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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
index 149b8b35ac7..9b0efda6d50 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
-document preparation system, version of March 2018.
+document preparation system, version of July 2018.
This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in
the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.5, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)</title>
+<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2018)</title>
-<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)">
-<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)">
+<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2018)">
+<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2018)">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
<link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
-<link href="#Concept-Index" rel="index" title="Concept Index">
+<link href="#Index" rel="index" title="Index">
<link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
<link href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/" rel="up" title="(dir)">
<style type="text/css">
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
</head>
<body lang="en">
-<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)</h1>
+<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2018)</h1>
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
+
<a name="SEC_Overview"></a>
<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
@@ -124,8 +125,7 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">27 Terminal input/output</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">28 Command line</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Concept-Index-1" href="#toc-Concept-Index-1">Concept Index</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Command-Index-1" href="#toc-Command-Index-1">Command Index</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Index-1" href="#toc-Index-1">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
@@ -145,11 +145,12 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environment">2.4.1 Environments</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Command-declarations" href="#Declaration">2.4.2 Command declarations</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">2.4.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code></a>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">2.4.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">2.4.3.1 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-CTAN_003a-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.5 CTAN: Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -178,13 +179,20 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040startsection-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.1 <code>\@startsection</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cpart-1" href="#g_t_005cpart">6.1 <code>\part</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cchapter-1" href="#g_t_005cchapter">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csection-1" href="#g_t_005csection">6.3 <code>\section</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csubsection-1" href="#g_t_005csubsection">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cappendix-1" href="#g_t_005cappendix">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040startsection-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpageref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cpageref-1" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cref-1" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Environments-2" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -225,22 +233,24 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<li><a name="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code>picture</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.1 <code>\circle</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.2 <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cframebox" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.3 <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.4 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.5 <code>\frame</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.6 <code>\line</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.7 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cqbezier-1" href="#g_t_005cqbezier">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cgraphpaper-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.9 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.10 <code>\multiput</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.11 <code>\oval</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.12 <code>\put</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.13 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.14 <code>\vector</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-quotation-and-quote-1" href="#quotation-and-quote">8.20 <code>quotation</code> and <code>quote</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-quotation-_0026-quote-1" href="#quotation-_0026-quote">8.20 <code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a>
@@ -272,53 +282,52 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<li><a name="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfussy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy">9.6 <code>\fussy</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005csloppy">9.7 <code>\sloppy</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.8 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.9 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-sloppypar-1" href="#sloppypar">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cclearpage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">10.2 <code>\clearpage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.3 <code>\newpage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-in-a-table-1" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">11.4 Footnotes in a table</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-in-section-headings-1" href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">11.5 Footnotes in section headings</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-in-section-headings-1" href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-in-a-table-1" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">11.5 Footnotes in a table</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Footnotes-of-footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Multiple-references-to-footnotes" href="#Multiple-reference-to-footnotes">11.7 Multiple references to footnotes</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Footnote-parameters-1" href="#Footnote-parameters">11.8 Footnote parameters</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.3 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewlength_003a-Allocating-a-length" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.4 <code>\newlength</code>: Allocating a length</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewsavebox_003a-Allocating-a-box" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.5 <code>\newsavebox</code>: Allocating a box</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.4 <code>\newlength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.5 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.6 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.7 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont_003a-Define-a-new-font-_0028obsolete_0029" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.8 <code>\newfont</code>: Define a new font (obsolete)</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.8 <code>\newfont</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.9 <code>\protect</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.10 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cusecounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvalue_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csetcounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005crefstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear_003a-Predefined-counters" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cusecounter-1" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cvalue-1" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csetcounter-1" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocounter-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005crefstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -327,24 +336,38 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<li><a name="toc-_005caddtolength-1" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Predefined-lengths-1" href="#Predefined-lengths">14.7 Predefined lengths</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csettowidth-1" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent">15.1 <code>\indent</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cpar-1" href="#g_t_005cpar">15.1 <code>\par</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Blackboard-bold-1" href="#Blackboard-bold">16.2.1 Blackboard bold</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Calligraphic-1" href="#Calligraphic">16.2.2 Calligraphic</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1" href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">16.2.3 <code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical" href="#Dots">16.2.4 Dots, horizontal or vertical</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.5 Spacing in math mode</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.6 Math miscellany</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Over_002d-and-Underlining-1" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">16.5 Over- and Underlining</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.6 Spacing in math mode</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.7 Math miscellany</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c_002a-1" href="#g_t_005c_002a">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cfrac-1" href="#g_t_005cfrac">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">16.7.4 <code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csqrt-1" href="#g_t_005csqrt">16.7.5 <code>\sqrt</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cstackrel-1" href="#g_t_005cstackrel">16.7.6 <code>\stackrel</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -355,42 +378,45 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<li><a name="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthispagestyle_007bstyle_007d" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cthispagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.3 <code>\spacefactor</code></a>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005chss-1" href="#g_t_005chss">19.4 <code>\hss</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">19.3.1 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and <code>\@</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.3.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.3.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c--after-control-sequence" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.6 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">19.7 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.8 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.9 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.10 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace_007blength_007d" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.11 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_007e-1" href="#g_t_007e">19.7 <code>~</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.9 <code>\/</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code>\medbreak</code> &amp; <code>\smallbreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cstrut">19.13 <code>\strut</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmbox_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005cmbox">20.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-2" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csavebox">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csbox">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox-1" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">21 Color</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Color-package-options-1" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 Color package options</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-color-package-options" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">21.2 Color models</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">21.3 Commands for color</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -402,8 +428,8 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">22 Graphics</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Graphics-package-options-1" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 Graphics package options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Graphics-package-configuration-1" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 Graphics package configuration</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-graphics-package-options" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-graphics-package-configuration" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
@@ -430,19 +456,29 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">24 Splitting the input</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">24.1 <code>\include</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cendinput-1" href="#g_t_005cendinput">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">25 Front/back matter</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">25.1 Tables of contents</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">25.1 Table of contents etc.</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnofiles-1" href="#g_t_005cnofiles">25.1.3 <code>\nofiles</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.2 Indexes</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cindex-1" href="#g_t_005cindex">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-makeindex-1" href="#makeindex">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cprintindex-1" href="#g_t_005cprintindex">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.3 Glossaries</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnewglossaryentry-1" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cgls-1" href="#g_t_005cgls">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.2 Glossaries</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.3 Indexes</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">26 Letters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -460,18 +496,24 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">27 Terminal input/output</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein-1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.1 <code>\typein</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout-1" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.2 <code>\typeout</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">28 Command line</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-line-options-1" href="#Command-line-options">28.1 Command line options</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-line-input-1" href="#Command-line-input">28.2 Command line input</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Recovering-from-errors-1" href="#Recovering-from-errors">28.3 Recovering from errors</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">28 Command line</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.2 <code>book</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-tugboat-template-1" href="#tugboat-template">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-article-template-1" href="#article-template">A.2 <code>article</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.3 <code>book</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Larger-book-template-1" href="#Larger-book-template">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-tugboat-template-1" href="#tugboat-template">A.5 <code>tugboat</code> template</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Command-Index-1" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Index-1" href="#Index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
@@ -481,13 +523,13 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<a name="Top"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></a>
<h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-March 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+July 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -500,7 +542,7 @@ March 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Layout" accesskey="5">Layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling the page layout.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="6">Sectioning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to section properly.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="6">Sectioning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parts, Chapters, Sections, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="7">Cross references</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic referencing.
</td></tr>
@@ -548,9 +590,7 @@ March 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Starter templates for various document classes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Alphabetical list of LaTeX commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Index">Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -559,16 +599,16 @@ March 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
<a name="About-this-document"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="About-this-document-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2>
-<a name="index-http_003a_002f_002fpuszcza_002egnu_002eorg_002eua_002fsoftware_002flatexrefman_002f-home-page"></a>
+<a name="index-home-page-for-manual"></a>
<p>This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX
typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>). This document&rsquo;s home page is
-<a href="http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/">http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</a>. That page has links to the
+<a href="puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman">puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman</a>. That page has links to the
current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and
subscriptions, and other infrastructure.
</p>
@@ -629,7 +669,7 @@ references.
<a name="Overview"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Overview-of-LaTeX"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2>
@@ -674,6 +714,8 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX</samp>&rsquo;.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General syntax of LaTeX commands.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="5">CTAN</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Our repository.
+</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -681,7 +723,7 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX</samp>&rsquo;.
<a name="Starting-and-ending"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Starting-and-ending-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.1 Starting and ending</h3>
@@ -691,7 +733,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a
<a name="index-hello_002c-world"></a>
<p>LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
-and ending. Here is a &ldquo;hello, world&rdquo; example:
+and ending. This is a small example.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
@@ -700,10 +742,13 @@ Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
\end{document}
</pre></div>
+<p>Every LaTeX document has a <code>\begin{document}</code> line and an
+<code>\end{document}</code> line.
+</p>
<a name="index-document-class_002c-defined"></a>
-<p>Here, the &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo; is the so-called <em>document class</em>,
-implemented in a file <samp>article.cls</samp>. Any document class can be
-used. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast
+<p>Here, the &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo; is the <em>document class</em>. It is implemented
+in a file <samp>article.cls</samp>. You can use any document class on your
+system. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast
array of others are widely available. See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a>
@@ -711,12 +756,13 @@ array of others are widely available. See <a href="#Document-classes">Document
<code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands.
This area is called the <em>preamble</em>.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> is a so-called
+<p>The <code>\begin{document}</code>, <code>\end{document}</code> pair defines an
<a name="index-environment"></a>
<em>environment</em>; the &lsquo;<samp>document</samp>&rsquo; environment (and no others) is
-required in all LaTeX documents (see <a href="#document">document</a>). LaTeX
-provides many environments itself, and many more are defined separately.
-See <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>.
+required in all LaTeX documents (see <a href="#document">document</a>). LaTeX make
+available to you many environments that are documented here
+(see <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>). Many more are available to you from external
+packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a>).
</p>
<p>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from
a LaTeX input file.
@@ -726,12 +772,12 @@ a LaTeX input file.
<a name="Output-files"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting and ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting and ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Output-files-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.2 Output files</h3>
-<p>LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two accessory files.
+<p>LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two auxiliary files.
The main output file&rsquo;s name ends in either <samp>.dvi</samp> or <samp>.pdf</samp>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
@@ -742,7 +788,7 @@ The main output file&rsquo;s name ends in either <samp>.dvi</samp> or <samp>.pdf
<a name="index-dvips-command"></a>
<a name="index-dvipdfmx-command"></a>
<a name="index-dvitype-command"></a>
-<p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>latex</code> then it
+<a name="output-files-dvi"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>latex</code> then it
produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <samp>.dvi</samp>. You
can view this file with a command such as <code>xdvi</code>, or convert
it to a PostScript <code>.ps</code> file with <code>dvips</code> or to a
@@ -756,7 +802,7 @@ available (<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware">http://mirror.ctan.org/dviwa
<dd><a name="index-_002epdf-file"></a>
<a name="index-pdfTeX"></a>
<a name="index-pdflatex-command"></a>
-<p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>pdflatex</code>,
+<a name="output-files-pdf"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>pdflatex</code>,
among other commands (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), then the main output is
a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a
self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
@@ -771,7 +817,7 @@ self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
<dd><a name="index-transcript-file"></a>
<a name="index-log-file"></a>
<a name="index-_002elog-file"></a>
-<p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
+<a name="output-files-log"></a><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
additional information for any errors.
</p>
@@ -782,7 +828,7 @@ additional information for any errors.
<a name="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></a>
<a name="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></a>
<a name="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></a>
-<p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as
+<a name="output-files-aux"></a><p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as
cross references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a
forward reference&mdash;a cross reference to something that has not yet
appeared in the source&mdash;it will appear in the output as a doubled
@@ -804,17 +850,17 @@ location.
<a name="index-table-of-contents-file"></a>
<a name="index-contents-file"></a>
<p>LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
-ending. These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list
-of figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a
-<code>.toc</code> file used to make a table of contents. A particular class
-may create others; the list is open-ended.
+ending. These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list of
+figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a
+<code>.toc</code> file used to make a table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>). A particular class may create others; the list is
+open-ended.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TeX-engines"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="TeX-engines-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.3 TeX engines</h3>
@@ -828,7 +874,7 @@ Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syn
<p>LaTeX is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a TeX
implementation (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>). This section gives a terse
-overview of the main programs.
+overview of the main programs (see also&nbsp;<a href="#Command-line">Command line</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>latex</code></dt>
@@ -836,7 +882,7 @@ overview of the main programs.
<dd><a name="index-pdfTeX-engine"></a>
<a name="index-etex-command"></a>
<a name="index-e_002dTeX"></a>
-<p>In TeX Live (<a href="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</a>), if LaTeX is invoked
+<a name="tex-engines-latex"></a><p>In TeX Live (<a href="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</a>), if LaTeX is invoked
via either the system command <code>latex</code> or <code>pdflatex</code>,
then the pdfTeX engine is run (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>).
When invoked as <code>latex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.dvi</samp>
@@ -857,7 +903,7 @@ assumed to be available in LaTeX.
<dt><code>lualatex</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-lualatex-command"></a>
<a name="index-LuaTeX"></a>
-<p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>lualatex</code>, the
+<a name="tex-engines-lualatex"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>lualatex</code>, the
LuaTeX engine is run (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>). This
program allows code written in the scripting language Lua
(<a href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>) to interact with TeX&rsquo;s typesetting.
@@ -872,7 +918,7 @@ but this is rarely used.
<a name="index-XeTeX"></a>
<a name="index-_002exdv-file"></a>
<a name="index-xdvipdfmx"></a>
-<p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>xelatex</code>, the
+<a name="tex-engines-xelatex"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>xelatex</code>, the
XeTeX engine is run (<a href="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</a>). Like LuaTeX,
XeTeX natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType
fonts, though the implementation is completely different, mainly using
@@ -896,7 +942,7 @@ additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]pTeX,
<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>
@@ -941,7 +987,7 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="2">Declaration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the value or meaning of a command.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the status of the at-sign character.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the status of the at-sign character.
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -950,7 +996,7 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
<a name="Environment"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Declaration</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Declaration</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Environments-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.4.1 Environments</h4>
@@ -974,7 +1020,7 @@ behavior. For instance, for poetry in LaTeX put the lines between
\end{verse}
</pre></div>
-<p>See&nbsp;<a href="#Environments">Environments</a> for a list of environments.
+<p>See <a href="#Environments">Environments</a> for a list of environments.
</p>
<p>The <var>environment name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
the end. This includes the case where <var>environment name</var> ends in a
@@ -997,7 +1043,7 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
<a name="Declaration"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Command-declarations"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.4.2 Command declarations</h4>
@@ -1008,13 +1054,13 @@ changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Declaration</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Declaration</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">2.4.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code></h4>
+<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">2.4.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -1061,9 +1107,9 @@ have the character code of a letter.
in their names see <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>. These macros are
mainly intended to package or class authors.
</p>
-<p>The example below is typical. In the user&rsquo;s class file is a command
-<code>\thesis@universityname</code>. The user wants to change the
-definition. These three lines should go in the preamble, before the
+<p>In this example the class file has a command
+<code>\thesis@universityname</code> that the user wants to change. These
+three lines should go in the preamble, before the
<code>\begin{document}</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -1082,7 +1128,7 @@ definition. These three lines should go in the preamble, before the
<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="u" rel="up">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="u" rel="up">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.4.3.1 <code>\@ifstar</code></h4>
@@ -1095,8 +1141,8 @@ Up: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="u" rel="up">
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}}
-\newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[<var>non-starred command number of args</var>]{<var>body of non-starred command</var>}
-\newcommand{\mycmd@star}[<var>starred command number of args</var>]{<var>body of starred command</var>}
+\newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[<var>nostar-num-args</var>]{<var>nostar-body</var>}
+\newcommand{\mycmd@star}[<var>star-num-args</var>]{<var>star-body</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the
@@ -1117,7 +1163,7 @@ are <code>\mycmd@nostar</code> and <code>\mycmd@star</code>. They could take th
same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all.
As always, in a LaTeX document a command using at-sign&nbsp;<code>@</code>
must be enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>).
</p>
<p>This example of <code>\@ifstar</code> defines the command <code>\ciel</code> and a
variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to
@@ -1131,15 +1177,16 @@ variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to
</pre></div>
<p>In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
-arguments than does the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent
-007&rsquo;s <code>``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond},
-\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''</code> is equivalent to <code>``My name is
-\textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''</code>
+arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007&rsquo;s
+<code>``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond},
+\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''</code> is equivalent to entering the commands
+<code>``My name is \textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
\newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
-\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{\@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}}
+\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{%
+ \@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}}
</pre></div>
<p>There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work of
@@ -1157,10 +1204,48 @@ LaTeX3 has the <samp>xparse</samp> package that allows this code.
<hr>
+<a name="CTAN"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="CTAN_003a-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></a>
+<h3 class="section">2.5 CTAN: Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
+
+<a name="index-CTAN"></a>
+
+<p>The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and
+LaTeX community&rsquo;s repository of free material. It is a set of
+Internet sites around the world that offer material related to LaTeX
+for download. Visit CTAN on the web at <a href="https://ctan.org">https://ctan.org</a>.
+</p>
+<p>This material is organized into packages, discrete bundles that
+typically offer some coherent functionality and are maintained by one
+person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
+a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher&rsquo;s
+specifications.
+</p>
+<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the web site offers features such
+as search by name or by functionality.
+</p>
+<a name="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></a>
+<a name="index-mirrors-of-CTAN"></a>
+<p>CTAN is not a single site, but instead is a set of sites. One of the
+sites is the core. This site actively manages the material, for
+instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages. It is
+hosted by the German TeX group DANTE e.V. Other sites around the
+world help out by mirroring, that is, automatically syncing their
+collections with the core site and then in turn making their copies
+publicly available. This gives users close to their location better
+access and relieves the load on the core site. The list of mirrors is
+at <a href="https://ctan.org/mirrors">https://ctan.org/mirrors</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
<a name="Document-classes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Document-classes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2>
@@ -1187,27 +1272,27 @@ see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>.)
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>article</code></dt>
-<dd><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
+<dd><a name="document-classes-article"></a><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>book</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
+<dd><a name="document-classes-book"></a><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix
(see <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>letter</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels
+<dd><a name="document-classes-letter"></a><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels
(see <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>report</code></dt>
-<dd><p>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>,
+<dd><a name="document-classes-report"></a><p>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>,
such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>slides</code></dt>
-<dd><p>For slide presentations&mdash;rarely used today. In its place the
+<dd><a name="document-classes-slides"></a><p>For slide presentations&mdash;rarely used today. In its place the
<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent (see <a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -1229,7 +1314,7 @@ such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
<a name="Document-class-options"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Document-class-options-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3>
@@ -1239,9 +1324,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional package
<a name="index-class-options"></a>
<a name="index-global-options"></a>
-<p>You can specify so-called <em>global options</em> or <em>class options</em> to
-the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets.
-To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma, as in:
+<p>You can specify <em>global options</em> or <em>class options</em> to the
+<code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. To
+specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>}
@@ -1408,7 +1493,7 @@ the time at the bottom of each note.
<a name="Additional-packages"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package construction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document class options</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package construction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document class options</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Additional-packages-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.2 Additional packages</h3>
@@ -1439,7 +1524,7 @@ to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<a name="Class-and-package-construction"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Class-and-package-construction-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.3 Class and package construction</h3>
@@ -1465,7 +1550,7 @@ SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
<p>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>@</code> as a
character in command names without having to surround the code
containing that command with <code>\makeatletter</code> and
-<code>\makeatother</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>. This allow
+<code>\makeatother</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>. This allow
you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine.
Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with
some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with
@@ -1485,7 +1570,7 @@ others. For instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands
<a name="Class-and-package-structure"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Class-and-package-structure-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4>
@@ -1522,7 +1607,6 @@ most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and
loading other files.
</li></ol>
-
<p>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <samp>stub.cls</samp>
where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the
<samp>.tex</samp> file.
@@ -1546,11 +1630,12 @@ Class Guide, at
of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
<a href="https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</a>.
</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="Class-and-package-commands"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Class and package structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Class and package structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Class-and-package-commands-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4>
@@ -1648,10 +1733,10 @@ or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
<a name="index-package-options-1"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-class"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-package-1"></a>
-<p>Make an option available to a user, for invoking in their
+<p>Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
<code>\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code>smcmemo</code> class
-could have an option allowing users to put the institutional logo on the
-first page with <code>\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code>. The class file
+could have an option <code>\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code> allowing
+users to put the institutional logo on the first page. The class file
must contain <code>\DeclareOption{logo}{<var>code</var>}</code> (and later,
<code>\ProcessOptions</code>).
</p>
@@ -1700,14 +1785,14 @@ command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></a>
<a name="index-etoolbox-package"></a>
-
-<p>The <code>etoolbox</code> package offers commands <code>\newrobustcmd</code>,
-<code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>,
-<code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code> which are similar
-to <code>\newcommand</code>, <code>\newcommand*</code>, <code>\renewcommand</code>,
-<code>\renewcommand*</code>, <code>\providecommand</code>, and
-<code>\providecommand*</code>, but define a robust <var>cmd</var> with two advantages
-as compared to <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code>:
+<p>The <samp>etoolbox</samp> package offers the commands
+<code>\newrobustcmd</code>, <code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands
+<code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands
+<code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code>. These are
+similar to <code>\newcommand</code>, <code>\newcommand*</code>,
+<code>\renewcommand</code>, <code>\renewcommand*</code>, <code>\providecommand</code>, and
+<code>\providecommand*</code>, but define a robust <var>cmd</var> with two
+advantages as compared to <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code>:
</p><ol>
<li> They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than the
higher level LaTeX <code>\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur
@@ -1725,12 +1810,17 @@ commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
<dt><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>file name</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cIfFileExists"></a>
<a name="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></a>
-<p>Execute <var>true code</var> if LaTeX can find the file <samp><var>file
-name</var></samp> and <var>false code</var> otherwise. In the second case it inputs the
-file immediately after executing <var>true code</var>. Thus
-<code>\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{\includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{WARNING:
-img.pdf not found}}</code> will include the graphic <samp>img.pdf</samp> if it is
-found but otherwise just give a warning.
+<p>Execute <var>true code</var> if LaTeX finds the file <samp><var>file
+name</var></samp> or <var>false code</var> otherwise. In the first case it executing
+<var>true code</var> and then inputs the file. Thus the command
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
+ \includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{!! img.pdf not found}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will include the graphic <samp>img.pdf</samp> if it is found and otherwise
+give a warning.
</p>
<p>This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX uses,
not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
@@ -1753,12 +1843,16 @@ list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release info</var>]</code>. An example
<var>release date</var> is optional. If present it must have the form
<var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>.
</p>
-<p>If you request a <var>release date</var> and the date of
-the package installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning
-on the screen and in the log like <code>You have requested, on input
-line 4, version `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only version
-`2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class' is available.</code>
+<p>If you request a <var>release date</var> and the date of the package
+installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the
+screen and in the log like this.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
+document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
+Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
+</pre></div>
+
<p>The command version <code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of
options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
to it via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command
@@ -1792,10 +1886,13 @@ like &lsquo;<samp>This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.</samp>&rsq
features, include the optional <var>format date</var> on which those features
were implemented. If present it must be in the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
-<var>format date</var> then you get a warning like &lsquo;<samp>You have requested
-release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is
-available.</samp>&rsquo;
+<var>format date</var> then you get a warning like this.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
+release `2016/02/01' is available.
+</pre></div>
+
</dd>
<dt><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cOptionNotUsed"></a>
@@ -1822,17 +1919,22 @@ options.)
</p>
<p>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse
that to once, for example replacing the two
-<code>\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}</code>
-with the single
-<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}</code>. But if you
-are loading a package that in turn loads another package then you need
-to queue up the options you desire for this other package. For
-instance, suppose the package <code>foo</code> loads the package
-<code>geometry</code>. Instead of
-<code>\RequirePackage{foo}\RequirePackage[draft]{graphics}</code> you must
-write <code>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphics}
-\RequirePackage{foo}</code>. (If <code>foo.sty</code> loads an option in conflict
-with what you want then you may have to look into altering its source.)
+<code>\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}</code> and
+<code>\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}</code> with the single command
+<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>However, imagine that you are loading <samp>firstpkg</samp> and inside that
+package it loads <samp>secondpkg</samp>, and you need the second package to be
+loaded with option <code>draft</code>. Then before doing the first package
+you must queue up the options for the second package, like this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
+\RequirePackage{firstpkg}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>(If <code>firstpkg.sty</code> loads an option in conflict with what you want
+then you may have to alter its source.)
</p>
<p>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code>graphicx</code>
@@ -1883,7 +1985,6 @@ options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
means that the global options are processed first.
</p>
-
</dd>
<dt><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
@@ -1891,34 +1992,36 @@ means that the global options are processed first.
<dt><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cProvidesClass"></a>
<a name="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></a>
-<p>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and the log file.
+<p>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and
+the log file.
</p>
-<p>When a user writes <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then LaTeX loads
-the file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp>. Similarly, a user writing
-<code>\usepackage{test}</code> prompts LaTeX to load the file
-<code>test.sty</code>. If the name of the file does not match the declared
-class or package name then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
+<p>When you load a class or package, for example with
+<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> or <code>\usepackage{test}</code>, LaTeX
+inputs a file. If the name of the file does not match the class or
+package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>, and the file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp> has
the statement <code>\ProvidesClass{xxx}</code> then you get a warning like
<code>You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
class provides 'xxx'.</code> This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
processing the rest of the class file normally.
</p>
-<p>If you include the optional argument, then you must include the date, before
-the first space if any, and it must have the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest
-of the optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies
-the class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the
-log file. Thus, if your file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp> contains the line
-<code>\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and your
-document&rsquo;s first line is <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then you will
-see <code>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</code>.
+<p>If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
+before any spaces, of the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest of the
+optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the
+class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the log
+file. Thus, if your file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp> contains the line
+<code>\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and
+your document&rsquo;s first line is <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then you
+will see <code>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</code>.
