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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html index e8a7e781622..149b8b35ac7 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a -document preparation system, version of August 2017. +document preparation system, version of March 2018. This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Group as TeXniques number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied). Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Karl Berry. +2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. @@ -34,16 +34,16 @@ notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. --> -<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.1, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> +<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.5, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> <head> -<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)</title> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> +<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)</title> -<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)"> -<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)"> +<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)"> +<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)"> <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> <meta name="distribution" content="global"> <meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo"> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top"> <link href="#Concept-Index" rel="index" title="Concept Index"> <link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents"> @@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap} span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal} span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal} ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} +code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace} --> </style> @@ -80,7 +81,9 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} </head> <body lang="en"> -<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)</h1> +<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)</h1> + + @@ -112,12 +115,14 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} <li><a name="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li> <li><a name="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li> <li><a name="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">21 Special insertions</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">22 Splitting the input</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">23 Front/back matter</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">24 Letters</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">25 Terminal input/output</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">26 Command line</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Color-1" href="#toc-Color-1">21 Color</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Graphics-1" href="#toc-Graphics-1">22 Graphics</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">26 Letters</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">27 Terminal input/output</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">28 Command line</a></li> <li><a name="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li> <li><a name="stoc-Concept-Index-1" href="#toc-Concept-Index-1">Concept Index</a></li> <li><a name="stoc-Command-Index-1" href="#toc-Command-Index-1">Command Index</a></li> @@ -191,7 +196,11 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} </ul></li> <li><a name="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a></li> <li><a name="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cAtBeginDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cAtEndDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></li> + </ul></li> <li><a name="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li> <li><a name="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li> <li><a name="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a></li> @@ -209,7 +218,8 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} <li><a name="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li> <li><a name="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list_002e" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list.</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list" href="#trivlist">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a name="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code>math</code></a></li> <li><a name="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li> @@ -297,6 +307,7 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} <li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.7 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li> <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont_003a-Define-a-new-font-_0028obsolete_0029" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.8 <code>\newfont</code>: Define a new font (obsolete)</a></li> <li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.9 <code>\protect</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.10 <code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a name="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> @@ -350,16 +361,20 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></a></li> <li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">19.3 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and \@</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.3 <code>\spacefactor</code></a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">19.3.1 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and <code>\@</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.3.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.3.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li> + </ul></li> <li><a name="toc-_005c--after-control-sequence" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.5 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.6 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.7 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">19.8 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace_007blength_007d" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.12 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.6 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">19.7 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.8 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.9 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.10 <code>\vfill</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace_007blength_007d" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.11 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> @@ -373,53 +388,82 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} <li><a name="toc-_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csbox">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a> + <li><a name="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">21 Color</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-Color-package-options-1" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 Color package options</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">21.2 Color models</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">21.3 Commands for color</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-Define-colors-1" href="#Define-colors">21.3.1 Define colors</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Colored-text-1" href="#Colored-text">21.3.2 Colored text</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Colored-boxes-1" href="#Colored-boxes">21.3.3 Colored boxes</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Colored-pages-1" href="#Colored-pages">21.3.4 Colored pages</a></li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">22 Graphics</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-Graphics-package-options-1" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 Graphics package options</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Graphics-package-configuration-1" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 Graphics package configuration</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Commands-for-graphics-1" href="#Commands-for-graphics">22.3 Commands for graphics</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">23 Special insertions</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">21.1 Reserved characters</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">21.2 Upper and lower case</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">21.3 Symbols by font position</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">21.4 Text symbols</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">21.5 Accents</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">21.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">21.7 <code>\rule</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">21.8 <code>\today</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">23.1 Reserved characters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">23.2 Upper and lower case</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">23.3 Symbols by font position</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">23.4 Text symbols</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">23.5 Accents</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">23.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">23.7 <code>\rule</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">23.8 <code>\today</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a> + <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">24 Splitting the input</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">22.1 <code>\include</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">22.2 <code>\includeonly</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">22.3 <code>\input</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">24.1 <code>\include</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code>\includeonly</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code>\input</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a> + <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">25 Front/back matter</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">23.1 Tables of contents</a> + <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">25.1 Tables of contents</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">23.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">23.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">23.2 Glossaries</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">23.3 Indexes</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.2 Glossaries</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.3 Indexes</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">24 Letters</a> + <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">26 Letters</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">24.1 <code>\address</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">24.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">24.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">24.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">24.5 <code>\location</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">24.7 <code>\name</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">24.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">24.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">24.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">24.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">26.1 <code>\address</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">26.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">26.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">26.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">26.5 <code>\location</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">26.7 <code>\name</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">26.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">26.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">26.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">25 Terminal input/output</a> + <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">27 Terminal input/output</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">25.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">25.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">26 Command line</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">28 Command line</a></li> <li><a name="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a name="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li> @@ -434,7 +478,6 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} - <a name="Top"></a> <div class="header"> <p> @@ -444,7 +487,7 @@ Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this documen <h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1> <p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of -August 2017) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. +March 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc. @@ -487,6 +530,10 @@ August 2017) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making boxes. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Color">Color</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Defining and using colors. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Importing graphics from outside LaTeX. +</td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting reserved and special characters. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Dealing with big files by splitting. @@ -1009,6 +1056,7 @@ have the character code of a letter. </p> <a name="index-package_002c-macros2e"></a> <a name="index-macros2e-package"></a> + <p>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>. These macros are mainly intended to package or class authors. @@ -1250,12 +1298,16 @@ size (these show height by width): <a name="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></a> <a name="index-package_002c-geometry"></a> <a name="index-geometry-package"></a> + <p>When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and -<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document’s preamble. The -<code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print +<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document’s preamble. +<a name="index-package_002c-geometry-1"></a> +<a name="index-geometry-package-1"></a> +</p> +<p>The <code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print area and physical page size. </p> <a name="index-draft-option"></a> @@ -1648,6 +1700,7 @@ command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>. </p> <a name="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></a> <a name="index-etoolbox-package"></a> + <p>The <code>etoolbox</code> package offers commands <code>\newrobustcmd</code>, <code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>, <code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code> which are similar @@ -2183,10 +2236,11 @@ formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default. <a name="index-lining-numerals"></a> <a name="index-package_002c-textcomp"></a> <a name="index-textcomp-package"></a> + <p>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will typeset so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard “lining” numerals, -which all have the same height as upper-case letters. LaTeX’s +which all have the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX’s default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code> (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the @@ -2269,7 +2323,8 @@ Knuth’s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and <code>T1</code>, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the accented characters used by the most widespread European languages (German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to -hyphenate words containing accented letters. +hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see +<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</a>. </p> </dd> <dt><code>\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</code></dt> @@ -2281,27 +2336,29 @@ hyphenate words containing accented letters. through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are examples of some common families: </p> +<table> +<tr><td><code>pag</code></td><td>Avant Garde</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>fvs</code></td><td>Bitstream Vera Sans</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>pbk</code></td><td>Bookman</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>bch</code></td><td>Charter</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>ccr</code></td><td>Computer Concrete</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>cmr</code></td><td>Computer Modern</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>cmss</code></td><td>Computer Modern Sans Serif</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>cmtt</code></td><td>Computer Modern Typewriter</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>pcr</code></td><td>Courier</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>phv</code></td><td>Helvetica</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>fi4</code></td><td>Inconsolata</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>lmr</code></td><td>Latin Modern</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>lmss</code></td><td>Latin Modern Sans</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>lmtt</code></td><td>Latin Modern Typewriter</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>pnc</code></td><td>New Century Schoolbook</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>ppl</code></td><td>Palatino</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>ptm</code></td><td>Times</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>uncl</code></td><td>Uncial</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>put</code></td><td>Utopia</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>pzc</code></td><td>Zapf Chancery</td></tr> +</table> -<ul class="no-bullet"> -<li><!-- /@w --> <code>pag</code><tt> </tt> Avant Garde -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>fvs</code><tt> </tt> Bitstream Vera Sans -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pbk</code><tt> </tt> Bookman -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>bch</code><tt> </tt> Charter -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ccr</code><tt> </tt> Computer Concrete -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>cmr</code><tt> </tt> Computer Modern -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pcr</code><tt> </tt> Courier -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>phv</code><tt> </tt> Helvetica -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>fi4</code><tt> </tt> Inconsolata -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>lmr</code><tt> </tt> Latin Modern -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>lmss</code> Latin Modern Sans -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>lmtt</code> Latin Modern Typewriter -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pnc</code><tt> </tt> New Century Schoolbook -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ppl</code><tt> </tt> Palatino -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ptm</code><tt> </tt> Times -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>uncl</code> Uncial -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>put</code><tt> </tt> Utopia -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pzc</code><tt> </tt> Zapf Chancery -</li></ul> </dd> <dt><code>\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</code></dt> @@ -2311,44 +2368,46 @@ examples of some common families: <em>width</em>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible combinations. Some common combined series values include: </p> -<ul class="no-bullet"> -<li><!-- /@w --> <code>m</code><tt> </tt> Medium (normal) -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>b</code><tt> </tt> Bold -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>c</code><tt> </tt> Condensed -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>bc</code> Bold condensed -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>bx</code> Bold extended -</li></ul> +<table> +<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>bc</code></td><td>Bold condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>bx</code></td><td>Bold extended</td></tr> +</table> <a name="index-weights_002c-of-fonts"></a> <p>The possible values for weight, individually, are: </p> -<ul class="no-bullet"> -<li><!-- /@w --> <code>ul</code> Ultra light -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>el</code> Extra light -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>l</code><tt> </tt> Light -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sl</code> Semi light -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>m</code><tt> </tt> Medium (normal) -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sb</code> Semi bold -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>b</code><tt> </tt> Bold -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>eb</code> Extra bold -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ub</code> Ultra bold -</li></ul> +<table> +<tr><td><code>ul</code></td><td>Ultra light</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>el</code></td><td>Extra light</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>l</code></td><td>Light</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>sl</code></td><td>Semi light</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>sb</code></td><td>Semi bold</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>eb</code></td><td>Extra bold</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>ub</code></td><td>Ultra bold</td></tr> +</table> <a name="index-widths_002c-of-fonts"></a> -<p>The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages -are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts): +<p>The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and +relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces): </p> -<ul class="no-bullet"> -<li><!-- /@w --> <code>uc</code> Ultra condensed, 50% -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ec</code> Extra condensed, 62.5% -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>c</code><tt> </tt> Condensed, 75% -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sc</code> Semi condensed, 87.5% -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>m</code><tt> </tt> Medium, 100% -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sx</code> Semi expanded, 112.5% -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>x</code><tt> </tt> Expanded, 125% -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ex</code> Extra expanded, 150% -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ux</code> Ultra expanded, 200% -</li></ul> + +<table> +<tr><td><code>uc</code></td><td>Ultra condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>ec</code></td><td>Extra condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>sc</code></td><td>Semi condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>sx</code></td><td>Semi expanded</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>x</code></td><td>Expanded</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>ex</code></td><td>Extra expanded</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>ux</code></td><td>Ultra expanded</td></tr> +</table> + <p>When forming the <var>series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the <code>m</code> that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both @@ -2361,14 +2420,15 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one <a name="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></a> <p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are: </p> -<ul class="no-bullet"> -<li><!