcounter
<p>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command globally increments <var>counter</var> by
the amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
</p>
+<p>In this example the section value appears as &lsquo;<samp>VII</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setcounter{section}{5}
+\addtocounter{section}{2}
+Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></a>
@@ -7374,16 +8592,23 @@ math symbols family. See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csetlength_007b_005clen_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005csetlength-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csetlength"></a>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-setting"></a>
-<p>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var>
-argument, which can be expressed in any units that LaTeX
-understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), points
-(<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>, etc.
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <em>length command</em>
+<a name="index-length-command"></a>
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> to the <var>value</var> argument which can be expressed in any
+units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters
+(<code>mm</code>), points (<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>), etc.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -7392,15 +8617,22 @@ understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), poin
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtolength_007b_005clen_007d_007bamount_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005caddtolength-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005caddtolength"></a>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></a>
-<p>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a &ldquo;length command&rdquo;
-<var>\len</var> by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which
-may be negative.
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a length command <code>\<var>len</var></code>
+by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which may be
+negative.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -7414,10 +8646,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>,
<a name="index-_005csettodepth"></a>
-<p><code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code>
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<p>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command
-equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\settodepth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a length command
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> equal to the depth of the <var>text</var> argument.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -7431,9 +8667,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Pr
<a name="index-_005csettoheight"></a>
-<p><code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code>
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<p>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\settoheight{\<var>len</var>}{text}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a length command <code>\<var>len</var></code>
equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument.
</p>
@@ -7449,6 +8689,12 @@ Next: <a href="#Predefined-lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Predefined lengths<
<a name="index-_005csettowidth"></a>
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
<p>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var>
to the width of the <var>text</var> argument.
</p>
@@ -7479,12 +8725,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settowidth</a>
</p>
<p>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
commands (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). They specify the natural width, etc., of
-the text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <code>\height</code> +
-<code>\depth</code>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
+the text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <em><code>\height</code> +
+<code>\depth</code></em>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
natural size, e.g., say
</p>
-<p><code>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</code>
-</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="Making-paragraphs"></a>
@@ -7553,7 +8801,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parskip</a>, Previous
paragraph indentation, as in this example.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">.. end of the prior paragraph.
+<pre class="example">... end of the prior paragraph.
\noindent This paragraph is not indented.
</pre></div>
@@ -7669,8 +8917,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#M
<a name="index-math-formulas"></a>
<a name="index-formulas_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-math-1"></a>
<a name="index-math-environment-1"></a>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></a>
<a name="index-displaymath-environment-1"></a>
+<a name="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></a>
<a name="index-equation-environment-1"></a>
<p>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
@@ -7759,7 +9010,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a
<a name="index-_005e"></a>
<p>In math mode, use the caret character&nbsp;<code>^</code> to make the
-<var>exp</var> appear as a superscript, ie. type <code>^{<var>exp</var>}</code>.
+<var>exp</var> appear as a superscript: <code>^{<var>exp</var>}</code>.
Similarly, in math mode, underscore&nbsp;<code>_{<var>exp</var>}</code> makes a
subscript out of <var>exp</var>.
</p>
@@ -7815,10 +9066,14 @@ the pi symbol &#x03C0;.
<p>Below is a list of commonly-available symbols. It is by no means an
exhaustive list. Each symbol here is described with a short phrase, and
its symbol class (which determines the spacing around it) is given in
-parenthesis. The commands for these symbols can be used only in math
-mode.
+parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can
+be used only in math mode.
+</p>
+<p>To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current mode,
+see <a href="#g_t_005censuremath">\ensuremath</a>.
</p>
+
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\|</code>
<a name="index-_005c_007c"></a>
@@ -7870,7 +9125,7 @@ sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
<dt><code>\asymp</code>
<a name="index-_005casymp"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x224D; Asymptomatically equivalent (relation).
+<dd><p>&#x224D; Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\backslash</code>
@@ -7966,8 +9221,8 @@ union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>.
<dt><code>\bot</code>
<a name="index-_005cbot"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22A5; Up tack, bottom, least element of a poset, or a contradiction
-(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x22A5; Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
+set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bowtie</code>
@@ -7979,9 +9234,8 @@ union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>.
<dt><code>\Box</code>
<a name="index-_005cBox"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x25A1; Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary). This
-is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the
-<samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+<dd><p>&#x25A1; Modal operator for necessity; square open box
+(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bullet</code>
@@ -8029,8 +9283,7 @@ variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcirc</code>.
<a name="index-_005ccomplement"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2201; Set complement, used as a superscript as in
-<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). This is not available in Plain
-TeX. In LaTeX you should load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. Also
+<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. Also
used: <code>$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar{S}$</code>.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -8087,8 +9340,7 @@ turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
<dt><code>\Diamond</code>
<a name="index-_005cDiamond"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x25C7; Large diamond operator (ordinary). This is not available in
-Plain TeX. In LaTeX you must load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+<dd><p>&#x25C7; Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\diamond</code>
@@ -8140,17 +9392,17 @@ arrow&nbsp;<code>\downarrow</code>.
<dt><code>\emptyset</code>
<a name="index-_005cemptyset"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2205; Empty set symbol (ordinary). Similar: reversed empty
-set&nbsp;<code>\varnothing</code>.
-</p>
+<dd><p>&#x2205; Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
+<code>\varnothing</code>.
+</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\epsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cepsilon"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03F5; Lower case Greek-text letter (ordinary). More widely used in
-mathematics is the curly epsilon
-<code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;&#x03B5;. Related: the set membership relation
-<code>\in</code>&nbsp;&#x2208;.
+<dd><p>&#x03F5; Lower case lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
+Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
+letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;&#x03B5;. Related:
+the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;&#x2208;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\equiv</code>
@@ -8269,8 +9521,8 @@ with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
<dt><code>\in</code>
<a name="index-_005cin"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2208; Set element (relation). See also: lower case Greek letter
-epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code>&#x03F5; and rounded small
+<dd><p>&#x2208; Set element (relation). See also: lower case lunate
+epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code>&#x03F5; and small letter script
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -8362,8 +9614,7 @@ for&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
<dt><code>\leadsto</code>
<a name="index-_005cleadsto"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21DD; Squiggly right arrow (relation). This is not available in
-Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+<dd><p>&#x21DD; Squiggly right arrow (relation). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
<code>\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}</code> in the
preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead.
@@ -8420,15 +9671,14 @@ for&nbsp;<code>\le</code>.
<dt><code>\lfloor</code>
<a name="index-_005clfloor"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x230A; Left floor bracket (opening).
+<dd><p>&#x230A; Left floor bracket (opening). Matches:&nbsp;<code>\floor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lhd</code>
<a name="index-_005clhd"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). This is
-not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the
-<samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
+<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
+Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
<samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
</p>
@@ -8491,8 +9741,7 @@ Similar: longer version&nbsp;<code>\longmapsto</code>.
<a name="index-_005cmho"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2127; Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
-This is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the
-<samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mid</code>
@@ -8711,27 +9960,27 @@ ordinary.