</p>
<p>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask
-to be warned if the version of the class or package installed on their
-system is earlier than <var>release date</var>, by using the optional arguments
-such as <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</code> or
-<code>\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</code>. (Note that package users only
-rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
+to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier than
+<var>release date</var>. For instance, a user could enter
+<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</code> or
+<code>\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</code> to require a class or package
+with certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier
+than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only rarely
+include a date, and class users almost never do.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>file name</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code></dt>
@@ -1935,11 +2038,10 @@ file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
<dt><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cRequirePackage"></a>
<a name="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></a>
-<p>Load a package, like the document author command <code>\usepackage</code>.
-See <a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>. An example is
-<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</code>. Note that the
-LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of these commands over
-Plain&nbsp;TeX&rsquo;s <code>\input</code>; see the Class Guide.
+<p>Load a package, like the command <code>\usepackage</code> (see <a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of
+these commands over Plain&nbsp;TeX&rsquo;s <code>\input</code>; see the Class
+Guide. An example is
+<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</code>.
</p>
<p>The <var>option list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
<var>release date</var>, if present, must have the form <var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If
@@ -1968,7 +2070,7 @@ causes LaTeX to give error like <code>\usepackage before
<a name="Fonts"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Fonts-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">4 Fonts</h2>
@@ -1993,7 +2095,7 @@ and a style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here.
<a name="Font-styles"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Font-styles-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.1 Font styles</h3>
@@ -2004,30 +2106,28 @@ Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href
<p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
</p>
-<p>This first group of commands is typically used with an argument, as in
-<code>\textit{<var>text</var>}</code>. In the table below, the corresponding
-command in parenthesis is the &ldquo;declaration form&rdquo;, which takes no
-arguments, as in <code>{\itshape <var>text</var>}</code>. The scope of the
-declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of
-the current group.
-</p>
-<p>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form,
-are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or
-<code>\bfseries\sffamily</code> to get bold sans serif.
+<p>In the table below the listed commands, the <code>\text...</code> commands,
+is used with an argument, as in <code>\textit{<var>text</var>}</code>. This is
+the preferred form. But shown after it, in parenthesis, is the
+corresponding declaration form, which is sometimes useful. This form
+takes no arguments, as in <code>{\itshape <var>text</var>}</code>. The scope of
+the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
+of the current group. In addition, each has an environment form such as
+<code>\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}</code>.
</p>
-<p>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for
-instance, <code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>.
+<p>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, are
+cumulative; for instance you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
+<code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cnocorrlist"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnocorr"></a>
-<p>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections
-if needed. (See <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>, for the details of italic corrections.)
-Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following
-character is in the list <code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists
-of a period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of
-italic correction, use <code>\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the
-command argument, such as <code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or
-<code>\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>.
+<p>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic
+corrections if needed (see <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>). Specifically, they insert the
+italic correction unless the following character is in the list
+<code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists of a period and a comma.
+To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
+<code>\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the command argument, such as
+<code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or <code>\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code></dt>
@@ -2102,10 +2202,14 @@ text</var> \emph{<var>middle text</var>} <var>end text</var>}</code> will result
will be in roman.
</p>
<p>LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
-switch to the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative. Also,
-they are used differently than the above commands:
-<code>{\<var>cmd</var>...}</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. These
-are two unrelated constructs.
+switch to the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative. They are
+used as declarations: <code>{\<var>cmd</var>...}</code> instead of
+<code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>(The unconditional commands below are an older version of font
+switching. The earlier commands are an improvement in most
+circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is precisely
+what you want.)
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bf</code>
@@ -2172,13 +2276,6 @@ are two unrelated constructs.
<p>The <code>\em</code> command is the unconditional version of <code>\emph</code>.
</p>
-<p>(Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such
-as <code>\tt</code>, obsolete and that only the cumulative commands
-(<code>\texttt</code>) should be used. Others think that both sets of
-commands have their place and sometimes an unconditional font switch
-is precisely what you want; for one example,
-see <a href="#description"><code>description</code></a>.)
-</p>
<p>The following commands are for use in math mode. They are not
cumulative, so <code>\mathbf{\mathit{<var>symbol</var>}}</code> does not
create a boldface and italic <var>symbol</var>; instead, it will just be in
@@ -2253,7 +2350,7 @@ are provided to make them the default. FAQ entry:
<a name="Font-sizes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Font-sizes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.2 Font sizes</h3>
@@ -2292,17 +2389,28 @@ size used (in points) with the &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>11p
<tr><td><code>\Huge</code></td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
</table>
-<p>The commands as listed here are &ldquo;declaration forms&rdquo;. The scope of
-the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the
-end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of
-these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.
+<p>The commands are listed here in declaration forms. You use them by
+declaring them, as with this example.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{quotation} \small
+ The Tao that can be named is not the eternal Tao.
+\end{quotation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The scope of the <code>\small</code> lasts until the end of the
+<code>quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type style
+command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it in
+extra curly braces <code>{\small We are here, we are here, we are
+here!}</code>. You can instead use the environment form of these commands;
+for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.3 Low-level font commands</h3>
@@ -2315,6 +2423,7 @@ packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
+<dd><a name="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\fontencoding{<var>encoding</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontencoding"></a>
<p>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
@@ -2326,7 +2435,7 @@ accented characters used by the most widespread European languages
hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</a>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontfamily"></a>
<a name="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></a>
@@ -2334,7 +2443,7 @@ hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
<p>Select the font family. The web page
<a href="http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/">http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/</a> provides one way to browse
through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are
-examples of some common families:
+examples of some common families.
</p>
<table>
<tr><td><code>pag</code></td><td>Avant Garde</td></tr>
@@ -2360,7 +2469,7 @@ examples of some common families:
</table>
-</dd>
+<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontseries"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontseries"></a>
<a name="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></a>
@@ -2395,7 +2504,6 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include:
<p>The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and
relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
</p>
-
<table>
<tr><td><code>uc</code></td><td>Ultra condensed</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>ec</code></td><td>Extra condensed</td></tr>
@@ -2408,7 +2516,6 @@ relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
<tr><td><code>ux</code></td><td>Ultra expanded</td></tr>
</table>
-
<p>When forming the <var>series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the
<code>m</code> that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both
weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
@@ -2418,7 +2525,7 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
<dt><code>\fontshape{<var>shape</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontshape"></a>
<a name="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></a>
-<p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
+<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></a><p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</p>
<table>
<tr><td><code>n</code></td><td>Upright (normal)</td></tr>
@@ -2429,11 +2536,10 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
<tr><td><code>ol</code></td><td>Outline</td></tr>
</table>
-
<p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and
small caps are often missing as well.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\fontsize{<var>size</var>}{<var>skip</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontsize"></a>
<a name="index-font-size"></a>
@@ -2446,7 +2552,7 @@ the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>.
Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is
reset every time a size change happens; see <code>\baselinestretch</code>, next.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="low-level-font-commands-baselinestretch"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\baselinestretch</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></a>
<p>LaTeX multiplies the line spacing by the value of the
@@ -2466,7 +2572,7 @@ options, this package keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
captions. See the package documentation.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="low-level-font-commands-linespread"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005clinespread"></a>
<p>Equivalent to
@@ -2475,7 +2581,7 @@ therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect.
Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as
just described.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="low-level-font-commands-selectfont"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\selectfont</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cselectfont"></a>
<p>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
@@ -2485,7 +2591,7 @@ to put this in a macro:<br>
<code>\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont}</code><br>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>).
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="low-level-font-commands-usefont"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\usefont{<var>enc</var>}{<var>family</var>}{<var>series</var>}{<var>shape</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cusefont"></a>
<p>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
@@ -2504,7 +2610,7 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<a name="Layout"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Layout-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2>
@@ -2533,7 +2639,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <
<a name="g_t_005conecolumn"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3>
@@ -2541,18 +2647,23 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up:
<a name="index-_005conecolumn"></a>
<a name="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></a>
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\onecolumn
+</pre></div>
+
<p>Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document is
given the class option <code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default
-behavior (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
-</p>
-<p>This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+behavior (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\onecolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\onecolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3>
@@ -2570,21 +2681,20 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>,
<p>Start a new page and produce two-column output. If the document is given
the class option <code>twocolumn</code> then this is the default
-(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
+(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>If the optional <var>prelim one column text</var> argument
is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column
typesetting starts.
</p>
-<p>This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
-</p>
<p>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\columnsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnsep"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
+<dd><a name="twocolumn-columnsep"></a><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
command such as <code>\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code> You must change
it before the two column environment starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
@@ -2593,7 +2703,7 @@ place.
<dt><code>\columnseprule</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between
+<dd><a name="twocolumn-columnseprule"></a><p>The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between
the two columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule.
Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}</code>, before the two-column
@@ -2603,7 +2713,7 @@ environment starts.
<dt><code>\columnwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
+<dd><a name="twocolumn-columnwidth"></a><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the
width of each of the two columns to be half of <code>\textwidth</code> minus
<code>\columnsep</code>.
@@ -2618,6 +2728,7 @@ and see <a href="#table">table</a>). LaTeX places starred floats at the top of a
The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
+<dd><a name="twocolumn-dbltopfraction"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\dbltopfraction</code>
<a name="index-_005cdbltopfraction"></a>
</dt>
@@ -2639,10 +2750,10 @@ the bulky float on a page by itself, as well as at the top of a page.
to avoid going to float pages so soon.
</li></ul>
-<p>You can redefine it, for instance with
+<p>You can redefine it, as with
<code>\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code>
<a name="index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"></a>
</dt>
@@ -2650,7 +2761,7 @@ to avoid going to float pages so soon.
that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
LaTeX&rsquo;s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="twocolumn-dblfloatsep"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\dblfloatsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cdblfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
@@ -2660,7 +2771,7 @@ between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at
<code>12pt</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
@@ -2668,7 +2779,7 @@ between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt
minus4pt</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="twocolumn-dbltopnumber"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\dbltopnumber</code>
<a name="index-_005cdbltopnumber"></a>
</dt>
@@ -2707,7 +2818,7 @@ Two column text here.
<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raggedbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raggedbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3>
@@ -2737,7 +2848,7 @@ is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\flushbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\flushbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3>
@@ -2758,7 +2869,7 @@ option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
<a name="Page-layout-parameters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raggedbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raggedbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Page-layout-parameters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3>
@@ -2783,7 +2894,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="
<dd><a name="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></a>
-<p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-columnsep"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth"></a><p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
See <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>.
@@ -2793,7 +2904,7 @@ See <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>.
<a name="index-_005cheadheight"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cheadheight-1"></a>
-<p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-headheight"></a><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is &lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;,
at all type sizes.
</p>
@@ -2802,7 +2913,7 @@ at all type sizes.
<a name="index-_005cheadsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cheadsep-1"></a>
-<p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-headsep"></a><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is &lsquo;<samp>25pt</samp>&rsquo;. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if the
document is set at 10pt then it is &lsquo;<samp>0.25in</samp>&rsquo;, and at 11pt and 12pt
@@ -2813,7 +2924,7 @@ it is &lsquo;<samp>0.275in</samp>&rsquo;.
<a name="index-_005cfootskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfootskip-1"></a>
-<p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-footskip"></a><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is &lsquo;<samp>30pt</samp>&rsquo;. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: when
the type size is 10pt the default is &lsquo;<samp>0.35in</samp>&rsquo;, while at 11pt it is
@@ -2824,7 +2935,7 @@ the type size is 10pt the default is &lsquo;<samp>0.35in</samp>&rsquo;, while at
<a name="index-_005clinewidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005clinewidth-1"></a>
-<p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-linewidth"></a><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
(see <a href="#list">list</a>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
equal <code>\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code>\linewidth</code>
is decreased by the sum of that list&rsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
@@ -2843,7 +2954,7 @@ is decreased by the sum of that list&rsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
<dd><a name="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></a>
-<p>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-marginsep"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth"></a><p>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal
width of the notes.
</p>
@@ -2876,7 +2987,7 @@ distance.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></a>
-<p>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is the extra distance between the left side of
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin"></a><p>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is the extra distance between the left side of
the page and the text&rsquo;s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the
document class option <code>twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when
<code>oneside</code> is in effect. When <code>twoside</code> is in effect, on
@@ -2892,8 +3003,8 @@ difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and
<a name="index-_005cpaperheight"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></a>
-<p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
-It is normally set with a document class option, as in
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-paperheight"></a><p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
+Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -2901,8 +3012,8 @@ It is normally set with a document class option, as in
<a name="index-_005cpaperwidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></a>
-<p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
-It is normally set with a document class option, as in
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth"></a><p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
+Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -2910,7 +3021,7 @@ It is normally set with a document class option, as in
<a name="index-_005ctextheight"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextheight-1"></a>
-<p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-textheight"></a><p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code>
the default is &lsquo;<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo;, while for a <code>book</code> it is
&lsquo;<samp>41\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo;. At a type size of 11pt the default is
@@ -2922,7 +3033,7 @@ the default is &lsquo;<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo;, while for a <code>boo
<a name="index-_005ctextwidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></a>
-<p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-textwidth"></a><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is &lsquo;<samp>345pt</samp>&rsquo;
when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is &lsquo;<samp>360pt</samp>&rsquo; at 11pt,
and it is &lsquo;<samp>390pt</samp>&rsquo; at 12pt. For a <code>book</code> document, the default
@@ -2942,8 +3053,11 @@ specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005chsize"></a>
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-hsize"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>\hsize</code>
<a name="index-_005chsize-1"></a>
-<p>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the TeX
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the TeX
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
be used in normal LaTeX documents.
</p>
@@ -2952,7 +3066,7 @@ be used in normal LaTeX documents.
<a name="index-_005ctopmargin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-topmargin"></a>
-<p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-topmargin"></a><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed
based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight - 2in -
\headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip</code>,
@@ -2963,7 +3077,7 @@ and then divided by two.
<a name="index-_005ctopskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctopskip-1"></a>
-<p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
+<a name="page-layout-parameters-topskip"></a><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; at a type size of 10pt.
</p>
@@ -2975,7 +3089,7 @@ same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; at a type size of 1
<a name="Floats"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page layout parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page layout parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Floats-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.6 Floats</h3>
@@ -3094,7 +3208,7 @@ non-float text (change them with
<a name="index-_005cbottomfraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></a>
-<p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
+<a name="floats-bottomfraction"></a><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default &lsquo;<samp>.3</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -3102,7 +3216,7 @@ the bottom; default &lsquo;<samp>.3</samp>&rsquo;.
<a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></a>
-<p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
+<a name="floats-floatpagefraction"></a><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default &lsquo;<samp>.5</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -3110,7 +3224,7 @@ default &lsquo;<samp>.5</samp>&rsquo;.
<a name="index-_005ctextfraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></a>
-<p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
+<a name="floats-textfraction"></a><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page. The default is &lsquo;<samp>.2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
@@ -3119,20 +3233,21 @@ different page. The default is &lsquo;<samp>.2</samp>&rsquo;.
<a name="index-_005ctopfraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></a>
-<p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
+<a name="floats-topfraction"></a><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default &lsquo;<samp>.7</samp>&rsquo;.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats (change them with
-<code>\setlength{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>length expression</var>}</code>):
+<p>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats (change them with a
+command of the form <code>\setlength{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>length
+expression</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\floatsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></a>
-<p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
+<a name="floats-floatsep"></a><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
&lsquo;<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -3140,7 +3255,7 @@ floats; default &lsquo;<samp>.7</samp>&rsquo;.
<a name="index-_005cintextsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cintextsep-1"></a>
-<p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
+<a name="floats-intextsep"></a><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
&lsquo;<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>&rsquo; for 10 point and 11 point documents,
and &lsquo;<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>&rsquo; for 12 point documents.
</p>
@@ -3149,20 +3264,21 @@ and &lsquo;<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>&rsquo; for 12 point documents.
<a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></a>
-<p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
+<a name="floats-textfloatsep"></a><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default &lsquo;<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page (change them with
-<code>\setcounter{<var>ctrname</var>}{<var>natural number</var>}</code>):
+<p>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page (change them with a
+command of the form <code>\setcounter{<var>ctrname</var>}{<var>natural
+number</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>bottomnumber</code>
<a name="index-bottomnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bottomnumber-1"></a>
-<p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
+<a name="floats-bottomnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -3170,7 +3286,7 @@ default 1.
<a name="index-dbltopnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dbltopnumber-1"></a>
-<p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
+<a name="floats-dbltopnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -3178,7 +3294,7 @@ two-column page; default 2.
<a name="index-topnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-topnumber-1"></a>
-<p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
+<a name="floats-topnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -3186,7 +3302,7 @@ default 2.
<a name="index-totalnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-totalnumber-1"></a>
-<p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
+<a name="floats-totalnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -3204,111 +3320,746 @@ LaTeX?&rdquo;
<a name="Sectioning"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Sectioning-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2>
<a name="index-sectioning-commands"></a>
-
-<p>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
-</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\part</code>
+<a name="index-part"></a>
+<a name="index-chapter"></a>
+<a name="index-section"></a>
+<a name="index-subsection"></a>
+<a name="index-paragraph"></a>
+<a name="index-subparagraph"></a>
<a name="index-_005cpart"></a>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\chapter</code>
<a name="index-_005cchapter"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>(<code>report</code> and <code>book</code> class only)
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\section</code>
<a name="index-_005csection"></a>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\subsection</code>
<a name="index-_005csubsection"></a>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\subsubsection</code>
-<a name="index-_005csubsubsection"></a>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\paragraph</code>
<a name="index-_005cparagraph"></a>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\subparagraph</code>
<a name="index-_005csubparagraph"></a>
+
+<p>Structure your text into divisions: parts, chapters, sections, etc. All
+sectioning commands have the same form, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>sectioning-command</var>{<var>title</var>}
+<var>sectioning-command</var>*{<var>title</var>}
+<var>sectioning-command</var>[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For instance, declare the start of a subsection as with
+<code>\subsection{Motivation}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The table has each <var>sectioning-command</var> in LaTeX. All are
+available in all of LaTeX&rsquo;s standard document classes <code>book</code>,
+<code>report</code>, and&nbsp;<code>article</code>, except that <code>\chapter</code> is
+not available in <code>article</code>.
+</p>
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th width="25%">Sectioning unit</th><th width="25%">Command</th><th width="40%">Level</th></tr></thead>
+<tr><td width="25%">Part</td><td width="25%"><code>\part</code></td><td width="40%">-1 (<code>book</code>, <code>report</code>), 0 (<code>article</code>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Chapter</td><td width="25%"><code>\chapter</code></td><td width="40%">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Section</td><td width="25%"><code>\section</code></td><td width="40%">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Subsection</td><td width="25%"><code>\subsection</code></td><td width="40%">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Subsubsection</td><td width="25%"><code>\subsubsection</code></td><td width="40%">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Paragraph</td><td width="25%"><code>\paragraph</code></td><td width="40%">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Subparagraph</td><td width="25%"><code>\subparagraph</code></td><td width="40%">5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></a>
+<p>All these commands have a <code>*</code>-form that prints <var>title</var> as usual
+but is not numbered and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
+An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code> . The
+input <code>\appendix\section{Appendix}</code> gives the output &lsquo;<samp>A
+Appendix</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a>). You can lose the numbering&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo;
+by instead entering <code>\section*{Appendix}</code> (articles often omit a
+table of contents and have simple page headers so the other differences
+from the <code>\section</code> command may not matter).
+</p>
+<p>The section title <var>title</var> provides the heading in the main text, but
+it may also appear in the table of contents and in the running head or
+foot (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). You may not want the same text in these
+places as in the main text. All of these commands have an optional
+argument <var>toc-title</var> for these other places.
+</p>
+<p>The level number in the table above determines which sectional units are
+numbered, and which appear in the table of contents. If the sectioning
+command&rsquo;s <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
+<code>secnumdepth</code> then the titles for this sectioning command will be
+numbered (see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>). And, if <var>level</var> is less
+than or equal to the value of the counter <code>tocdepth</code> then the table
+of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit
+(see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX expects that before you have a <code>\subsection</code> you will have
+a <code>\section</code> and, in a book, that before a <code>\section</code> you will
+have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get a something like a
+subsection numbered &lsquo;<samp>3.0.1</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Two counters relate to the appearance of sectioning commands.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>secnumdepth</code>
+<a name="index-secnumdepth"></a>
</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a>
+<a name="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a>
+<a name="sectioning-secnumdepth"></a><a name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning commands are
+numbered. Suppress numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than
+<var>level</var> <code>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
+instance, if the <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then a
+<code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like &lsquo;<samp>1
+Introduction</samp>&rsquo; while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will produce output
+like &lsquo;<samp>Discussion</samp>&rsquo;, without the number. LaTeX&rsquo;s default
+<code>secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <samp>article</samp> class and &nbsp;2 in the
+<samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>tocdepth</code>
+<a name="index-tocdepth"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-tocdepth-counter"></a>
+<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></a>
+<a name="sectioning-tocdepth"></a><a name="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
+The setting <code>\setcounter{tocdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> makes the
+sectioning units at <var>level</var> be the smallest ones listed
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
+instance, if <code>tocdepth</code> is&nbsp;1 then the table of contents will
+list sections but not subsections. LaTeX&rsquo;s default
+<code>secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <samp>article</samp> class and &nbsp;2 in the
+<samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes.
+</p>
+</dd>
</dl>
-<p>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1">\part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a part.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2">\chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a chapter.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3">\section</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a section.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4">\subsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a subsection.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Lower divisions.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6">\appendix</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start appendices.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The three parts of a book.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8">\@startsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of sectional units.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cpart"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\chapter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cpart-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\part</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005cpart-1"></a>
+<a name="index-part-1"></a>
+<a name="index-sectioning_002c-part"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example">\part{<var>title</var>}
+\part*{<var>title</var>}
+\part[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>In addition to providing the heading <var>title</var> in the main text, the
-section title can appear in two other places:
+<p>Start a document part. The standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code>,
+<code>report</code>, and <code>article</code>, all have this command.
</p>
-<ol>
-<li> The table of contents.
-</li><li> The running head at the top of the page.
-</li></ol>
+<p>This produces a document part, in a book.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\part{VOLUME I \\
+ PERSONAL MEMOIRS OF U.\ S.\ GRANT}
+\chapter{ANCESTRY--BIRTH--BOYHOOD.}
+My family is American, and has been for generations,
+in all its branches, direct and collateral.
+</pre></div>
-<p>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
-To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
-<var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other
-places.
+<p>In each standard class the <code>\part</code> command outputs a part number
+such as &lsquo;<samp>Part I</samp>&rsquo;, alone on its line, in boldface, and in large
+type. Then LaTeX outputs <var>title</var>, also alone on its line, in
+bold and in even larger type. In class <code>book</code>, the LaTeX
+default puts each part alone on its own page. If the book is two-sided
+then LaTeX will skip a page if needed to have the new part on an
+odd-numbered page. In <code>report</code> it is again alone on a page, but
+LaTeX won&rsquo;t force it onto an odd-numbered page. In an <code>article</code>
+LaTeX does not put it on a fresh page, but instead outputs the part
+number and part title onto the main document page.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></a>
-<p>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print
-<var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
-entry in the table of contents. For instance:
+<p>The <code>*</code>&nbsp;form shows <var>title</var>
+but it does not show the part number, does not increment the
+<code>part</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the part title in
+the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>) and in running
+headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then <var>title</var>
+will be there. This example puts a line break in <var>title</var> but leaves
+out the break in the table of contents.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\part[Up from the bottom; my life]{Up from the bottom\\ my life}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
+the table of contents, the level number of a part is&nbsp;-1
+(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst"></a>
+<a name="index-indentfirst-package"></a>
+
+<p>In the class <code>article</code>, if a paragraph immediately follows the part
+title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package
+<samp>indentfirst</samp>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec"></a>
+<a name="index-titlesec-package"></a>
+
+<p>One package to change the behavior of <code>\part</code> is <samp>titlesec</samp>.
+See its documentation on CTAN.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cchapter"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\section</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\part</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cchapter-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005cchapter-1"></a>
+<a name="index-chapter-1"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\chapter{<var>title</var>}
+\chapter*{<var>title</var>}
+\chapter[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Start a chapter. The standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code> and
+<code>report</code> have this command but <code>article</code> does not.
+</p>
+<p>This produces a chapter.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section*{Preamble}
+<pre class="example">\chapter{Loomings}
+Call me Ishmael.
+Some years ago---never mind how long precisely---having little or no
+money in my purse, and nothing particular to interest me on shore, I
+thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of
+the world.
</pre></div>
+<p>The LaTeX default starts each chapter on a fresh page, an
+odd-numbered page if the document is two-sided. It produces a chapter
+number such as &lsquo;<samp>Chapter 1</samp>&rsquo; in large boldface type (the size is
+<code>\huge</code>). It then puts <var>title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface
+type that is still larger (size <code>\Huge</code>). It also increments the
+<code>chapter</code> counter, adds an entry to the table of contents
+(see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>), and sets the running header
+information (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The <code>*</code>&nbsp;form shows <var>title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface.