-- /@w --> <code>n</code><tt> </tt> Upright (normal) -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>it</code> Italic -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique) -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sc</code> Small caps -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ui</code> Upright italics -</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ol</code> Outline -</li></ul> +<table> +<tr><td><code>n</code></td><td>Upright (normal)</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>it</code></td><td>Italic</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>sl</code></td><td>Slanted (oblique)</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>sc</code></td><td>Small caps</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>ui</code></td><td>Upright italics</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>ol</code></td><td>Outline</td></tr> +</table> + <p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and small caps are often missing as well. @@ -2392,11 +2452,13 @@ reset every time a size change happens; see <code>\baselinestretch</code>, next. <p>LaTeX multiplies the line spacing by the value of the <code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter; the default factor is 1. A change takes effect when <code>\selectfont</code> (see below) is called. You can -make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing -<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}</code> in the preamble. +make a line skip change happen for the entire document, for instance +doubling it, by doing <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}</code> in +the preamble. </p> <a name="index-package_002c-setspace"></a> <a name="index-setspace-package"></a> + <a name="index-double-spacing"></a> <p>However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the <samp>setspace</samp> package. In addition to offering a number of spacing @@ -2972,6 +3034,7 @@ automatically added. <a name="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a> <a name="index-package_002c-float"></a> <a name="index-float-package"></a> + <p>To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can <code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at @@ -3011,6 +3074,7 @@ is finished and then flush all outstanding floats. </p> <a name="index-package_002c-flafter"></a> <a name="index-flafter-package"></a> + <p>LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source (although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting @@ -3227,7 +3291,9 @@ The setting </pre></div> <p>suppresses heading numbers at any depth <em>> <var>level</var></em>, where -<code>chapter</code> is level zero. (See <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>.) +<code>chapter</code> is level zero. The default <code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in +LaTeX’s <samp>article</samp> class and 2 in the <samp>book</samp> and +<samp>report</samp> classes. (See <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>.) </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="1">\@startsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Redefine layout of start of sections, subsections, etc. @@ -3253,8 +3319,8 @@ Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href= <pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning divisions such -as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>. +<p>Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning +divisions such as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>. </p> <p>Note that the <samp>titlesec</samp> package makes manipulation of sectioning easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be @@ -3263,30 +3329,33 @@ the standard LaTeX <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes the command <code>\chapter</code> and <code>\report</code> are not constructed in this way. To make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command. </p> -<p>Technically, this command has the form: +<p>Technically, <code>\@startsection</code> has the form </p><div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>} - *[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} +<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} </pre></div> -<p>so that issuing: +<p>(the star <code>*</code> is optional), so that issuing </p><div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}% - {<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}} +<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}} </pre></div> -<p>redefine <code>\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form -<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code>. See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a> and +<p>redefines <code>\section</code> to have the form +<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code> (here too, the +star <code>*</code> is optional). See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>. This implies that +when you write a command like <code>\renewcommand{section}{...}</code>, +the <code>\@startsection{...}</code> must come last in the definition. See the examples below. </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><var>name</var></dt> -<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter (which must be defined -separately) used to number for the sectioning header. Most commonly -either <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or <code>paragraph</code>. Although -in those three cases the name of the counter is also the name of the -sectioning command itself, using the same name is not required. +<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter used to number the +sectioning header. This counter must be defined separately. Most +commonly this is either <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or +<code>paragraph</code>. Although in those three cases the counter name is the +same as the sectioning command itself, using the same name is not +required. </p> <p>Then <code>\the</code><var>name</var> displays the title number and -<code>\</code><var>name</var><code>mark</code> is for the page headers. +<code>\</code><var>name</var><code>mark</code> is for the page headers. See the third +example below. </p> </dd> <dt><var>level</var></dt> @@ -3301,22 +3370,22 @@ classes <code>part</code> has level -1, while in the <code>article</code> class <p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <code>secnumdepth</code> then the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered. For instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 then a -<code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like <code>1 -Introduction</code> while <code>\subsection{History}</code> will produce output -like <code>History</code>, without the number -prefix. See <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>. +<code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like “1 +Introduction” while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will produce +output like “Discussion”, without the number prefix. +See <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>. </p> <p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <var>tocdepth</var> then -the table of contents will have an entrie for this sectioning unit. +the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit. For instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <var>tocdepth</var> is 1 then the table of contents will list sections but not subsections. </p> </dd> <dt><var>indent</var></dt> <dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></a><p>A length giving the indentation of all -of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the -title flush with the margin use <code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation -such as <code>-1em</code> will move the title into the left margin. +of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the title +flush with the margin use <code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as +<code>-\parindent</code> will move the title into the left margin. </p> </dd> <dt><var>beforeskip</var></dt> @@ -3334,7 +3403,7 @@ then to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>, is good practice here since it gives -LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page. +LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). </p> <p>The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the line prior to this sectioning unit’s header and the baseline of the @@ -3357,9 +3426,9 @@ between the end of the title and the beginning of the following paragraph. (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.) </p> -<p>As with <var>beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length with <code>plus</code> and -<code>minus</code> components is good practice here since it gives LaTeX -more flexibility in putting the page together. +<p>As with <var>beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length, with <code>plus</code> and +<code>minus</code> components, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX +more flexibility in putting together the page. </p> <p>If <code>afterskip</code> is non-negative then the full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit’s header and @@ -3384,22 +3453,41 @@ produce titles that are bold and upper case. </p></dd> </dl> -<p>Here are examples. To use them, either put them in a package or class -file, or put them in the preamble of a LaTeX document between a -<code>\makeatletter</code> command and a <code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the -error message <code>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode.</code> -means that you forgot this.) See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>. +<p>These are LaTeX’s defaults for the first three sectioning units that +are defined with <code>\@startsection</code>, for the <samp>article</samp>, +<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes. </p> -<p>This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. +<table> +<thead><tr><th width="10%"></th><th width="30%"><code>section</code></th><th width="30%"><code>subsection</code></th><th width="30%"><code>subsubsection</code></th></tr></thead> +<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a></td><td width="30%">section</td><td width="30%">subsection</td><td width="30%">subsubsection</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a></td><td width="30%">1</td><td width="30%">2</td><td width="30%">3</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>0pt</code></td><td width="30%"><code>0pt</code></td><td width="30%"><code>0pt</code></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code></td><td width="30%"><code>\normalfont\large\bfseries</code></td><td width="30%"><code>\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code></td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Here are examples. They go either in a package or class file or in the +preamble of a LaTeX document. If you put them in the preamble they +must go between a <code>\makeatletter</code> command and a +<code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the error message <code>You can't use +`\spacefactor' in vertical mode.</code> means that you forgot this.) +See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>. +</p> +<p>This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It says +<code>\renewcommand</code> because LaTeX’s standard classes have already +defined a <code>\section</code>. For the same reason it does not define a +<code>section</code> counter, or the commands <code>\thesection</code> and +<code>\l@section</code>. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\renewcommand\section{% - \@startsection{section}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>. - {1}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>. - {0pt}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>. - {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>. - {2.3ex plus.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>. - {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>. + \@startsection{section}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a> + {1}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a> + {0pt}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a> + {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a> + {2.3ex plus.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a> + {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a> } </pre></div> @@ -3407,12 +3495,12 @@ means that you forgot this.) See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeato </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\renewcommand\subsection{% - \@startsection{subsection}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>. - {2}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>. - {0em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>. - {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>. - {-1em plus 0.2em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>. - {\scshape}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>. + \@startsection{subsection}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a> + {2}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a> + {0em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a> + {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a> + {-1em plus 0.2em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a> + {\scshape}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a> } </pre></div> @@ -3742,6 +3830,7 @@ Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environ <a name="index-environment_002c-abstract"></a> <a name="index-abstract-environment"></a> + <a name="index-abstracts"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -3805,6 +3894,7 @@ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href=" <a name="index-environment_002c-array"></a> <a name="index-array-environment"></a> + <a name="index-arrays_002c-math"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -3850,6 +3940,7 @@ default for this is ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’. </p> <a name="index-package_002c-amsmath"></a> <a name="index-amsmath-package"></a> + <p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <samp>amsmath</samp> package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by parentheses <code>(...)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array @@ -3894,6 +3985,7 @@ Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous: <a name="index-environment_002c-center"></a> <a name="index-center-environment"></a> + <a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -4005,6 +4097,7 @@ Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous: <a name="index-environment_002c-description"></a> <a name="index-description-environment"></a> + <a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></a> <a name="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></a> @@ -4012,44 +4105,61 @@ Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\begin{description} -\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item -\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item +\item[<var>label of first item</var>] text of first item +\item[<var>label of second item</var>] text of second item ... \end{description} </pre></div> -<p>Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item’s <var>label</var> -is typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item’s text may contain multiple -paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no -sensible default, so all items should have labels. +<p>Environment to make a labeled list of items. Each item’s <var>label</var> is +typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the +first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having +none causes the LaTeX error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a +missing \item</samp>’. +</p> +<p>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. +The labels ‘<samp>lama</samp>’ and ‘<samp>llama</samp>’ come out in boldface with their +left edges aligned on the left margin. </p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{definition} + \item[lama] A priest. + \item[llama] A beast. +\end{definition} +</pre></div> + <a name="index-_005citem"></a> -<p>The list consists of at least one item, created with the <code>\item</code> -command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). Having no items causes the LaTeX error -‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’). +<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). Use the +optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is +no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which +may contain multiple paragraphs. </p> <a name="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></a> <a name="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></a> <p>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font -change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will -come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter -with <code>\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold +change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will come +out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with +<code>\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold typewriter is to use declarative style: <code>\item[{\tt label -text}]</code>. Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use -<code>\item[{\rm label text}]</code>. +text}]</code>. Similarly, get the standard roman font with <code>\item[{\rm +label text}]</code>. </p> <p>For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a> -and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. For information about customizing list layout, see -<a href="#list">list</a>; also, the package <samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for this. +and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. Unlike those environments, nesting +<code>description</code> environments does not change the default label; it is +boldface and flush left at all levels. </p> -<p>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. +<p>For information about list layout parameters, including the default +values, and for information about customizing list layout, see +<a href="#list">list</a>. The package <samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for customizing +lists. +</p> +<p>This example changes the description labels to small caps. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{definition} - \item[lama] A priest. - \item[llama] A beast. -\end{definition} +<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{% + {\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}} </pre></div> @@ -4064,6 +4174,7 @@ Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a hr <a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></a> <a name="index-displaymath-environment"></a> + <p>Synopsis: </p> @@ -4085,6 +4196,7 @@ math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the </p> <a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></a> <a name="index-amsmath-package-1"></a> + <p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has significantly more extensive displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of ways in that package for having math text broken across lines. @@ -4123,6 +4235,7 @@ Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a <a name="index-environment_002c-document"></a> <a name="index-document-environment"></a> + <p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document. It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a>. @@ -4141,7 +4254,8 @@ It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Star <p> Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next">\AtEndDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<h4 class="node-heading">\AtBeginDocument</h4> +<a name="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></a> <a name="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></a> @@ -4168,7 +4282,8 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them. <p> Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\AtBeginDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<h4 class="node-heading">\AtEndDocument</h4> +<a name="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></a> <a name="index-end-of-document-hook"></a> @@ -4201,28 +4316,29 @@ Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a hr <a name="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></a> <a name="index-enumerate-environment"></a> + <a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\begin{enumerate} -\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item -\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item +\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item +\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item ... \end{enumerate} </pre></div> <p>Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the -label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within -another; see below. -</p> -<a name="index-_005citem-1"></a> -<p>The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the -LaTeX error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’. Each -item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command. +label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see +below. The default top-level numbering is ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, ‘<samp>2.</samp>’, +etc. Each <code>enumerate</code> list environment must have at least one item; +having none causes the LaTeX error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a +missing \item</samp>’. </p> -<p>This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. +<p>This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. +As a top-level list the labels would come out as ‘<samp>1.</samp>’ and +‘<samp>2.</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\begin{enumerate} @@ -4231,12 +4347,20 @@ item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command. \end{enumerate} </pre></div> -<p>Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment, -including <code>itemize</code> (see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>), <code>description</code> -(see <a href="#description">description</a>) and <code>enumeration</code>, up to four levels deep. -The format of the label produced depends on the place in the nesting. -This gives LaTeX’s default for the format at each nesting level -(where 1 is the outermost level): +<a name="index-_005citem-1"></a> +<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). If you +give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item +will continue the interrupted sequence (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). That is, you +will get labels like ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, then ‘<samp>Interstitial label</samp>’, then +‘<samp>2.</samp>’. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may +contain multiple paragraphs. +</p> +<p>Enumerations may be nested within other <code>enumerate</code> environments, +or within any paragraph-making environment such as <code>itemize</code> +(see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX’s +default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, +the outermost level. </p> <ol> <li> arabic number followed by a period: ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, ‘<samp>2.