<dt><code>\prec</code>
<a name="index-_005cprec"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x227A; Preceeds (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x227A; Precedes (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\preceq</code>
<a name="index-_005cpreceq"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2AAF; Preceeds or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
+<dd><p>&#x2AAF; Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prime</code>
<a name="index-_005cprime"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2032; Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically
-used as a superscript <code>$A^\prime$</code>. Note that <code>$f^\prime$</code>
-and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second is
-that <code>$f'''$</code> produces the the desired symbol, that is, the same
-result as <code>$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$</code>, but uses somewhat less
-typing. Note that you can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode but you
-can type right single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode also, although it
-resuts in a different look than in math mode.
+<dd><p>&#x2032; Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
+Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code>
+and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second
+is that <code>$f'''$</code> produces the desired symbol, that is, the same
+result as <code>$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$</code>, but uses rather less
+typing. You can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode. Using the right
+single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character
+(apostrophe).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prod</code>
@@ -8761,7 +10010,7 @@ resuts in a different look than in math mode.
<dt><code>\rangle</code>
<a name="index-_005crangle"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x27B9; Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater
+<dd><p>&#x27E9; Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -8797,8 +10046,14 @@ this, load the <samp>amsfonts</samp> package.
<a name="index-_005crestriction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BE; Restriction of a function
-(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in
-Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\revemptyset</code>
+<a name="index-_005crevemptyset"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>&#x29B0; Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
+<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>stix</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rfloor</code>
@@ -8811,10 +10066,9 @@ off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lfloor</code>.
<dt><code>\rhd</code>
<a name="index-_005crhd"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). This is
-not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the
-<samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should
-instead load <samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which
+<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
+Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
+load <samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -8911,7 +10165,7 @@ display (operator).
<dt><code>\smile</code>
<a name="index-_005csmile"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2323; Upward curving arc (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x2323; Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\spadesuit</code>
@@ -8939,8 +10193,7 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigsqcup</code>.
<a name="index-_005csqsubset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x228F; Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
-subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. This is not available in Plain TeX. In
-LaTeX you should load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsubseteq</code>
@@ -8954,8 +10207,7 @@ equal to&nbsp;<code>\subseteq</code>.
<a name="index-_005csqsupset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2290; Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
-superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. This is not available in Plain TeX. In
-LaTeX you should load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code>
@@ -9024,7 +10276,7 @@ sigma&nbsp;<code>\Sigma</code>.
<a name="index-_005csurd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x221A; Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command
-<code>\sqrt{..}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
+<code>\sqrt{...}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -9064,8 +10316,8 @@ Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
<dt><code>\top</code>
<a name="index-_005ctop"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22A4; Top, greatest element of a poset (ordinary). See
-also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x22A4; Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
+(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangle</code>
@@ -9086,51 +10338,54 @@ is a relation and so gives better spacing).
<dt><code>\triangleright</code>
<a name="index-_005ctriangleright"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x25B7; Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal
-subgroup symbol you should instead load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
-use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a relation and so gives
-better spacing).
+<dd><p>&#x25B7; Not-filled triangle pointing right
+(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
+<samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
+relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unlhd</code>
<a name="index-_005cunlhd"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22B4; Left-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a
-line under (binary). This is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX
-you should load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the normal subgroup
-symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which
-is a relation and so gives better spacing).
+<dd><p>&#x22B4; Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
+is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For
+the normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
+use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
+better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unrhd</code>
<a name="index-_005cunrhd"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22B5; Right-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a
-line under (binary). This is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX
-you should load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the normal subgroup
-symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code>
-(which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
+<dd><p>&#x22B5; Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
+is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For
+the normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
+use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
+better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Uparrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cUparrow"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21D1; Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
-single-line up-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x21D1; Double-line upward-pointing arrow
+(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
+arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uparrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cuparrow"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2191; Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar:
-double-line up-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x2191; Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
+(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
+arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Updownarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cUpdownarrow"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21D5; Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
-single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x21D5; Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
+(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
+arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\updownarrow</code>
@@ -9144,16 +10399,15 @@ double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
<a name="index-_005cupharpoonright"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BE; Up harpoon, with barb on right side
-(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\restriction</code>. Not available in Plain
-TeX. In LaTeX you should load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\restriction</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uplus</code>
<a name="index-_005cuplus"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x228E; Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the middle
-(binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
-operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x228E; Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
+the middle (binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related:
+variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Upsilon</code>
@@ -9171,58 +10425,69 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
<dt><code>\varepsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarepsilon"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03B5; Rounded small epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used in
-mathematics than the non-variant lower case Greek-text letter form
-<code>\epsilon</code>&nbsp;&#x03F5;. Related: set membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x03B5; Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
+more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
+<code>\epsilon</code>&nbsp;&#x03F5;. Related: set
+membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\vanothing</code>
+<a name="index-_005cvanothing"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>&#x2205; Empty set symbol. Similar:
+<code>\emptyset</code>. Related: <code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varphi</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarphi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C6; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D5;.
+<dd><p>&#x03C6; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D5;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varpi</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarpi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03D6; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C0;.
+<dd><p>&#x03D6; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C0;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varrho</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarrho"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03F1; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;&#x03C1;.
+<dd><p>&#x03F1; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;&#x03C1;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varsigma</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarsigma"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C2; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is <code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;&#x03C3;.
+<dd><p>&#x03C2; Variant on the lower case Greek letter
+(ordinary). The non-variant form is
+<code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;&#x03C3;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vartheta</code>
<a name="index-_005cvartheta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03D1; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is <code>\theta</code>&nbsp;&#x03B8;.
+<dd><p>&#x03D1; Variant on the lower case Greek letter
+(ordinary). The non-variant form is
+<code>\theta</code>&nbsp;&#x03B8;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vdash</code>
<a name="index-_005cvdash"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22A2; Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar:
-turnstile rotated a half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x22A2; Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
+(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
+half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vee</code>
<a name="index-_005cvee"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2228; Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: logical
-and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
+<dd><p>&#x2228; Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
+logical and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -9232,16 +10497,17 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
<dd><p>&#x2016; Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
bar&nbsp;<code>\vert</code>.
</p>
-<p>For a norm you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and add
+<p>For a norm symbol, you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and add
<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}</code> to your
-preamble. This gives you three command variants for double-line vertical
-bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you
-write the starred version <code>$\norm*{M^\perp}$</code> then the height of
-the vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas with
-<code>\norm{M^\perp}</code> the bars do not grow with the height of the
-argument but instead are the default height, and <code>\norm[<var>size
-command</var>]{M^\perp}</code> also gives bars that do not grow but are set to
-the size given in the <var>size command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
+preamble. This gives you three command variants for double-line
+vertical bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the
+document body you write the starred version <code>$\norm*{M^\perp}$</code>
+then the height of the vertical bars will match the height of the
+argument, whereas with <code>\norm{M^\perp}</code> the bars do not grow
+with the height of the argument but instead are the default height,
+and <code>\norm[<var>size command</var>]{M^\perp}</code> also gives bars that
+do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size command</var>,
+e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vert</code>
@@ -9510,7 +10776,7 @@ spacing.
<dt><code>\sup</code>
<a name="index-_005csup"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>sup
+<dd><p><em>\sup</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tan</code>
@@ -9698,7 +10964,7 @@ LaTeX provides the following commands for use in math mode:
<dd><a name="index-_005c_002c"></a>
<a name="index-_005cthinspace"></a>
<p>Normally <code>3mu</code>. The longer name is <code>\thinspace</code>. This can
-be used in both math mode and text mode.
+be used in both math mode and text mode. See <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
@@ -9747,9 +11013,31 @@ Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in ma
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-discretionary-multiplication"></a>
<a name="index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break"></a>
-<p>A &ldquo;discretionary&rdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
-allowed.