+But it does not show the chapter number, does not increment the
+<code>chapter</code> counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does
+not affect the running header. (If you use the page style
+<code>headings</code> in a two-sided document then the header will be from the
+prior chapter.) This example illustrates.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\chapter*{Preamble}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the chapter title
+in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>) and in
+running headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then
+<var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the chapter
+title,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\chapter[Weyl]{Hermann Klaus Hugo (Peter) Weyl (1885--1955)}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>but only &lsquo;<samp>Weyl</samp>&rsquo; on the contents page. This puts a line break in
+the title but that doesn&rsquo;t work well with running headers so it omits
+the break in the contents
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\chapter[Given it all\\ my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
+the table of contents, the level number of a chapter is&nbsp;0
+(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"></a>
+<a name="index-indentfirst-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>The paragraph that follows the chapter title is not indented, as is a
+standard typographical practice. To get an indent use the package
+<samp>indentfirst</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>You can change what is shown for the chapter number. To change it to
+something like &lsquo;<samp>Lecture 1</samp>&rsquo;, put in the preamble either
+<code>\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture}</code> or this
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\makeatletter
+\renewcommand{\@chapapp}{Lecture}
+\makeatother
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-babel"></a>
+<a name="index-babel-package"></a>
+
+<p>To make this change because of the primary language for
+the document, see the package <samp>babel</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>In a two-sided document LaTeX puts a chapter on odd-numbered page, if
+necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any
+running headers. To make that page completely blank,
+see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-1"></a>
+<a name="index-titlesec-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>To change the behavior of the <code>\chapter</code> command, you can copy its
+definition from the LaTeX format file and make adjustments. But
+there are also many packages on CTAN that address this. One is
+<samp>titlesec</samp>. See its documentation, but the example below gives a
+sense of what it can do.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
+\titleformat{\chapter}
+ {\Huge\bfseries} % format of title
+ {} % label, such as 1.2 for a subsection
+ {0pt} % length of separation between label and title
+ {} % before-code hook
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This omits the chapter number &lsquo;<samp>Chapter 1</samp>&rsquo; from the page but unlike
+<code>\chapter*</code> it keeps the chapter in the table of contents and the
+running headers.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005csection"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\subsection</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\chapter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005csection-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.3 <code>\section</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005csection-1"></a>
+<a name="index-section-1"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\section{<var>title</var>}
+\section*{<var>title</var>}
+\section[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Start a section. The standard LaTeX classes <code>article</code>,
+<code>book</code>, and <code>report</code> all have this command.
+</p>
+<p>This produces a section.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">In this Part we tend to be more interested in the function,
+in the input-output behavior,
+than in the details of implementing that behavior.
+
+\section{Turing machines}
+Despite this desire to downplay implementation,
+we follow the approach of A~Turing that the
+first step toward defining the set of computable functions
+is to reflect on the details of what mechanisms can do.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For the standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> the
+default output is like &lsquo;<samp>1.2 <var>title</var></samp>&rsquo; (for chapter&nbsp;1,
+section&nbsp;2), alone on its line and flush left, in boldface and a
+larger type (the type size is <code>\Large</code>). The same holds in
+<code>article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class so it
+looks like &lsquo;<samp>2 <var>title</var></samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>*</code>&nbsp;form shows <var>title</var>.
+But it does not show the section number, does not increment the
+<code>section</code> counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does
+not affect the running header. (If you use the page style
+<code>headings</code> in a two-sided document then the header will be from the
+prior section.)
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the section title
+in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>) and in
+running headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then
+<var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the title of the
+section,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\section[Elizabeth~II]{Elizabeth the Second,
+ by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom,
+ Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen,
+ Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>but only &lsquo;<samp>Elizabeth II</samp>&rsquo; on the contents page and in the headers.
+This has a line break in <var>title</var> but that does not work with headers
+so it is omitted from the contents and headers.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\section[Truth is, I cheated; my life story]{Truth is,
+ I cheated\\my life story}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
+the table of contents, the level number of a section is&nbsp;1
+(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"></a>
+<a name="index-indentfirst-package-2"></a>
+
+<p>The paragraph that follows the section title is not indented, as is a
+standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
+package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-2"></a>
+<a name="index-titlesec-package-2"></a>
+
+<p>In general, to change the behavior of the <code>\section</code> command, there
+are a number of options. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command
+(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
+address this, including <samp>titlesec</samp>. See the documentation but the
+example below gives a sense of what they can do.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
+\titleformat{\section}
+ {\normalfont\Large\bfseries} % format of title
+ {\makebox[1pc][r]{\thesection\hspace{1pc}}} % label
+ {0pt} % length of separation between label and title
+ {} % before-code hook
+\titlespacing*{\section}
+ {-1pc}{18pt}{10pt}[10pc]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>That puts the section number in the margin.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005csubsection"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="n" rel="next">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\section</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005csubsection-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005csubsection-1"></a>
+<a name="index-subsection-1"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\subsection{<var>title</var>}
+\subsection*{<var>title</var>}
+\subsection[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Start a subsection. The standard LaTeX classes <code>article</code>,
+<code>book</code>, and <code>report</code> all have this command.
+</p>
+<p>This produces a subsection.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">We will show that there are more functions than Turing machines and that
+therefore some functions have no associated machine.
+
+\subsection{Cardinality} We will begin with two paradoxes that
+dramatize the challenge to our intuition posed by comparing the sizes of
+infinite sets.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For the standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> the
+default output is like &lsquo;<samp>1.2.3 <var>title</var></samp>&rsquo; (for chapter&nbsp;1,
+section&nbsp;2, subsection&nbsp;3), alone on its line and flush left, in
+boldface and a larger type (the type size is <code>\large</code>). The same
+holds in <code>article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class
+so it looks like &lsquo;<samp>2.3 <var>title</var></samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>*</code>&nbsp;form shows <var>title</var>.
+But it does not show the section number, does not increment the
+<code>section</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the section title
+in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>). If it is
+not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in
+the title of the section,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of
+ Chemical Elements} by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>but only &lsquo;<samp>&#x03B1;,&#x03B2;,&#x03B3;
+paper</samp>&rsquo; on the contents page.
+</p>
+<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
+the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is&nbsp;2
+(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"></a>
+<a name="index-indentfirst-package-3"></a>
+
+<p>The paragraph that follows the subsection title is not indented, as is a
+standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
+package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-3"></a>
+<a name="index-titlesec-package-3"></a>
+
+<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the
+<code>\subsection</code> command. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command
+(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
+address this, including <samp>titlesec</samp>. See the documentation but the
+example below gives a sense of what they can do.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
+\titleformat{\subsection}[runin]
+ {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries} % format of the title
+ {\thesubsection} % label
+ {0.6em} % space between label and title
+ {} % before-code hook
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>That puts the subsection number and <var>title</var> in the first line of
+text.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="n" rel="next">\appendix</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\subsection</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+
+<a name="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005csubsubsection"></a>
+<a name="index-subsubsection"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cparagraph-1"></a>
+<a name="index-paragraph-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005csubparagraph-1"></a>
+<a name="index-subparagraph-1"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\subsubsection{<var>title</var>}
+\subsubsection*{<var>title</var>}
+\subsubsection[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\paragraph{<var>title</var>}
+\paragraph*{<var>title</var>}
+\paragraph[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\subparagraph{<var>title</var>}
+\subparagraph*{<var>title</var>}
+\subparagraph[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Start a subsubsection, paragraph, or subparagraph. The standard
+LaTeX classes <code>article</code>, <code>book</code>, and <code>report</code> all have
+these commands, although they are not commonly used.
+</p>
+<p>This produces a subsubsection.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\subsubsection{Piston ring compressors: structural performance}
+Provide exterior/interior wall cladding assemblies
+capable of withstanding the effects of load and stresses from
+consumer-grade gasoline engine piston rings.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The default output of each of the three does not change over the
+standard LaTeX classes <code>article</code>, <code>book</code>, and
+<code>report</code>. For <code>\subsubsection</code> the <var>title</var> is alone on
+its line, in boldface and normal size type. For <code>\paragraph</code> the
+<var>title</var> is inline with the text, not indented, in boldface and
+normal size type. For <code>\subparagraph</code> the <var>title</var> is inline
+with the text, with a paragraph indent, in boldface and normal size type
+(Because an <code>article</code> has no chapters its subsubsections are
+numbered and so it looks like &lsquo;<samp>1.2.3 <var>title</var></samp>&rsquo;, for
+section&nbsp;1, subsection&nbsp;2, and subsubsection&nbsp;3. The other
+two divisions are not numbered.)
+</p>
+<p>The <code>*</code>&nbsp;form shows <var>title</var>. But it does not increment the
+associated counter and produces no table of contents entry (and does not
+show the number for <code>\subsubsection</code>).
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the division title
+in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>). If it is
+not present then <var>title</var> will be there.
+</p>
+<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
+the table of contents, the level number of a subsubsection is&nbsp;3, of
+a paragraph is&nbsp;4, and of a subparagraph is&nbsp;5
+(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"></a>
+<a name="index-indentfirst-package-4"></a>
+
+<p>The paragraph that follows the subsubsection title is not indented, as is a
+standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
+package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-4"></a>
+<a name="index-titlesec-package-4"></a>
+
+<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these commands.
+One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a>).
+There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
+<samp>titlesec</samp>. See the documentation on CTAN.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cappendix"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+
+<a name="g_t_005cappendix-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></h3>
+
<a name="index-_005cappendix"></a>
-<a name="index-appendix_002c-creating"></a>
-<p>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units
-are numbered. The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text
-and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this
-command is something like
+<a name="index-appendix"></a>
+<a name="index-appendices"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter{A Chapter}
-&hellip;
-\appendix
-\chapter{The First Appendix}
+<pre class="example">\appendix
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a>
-<a name="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a>
-<a name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></a><p>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers.
-The setting
+<p>This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report it
+declares that subsequent <code>\chapter</code> commands start an appendix. In
+an article it does the same, for <code>\section</code> commands. It also
+resets the <code>chapter</code> and <code>section</code> counters to&nbsp;0 in a
+book or report, and in an article resets the <code>section</code> and
+<code>subsection</code> counters.
+</p>
+<p>In this book
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}
+<pre class="example">\chapter{One} ...
+\chapter{Two} ...
+ ...
+\appendix
+\chapter{Three} ...
+\chapter{Four} ...
</pre></div>
-<p>suppresses heading numbers at any depth <em>&gt; <var>level</var></em>, where
-<code>chapter</code> is level zero. The default <code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in
-LaTeX&rsquo;s <samp>article</samp> class and 2 in the <samp>book</samp> and
-<samp>report</samp> classes. (See <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>.)
+<p>the first two will generate output numbered &lsquo;<samp>Chapter 1</samp>&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;<samp>Chapter 2</samp>&rsquo;. After the <code>\appendix</code> the numbering will be
+&lsquo;<samp>Appendix A</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Appendix B</samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>
+for another example.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-appendix"></a>
+<a name="index-appendix-package"></a>
+<p>The <samp>appendix</samp> package adds the command
+<code>\appendixpage</code> to put a separate &lsquo;<samp>Appendices</samp>&rsquo; in the document
+body before the first appendix, and the command <code>\addappheadtotoc</code>
+to do the same in the table of contents. You can reset the name
+&lsquo;<samp>Appendix</samp>&rsquo; with a command like
+<code>\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}</code>, as well as a
+number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="1">\@startsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Redefine layout of start of sections, subsections, etc.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\@startsection</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\appendix</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+
+<a name="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005cfrontmatter"></a>
+<a name="index-book_002c-front-matter"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cmainmatter"></a>
+<a name="index-book_002c-main-matter"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cbackmatter"></a>
+<a name="index-book_002c-back-matter"></a>
+<a name="index-book_002c-end-matter"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\frontmatter
+\mainmatter
+\backmatter
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Format a <code>book</code> class document differently according to which part
+of the document is being produced. All three commands are optional.
+</p>
+<p>Traditionally, a book&rsquo;s front matter contains such things as the title
+page, an abstract, a table of contents, a preface, a list of notations,
+a list of figures, and a list of tables. (Some of these front matter
+pages, such as the title page, are traditionally not numbered.) The
+back matter may contain such things as a glossary, notes, a
+bibliography, and an index.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\frontmatter</code> declaration makes the pages numbered in
+lowercase roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each
+chapter&rsquo;s title appears in the table of contents; if you use other
+sectioning commands here, use the <code>*</code>-version (see <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>).
+The <code>\mainmatter</code> changes the behavior back to the expected
+version, and resets the page number. The <code>\backmatter</code> leaves the
+page numbering alone but switches the chapters back to being not
+numbered. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for an example using the three.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\@startsection</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005c_0040startsection"></a>
<a name="index-section_002c-redefining"></a>
@@ -3330,13 +4081,27 @@ the standard LaTeX <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes the command
make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command.
</p>
<p>Technically, <code>\@startsection</code> has the form
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}
+ {<var>level</var>}
+ {<var>indent</var>}
+ {<var>beforeskip</var>}
+ {<var>afterskip</var>}
+ {<var>style</var>}*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>(the star&nbsp;<code>*</code> is optional), so that issuing
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}}
+
+<p>so that issuing
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var>name</var>}
+ {<var>level</var>}
+ {<var>indent</var>}
+ {<var>beforeskip</var>}
+ {<var>afterskip</var>}
+ {<var>style</var>}}
</pre></div>
+
<p>redefines <code>\section</code> to have the form
<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code> (here too, the
star&nbsp;<code>*</code> is optional). See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>. This implies that
@@ -3346,12 +4111,11 @@ the examples below.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>name</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter used to number the
-sectioning header. This counter must be defined separately. Most
-commonly this is either <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or
-<code>paragraph</code>. Although in those three cases the counter name is the
-same as the sectioning command itself, using the same name is not
-required.
+<dd><a name="startsection-name"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This counter
+must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either
+<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or <code>paragraph</code>. Although in
+those cases the counter name is the same as the sectioning command
+itself, you don&rsquo;t have to use the same name.
</p>
<p>Then <code>\the</code><var>name</var> displays the title number and
<code>\</code><var>name</var><code>mark</code> is for the page headers. See the third
@@ -3359,44 +4123,39 @@ example below.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>level</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></a><p>An integer giving the depth of the
-sectioning command: 0 for <code>chapter</code> (only applies to the standard
-<code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes), 1 for <code>section</code>, 2 for
-<code>subsection</code>, 3 for <code>subsubsection</code>, 4 for <code>paragraph</code>,
-and 5 for <code>subparagraph</code>. In the <code>book</code> and <code>report</code>
-classes <code>part</code> has level -1, while in the <code>article</code> class
-<code>part</code> has level 0.
-</p>
-<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <code>secnumdepth</code>
-then the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered. For
-instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 then a
-<code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like &ldquo;1
+<dd><a name="startsection-level"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></a><p>An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command.
+See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a> for the list of standard level numbers.
+</p>
+<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
+<code>secnumdepth</code> then titles for this sectioning command will be
+numbered (see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>). For instance, if
+<code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then the command
+<code>\section{Introduction}</code> will produce output like &ldquo;1
Introduction&rdquo; while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will produce
output like &ldquo;Discussion&rdquo;, without the number prefix.
-See <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>.
</p>
-<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <var>tocdepth</var> then
-the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit.
-For instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <var>tocdepth</var> is 1 then the table of
-contents will list sections but not subsections.
+<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
+<var>tocdepth</var> then the table of contents will have an entry for this
+sectioning unit (see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). For instance, in an
+<code>article</code>, if <var>tocdepth</var> is 1 then the table of contents will
+list sections but not subsections.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>indent</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></a><p>A length giving the indentation of all
-of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the title
-flush with the margin use <code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as
-<code>-\parindent</code> will move the title into the left margin.
+<dd><a name="startsection-indent"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></a><p>A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect
+to the left margin. To have the title flush with the margin use
+<code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as <code>-\parindent</code> will move
+the title into the left margin.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>beforeskip</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></a><p>The absolute value of this length is
-the amount of vertical space that is inserted before this sectioning
-unit&rsquo;s title. This space will be discarded if the sectioning unit
-happens to start at the top of a fresh page. If this number is negative
-then the first paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is
-non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the
-negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus
--3pt</code>.)
+<dd><a name="startsection-beforeskip"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></a><p>The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that
+is inserted before this sectioning unit&rsquo;s title. This space will be
+discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the top of a fresh
+page. If this number is negative then the first paragraph following the
+header is not indented, if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
+is indented. (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code>
+is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
</p>
<p>For example, if <var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>
then to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times
@@ -3417,14 +4176,13 @@ page.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>afterskip</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></a><p>This is a length. If <var>afterskip</var>
-is non-negative then this is the vertical space inserted after the
-sectioning unit&rsquo;s title header. If it is negative then the title header
-becomes a run-in header, so that it becomes part of the next paragraph.
-In this case the absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space
-between the end of the title and the beginning of the following
-paragraph. (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is
-<code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
+<dd><a name="startsection-afterskip"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></a><p>This is a length. If <var>afterskip</var> is non-negative then this is the
+vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit&rsquo;s title header. If it
+is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so that it
+becomes part of the next paragraph. In this case the absolute value of
+the length gives the horizontal space between the end of the title and
+the beginning of the following paragraph. (Note that the negative of
+<code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
</p>
<p>As with <var>beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length, with <code>plus</code> and
<code>minus</code> components, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX
@@ -3442,37 +4200,38 @@ header&rsquo;s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>style</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></a><p>Controls the styling of the title. See
-the examples below. Typical commands to use here are <code>\centering</code>,
-<code>\raggedright</code>, <code>\normalfont</code>, <code>\hrule</code>, or
-<code>\newpage</code>. The last command in <var>style</var> may be one such as
-<code>\MakeUppercase</code> or <code>\fbox</code> that takes one argument. The
+<dd><a name="startsection-style"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></a><p>Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. Typical
+commands to use here are <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>,
+<code>\normalfont</code>, <code>\hrule</code>, or <code>\newpage</code>. The last command
+in <var>style</var> may be one that takes one argument, such as
+<code>\MakeUppercase</code> or <code>\fbox</code> that takes one argument. The
section title will be supplied as the argument to this command. For
instance, setting <var>style</var> to <code>\bfseries\MakeUppercase</code> would
-produce titles that are bold and upper case.
+produce titles that are bold and uppercase.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>These are LaTeX&rsquo;s defaults for the first three sectioning units that
are defined with <code>\@startsection</code>, for the <samp>article</samp>,
-<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes.
+<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes. For section, the <var>level</var> is
+1, the <var>indent</var> is 0pt, the <var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex
+plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, the <var>afterskip</var> is <code>2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code>,
+and the <var>style</var> is <code>\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code>. For
+subsection, the <var>level</var> is 2, the <var>indent</var> is 0pt, the
+<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, the
+<var>afterskip</var> is <code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and the <var>style</var> is
+<code>\normalfont\large\bfseries</code>. For subsubsection, the <var>level</var>
+is 3, the <var>indent</var> is 0pt, the <var>beforeskip</var> is
+<code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, the <var>afterskip</var> is
+<code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and the <var>style</var> is
+<code>\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code>.
</p>
-<table>
-<thead><tr><th width="10%"></th><th width="30%"><code>section</code></th><th width="30%"><code>subsection</code></th><th width="30%"><code>subsubsection</code></th></tr></thead>
-<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a></td><td width="30%">section</td><td width="30%">subsection</td><td width="30%">subsubsection</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a></td><td width="30%">1</td><td width="30%">2</td><td width="30%">3</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>0pt</code></td><td width="30%"><code>0pt</code></td><td width="30%"><code>0pt</code></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code></td><td width="30%"><code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a></td><td width="30%"><code>\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code></td><td width="30%"><code>\normalfont\large\bfseries</code></td><td width="30%"><code>\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code></td></tr>
-</table>
-
<p>Here are examples. They go either in a package or class file or in the
preamble of a LaTeX document. If you put them in the preamble they
must go between a <code>\makeatletter</code> command and a
<code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the error message <code>You can't use
`\spacefactor' in vertical mode.</code> means that you forgot this.)
-See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>.
</p>
<p>This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It says
<code>\renewcommand</code> because LaTeX&rsquo;s standard classes have already
@@ -3504,7 +4263,9 @@ defined a <code>\section</code>. For the same reason it does not define a
}
</pre></div>
-<p>The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands. This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to display that counter.
+<p>The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands.
+This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to
+display that counter.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down
@@ -3527,45 +4288,57 @@ defined a <code>\section</code>. For the same reason it does not define a
<a name="Cross-references"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Cross-references-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2>
<a name="index-cross-references"></a>
-<p>One reason for numbering things such as figures and equations is to
-refer the reader to them, as in &ldquo;See Figure~3 for more details.&rdquo;
-</p>
<a name="index-label"></a>
-<p>Including the figure number in the source is poor practice since if that
-number changes as the document evolves then you must remember to update
-this reference by hand. Instead, LaTeX has you write a <em>label</em>
-like <code>\label{eq:GreensThm}</code> and refer to it with <code>See
-equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}</code>.
-</p>
-<p>LaTeX writes the information from the labels to a file with the same
-name as the file containing the <code>\label{...}</code> but with an
-<samp>.aux</samp> extension. (The information has the format
-<code>\newlabel{<var>label</var>}{{<var>currentlabel</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}}</code>
-where <var>currentlabel</var> is the current value of the macro
-<code>\@currentlabel</code> that is usually updated whenever you call
-<code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code>.)
+<p>We often want something like &lsquo;<samp>See Theorem~31</samp>&rsquo;. But by-hand typing
+the 31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a <em>label</em> such as
+<code>\label{eq:GreensThm}</code> and then <em>reference</em> it, as with
+<code>See equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}</code>. LaTeX will automatically
+work out the number, put it into the output, and will change that number
+later if needed.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">We will see this with Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}. % forward reference
+...
+\begin{theorem} \label{th:GreensThm}
+ ...
+\end{theorem}
+...
+See Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm} on page~\pageref{th:GreensThm}.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>LaTeX tracks cross reference information in a file having the
+extension <samp>.aux</samp> and with the same base name as the file containing
+the <code>\label</code>. So if <code>\label</code> is in <samp>calculus.tex</samp> then
+the information is in <samp>calculus.aux</samp>. LaTeX puts the
+information in that file every time it runs across a <code>\label</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-forward-reference"></a>
<a name="index-reference_002c-forward"></a>
-<p>The most common side effect of the prior paragraph happens when your
-document has a <em>forward reference</em>, a <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code> that
-appears earlier than the associated <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code>; see the
-example in the <code>\pageref{...}</code> description. LaTeX gets the
-information for references from the <samp>.aux</samp> file. If this is the
-first time you are compiling the document then you will get a message
-<code>LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get
-cross references right.</code> and in the output the reference will appear as
-two question marks&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>??</samp>&rsquo;, in boldface. Or, if you change some
-things so the references change then you get the same warning and the
-output contains the old reference information. The solution in either
-case is just to compile the document a second time.
+<p>The behavior described in the prior paragraph results in a quirk that
+happens when your document has a <em>forward reference</em>, a <code>\ref</code>
+that appears before the associated <code>\label</code>. If this is the first
+time that you are compiling the document then you will get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX
+Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross references right</samp>&rsquo;
+and in the output the forward reference will appear as two question
+marks&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>??</samp>&rsquo;, in boldface. A similar thing happens if you
+change some things so the references changes; you get the same warning
+and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases,
+resolve this by compiling the document a second time.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-cleveref"></a>
+<a name="index-cleveref-package"></a>
+<p>The <code>cleveref</code> package enhances LaTeX&rsquo;s
+cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
+<code>\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}</code> then
+<code>\cref{th:Nerode}</code> will output &lsquo;<samp>Theorem 3.21</samp>&rsquo;, without you
+having to enter the &ldquo;Theorem.&rdquo;
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1">\label</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
@@ -3581,7 +4354,7 @@ case is just to compile the document a second time.
<a name="g_t_005clabel"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clabel-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3>
@@ -3607,35 +4380,44 @@ punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are
distinguished, as usual.
</p>
<p>A common convention is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix
-separated by a colon or period. This helps to avoid accidentally
-creating two labels with the same name, and makes your source more
-readable. Some commonly-used prefixes:
+separated by a colon or period. Thus, <code>\label{fig:Post}</code> is a
+label for a figure with a portrait of Emil Post. This helps to avoid
+accidentally creating two labels with the same name, and makes your
+source more readable. Some commonly-used prefixes:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>ch</code></dt>
<dd><p>for chapters
-</p></dd>
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>sec</code></dt>
+<dt><code>subsec</code></dt>
<dd><p>for lower-level sectioning commands
-</p></dd>
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>fig</code></dt>
<dd><p>for figures
-</p></dd>
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>tab</code></dt>
<dd><p>for tables
-</p></dd>
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>eq</code></dt>
<dd><p>for equations
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>Thus, <code>\label{fig:Euler}</code> is a label for a figure with a portrait
-of the great man.
+<p>In the auxiliary file the reference information is kept as the text of
+a command of the form
+<code>\newlabel{<var>label</var>}{{<var>currentlabel</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}}</code>.
+Here <var>currentlabel</var> is the current value of the macro
+<code>\@currentlabel</code> that is usually updated whenever you call
+<code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code>.
</p>
-<p>In this example below the key <code>sec:test</code> will get the number of the
-current section and the key <code>fig:test</code> will get the number of the
-figure. (Incidentally, put labels after captions in figures and
-tables.)
+<p>Below, the key <code>sec:test</code> will get the number of the current
+section and the key <code>fig:test</code> will get the number of the figure.
+(Incidentally, put labels after captions in figures and tables.)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\section{section name}
@@ -3654,10 +4436,10 @@ See Figure~\ref{fig:test}.
<a name="g_t_005cpageref"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ref</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\label</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ref</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\label</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpageref_007bkey_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cpageref-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cpageref"></a>
<a name="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></a>
@@ -3672,10 +4454,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ref</a>, Previous: <a hre
<p>Produce the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding
<code>\label</code>{<var>key</var>} command appears.
</p>
-<p>In this example the <code>\label{eq:main}</code> is used both for the
-formula number and for the page number. (Note that the two references
-are forward references, so this document would need to be compiled twice
-to resolve those.)
+<p>If there is no <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on
+input line 11.</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+<p>Below, the <code>\label{eq:main}</code> is used both for the formula number
+and for the page number. (Note that the two references are forward
+references so this document would need to be compiled twice to resolve
+those.)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">The main result is formula~\ref{eq:main} on page~\pageref{eq:main}.
@@ -3690,10 +4476,10 @@ to resolve those.)
<a name="g_t_005cref"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cref_007bkey_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cref-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cref"></a>
<a name="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></a>
@@ -3713,9 +4499,13 @@ equation, footnote, figure, &hellip;, of the corresponding
<code>\label</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>). It does not produce any text,
such as the word &lsquo;Section&rsquo; or &lsquo;Figure&rsquo;, just the bare number itself.
</p>
-<p>In this example, the <code>\ref{popular}</code> produces &lsquo;<samp>2</samp>&rsquo;. Note
-that it is a forward reference since it comes before
-<code>\label{popular}</code>.
+<p>If there is no <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on
+input line 11.</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+<p>In this example the <code>\ref{popular}</code> produces &lsquo;<samp>2</samp>&rsquo;. Note that
+it is a forward reference since it comes before <code>\label{popular}</code>
+so this document would have to be compiled twice.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}.