</samp>’, … @@ -4250,9 +4374,13 @@ This gives LaTeX’s default for the format at each nesting level <a name="index-_005cenumiii"></a> <a name="index-_005cenumiv"></a> <p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through -<code>\enumiv</code> counters (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>). If you use the optional -argument to <code>\item</code> then the counter is not incremented for that -item (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). +<code>\enumiv</code> (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>). +</p> +<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see +<a href="#description">description</a> and <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>. For information about list layout +parameters, including the default values, and for information about +customizing list layout, see <a href="#list">list</a>. The package <samp>enumitem</samp> is +useful for customizing lists. </p> <a name="index-_005clabelenumi"></a> <a name="index-_005clabelenumii"></a> @@ -4262,26 +4390,20 @@ item (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code> through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing -period: +period. </p> <a name="index-_005cAlph-example"></a> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}} \begin{enumerate} - \item eI - \item bi: - \item si: + \item Shows as boldface A + \item Shows as boldface B \end{enumerate} </pre></div> -<p>For a list of counter-labelling commands like <code>\Alph</code> see -<a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>. -</p> -<p>For more on customizing the layout see <a href="#list">list</a>. Also, the package -<samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for this. +<p>For a list of counter-labeling commands see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>. </p> - <hr> <a name="eqnarray"></a> <div class="header"> @@ -4293,6 +4415,7 @@ Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a hr <a name="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></a> <a name="index-eqnarray-environment"></a> + <a name="index-equations_002c-aligning"></a> <a name="index-aligning-equations"></a> @@ -4374,6 +4497,7 @@ Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href=" <a name="index-environment_002c-equation"></a> <a name="index-equation-environment"></a> + <a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></a> <a name="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></a> @@ -4390,6 +4514,10 @@ equation number in the right margin. </p> <p>The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter. </p> +<p>You should have no blank lines between <code>\begin{equation}</code> and +<code>\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a +missing dollar sign, $<code>$</code>. +</p> <p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in new documents. @@ -4406,6 +4534,7 @@ Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">filecontents</a>, Previou <a name="index-environment_002c-figure"></a> <a name="index-figure-environment"></a> + <a name="index-inserting-figures"></a> <a name="index-figures_002c-inserting"></a> @@ -4477,8 +4606,10 @@ Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a <a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></a> <a name="index-filecontents-environment"></a> + <a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></a> <a name="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></a> + <a name="index-external-files_002c-writing"></a> <a name="index-writing-external-files"></a> @@ -4550,6 +4681,7 @@ Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: < <a name="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></a> <a name="index-flushleft-environment"></a> + <a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a> <a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a> @@ -4608,6 +4740,7 @@ Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href <a name="index-environment_002c-flushright"></a> <a name="index-flushright-environment"></a> + <a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></a> <a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a> @@ -4666,6 +4799,7 @@ Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href=" <a name="index-environment_002c-itemize"></a> <a name="index-itemize-environment"></a> + <a name="index-_005citem-2"></a> <a name="index-lists-of-items"></a> <a name="index-unordered-lists"></a> @@ -4675,37 +4809,58 @@ Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href=" </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\begin{itemize} -\item <var>item1</var> -\item <var>item2</var> +\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item +\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item ... \end{itemize} </pre></div> <p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted” -list. Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four -levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making -environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>). +list. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of +this environment; see below. Each <code>itemize</code> list environment must +have at least one item; having none causes the LaTeX error +‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’. </p> -<p>Each item of an <code>itemize</code> list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. -There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. +<p>This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label +would come out as a bullet, •. </p> -<p>By default, the marks at each level look like this: -</p> -<ol> -<li> • (bullet) -</li><li> <b>-<span class="nolinebreak">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash) -</li><li> * (asterisk) -</li><li> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) -</li></ol> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{itemize} + \item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra + \item Rice portrait +\end{itemize} +</pre></div> +<a name="index-_005citem-3"></a> +<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). If you +give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in <code>\item[Optional label]</code>, then by default it will +appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left +margin. For labels that are flush left see the <a href="#description">description</a> +environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may +contain multiple paragraphs. +</p> <a name="index-_005clabelitemi"></a> <a name="index-_005clabelitemii"></a> <a name="index-_005clabelitemiii"></a> <a name="index-_005clabelitemiv"></a> -<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> -through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can -use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels. For instance, to have -the first level use diamonds: +<p>Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. +They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such +as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>). The <code>itemize</code> environment +uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to +produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case +roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting +level). These are the default marks at each level. +</p> +<ol> +<li> • (bullet, from <code>\textbullet</code>) +</li><li> <b>-<span class="nolinebreak">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash, from <code>\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>) +</li><li> * (asterisk, from <code>\textasteriskcentered</code>) +</li><li> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code>\textperiodcentered</code>) +</li></ol> + +<p>Change the labels with <code>\renewcommand</code>. For instance, this makes +the first level use diamonds. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} @@ -4718,99 +4873,28 @@ the first level use diamonds: <a name="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></a> <a name="index-_005cleftmarginv"></a> <a name="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></a> -<p>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define -the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and -the left margin of the list. By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set -to the appropriate <code>\leftmargin<var>N</var></code> when a new level of -nesting is entered. -</p> -<p>The defaults vary from ‘<samp>.5em</samp>’ (highest levels of nesting) to -‘<samp>2.5em</samp>’ (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. -This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: +<p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and +the left margin of the <code>itemize</code> list is determined by the +parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Note the +convention of using lower case roman numerals a the end of the command +name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: <code>2.5em</code> in +level 1 (<code>2em</code> in two-column mode), <code>2.2em</code> in level 2, +<code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with smaller +values for more deeply nested levels. +</p> +<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see +<a href="#description">description</a> and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. For information about list +layout parameters, including the default values, and for information +about customizing list layout, see <a href="#list">list</a>. The package +<samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for customizing lists. +</p> +<p>This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized +lists. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em </pre></div> -<p>Some parameters that affect list formatting: -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><code>\itemindent</code> -<a name="index-_005citemindent"></a> -</dt> -<dd><p>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. -</p> -</dd> -<dt><code>\labelsep</code> -<a name="index-_005clabelsep"></a> -</dt> -<dd><p>Space between the label and text of an item; default ‘<samp>.5em</samp>’. -</p> -</dd> -<dt><code>\labelwidth</code> -<a name="index-_005clabelwidth"></a> -</dt> -<dd><p>Width of the label; default ‘<samp>2em</samp>’, or ‘<samp>1.5em</samp>’ in two-column mode. -</p> -</dd> -<dt><code>\listparindent</code> -<a name="index-_005clistparindent"></a> -</dt> -<dd><p>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a -list item; default ‘<samp>0pt</samp>’. -</p> -</dd> -<dt><code>\rightmargin</code> -<a name="index-_005crightmargin"></a> -</dt> -<dd><p>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the -enclosing environment; default ‘<samp>0pt</samp>’, except in the <code>quote</code>, -<code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal -to <code>\leftmargin</code>. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather -loose, by default). -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><code>\itemsep</code> -<a name="index-_005citemsep"></a> -</dt> -<dd><p>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt -minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for -<code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. -</p> -</dd> -<dt><code>\parsep</code> -<a name="index-_005cparsep"></a> -</dt> -<dd><p>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults -are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>. -</p> -</dd> -<dt><code>\topsep</code> -<a name="index-_005ctopsep"></a> -</dt> -<dd><p>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. -For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for -<code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, -and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. These are reduced -for nested lists. -</p> -</dd> -<dt><code>\partopsep</code> -<a name="index-_005cpartopsep"></a> -</dt> -<dd><p>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a -paragraph. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> -documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt -plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - <a name="index-_005cparskip-example"></a> <p>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code> @@ -4839,6 +4923,7 @@ Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#ite <a name="index-environment_002c-letter"></a> <a name="index-letter-environment"></a> + <p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>. </p> @@ -4854,35 +4939,349 @@ Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#let <a name="index-environment_002c-list"></a> <a name="index-list-environment"></a> + <a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></a> -<p>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for -defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in -documents, but often in macros. +<p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>} -\item <var>item1</var> -\item <var>item2</var> +\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item +\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item ... \end{list} </pre></div> -<p>The mandatory <var>labeling</var> argument specifies how items should be -labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <code>\item</code>). -This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the -label. It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. +<p>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment for constructing +more specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the +<code>description</code>, <code>enumerate</code>, and <code>itemize</code> environments +(see <a href="#description">description</a>, <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>, and <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>). +</p> +<p>Also, many standard LaTeX environments that are not visually lists +are constructed using <code>list</code>, including <code>quotation</code>, +<code>quote</code>, <code>center</code>, <code>verbatim</code>, and plenty more +(see <a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a>, see <a href="#center">center</a>, see <a href="#flushright">flushright</a>). +</p> +<a name="index-package_002c-enumitem"></a> +<a name="index-enumitem-package"></a> + +<p>The third-party package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists. +Here, we describe the <code>list</code> environment by defining a new custom +environment. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items +\newenvironment{named} + {\begin{list} + {Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling argument + {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument + \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}} % still spacing arg + } + {\end{list}} + +\begin{named} + \item Shows as ``Item~I.'' + \item[Special label.] Shows as ``Special label.'' + \item Shows as ``Item~II.'' +\end{named} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>list</code> environment’s mandatory first argument, +<var>labeling</var>, specifies the default labeling of list items. It can +contain text and LaTeX commands, as above where it contains both +‘<samp>Item</samp>’ and ‘<samp>\Roman{...}</samp>’. LaTeX forms the label by +putting the <var>labeling</var> argument in a box of width +<code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the additional +material extends to the right. When making an instance of a list you +can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an optional +argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above +<code>\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>. +</p> +<a name="index-_005cmakelabel"></a> +<p>The label box is constructed by the command <code>\makelabel</code>. By +default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, +the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing +its definition is that to the above example before the definition of the +<code>named</code> environment add +<code>\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}</code>, and between +the <code>\setlength</code> command and the parenthesis that closes the +<var>spacing</var> argument also add <code>\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel</code>. +Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the +second code line to <code>\let\makelabel\fbox</code> puts the labels inside a +framed box. Another example is at the bottom of this entry. +</p> +<p>The mandatory second argument <var>spacing</var> can have a list of +commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as +<code>\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}</code>. If this argument is empty, +i.e., <code>{}</code>, then the list will have the default spacing given +below. To number the items using a counter, put +<code>\usecounter{<var>countername</var>}</code> in this argument +(see <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>). +</p> +<p>Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the +figure below. Each is a length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The vertical +spaces are normally rubber lengths, with <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> +components, to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change +each with a command such as <code>\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt +minus1pt}</code>. For some effects these lengths should be zero or +negative. Default values for derived environments such as +<code>itemize</code> can be changed from the values shown here for the basic +<code>list</code>. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\itemindent</code> +<a name="index-_005citemindent"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the +first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\itemsep</code> +<a name="index-_005citemsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults +for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, +and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt +minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and +<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at +11 point are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, +<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code>topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt +plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt +minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and +<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\labelsep</code> +<a name="index-_005clabelsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. +The default for LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, +and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes is <code>0.5em</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\labelwidth</code> +<a name="index-_005clabelwidth"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide. +If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first +line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material. +If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text of width less than or equal to +<code>\labelwidth</code> then LaTeX’s default is that the label is typeset +flush right in a box of this width. +</p> +<p>The left edge of the label box is +<code>\leftmargin</code>+<code>\itemindent</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>-<code>\labelwidth</code> +from the left margin of the enclosing environment. +</p> +<p>The default for LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, and +‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at the top level is +<code>\leftmargini</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>, (which is <code>2em</code> in one column +mode and <code>1.5em</code> in two column mode). At the second level it is +<code>\leftmarginii</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>, and at the third level it is +<code>\leftmarginiii</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>. These definitions make the +label’s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing +environment. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\leftmargin</code> +<a name="index-_005cleftmargin-1"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment +(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the +left margin of this list. It must be non-negative. +</p> +<p>In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this set +to the value of <code>\leftmargini</code>, while a list that is nested inside +a top-level list has this margin set to <code>\leftmarginii</code>. More +deeply nested lists get the values of <code>\leftmarginiii</code> through +<code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Nesting greater than level five generates the +error message ‘<samp>Too deeply nested</samp>’.) +</p> +<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, +‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes are: <code>\leftmargini</code> is +<code>2.5em</code> (in two column mode, <code>2em</code>), <code>\leftmarginii</code> is +<code>2.2em</code>, and <code>\leftmarginiii</code> is <code>1.87em</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\listparindent</code> +<a name="index-_005clistparindent"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond +<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list +item. A negative value makes this an “outdent”. Its default value +is <code>0pt</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\parsep</code> +<a name="index-_005cparsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the ‘<samp>book</samp>’ +and ‘<samp>article</samp>’ classes The defaults for the first three levels in +LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 +point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt +minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point size are: +<code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and +<code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt +minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\partopsep</code> +<a name="index-_005cpartopsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top +and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by +a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list +changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line +following the list is blank does not matter.) +</p> +<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, +‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>2pt +plus1 minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt +minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point are: <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, +<code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>). The +defaults at 12 point are: <code>3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code>3pt plus2pt +minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rightmargin</code> +<a name="index-_005crightmargin"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right +margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>. +It must be non-negative. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\topsep</code> +<a name="index-_005ctopsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition +to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>). The defaults for the first three +levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ +classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>, <code>4pt +plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 +point are: <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code>, <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, +and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point are: +<code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code>, <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, and +<code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>This shows the horizontal and vertical distances. </p> -<p>The mandatory <var>spacing</var> argument contains commands to change the -spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be -empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing. +<div class="float"> +<img src="latex2e-figures/list.png" alt="latex2e-figures/list"> +</div> +<p>The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the +right edge of the bracket for <var>h1</var> equals the right edge of the +bracket for <var>h4</var>, so that the left edge of the label box is at +<var>h3</var>+<var>h4</var>-(<var>h0</var>+<var>h1</var>). </p> -<p>The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by -<code>\linewidth</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><var>v0</var></dt> +<dd><p><em><code>\topsep</code> + <code>\parskip</code></em> if +the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and +<code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>+<code>\partopsep</code> if it does </p> +</dd> +<dt><var>v1</var></dt> +<dd><p><code>\parsep</code> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>v2</var></dt> +<dd><p><code>\itemsep</code>+<code>\parsep</code> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>v3</var></dt> +<dd><p>Same as <var>v0</var>. (This space is affected by whether a blank line +appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line +appears in the source below the environment does not matter.) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>h1</var></dt> +<dd><p><code>\labelsep</code> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>h2</var></dt> +<dd><p><code>\listparindent</code> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>h3</var></dt> +<dd><p><code>\leftmargin</code> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>h4</var></dt> +<dd><p><code>\itemindent</code> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>h5</var></dt> +<dd><p><code>\rightmargin</code> +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>The list’s left and right margins, shown above as <var>h3</var> and <var>h5</var>, +are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or +with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width +used for typesetting the list items is <code>\linewidth</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, set the list’s left margin to be one +quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the +enclosing environment with +<code>\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}</code>. +</p> +<p>Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three +parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is +<code>-\@lowpenalty</code>, that is, <code>-51</code>. Because it is negative, +it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. Change it with, +e.g., <code>\@beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a +page break. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\@beginparpenalty</code> +<a name="index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\@itempenalty</code> +<a name="index-_005c_0040itempenalty"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\@endparpenalty</code> +<a name="index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>). +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left +edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\usepackage{color} +\newcounter{cnt} +\newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}} +\newenvironment{redlabel} + {\begin{list} + {\arabic{cnt}} + {\usecounter{cnt} + \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em} + \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em} + \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em} + \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep + \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel + } + } +{\end{list} } +</pre></div> + <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1">\item</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An entry in a list. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2">trivlist</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A restricted form of <code>list</code>. +</td></tr> </table> @@ -4890,10 +5289,10 @@ empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing. <a name="g_t_005citem"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next">trivlist</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<a name="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list_002e"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list.</h4> +<a name="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4> <p>Synopsis: </p> @@ -4903,21 +5302,24 @@ Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> [<a href="#SEC_Conten <p>or </p><div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\item[<var>optional label</var>] text of item +<pre class="example">\item[<var>optional-label</var>] text of item </pre></div> <p>An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default -depends on the list type. +depends on the list type. </p> -<p>Because the optional argument <var>optional label</var> is surrounded by -square brackets (<code>[</code> and <code>]</code>), to use square brackets -inside the optional argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as -in <code>\item[Close square bracket, {]}]</code>. Similarly, to use an open -square bracket as first character in the text of the item, also hide it -inside curly braces. See <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a>. +<p>Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets +‘<samp>[...]</samp>’, if you have an item whose text starts with ‘<samp>[</samp>’, you +have to to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code>\item +{[} is an open square bracket</code>; otherwise, LaTeX will think it +marks the start of an optional label. </p> -<p>In this example the <code>enumerate</code> list has two items that use the -default label and one that uses the optional label. +<p>Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a +close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same +way: <code>\item[Close square bracket, {]}]</code>. See <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a>. +</p> +<p>In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default +label and one that uses the optional label. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\begin{enumerate} @@ -4928,11 +5330,63 @@ default label and one that uses the optional label. </pre></div> <p>The first item is labelled ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, the second item is labelled -‘<samp>sometimes</samp>’, and the third item is labelled ‘<samp>2.</samp>’ (note that, -because of the optional label in the second item, the third item does -not get a ‘<samp>3.</samp>’). +‘<samp>sometimes</samp>’, and the third item is labelled ‘<samp>2.</samp>’. Because +of the optional label in the second item, the third item is not +labelled ‘<samp>3.</samp>’. </p> +<hr> +<a name="trivlist"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\item</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></h4> + +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{trivlist} + ... +\end{trivlist} +</pre></div> + +<p>A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not +indented and an <code>\item</code> without an optional argument produces no +text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where +the <code>\item</code> command as part of the environment’s definition. For +instance, the <code>center</code> environment is defined essentially like +this: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\newenvironment{center} + {\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax} + {\end{trivlist}} +</pre></div> + +<p>Using <code>trivlist</code> in this way allows the macro to inherit some +common code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments; +detecting whether the text following the environment should be +considered a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one; +adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list +environments. +</p> +<p>Specifically, <code>trivlist</code> uses the current values of the list +parameters (see <a href="#list">list</a>), except that <code>\parsep</code> is set to the +value of <code>\parskip</code>, and <code>\leftmargin</code>, <code>\labelwidth</code>, +and <code>\itemindent</code> are set to zero. +</p> +<p>This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by +default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{trivlist} +\item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old. +\item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines. +\end{trivlist} +</pre></div> + <hr> <a name="math"></a> @@ -4945,6 +5399,7 @@ Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a hr <a name="index-environment_002c-math"></a> <a name="index-math-environment"></a> + <a name="index-in_002dline-formulas"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -4955,8 +5410,8 @@ Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a hr \end{math} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the -running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. +<p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts given <var>math</var> material within +the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>. </p> @@ -4971,6 +5426,7 @@ Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href <a name="index-environment_002c-minipage"></a> <a name="index-minipage-environment"></a> + <a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a> <div class="example"> @@ -5017,6 +5473,7 @@ Next: <a href="#quotation-and-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation and quot <a name="index-environment_002c-picture"></a> <a name="index-picture-environment"></a> + <a name="index-creating-pictures"></a> <a name="index-pictures_002c-creating"></a> @@ -5043,6 +5500,7 @@ The default value is <code>1pt</code>. </p> <a name="index-package_002c-picture"></a> <a name="index-picture-package"></a> + <p>The <code>picture</code> package redefine the <code>picture</code> environment so that everywhere a number is used in a <var>picture commands</var> to specify a coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that @@ -5521,11 +5979,13 @@ Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href <a name="index-environment_002c-quotation"></a> <a name="index-quotation-environment"></a> + <a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a> <a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></a> <a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></a> <a name="index-environment_002c-quote"></a> <a name="index-quote-environment"></a> + <a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a> <a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></a> <a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></a> @@ -5582,6 +6042,7 @@ Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#q <a name="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></a> <a name="index-tabbing-environment"></a> + <a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></a> <a name="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></a> <a name="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></a> @@ -5590,27 +6051,75 @@ Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#q </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\begin{tabbing} -<var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> \= <var>row1col3</var> \= <var>row1col4</var> \\ -<var>row2col1</var> \> \> <var>row2col3</var> \\ +<var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> ... \\ +<var>row2col1</var> \> <var>row2col2</var> ... \\ ... \end{tabbing} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align text in -columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as -was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where -the width of each column is constant and known in advance. +<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment aligns text in columns. It works by +setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter. +It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant +and known in advance. </p> -<p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code> -environment. +<p>This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit +widths, ended by a <code>\kill</code> command (which is described below): </p> -<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment: +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing} +\hspace{0.75in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \kill +Ship \> Guns \> Year \\ +\textit{Sophie} \> 14 \> 1800 \\ +\textit{Polychrest} \> 24 \> 1803 \\ +\textit{Lively} \> 38 \> 1804 \\ +\textit{Surprise} \> 28 \> 1805 \\ +\end{tabbing} +</pre></div> + +<p>Both the <code>tabbing</code> environment and the more widely-used +<code>tabular</code> environment put text in columns. The most important +distinction is that in <code>tabular</code> the width of columns is +determined automatically by LaTeX, while in <code>tabbing</code> the user +sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that <code>tabular</code> +generates a box, but <code>tabbing</code> can be broken across pages. +Finally, while <code>tabular</code> can be used in any mode, <code>tabbing</code> +can be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. +</p> +<p>A <code>tabbing</code> environment always starts a new paragraph, without +indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need +to use the starred form of the <code>\hspace</code> command at the beginning +of a tabbed row. The right margin of the <code>tabbing</code> environment is +the end of line, so that the width of the environment is +<code>\linewidth</code>. +</p> +<a name="index-row_002c-tabbing"></a> +<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <em>tabbed +rows</em>. The first tabbed row begins immediately after +<code>\begin{tabbing}</code> and each row ends with <code>\\</code> or +<code>\kill</code>. The last row may omit the <code>\\</code> and end with just +<code>\end{tabbing}</code>. +</p> +<p>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a current tab stop +pattern, a sequence of <em><var>n</var> > 0</em> tab stops, numbered 0, 1, +etc. These create <var>n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is +always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab +stop number <var>i</var> is set if it is assigned a horizontal +position on the page. Tab stop number <var>i</var> can only be set if +all the stops 0, …, <em>i-1</em> have already been set; normally +later stops are to the right of earlier ones. +</p> +<p>By default any text typeset in a <code>tabbing</code> environment is typeset +ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is +done in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). +</p> +<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment. +They are all fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>). </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> <a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"></a> </dt> -<dd><p>End a line. +<dd><p>End a tabbed line and typeset it. </p> </dd> <dt><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> @@ -5652,22 +6161,23 @@ necessary. <dt><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> <a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"></a> </dt> -<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the -current column, i.e., everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, -<code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right -of the previous column, flush against the current column’s tab stop. +<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e., +everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, <code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>, +<code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned +to the right, flush against the current column’s tab stop. </p> </dd> <dt><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> <a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"></a> </dt> <dd><p>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab -stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last column -because there’s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the -text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end{tabbing}</code> -command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing -environment. There must be no <code>\></code> or <code>\'</code> command between -the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line. +stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last +column because there’s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves +all the text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or +<code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line, to the right margin +of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\></code> or +<code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the <code>\\</code> or +<code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line. </p> </dd> <dt><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> @@ -5678,16 +6188,16 @@ the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line. <a name="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a> <p>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and <code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>). Instead, -the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used. +use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>. </p> </dd> <dt><code>\kill</code> <a name="index-_005ckill"></a> </dt> -<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> -except that it throws away the current line instead of producing -output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> -commands in that line remain in effect. +<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except +that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. +Any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in +effect. </p> </dd> <dt><code>\poptabs</code> @@ -5707,18 +6217,18 @@ tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment. <dt><code>\tabbingsep</code> <a name="index-_005ctabbingsep"></a> </dt> -<dd><p>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>. +<dd><p>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: +<p>This example typesets a Pascal function: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ - \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + \> if \= n > 1 then \+ \\ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ else \+ \\ fact := 1; \-\- \\ @@ -5726,7 +6236,36 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \end{tabbing} </pre></div> +<p>The output looks like this: +</p><div class="example"> +<pre class="example">function fact(n : integer) : integer; + begin + if n > 1 then + fact := n * fact(n-1); + else + fact := 1; + end; +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-package_002c-algorithm2e"></a> +<a name="index-algorithm2e-package"></a> +<a name="index-package_002c-listings"></a> +<a name="index-listings-package"></a> +<a name="index-package_002c-minted"></a> +<a name="index-minted-package"></a> +<a name="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></a> +<a name="index-fancyvrb-package"></a> + + +<p>(The above example is just for illustration of the environment. To +actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim +environment (see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>) would normally suffice. For +pretty-printed code, there are quite a few packages, including +<code>algorithm2e</code>, <code>fancyvrb</code>, <code>listings</code>, and +<code>minted</code>.) +</p> + <hr> <a name="table"></a> <div class="header"> @@ -5738,6 +6277,7 @@ Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href <a name="index-environment_002c-table"></a> <a name="index-table-environment"></a> + <a name="index-tables_002c-creating"></a> <a name="index-creating-tables"></a> @@ -5796,6 +6336,7 @@ Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, P <a name="index-environment_002c-tabular"></a> <a name="index-tabular-environment"></a> + <a name="index-lines-in-tables"></a> <a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></a> @@ -6241,6 +6782,7 @@ Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href <a name="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></a> <a name="index-thebibliography-environment"></a> + <a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -6256,15 +6798,31 @@ Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href reference list. </p> <p>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled -“References”; in the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled -“Bibliography”. You can change the label (in the standard classes) -by redefining the command <code>\refname</code>. For instance, this -eliminates it entirely: +‘<samp>References</samp>’ and the label is stored in macro <code>\refname</code>; in +the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled ‘<samp>Bibliography</samp>’ and the +label is stored in macro <code>\bibname</code>. </p> -<div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\refname}{} -</pre></div> +<p>You can change the label by redefining the command <code>\refname</code> or +<code>\bibname</code>, whichever is applicable depending on the class: +</p> +<ul> +<li> <a name="index-_005cbibname"></a> +For standard classes whose top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code> +(such as <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp>), the label is in the macro +<code>\bibname</code>; + +</li><li> <a name="index-_005crefname"></a> +For standard classes whose the top level sectioning is <code>\section</code> +(such as <samp>article</samp>), the label is in macro <code>\refname</code>. +</li></ul> + +<a name="index-package_002c-babel"></a> +<a name="index-babel-package"></a> +<p>Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine +<code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code>; language support packages like +<samp>babel</samp> do this. +</p> <p>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code> commands. It is typically given as <code>9</code> for bibliographies with @@ -6433,6 +6991,7 @@ Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a <a name="index-environment_002c-theorem"></a> <a name="index-theorem-environment"></a> + <a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -6460,6 +7019,7 @@ Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a hr <a name="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></a> <a name="index-titlepage-environment"></a> + <a name="index-making-a-title-page"></a> <a name="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></a> @@ -6515,6 +7075,7 @@ Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#t <a name="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></a> <a name="index-verbatim-environment"></a> + <a name="index-verbatim-text"></a> <a name="index-simulating-typed-text"></a> <a name="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></a> @@ -6535,7 +7096,8 @@ which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter. </p> -<p>The <code>verbatim</code> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>). +<p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font +(<code>\tt</code>). </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment. @@ -6583,6 +7145,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href <a name="index-environment_002c-verse"></a> <a name="index-verse-environment"></a> + <a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -7286,6 +7849,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of fo <a name="index-package_002c-footmisc"></a> <a name="index-footmisc-package"></a> + <a name="index-stable-option-to-footmisc-package"></a> <p>causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of @@ -7429,6 +7993,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a hr </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="9">\protect</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using tricky commands. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Discard extra spaces. +</td></tr> </table> @@ -8026,7 +8592,7 @@ characters in each: <a name="g_t_005cprotect"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cprotect-1"></a> <h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\protect</code></h3> @@ -8094,6 +8660,102 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>. <hr> +<a name="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\protect</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3> + +<a name="index-_005cignorespaces"></a> +<a name="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a> +<a name="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands"></a> +<a name="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces"></a> + +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\ignorespaces +</pre></div> + +<p>or +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\ignorespacesafterend +</pre></div> + +<p>Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore spaces after the end of the +command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command +from Plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific. +</p> +<p>The <code>ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via +<code>\newcommand</code>, or <code>\newenvironment</code>, or <code>\def</code>. The +example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values +for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as +shown in the <code>enumerate</code> list, users must not put any space between +the command and the question text. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}} +\begin{enumerate} + \item\points{10}no extra space output here + \item\points{15} extra space output between the number and the word `extra' +\end{enumerate} +</pre></div> + +<p>The solution is to change to +<code>\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}</code>. +</p> +<p>A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The +commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But, +as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then +<code>\fullname</code> will reproduce that. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\makeatletter +\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\@honorific{#1}} % remember title +\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\@honorific~#1} % recall title; put before name +\makeatother +\begin{tabular}{|l|} +\honorific{Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} \\ % no extra space here +\honorific{ Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} % extra space before title +\end{tabular} +</pre></div> + +<p>To fix this, change to +<code>\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\@honorific~#1}</code>. +</p> +<p>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is also often used in a <code>\newenvironment</code> +at the end of the <var>begin</var> clause, that is, as part of the second +argument, as in <code>\begin{newenvironment}{<var>env +name</var>}{... \ignorespaces}{...}</code>. +</p> +<p>To strip spaces off the end of an environment use +<code>\ignorespacesafterend</code>. An example is that this will show a much +larger vertical space between the first and second environments than +between the second and third. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}} +\begin{eq} +e=mc^2 +\end{eq} +\begin{equation} +F=ma +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} +E=IR +\end{equation} +</pre></div> + +<p>Putting a comment character <code>%</code> immediately after the +<code>\end{eq}</code> will make the vertical space disappear, but that is +inconvenient. The solution is to change to +<code>\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}</code>. +</p> + +<hr> <a name="Counters"></a> <div class="header"> <p> @@ -8919,10 +9581,13 @@ Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#M <a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a> <a name="index-environment_002c-math-1"></a> <a name="index-math-environment-1"></a> + <a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></a> <a name="index-displaymath-environment-1"></a> + <a name="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></a> <a name="index-equation-environment-1"></a> + <p>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: </p> @@ -9386,7 +10051,7 @@ arrow <code>\downarrow</code>. <dt><code>\ell</code> <a name="index-_005cell"></a> </dt> -<dd><p>ℓ Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary). +<dd><p>ℓ Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary). </p> </dd> <dt><code>\emptyset</code> @@ -11496,24 +12161,22 @@ Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#P </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="2">\hfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="3">\(SPACE) and \@</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Space after a period. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="3">\spacefactor</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="4">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Space (gobbling) after a control sequence. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="5">\frenchspacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space. -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="6">\thinspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="5">\thinspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="7">\/</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert italic correction. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="6">\/</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert italic correction. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="8">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="7">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots. </td></tr> <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment"> Vertical space -</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="9">\addvspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. +</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="8">\addvspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed vertical spaces. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="9">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed vertical spaces. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable vertical space. </td></tr> @@ -11566,7 +12229,7 @@ from the right margin. <a name="g_t_005chfill"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE) and \@</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next">\spacefactor</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005chfill-1"></a> <h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></h3> @@ -11586,57 +12249,160 @@ space that does not disappear at line breaks use </p> <hr> -<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"></a> +<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor"></a> <div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3> + +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\spacefactor=<var>integer</var> +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-_005cspacefactor"></a> +<p>While LaTeX is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance +it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The +<code>\spacefactor</code> command (from Plain TeX) allows you to +change the LaTeX’s default behavior. +</p> +<p>After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a +parameter called the <em>space factor</em>. If the next thing in the input +is a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap +LaTeX will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called +<em>interword glue</em>.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap +can stretch more and shrink less. +</p> +<p>Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following +most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is +3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 +after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a +right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. +Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter. +</p> +<p>If the space factor <var>f</var> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the +font’s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is +3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor <var>f</var> is greater +than 2000 then TeX adds the font’s extra space value (for Computer +Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font’s +normal stretch value is multiplied by <em>f /1000</em> and the normal +shrink value is multiplied by <em>1000/f</em> (for Computer Modern Roman +10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). In short, compared +to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a +lowercase letter, inter-sentence spacing has a fixed extra space added +and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. +</p> +<p>The rules for how TeX uses space factors are even more complex +because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two +consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a +close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in +place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and +shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter +then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how +to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not +end in a capital letter, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a>. +</p> + +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="1">\(SPACE) and \@</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Space after a period. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="2">\frenchspacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3">\normalsfcodes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Restore space factor settings to the default. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> <a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and \@</h3> +<h4 class="subsection">19.3.1 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and <code>\@</code></h4> <a name="index-_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></a> <a name="index-_005cTAB"></a> <a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a> <a name="index-_005c_0040"></a> <a name="g_t_005cAT"></a> -<p>Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a -sentence or as ending an abbreviation. +<p>Here, <code>\(SPACE)</code> means a backslash followed by a space. These +commands mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either +ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation. </p> <p>By default, in justifying a line LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or -colon) more than the space between words -(see <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a>). LaTeX assumes that the period ends a -sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it -takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a -sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or -bracket, or right single or double quote, then the inter-sentence space -follows that parenthesis or quote. -</p> -<p>If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a -capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the +colon) more than the space between words. See <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>. As +described there, LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless +it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period +for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is +immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single +or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through +that parenthesis or quote. +</p> +<p>So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not +a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (<code>\ </code>) or -a tie (<code>~</code>). Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and -<code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.)\ for sale</code>. -</p> -<p>For another use of <code>\ </code>, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>. +a tie (<code>~</code>) or a <code>\@</code>. Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ +Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.\@) for sale</code> +(note that in the last the <code>\@</code> comes before the closing parenthesis). </p> <p>In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a -period that ends the sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before that period. -For example, <code>book by the MAA\@.</code> will have inter-sentence -spacing after the period. +period that does end the sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before the +period. For example, <code>book by the MAA\@.</code> will have correct +inter-sentence spacing after the period. +</p> +<p>For another use of <code>\(SPACE)</code>, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>. +</p> + +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">\normalsfcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) and \@</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">19.3.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h4> + +<a name="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a> +<a name="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a> +<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a> + +<p>This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat +inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. </p> -<p>In contrast, putting <code>\@</code> after a period tells TeX that the -period does not end the sentence. In the example <code>reserved words -(if, then, etc.\@) are different</code>, TeX will put interword space -after the closing parenthesis (note that <code>\@</code> is before the -parenthesis). +<p>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including +English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other +punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this +declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. +</p> +<p>Revert to the default behavior by declaring <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code>. +</p> + +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">19.3.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4> + +<a name="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></a> +<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></a> + +<p>Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default. </p> <hr> <a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) and \@</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\spacefactor</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005c--after-control-sequence"></a> <h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</h3> @@ -11660,42 +12426,19 @@ by a space or by a punctuation mark. Compare: <a name="index-package_002c-xspace"></a> <a name="index-xspace-package"></a> + <p>Some individual commands, notably those defined with the <code>xspace</code>, package do not follow the standard behavior. </p> <hr> -<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a> -<div class="header"> -<p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> -</div> -<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h3> - -<a name="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a> -<a name="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a> -<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a> - -<p>This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat -inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. -</p> -<p>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including -English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other -punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this -declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. -</p> -<p>Revert to the default behavior by declaring <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code>. -</p> - -<hr> <a name="g_t_005cthinspace"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</h3> +<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</h3> <a name="index-_005cthinspace-1"></a> @@ -11710,7 +12453,7 @@ quotes, as in ’”.</p> Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</h3> +<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</h3> <a name="index-_005c_002f"></a> <a name="index-italic-correction"></a> @@ -11747,7 +12490,7 @@ in a different way. Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></h3> <a name="index-_005chrulefill"></a> <a name="index-_005cdotfill"></a> @@ -11783,7 +12526,7 @@ length of 0.33em to 1.00em. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\addvspace</code></h3> <a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a> <a name="index-vertical-space"></a> @@ -11817,7 +12560,7 @@ change that is to precede this command with a <code>\par</code> command. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addvspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3> <p>These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the document class. @@ -11861,7 +12604,7 @@ quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cvfill-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\vfill</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cvfill"></a> @@ -11900,7 +12643,7 @@ Lost Dog! Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cvspace_007blength_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cvspace"></a> <a name="index-vertical-space-1"></a> @@ -11942,7 +12685,7 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each. <a name="Boxes"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Boxes-1"></a> <h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2> @@ -12020,8 +12763,8 @@ argument. </p> <a name="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a> <a name="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a> <p>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default -‘<samp>.4pt</samp>’), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default -‘<samp>3pt</samp>’) between the rule and the contents of the box. +<code>0.4pt</code>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default <code>3pt</code>) +between the rule and the contents of the box. </p> <p>See <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the <code>picture</code> environment. @@ -12259,13 +13002,1420 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sbox</a>, Up: <a hre </p> <hr> +<a name="Color"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Color-1"></a> +<h2 class="chapter">21 Color</h2> + +<a name="index-color"></a> + +<p>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box +or on an entire page and write text on top of it. +</p> +<p>Color support comes as an additional package. So all the commands below +will only work if your document preamble contains +<code>\usepackage{color}</code>, that brings in the standard package. +</p> +<p>Many other packages also supplement LaTeX’s color abilities. +Particularly worth mentioning is <samp>xcolor</samp>, which is widely used and +significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding +‘<samp>HTML</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Hsb</samp>’ color models. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1">Color package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the standard package. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How colors are represented. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> +<a name="Color-package-options"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Color-package-options-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">21.1 Color package options</h3> + +<a name="index-color-package-options"></a> +<a name="index-options_002c-color-package"></a> + +<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{color} +</pre></div> + +<p>When you load the <samp>color</samp> package there are two kinds of available +options. +</p> +<p>The first specifies the <em>printer driver</em>. LaTeX doesn’t contain +information about different output systems but instead depends on +information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the +driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s +default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable +across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The +currently relevant ones are: <samp>dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp>dvips</samp>, +<samp>dvisvgm</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp>, <samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>. The two +<samp>xdvi</samp> and <samp>oztex</samp> are essentially aliases for <samp>dvips</samp> +(and <samp>xdvi</samp> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new +systems are: <samp>dvipdf</samp>, <samp>dvipdfm</samp>, <samp>dviwin</samp>, +<samp>dvipsone</samp>, <samp>emtex</samp>, <samp>pctexps</samp>, <samp>pctexwin</samp>, +<samp>pctexhp</samp>, <samp>pctex32</samp>, <samp>truetex</samp>, <samp>tcidvi</samp>, +<samp>vtex</samp> (and <samp>dviwindo</samp> is an alias for <samp>dvipsone</samp>). +</p> +<p>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>monochrome</code></dt> +<dd><p>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do +not generate color either. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>dvipsnames</code></dt> +<dd><p>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used, +particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally +provided by the <samp>dvips</samp> driver, giving the option name. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>nodvipsnames</code></dt> +<dd><p>Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of +memory space. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + + +<hr> +<a name="Color-models"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Color-models-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">21.2 Color models</h3> + +<a name="index-color-models"></a> + +<p>A <em>color model</em> is a way of representing colors. LaTeX’s +capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <samp>pdftex</samp>, +<samp>xetex</samp>, and <samp>luatex</samp> printer drivers are today by far the +most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but +one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers +used today. +</p> +<p>Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive +mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities +of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments, +such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta, +and yellow makes black. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>cmyk</code></dt> +<dd><p>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1, +inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is +magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means +minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often +used in color printing. It is a subtractive model. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>gray</code></dt> +<dd><p>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades +of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>rgb</code></dt> +<dd><p>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1, +inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the +second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that +none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity. +This is an additive model. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>RGB</code></dt> +<dd><p>(<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated +list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a +convenience for using <code>rgb</code> since outside of LaTeX colors are +often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range. +The values entered here are converted to the <code>rgb</code> model by +dividing by 255. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>named</code></dt> +<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘<samp>PrussianBlue</samp>’. The list of +names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘<samp>black</samp>’, +‘<samp>blue</samp>’, ‘<samp>cyan</samp>’, ‘<samp>green</samp>’, ‘<samp>magenta</samp>’, ‘<samp>red</samp>’, +‘<samp>white</samp>’, and ‘<samp>yellow</samp>’ (See the <code>dvipsnames</code> option in +<a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a>). +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + + +<hr> +<a name="Commands-for-color"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Commands-for-color-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">21.3 Commands for color</h3> + +<a name="index-color-package-commands"></a> + +<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>color</samp> package. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a color a name. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Text or rules in color. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A box of color, to write over. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A whole page colored. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> +<a name="Define-colors"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Define-colors-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">21.3.1 Define colors</h4> + +<a name="index-color-1"></a> +<a name="index-define-color"></a> +<a name="index-color_002c-define"></a> + +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\definecolor{<var>name</var>}{<var>model</var>}{<var>specification</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>Give the name <var>name</var> to the color. For example, after +<code>\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}</code> you can use that +color name with <code>Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!</code>. +</p> +<p>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and +not be misleading. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex +\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}} +</pre></div> + +<p>Often a document’s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class +or style, rather than in the document body. +</p> + +<hr> +<a name="Colored-text"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Colored-text-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">21.3.2 Colored text</h4> + +<a name="index-color-2"></a> +<a name="index-colored-text"></a> + +<p>Synopses: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\textcolor{<var>name</var>}{...} +\textcolor[<var>color model</var>]{<var>color specification</var>}{...} +</pre></div> + +<p>or +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\color{<var>name</var>} +\color[<var>color model</var>]{<var>specification</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>The affected text gets the color. This line +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! +</pre></div> + +<p>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You +can use a color declared with <code>\definecolor</code> in exactly the same +way that we just used the builtin color ‘<samp>magenta</samp>’. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0} +I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}. +</pre></div> + +<p>The two <code>\textcolor</code> and <code>\color</code> differ in that the first is +a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often +this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second +form is a declaration, as in <code>The moon is made of {\color{green} +green} cheese</code>, so it is in effect until the end of the current group +or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as +below where it colors everything inside the <code>center</code> environment, +including the vertical and horizontal lines. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{center} \color{blue} + \begin{tabular}{l|r} + UL &UR \\ \hline + LL &LR + \end{tabular} +\end{center} +</pre></div> + +<p>You can use color in equations. A document might have +<code>\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}</code> in the +preamble, and then contain this equation. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{equation} + \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a) +\end{equation} +</pre></div> + +<p>Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style +but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the +synopses. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37} Gold} for the team +</pre></div> + +<p>The format of <var>color specification </var> depends on the color model +(see <a href="#Color-models">Color models</a>). For instance, while <code>rgb</code> takes three +numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}. +</pre></div> + +<p>Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}} +</pre></div> + +<p>has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green. +</p> + + +<hr> +<a name="Colored-boxes"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Colored-boxes-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4> + +<a name="index-color-3"></a> +<a name="index-colored-boxes"></a> +<a name="index-box_002c-colored"></a> + +<p>Synopses: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\colorbox{<var>name</var>}{...} +\colorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>box background color specification</var>}{...} +</pre></div> + +<p>or +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\fcolorbox{<var>frame color</var>}{<var>box background color</var>}{...} +\fcolorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>frame color specification</var>}{<var>box background color specification</var>}{...} +</pre></div> + +<p>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code>\fcolorbox</code> +command puts a frame around the box. For instance this +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}} +</pre></div> + +<p>makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its +depth and height from the <code>\strut</code> (so the depth is +<code>-.3\baselineskip</code> and the height is <code>\baselineskip</code>). This +puts white text on a blue background. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code>\fbox</code> +(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to +set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior +and the surrounding rule. LaTeX’s defaults are <code>0.4pt</code> and +<code>3pt</code>, respectively. +</p> +<p>This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note +that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end +of the second line. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt} +\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}} +</pre></div> + + +<hr> +<a name="Colored-pages"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Colored-pages-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4> + +<a name="index-color-4"></a> +<a name="index-colored-page"></a> +<a name="index-page_002c-colored"></a> +<a name="index-background_002c-colored"></a> + +<p>Synopses: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\pagecolor{<var>name</var>} +\pagecolor[<var>color model</var>]{<var>color specification</var>} +\nopagecolor +</pre></div> + +<p>The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages, +to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second +form see <a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a>. The third returns the background to normal, +which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use +<code>\pagecolor{white}</code>, although that will make a white background +rather than the default transparent background.) +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example"> ... +\pagecolor{cyan} + ... +\nopagecolor +</pre></div> + + +<hr> +<a name="Graphics"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Graphics-1"></a> +<h2 class="chapter">22 Graphics</h2> + +<a name="index-graphics"></a> +<a name="index-graphics-package"></a> + +<p>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document. +You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX. +This example is the short how-to. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble + ... +\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf} +</pre></div> + +<p>To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain +either <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> or +<code>\usepackage{graphics}</code>. Most of the time, <samp>graphicx</samp> is the +better choice. +</p> +<p>Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use +both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location +in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph, +in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of +instructions such as ‘<samp>draw a circle with this radius and that +center</samp>’. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote +program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful +because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, +and because they often have a smaller size. +</p> +<p>There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a +LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts +as in your document. LaTeX comes with a <code>picture</code> environment +(see <a href="#picture">picture</a>) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are +other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two +such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems +external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the +commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are +Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig. +Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document; +see their documentation. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1">Graphics package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the package. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2">Graphics package configuration</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Where to look for files, which file types. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="3">Commands for graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> +<a name="Graphics-package-options"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Graphics-package-options-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">22.1 Graphics package options</h3> + +<a name="index-graphics-package-options"></a> +<a name="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></a> + +<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{graphics} +</pre></div> + +<p>or +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{graphicx} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>graphicx</code> package has a format for optional arguments to the +<code>\includegraphics</code> command that is convenient (it is the key-value +format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load +the <samp>graphics</samp> or <samp>graphicx</samp> package with <code>\usepackage</code> +there are two kinds of available options. +</p> +<p>The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different +output systems but instead depends on information stored in a +<em>printer driver</em> file. Normally you should not specify the driver +option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One +advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems. +</p> +<p>For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently relevant +ones are: <samp>dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp>dvips</samp>, <samp>dvisvgm</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp>, +<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>. The two <samp>xdvi</samp> and <samp>oztex</samp> are +essentially aliases for <samp>dvips</samp> (and <samp>xdvi</samp> is monochrome). +Ones that should not be used for new systems are: <samp>dvipdf</samp>, +<samp>dvipdfm</samp>, <samp>dviwin</samp>, <samp>dvipsone</samp>, <samp>emtex</samp>, +<samp>pctexps</samp>, <samp>pctexwin</samp>, <samp>pctexhp</samp>, <samp>pctex32</samp>, +<samp>truetex</samp>, <samp>tcidvi</samp>, <samp>vtex</samp> (and <samp>dviwindo</samp> is an +alias for <samp>dvipsone</samp>). These are stored in files with a +<samp>.def</samp> extension, such as <samp>pdftex.def</samp>. +</p> +<p>The second kind of options are below. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>demo</code></dt> +<dd><p>Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt +rectangle (unless another size is specified in the +<code>\includegraphics</code> command). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>draft</code></dt> +<dd><p>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is +printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size, +the file must be present. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>final</code></dt> +<dd><p>(Default) Override any previous <code>draft</code> option, so that the +document shows the contents of the graphic files. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>hiderotate</code></dt> +<dd><p>Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a +previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>hidescale</code></dt> +<dd><p>Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a +previewer does not have the capability to scale.) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>hiresbb</code></dt> +<dd><p>In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The +<code>%%BoundingBox</code> lines describe the graphic size using integer +multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72 +inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal +multiples, such as 1.23, in <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines. This +option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + + +<hr> +<a name="Graphics-package-configuration"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Graphics-package-configuration-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">22.2 Graphics package configuration</h3> + +<a name="index-graphics-1"></a> +<a name="index-graphics-package-1"></a> +<a name="index-configuration_002c-graphics-package"></a> +<a name="index-EPS-files"></a> +<a name="index-JPEG-files"></a> +<a name="index-JPG-files"></a> +<a name="index-PDF-graphic-files"></a> +<a name="index-PNG-files"></a> + +<p>These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for +the graphic. +</p> +<p>The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform +dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as +those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult +the documentation in <samp>grfguide.pdf</samp>, or the LaTeX source, or your +TeX distribution’s documentation. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1">\graphicspath</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Directories to search. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">File types, such as JPG or EPS. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to handle file types. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></h4> + +<a name="index-_005cgraphicspath"></a> + +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\graphicspath{<var>list of dir names inside curly brackets</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows +you to later say something like <code>\includegraphics{lion.png}</code> +instead of having to give its path. +</p> +<p>LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory. +The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory +<samp>pix</samp>, and then <samp>../pix</samp>. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble + ... +\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>\graphicspath</code> declaration is optional. If you don’t include +it then LaTeX’s default is to search all of the places that it +usually looks for a file (it uses LaTeX’s <code>\input@path</code>). In +particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current +directory. +</p> +<p>Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it says +‘<samp><code>{pix}</code></samp>’. Do this even if there is only one directory. +Each directory name must end in a forward slash, <samp>/</samp>. This is true +even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all +the directory separators since it makes the document portable to other +platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double +quotes, as with <code>{"my docs/"}</code>. Getting one of these rules wrong +will cause LaTeX to report <code>Error: File `<var>filename</var>' not +found</code>. +</p> +<p>Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in the +current directory, +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } +... +\usepackage{lion.png} +</pre></div> + +<p>for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the +file name and searches for the result, checking for <samp>pix/lion.png</samp> +and then <samp>../pix/lion.png</samp>. This algorithm means that the +<code>\graphicspath</code> command does not recursively search subdirectories: +if you issue <code>\graphicspath{{a/}}</code> and the graphic is in +<samp>a/b/lion.png</samp> then LaTeX will not find it. It also means that +you can use absolute paths such as +<code>\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}</code> or +<code>\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}</code>. However, using +these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve +portability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file +parameter <code>TEXINPUTS</code>; see the documentation of your system.) +</p> +<p>You can use <code>\graphicspath</code> in the preamble or in the document +body. You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value +with <code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput@path}\makeatother</code>. +</p> +<p>The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, +suppose that you are working on a document based on <samp>book/book.tex</samp> +and it contains <code>\include{chapters/chap1}</code>. If in +<samp>chap1.tex</samp> you put <code>\graphicspath{{plots/}}</code> then +LaTeX will not search for graphics in <samp>book/chapters/plots</samp>, but +instead in <samp>book/plots</samp>. +</p> + +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphicspath</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4> + +<a name="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a> + +<p>Synopses: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{<var>comma-separated list of file extensions</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the +order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files +by giving the filename without the extension, as in +<code>\includegraphics{functionplot}</code>. +</p> +<p>In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF +files. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF} + ... +\includegraphics{lion} % will find <samp>lion.png</samp> before <samp>lion.pdf</samp> +</pre></div> + +<p>Because the file name <samp>lion</samp> does not have a period, LaTeX uses +the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path +(see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a>), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order +given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories +and extensions then it reports ‘<samp>! LaTeX Error: File `<samp>lion</samp>' +not found</samp>’. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the +extensions. +</p> +<p>Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of +file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows +platform is not case sensitive. +</p> +<p>You are not required to include <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code> in +your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, +the most recent <samp>pdftex.def</samp> has the extension list +‘<samp><code>.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2</code></samp>’. +</p> +<p>You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. You +can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with +<code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatother</code>. +</p> + +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4> + +<a name="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a> + +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{<var>extension</var>}{<var>type</var>}{<var>size-file extension</var>}{<var>command</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in <var>extension</var>. +</p> +<p>This example declares that all files with names have the form +<samp>filename-without-dot.mps</samp> will be treated as output from MetaPost, +meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to +input the file. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{} +</pre></div> + +<p>This +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} +</pre></div> + +<p>tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an +extension not covered by another rule, so it covers <samp>filename.1</samp>, +<samp>filename.2</samp>, etc. +</p> +<p>This describes the four arguments. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><var>extension</var></dt> +<dd><p>The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything +after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star, +<code>*</code>, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>type</var></dt> +<dd><p>The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined +in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions <samp>.ps</samp>, +<samp>.eps</samp>, or <samp>.ps.gz</samp> may all be classed as type <code>eps</code>. +All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command +by the printer driver. For example, the file types that <samp>pdftex</samp> +recognizes are: <code>jpg</code>, <code>jbig2</code>, <code>mps</code>, <code>pdf</code>, +<code>png</code>, <code>tif</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>size-file extension</var></dt> +<dd><p>The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the +graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as <var>extension</var> +but it may be different. +</p> +<p>As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, it +might be compressed into a <samp>.ps.gz</samp> file. Compressed files are not +easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box information in a +separate file. If <var>size-file extension</var> is empty then you must +specify size information in the arguments of <code>\includegraphics</code>. +</p> +<p>If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for +<code>type</code> then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure +for reading <samp>.eps</samp> files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap +files in a file with a PostScript style <code>%%BoundingBox</code> line if no +other format is available.) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>command</var></dt> +<dd><p>A command that will be applied to the +file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a +single backward quote. Thus, +<code>\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c +#1}</code> specifies that any file with the extension <samp>.eps.gz</samp> should +be treated as an <code>eps</code> file, with the the BoundingBox information +stored in the file with extension <samp>.eps.bb</samp>, and that the command +<code>gunzip -c</code> will run on your platform to decompresses the file. +</p> +<p>Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX +system must allow you to run external commands; as a security measure +modern systems restrict running commands unless you explicitly allow it. +See the documentation for your TeX distribution. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<hr> +<a name="Commands-for-graphics"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Commands-for-graphics-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3> + +<a name="index-graphics-package-commands"></a> +<a name="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></a> + +<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>graphics</samp> and +<samp>graphicx</samp> packages. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1">\includegraphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using a graphic in your document. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2">\rotatebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Rotating boxes, including graphics. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3">\scalebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4">\resizebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></h4> + +<a name="index-graphics-2"></a> +<a name="index-graphics-package-2"></a> +<a name="index-including-graphics"></a> +<a name="index-importing-graphics"></a> +<a name="index-EPS-files-1"></a> +<a name="index-JPEG-files-1"></a> +<a name="index-JPG-files-1"></a> +<a name="index-PDF-graphic-files-1"></a> +<a name="index-PNG-files-1"></a> +<a name="index-_005cincludegraphics"></a> + +<p>Synopses for <samp>graphics</samp> package: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>} +\includegraphics[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>} +\includegraphics[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>} +\includegraphics*{<var>filename</var>} +\includegraphics*[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>} +\includegraphics*[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>Synopses for <samp>graphicx</samp> package: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>} +\includegraphics[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>filename</var>} +\includegraphics*{<var>filename</var>} +\includegraphics*[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>filename</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>Include a graphics file. The starred form <code>\includegraphics*</code> will +clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any +part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will +over-print the surrounding area. +</p> +<p>This +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble + ... +\begin{center} + \includegraphics{plot.pdf} +\end{center} +</pre></div> + +<p>will incorporate into the document the graphic in <samp>plot.pdf</samp>, +centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file, +as with <code>\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}</code>. To specify a list +of locations to search for the file, see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a>. +</p> +<p>If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as with +<code>\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}</code>. +</p> +<p>The <code>\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}</code> command decides on the +type of graphic by splitting <var>filename</var> on the first dot. You can +use <var>filename</var> with no dot, as in <code>\includegraphics{turing}</code> +and then LaTeX tries a sequence of extensions such as <code>.png</code> and +<code>.pdf</code> until it finds a file with that extension +(see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>). +</p> +<p>If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide +them with curly braces, as in +<code>\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}</code>. Or, if you use +the <samp>graphicx</samp> package then you can use the options <code>type</code> and +<code>ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled +with the package <samp>grffile</samp>. +</p> +<p>This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so LaTeX can +move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward +(see <a href="#figure">figure</a>). +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg} + \caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray} +\end{figure} +</pre></div> + +<p>This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at +this point in the document even if makes LaTeX stretch the text or +resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a +caption. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\usepackage{caption} % in preamble + ... +\begin{center} + \includegraphics{pix/nix.png} + \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % if you want a caption +\end{center} +</pre></div> + +<p>This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having +text, with the two vertically centered. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup + \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup} + ... +\begin{center} + \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} + \hspace{1em} + \vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} + \begin{displaymath} + f(x)=x\cdot \sin (1/x) + \end{displaymath} + \end{minipage}} +\end{center} +</pre></div> + +<p>If you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package then the only options involve the +size of the graphic (but see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a>). +When one optional argument is present then it is +<code>[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]</code> and it gives the coordinates of the top +right corner of the image, as a pair of TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). If the units are omitted they default to <code>bp</code>. In +this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0). +If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is +<code>[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>]</code>, specifying the coordinates of the image’s +lower left. Thus, <code>\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}</code> calls for +the graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches +tall and so its origin is at (0,0). +</p> +<p>The <samp>graphicx</samp> package gives you many more options. Specify them +in a key-value form, as here. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion} + \hspace{2em} + \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion} +\end{center} +</pre></div> + +<p>The options are read left-to-right. So the first graphic above is made +one inch wide and then rotated, while the second is rotated and then +made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic is perfectly square, the +two will end with different widths and heights. +</p> +<p>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. +</p> +<p>Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is +traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the +PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic’s printed area may +go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a +page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the +graphic. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>width</code></dt> +<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example +is <code>\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}</code>. You can use the standard +TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>) and also convenient is +<code>\linewidth</code>, or in a two-column document, <code>\columnwidth</code> +(see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). An example is that by using the +<samp>calc</samp> package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrow than +the width of the text with +<code>\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>height</code></dt> +<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can +use the standard TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>), and also +convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, +<code>\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}</code> will make the +graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>totalheight</code></dt> +<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus +depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For +instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height +but a large depth. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>keepaspectratio</code></dt> +<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with +<code>\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}</code> and you give as +options both <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> (or <code>totalheight</code>), +then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as possible without +distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither is the graphic +wider than <code>width</code> nor taller than <code>height</code> (or +<code>totalheight</code>). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>scale</code></dt> +<dd><p>Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying +<code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code> makes the graphic twice its +nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1 +and 0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect +it. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>angle</code></dt> +<dd><p>Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise. +The graphic is rotated about its <code>origin</code>; see that option. For a +complete description of how rotated material is typeset, +see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>origin</code></dt> +<dd><p>The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible +values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for left, +<code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center, <code>t</code> +for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus, +<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the +picture upside down from the center, while +<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its +picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code> +gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code>, but gives the +vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>. +</p> +<p>To rotate about an arbitrary point, see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>These are lesser-used options. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>viewport</code></dt> +<dd><p>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, +separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with +<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. The +dimensions default to big points, <code>bp</code>. They are taken +relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the +<code>trim</code> option. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>trim</code></dt> +<dd><p>Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated +by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with +<code>\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}</code>. +These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX +will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on +the bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the +top. See also the <code>viewport</code> option. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>clip</code></dt> +<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with +<code>\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}</code>, then the graphic is +cropped to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using +the starred form of the command, as +<code>\includegraphics*[...]{...}</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>page</code></dt> +<dd><p>Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is +<code>page=1</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>pagebox</code></dt> +<dd><p>Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among +<code>mediabox</code>, <code>cropbox</code>, <code>bleedbox</code>, <code>trimbox</code>, or +<code>artbox</code>. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript +files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The +MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the +region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when +displayed. The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page +should be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions +of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page’s meaningful +content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if +present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a +driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>interpolate</code></dt> +<dd><p>Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be +set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as with +<code>\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>quiet</code></dt> +<dd><p>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with +<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with +<code>\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}</code>, +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>draft</code></dt> +<dd><p>If you set it with <code>draft=true</code> or just specified it with +<code>\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}</code>, then the graphic will not +appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. Instead, +LaTeX will put an empty box of the correct size with the filename +printed in it. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript +graphic files, which have a size specified with a line +<code>%%BoundingBox</code> that appears in the file. It has four values, +giving the lower <em>x</em> coordinate, lower <em>y</em> coordinate, upper +<em>x</em> coordinate, and upper <em>y</em> coordinate. The units are +PostScript points, equivalent to TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch. +For example, if an <samp>.eps</samp> file has the line <code>%%BoundingBox 10 +20 40 80</code> then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by +60/72 inch tall. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>bb</code></dt> +<dd><p>Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four +dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code>\includegraphics[.., bb= +0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. Usually <code>\includegraphics</code> reads the +BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is +only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want +to change it. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></dt> +<dd><p>Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for +compatibility with old packages. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>natwidth, natheight</code></dt> +<dd><p>An alternative for <code>bb</code>. Setting +<code>\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}</code> +is the same as setting <code>bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>hiresbb</code></dt> +<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with +<code>\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}</code>, then LaTeX will look +for <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines instead of <code>%%BoundingBox</code> +lines. (The <code>BoundingBox</code> lines use only natural numbers while the +<code>HiResBoundingBox</code> lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to +TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a prior setting of +<code>true</code>, you can set it to <code>false</code>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>These following options allow a user to override LaTeX’s method of +choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example +is that <code>\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}</code> +will read the file <samp>lion.xxx</samp> as though it were +<samp>lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>type</code></dt> +<dd><p>Specify the graphics type. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>ext</code></dt> +<dd><p>Specify the graphics extension. +Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>read</code></dt> +<dd><p>Specify the file extension of the read file. +Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>command</code></dt> +<dd><p>Specify a command to be applied to this file. +Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + + +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005crotatebox"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includegraphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005crotatebox-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></h4> + +<a name="index-rotation"></a> +<a name="index-rotating-graphics"></a> +<a name="index-rotating-text"></a> +<a name="index-_005crotatebox"></a> + +<p>Synopsis for <samp>graphics</samp> package: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>Synopses for <samp>graphicx</samp> package: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>} +\rotatebox[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>Put <var>material</var> in a box and rotate it <var>angle</var> degrees counterclockwise. +</p> +<p>This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{ll} + \rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\ + A &AL-FAH \\ + B &BRAH-VOH +\end{tabular} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <var>material</var> can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example"> \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}} +</pre></div> + +<p>To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets +<var>material</var> in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. +The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. +The third step is that LaTeX computes a box to bound the rotated +material. Fourth, LaTeX moves this box horizontally so that the left +edge of this new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box +from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new +bounding box, in its new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when +typesetting this material. +</p> +<p>If you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package then the rotation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use the <samp>graphicx</samp> package then +then these are the options that can go in the <var>key-value list</var>, but +note that you can get the same effect without needing this package, +except for the <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> options (see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>). +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>origin</code></dt> +<dd><p>The point of the <var>material</var>’s box about which the rotation happens. +Possible values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for +left, <code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center, +<code>t</code> for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus, +<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the +picture upside down from the center, while +<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its +picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code> +gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code> but gives the +vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>x, y</code></dt> +<dd><p>Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with +<code>\rotatebox[x=<var>TeX dimension</var>,y=<var>TeX +dimension</var>]{...}</code> (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). These give the offset +from the box’s reference point. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>units</code></dt> +<dd><p>This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise. +Setting <code>units=-360</code> changes the direction to degrees clockwise and +setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + + +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cscalebox"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\resizebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cscalebox-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></h4> + +<a name="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></a> +<a name="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></a> +<a name="index-scaling"></a> +<a name="index-resizing"></a> +<a name="index-text_002c-scaling"></a> +<a name="index-text_002c-resizing"></a> +<a name="index-_005cscalebox"></a> +<a name="index-_005creflectbox"></a> + +<p>Synopses: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\scalebox{<var>horizontal factor</var>}{<var>material</var>} +\scalebox{<var>horizontal factor</var>}[<var>vertical factor</var>]{<var>material</var>} +\reflectbox{<var>material</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>Scale the <var>material</var>. +</p> +<p>This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of the +first text and doubles the size of the second. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me} +</pre></div> + +<p>If you do not specify the optional <var>vertical factor</var> then it +defaults to the same value as the <var>horizontal factor</var>. +</p> +<p>You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with +<code>\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}</code>. If you use the +<samp>graphicx</samp> package then you can accomplish the same thing with +optional arguments to <code>\includegraphics</code> +(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>). +</p> +<p>The <code>\reflectbox</code> command abbreviates +<code>\scalebox{-1}[1]{<var>material</var>}</code>. Thus, <code>Able was +I\reflectbox{Able was I}</code> will show the phrase ‘<samp>Able was I</samp>’ +immediately followed by its mirror reflection. +</p> + +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cresizebox"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\scalebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cresizebox-1"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></h4> + +<a name="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></a> +<a name="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></a> +<a name="index-scaling-1"></a> +<a name="index-resizing-1"></a> +<a name="index-text_002c-scaling-1"></a> +<a name="index-text_002c-resizing-1"></a> +<a name="index-_005cresizebox"></a> + +<p>Synopses: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\resizebox{<var>horizontal length</var>}{<var>vertical length</var>}{<var>material</var>} +\resizebox*{<var>horizontal length</var>}{<var>vertical length</var>}{<var>material</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>Given a size, such as <code>3cm</code>, transform <var>material</var> to make it +that size. If either <var>horizontal length</var> or <var>vertical length</var> +is an exclamation point <code>!