+<p>A <em>discretionary</em> multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
+allowed. Without the break multiplication is implicitly indicated by a
+space, while in the case of a break a &#x00D7; symbol is
+printed immediately before the break. So
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+\begin{document}
+Now \(A_3 = 0\), hence the product of all terms \(A_1\)
+through \(A_4\), that is \(A_1\* A_2\* A_3 \* A_4\), is
+equal to zero.
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will make that sort of output&nbsp;<!-- /@w -->(the ellipsis &lsquo;<samp>[&hellip;]</samp>&rsquo; is here to show the line break at
+the same place as in a TeX output):
+</p>
+<blockquote class="indentedblock">
+<p>Now <em>A_3 = 0</em>,
+[&hellip;]
+<em>A_1</em>
+through <em>A_4</em>, that is <em>A_1 A_2 \times</em><br><em>A_3 A_4</em>, is
+equal to zero.
+</p></blockquote>
+
</dd>
<dt><code>\cdots</code>
<a name="index-_005ccdots"></a>
@@ -9763,11 +11051,11 @@ allowed.
<dd><p>A diagonal ellipsis: <em>\ddots</em>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\frac{num}{den}</code>
+<dt><code>\frac{<var>num</var>}{<var>den</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cfrac_007bnum_007d_007bden_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfrac"></a>
-<p>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>.
+<p>Produces the fraction <var>num</var> divided by <var>den</var>.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -9776,32 +11064,68 @@ allowed.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cright"></a>
<a name="index-null-delimiter"></a>
-<p>The two delimiters need not match; &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; acts as a null delimiter,
+<p>The two delimiters need not match; &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; acts as a <em>null delimiter</em>,
producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math
-in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</code>.
+in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_{i=1}^{10} a_i \right]</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005coverbrace_007btext_007d"></a>
+<dt><code>\mathdollar</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmathdollar"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>.
-For example, <em>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</em>.
+<dd><p>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
</p>
</dd>
+<dt><code>\mathellipsis</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmathellipsis"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: &hellip;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\mathparagraph</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmathparagraph"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode: &#x00B6;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\mathsection</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmathsection"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Section sign in math mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\mathsterling</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmathsterling"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\mathunderscore</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmathunderscore"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Underscore in math mode: _.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Generates a brace over <var>math</var>.
+For example, <code>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \;\textrm{times}}</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>.
-For example, <em>\overline{x+y}</em>.
+For example, <code>\overline{x+y}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</code>
+<dt><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{<var>arg</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005csqrt_005broot_005d_007barg_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The
optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce. For
example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as
-<code>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</code>.
+<code>\sqrt[3]{x+y}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code>
@@ -9811,13 +11135,13 @@ example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as
<code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\underbrace{math}</code>
+<dt><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath.
+<dd><p>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. For example, <code>\underbrace{x+y+z}_{&gt;\,0}</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\underline{text}</code>
+<dt><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
@@ -9828,8 +11152,7 @@ descenders.
<dt><code>\vdots</code>
<a name="index-_005cvdots"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cvdots-1"></a>
-<p>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
+<dd><p>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -9889,6 +11212,54 @@ When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to
be in &ldquo;inner paragraph mode&rdquo; (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph
mode, which it starts out in, is called &ldquo;outer paragraph mode&rdquo;.
</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1">\ensuremath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure that math mode is active
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005censuremath"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Up: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005censuremath-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></h3>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\ensuremath{<var>formula</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\ensuremath</code> command ensures that <var>formula</var> is typeset in
+math mode whatever the current mode in which the command is used.
+</p>
+<p>For instance:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{report}
+\newcommand{\ab}{\ensuremath{(\delta, \varepsilon)}}
+\begin{document}
+Now, the \ab\ pair is equal to \(\ab = (\frac{1}{\pi}, 0)\), ...
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>One can redefine commands that can be used only in math mode so that
+they ca be used in any mode like in the following example given for
+<code>\leadsto</code>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{report}
+\usepackage{amssymb}
+\newcommand{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}{}
+\let\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo\leadsto
+\renewcommand\leadsto{\ensuremath{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}}
+\begin{document}
+All roads \leadsto\ Rome.
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="Page-styles"></a>
@@ -10127,17 +11498,18 @@ Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#P
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="3">\(SPACE) and \@</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space after a period.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS" accesskey="4">\(SPACE) after CS</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling space gobbling after a control sequence.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="4">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space (gobbling) after a control sequence.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="5">\frenchspacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make interword and intersentence space equal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="5">\frenchspacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="6">\thinspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="7">\/</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert italic correction.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="7">\/</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert italic correction.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="8">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
+
Vertical space
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="9">\addvspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
</td></tr>
@@ -10178,7 +11550,7 @@ space is like backspacing.
<p>Normally when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white
space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you
get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both. This
-command&rsquo;s starred version <code>\hspace*{..}</code> puts a non-discardable
+command&rsquo;s starred version <code>\hspace*{...}</code> puts a non-discardable
invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the
output.
</p>
@@ -10217,7 +11589,7 @@ space that does not disappear at line breaks use
<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE) after CS</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and \@</h3>
@@ -10237,7 +11609,7 @@ colon) more than the space between words
sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it
takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a
sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or
-bracket, or right single or double quote, then the intersentence space
+bracket, or right single or double quote, then the inter-sentence space
follows that parenthesis or quote.
</p>
<p>If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a
@@ -10246,38 +11618,39 @@ sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (<code>\ </code>) or
a tie (<code>~</code>). Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and
<code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.)\ for sale</code>.
</p>
-<p>For other use of <code>\ </code>, see also <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS">\(SPACE) after CS</a>.
+<p>For another use of <code>\ </code>, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>.
</p>
<p>In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
-period that ends the sentence, then put <code>\@</code> on the left of that
-period. For example, <code>book by the MAA\@.</code> will have intersentence
+period that ends the sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before that period.
+For example, <code>book by the MAA\@.</code> will have inter-sentence
spacing after the period.
</p>
-<p>In contrast, putting <code>\@</code> on the right of a period tells TeX
-that the period does not end the sentence. In the example
-<code>reserved words (if, then, etc.\@) are different</code>, TeX will put
-interword space after the closing parenthesis (note that <code>\@</code> is
-before the parenthesis).
+<p>In contrast, putting <code>\@</code> after a period tells TeX that the
+period does not end the sentence. In the example <code>reserved words
+(if, then, etc.\@) are different</code>, TeX will put interword space
+after the closing parenthesis (note that <code>\@</code> is before the
+parenthesis).
</p>
+
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) and \@</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c--after-a-control-sequence"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\ </code> after a control sequence</h3>
+<a name="g_t_005c--after-control-sequence"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</h3>
-<p>The <code>\ </code> command is often used after control sequences to keep them
-from gobbling the space that follows, as in <code>\TeX\ is a nice
-system.</code> And, under normal circumstances <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and
-<code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt> are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. For other use of
+<p>The <code>\ </code> command is often used after control sequences to keep
+them from gobbling the space that follows, as in &lsquo;<samp>\TeX\ is nice</samp>&rsquo;.
+And, under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and
+<code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt> are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. For another use of
<code>\ </code>, see also <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a>.