@@ -3726,12 +4516,18 @@ that it is a forward reference since it comes before
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
+<a name="index-package_002c-cleveref-1"></a>
+<a name="index-cleveref-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>The <samp>cleveref</samp> package includes text such as &lsquo;<samp>Theorem</samp>&rsquo; in the
+reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="Environments"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Environments-2"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2>
@@ -3798,7 +4594,7 @@ the end. For instance, the input
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#picture">picture</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Include a quotation.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Include a quotation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text arbitrarily.
</td></tr>
@@ -3823,7 +4619,7 @@ the end. For instance, the input
<a name="abstract"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="abstract-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3>
@@ -3887,7 +4683,7 @@ a more flexible solution, use the package <samp>abstract</samp>).
<a name="array"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev">abstract</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev">abstract</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="array-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3>
@@ -3906,7 +4702,7 @@ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="
\end{array}
</pre></div>
-<p>or
+<p>or:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{array}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
@@ -3917,26 +4713,44 @@ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="
<p>Produce a mathematical array. This environment can only be used in math
mode, and normally appears within a displayed mathematics environment
-such as <code>equation</code> (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>). Column entries are
-separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>). Rows are terminated with
-double-backslashes (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
+such as <code>equation</code> (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>). Inside of each row the
+column entries are separated by an ampersand, (<code>&amp;</code>). Rows are
+terminated with double-backslashes (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This example shows a three by three array.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation*}
+ \chi(x) =
+ \left| % vertical bar fence
+ \begin{array}{ccc}
+ x-a &amp;-b &amp;-c \\
+ -d &amp;x-e &amp;-f \\
+ -g &amp;-h &amp;x-i
+ \end{array}
+ \right|
+\end{equation*}
+</pre></div>
+
<p>The required argument <var>cols</var> describes the number of columns, their
-alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. See
-<a href="#tabular">tabular</a> for the complete description of <var>cols</var>, and of the
+alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. For instance,
+<code>\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}</code> gives three columns: the
+first flush right, the second centered, and the third flush left. See
+<a href="#tabular">tabular</a> for the complete description of <var>cols</var> and of the
other common features of the two environments, including the optional
<var>pos</var> argument.
</p>
<p>There are two ways that <code>array</code> diverges from <code>tabular</code>. The
first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in math mode, in
-textstyle (except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies the column with
-<code>p{...}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode).
-The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s parameter
-<code>\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX&rsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is governed
-by
+textstyle (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies
+the column with <code>p{...}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in
+text mode. The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s parameter
+<code>\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX&rsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is
+governed by
<a name="index-_005carraycolsep"></a>
<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
-default for this is &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo;.
+default for this is &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo; so that between two columns comes
+10pt of space.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath"></a>
<a name="index-amsmath-package"></a>
@@ -3950,35 +4764,39 @@ an array surrounded by vertical bars&nbsp;<code>|...|</code>, and
<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
</p>
-<p>Here is an example of an array:
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
- \begin{array}{cr}
- \sqrt{y} &amp;12.3 \\
- x^2 &amp;3.4
- \end{array}
-\end{equation}
-</pre></div>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-1"></a>
-<p>The next example works if <code>\usepackage{amsmath}</code> is in the
-preamble:
+<p>The next example uses the <samp>amsmath</samp> package.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
- \begin{vmatrix}{cc}
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
+
+\begin{equation}
+ \begin{vmatrix}{cc} % array with vert lines
a &amp;b \\
c &amp;d
\end{vmatrix}=ad-bc
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
+<a name="index-package_002c-array-_0028package_0029"></a>
+<a name="index-array-_0028package_0029-package"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-dcolumn"></a>
+<a name="index-dcolumn-package"></a>
+
+<p>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <samp>array</samp> package has
+many useful extensions, including more column types. The <samp>dcolumn</samp>
+package adds a column type to center on a decimal point. For both see
+the documentation on CTAN.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="center"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="center-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3>
@@ -3992,17 +4810,19 @@ Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
- ... text ...
+ <var>line1</var> \\
+ <var>line2</var> \\
+ ...
\end{center}
</pre></div>
<p>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
-centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Use
-double-backslash to get a line break at a particular spot (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
+centered within the left and right margins. Use
+double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></a>
-If some text environment body is too long to fit on a line, LaTeX
-will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or
-shrinking any interword space.
+If some text is too long to fit on a line then LaTeX will insert line
+breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
+interword space.
</p>
<p>This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See
<a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code>figure</code>
@@ -4033,7 +4853,11 @@ ending.
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>A double backslash after the final line is optional.
+<p>A double backslash after the final line is optional. If present it
+doesn&rsquo;t add any vertical space.
+</p>
+<p>In a two-column document the text is centered in a column, not in the
+entire page.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1">\centering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.
@@ -4045,7 +4869,7 @@ ending.
<a name="g_t_005ccentering"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up">center</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up">center</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccentering-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4>
@@ -4053,12 +4877,40 @@ Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up">center</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Co
<a name="index-_005ccentering"></a>
<a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a>
-<p>A declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
-most often used inside an environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a
-<code>parbox</code>.
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{\centering ... }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{group}
+ \centering ...
+\end{group}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Center the material in its scope. It is most often used inside an
+environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a <code>parbox</code>.
+</p>
+<p>This example&rsquo;s <code>\centering</code> declaration causes the graphic to be
+horizontally centered.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{ctan_lion.png}
+ \caption{CTAN Lion} \label{fig:CTANLion}
+\end{figure}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The scope of this <code>\centering</code> ends with the <code>\end{figure}</code>.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command does
-not add vertical space above and below the text.
+not add vertical space above and below the text. That&rsquo;s its advantage
+in the above example; there is not an excess of space.
</p>
<p>It also does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units. If <code>ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz</code> is
@@ -4070,27 +4922,14 @@ environment such as <code>figure</code> or <code>table</code> that ends the
paragraph unit. Thus, if <code>{\centering xx \\ yy\par} zz</code> is
surrounded by blank lines then it makes a new paragraph with two
centered lines &lsquo;<samp>xx</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>yy</samp>&rsquo;, followed by a new paragraph with
-&lsquo;<samp>zz</samp>&rsquo; that is formatted as usual. See also the following example.
-</p>
-<p>This example&rsquo;s <code>\centering</code> causes the graphic to be horizontally
-centered.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
- \centering
- \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{ctan_lion.png}
- \caption{CTAN Lion} \label{fig:CTANLion}
-\end{figure}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>The scope of the <code>\centering</code> ends with the <code>\end{figure}</code>.
+&lsquo;<samp>zz</samp>&rsquo; that is formatted as usual.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="description"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev">center</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev">center</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="description-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3>
@@ -4105,21 +4944,19 @@ Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{description}
-\item[<var>label of first item</var>] text of first item
-\item[<var>label of second item</var>] text of second item
- ...
+ \item[<var>label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var>
+ \item[<var>label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var>
+ ...
\end{description}
</pre></div>
-<p>Environment to make a labeled list of items. Each item&rsquo;s <var>label</var> is
-typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the
+<p>Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item&rsquo;s <var>label</var> is
+typeset in bold and is flush left, so that long labels continue into the
first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having
none causes the LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a
missing \item</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions.
-The labels &lsquo;<samp>lama</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>llama</samp>&rsquo; come out in boldface with their
-left edges aligned on the left margin.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{definition}
@@ -4128,6 +4965,9 @@ left edges aligned on the left margin.
\end{definition}
</pre></div>
+<p>The labels &lsquo;<samp>lama</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>llama</samp>&rsquo; are output in boldface, with the
+left edge on the left margin.
+</p>
<a name="index-_005citem"></a>
<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). Use the
optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is
@@ -4140,10 +4980,10 @@ may contain multiple paragraphs.
change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will come
out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
<code>\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold
-typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold
-typewriter is to use declarative style: <code>\item[{\tt label
-text}]</code>. Similarly, get the standard roman font with <code>\item[{\rm
-label text}]</code>.
+typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way around this, in this
+example to get non-bold typewriter, is to use declarative style:
+<code>\item[{\tt label text}]</code>. Similarly, get the standard roman
+font with <code>\item[{\rm label text}]</code>.
</p>
<p>For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>
and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. Unlike those environments, nesting
@@ -4167,7 +5007,7 @@ lists.
<a name="displaymath"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev">description</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev">description</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="displaymath-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3>
@@ -4180,7 +5020,7 @@ Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a hr
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
-<var>math text</var>
+ <var>mathematical text</var>
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
@@ -4194,8 +5034,8 @@ math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
</p>
<p>LaTeX will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-1"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-2"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-2"></a>
<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
@@ -4215,11 +5055,13 @@ different vertical spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code>
environment honors the <code>fleqn</code> option.)
</p>
<p>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
-</p><div class="example">
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
\int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
+
<p>Also, the integral sign is larger than the inline version
<code>\( \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 \)</code> produces.
</p>
@@ -4228,7 +5070,7 @@ environment honors the <code>fleqn</code> option.)
<a name="document"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">displaymath</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">displaymath</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="document-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3>
@@ -4252,7 +5094,7 @@ It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Star
<a name="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next">\AtEndDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next">\AtEndDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></h4>
@@ -4280,7 +5122,7 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<a name="g_t_005cAtEndDocument"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\AtBeginDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\AtBeginDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></h4>
@@ -4309,7 +5151,7 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<a name="enumerate"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">document</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">document</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="enumerate-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3>
@@ -4323,9 +5165,9 @@ Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a hr
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate}
-\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item
-\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item
-...
+ \item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var>
+ \item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var>
+ ...
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
@@ -4364,16 +5206,16 @@ the outermost level.
</p>
<ol>
<li> arabic number followed by a period: &lsquo;<samp>1.</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>2.</samp>&rsquo;,&nbsp;&hellip;
-</li><li> lower case letter inside parentheses: &lsquo;<samp>(a)</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>(b)</samp>&rsquo;&nbsp;&hellip;
-</li><li> lower case roman numeral followed by a period: &lsquo;<samp>i.</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>ii.</samp>&rsquo;,&nbsp;&hellip;
-</li><li> upper case letter followed by a period: &lsquo;<samp>A.</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>B.</samp>&rsquo;,&nbsp;&hellip;
+</li><li> lowercase letter inside parentheses: &lsquo;<samp>(a)</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>(b)</samp>&rsquo;&nbsp;&hellip;
+</li><li> lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: &lsquo;<samp>i.</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>ii.</samp>&rsquo;,&nbsp;&hellip;
+</li><li> uppercase letter followed by a period: &lsquo;<samp>A.</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>B.</samp>&rsquo;,&nbsp;&hellip;
</li></ol>
<a name="index-_005cenumi"></a>
<a name="index-_005cenumii"></a>
<a name="index-_005cenumiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005cenumiv"></a>
-<p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
+<a name="enumerate-enumi"></a><a name="enumerate-enumii"></a><a name="enumerate-enumiii"></a><a name="enumerate-enumiv"></a><p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
<code>\enumiv</code> (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see
@@ -4386,7 +5228,7 @@ useful for customizing lists.
<a name="index-_005clabelenumii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumiv"></a>
-<p>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
+<a name="enumerate-labelenumi"></a><a name="enumerate-labelenumii"></a><a name="enumerate-labelenumiii"></a><a name="enumerate-labelenumiv"></a><p>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
@@ -4408,7 +5250,7 @@ period.
<a name="eqnarray"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev">enumerate</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev">enumerate</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="eqnarray-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3>
@@ -4422,17 +5264,16 @@ Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></a>
<a name="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></a>
<a name="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></a>
-<p>First, a caveat: the <code>eqnarray</code> environment is depreciated. It has
-infelicities that cannot be overcome, including spacing that is
-inconsistent with other mathematics elements (see the article &ldquo;Avoid
-eqnarray!&rdquo; by Lars Madsen
+<p>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is obsolete. It has infelicities,
+including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements.
+(See &ldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&rdquo; by Lars Madsen
<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</a>). New documents
should include the <samp>amsmath</samp> package and use the displayed
mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code>align</code>
-environment.
+environment. We include a description only for completeness and for
+working with old documents.
</p>
-<p>Nevertheless, for completeness and for a reference when working with old
-documents, a synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray}
@@ -4490,7 +5331,7 @@ while the third line has not entry on the left side.
<a name="equation"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev">eqnarray</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev">eqnarray</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="equation-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3>
@@ -4505,29 +5346,30 @@ Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
- math text
+ <var>mathematical text</var>
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>Make a <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>) with an
-equation number in the right margin.
-</p>
-<p>The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
+<p>The same as a <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>)
+except that LaTeX puts an equation number flush to the right margin.
+The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
</p>
<p>You should have no blank lines between <code>\begin{equation}</code> and
<code>\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a
-missing dollar sign,&nbsp;$<code>$</code>.
+missing dollar sign.
</p>
-<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation
-facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
-new documents.
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-3"></a>
+
+<p>The package <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation
+facilities. New documents should include this package.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="figure"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">filecontents</a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">equation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">filecontents</a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">equation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="figure-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3>
@@ -4542,29 +5384,36 @@ Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">filecontents</a>, Previou
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure}[<var>placement</var>]
- figure body
-\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
-\label{<var>label}</var>
+ <var>figure body</var>
+ \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional
+ \label{<var>label}</var> % optional
\end{figure}
</pre></div>
-<p>or
+<p>or:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure*}[<var>placement</var>]
- figure body
-\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
-\label{<var>label}</var>
+ <var>figure body</var>
+ \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional
+ \label{<var>label}</var> % optional
\end{figure*}
</pre></div>
-<p>A class of floats (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). Because they cannot be split across
-pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
-are &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a following
-page.
+<p>Figures are for material that is not part of the normal text. An
+example is material that you cannot have split between two pages, such
+as a graphic. Because of this, LaTeX does not typeset figures in
+sequence with normal text but instead &ldquo;floats&rdquo; them to a convenient
+place, such as the top of a following page (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>).
</p>
-<p>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the
-float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
+<p>The <var>figure body</var> can consist of imported graphics
+(see <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>), or text, LaTeX commands, etc. It is typeset in a
+<code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The possible values of <var>placement</var> are <code>h</code> for &lsquo;<samp>here</samp>&rsquo;,
+<code>t</code> for &lsquo;<samp>top</samp>&rsquo;, <code>b</code> for &lsquo;<samp>bottom</samp>&rsquo;, and <code>p</code> for
+&lsquo;<samp>on a separate page of floats</samp>&rsquo;. For the effect of these options on
+the float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
<p>The starred form <code>figure*</code> is used when a document is in
double-column mode (see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>). It produces a figure that
@@ -4572,22 +5421,20 @@ spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of
placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</code>
in <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
-<p>The figure body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
-and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
-</p>
<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
<a name="index-_005ccaption"></a>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
figure. By default it is numbered. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is
-used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>).
+used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>).
</p>
-<p>This example makes a figure out of a graphic. It requires one of the
-packages <samp>graphics</samp> or <samp>graphicx</samp>. The graphic, with its
-caption, will be placed at the top of a page or, if it is pushed to the
+<p>This example makes a figure out of a graphic. LaTeX will place that
+graphic and its caption at the top of a page or, if it is pushed to the
end of the document, on a page of floats.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{figure}[t]
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{CTANlion.png}
\caption{The CTAN lion, by Duane Bibby}
@@ -4599,7 +5446,7 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats.
<a name="filecontents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">figure</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">figure</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="filecontents_003a-Write-an-external-file"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.11 <code>filecontents</code>: Write an external file</h3>
@@ -4674,7 +5521,7 @@ Article by \myname.
<a name="flushleft"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">filecontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">filecontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="flushleft-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3>
@@ -4685,19 +5532,38 @@ Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <
<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft}
-<var>line1</var> \\
-<var>line2</var> \\
-...
+ <var>line1</var> \\
+ <var>line2</var> \\
+ ...
\end{flushleft}
</pre></div>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"></a>
-<p>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
-right. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
-</p>
+<p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
+left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long
+then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and
+stretching or shrinking spaces. To force a new line use a double
+backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
+see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>.
+</p>
+<p>This creates a box of text that is at most 3 inches wide, with the text
+flush left and ragged right.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\noindent\begin{minipage}{3in}
+\begin{flushleft}
+ A long sentence that will be broken by \LaTeX{}
+ at a convenient spot. \\
+ And, a fresh line forced by the double backslash.
+\end{flushleft}
+\end{minipage}
+</pre></div>
+
+
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1">\raggedright</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
</td></tr>
@@ -4708,7 +5574,7 @@ right. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
<a name="g_t_005craggedright"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craggedright-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4>
@@ -4718,9 +5584,24 @@ Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#
<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text"></a>
<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></a>
-<p>The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the
-<code>flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
-environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{\raggedright ... }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment</var>} \raggedright
+ ...
+\end{<var>environment</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the left margin and
+ragged right. It can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code>
+or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
+see&nbsp;<a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
@@ -4728,12 +5609,25 @@ formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&rsquo;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>
+<p>Here <code>\raggedright</code> in each second column keeps LaTeX from doing
+very awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note
+that <code>\raggedright</code> is inside the curly braces <code>{...}</code> to
+delimit its effect.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}}
+ Team alpha &amp;{\raggedright This team does all the real work.} \\
+ Team beta &amp;{\raggedright This team ensures that the water
+ cooler is never empty.} \\
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="flushright"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushleft</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushleft</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="flushright-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.13 <code>flushright</code></h3>
@@ -4746,16 +5640,21 @@ Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushright}
-<var>line1</var> \\
-<var>line2</var> \\
-...
+ <var>line1</var> \\
+ <var>line2</var> \\
+ ...
\end{flushright}
</pre></div>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></a>
-<p>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
-left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence <code>\\</code>.
+<p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
+right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long
+to fit the margins then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that
+avoids hyphenation and stretching or shrinking spaces. To force a new
+line use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
+see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a>.
+</p>
+<p>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1">\raggedleft</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
@@ -4767,7 +5666,7 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence <code>\\</code>.
<a name="g_t_005craggedleft"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4>
@@ -4777,9 +5676,24 @@ Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> &nbsp; [<a href=
<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></a>
<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text"></a>
-<p>The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the
-<code>flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
-environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{\raggedleft ... }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment</var>} \raggedleft
+ ...
+\end{<var>environment</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the right margin and
+ragged left. It can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code>
+or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
+see&nbsp;<a href="#flushright">flushright</a>.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
@@ -4787,12 +5701,14 @@ formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&rsquo;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>
+<p>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="itemize"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushright</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushright</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="itemize-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.14 <code>itemize</code></h3>
@@ -4804,25 +5720,23 @@ Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="
<a name="index-lists-of-items"></a>
<a name="index-unordered-lists"></a>
<a name="index-bulleted-lists"></a>
+<a name="index-bullet-lists"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{itemize}
-\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item
-\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item
-...
+ \item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var>
+ \item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var>
+ ...
\end{itemize}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an &ldquo;unordered&rdquo;, &ldquo;bulleted&rdquo;
-list. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of
-this environment; see below. Each <code>itemize</code> list environment must
-have at least one item; having none causes the LaTeX error
-&lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo;.
+<p>Produce a list that is unordered, sometimes called a bullet list. The
+environment must have at least one <code>\item</code>; having none causes the
+LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<p>This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label
-would come out as a bullet, &bull;.
+<p>This gives a two-item list.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{itemize}
@@ -4831,6 +5745,9 @@ would come out as a bullet, &bull;.
\end{itemize}
</pre></div>
+<p>As a top-level list each label would come out as a bullet, &bull;.
+The format of the labeling depends on the nesting level; see below.
+</p>
<a name="index-_005citem-3"></a>
<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
@@ -4844,11 +5761,11 @@ contain multiple paragraphs.
<a name="index-_005clabelitemii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemiv"></a>
-<p>Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
+<a name="itemize-labelitemi"></a><a name="itemize-labelitemii"></a><a name="itemize-labelitemiii"></a><a name="itemize-labelitemiv"></a><p>Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>). The <code>itemize</code> environment
uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to
-produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case
+produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lowercase
roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting
level). These are the default marks at each level.
</p>
@@ -4873,10 +5790,10 @@ the first level use diamonds.
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginv"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></a>
-<p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
+<a name="itemize-leftmargin"></a><a name="itemize-leftmargini"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginii"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginiii"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginiv"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginv"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginvi"></a><p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the <code>itemize</code> list is determined by the
parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Note the
-convention of using lower case roman numerals a the end of the command
+convention of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the command
name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: <code>2.5em</code> in
level 1 (<code>2em</code> in two-column mode), <code>2.2em</code> in level 2,
<code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with smaller
@@ -4900,7 +5817,7 @@ lists.
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
-see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>):
+see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newenvironment{itemize*}%
@@ -4916,7 +5833,7 @@ see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>):
<a name="letter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev">itemize</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev">itemize</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>
@@ -4932,7 +5849,7 @@ Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#ite
<a name="list"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">letter</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">letter</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="list-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.16 <code>list</code></h3>
@@ -4946,36 +5863,34 @@ Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#let
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>}
-\item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] text of first item
-\item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] text of second item
-...
+ \item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var>
+ \item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var>
+ ...
\end{list}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment for constructing
-more specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the
-<code>description</code>, <code>enumerate</code>, and <code>itemize</code> environments
-(see <a href="#description">description</a>, <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>, and <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>).
+<p>An environment for constructing lists.
</p>
-<p>Also, many standard LaTeX environments that are not visually lists
-are constructed using <code>list</code>, including <code>quotation</code>,
-<code>quote</code>, <code>center</code>, <code>verbatim</code>, and plenty more
-(see <a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a>, see <a href="#center">center</a>, see <a href="#flushright">flushright</a>).
+<p>Note that this environment does not typically appear in the document
+body. Most lists created by LaTeX authors are the ones that come
+standard: the <code>description</code>, <code>enumerate</code>, and <code>itemize</code>
+environments (see <a href="#description">description</a>, <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>, and <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-enumitem"></a>
-<a name="index-enumitem-package"></a>
-
-<p>The third-party package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
-Here, we describe the <code>list</code> environment by defining a new custom
+<p>Instead, the <code>list</code> environment is most often used in macros. For
+example, many standard LaTeX environments that do not immediately
+appear to be lists are in fact constructed using <code>list</code>, including
+<code>quotation</code>, <code>quote</code>, and <code>center</code> (see <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a>, see <a href="#center">center</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This uses the <code>list</code> environment to define a new custom
environment.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items
\newenvironment{named}
{\begin{list}
- {Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling argument
- {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument
- \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}} % still spacing arg
+ {Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling
+ {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % set counter
+ \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}} % set spacing
}
{\end{list}}
@@ -4986,60 +5901,61 @@ environment.
\end{named}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>list</code> environment&rsquo;s mandatory first argument,
-<var>labeling</var>, specifies the default labeling of list items. It can
-contain text and LaTeX commands, as above where it contains both
-&lsquo;<samp>Item</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\Roman{...}</samp>&rsquo;. LaTeX forms the label by
-putting the <var>labeling</var> argument in a box of width
-<code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the additional
-material extends to the right. When making an instance of a list you
-can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an optional
-argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above
-<code>\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>.
+<p>The mandatory first argument <var>labeling</var> specifies the default
+labeling of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as
+above where it contains both &lsquo;<samp>Item</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\Roman{...}</samp>&rsquo;.
+LaTeX forms the label by putting the <var>labeling</var> argument in a box
+of width <code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the
+additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a
+list you can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an
+optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in the
+above <code>\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>.
+</p>
+<p>The mandatory second argument <var>spacing</var> has a list of commands.
+This list can be empty. A command that can go in here is
+<code>\usecounter{<var>countername</var>}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>). Use this
+to tell LaTeX to number the items using the given counter. The
+counter will be reset to zero each time LaTeX enters the environment,
+and the counter is incremented by one each time LaTeX encounters an
+<code>\item</code> that does not have an optional argument.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cmakelabel"></a>
-<p>The label box is constructed by the command <code>\makelabel</code>. By
-default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument,
-the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing
-its definition is that to the above example before the definition of the
-<code>named</code> environment add
+<a name="list-makelabel"></a><p>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is
+<code>\makelabel</code>, which constructs the label box. By default it puts
+the contents flush right. Its only argument is the label, which it
+typesets in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). One example of changing its
+definition is that to the above <code>named</code> example, before the
+definition of the environment add
<code>\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}</code>, and between
the <code>\setlength</code> command and the parenthesis that closes the
<var>spacing</var> argument also add <code>\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel</code>.
Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the
second code line to <code>\let\makelabel\fbox</code> puts the labels inside a
-framed box. Another example is at the bottom of this entry.
-</p>
-<p>The mandatory second argument <var>spacing</var> can have a list of
-commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as
-<code>\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}</code>. If this argument is empty,
-i.e., <code>{}</code>, then the list will have the default spacing given
-below. To number the items using a counter, put
-<code>\usecounter{<var>countername</var>}</code> in this argument
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>).
-</p>
-<p>Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the
-figure below. Each is a length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The vertical
-spaces are normally rubber lengths, with <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>
-components, to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change
-each with a command such as <code>\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt
-minus1pt}</code>. For some effects these lengths should be zero or
-negative. Default values for derived environments such as
-<code>itemize</code> can be changed from the values shown here for the basic
-<code>list</code>.
+framed box. Another example of the <code>\makelabel</code> command is below,
+in the definition of the <code>redlabel</code> environment.
+</p>
+<p>Also often in <var>spacing</var> are commands to redefine the spacing for the
+list. Below are the spacing parameters with their default values.
+(Default values for derived environments such as <code>itemize</code> can be
+different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
+the list. Each is a length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The vertical spaces are
+normally rubber lengths, with <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components,
+to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a
+command such as <code>\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}</code>.
+For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\itemindent</code>
<a name="index-_005citemindent"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
+<dd><a name="list-itemindent"></a><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\itemsep</code>
<a name="index-_005citemsep"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
+<dd><a name="list-itemsep"></a><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
for the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;,
and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt
minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
@@ -5054,7 +5970,7 @@ minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</co
<dt><code>\labelsep</code>
<a name="index-_005clabelsep"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
+<dd><a name="list-labelsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
The default for LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;,
and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes is <code>0.5em</code>.