</code> then the other argument is used +to determine a scale factor for both directions. +</p> +<p>This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it +vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}} +</pre></div> + +<p>The unstarred form <code>\resizebox</code> takes <var>vertical length</var> to be +the box’s height while the starred form <code>\resizebox*</code> takes it to +be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a +quarter inch with <code>\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This +box has both height and depth.}}</code>. +</p> +<p>You can use <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\totalheight</code>, and +<code>\width</code> to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the +text two inches wide but keep the original height with +<code>\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two inches}</code>. +</p> + +<hr> <a name="Special-insertions"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Special-insertions-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">21 Special insertions</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">23 Special insertions</h2> <a name="index-special-insertions"></a> <a name="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></a> @@ -12300,7 +14450,7 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Reserved-characters-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.1 Reserved characters</h3> +<h3 class="section">23.1 Reserved characters</h3> <a name="index-reserved-characters"></a> <a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a> @@ -12356,7 +14506,7 @@ split the lines. Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.2 Upper and lower case</h3> +<h3 class="section">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3> <a name="index-Upper-case"></a> <a name="index-Lower-case"></a> @@ -12381,10 +14531,10 @@ moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>). </p> <p>These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a command within <var>text</var>. But they do change the case of every other -latin character inside the argument <var>text</var>. Thus, -<code>\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$</code>} produces “LET Y=F(X)”. Another +Latin letter inside the argument <var>text</var>. Thus, +<code>\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$</code>} produces ‘<samp>LET Y=F(X)</samp>’. Another example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that -<code>\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}</code> will +<code>\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}}</code> will produce an error because the first half is changed to <code>\begin{TABULAR}</code>. </p> @@ -12393,16 +14543,27 @@ document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but will cause problems when using other alphabets. </p> -<p>To change the case of text that results from a command inside <var>text</var> +<p>To change the case of text that results from a macro inside <var>text</var> you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces -“COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS”. +‘<samp>COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics} -\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\schoolname}} +\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase + <!-- /@w -->\expandafter{\schoolname}} </pre></div> -<p>To uppercase only the first letter of words use the package +<a name="index-package_002c-textcase"></a> +<a name="index-textcase-package"></a> + +<p>The <samp>textcase</samp> package brings some of the missing feature of the +standard LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and +<code>\MakeLowerCase</code>. +</p> +<a name="index-package_002c-mfirstuc"></a> +<a name="index-mfirstuc-package"></a> + +<p>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package <samp>mfirstuc</samp>. </p> @@ -12413,7 +14574,7 @@ you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.3 Symbols by font position</h3> +<h3 class="section">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3> <a name="index-_005csymbol"></a> <a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a> @@ -12437,7 +14598,7 @@ example could also be written as <code>\symbol{'40}</code> or Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Text-symbols-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.4 Text symbols</h3> +<h3 class="section">23.4 Text symbols</h3> <a name="index-text-symbols"></a> <a name="index-symbols_002c-text"></a> @@ -12914,14 +15075,15 @@ has the ascender height. Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Accents-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.5 Accents</h3> +<h3 class="section">23.5 Accents</h3> <a name="index-accents"></a> <a name="index-characters_002c-accented"></a> <a name="index-letters_002c-accented"></a> -<a name="index-package_002c-babel"></a> -<a name="index-babel-package"></a> +<a name="index-package_002c-babel-1"></a> +<a name="index-babel-package-1"></a> + <a name="index-multilingual-support"></a> <p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This @@ -13106,7 +15268,7 @@ See also <code>\b</code> above. Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.6 Additional Latin letters</h3> +<h3 class="section">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3> <a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a><a name="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></a> <a name="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></a> @@ -13225,7 +15387,7 @@ font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>. Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005crule-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.7 <code>\rule</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">23.7 <code>\rule</code></h3> <a name="index-_005crule"></a> @@ -13260,7 +15422,7 @@ rectangles. The arguments are: Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ctoday-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.8 <code>\today</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">23.8 <code>\today</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ctoday"></a> <a name="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></a> @@ -13286,6 +15448,7 @@ will output ‘<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>’: <a name="index-package_002c-datetime"></a> <a name="index-datetime-package"></a> + <p>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats. </p> @@ -13297,7 +15460,7 @@ of other date formats. Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Splitting-the-input-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">22 Splitting the input</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">24 Splitting the input</h2> <a name="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a> <a name="index-input-file"></a> @@ -13331,7 +15494,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cinclude-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.1 <code>\include</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\include</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cinclude"></a> @@ -13362,7 +15525,7 @@ read by another <code>\include</code> command. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\include</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cincludeonly-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.2 <code>\includeonly</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\includeonly</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cincludeonly"></a> @@ -13388,7 +15551,7 @@ selection to be effective. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cinput-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.3 <code>\input</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\input</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cinput"></a> @@ -13415,7 +15578,7 @@ is tried (‘<samp>foo</samp>’ or ‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’). Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Front_002fback-matter-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">23 Front/back matter</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">25 Front/back matter</h2> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="1">Tables of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> @@ -13434,7 +15597,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Tables-of-contents-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">23.1 Tables of contents</h3> +<h3 class="section">25.1 Tables of contents</h3> <a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a> @@ -13478,7 +15641,7 @@ as for the table of contents. Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">23.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4> <a name="index-_005caddcontentsline"></a> <a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a> @@ -13536,7 +15699,7 @@ following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument: Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">23.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4> <a name="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a> @@ -13564,7 +15727,7 @@ figures), or <samp>lot</samp> (list of tables). Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tables of contents</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Glossaries-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">23.2 Glossaries</h3> +<h3 class="section">25.2 Glossaries</h3> <a name="index-glossaries"></a> @@ -13593,7 +15756,7 @@ glossaries. Previous: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Indexes-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">23.3 Indexes</h3> +<h3 class="section">25.3 Indexes</h3> <a name="index-indexes"></a> @@ -13636,6 +15799,7 @@ the index. <a name="index-_005cprintindex"></a> <a name="index-package_002c-makeidx"></a> <a name="index-makeidx-package"></a> + <p>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command. This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so <code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> needs to be in the preamble. @@ -13647,12 +15811,14 @@ minus3pt</samp>’. </p> <a name="index-package_002c-showidx"></a> <a name="index-showidx-package"></a> + <p>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index. </p> <a name="index-package_002c-multind"></a> <a name="index-multind-package"></a> + <p>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic, <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</a>. @@ -13665,7 +15831,7 @@ TeX FAQ entry on this topic, Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Letters-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">24 Letters</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">26 Letters</h2> <a name="index-letters_002c-writing"></a> <a name="index-writing-letters"></a> @@ -13788,7 +15954,7 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you. Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005caddress-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\address</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\address</code></h3> <a name="index-_005caddress"></a> @@ -13827,7 +15993,7 @@ formatted as a personal letter. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ccc-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\cc</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\cc</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ccc"></a> <a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a> @@ -13857,7 +16023,7 @@ backslash <code>\\</code>, as in: Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cclosing-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\closing</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">26.3 <code>\closing</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cclosing"></a> <a name="index-letters_002c-ending"></a> @@ -13884,7 +16050,7 @@ is a <code>\closing</code> (although this command is optional). For example, Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cencl-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.4 <code>\encl</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">26.4 <code>\encl</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cencl"></a> <a name="index-enclosure-list"></a> @@ -13913,7 +16079,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash <code>\\</code>. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005clocation-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.5 <code>\location</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">26.5 <code>\location</code></h3> <a name="index-_005clocation"></a> @@ -13934,7 +16100,7 @@ appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cmakelabels"></a> @@ -13968,7 +16134,7 @@ in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment. By default Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cname-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.7 <code>\name</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">26.7 <code>\name</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cname"></a> @@ -13989,7 +16155,7 @@ return address. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005copening-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.8 <code>\opening</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">26.8 <code>\opening</code></h3> <a name="index-_005copening"></a> <a name="index-letters_002c-starting"></a> @@ -14016,7 +16182,7 @@ text that starts your letter. For instance: Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cps-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.9 <code>\ps</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">26.9 <code>\ps</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cps"></a> <a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a> @@ -14041,7 +16207,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Prev Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005csignature-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.10 <code>\signature</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">26.10 <code>\signature</code></h3> <p>Synopsis: </p> @@ -14089,7 +16255,7 @@ preamble). Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ctelephone"></a> @@ -14112,7 +16278,7 @@ page. Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Terminal-input_002foutput-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">25 Terminal input/output</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">27 Terminal input/output</h2> <a name="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></a> <a name="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a> @@ -14132,7 +16298,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previou Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ctypein"></a> @@ -14158,7 +16324,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ctypeout"></a> @@ -14187,7 +16353,7 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Terminal input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Command-line-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">26 Command line</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">28 Command line</h2> <a name="index-command-line"></a> @@ -14502,6 +16668,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-algorithm2e-package"><code>algorithm2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> @@ -14522,7 +16689,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-background_002c-colored">background, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -14543,6 +16712,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -14596,16 +16766,31 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-1">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-2">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-3">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-4">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-models">color models</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-models">Color models</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-color">Commands for color</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-options">color package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-define">color, define</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-page">colored page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-text">colored text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line">command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> @@ -14630,6 +16815,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today’s</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> @@ -14685,10 +16871,13 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files-1">EPS files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> @@ -14707,6 +16896,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> @@ -14747,12 +16937,25 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package-1"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary-package">glossary <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-2">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-1">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-2">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-commands">graphics package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-options">graphics package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -14779,7 +16982,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing">indent, suppressing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> @@ -14795,6 +17000,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files-1">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files-1">JPG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> @@ -14848,6 +17057,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> @@ -14886,8 +17096,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code>mfirstuc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Millimeter">Millimeter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> @@ -14924,9 +17136,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-graphics-package">options, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -14939,21 +17153,30 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datetime</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>flafter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>float</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-footmisc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>footmisc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>makeidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>multind</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-picture"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>picture</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>showidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcomp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> @@ -14964,6 +17187,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr> @@ -14973,6 +17197,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files-1">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -14982,6 +17208,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files-1">PNG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Point">Point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> @@ -15016,6 +17244,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -15030,6 +17260,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> @@ -15037,6 +17271,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Scaled-point">Scaled point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> @@ -15063,8 +17299,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> @@ -15106,6 +17344,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code>textcase</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> @@ -15367,8 +17610,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\> <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040itempenalty"><code>\@itempenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> @@ -15424,6 +17670,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibname"><code>\bibname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -15526,6 +17773,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"><code>\DeclareOption*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> @@ -15618,6 +17867,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossary"><code>\glossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossaryentry"><code>\glossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(»)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -15647,12 +17897,15 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cignorespaces"><code>\ignorespaces</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespacesafterend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij (ij)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> @@ -15670,8 +17923,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-3"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> @@ -15691,8 +17945,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemii"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiii"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiv"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLambda"><code>\Lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clambda"><code>\lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cland"><code>\land</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -15715,6 +17969,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin-1"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargini"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginii"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiii"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> @@ -15738,7 +17993,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth-1"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -15756,6 +18011,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="roman">(for <code>picture</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabel"><code>\makelabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmapsto"><code>\mapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -15834,6 +18090,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalmarginpar"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsfcodes"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsize"><code>\normalsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -15882,12 +18139,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"><code>\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpageheight"><code>\pdfpageheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> @@ -15935,10 +18192,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creflectbox"><code>\reflectbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefname"><code>\refname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cresizebox"><code>\resizebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestriction"><code>\restriction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crevemptyset"><code>\revemptyset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -15952,17 +18212,19 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -15995,6 +18257,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -16119,7 +18382,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction-1"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip-1"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctotalheight"><code>\totalheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr> |