</p>
<p>Some people prefer to use <code>{}</code> for the same purpose, as in
-<code>\TeX{} is a nice system.</code> This has the advantage that you can
-always write it the same way, like <code>\TeX{}</code>, whether it is
-followed by a space or by a punctuation mark. Please compare:
+<code>\TeX{} is nice</code>. This has the advantage that you can always
+write it the same way, namely <code>\TeX{}</code>, whether it is followed
+by a space or by a punctuation mark. Compare:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system.
@@ -10285,48 +11658,27 @@ followed by a space or by a punctuation mark. Please compare:
\TeX{} is a nice system. \TeX{}, a nice system.
</pre></div>
-
-<p>When you define user commands (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) you
-can prevent the space gobbling after the command by using the package
-<code>xspace</code> and inserting <code>\xspace</code> at the end of the definition
-For instance:
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{minimal}
-\usepackage{xspace}
-\newcommand*{\Loup}{Grand Cric\xspace}
-\begin{document}
-Que le \Loup me croque !
-\end{document}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>A quick hack to use <code>\xspace</code> for existing command is as follows:
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{minimal}
-\usepackage{xspace}
-\newcommand*{\SansXspaceTeX}{}
-\let\SansXspaceTeX\TeX
-\renewcommand{\TeX}{\SansXspaceTeX\xspace}
-\begin{document}
-\TeX is a nice system.
-\end{document}
-</pre></div>
-
+<a name="index-package_002c-xspace"></a>
+<a name="index-xspace-package"></a>
+<p>Some individual commands, notably those defined with the <code>xspace</code>,
+package do not follow the standard behavior.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) after CS</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a>
-<a name="index-spacing_002c-intersentence"></a>
+<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a>
<p>This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat
-intersentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
+inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
</p>
<p>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including
English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other
@@ -10446,10 +11798,10 @@ then this command will not add more space than what is needed to make
the natural length of the total vertical space equal to <var>length</var>.
</p>
<p>Use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
-environment that starts a new paragraph. (For instance, a Theorem
-environment is defined to begin and end in <code>\addvspace{..}</code> so
-that two consecutive Theorem&rsquo;s are separated by one vertical space, not
-two.)
+environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a Theorem
+environment is defined to begin and end with <code>\addvspace{...}</code>
+so that two consecutive Theorem&rsquo;s are separated by one vertical space,
+not two.
</p>
<p>This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
@@ -10471,25 +11823,28 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a
document class.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\bigskip</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cbigskip"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a>
+<dt><code>\bigskip</code>
+<a name="index-_005cbigskip"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\medskip</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmedskip"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a>
+<dt><code>\medskip</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmedskip"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of
a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code>
and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\smallskip</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005csmallskip"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a>
+<dt><code>\smallskip</code>
+<a name="index-_005csmallskip"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus
@@ -10561,9 +11916,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a h
<p>Add the vertical space <var>length</var>. This can be negative or positive,
and is a rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
-<p>LaTeX removes the vertical space from <code>\vfill</code> at a page break,
-that is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version
-<code>\vspace*{..}</code> causes the space to stay.
+<p>LaTeX removes the vertical space from <code>\vspace</code> at a page
+break, that is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version
+<code>\vspace*{...}</code> causes the space to stay.
+</p>
+<p>If <code>\vspace</code> is used in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
+horizontal mode), the space is inserted <em>after</em> the line with
+the <code>\vspace</code> command. A new paragraph is not started.
</p>
<p>In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on
the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
@@ -10679,12 +12038,18 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox</a>, Previous
<a name="index-lrbox"></a>
-<p><code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code>
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<p>This is the environment form of <code>\sbox</code>.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{lrbox}{\<var>cmd</var>}
+ <var>text </var>
+\end{lrbox}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This is the environment form of <a href="#g_t_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <code>cmd</code>, which
-must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.
+<p>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>,
+which must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -10747,8 +12112,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previo
<pre class="example">\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
+<a name="index-paragraph-mode-1"></a>
<p>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created
-in <code>paragraph</code> mode. It should be used to make a box small
+in <em>paragraph mode</em>. It should be used to make a box small
pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
shouldn&rsquo;t use any paragraph-making environments inside a
<code>\parbox</code> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones
@@ -10766,9 +12132,13 @@ containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>The optional <var>position</var> argument allows you to align either the
-top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding
-text (default is top).
+<p>By default LaTeX will position vertically a parbox so its center
+lines up with the center of the surrounding text line. When the
+optional <var>position</var> argument is present and equal either to &lsquo;<samp>t</samp>&rsquo;
+or &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;, this allows you respectively to align either the top or
+bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text. You
+may also specify &lsquo;<samp>m</samp>&rsquo; for <var>position</var> to get the default
+behaviour.
</p>
<p>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box.
</p>
@@ -10806,7 +12176,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\savebox</a>, Previous
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\raisebox{distance}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{text}
+<pre class="example">\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>. The first
@@ -10814,9 +12184,9 @@ mandatory argument specifies how high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or
lowered if it is a negative amount). <var>text</var> itself is processed
in LR mode.
</p>
-<p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions.
-If they are specified, LaTeX treats <var>text</var> as extending a
-certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth),
+<p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. If
+they are specified, LaTeX treats <var>text</var> as extending a certain
+distance above the baseline (<var>height</var>) or below (<var>depth</var>),
ignoring its natural height and depth.
</p>
@@ -10904,17 +12274,21 @@ Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the inpu
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting &lsquo;<samp># $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ { }</samp>&rsquo;
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting &lsquo;<samp># $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \</samp>&rsquo;
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="2">Upper and lower case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make text upper or lower case.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="2">Text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="3">Symbols by font position</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting font symbols by number.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Accents" accesskey="3">Accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting accents.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="4">Text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters" accesskey="4">Non-English characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-English characters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Accents" accesskey="5">Accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting accents.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="5">\rule</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting lines and rectangles.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="6">Additional Latin letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-English characters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="6">\today</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting today&rsquo;s date.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="7">\rule</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting lines and rectangles.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="8">\today</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting today&rsquo;s date.
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -10923,19 +12297,21 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
<a name="Reserved-characters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Reserved-characters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.1 Reserved characters</h3>
<a name="index-reserved-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a>
-
-<p>The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
-&ldquo;reserved characters&rdquo; or &ldquo;special characters&rdquo;.
+<a name="index-special-characters"></a>
+<a name="index-characters_002c-special"></a>
+<p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for
+example, the percent sign&nbsp;<code>%</code> is for comments) so they are
+called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"># $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ { }
+<pre class="example"># $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \
</pre></div>
<a name="index-_005c_0023"></a>
@@ -10945,45 +12321,123 @@ Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a
<a name="index-_005c_005f"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_007b"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_007d"></a>
-<p>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX
-will do something special. If you simply want the character to be
-printed as itself, include a <code>\</code> in front of the character. For
-example, <code>\$</code> will produce <code>$</code> in your output.
-</p>
-<a name="index-_005cbackslash-1"></a>
-<p>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has
-its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by
-typing <code>$\backslash$</code> in your file, and a typewriter <code>\</code> is
-produced by using &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; in a verbatim command (see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>).
+<p>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
+body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
+put a backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
+<code>\$1.23</code> will produce&nbsp;<code>$1.23</code> in your output.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_007e"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005e"></a>
-<p>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over
-the following letter, as in &otilde; and &ocirc; (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>); to get
-a standalone <code>~</code> or <code>^</code>, you can again use a verbatim
-command.