</p>
@@ -5062,7 +5978,7 @@ and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes is <code>0.5em</code>.
<dt><code>\labelwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005clabelwidth"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
+<dd><a name="list-labelwidth"></a><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material.
If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text of width less than or equal to
@@ -5086,7 +6002,7 @@ environment.
<dt><code>\leftmargin</code>
<a name="index-_005cleftmargin-1"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
+<dd><a name="list-leftmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the
left margin of this list. It must be non-negative.
</p>
@@ -5106,7 +6022,7 @@ error message &lsquo;<samp>Too deeply nested</samp>&rsquo;.)
<dt><code>\listparindent</code>
<a name="index-_005clistparindent"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
+<dd><a name="list-listparindent"></a><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
item. A negative value makes this an &ldquo;outdent&rdquo;. Its default value
is <code>0pt</code>.
@@ -5115,7 +6031,7 @@ is <code>0pt</code>.
<dt><code>\parsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cparsep"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;
+<dd><a name="list-parsep"></a><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;
and &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo; classes The defaults for the first three levels in
LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10
point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt
@@ -5128,7 +6044,7 @@ minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>.
<dt><code>\partopsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cpartopsep"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
+<dd><a name="list-partopsep"></a><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list
changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line
@@ -5146,7 +6062,7 @@ minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>.
<dt><code>\rightmargin</code>
<a name="index-_005crightmargin"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
+<dd><a name="list-rightmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
It must be non-negative.
</p>
@@ -5154,15 +6070,15 @@ It must be non-negative.
<dt><code>\topsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ctopsep"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
-to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>). The defaults for the first three
-levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo;
-classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>, <code>4pt
-plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11
-point are: <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code>, <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>,
-and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point are:
-<code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code>, <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, and
-<code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>.
+<dd><a name="list-topsep"></a><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
+to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>). The defaults for
+the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and
+&lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>,
+<code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The
+defaults at 11 point are: <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code>, <code>4.5pt
+plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 12
+point are: <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code>, <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>,
+and <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -5198,6 +6114,10 @@ appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line
appears in the source below the environment does not matter.)
</p>
</dd>
+<dt><var>h0</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code>\labelwidth</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><var>h1</var></dt>
<dd><p><code>\labelsep</code>
</p>
@@ -5239,25 +6159,31 @@ page break.
<dt><code>\@beginparpenalty</code>
<a name="index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dd><a name="list-beginparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\@itempenalty</code>
<a name="index-_005c_0040itempenalty"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dd><a name="list-itempenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\@endparpenalty</code>
<a name="index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dd><a name="list-endparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+<a name="index-package_002c-enumitem"></a>
+<a name="index-enumitem-package"></a>
+
+<p>The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
+</p>
<p>This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left
edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{color}
@@ -5289,7 +6215,7 @@ edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text.
<a name="g_t_005citem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next">trivlist</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next">trivlist</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4>
@@ -5301,7 +6227,8 @@ Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next">trivlist</a>, Up: <a href="#l
</pre></div>
<p>or
-</p><div class="example">
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\item[<var>optional-label</var>] text of item
</pre></div>
@@ -5339,7 +6266,7 @@ labelled&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>3.</samp>&rsquo;.
<a name="trivlist"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\item</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\item</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></h4>
@@ -5392,7 +6319,7 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
<a name="math"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev">list</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev">list</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="math-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.17 <code>math</code></h3>
@@ -5419,7 +6346,7 @@ See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>.
<a name="minipage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev">math</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev">math</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="minipage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.18 <code>minipage</code></h3>
@@ -5429,25 +6356,135 @@ Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a>
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{<var>width</var>}
+ <var>contents</var>
+\end{minipage}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}
-<var>text</var>
+ <var>contents</var>
\end{minipage}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>minipage</code> environment typesets its body <var>text</var> in a
-block that will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the
-<code>\parbox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>), but unlike <code>\parbox</code>,
-other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
+<p>Put <var>contents</var> into a box that is <var>width</var> wide. This is like a
+small version of a page; it can contain its own footnotes, itemized
+lists, etc. (There are some restrictions, including that it cannot have
+floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So <code>minipage</code>
+is similar to <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>) but here you can have
+paragraphs.
</p>
-<p>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>).
+<p>This example will be 3&nbsp;inches wide, and has two paragraphs.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{3in}
+ Stephen Kleene was a founder of the Theory of Computation.
+
+ He was a student of Church, wrote three influential texts,
+ was President of the Association for Symbolic Logic,
+ and won the National Medal of Science.
+\end{minipage}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>See below for a discussion of the paragraph indent inside a
+<code>minipage</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The required argument <var>width</var> is a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+It gives the width of the box into which <var>contents</var> are typeset.
+</p>
+<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
+<var>inner-pos</var>. You need not include all three. For example, get the
+default <var>position</var> and set the <var>height</var> with
+<code>\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm] <var>contents</var> \end{minipage}</code>.
+(Get the natural height with an empty argument, <code>[]</code>.)
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> governs how the <code>minipage</code>
+vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>(synonym <code>m</code>) Default. Positions the <code>minipage</code> so its
+vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (what
+Plain TeX calls <code>\vcenter</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Match the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (Plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\vtop</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Match the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (Plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>To see the effects of these, contrast running this
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">---\begin{minipage}[c]{0.25in}
+ first\\ second\\ third
+\end{minipage}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>with the results of changing <code>c</code> to <code>b</code> or&nbsp;<code>t</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>height</var> is a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+It sets the height of the <code>minipage</code>. You can enter any value
+larger than, or equal to, or smaller than the <code>minipage</code>&rsquo;s natural
+height and LaTeX will not give an error or warning. You can also set
+it to a height of zero or a negative value.
+</p>
+<p>The final optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
+<var>content</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the
+default is the value of <var>position</var>).
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Place <var>content</var> at the top of the box.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Place it in the vertical center.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Place it at the box bottom.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Stretch <var>contents</var> out vertically; it must contain vertically
+stretchable space.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument makes sense when the <var>height</var> options
+is set to a value larger than the <code>minipage</code>&rsquo;s natural height. To
+see the effect of the options, run this example with the various choices
+in place of <code>b</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Text before
+\begin{center}
+ ---\begin{minipage}[c][3in][b]{0.25\textwidth}
+ first\\ second\\ third
+ \end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+Text after
+</pre></div>
+
<a name="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-_005cparindent"></a>
-<p>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code>
-environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
-<code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> command.
+<p>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code>minipage</code>. Change
+that with a command such as <code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> at
+the start of <var>contents</var>.
</p>
<a name="index-footnotes-in-figures"></a>
<a name="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></a>
@@ -5458,15 +6495,56 @@ the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the <code>\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary
<code>footnote</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
-<p>However, don&rsquo;t put one minipage inside another if you are using
-footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
+<p>This puts the footnote at the bottom of the table, not the bottom of the
+page.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center} % center the minipage on the line
+\begin{minipage}{2.5in}
+ \begin{center} % center the table inside the minipage
+ \begin{tabular}{ll}
+ \textsc{Monarch} &amp;\textsc{Reign} \\ \hline
+ Elizabeth II &amp;63 years\footnote{to date} \\
+ Victoria &amp;63 years \\
+ George III &amp;59 years
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{center}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you nest minipages then there is an oddness when using footnotes.
+Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next
+<code>\end{minipage}</code> which may not be their logical place.
+</p>
+<p>This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic. They
+are vertically centered.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
+ ...
+\begin{center}
+ \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{nyc.png}}
+ \hspace{0.1\textwidth}
+ \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{tabular}{r|l}
+ \multicolumn{1}{r}{Borough} &amp;Pop (million) \\ \hline
+ The Bronx &amp;$1.5$ \\
+ Brooklyn &amp;$2.6$ \\
+ Manhattan &amp;$1.6$ \\
+ Queens &amp;$2.3$ \\
+ Staten Island &amp;$0.5$
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="picture"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#quotation-and-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation and quote</a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">minipage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation &amp; quote</a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">minipage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="picture-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3>
@@ -5477,505 +6555,843 @@ Next: <a href="#quotation-and-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation and quot
<a name="index-creating-pictures"></a>
<a name="index-pictures_002c-creating"></a>
+<p>Synopses:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)
+ <var>picture commands</var>
+\end{picture}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>)
-&hellip; <var>picture commands</var> &hellip;
+ <var>picture commands</var>
\end{picture}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cunitlength"></a>
-<p>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any
-kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
-You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying
-their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal
-point and a minus sign&mdash;a number like <code>5</code>, <code>0.3</code> or
-<code>-3.1416</code>. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the
-unit length <code>\unitlength</code>, so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set
-to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
-centimeters.
+<p>An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
+boxes, circles, and text. Note that while this environment is not
+obsolete, new documents typically use much more powerful graphics
+creation systems, such as <code>TikZ</code>, <code>PSTricks</code>, <code>MetaPost</code>,
+or <code>Asymptote</code>. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.
</p>
-<p>You should only change the value of <code>\unitlength</code>, using the
-<code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> environment.
-The default value is <code>1pt</code>.
+<p>This shows the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-picture"></a>
-<a name="index-picture-package"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cunitlength"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
+\begin{picture}(6,6) % picture box will be 6cm wide by 6cm tall
+ \put(0,0){\vector(2,1){4}} % for every 2 over this vector goes 1 up
+ \put(2,1){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\ first leg}}
+ \put(4,2){\vector(1,2){2}}
+ \put(5,4){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\ second leg}}
+ \put(0,0){\line(1,1){6}}
+ \put(3,3){\makebox(0,0)[r]{sum\ }}
+\end{picture}
+</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>picture</code> package redefine the <code>picture</code> environment so
-that everywhere a number is used in a <var>picture commands</var> to specify
-a coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that
-this will prevent scaling those lengths by changing <code>\unitlength</code>.
+<p>You can also use this environment to place arbitrary material at an
+exact location.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{color,graphicx} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin{center}
+\setlength{\unitlength}{\textwidth}
+\begin{picture}(1,1) % leave space, \textwidth wide and tall
+ \put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{desertedisland.jpg}}
+ \put(0.25,0.35){\textcolor{red}{X Treasure here}}
+\end{picture}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
-<a name="index-position_002c-in-picture"></a>
-<p>A <em>position</em> is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying
-the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>.
-Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
-which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that
-when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces;
-the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
-</p>
-<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument which is a
-position (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>), which specifies the size of the
-picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with these
-<var>width</var> and <var>height</var>.
-</p>
-<p>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional position argument
-(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>), following the size argument, that can
-change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument
-is not contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
-coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
-(thereby determining the origin). For example, if <code>\unitlength</code>
-has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the command
+<p>The red&nbsp;X will be precisely a quarter of the <code>\linewidth</code> from
+the left margin, and <code>0.35\linewidth</code> up from the bottom. Another
+example of this usage is to put similar code in the page header to get
+repeat material on each of a document&rsquo;s pages.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one required argument, a pair of
+numbers (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>). Multiply these by the value
+<code>\unitlength</code> to get the nominal size of the output, the space that
+LaTeX reserves on the output page. This nominal size need not be how
+large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things from the picture
+outside the picture&rsquo;s box.
+</p>
+<p>This environment also has an optional argument
+(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>). It is used to shift the origin. Unlike
+most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets.
+As with the required argument, it consists of two real numbers.
+Multiply these by <code>\unitlength</code> to get the point at the lower-left
+corner of the picture.
+</p>
+<p>For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the
+command
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
</pre></div>
-<p>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
-millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
-upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
-draw a picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the
-origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
+<p>produces a box of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters. The
+picture&rsquo;s origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the lower-left corner
+is there, and the upper-right corner is at (110mm,220mm). When you
+first draw a picture you typically omit the optional argument, leaving
+the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
optional argument.
</p>
-<p>The environment&rsquo;s mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
-picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is;
-LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even
-off the page. The picture&rsquo;s nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining
-how much room to leave for it.
+<a name="index-position_002c-in-picture"></a>
+<p>Each <var>picture command</var> tells LaTeX where to put something by
+naming its position. A <em>position</em> is a pair such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>
+giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <em>coordinate</em> is a not a length,
+it is a real number (it may have a decimal point or a minus sign). It
+specifies a length in multiples of the unit length <code>\unitlength</code>,
+so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate
+2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default for <code>\unitlength</code> is <code>1pt</code>. it is a rigid
+length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). Change it with the <code>\setlength</code> command
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>). Make this change only outside of a <code>picture</code>
+environment.
</p>
-<p>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <code>\put</code>
-command. The command
+<p>Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is normally at
+the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears
+as an argument, as with <code>\put(1,2){...}</code>, it is not enclosed in
+braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also,
+unlike in some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are
+further up the page.
+</p>
+<p>There are four ways to put things in a picture: <code>\put</code>,
+<code>\multiput</code>, <code>\qbezier</code>, and <code>\graphpaper</code>. The most
+often used is <code>\put</code>. This
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\put (11.3,-.3){...}
+<pre class="example">\put(11.3,-0.3){...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>places the object with its reference point at coordinates
+<em>(11.3,-0.3)</em>. The reference points for various objects will be
+described below.
+<a name="index-LR-box"></a>
+The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em> (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>) can
+go in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point
+will be the lower left corner of the box. In this picture
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
+...\begin{picture}(1,1)
+ \put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}
+ \put(0,0){\line(1,1){1}}
+\end{picture}
</pre></div>
-<p>puts the object specified by <code>...</code> in the
-picture, with its reference point at coordinates <em>(11.3,-.3)</em>.
-The reference points for various objects will be described below.
+<p>the three dots are just slightly left of the point of the angle formed
+by the two lines. (Also, <code>\line(1,1){1}</code> does not call for a
+line of length one; rather the line has a change in the x coordinate of
+1.)
</p>
-<a name="index-lR-box"></a>
-<p>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em>. You can put anything
-that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) in the text argument of
-the <code>\put</code> command. When you do this, the reference point will
-be the lower left corner of the box.
+<p>The <code>\multiput</code>, <code>qbezier</code>, and <code>graphpaper</code> commands are
+described below.
</p>
-<p>The <code>picture</code> commands are described in the following sections.
+<p>This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using <code>\qbezier</code> for
+that curve.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(3,1.5)
+ \put(0,0){\vector(1,0){8}} % x axis
+ \put(0,0){\vector(0,1){4}} % y axis
+ \put(2,0){\line(0,1){3}} % left side rectangle
+ \put(4,0){\line(0,1){3.5}} % right side
+ \qbezier(2,3)(2.5,2.9)(3,3.25)
+ \qbezier(3,3.25)(3.5,3.6)(4,3.5)
+ \thicklines % below here, lines are twice as thick
+ \put(2,3){\line(4,1){2}}
+ \put(4.5,2.5){\framebox{Trapezoidal Rule}}
+\end{picture}
+</pre></div>
+
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="1">\circle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a circle.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1">\put</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Place an object at a specified place.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="2">\makebox (picture)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box of the specified size.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="2">\multiput</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw multiple instances of an object.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="3">\framebox (picture)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box with a frame around it.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="3">\qbezier</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a quadratic Bezier curve.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="4">\dashbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a dashed box.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="4">\graphpaper</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw graph paper.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="5">\frame</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a frame around an object.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="5">\line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a straight line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="6">\line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a straight line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="6">\linethickness</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set thickness of horizontal and vertical lines.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="7">\linethickness</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the line thickness.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="7">\thinlines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The default line thickness.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8">\thicklines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A heavier line thickness.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="9">\thinlines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The default line thickness.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="9">\circle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a circle.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw an oval.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw multiple instances of an object.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make a stack of objects.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw an ellipse.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a line with an arrow.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Place an object at a specified place.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box of the specified size.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make a pile of objects.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box with a frame around it.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a line with an arrow.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a frame around an object.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a dashed box.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccircle"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccircle-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.1 <code>\circle</code></h4>
+<a name="g_t_005cput-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005ccircle"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cput"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>}
+<pre class="example">\put(<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>){<var>content</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\circle</code> command produces a circle with a diameter as close
-to the specified one as possible. The <code>*</code>-form of the command
-draws a solid circle.
+<p>Place <var>content</var> at the coordinate (<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>). See
+the discussion of coordinates and <code>\unitlength</code> in <a href="#picture">picture</a>.
+The <var>content</var> is processed in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it cannot
+contain line breaks.
</p>
-<p>Circles up to 40pt can be drawn.
+<p>This includes the text into the <code>picture</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\put(4.5,2.5){Apply the \textit{unpoke} move}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The reference point, the location (4.5,2.5), is the lower left of the
+text, at the bottom left of the &lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cmultiput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\framebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\circle</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next">\qbezier</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\put</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.2 <code>\makebox</code></h4>
+<a name="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cmultiput"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>num-copies</var>}{<var>obj</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is similar to
-the normal <code>\makebox</code> command except that you must specify a
-<var>width</var> and <var>height</var> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>.
-</p>
-<p>The optional argument, <code>[<var>position</var>]</code>, specifies the quadrant that
-your <var>text</var> appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
-</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>t</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>b</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Moves the item to the bottom.
+<p>Copy <var>obj</var> a total of <var>num-copies</var> times, with an increment of
+<var>delta_x,delta_y</var>. The <var>obj</var> first appears at position
+<em>(x,y)</em>, then at <em>(x+\delta_x,y+\delta_y)</em>, and so on.
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>l</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Moves the item to the left.
+<p>This draws a simple grid with every fifth line in bold (see also
+<a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a>).
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>r</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Moves the item to the right.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(10,10)
+ \linethickness{0.05mm}
+ \multiput(0,0)(1,0){10}{\line(0,1){10}}
+ \multiput(0,0)(0,1){10}{\line(1,0){10}}
+ \linethickness{0.5mm}
+ \multiput(0,0)(5,0){3}{\line(0,1){10}}
+ \multiput(0,0)(0,5){3}{\line(1,0){10}}
+\end{picture}
+</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>.
-</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cqbezier"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dashbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="n" rel="next">\graphpaper</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cframebox"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.3 <code>\framebox</code></h4>
+<a name="g_t_005cqbezier-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cframebox"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cqbezier"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\framebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{...}
+<pre class="example">\qbezier(<var>x1</var>,<var>y1</var>)(<var>x2</var>,<var>y2</var>)(<var>x3</var>,<var>y3</var>)
+\qbezier[<var>num</var>](<var>x1</var>,<var>y1</var>)(<var>x2</var>,<var>y2</var>)(<var>x3</var>,<var>y3</var>)
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\framebox</code> command is like <code>\makebox</code> (see previous
-section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
-that it creates.
+<p>Draw a quadratic Bezier curve whose control points are given by the
+three required arguments <code>(<var>x1</var>,<var>y1</var>)</code>,
+<code>(<var>x2</var>,<var>y2</var>)</code>, and <code>(<var>x3</var>,<var>y3</var>)</code>. That is,
+the curve runs from <var>(x1,y1)</var> to <var>(x3,y3)</var>, is quadratic, and is
+such that the tangent line at <var>(x1,y1)</var> passes through
+<var>(x2,y2)</var>, as does the tangent line at <var>(x3,y3)</var>.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxrule"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxsep"></a>
-<p>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness
-<code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule
-and the contents of the box.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cdashbox"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frame</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\framebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.4 <code>\dashbox</code></h4>
-
-<a name="index-_005cdashbox"></a>
-
-<p>Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:
+<p>This draws a curve from the coordinate (1,1) to (1,0).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\dashbox{<var>dlen</var>}(<var>rwidth</var>,<var>rheight</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0)
</pre></div>
-<p><code>\dashbox</code> creates a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var> in a
-<code>picture</code> environment. Dashes are <var>dlen</var> units long, and the
-rectangle has overall width <var>rwidth</var> and height <var>rheight</var>.
-The <var>text</var> is positioned at optional <var>pos</var>. </p>
-<p>A dashed box looks best when the <var>rwidth</var> and <var>rheight</var> are
-multiples of the <var>dlen</var>.
+<p>The curve&rsquo;s tangent line at (1,1) contains (1.25,0.75), as does the
+curve&rsquo;s tangent line at (1,0).
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>num</var> gives the number of calculated
+intermediate points. The default is to draw a smooth curve whose
+maximum number of points is <code>\qbeziermax</code> (change this value with
+<code>\renewcommand</code>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cframe"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cgraphpaper"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\line</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\dashbox</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\line</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\qbezier</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cframe-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.5 <code>\frame</code></h4>
-
-<a name="index-_005cframe"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></h4>
+<a name="index-_005cgraphpaper"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\frame{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\graphpaper(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)(<var>x_dimen</var>,<var>y_dimen</var>)
+\graphpaper[<var>spacing</var>](<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)(<var>x_dimen</var>,<var>y_dimen</var>)
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <code>graphpap</code> package.
+The grid&rsquo;s origin is <code>(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)</code>.
+Grid lines come every <var>spacing</var> units (the default is 10).
+The grid extends <var>x_dimen</var> units to the right and <var>y_dimen</var> units up.
+All arguments must be positive integers.
+</p>
+<p>This make a grid with seven vertical lines and eleven horizontal lines.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphpap} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin{picture}(6,20) % in document body
+ \graphpaper[2](0,0)(12,20)
+\end{picture}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\frame</code> command puts a rectangular frame around <var>text</var>.
-The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra
-space is put between the frame and the object.
+<p>The lines are numbered every ten units.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frame</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphpaper</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.6 <code>\line</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cline"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\line(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>}
+<pre class="example">\line(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>){<var>travel</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and
-slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>.
+<p>Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for
+every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The <var>travel</var> is the total horizontal
+change&nbsp;&mdash; it is not the length of the vector, it is the change in
+<em>x</em>. In the special case of vertical lines, where
+(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), the <var>travel</var> gives the change in
+<em>y</em>.
+</p>
+<p>This draws a line starting at coordinates (1,3).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\put(1,3){\line(2,5){4}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For every over 2, this line will go up 5. Because <var>travel</var>
+specifies that this goes over 4, it must go up&nbsp;10. Thus its
+endpoint is <em>(1,3)+(4,10)=(5,13)</em>. In particular, note that
+<em><var>travel</var>=4</em> is not the length of the line, it is the change in
+<em>x</em>.
+</p>
+<p>The arguments <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> are integers that can be
+positive, negative, or zero. (If both are 0 then LaTeX treats the
+second as 1.) With
+<code>\put(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>){\line(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>){<var>travel</var>}}</code>,
+if <var>x_run</var> is negative then the line&rsquo;s ending point has a first
+coordinate that is less than <var>x_init</var>. If <var>y_rise</var> is negative
+then the line&rsquo;s ending point has a second coordinate that is less than
+<var>y_init</var>.
+</p>
+<p>If <var>travel</var> is negative then you get <code>LaTeX Error: Bad \line or
+\vector argument.</code>
</p>
<a name="index-pict2e-package"></a>
<a name="index-graphics-packages"></a>
-<p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with <em><var>slope</var> = x/y</em>,
-where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> have integer values from -6
-through&nbsp;6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes,
-see <code>pict2e</code> and many other packages on CTAN.
+<a name="index-package_002c-pict2e"></a>
+<a name="index-pict2e-package-1"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-TikZ"></a>
+<a name="index-TikZ-package"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-PSTricks"></a>
+<a name="index-PSTricks-package"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-MetaPost"></a>
+<a name="index-MetaPost-package"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote"></a>
+<a name="index-Asymptote-package"></a>
+
+<p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with a limited range of slopes
+because these lines are made by putting together line segments from
+pre-made fonts. The two numbers <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> must have
+integer values from -6 through&nbsp;6. Also, they must be
+relatively prime, so that <var>(x_run,y_rise)</var> can be (2,1) but not
+(4,2) (if you choose the latter then instead of lines you get sequences
+of arrowheads; the solution is to switch to the former). To get lines
+of arbitrary slope and plenty of other shapes in a system like
+<code>picture</code>, see the package <samp>pict2e</samp> on CTAN. Another solution
+is to use a full-featured graphics system such as <samp>TikZ</samp>, or
+<samp>PSTricks</samp>, or <samp>MetaPost</samp>, or <samp>Asymptote</samp>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005clinethickness"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thicklines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\line</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinlines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\line</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.7 <code>\linethickness</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005clinethickness"></a>
-<p>The <code>\linethickness{<var>dim</var>}</code> command declares the thickness
-of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
-<var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<p><code>\linethickness</code> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
-circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\linethickness{<var>dim</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declares the thickness of subsequent horizontal and vertical lines in a
+picture to be <var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It differs from <code>\thinlines</code> and
+<code>\thicklines</code> in that it does not affect the thickness of slanted
+lines, circles, or ovals.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cthicklines"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cthinlines"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinlines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\linethickness</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thicklines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\linethickness</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4>
+<a name="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cthicklines"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cthinlines"></a>
-<p>The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for
-horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
-cf.&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>.
+<p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
+in a picture environment to be 0.4pt. This is the default
+thickness, so this command is unnecessary unless the thickness has been
+changed with either <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> or <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinlines"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cthicklines"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\multiput</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thicklines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\circle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinlines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.9 <code>\thinlines</code></h4>
+<a name="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cthinlines"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cthicklines"></a>
-<p>The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for
-horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
-cf.&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>.
+<p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
+in a picture environment to be 0.8pt. See also
+<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>. This command is illustrated
+in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <a href="#picture">picture</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmultiput"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005ccircle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next">\oval</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinlines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next">\oval</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thicklines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.10 <code>\multiput</code></h4>
+<a name="g_t_005ccircle-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cmultiput"></a>
+<a name="index-_005ccircle"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>n</var>}{<var>obj</var>}
+<pre class="example">\circle{<var>diameter</var>}
+\circle*{<var>diameter</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\multiput</code> command copies the object <var>obj</var> in a regular
-pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position
-<em>(x,y)</em>, then at <em>(x+\delta x,y+\delta y)</em>, and so on,
-<var>n</var> times.
+<p>Produces a circle with a diameter as close as possible to the specified
+one. The <code>*</code>&nbsp;form produces a filled-in circle.
+</p>
+<p>This draws a circle of radius 6, centered at <code>(5,7)</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\put(5,7){\circle{6}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The available radii for <code>circle</code> are, in points, the even
+numbers from 2 to 20, inclusive. For <code>circle*</code> they are all the
+integers from 1 to 15.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005coval"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\put</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">\shortstack</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\circle</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005coval-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.11 <code>\oval</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005coval"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>]
+<pre class="example">\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)
+\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The
-optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to produce only half of the
-oval via the following:
+<p>Produce a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional argument
+<var>portion</var> allows you to produce only half or a quarter of the oval.
+For half an oval take <var>portion</var> to be one of these.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
-<dd><p>selects the top half;
+<dd><p>top half
</p></dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
-<dd><p>selects the bottom half;
+<dd><p>bottom half
</p></dd>
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
-<dd><p>selects the right half;
+<dd><p>right half
</p></dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
-<dd><p>selects the left half.
+<dd><p>left half
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>It is also possible to produce only one quarter of the oval by setting
-<var>portion</var> to <code>tr</code>, <code>br</code>, <code>bl</code>, or <code>tl</code>.
+<p>Produce only one quarter of the oval by setting <var>portion</var> to
+<code>tr</code>, <code>br</code>, <code>bl</code>, or <code>tl</code>.
</p>
-<p>The &ldquo;corners&rdquo; of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
-maximum radius of 20pt, so large &ldquo;ovals&rdquo; will look more like
-boxes with rounded corners.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cput"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">\shortstack</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\oval</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cput-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.12 <code>\put</code></h4>
-
-<a name="index-_005cput"></a>
-
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>This draws the top half of an oval that is 3 wide and 7 tall.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\put(<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>){ ... }
+<pre class="example">\put(5,7){\oval(3,7)[t]}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\put</code> command places the material specified by the
-(mandatory) argument in braces at the given coordinate,
-(<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>).
+<p>The (5,7) is the center of the entire oval, not just the center of the
+top half.
+</p>
+<p>These shapes are not ellipses. They are rectangles whose corners are
+made with quarter circles. These circles have a maximum radius of
+20pt (see <a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a> for the sizes). Thus large ovals are just
+boxes with a small amount of corner rounding.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cshortstack"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vector</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\put</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vector</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\oval</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.13 <code>\shortstack</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cshortstack"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\shortstack[<var>position</var>]{...\\...\\...}
+<pre class="example">\shortstack[<var>position</var>]{<var>line 1</var> \\ ... }
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\shortstack</code> command produces a stack of objects. The valid
-positions are:
+<p>Produce a vertical stack of objects.
+</p>
+<p>This labels the <em>y</em> axis.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){4}} % x axis
+\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){2}} % y
+\put(-0.25,2){\makebox[0][r]{\shortstack[r]{$y$\\ axis}}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For a short stack, the reference point is the lower left of the stack.
+In the above example the <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a> puts the stack flush
+right in a zero width box so in total the short stack sits slightly to
+the left of the <em>y</em>&nbsp;axis.
+</p>
+<p>The valid positions are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Move the objects to the right of the stack.
+<dd><p>Make objects flush right
</p></dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Move the objects to the left of the stack
+<dd><p>Make objects flush left
</p></dd>
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
+<dd><p>Center objects (default)
</p></dd>
</dl>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></a>
-<p>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>.
+<p>Separate objects into lines with <code>\\</code>. These stacks are short in
+that, unlike in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, here the
+rows are not spaced out to be of even heights. Thus, in
+<code>\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}</code> the first and last rows are taller than
+the middle two. You can adjust row heights either by putting in the
+usual interline spacing with <code>\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}</code>,
+or by hand, via an explicit zero-width box <code>\shortstack{X \\
+\rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}</code> or by using <code>\\</code>&rsquo;s optional
+argument <code>\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\shortstack</code> command is also available outside the
+<code>picture</code> environment.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cvector"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\shortstack</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\shortstack</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvector-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.14 <code>\vector</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cvector"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\vector(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>}
+<pre class="example">\vector(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>){<var>travel</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Draw a line ending in an arrow. The slope of that line is: it
+vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The
+<var>travel</var> is the total horizontal change&nbsp;&mdash; it is not the
+length of the vector, it is the change in <em>x</em>. In the special case
+of vertical vectors, if (<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), then
+<var>travel</var> gives the change in <em>y</em>.
+</p>
+<p>For an example see <a href="#picture">picture</a>.
+</p>
+<p>For elaboration on <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> see <a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a>. As
+there, the values of <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> are limited. For
+<code>\vector</code> you must chooses integers between -4 and 4,
+inclusive. Also, the two you choose must be relatively prime. Thus,
+<code>\vector(2,1){4}</code> is acceptable but <code>\vector(4,2){4}</code> is
+not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\framebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vector</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\makebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>){<var>text</var>}
+\makebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Make a box to hold <var>text</var>. This command fits with the
+<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
+because <var>rec-width</var> and <var>rec-height</var> are numbers specifying
+distances in terms of the <code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture">picture</a>). This
+command is similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>) except here that you must specify the width and height. This
+command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This makes a box of length 3.5 times <code>\unitlength</code> and height 4
+times <code>\unitlength</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\put(1,2){\makebox(3.5,4){...}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The optional argument <code><var>position</var></code> specifies where in the box
+the <var>text</var> appears. The default is to center it, both horizontally
+and vertically. To place it somewhere else, use a string with one or
+two of these letters.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Puts <var>text</var> the top of the box.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> at the bottom.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> on the left.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> on the right.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frame</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cframebox"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\framebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>){<var>text</var>}
+\framebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This is the same as <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a> except that it puts a frame
+around the outside of the box that it creates. The reference point is
+the bottom left corner of the frame. This command fits with the
+<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
+because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the
+<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture">picture</a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This example creates a frame 2.5&nbsp;inches by 3&nbsp;inches and puts
+the text in the center.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}
+\framebox(2.5,3){test text}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The required arguments are that the rectangle has overall width
+<var>rect-width</var> units and height <var>rect-height</var> units.
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> specifies the position of
+<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a> for the values that it can
+take.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a>
+<p>The rule has thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space
+<code>\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box.
+</p>
+<p>For this command, you must specify the <var>width</var> and <var>height</var>. If
+you want to just put a frame around some contents whose dimension is
+determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>) or <code>\frame</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cframe"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dashbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\framebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cframe-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cframe"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\frame{<var>contents</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Puts a rectangular frame around <var>contents</var>. The reference point is
+the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to <code>\framebox</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>), this command puts no extra space is put
+between the frame and the object. It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cdashbox"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frame</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cdashbox"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\dashbox{<var>dash-len</var>}(<var>rect-width</var>,<var>rect-height</var>){<var>text</var>}
+\dashbox{<var>dash-len</var>}(<var>rect-width</var>,<var>rect-height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Create a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var>. This command fits with the
+<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
+because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the
+<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture">picture</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The required arguments are: dashes are <var>dash-len</var> units long, with
+the same length gap, and the rectangle has overall width
+<var>rect-width</var> units and height <var>rect-height</var> units.
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> specifies the position of
+<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a> for the values that it can
+take.
+</p>
+<p>This shows that you can use non-integer value for <var>dash-len</var>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){My hovercraft is full of eels.}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
-length and slope. The <em><var>xslope</var></em> and <em><var>yslope</var></em>
-values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.
+<p>Each dash will be <code>0.1\unitlength</code> long, the box&rsquo;s width is
+<code>5\unitlength</code> and its height is <code>0.5\unitlength</code>.
+</p>
+<p>As in that example, a dashed box looks best when <var>rect-width</var> and
+<var>rect-height</var> are multiples of the <var>dash-len</var>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="quotation-and-quote"></a>
+<a name="quotation-_0026-quote"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev">picture</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev">picture</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="quotation-and-quote-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> and <code>quote</code></h3>
+<a name="quotation-_0026-quote-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></h3>
<a name="index-environment_002c-quotation"></a>
<a name="index-quotation-environment"></a>
@@ -5994,7 +7410,7 @@ Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quotation}
-<var>text</var>
+ <var>text</var>
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>
@@ -6002,31 +7418,24 @@ Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quote}
-<var>text</var>
+ <var>text</var>
\end{quote}
</pre></div>
-<p>Include a quotation.
-</p>
-<p>In both environments, margins are indented on both sides by
-<code>\leftmargin</code> and the text is justified at both. As with the main
-text, leaving a blank line produces a new paragraph.
+<p>Include a quotation. Both environments indent margins on both sides by
+<code>\leftmargin</code> and the text is right-justified.
</p>
-<p>To compare the two: in the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are
-indented by 1.5em and the space between paragraphs is small,
-<code>0pt plus 1pt</code>. In the <code>quote</code> environment, paragraphs are
-not indented and there is vertical space between paragraphs (it is the
-rubber length <code>\parsep</code>). Thus, the <code>quotation</code> environment
-may be more suitable for documents where new paragraphs are marked by an
-indent rather than by a vertical separation. In addition, <code>quote</code>
-may be more suitable for a short quotation or a sequence of short
-quotations.
+<p>They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the <code>quotation</code>
+environment, paragraphs are indented by 1.5em and the space
+between paragraphs is small, <code>0pt plus 1pt</code>. In the <code>quote</code>
+environment, paragraphs are not indented and there is vertical space
+between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code>\parsep</code>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{quotation}
-\it Four score and seven years ago
+<pre class="example">\begin{quotation} \small\it
+ Four score and seven years ago
... shall not perish from the earth.
-\hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln
+ \hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>
@@ -6035,7 +7444,7 @@ quotations.
<a name="tabbing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-and-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">quotation and quote</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">quotation &amp; quote</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tabbing-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>
@@ -6057,10 +7466,11 @@ Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#q
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment aligns text in columns. It works by
-setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter.
-It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant
-and known in advance.
+<p>Align text in columns, by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
+was done on a typewriter. This is less often used than the environments
+<code>tabular</code> (see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>) or <code>array</code> (see <a href="#array">array</a>) because
+in those the width of each column need not be constant and need not be
+known in advance.
</p>
<p>This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit
widths, ended by a <code>\kill</code> command (which is described below):
@@ -6236,8 +7646,9 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>
-<p>The output looks like this:
-</p><div class="example">
+<p>The output looks like this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">function fact(n : integer) : integer;
begin
if n &gt; 1 then
@@ -6257,20 +7668,18 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
<a name="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></a>
<a name="index-fancyvrb-package"></a>
-
-<p>(The above example is just for illustration of the environment. To
-actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim
-environment (see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>) would normally suffice. For
-pretty-printed code, there are quite a few packages, including
-<code>algorithm2e</code>, <code>fancyvrb</code>, <code>listings</code>, and
-<code>minted</code>.)
+<p>This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
+typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim environment
+(see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>) would normally be best. For pretty-printed code,
+there are quite a few packages, including <code>algorithm2e</code>,
+<code>fancyvrb</code>, <code>listings</code>, and <code>minted</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="table"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabbing</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabbing</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="table-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3>
@@ -6285,28 +7694,48 @@ Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{table}[<var>placement</var>]
- table body
-\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
-\label{<var>label}</var>
+ <var>table body</var>
+ \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional
+ \label{<var>label}</var> % also optional
\end{table}
</pre></div>
-<p>A class of floats (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). Because they cannot be split across
-pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
-are &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a following
-page.
+<p>A class of floats (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). They cannot be split across pages
+and so they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
+are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page.
+</p>
+<p>This example <code>table</code> environment contains a <code>tabular</code>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{table}
+ \centering\small
+ \begin{tabular}{ll}
+ \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Author}}
+ &amp;\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Piece}} \\ \hline
+ Bach &amp;Cello Suite Number 1 \\
+ Beethoven &amp;Cello Sonata Number 3 \\
+ Brahms &amp;Cello Sonata Number 1
+ \end{tabular}
+ \caption{Top cello pieces}
+ \label{tab:cello}
+\end{table}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>but you can put many different kinds of content in a <code>table</code>,
+including text, LaTeX commands, etc.
</p>
<p>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the
float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
-<p>The table body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
-and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
+<p>The table body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>.
+It can contain text, commands, graphics, etc.
</p>
<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
<a name="index-_005ccaption-1"></a>
-The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
-table. By default it is numbered. If <var>lottitle</var> is present, it is
-used in the list of tables instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>).
+The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption text
+for the table. By default it is numbered. If its optional
+<var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is used in the list of tables
+instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>).
</p>
<p>In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a page,
unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
@@ -6329,7 +7758,7 @@ unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
<a name="tabular"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">table</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">table</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tabular-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3>
@@ -6344,7 +7773,7 @@ Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, P
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
-column 1 entry &amp;column 2 entry ... &amp;column n entry \\
+ <var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
@@ -6353,14 +7782,14 @@ column 1 entry &amp;column 2 entry ... &amp;column n entry \\
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular*}{<var>width</var>}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
-column 1 entry &amp;column 2 entry ... &amp;column n entry \\
+ <var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
...
\end{tabular*}
</pre></div>
-<p>These environments produce a table, a box consisting of a sequence of
-horizontal rows. Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically
-in columns. This illustrates many of the features.
+<p>Produce a table, a box consisting of a sequence of horizontal rows.
+Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically in columns. This
+illustrates many of the features.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l|l}
@@ -6371,28 +7800,21 @@ in columns. This illustrates many of the features.
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-<p>The vertical format of two left-aligned columns, with a vertical bar
-between them, is specified in <code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s argument <code>{l|l}</code>.
+<p>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
+between them. This is specified in <code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s argument
+<code>{l|l}</code>.
<a name="index-_0026"></a>
-Columns are separated with an ampersand <code>&amp;</code>. A horizontal rule
-between two rows is created with <code>\hline</code>.
+Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an
+ampersand, <code>&amp;</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double
+backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
+backslash, with <code>\hline</code>.
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></a>
-The end of each row is marked with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
This <code>\\</code> is optional after the last row unless an <code>\hline</code>
command follows, to put a rule below the table.
</p>
<p>The required and optional arguments to <code>tabular</code> consist of:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>width</var></dt>
-<dd><p>Required for <code>tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code>tabular</code>. Specifies
-the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns
-should be rubber, as with <code>@{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow
-the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
-are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
-...</code> warning.
-</p>
-</dd>
<dt><var>pos</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional. Specifies the table&rsquo;s vertical position. The default is to
align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of the
@@ -6428,25 +7850,28 @@ column and intercolumn material.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>@{<var>text or space</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><p>This inserts <var>text or space</var> at this location in every row. The
-<var>text or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is
-fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<dd><p>Insert <var>text or space</var> at this location in every row. The <var>text
+or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>This specifier is optional: with no @-expression, LaTeX&rsquo;s
+<p>If between two columns there is no @-expression then LaTeX&rsquo;s
<code>book</code>, <code>article</code>, and <code>report</code> classes will put on
-either side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which
-by default is &lsquo;<samp>6pt</samp>&rsquo;. That is, by default adjacent columns are
-separated by 12pt (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly-named since it
-is not the separation between tabular columns). By implication, a
-space of 6pt also comes before the first column and after the final
-column, unless you put a <code>@{...}</code> or <code>|</code> there.
+either side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which by
+default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns are
+separated by 12pt (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly named
+since it is only half of the separation between tabular columns). In
+addition, a space of 6pt also comes before the first column and
+after the final column, unless you put a <code>@{...}</code> or <code>|</code>
+there.
</p>
-<p>If you override the default and use an @-expression then you must
-insert any desired space yourself, as in <code>@{\hspace{1em}}</code>.
+<p>If you override the default and use an @-expression then LaTeX does
+not insert <code>\tabcolsep</code> so you must insert any desired space
+yourself, as in <code>@{\hspace{1em}}</code>.
</p>
-<p>An empty expression <code>@{}</code> will eliminate the space, including
-the space at the start or end, as in the example below where the tabular
-lines need to lie on the left margin.
+<p>An empty expression <code>@{}</code> will eliminate the space. In
+particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the the space before the
+first column or after the last one, as in the example below where the
+tabular lines need to lie on the left margin.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft}
@@ -6456,8 +7881,8 @@ lines need to lie on the left margin.
\end{flushleft}
</pre></div>
-<p>This example shows text, a decimal point, between the columns, arranged
-so the numbers in the table are aligned on that decimal point.
+<p>The next example shows text, a decimal point between the columns,
+arranged so the numbers in the table are aligned on it.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r@{$.$}l}
@@ -6469,20 +7894,18 @@ so the numbers in the table are aligned on that decimal point.
<a name="index-_005cextracolsep"></a>
<p>An <code>\extracolsep{<var>wd</var>}</code> command in an @-expression causes an
extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
-columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code> command.
-Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by
-an @-expression. An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an
+columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code>. Unlike
+ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an
+@-expression. An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an
@-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument. Below, LaTeX inserts the
right amount of intercolumn space to make the entire table 4 inches
wide.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center}
- \begin{tabular*}{4in}{l@{\ \ldots\extracolsep{\fill}}l}
- Seven times down, eight times up
- &amp;such is life!
- \end{tabular*}
-\end{center}
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular*}{4in}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}l}
+ Seven times down, eight times up \ldots
+ &amp;such is life!
+\end{tabular*}
</pre></div>
<p>To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given
@@ -6491,27 +7914,39 @@ specifier.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>p{<var>wd</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>.
+<dd><p>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>, as if
+it were the argument of a <code>\parbox[t]{wd}{...}</code> command.
</p>
-<p>Note that a line break double backslash <code>\\</code> may not appear in the
-item, except inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>,
-or <code>tabular</code>, or inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>, or in the scope
-of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code>
+<p>A line break double backslash <code>\\</code> may not appear in the item,
+except inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or
+<code>tabular</code>, or inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>, or in the scope of
+a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code>
declaration (when used in a <code>p</code>-column element these declarations
must appear inside braces, as with <code>{\centering .. \\
..}</code>). Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as
-ending the row.
+ending the row. Instead, to get a line break in there use
+<code>\newline</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a
-positive integer and <var>cols</var> is a list of specifiers. Thus
-<code>\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}</code> is equivalent to
-<code>\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}</code>. Note that <var>cols</var> may
-contain another <code>*</code>-expression.
+positive integer and <var>cols</var> is a list of specifiers. Thus the
+specifier <code>\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}</code> is equivalent to
+the specifier <code>\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}</code>. Note that
+<var>cols</var> may contain another <code>*</code>-expression.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><var>width</var></dt>
+<dd><p>Required for <code>tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code>tabular</code>. Specifies
+the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns
+should be rubber, as with <code>@{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow
+the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
+are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
+...</code> warning.
+</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -6521,7 +7956,7 @@ contain another <code>*</code>-expression.
<dt><code>\arrayrulewidth</code>
<a name="index-_005carrayrulewidth"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
+<dd><a name="tabular-arrayrulewidth"></a><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments. The default is &lsquo;<samp>.4pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change it as in
<code>\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>.
@@ -6530,7 +7965,7 @@ environments. The default is &lsquo;<samp>.4pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change it as in
<dt><code>\arraystretch</code>
<a name="index-_005carraystretch"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
+<dd><a name="tabular-arraystrech"></a><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is &lsquo;<samp>1</samp>&rsquo;, for
no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>.
</p>
@@ -6538,14 +7973,14 @@ no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>.
<dt><code>\doublerulesep</code>
<a name="index-_005cdoublerulesep"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
+<dd><a name="tabular-doublerulesep"></a><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
<code>||</code> specifier. The default is &lsquo;<samp>2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tabcolsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ctabcolsep"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
+<dd><a name="tabular-tabcolsep"></a><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
&lsquo;<samp>6pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -6571,7 +8006,7 @@ lines:
<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4>
@@ -6596,8 +8031,9 @@ spanned by the single heading &lsquo;<samp>Name</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{lccl}
- \textit{ID} &amp;\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &amp;\textit{Age} \\ \hline % row one
- 978-0-393-03701-2 &amp;O'Brian &amp;Patrick &amp;55 \\ % row two
+ \textit{ID} &amp;\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &amp;\textit{Age} \\
+ \hline
+ 978-0-393-03701-2 &amp;O'Brian &amp;Patrick &amp;55 \\
...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
@@ -6673,7 +8109,7 @@ vertical bar in the <var>cols</var> of either of the first row&rsquo;s
<a name="g_t_005cvline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multicolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multicolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></h4>
@@ -6685,24 +8121,24 @@ used in an @-expression, although its synonym vertical
bar&nbsp;<code>|</code> is more common. This command is rarely used in the
body of a table; typically a table&rsquo;s vertical lines are specified in
<code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s <var>cols</var> argument and overridden as needed with
-<code>\multicolumn</code>.
+<code>\multicolumn</code> (see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>).
</p>
-<p>This example illustrates some pitfalls. In the first line&rsquo;s second
+<p>The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row&rsquo;s second
entry the <code>\hfill</code> moves the <code>\vline</code> to the left edge of the
cell. But that is different than putting it halfway between the two
-columns, so in that row between the first and second columns there are
-two vertical rules, with the one from the <code>{c|cc}</code> specifier
-coming before the one produced by the <code>\vline\hfill</code>. In contrast,
-the first line&rsquo;s third entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar
-between two columns. In the second line, the <code>ghi</code> is the widest
-entry in its column so in the <code>\vline\hfill</code> the <code>\hfill</code> has
-no effect and the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next
-to the <code>g</code>, with no whitespace.
+columns, so between the first and second columns there are two vertical
+rules, with the one from the <code>{c|cc}</code> specifier coming before the
+one produced by the <code>\vline\hfill</code>. In contrast, the first row&rsquo;s
+third entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar between two
+columns. In the second row, the <code>ghi</code> is the widest entry in its
+column so in the <code>\vline\hfill</code> the <code>\hfill</code> has no effect and
+the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the
+<code>g</code>, with no whitespace.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{c|cc}
- x &amp;\vline\hfill y &amp;\multicolumn{1}{|r}{z} \\
- abc &amp;def &amp;\vline\hfill ghi
+ x &amp;\vline\hfill y &amp;\multicolumn{1}{|r}{z} \\ % row 1
+ abc &amp;def &amp;\vline\hfill ghi % row 2
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
@@ -6711,7 +8147,7 @@ to the <code>g</code>, with no whitespace.
<a name="g_t_005ccline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></h4>
@@ -6724,10 +8160,10 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hline</a>, Previous: <a
<pre class="example">\cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Draw a horizontal rule in an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment
-beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>. The
-dash&nbsp;<code>-</code> must appear in the mandatory argument. To span a
-single column use the number twice.
+<p>In an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment, draw a horizontal rule
+beginning in column&nbsp;<var>i</var> and ending in column&nbsp;<var>j</var>. The
+dash, <code>-</code>, must appear in the mandatory argument. To span a single
+column use the number twice, as with <code>\cline{2-2}</code>.
</p>
<p>This example puts two horizontal lines between the first and second
rows, one line in the first column only, and the other spanning the
@@ -6746,14 +8182,14 @@ height.
<a name="g_t_005chline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005chline"></a>
-<p>Draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
+<p>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
<code>array</code> environment. It&rsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the
top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.
</p>
@@ -6775,7 +8211,7 @@ is required.
<a name="thebibliography"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabular</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabular</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="thebibliography-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3>
@@ -6789,44 +8225,60 @@ Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{thebibliography}{<var>widest-label</var>}
-\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key}</var>
-...
+ \bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key}</var>
+ ...
\end{thebibliography}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>thebibliography</code> environment produces a bibliography or
-reference list.
+<p>Produce a bibliography or reference list. There are two ways to produce
+bibliographic lists. This environment is suitable when you have only a
+few references and can maintain the list by hand. See <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>
+for a more sophisticated approach.
</p>
-<p>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled
-&lsquo;<samp>References</samp>&rsquo; and the label is stored in macro <code>\refname</code>; in
-the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled &lsquo;<samp>Bibliography</samp>&rsquo; and the
-label is stored in macro <code>\bibname</code>.
+<p>This shows the environment with two entries.
</p>
-<p>You can change the label by redefining the command <code>\refname</code> or
-<code>\bibname</code>, whichever is applicable depending on the class:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li> <a name="index-_005cbibname"></a>
-For standard classes whose top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code>
-(such as <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp>), the label is in the macro
-<code>\bibname</code>;
-
-</li><li> <a name="index-_005crefname"></a>
-For standard classes whose the top level sectioning is <code>\section</code>
-(such as <samp>article</samp>), the label is in macro <code>\refname</code>.
-</li></ul>
-
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">This work is based on \cite{latexdps}.
+Together they are \cite{latexdps, texbook}.
+ ...
+\begin{thebibliography}{9}
+\bibitem{latexdps}
+ Leslie Lamport.
+ \textit{\LaTeX{}: a document preparation system}.
+ Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1993.
+\bibitem{texbook}
+ Donald Ervin Knuth.
+ \textit{The \TeX book}.
+ Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983.
+\end{thebibliography}
+</pre></div>
-<p>Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine
-<code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code>; language support packages like
-<samp>babel</samp> do this.
+<p>This styles the first reference as &lsquo;<samp>[1] Leslie ...</samp>&rsquo;, and so that
+<code>\cite{latexdps}</code> produces the matching &lsquo;<samp>... based on [1]</samp>&rsquo;.
+The second <code>\cite</code> produces &lsquo;<samp>[1, 2]</samp>&rsquo;. You must compile the
+document twice to resolve these references.
+</p>
+<p>The mandatory argument <var>widest-label</var> is text that, when typeset, is
+as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
+commands. The tradition is to use <code>9</code> for bibliographies with less
+than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
+</p>
+<p>The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as &lsquo;<samp>Bibliography</samp>&rsquo;.
+To change it there are two cases. In the <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp>
+classes, where the top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code> and the
+default title is &lsquo;<samp>Bibliography</samp>&rsquo;, that title is in the macro
+<code>\bibname</code>. For <samp>article</samp>, where the class&rsquo;s top level
+sectioning is <code>\section</code> and the default is &lsquo;<samp>References</samp>&rsquo;, the
+title is in macro <code>\refname</code>. Change it by redefining the command,
+as with <code>\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}</code> after
+<code>\begin{document}</code>.
</p>
-<p>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset,
-is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
-commands. It is typically given as <code>9</code> for bibliographies with
-less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
+<a name="index-package_002c-babel-1"></a>
+<a name="index-babel-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>Language support packages such as <samp>babel</samp> will automatically
+redefine <code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code> to fit the selected
+language.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1">\bibitem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specify a bibliography item.