+<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash"></a>
+<p>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
+use <code>\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
+character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text
+body font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. A text body font backslash
+results from <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
+<code>\verb!!</code>, as below.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+ \# \$ \% \&amp; \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
+ \verb!# $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \!
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In that example the double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code> is only there to
+split the lines.
</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Upper-and-lower-case"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">21.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
+
+<a name="index-Upper-case"></a>
+<a name="index-Lower-case"></a>
+<a name="index-characters_002c-case"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\uppercase{<var>text</var>}
+\lowercase{<var>text</var>}
+\MakeUppercase{<var>text</var>}
+\MakeLowercase{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Change the case of characters. The TeX primitives commands
+<code>\uppercase</code> and <code>\lowercase</code> only work for American
+characters. The LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
+<code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change characters accessed by
+commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>. The commands
+<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust but they have
+moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a
+command within <var>text</var>. But they do change the case of every other
+latin character inside the argument <var>text</var>. Thus,
+<code>\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$</code>} produces &ldquo;LET Y=F(X)&rdquo;. Another
+example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that
+<code>\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}</code> will
+produce an error because the first half is changed to
+<code>\begin{TABULAR}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a
+document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this
+works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but
+will cause problems when using other alphabets.
+</p>
+<p>To change the case of text that results from a command inside <var>text</var>
+you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces
+&ldquo;COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS&rdquo;.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics}
+\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\schoolname}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>To uppercase only the first letter of words use the package
+<samp>mfirstuc</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Symbols-by-font-position"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">21.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
+
<a name="index-_005csymbol"></a>
<a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a>
+<a name="index-font-symbols_002c-by-number"></a>
-<p>Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
-know its number by using the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the
-visible space character used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code
-decimal 32, so it can be typed as <code>\symbol{32}</code>.
+<p>You can access any character of the current font using its number with
+the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character
+used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32, so it can be
+typed as <code>\symbol{32}</code>.
</p>
-<p>You can also specify octal numbers with <code>'</code> or hexadecimal numbers
-with <code>&quot;</code>, so the previous example could also be written as
-<code>\symbol{'40}</code> or <code>\symbol{&quot;20}</code>.
+<p>You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a <code>'</code>
+prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a <code>&quot;</code> prefix, so the previous
+example could also be written as <code>\symbol{'40}</code> or
+<code>\symbol{&quot;20}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Text-symbols"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Text-symbols-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.2 Text symbols</h3>
+<h3 class="section">21.4 Text symbols</h3>
<a name="index-text-symbols"></a>
<a name="index-symbols_002c-text"></a>
@@ -11088,7 +12542,7 @@ and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-paragraph-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-pilcrow"></a>
-<p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
+<p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow): &#x00B6;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pounds</code>
@@ -11126,8 +12580,9 @@ and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
<dt><code>\S</code>
<a name="index-_005cS"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-section-symbol"></a>
-<p>Section symbol.
+<dd><p>\itemx \textsection
+<a name="index-section-symbol"></a>
+Section sign: &#x00A7;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\TeX</code>
@@ -11163,7 +12618,7 @@ and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbackslash</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash"></a>
+<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash-1"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Backslash: \.
@@ -11227,11 +12682,11 @@ and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
<dt><code>\textcompwordmark</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextcompwordmark"></a>
</dt>
-<dt><code>\textcapitalwordmark</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextcapitalwordmark"></a>
+<dt><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code>
+<a name="index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"></a>
</dt>
-<dt><code>\textascenderwordmark</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextascenderwordmark"></a>
+<dt><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code>
+<a name="index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-cap-height"></a>
@@ -11256,8 +12711,8 @@ has the ascender height.
<p>Double dagger: <em>\ddag</em>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>$</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_0024_0029"></a>
+<dt><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code>
+<a name="index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dollar-sign"></a>
<a name="index-currency_002c-dollar"></a>
@@ -11333,7 +12788,7 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Centered period: <em>\cdot</em>.
+<p>Centered period: &#x00B7;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code>
@@ -11351,8 +12806,8 @@ has the ascender height.
<p>Double left quote: &ldquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></a>
+<dt><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code>
+<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-double"></a>
<a name="index-double-right-quote"></a>
@@ -11375,6 +12830,15 @@ has the ascender height.
<p>Single right quote: &rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
+<dt><code>\textquotesingle</code>
+<a name="index-_005ctextquotesingle"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></a>
+<a name="index-straight-single-quote"></a>
+<a name="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></a>
+<p>Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotestraightbase</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"></a>
</dt>
@@ -11415,7 +12879,7 @@ has the ascender height.
<a name="index-_005ctexttrademark"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-trademark-symbol"></a>
-<p>Trademark symbol: <em>^{\hbox{TM}}</em>.
+<p>Trademark symbol: &#x2122;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttwelveudash</code>
@@ -11447,15 +12911,16 @@ has the ascender height.
<a name="Accents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Non-English characters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Accents-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.3 Accents</h3>
+<h3 class="section">21.5 Accents</h3>
<a name="index-accents"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-accented"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-accented"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-babel"></a>
<a name="index-babel-package"></a>
<a name="index-multilingual-support"></a>
<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world&rsquo;s scripts and
@@ -11635,21 +13100,24 @@ See also <code>\b</code> above.
<hr>
-<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a>
+<a name="Additional-Latin-letters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.4 Non-English characters</h3>
+<a name="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">21.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
-<a name="index-special-characters"></a>
+<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a><a name="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></a>
+<a name="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></a>
+<a name="index-extended-Latin"></a>
+<a name="index-special-characters-1"></a>
<a name="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a>
-<a name="index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a>
-<p>Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly
-used in languages other than English.
+<p>Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters (beyond
+A&ndash;Z) extending the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
+than English.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\aa</code></dt>
@@ -11674,14 +13142,18 @@ used in languages other than English.
<a name="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></a>
<a name="index-Icelandic-eth"></a>
<a name="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
-<p>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;.
+<p>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
+encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
+font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dj</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DJ</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cdj"></a>
<a name="index-_005cDJ"></a>
-<p>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke.
+<p>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
+available with <small>OT1</small> encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to
+select an alternate font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ij</code></dt>
@@ -11704,7 +13176,7 @@ used in languages other than English.
<dt><code>\NG</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cng"></a>
<a name="index-_005cNG"></a>
-<p>Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics.
+<p>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\o</code></dt>
@@ -11738,7 +13210,9 @@ used in languages other than English.
<a name="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></a>
<a name="index-Icelandic-thorn"></a>
<a name="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
-<p>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;.
+<p>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
+encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
+font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -11748,10 +13222,10 @@ used in languages other than English.
<a name="g_t_005crule"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Non-English characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005crule-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.5 <code>\rule</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">21.7 <code>\rule</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005crule"></a>
@@ -11786,17 +13260,31 @@ rectangles. The arguments are:
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctoday-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.6 <code>\today</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">21.8 <code>\today</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctoday"></a>
<a name="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></a>
<p>The <code>\today</code> command produces today&rsquo;s date, in the format
-&lsquo;<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>&rsquo;; for example, &lsquo;July 4, 1976&rsquo;.
+&lsquo;<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>&rsquo;; for example, &lsquo;<samp>July 4, 1976</samp>&rsquo;.