@@ -6844,7 +8296,7 @@ less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
<a name="g_t_005cbibitem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4>
@@ -6854,29 +8306,74 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\bibitem{<var>cite_key</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by <var>label</var>.
-If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is automatically
-generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <var>cite_key</var> is a
+<p>Generate an entry labeled by <var>label</var>. The default is for LaTeX to
+generates a number using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <em>citation key</em>
<a name="index-citation-key"></a>
-<em>citation key</em> consisting in any sequence of
-letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
+<var>cite_key</var> is a string of
+letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma).
+</p>
+<p>See <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a> for an example.
</p>
-<p>This command writes an entry to the <samp>.aux</samp> file containing the
-item&rsquo;s <var>cite_key</var> and <var>label</var>. When the <samp>.aux</samp> file is
-read by the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item&rsquo;s <var>label</var> is
-associated with <code>cite_key</code>, causing references to <var>cite_key</var>
-with a <code>\cite</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>) to produce the associated
-<var>label</var>.
+<p>The optional <var>label</var> changes the default label from an integer to the
+given string. With this
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{thebibliography}
+\bibitem[Lamport 1993]{latexdps}
+ Leslie Lamport.
+ \textit{\LaTeX{}: a document preparation system}.
+ Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1993.
+\bibitem{texbook}
+ Donald Ervin Knuth.
+ \textit{The \TeX book}.
+ Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983.
+\end{thebibliography}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>the first entry will be styled as &lsquo;<samp>[Lamport 1993] Leslie ...</samp>&rsquo; (The
+amount of horizontal space that LaTeX leaves for the label depends on
+the <var>widest-label</var> argument of the <code>thebibliography</code>
+environment; see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>.) Similarly, <code>... based on
+\cite{latexdps}</code> will produce &lsquo;<samp>... based on [Lamport 1994]</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If you mix <code>\bibitem</code> entries having a <var>label</var> with those that
+do not then LaTeX will number the unlabelled ones sequentially. In
+the example above the <code>texbook</code> entry will appear as &lsquo;<samp>[1]
+Donald ...</samp>&rsquo;, despite that it is the second entry.
+</p>
+<p>If you use the same <var>cite_key</var> twice then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX
+Warning: There were multiply-defined labels</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Under the hood, LaTeX remembers the <var>cite_key</var> and <var>label</var>
+information because <code>\bibitem</code> writes it to the auxiliary file
+<samp><var>filename</var>.aux</samp>. For instance, the above example causes
+<code>\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993}</code> and
+<code>\bibcite{texbook}{1}</code> to appear in that file. The <samp>.aux</samp>
+file is read by the <code>\begin{document}</code> command and then the
+information is available for <code>\cite</code> commands. This explains why
+you need to run LaTeX twice to resolve references: once to write it
+out and once to read it in.
+</p>
+<p>Because of this two-pass algorithm, when you add a <code>\bibitem</code> or
+change its <var>cite_key</var> you may get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may
+have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right</samp>&rsquo;. Fix it by
+recompiling.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ccite"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bibitem</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bibitem</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccite-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4>
@@ -6886,24 +8383,60 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous:
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\cite{<var>keys</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>), separated by commas. This command generates an
-in-text citation to the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries
-in the <samp>.aux</samp> file.
+<p>Generate as output a citation to the references associated with
+<var>keys</var>. The mandatory <var>keys</var> is a citation key, or a
+comma-separated list of citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>).
</p>
-<p>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the
-citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might produce
-&lsquo;<samp>[Knuth, p.&nbsp;314]</samp>&rsquo;.
+<p>This
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The ultimate source is \cite{texbook}.
+ ...
+\begin{thebibliography}
+\bibitem{texbook}
+ Donald Ervin Knuth.
+ \textit{The \TeX book}.
+ Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983.
+\end{thebibliography}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>produces the output &lsquo;<samp>... source is [1]</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>subcite</var> is appended to the citation. For
+example, <code>See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}</code> might produce
+&lsquo;<samp>See 14.3 in [1, p.&nbsp;314]</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If <var>keys</var> is not in your bibliography information then you get
+&lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references</samp>&rsquo;, and in the output
+the citation shows as a boldface question mark between square brackets.
+There are two possible causes. If you have mistyped something, as in
+<code>\cite{texbok}</code> then you need to correct the spelling. On the
+other hand, if you have just added or modified the bibliographic
+information and so changed the <samp>.aux</samp> file (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>) then
+the fix may be to just run LaTeX again.
+</p>
+<p>In addition to what appears in the output, <code>\cite</code> writes
+information to the auxiliary file <samp><var>filename</var>.aux</samp>. For
+instance, <code>\cite{latexdps}</code> writes &lsquo;<samp>\citation{latexdps}</samp>&rsquo;
+to that file. This information is used by BibTeX to include in your
+reference list only those works that you have actually cited; see
+<a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a> also.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnocite"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnocite-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4>
@@ -6916,15 +8449,20 @@ Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previou
<pre class="example"><code>\nocite{<var>keys</var>}</code>
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <var>keys</var>,
-which is a list of one or more citation keys, to the <samp>.aux</samp> file.
+<p>Produces no output but writes <var>keys</var> to the auxiliary file
+<samp><var>doc-filename</var>.aux</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>The mandatory argument <var>keys</var> is a comma-separated list of one or
+more citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>). This information is used by
+BibTeX to include these works in your reference list even though you
+have not cited them (see <a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Using-BibTeX"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nocite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nocite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Using-BibTeX-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>
@@ -6935,30 +8473,31 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nocite</a>, Up: <a
<a name="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbibliography"></a>
-<p>If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly
-recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
-titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don&rsquo;t use the
-<code>thebibliography</code> environment (see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>). Instead,
-you include the lines
+<p>As described in <code>thebibliography</code> (see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>), a
+sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the
+BibTeX program. This is only an introduction; see the full
+documentation on CTAN.
+</p>
+<p>With BibTeX, you don&rsquo;t use <code>thebibliography</code>
+(see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>). Instead, include these lines.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>}
-\bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>,<var>bibfile2</var>}
+\bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>, <var>bibfile2</var>, ...}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\bibliographystyle</code> command does not produce any output of
-its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will
-be produced: <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file
-<var>bibstyle</var><samp>.bst</samp>, which defines how your citations will look.
-The standard <var>bibstyle</var> names distributed with BibTeX are:
+<p>The <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file <samp><var>bibstyle</var>.bst</samp>, which
+defines how your citations will look. The standard <var>bibstyle</var>&rsquo;s
+distributed with BibTeX are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>alpha</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of
-publication.
+<dd><p>Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication.
+The bibliographic items are sorted alphabetically.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>plain</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
+<dd><p>Labels are integers.
+Sort the bibliographic items alphabetically.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>unsrt</code></dt>
<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation.
@@ -6968,23 +8507,45 @@ publication.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to
-the demands of various publications. See
+<p>Many, many other BibTeX style files exist,
+tailored to the demands of various publications. See CTAN&rsquo;s listing
<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</a>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
-bibliography. The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files
-named <samp><var>bibfile1</var>.bib</samp>, <samp><var>bibfile2</var>.bib</samp>, &hellip;,
-which should contain your database in
-BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and
-<code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography.
+bibliography. Its argument is a comma-separated list, referring to
+files named <samp><var>bibfile1</var>.bib</samp>, <samp><var>bibfile2</var>.bib</samp>,
+&hellip; These contain your database in BibTeX format. This shows a
+typical couple of entries in that format.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">@book{texbook,
+ title = {The {{\TeX}}book},
+ author = {D.E. Knuth},
+ isbn = {0201134489},
+ series = {Computers \&amp; typesetting},
+ year = {1983},
+ publisher = {Addison-Wesley}
+}
+@book{sexbook,
+ author = {W.H. Masters and V.E. Johnson},
+ title = {Human Sexual Response},
+ year = {1966},
+ publisher = {Bantam Books}
+}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Only the bibliographic entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and
+<code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the document&rsquo;s bibliography. Thus you
+can keep all your sources together in one file, or a small number of
+files, and rely on BibTeX to include in this document only those that
+you used.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="theorem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev">thebibliography</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev">thebibliography</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="theorem-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3>
@@ -6998,21 +8559,45 @@ Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{theorem}
-<var>theorem-text</var>
+ <var>theorem body</var>
\end{theorem}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>theorem</code> environment produces &ldquo;Theorem <var>n</var>&rdquo; in
-boldface followed by <var>theorem-text</var>, where the numbering
-possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>).
+<p>Produces &lsquo;<samp>Theorem <var>n</var></samp>&rsquo; in boldface followed by <var>theorem
+body</var> in italics. The numbering possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under
+<code>\newtheorem</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} % in preamble
+\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
+ ...
+\begin{lem} % in document body
+ text of lemma
+\end{lem}
+
+The next result follows immediately.
+\begin{thm}[Gauss] % put `Gauss' in parens after theorem head
+ text of theorem
+\end{thm}
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-4"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-4"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsthm"></a>
+<a name="index-amsthm-package"></a>
+
+<p>Most new documents use the packages <code>amsthm</code> and <code>amsmath</code>
+from the American Mathematical Society. Among other things these
+packages include a large number of options for theorem environments,
+such as styling options.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="titlepage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">theorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">theorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="titlepage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3>
@@ -7031,14 +8616,11 @@ Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a hr
\end{titlepage}
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading. The
-following page will be numbered page one.
+<p>Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading and
+with succeeding pages numbered starting with page one.
</p>
-<p>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code>
-environment you can use <code>\maketitle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>).
-</p>
-<p>Notice in this example that all formatting, including vertical spacing,
-is left to the author.
+<p>In this example all formatting, including vertical spacing, is left to
+the author.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage}
@@ -7063,12 +8645,15 @@ is left to the author.
\end{titlepage}
</pre></div>
+<p>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code>
+environment, use <code>\maketitle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>).
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="verbatim"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">titlepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">titlepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="verbatim-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3>
@@ -7090,25 +8675,64 @@ Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#t
\end{verbatim}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment is a paragraph-making environment in
-which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
-<code>\</code> character produces a printed &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;. It turns LaTeX
-into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
-effect that they would on a typewriter.
-</p>
-<p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font
+<p>A paragraph-making environment in which LaTeX produces as output
+exactly what you type as input. For instance inside <var>literal-text</var>
+the backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> character does not start commands, it
+produces a printed &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;, and carriage returns and blanks are taken
+literally. The output appears in a monospaced typewriter-like font
(<code>\tt</code>).
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{verbatim}
+Symbol swearing: %&amp;$#?!.
+\end{verbatim}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The only restriction on <code>literal-text</code> is that it cannot include
+the string <code>\end{verbatim}</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-cprotect"></a>
+<a name="index-cprotect-package"></a>
+
+<p>You cannot use the verbatim environment in the argument to macros, for
+instance in the argument to a <code>\section</code>. This is not the same as
+commands being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>), instead it just cannot appear
+there. (But the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.)
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-listings-1"></a>
+<a name="index-listings-package-1"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-minted-1"></a>
+<a name="index-minted-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There are
+packages that are an improvement the <code>verbatim</code> environment. For
+instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
+files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <code>listings</code>,
+and <code>minted</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"></a>
+<a name="index-fancyvrb-package-1"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-verbatimbox"></a>
+<a name="index-verbatimbox-package"></a>
+
+<p>A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is
+<code>fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code>verbatimbox</code>.
+</p>
+<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN.
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cverb"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up">verbatim</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up">verbatim</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cverb-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4>
@@ -7119,26 +8743,73 @@ Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up">verbatim</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SE
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\verb<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var>
-\verb*<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var>
+<pre class="example">\verb <var>char</var> <var>literal-text</var> <var>char</var>
+\verb* <var>char</var> <var>literal-text</var> <var>char</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Typeset <var>literal-text</var> as it is input, including special characters
+and spaces, using the typewriter (<code>\tt</code>) font.
+</p>
+<p>This example shows two different invocations of <code>\verb</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">This is \verb!literally! the biggest pumpkin ever.
+And this is the best squash, \verb+literally!+
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\verb</code> command typesets <var>literal-text</var> as it is input,
-including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
-(<code>\tt</code>) font. No spaces are allowed between <code>\verb</code> or
-<code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the
-verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
+<p>The first <code>\verb</code> has its <var>literal-text</var> surrounded with
+exclamation point, <code>!</code>. The second instead uses plus, <code>+</code>,
+because the exclamation point is part of <code>literal-text</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The single-character delimiter <var>char</var> surrounds
+<var>literal-text</var>&nbsp;&mdash; it must be the same character before and
+after. No spaces come between <code>\verb</code> or <code>\verb*</code> and
+<var>char</var>, or between <var>char</var> and <var>literal-text</var>, or between
+<var>literal-text</var> and the second occurrence of <var>char</var> (the synopsis
+shows a space only to distinguish one component from the other). The
+delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. The <var>literal-text</var>
+cannot include a line break.
</p>
<a name="index-visible-space"></a>
-<p>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
-&ldquo;visible space&rdquo; character.
+<p>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible
+space character.
+</p>
+<p>The output from this will include a character showing the spaces.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The commands's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-url"></a>
+<a name="index-url-package"></a>
+
+<p>For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package <code>url</code>
+provides an option that is better than the <code>\verb</code> command, since
+it allows line breaks.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-listings-2"></a>
+<a name="index-listings-package-2"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-minted-2"></a>
+<a name="index-minted-package-2"></a>
+
+<p>For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
+<code>\verb</code>. One is <samp>listings</samp>, another is <samp>minted</samp>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-cprotect-1"></a>
+<a name="index-cprotect-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>You cannot use <code>\verb</code> in the argument to a macro, for instance in
+the argument to a <code>\section</code>. It is not a question of <code>\verb</code>
+being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>), instead it just cannot appear there.
+(But the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="verse"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="verse-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3>
@@ -7152,27 +8823,48 @@ Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{verse}
-<var>line1</var> \\
-<var>line2</var> \\
-...
+ <var>line1</var> \\
+ <var>line2</var> \\
+ ...
\end{verse}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
-other uses for it.
+<p>An environment for poetry.
</p>
+<p>Here are two lines from Shakespeare&rsquo;s Romeo and Juliet.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\
+On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
+</pre></div>
+
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-verse"></a>
-<p>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
-indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each
-stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
-stanzas.
+<p>Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more
+blank lines to separate the stanzas.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{verse}
+\makebox[\linewidth][c]{\textit{Shut Not Your Doors} ---Walt Whitman}
+ \\[1\baselineskip]
+Shut not your doors to me proud libraries, \\
+For that which was lacking on all your well-fill'd shelves, \\
+\qquad yet needed most, I bring, \\
+Forth from the war emerging, a book I have made, \\
+The words of my book nothing, the drift of it every thing, \\
+A book separate, not link'd with the rest nor felt by the intellect, \\
+But you ye untold latencies will thrill to every page.
+\end{verse}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The output has margins indented on the left and the right, paragraphs
+are not indented, and the text is not right-justified.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Line-breaking"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Line-breaking-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h2>
@@ -7188,6 +8880,12 @@ produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
<p>LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking in the text body for
you but in some environments you manually force line breaks.
</p>
+<p>A common workflow is to get a final version of the document content
+before taking a final pass through and considering line breaks (and page
+breaks). This differs from word processing, where you are formatting
+text as you input it. Putting these off until the end prevents a lot of
+fiddling with breaks that will change anyway.
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1">\\</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new line.
</td></tr>
@@ -7197,15 +8895,13 @@ you but in some environments you manually force line breaks.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4">\- (hyphenation)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5">\discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation with control of hyphen character.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="6">\fussy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be fussy about line breaking.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5">\discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Explicit control of the hyphen character.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="7">\sloppy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be sloppy about line breaking.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be more or less particular with line breaking.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="8">\hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7">\hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="9">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks.
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -7214,7 +8910,7 @@ you but in some environments you manually force line breaks.
<a name="g_t_005c_005c"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_005c-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code></h3>
@@ -7223,47 +8919,84 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next">\o
<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting"></a>
<a name="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\\[<var>morespace</var>]
+<pre class="example">\\
+\\[<var>morespace</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>or
+<p>or one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\\*[<var>morespace</var>]
+<pre class="example">\\*
+\\*[<var>morespace</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>Start a new line. The optional argument <var>morespace</var> specifies extra
-vertical space to be insert before the next line. This can be a
-negative length. The text before the break is set at its normal length,
-that is, it is not stretched to fill out the line width.
-</p>
-<p>Explicit line breaks in the text body are unusual in LaTeX. In
-particular, to start a new paragraph instead leave a blank line. This
-command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text such as in
-a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment.
-</p>
-<p>Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a <code>p{...}</code> column
-in a <code>tabular</code> environment) the <code>\newline</code> command is a synonym for
-<code>\\</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>).
+<p>End the current line. The optional argument <var>morespace</var> specifies
+extra vertical space to be inserted before the next line. This is a
+rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) and can be negative. The text before
+the line break is set at its normal length, that is, it is not stretched
+to fill out the line width. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>In addition to starting a new line, the starred form <code>\\*</code> tells
-LaTeX not to start a new page between the two lines, by issuing a
-<code>\nobreak</code>.
+<p>The starred form, <code>\\*</code>, tells LaTeX not to start a new page
+between the two lines, by issuing a <code>\nobreak</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\title{My story: \\[0.25in]
a tale of woe}
</pre></div>
+<p>Explicit line breaks in the main text body are unusual in LaTeX. In
+particular, don&rsquo;t start new paragraphs with <code>\\</code>. Instead leave a
+blank line between the two paragraphs. And don&rsquo;t put in a sequence of
+<code>\\</code>&rsquo;s to make vertical space. Instead use
+<code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code>, or
+<code>\leavevmode\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code>, or
+<code>\vspace*{<var>length</var>}</code> if you want the space to not be thrown
+out at the top of a new page (see <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\\</code> command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text
+such as in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment or in an
+equation environment.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\\</code> command is a synonym for <code>\newline</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>) under ordinary circumstances (an example of an
+exception is the <code>p{...}</code> column in a <code>tabular</code>
+environment; see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\\</code> command is a macro, and its definition changes by context
+so that its definition in normal text, a <code>center</code> environment, a
+<code>flushleft</code> environment, and a <code>tabular</code> are all different.
+In normal text when it forces a linebreak it is essentially a shorthand
+for <code>\newline</code>. It does not end horizontal mode or end the
+paragraph, it just inserts some glue and penalties so that when the
+paragraph does end a linebreak will occur at that point, with the short
+line padded with white space.
+</p>
+<p>You get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: There's no line here to end</samp>&rsquo; if you use
+<code>\\</code> to ask for a new line, rather than to end the current line.
+An example is if you have <code>\begin{document}\\</code> or, more likely,
+something like this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+ \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
+ \\
+ In that vertical space put your mark.
+ \end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Fix it by replacing the double backslash with something like
+<code>\vspace{\baselineskip}</code>.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\\</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\\</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></h3>
@@ -7272,19 +9005,53 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newline</a>, Previous
<a name="index-_005crestorecr"></a>
<a name="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></a>
-<p>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file
-(&lsquo;<samp>^^M</samp>&rsquo;, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by
-<code>\relax</code>). So each new line in the input will also be a new line
-in the output.
+<p>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (&lsquo;<samp>^^M</samp>&rsquo;,
+internally) the same as <code>\\</code>, followed by <code>\relax</code>. So each
+new line in the input will also be a new line in the output. The
+<code>\restorecr</code> command restores normal line-breaking behavior.
+</p>
+<p>This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code.
+See <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a> instead.
+</p>
+<p>With LaTeX&rsquo;s usual defaults, this
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">aaa
+bbb
+
+\obeycr
+ccc
+ddd
+ eee
+
+\restorecr
+fff
+ggg
+
+hhh
+iii
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>produces output like this.
</p>
-<p><code>\restorecr</code> restores normal line-breaking behavior.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"> aaa bbb
+ ccc
+ddd
+eee
+
+fff ggg
+ hhh iii
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The indents are paragraph indents.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewline-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h3>
@@ -7292,14 +9059,18 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\-
<a name="index-_005cnewline"></a>
<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></a>
-<p>In ordinary text this is equivalent to double-backslash (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>); it
-breaks a line, with no stretching of the text before it.
+<p>In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify
+the line, so the prior text is not stretched. That is, in paragraph mode
+(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>), the <code>\newline</code> command is equivalent to
+double-backslash (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, in a column with a
-specifier producing a paragraph box, like typically <code>p{...}</code>,
-<code>\newline</code> will insert a line break inside of the column, that is,
-it does not break the entire row. To break the entire row use <code>\\</code>
-or its equivalent <code>\tabularnewline</code>.
+<p>However, the two commands are different inside a <code>tabular</code> or
+<code>array</code> environment. In a column with a specifier producing a
+paragraph box such as typically <code>p{...}</code>, <code>\newline</code> will
+insert a line end inside of the column; that is, it does not break the
+entire tabular row. To break the entire row use <code>\\</code> or its
+equivalent <code>\tabularnewline</code>.
</p>
<p>This will print &lsquo;<samp>Name:</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Address:</samp>&rsquo; as two lines in a
single cell of the table.
@@ -7317,7 +9088,7 @@ single cell of the table.
<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next">\discretionary</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newline</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next">\discretionary</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newline</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>
@@ -7325,21 +9096,46 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next">\discretionary</
<a name="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></a>
-<p>The <code>\-</code> command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at
-that point. LaTeX is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds
-most of the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an
-incorrect one. The <code>\-</code> command is used for the exceptional
-cases.
+<p>Tell LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you
+insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
+those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX
+might otherwise have chosen. This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX is good at hyphenating and usually finds most of the correct
+hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The
+<code>\-</code> command is for exceptional cases.
</p>
-<p>When you insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be
-hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
-that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
+<p>For example, LaTeX does not ordinarily hyphenate words containing a
+hyphen. Below, the long and hyphenated word means LaTeX has to put
+in unacceptably large spaces to set the narrow column.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rp{1.75in}}
+ Isaac Asimov &amp;The strain of
+ anti-intellectualism
+ % an\-ti-in\-tel\-lec\-tu\-al\-ism
+ has been a constant thread winding its way through our
+ political and cultural life, nurtured by
+ the false notion that democracy means that
+ `my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge'.
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Commenting out the third line and uncommenting the fourth makes a much
+better fit.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\-</code> command only allows LaTeX to break there, it does not
+require that it break there. You can insist on a split with something
+like <code>Hef-\linebreak feron</code>. Of course, if you later change the
+text then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires
+care.
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cdiscretionary"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3>
@@ -7349,55 +9145,108 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy</a>, Previous: <a
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\discretionary{<var>pre-break-text</var>}{<var>post-break-text</var>}{<var>no-break-text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\discretionary{<var>pre-break</var>}{<var>post-break</var>}{<var>no-break</var>}
</pre></div>
+<p>Handle word changes around hyphens. This command is not often used in
+LaTeX documents.
+</p>
+<p>If a line break occurs at the point where <code>\discretionary</code> appears
+then TeX puts <var>pre-break</var> at the end of the current line and puts
+<var>post-break</var> at the start of the next line. If there is no line
+break here then TeX puts <var>no-break</var>
+</p>
+<p>In &lsquo;<samp>difficult</samp>&rsquo; the three letters <code>ffi</code> form a ligature. But
+TeX can nonetheless break between the two f&rsquo;s with this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Note that users do not have to do this. It is typically handled
+automatically by TeX&rsquo;s hyphenation algorithm.
+</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfussy"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sloppy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\discretionary</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\discretionary</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfussy-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\fussy</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cfussy"></a>
+<a name="index-_005csloppy"></a>
+<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-changing"></a>
-<p>The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes TeX
-picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between
-words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
+<p>Declarations to make TeX more picky or less picky about line
+breaking. Declaring <code>\fussy</code> usually avoids too much space between
+words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. Conversely,
+<code>\sloppy</code> avoids overfull boxes while suffering loose interword
+spacing.
</p>
-<p>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code>\sloppy</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>).
+<p>The default is <code>\fussy</code>. Line breaking in a paragraph is
+controlled by whichever declaration is current at the blank line, or
+<code>\par</code>, or displayed equation ending that paragraph. So to affect
+the line breaks, include that paragraph-ending material in the scope of
+the command.
</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#sloppypar" accesskey="1">sloppypar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of \sloppy command.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csloppy"></a>
+<a name="sloppypar"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fussy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csloppy-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\sloppy</code></h3>
+<a name="sloppypar-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005csloppy"></a>
+<a name="index-sloppypar"></a>
+<a name="index-sloppypar-environment"></a>
-<p>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes TeX less fussy about line
-breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
-interword spacing.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<p>Lasts until a <code>\fussy</code> command is issued (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>).
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{sloppypar}
+ ... paragraphs ...
+\end{sloppypar}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Typeset the paragraphs with <code>\sloppy</code> in effect (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a>). Use this to locally adjust line breaking, to avoid
+&lsquo;<samp>Overfull box</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>Underfull box</samp>&rsquo; errors.
</p>
+<p>The example is simple.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{sloppypar}
+ Her plan for the morning thus settled, she sat quietly down to her
+ book after breakfast, resolving to remain in the same place and the
+ same employment till the clock struck one; and from habitude very
+ little incommoded by the remarks and ejaculations of Mrs.\ Allen,
+ whose vacancy of mind and incapacity for thinking were such, that
+ as she never talked a great deal, so she could never be entirely
+ silent; and, therefore, while she sat at her work, if she lost her
+ needle or broke her thread, if she heard a carriage in the street,
+ or saw a speck upon her gown, she must observe it aloud, whether
+ there were anyone at leisure to answer her or not.