It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>) to do this. It is not
updated as the program runs.
</p>
+<p>Multilingual packages like <samp>babel</samp> or classes like <samp>lettre</samp>,
+among others, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example, the following
+will output &lsquo;<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>&rsquo;:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4
+\documentclass{minimal}
+\usepackage[french]{babel}
+\begin{document}
+\today
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-datetime"></a>
<a name="index-datetime-package"></a>
<p>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
of other date formats.
@@ -11817,7 +13305,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matte
<p>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it&rsquo;s more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
-there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
+there is one that is the
+<a name="index-root-file"></a>
+<a name="index-file_002c-root"></a>
+<em>root file</em>; it is the one whose name you type
when you run LaTeX.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a>, for an environment that allows bundling an
@@ -11857,7 +13348,7 @@ command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page
</p>
<p>Given an <code>\includeonly</code> command, the <code>\include</code> actions are
only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to
-<code>\includeonly</code>. See the next section.
+<code>\includeonly</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></a>
<p>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
@@ -11871,7 +13362,7 @@ read by another <code>\include</code> command.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\include</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">22.2 <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cincludeonly"></a>
@@ -11883,9 +13374,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a
<p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by
subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. The list of filenames is
-comma-separated. Each <var>file</var> must exactly match a filename
-specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the selection to be
-effective.
+comma-separated. Each element <var>file1</var>, <var>file2</var>, &hellip; must
+exactly match a filename specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the
+selection to be effective.
</p>
<p>This command can only appear in the preamble.
</p>
@@ -11989,15 +13480,21 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</
<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">23.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005caddcontentsline_007bext_007d_007bunit_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
+<a name="index-_005caddcontentsline"></a>
<a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a>
-<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}
-command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command adds an entry to the specified list
+or table where:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>ext</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
+<dd><p>The filename extension of the file on which information is to be written,
typically one of: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), <code>lof</code> (list of
figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of tables).
</p>
@@ -12012,22 +13509,23 @@ following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, <code>subsubsection</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>lof</code></dt>
-<dd><p>For the list of figures.
+<dd><p>For the list of figures: <code>figure</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>lot</code></dt>
-<dd><p>For the list of tables.
+<dd><p>For the list of tables: <code>table</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><var>entry</var></dt>
+<dt><var>text</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text of the entry.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<a name="index-_005ccontentsline"></a>
-<p>What is written to the <samp>.<var>ext</var></samp> file is the
-command <code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>name</var>}</code>.
+<p>What is written to the <samp>.<var>ext</var></samp> file is the command
+<code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>num</var>}</code>, where
+<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>.
</p>
@@ -12106,7 +13604,7 @@ the preamble.
<a name="index-_005cindex"></a>
<a name="index-_002eidx-file"></a>
<p>The command <code>\index{<var>text</var>}</code> writes an index entry for
-<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <samp>.idx</samp> extension.
+<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file named with the <samp>.idx</samp> extension.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cindexentry"></a>
<p>Specifically, what gets written is the command
@@ -12135,22 +13633,25 @@ multi-lingual) <code>xindy</code> (<a href="http://xindy.sourceforge.net">http:/
This results in a <samp>.ind</samp> file, which can then be read to typeset
the index.
</p>
-<a name="index-printindex"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cprintindex"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-makeidx"></a>
<a name="index-makeidx-package"></a>
<p>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command.
This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so
<code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> needs to be in the preamble.
</p>
-<a name="index-indexspace"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cindexspace"></a>
<p>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new
letter in the printed index; its default value is &lsquo;<samp>10pt plus5pt
minus3pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-showidx"></a>
<a name="index-showidx-package"></a>
<p>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in
the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in
preparing the index.
</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-multind"></a>
<a name="index-multind-package"></a>
<p>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the
TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
@@ -12181,7 +13682,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal inp
<var>letter body</var>
\closing{<var>closing text</var>}
\end{letter}
- ... more letters ...
+... more letters ...
\end{document}
</pre></div>
@@ -12210,13 +13711,13 @@ backslash&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>). LaTeX will put the <var>sender name</var>
under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional
hand-written signature; it also can contain multiple lines.
</p>
-<p>Each letter environment begins with a required <code>\opening</code> command
+<p>Each <code>letter</code> environment body begins with a required <code>\opening</code> command
such as <code>\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}</code>. The <var>letter body</var>
-text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain everything from from
+text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain everything from
enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands such as
<code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off. Each
-letter environment typically ends with a <code>\closing</code> command such as
-<code>\closing{Yours,}</code>.
+<code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a <code>\closing</code>
+command such as <code>\closing{Yours,}</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-letters"></a>
<p>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who
@@ -12335,13 +13836,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cc{<var>first name</var> \\
- .. }
+ ... }
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent. This
command is optional. If it appears then typically it comes after
<code>\closing</code>. Separate multiple lines with a double
-backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
+backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>, as in:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cc{President \\
@@ -12365,7 +13866,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a h
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\closing{text}
+<pre class="example">\closing{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Usually at the end of a letter, above the handwritten signature, there
@@ -12392,7 +13893,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previo
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\encl{<var>first enclosed object</var> \\
- .. }
+ ... }
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is
@@ -12459,6 +13960,7 @@ address</var>). The <var>sender address</var> is the value returned by the macro
in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment. By default
<code>\mlabel</code> ignores the first argument, the <var>sender address</var>.
</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cname"></a>
<div class="header">
@@ -12499,7 +14001,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href=
</pre></div>
<p>This command is required. It starts a letter, following the
-<code>\begin{letter}{..}</code>. The mandatory argument <var>text</var> is the
+<code>\begin{letter}{...}</code>. The mandatory argument <var>text</var> is the
text that starts your letter. For instance:
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -12528,7 +14030,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Prev
<code>\closing</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.}
+<pre class="example">\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.}
</pre></div>
@@ -12545,7 +14047,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Prev
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\signature{<var>first line</var> \\
- .. }
+ ... }
</pre></div>
<a name="index-_005csignature"></a>
@@ -12637,14 +14139,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Up: <a h
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\typein[<var>\cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}
+<pre class="example">\typein[\<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}
</pre></div>
<p><code>\typein</code> prints <var>msg</var> on the terminal and causes LaTeX to
stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If
-the optional <var>\cmd</var> argument is omitted, the typed input is
+the optional <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> argument is omitted, the typed input is
processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the
-<code>\typein</code> command. If the <var>\cmd</var> argument is present, it
+<code>\typein</code> command. If the <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> argument is present, it
must be a command name. This command name is then defined or
redefined to be the typed input.
</p>
@@ -12829,6 +14331,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, U
<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</a>.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{ltugboat}
+
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
@@ -12837,6 +14340,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, U
\usepackage{url}
\fi
+%%% Start of metadata %%%
+
\title{Example \TUB\ article}
% repeat info for each author.
@@ -12845,51 +14350,56 @@ Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, U
\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
+%%% End of metadata %%%
+
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
This is an example article for \TUB{}.
+Please write an abstract.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
-This is an example article for \TUB, from
+This is an example article for \TUB, linked from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
-\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output.
-Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
-
-The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more:
+\texttt{hyperref} package if active urls are desired (in the \acro{PDF}
+output). Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
+The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations (and many more):
% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
-\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX
-\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
-\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP
+\mf \MFB
+\plain \POBox \PS
+\SGML \TANGLE \TB \TP
\TUB \TUG \tug
-\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
+\UNIX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
-\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
-\careof \thinskip
+\, \bull \Dash \dash \hyph
\acro{FRED} -&gt; {\small[er] fred} % please use!
\cs{fred} -&gt; \fred
-\env{fred} -&gt; \begin{fred}
\meta{fred} -&gt; &lt;fred&gt;
\nth{n} -&gt; 1st, 2nd, ...
\sfrac{3/4} -&gt; 3/4
\booktitle{Book of Fred}
\end{verbatim}
-For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
-\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
-(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references).
+For references to other \TUB\ issue, please use the format
+\textsl{volno:issno}, e.g., ``\TUB\ 32:1'' for our \nth{100} issue.
+
+This file is just a template. The \TUB\ style documentation is the
+\texttt{ltubguid} document at \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}. (For
+\CTAN\ references, where sensible we recommend that form of url, using
+\texttt{/pkg/}; or, if you need to refer to a specific file location,
+\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.)
Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
@@ -12971,7 +14481,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; prompt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp>.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
@@ -12985,17 +14497,19 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix_002c-creating">appendix, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -13008,7 +14522,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -13045,6 +14559,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-catcode">catcode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-category-code_002c-character">category code, character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -13053,9 +14569,12 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Centimeter">Centimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case">characters, case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Cicero">Cicero</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
@@ -13064,16 +14583,27 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citation-key">citation key</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-commands">class and package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-difference">class and package difference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-structure">class and package structure</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-example">class file example</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-layout">class file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-1">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-2">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line">command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
@@ -13099,7 +14629,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today&rsquo;s</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
@@ -13110,9 +14640,12 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions">design size, in font definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Didot-point">Didot point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-multiplication">discretionary multiplication</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
@@ -13162,12 +14695,14 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etoolbox-package"><code>etoolbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex">ex</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
@@ -13176,8 +14711,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package"><code>float</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flafter-package"><code>flafter</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package"><code>float</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-page">float page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flush-left-equations">flush left equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
@@ -13186,28 +14723,32 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-size">font size</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-symbols_002c-by-number">font symbols, by number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footmisc-package"><code>footmisc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">Footnotes, in a minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-table">Footnotes, in a table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-in-section-headings">footnotes, in section headings</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-reference">forward reference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-references_002c-resolving">forward references, resolving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code>geometry</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary-package">glossary <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
@@ -13216,6 +14757,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">h&aacute;&#269;ek accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -13228,13 +14770,14 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
@@ -13259,6 +14802,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-label">label</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
@@ -13268,6 +14812,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Latin-letters_002c-additional">Latin letters, additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -13280,6 +14825,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-length-command">length command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-allocating-new">lengths, allocating new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
@@ -13287,8 +14833,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-additional-Latin">letters, additional Latin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish">letters, non-English</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-writing">letters, writing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
@@ -13305,13 +14851,15 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-long-command">long command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lower-case">Lower case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ltugboat-class"><code>ltugboat</code> class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
@@ -13321,8 +14869,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as">macro package, LaTeX as</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code>macros2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code>makeidx</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code>makeidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
@@ -13346,18 +14895,21 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-class-commands">new class commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-check">new command, check</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-definition">new command, definition</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-1">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
@@ -13365,22 +14917,46 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datetime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>flafter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>float</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-footmisc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>footmisc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>makeidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>multind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-picture"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>picture</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>showidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcomp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
@@ -13392,6 +14968,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
@@ -13401,14 +14978,16 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code>pict2e</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-package"><code>picture</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Point">Point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-portrait-orientation">portrait orientation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-position_002c-in-picture">position, in picture</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-positional-parameter">positional parameter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
@@ -13420,6 +14999,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-single-straight">quote, single straight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
@@ -13430,6 +15010,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reference_002c-forward">reference, forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
@@ -13448,6 +15029,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
@@ -13459,18 +15041,20 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code>showidx</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code>showidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-quote_002c-straight">single quote, straight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
@@ -13480,12 +15064,16 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-intersentence">spacing, intersentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-insertions">special insertions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stable-option-to-footmisc-package"><code>stable</code> option to <code>footmisc</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands">star-variants, commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands">starred form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-and-ending">starting and ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
@@ -13493,6 +15081,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-single-quote">straight single quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
@@ -13507,6 +15096,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
@@ -13516,12 +15106,12 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -13552,6 +15142,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Upper-case">Upper case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8">UTF-8</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
@@ -13581,6 +15172,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xspace-package"><code>xspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
@@ -13776,32 +15368,34 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\&gt; <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="roman">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa (&aring;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA (&Aring;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa (&aring;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA (&Aring;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline_007bext_007d_007bunit_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddress"><code>\address</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocounter"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtolength"><code>\addtolength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae (&aelig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE (&AElig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae (&aelig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE (&AElig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caleph"><code>\aleph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calph"><code>\alph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph"><code>\Alph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph-example"><code>\Alph <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005camalg"><code>\amalg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"><code>\and <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cangle"><code>\angle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005capprox"><code>\approx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carabic"><code>\arabic</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carccos"><code>\arccos</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carcsin"><code>\arcsin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carctan"><code>\arctan</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
@@ -13812,12 +15406,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cast"><code>\ast</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005casymp"><code>\asymp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDocument"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDvi"><code>\AtBeginDvi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndDocument"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfClass"><code>\AtEndOfClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"><code>\AtEndOfPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname-_005cand-name2_007d"><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a` <span class="roman">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\b <span class="roman">(bar-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash-1"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -13877,10 +15473,17 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchapter"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccheck"><code>\check</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand"><code>\CheckCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"><code>\CheckCommand*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchi"><code>\chi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccirc"><code>\circ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassError"><code>\ClassError</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfo"><code>\ClassInfo</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"><code>\ClassInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarning"><code>\ClassWarning</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"><code>\ClassWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr>
@@ -13906,6 +15509,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoth"><code>\coth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccsc"><code>\csc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccup"><code>\cup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCurrentOption"><code>\CurrentOption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\d <span class="roman">(dot-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdag"><code>\dag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdagger"><code>\dagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -13922,21 +15526,25 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"><code>\DeclareOption*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdepth"><code>\depth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh (&eth;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH (&ETH;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh (&eth;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH (&ETH;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdim"><code>\dim</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiv"><code>\div</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -13961,6 +15569,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-1"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-2"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cExecuteOptions"><code>\ExecuteOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
@@ -13976,8 +15585,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep-1"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"><code>\fnsymbol<span class="roman">, and footnotes</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontencoding"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontfamily"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontseries"><code>\fontseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -13993,7 +15602,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip-1"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cforall"><code>\forall</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac_007bnum_007d_007bden_007d"><code>\frac{num}{den}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac_007bnum_007d_007bden_007d"><code>\frac{<var>num</var>}{<var>den</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
@@ -14037,8 +15646,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij (ij)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij (ij)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14047,18 +15657,19 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cInputIfFileExists"><code>\InputIfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cint"><code>\int</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep-1"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciota"><code>\iota</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cit"><code>\it</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-3"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
@@ -14069,8 +15680,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cker"><code>\ker</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l (&#322;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L (&#321;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l (&#322;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L (&#321;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumi"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumii"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
@@ -14131,6 +15742,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClass"><code>\LoadClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"><code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14160,11 +15773,17 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathbf"><code>\mathbf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathcal"><code>\mathcal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathdollar"><code>\mathdollar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathellipsis"><code>\mathellipsis</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathnormal"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathparagraph"><code>\mathparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathring"><code>\mathring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathrm"><code>\mathrm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsection"><code>\mathsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsterling"><code>\mathsterling</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr>
@@ -14187,6 +15806,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnatural"><code>\natural</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cne"><code>\ne</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"><code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
@@ -14200,8 +15820,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
@@ -14219,15 +15839,15 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o (&oslash;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O (&Oslash;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o (&oslash;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O (&Oslash;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cobeycr"><code>\obeycr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-1"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-2"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005codot"><code>\odot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe (&oelig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE (&OElig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe (&oelig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE (&OElig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coint"><code>\oint</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coldstylenums"><code>\oldstylenums</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOmega"><code>\Omega</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14236,13 +15856,19 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005conecolumn"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copening"><code>\opening</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coplus"><code>\oplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOptionNotUsed"><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cotimes"><code>\otimes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007btext_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cowns"><code>\owns</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cP"><code>\P</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageError"><code>\PackageError</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfo"><code>\PackageInfo</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"><code>\PackageInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarning"><code>\PackageWarning</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"><code>\PackageWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagenumbering"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpageref"><code>\pageref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
@@ -14262,6 +15888,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"><code>\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpageheight"><code>\pdfpageheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpagewidth"><code>\pdfpagewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cperp"><code>\perp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14277,10 +15905,16 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions"><code>\ProcessOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"><code>\ProcessOptions*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprovidecommand"><code>\providecommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesClass"><code>\ProvidesClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesFile"><code>\ProvidesFile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesPackage"><code>\ProvidesPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cps"><code>\ps</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPsi"><code>\Psi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14303,8 +15937,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestriction"><code>\restriction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crevemptyset"><code>\revemptyset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creversemarginpar"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crfloor"><code>\rfloor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crhd"><code>\rhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14318,8 +15955,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman"><code>\roman</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRoman"><code>\Roman</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14361,13 +15998,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqrt_005broot_005d_007barg_007d"><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqrt_005broot_005d_007barg_007d"><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{<var>arg</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubset"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss (&szlig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS (SS)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss (&szlig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS (SS)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel_007btext_007d_007brelation_007d"><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr>
@@ -14386,7 +16023,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csupseteq"><code>\supseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csurd"><code>\surd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB"><code>\TAB</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
@@ -14397,11 +16034,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTeX"><code>\TeX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextascenderwordmark"><code>\textascenderwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciicircum"><code>\textasciicircum</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciitilde"><code>\textasciitilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash-1"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbar"><code>\textbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbardbl"><code>\textbardbl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbf"><code>\textbf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
@@ -14409,13 +16047,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceleft"><code>\textbraceleft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceright"><code>\textbraceright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbullet"><code>\textbullet</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcapitalwordmark"><code>\textcapitalwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcompwordmark"><code>\textcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcopyright"><code>\textcopyright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdagger"><code>\textdagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_0024_0029"><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>$</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextellipsis"><code>\textellipsis</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14439,9 +16077,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextperiodcentered"><code>\textperiodcentered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotesingle"><code>\textquotesingle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextregistered"><code>\textregistered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14460,8 +16099,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth-1"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th (&thorn;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH (&THORN;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th (&thorn;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH (&THORN;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctheta"><code>\theta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></td></tr>
@@ -14495,8 +16134,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{math}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{text}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunitlength"><code>\unitlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunlhd"><code>\unlhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunrhd"><code>\unrhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14512,9 +16151,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusebox"><code>\usebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusefont"><code>\usefont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\v <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvalue"><code>\value</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvanothing"><code>\vanothing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarepsilon"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarphi"><code>\varphi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarpi"><code>\varpi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14523,7 +16163,6 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots-1"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvee"><code>\vee</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -14581,8 +16220,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code>abstract <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code>array <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code><code>array</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
@@ -14594,7 +16233,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc"><code>cc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code>center <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code><code>center</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-clock-option-to-slides-class"><code>clock <span class="roman">option to <code>slides</code> class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm"><code>cm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
@@ -14602,10 +16241,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber-1"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dd"><code>dd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code>description <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code>displaymath <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code>displaymath <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code>document <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code><code>description</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code><code>displaymath</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code><code>displaymath</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code><code>document</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx-command"><code>dvipdfmx <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
@@ -14613,52 +16252,85 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em-1"><code>em</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code>enumerate <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code>eqnarray <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code>equation <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code>equation <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code>enumerate</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-array"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>array</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-center"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>center</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-description"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>description</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-document"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>document</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-enumerate"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>enumerate</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-eqnarray"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>eqnarray</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>equation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>equation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-figure"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>figure</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>filecontents</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>filecontents*</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushleft"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>flushleft</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushright"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>flushright</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-itemize"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>itemize</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-letter"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>letter</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-list"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>list</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>math</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>math</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-minipage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>minipage</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-picture"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>picture</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quote</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabbing"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabbing</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-table"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>table</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabular"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabular</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-thebibliography"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>thebibliography</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>theorem</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-titlepage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>titlepage</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verbatim"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>verbatim</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verse"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>verse</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code>eqnarray</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex-1"><code>ex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure"><code>figure</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents"><code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code>figure</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code>filecontents</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code>filecontents*</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code>flushleft <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code>flushright <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code><code>flushleft</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code>flushright</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-http_003a_002f_002fhome_002egna_002eorg_002flatexrefman-home-page"><code><a href="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</a> <span class="roman">home page</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-http_003a_002f_002fpuszcza_002egnu_002eorg_002eua_002fsoftware_002flatexrefman_002f-home-page"><code><a href="http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/">http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</a> <span class="roman">home page</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inch"><code>inch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexspace"><code>indexspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code>itemize <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code><code>itemize</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"><code>latex-doc-ptr <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexrefman_002ddiscuss_0040gna_002eorg-email-address"><code><a href="mailto:latexrefman-discuss@gna.org">latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</a> <span class="roman">email address</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"><code><a href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a> <span class="roman">email address</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-class"><code>letter <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-environment"><code>letter <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-environment"><code><code>letter</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letterpaper-option"><code>letterpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list"><code>list</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-environment"><code><code>list</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lR-box"><code>lR box</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex-command"><code>lualatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code>math <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code>math <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code>minipage <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code><code>math</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code><code>math</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code><code>minipage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mm"><code>mm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
@@ -14675,13 +16347,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture"><code>picture</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printindex"><code>printindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-environment"><code><code>picture</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation"><code>quotation</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote"><code>quote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code>quotation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code>quote</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
@@ -14692,13 +16363,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sp"><code>sp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code>tabbing <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table"><code>table</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code>tabular <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code>tabbing</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code>table</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code>tabular</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package-1"><code>textcomp <span class="roman">package</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code>thebibliography <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code>theorem <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code>thebibliography</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code>theorem</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code><code>titlepage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topnumber"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
@@ -14712,8 +16383,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-usrguide-official-documentation"><code>usrguide <span class="roman">official documentation</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code>verbatim <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code>verse <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code><code>verbatim</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code><code>verse</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>