+\end{sloppypar}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005chyphenation"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sloppy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005chyphenation"></a>
<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></a>
@@ -7405,57 +9254,79 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="nex
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\hyphenation{<var>word-one</var> <var>word-two</var>}
+<pre class="example">\hyphenation{<var>word1</var> ...}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\hyphenation</code> command declares allowed hyphenation points
-with a <code>-</code> character in the given words. The words are separated
-by spaces. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no
-inflections are tried. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands
-accumulate. Some examples (the default TeX hyphenation patterns
-misses the hyphenations in these words):
+<p>Declares allowed hyphenation points within the words in the list. The
+words in that list are separated by spaces. Show permitted points for
+hyphenation with a dash character, <code>-</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
+<pre class="example">\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness}
</pre></div>
+<p>Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches
+exactly. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands accumulate.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.9 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005clinebreak"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></a>
<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></a>
-<p>Synopses:
+<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\linebreak[<var>priority</var>]
-\nolinebreak[<var>priority</var>]
+<pre class="example">\linebreak
+\linebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>By default, the <code>\linebreak</code> (<code>\nolinebreak</code>) command forces
-(prevents) a line break at the current position. For
-<code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it
-extends to the right margin as usual.
+<p>or one of these.
</p>
-<p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the command
-from a demand to a request. The <var>priority</var> must be a number from
-0 to&nbsp;4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\nolinebreak
+\nolinebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Encourage or discourage a line break. The optional <var>zero-to-four</var>
+is an integer that allows you to soften the instruction. The default is
+4, so that without the optional argument these commands entirely force
+or prevent the break. But for instance, <code>\nolinebreak[1]</code> is a
+suggestion that another place may be better. The higher the number, the
+more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Here we tell LaTeX that a good place to put a linebreak is after the
+standard legal text.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\boilerplatelegal{} \linebreak[2]
+We especially encourage applications from members of traditionally
+underrepresented groups.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>When you issue <code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched
+out so that it extends to the right margin. See <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>
+and&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a> to have the spaces not stretched out.
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="Page-breaking"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Page-breaking-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h2>
@@ -7463,111 +9334,204 @@ Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a
<a name="index-page-breaking"></a>
<a name="index-breaking-pages"></a>
-<p>LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
-accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically,
-but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
+<p>Ordinarily LaTeX automatically takes care of breaking output into
+pages with its usual aplomb. But if you are writing commands, or
+tweaking the final version of a document, then you may need to
+understand how to influence its actions.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex
+than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and
+outputting the result. Instead, LaTeX typesets more material than
+would fit on the page and then chooses a break that is optimal in some
+way (it has the smallest badness). An example of the advantage of this
+approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be
+stretched or shrunk, such as with rubber lengths between paragraphs,
+then LaTeX can use that to avoid widow lines (where a new page starts
+with the last line of a paragraph; LaTeX can squeeze the extra line
+onto the first page) and orphans (where the first line of paragraph is
+at the end of a page; LaTeX can stretch the material of the first
+page so the extra line falls on the second page). Another example is
+where LaTeX uses available vertical shrinkage to fit on a page not
+just the header for a new section but also the first two lines of that
+section.
+</p>
+<p>But LaTeX does not optimize over the entire document&rsquo;s set of page
+breaks. So it can happen that the first page break is great but the
+second one is lousy; to break the current page LaTeX doesn&rsquo;t look as
+far ahead as the next page break. So occasionally you may want to
+influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
+</p>
+<p>See <a href="#Layout">Layout</a> for more material that is relevant to page breaking.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1">\cleardoublepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new right-hand page.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page; eject floats.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="2">\clearpage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="2">\newpage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="3">\newpage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="3">\enlargethispage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enlarge the current page a bit.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="4">\enlargethispage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enlarge the current page a bit.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="5">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding page breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="4">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding page breaks.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\clearpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccleardoublepage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3>
+<a name="index-_005cclearpage"></a>
+<a name="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></a>
+<a name="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
<a name="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></a>
-<p>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all
-the pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
-input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the
-next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if
-necessary.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\clearpage
+</pre></div>
-<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cclearpage"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newpage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cleardoublepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cclearpage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\clearpage</code></h3>
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\cleardoublepage
+</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cclearpage"></a>
-<a name="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></a>
-<a name="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></a>
+<p>End the current page and output all of the pending floating figures and
+tables (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). If there are too many floats to fit on the
+page then LaTeX will put in extra pages containing only floats. In
+two-sided printing, <code>\cleardoublepage</code> also makes the next page of
+content a right-hand page, an odd-numbered page, if necessary inserting
+a blank page. The <code>\clearpage</code> command is robust while
+<code>\cleardoublepage</code> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
+command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
+commands.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command will put in a blank page, but it
+will have the running headers and footers. To get a really blank
+page, use this command.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\let\origdoublepage\cleardoublepage
+\newcommand{\clearemptydoublepage}{%
+ \clearpage
+ {\pagestyle{empty}\origdoublepage}%
+}
+</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all the
-pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
-input to be printed.
+<p>If you want LaTeX&rsquo;s standard <code>\chapter</code> command to do this then
+add the line <code>\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</code>.
</p>
+<p>The command <code>\newpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>) also ends the current
+page, but without clearing pending floats. And, if LaTeX is in
+two-column mode then <code>\newpage</code> ends the current column while
+<code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> end the current page.
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewpage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\enlargethispage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\clearpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\enlargethispage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\newpage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewpage"></a>
<a name="index-new-page_002c-starting"></a>
<a name="index-starting-a-new-page"></a>
-<p>The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear
-floats (see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>).
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newpage
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>End the current page. This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
+command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
+commands.
+</p>
+<p>While the commands <code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> also
+end the current page, in addition they clear pending floats
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>). And, if LaTeX is in
+two-column mode then <code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> end
+the current page, possibly leaving an empty column, while
+<code>\newpage</code> only ends the current column.
+</p>
+<p>In contrast with <code>\pagebreak</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>),
+the <code>\newpage</code> command will cause the new page to start right where
+requested. This
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
+continent,
+\newpage
+\noindent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
+proposition that all men are created equal.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>makes a new page start after &lsquo;<samp>continent,</samp>&rsquo; and the cut-off line is
+not right justified. In addition, <code>\newpage</code> does not vertically
+stretch out the page, as <code>\pagebreak</code> does.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cenlargethispage"></a>
<a name="index-enlarge-current-page"></a>
-<p><code>\enlargethispage{size}</code>
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
-<p><code>\enlargethispage*{size}</code>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\enlargethispage{size}
+\enlargethispage*{size}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page. The required
+argument <var>size</var> must be a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It may be
+positive or negative. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the specified
-amount; e.g., <code>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> will allow one
-additional line.
+<p>A common strategy is to wait until you have the final text of a
+document, and then pass through it tweaking line and page breaks. This
+command allows you some page size leeway.
</p>
-<p>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
-much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
-<code>\pagebreak</code>.
+<p>This will allow one extra line on the current page.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The starred form <code>\enlargesthispage*</code> tries to squeeze the material
+together on the page as much as possible, for the common use case of
+getting one more line on the page. This is often used together with an
+explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enlargethispage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enlargethispage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cpagebreak"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
@@ -7577,49 +9541,79 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enlargeth
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\pagebreak[<var>priority</var>]
-\nopagebreak[<var>priority</var>]
+<pre class="example">\pagebreak
+\pagebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\nopagebreak
+\nopagebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>By default, the <code>\pagebreak</code> (<code>\nopagebreak</code>) command forces
-(prevents) a page break at the current position. With
-<code>\pagebreak</code>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
-where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.
+<p>Encourage or discourage a page break. The optional <var>zero-to-four</var>
+is an integer that allows you to soften the request. The default is 4,
+so that without the optional argument these commands entirely force or
+prevent the break. But for instance <code>\nopagebreak[1]</code> suggests to
+LaTeX that another spot might be preferable. The higher the number,
+the more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the
-<code>\pagebreak</code> command from a demand to a request. The number must
-be a number from 0 to&nbsp;4. The higher the number, the more
-insistent the request is.
+<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
+command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
+commands.
+</p>
+<p>If you use these inside a paragraph, they apply to the point following
+the line in which they appear. So this
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
+continent,
+\pagebreak
+a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition
+that all men are created equal.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>does not give a page break at &lsquo;<samp>continent,</samp>&rsquo; but instead at
+&lsquo;<samp>nation,</samp>&rsquo; since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In
+addition, with <code>\pagebreak</code> the vertical space on the page is
+stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom
+margin. This can look strange, and if <code>\flushbottom</code> is in effect
+this can cause you to get &lsquo;<samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
+occurred while \output is active</samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a> for a command that
+does not have these effects.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Footnotes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Footnotes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h2>
<a name="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></a>
-<p>Place a numbered footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
+<p>Place a footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">No&euml;l Coward quipped that having to read a footnote is like having
to go downstairs to answer the door, while in the midst of making
-love.\footnote{I wouldn't know, I don't read footnotes.}
+love.\footnote{%
+ I wouldn't know, I don't read footnotes.}
</pre></div>
-<p>You can place multiple footnotes on a page. If the text becomes too long
-it will flow to the next page.
+<p>You can put multiple footnotes on a page. If the footnote text becomes
+too long then it will flow to the next page.
</p>
<p>You can also produce footnotes by combining the <code>\footnotemark</code> and
the <code>\footnotetext</code> commands, which is useful in special
circumstances.
</p>
<p>To make bibliographic references come out as footnotes you need to
-include a bibliographic style with that behavior.
+include a bibliographic style with that behavior (see <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1">\footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert a footnote.
@@ -7628,16 +9622,12 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3">\footnotetext</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote text only.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="4">Footnotes in a table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table footnotes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="4">Footnotes in section headings</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter or section titles.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="5">Footnotes in section headings</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter or section titles.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="5">Footnotes in a table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table footnotes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="6">Footnotes of footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Multiple classes of footnotes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Multiple-reference-to-footnotes" accesskey="7">Multiple reference to footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Referring to a footnote more than once.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnote-parameters" accesskey="8">Footnote parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parameters for footnote formatting.
-</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -7645,63 +9635,103 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior.
<a name="g_t_005cfootnote"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cfootnote"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\footnote{<var>text</var>}
+\footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Place a numbered footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page.
+<p>Place a footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's
-\textit{Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{After
-reading an early version with endnotes David Hume complained,
-``One is also plagued with his Notes, according to the present Method
-of printing the Book'' and suggested that they ``only to be printed
-at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''}
+\textit{Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{%
+ After reading an early version with endnotes David Hume complained,
+ ``One is also plagued with his Notes, according to the present Method
+ of printing the Book'' and suggested that they ``only to be printed
+ at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''}
</pre></div>
-<p>The optional argument <var>number</var> allows you to specify the footnote
-number. If you use this option then the footnote number counter is not
-incremented, and if you do not use it then the counter is incremented.
+<p>The optional argument <var>number</var> allows you to specify the number of
+the footnote. If you use this then LaTeX does not increment the
+<code>footnote</code> counter.
</p>
<a name="index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></a>
-<p>Change how LaTeX shows the footnote counter with something like
+<p>By default, LaTeX uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change
+this with something like
<code>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which
uses a sequence of symbols (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>). To make this change global put that in the preamble. If
you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
-<code>\setcounter{footnote}{0}</code>. By default LaTeX uses arabic
-numbers.
+<code>\setcounter{footnote}{0}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters.
+</p>
+<a name="index-footnote-parameters"></a>
+<a name="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></a>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\footnoterule</code>
+<a name="index-_005cfootnoterule"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="footnote-footnoterule"></a><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&rsquo;s
+footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
+<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
+<code>0.4pt</code>, and horizontal size of <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long.
+Change the rule with something like this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space
+ \kern -3pt % This -3 is negative
+ \hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1
+ \kern 2pt} % and this 2
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\footnotesep</code>
+<a name="index-_005cfootnotesep"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="footnote-footnotesep"></a><p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
+<code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no
+extra space between footnotes. This is &lsquo;<samp>6.65pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>7.7pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>8.4pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change
+it as with <code>\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The <code>\footnote</code> command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
<code>\footnote</code>; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
-paragraph mode). There are some workarounds; see following sections.
+paragraph mode; see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). There are some workarounds; see
+following sections.
</p>
<a name="index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-mpfootnote-counter"></a>
-<p>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
-command uses the <code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the
-<code>footnote</code> counter, so they are numbered independently. They are
-shown at the bottom of the environment, not at the bottom of the page.
-And by default they are shown alphabetically. See <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>.
+<p>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command uses the
+<code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code>footnote</code> counter, so
+they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the
+environment, not at the bottom of the page. And by default they are
+shown alphabetically. See <a href="#minipage">minipage</a> and <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotetext</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnote</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotetext</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnote</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3>
@@ -7715,14 +9745,27 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotetext</a>
\footnotemark[<var>number</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>Put the current footnote number in the
-text. (See&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a> for giving the text of the footnote
-separately.) The version with the optional argument <var>number</var> uses
-that number to determine the mark printed. This command can be used in
-inner paragraph mode.
+<p>Put the current footnote mark in the text. To specify associated text
+for the footnote see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>. The optional argument
+<var>number</var> causes the command to use that number to determine the
+footnote mark. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode
+(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+</p>
+<p>If you use <code>\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it
+increments the footnote counter but if you use the optional <var>number</var>
+then it does not. The next example produces several consecutive footnote
+markers referring to the same footnote.
</p>
-<p>This example gives the same institutional affiliation to both the first
-and third authors (<code>\thanks</code> is a version of <code>footnote</code>).
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.}
+and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
+and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of the
+common mark. This example gives the same institutional affiliation to
+both the first and third authors (<code>\thanks</code> is a version of
+<code>footnote</code>), by-hand giving the number of the footnote.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
@@ -7733,23 +9776,47 @@ and third authors (<code>\thanks</code> is a version of <code>footnote</code>).
\maketitle
</pre></div>
-<p>If you use <code>\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it
-increments the footnote counter but if you use the optional <var>number</var>
-then it does not. This produces several consecutive footnote markers
-referring to the same footnote.
+<p>This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third sentence
+is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.}
-and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
-and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
+<pre class="example">\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
+All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
+ Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
+Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
+ Captain Hook.}
+Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
+Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-cleveref-2"></a>
+<a name="index-cleveref-package-2"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-hyperref"></a>
+<a name="index-hyperref-package"></a>
+
+<p>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <samp>cleveref</samp>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % in preamble
+\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3}
+...
+The theorem is from Evers.\footnote{\label{fn:TE}Tinker, Evers, 1994.}
+The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers, Chance, 1990.}
+But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
</pre></div>
+<a name="index-package_002c-hyperref-1"></a>
+<a name="index-hyperref-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>It will work with the package <samp>hyperref</samp>.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3>
@@ -7763,208 +9830,169 @@ Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a ta
\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Place <var>text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. This command
-can come anywhere after the <code>\footnotemark</code> command. The optional
-argument <var>number</var> changes the displayed footnote number. The
-<code>\footnotetext</code> command must appear in outer paragraph mode.
+<p>Place <var>text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. It pairs with
+<code>\footnotemark</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>) and can come anywhere after
+that command, but must appear in outer paragraph mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the number of the footnote
+mark.
+</p>
+<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a> and&nbsp;<a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a> for usage
+examples.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotetext</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</h3>
+
+<a name="index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings"></a>
+<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></a>
+
+<p>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
+section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
+contents, where it is not likely to be desired. The simplest way
+to have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional
+argument to <code>\section</code>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\section[Please]{Please\footnote{%
+ Don't footnote in chapter and section headers!}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>No <code>\protect</code> is needed in front of <code>\footnote</code> here because
+what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Footnotes-in-a-table"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotetext</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Footnotes-in-a-table-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.4 Footnotes in a table</h3>
+<h3 class="section">11.5 Footnotes in a table</h3>
-<a name="index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-table"></a>
+<a name="index-footnote_002c-in-a-table"></a>
-<p>Inside a <code>table</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command does not
-work. For instance, if the code below appears on its own then the
-footnote simply disappears; there is a footnote mark in the table cell
-but nothing is set at the bottom of the page.
+<p>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
+command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but
+the footnote text does not appear. The solution is to use a
+<code>minipage</code> environment as here (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+ \begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \centering
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
- \textsc{Ship} &amp;\textsc{Book} \\ \hline
- \textit{HMS Sophie} &amp;Master and Commander \\
- \textit{HMS Polychrest} &amp;Post Captain \\
- \textit{HMS Lively} &amp;Post Captain \\
- \textit{HMS Surprise} &amp;A number of books\footnote{Starting with
- HMS Surprise.}
+ \textsc{Ship} &amp;\textsc{Book} \\ \hline
+ \textit{HMS Sophie} &amp;Master and Commander \\
+ \textit{HMS Polychrest} &amp;Post Captain \\
+ \textit{HMS Lively} &amp;Post Captain \\
+ \textit{HMS Surprise} &amp;A number of books\footnote{%
+ Starting with HMS Surprise.}
\end{tabular}
+ \end{minipage}
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>The solution is to surround the <code>tabular</code> environment with a
-<code>minipage</code> environment, as here (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
+<p>Inside a <code>minipage</code>, footnote marks are lowercase letters. Change
+that with something like
+<code>\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The footnotes in the prior example appear at the bottom of the
+<code>minipage</code>. To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as
+part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code>\footnotemark</code> and
+<code>\footnotetext</code> pair and make a new counter.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center}
- \begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
- ... tabular material ...
- \end{minipage}
+<pre class="example">\newcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}
+\begin{center}
+ \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
+ \setcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}} \centering
+ \begin{tabular}{l|l}
+ \textsc{Woman} &amp;\textsc{Relationship} \\ \hline
+ Mona &amp;Attached\footnotemark \\
+ Diana Villiers &amp;Eventual wife \\
+ Christine Hatherleigh Wood &amp;Fiance\footnotemark
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{minipage}% percent sign keeps footnote text close to minipage
+ \stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%
+ \footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%
+ Little is known other than her death.}%
+ \stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%
+ \footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%
+ Relationship is unresolved in XXI.}
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>The same technique will work inside a floating <code>table</code> environment
-(see <a href="#table">table</a>). To get the footnote at the bottom of the page use the
-<samp>tablefootnote</samp> package, as illustrated in this example. If you
-put <code>\usepackage{tablefootnote}</code> in the preamble and use the code
-shown then the footnote appears at the bottom and is numbered in
-sequence with other footnotes.
+<p>For a floating <code>table</code> environment (see <a href="#table">table</a>), use the
+<samp>tablefootnote</samp> package.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{table}
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{tablefootnote} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
\textsc{Date} &amp;\textsc{Campaign} \\ \hline
1862 &amp;Fort Donelson \\
1863 &amp;Vicksburg \\
- 1865 &amp;Army of Northern Virginia\footnote{Ending the war.}
+ 1865 &amp;Army of Northern Virginia\tablefootnote{%
+ Ending the war.}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Forces captured by US Grant}
\end{table}
</pre></div>
-
-<hr>
-<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in a table</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.5 Footnotes in section headings</h3>
-
-<a name="index-footnotes_002c-in-section-headings"></a>
-<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></a>
-<p>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}}
-</pre></div>
-
-<a name="index-package_002c-footmisc"></a>
-<a name="index-footmisc-package"></a>
-
-<a name="index-stable-option-to-footmisc-package"></a>
-<p>causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
-section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
-contents, where it is not likely to be desired. To have it not appear
-on the table of contents use the package <samp>footmisc</samp> with the
-<code>stable</code> option.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[stable]{footmisc}
-...
-\begin{document}
-...
-\section{Full sets\footnote{This material due to ...}}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Note that the <code>\protect</code> is gone; including it would cause the
-footnote to reappear on the table of contents.
+<p>The footnote appears at the page bottom and is numbered in sequence with
+other footnotes.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Footnotes-of-footnotes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Multiple-reference-to-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Multiple reference to footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in a table</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</h3>
+<a name="index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-bigfoot"></a>
+<a name="index-bigfoot-package"></a>
+
<p>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
<samp>bigfoot</samp> extends LaTeX&rsquo;s default footnote mechanism in many
ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{bigfoot}
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{bigfoot} % in preamble
\DeclareNewFootnote{Default}
\DeclareNewFootnote{from}[alph] % create class \footnotefrom{}
...
-\begin{document}
-...
The third theorem is a partial converse of the
-second.\footnotefrom{First noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}}
-...
-</pre></div>
-
-
-<hr>
-<a name="Multiple-reference-to-footnotes"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Footnote-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnote parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes of footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="Multiple-references-to-footnotes"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.7 Multiple references to footnotes</h3>
-
-<p>You can refer to a single footnote more than once. This example
-uses the package <samp>cleverref</samp>.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % this version of package or later
-\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3}
-...
-\begin{document}
-...
-The theorem is from Evers.\footnote{\label{fn:TE}Tinker and Evers, 1994.}
-The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers and Chance, 1990.}
-But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
-...
+second.\footnotefrom{%
+ First noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}}
</pre></div>
-<p>This solution will work with the package <samp>hyperref</samp>.
-See&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a> for a simpler solution in the common case
-of multiple authors with the same affiliation.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-<a name="Footnote-parameters"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Multiple-reference-to-footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Multiple reference to footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="Footnote-parameters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.8 Footnote parameters</h3>
-
-<a name="index-footnote-parameters"></a>
-<a name="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></a>
-
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\footnoterule</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnoterule"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&rsquo;s
-footnotes. Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and
-<code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except
-<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear).
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\footnotesep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnotesep"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By
-default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code>
-fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no extra space between
-footnotes. This is &lsquo;<samp>6.65pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>7.7pt</samp>&rsquo; for
-&lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>8.4pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
<hr>
<a name="Definitions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Definitions-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h2>
@@ -7973,7 +10001,6 @@ Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a hr
<p>LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</p>
-
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">(Re)define a new command.
</td></tr>
@@ -8002,7 +10029,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></h3>
@@ -8013,122 +10040,161 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\providecommand
<a name="index-defining-a-new-command"></a>
<a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></a>
-<p><code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a
-command, respectively. Synopses:
+<p>Synopses, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+\newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+\newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or one of these.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"> \newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
- \newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>
+<p>Define or redefine a command. See also the discussion of
+<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>.
<a name="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
<a name="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
-<p>The starred form of these two commands requires that the arguments not
-contain multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain TeX
-terms).
+The starred form of these two requires that the arguments not contain
+multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms that it not be
+<code>\long</code>).
+</p>
+<p>These are the parameters:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>cmd</var></dt>
-<dd><p>Required; <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is the command name. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it
-must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>. For
-<code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined.
+<dd>
+<p>Required; the command name. It must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>,
+and must not begin with the four letter string <code>\end</code>. For
+<code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined. For
+<code>\renewcommand</code>, this name must already be defined.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>nargs</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments
-that the command can take, including any optional argument. If this
-argument is not present, the default is for the command to have no
-arguments. When redefining a command, the new version can have a
+that the command takes, including any optional argument. Omitting this
+argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that the command has no
+arguments. If you redefine a command, the new version can have a
different number of arguments than the old version.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>optargdefault</var></dt>
-<dd><p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of defined
-command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
+<dd><p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then
<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
</p>
<a name="index-positional-parameter"></a>
-<p>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets following,
-as in <code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the first
-<em>positional parameter</em> <code>#1</code> expands <var>myval</var>. On the
-other hand, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is called without square brackets
-following, then within <var>defn</var> the positional parameter <code>#1</code>
-expands to the default <var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, any
-required arguments will be referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
-</p>
-<p>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in a call is different from having the
-square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results
-in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
-<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string.
+<p>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets, as in
+<code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>optval</var>]{...}...</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the
+parameter&nbsp;<code>#1</code> is set to the value of <var>optval</var>. On the
+other hand, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is called without the square brackets
+then within <var>defn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is set to the value of
+<var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, the required arguments start with
+<code>#2</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Omitting <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> is different from having the
+square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former sets
+<code>#1</code> to the value of <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter sets <code>#1</code>
+to the empty string.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>defn</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>; the
-positional parameter <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by
-the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
+<dd><p>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code>. The parameters <code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>,
+... <code>#<var>nargs</var></code> are replaced by the values that you supply when
+you call the command (or by the default value if there is an optional
+argument and you don&rsquo;t exercise the option).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>TeX ignores spaces in the source following an alphabetic control
sequence, as in &lsquo;<samp>\cmd </samp>&rsquo;. If you actually want a space there, one
-solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command (&lsquo;<samp>\cmd{} </samp>&rsquo;;
+solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command (&lsquo;<samp>\cmd{} </samp>&rsquo;, and
another solution is to use an explicit control space (&lsquo;<samp>\cmd\ </samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
<p>A simple example of defining a new command:
-<code>\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}</code> results in
-<code>\RS</code> being replaced by the longer text.
-</p>
-<p>Redefining an existing command is similar:
+<code>\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}</code> results in <code>\RS</code> being
+replaced by the longer text. Redefining an existing command is similar:
<code>\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}</code>.
</p>
-<p>Here&rsquo;s a command definition with one required argument:
+<p>If you try to define a command and the name has already been used then
+you get something like &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \fred already
+defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>&rsquo;. If you try
+to redefine a command and the name has not yet been used then you get
+something like &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: \hank undefined</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Here the first command definition has no arguments, and the second has
+one required argument.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary}
+\newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
</pre></div>
-<p>Then, <code>\defref{def:basis}</code> expands to
-<code>Definition~\ref{def:basis}</code>, which will ultimately expand to
+<p>Use the first as in <code>I highly recommend \student{} to you</code>. The
+second has a variable, so that <code>\defref{def:basis}</code> expands to
+<code>Definition~\ref{def:basis}</code>, which ultimately expands to
something like &lsquo;<samp>Definition~3.14</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<p>An example with two required arguments:
+<p>Similarly, but with two required arguments:
<code>\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}</code> is invoked as
<code>\nbym{2}{k}</code>.
</p>
-<p>An example with an optional argument:
+<p>This example has an optional argument.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:}
</pre></div>
-<p>Then, <code>\salutation</code> gives &lsquo;<samp>Dear Sir or Madam:</samp>&rsquo; while
+<p>Then <code>\salutation</code> gives &lsquo;<samp>Dear Sir or Madam:</samp>&rsquo; while
<code>\salutation[John]</code> gives &lsquo;<samp>Dear John:</samp>&rsquo;. And
<code>\salutation[]</code> gives &lsquo;<samp>Dear :</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<p>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not define a group, that is, they do
-not delimit the scope of the result of expanding <var>defn</var>. So
-<code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</code> is problematic; in this
-sentence,
+<p>This example has an optional argument and two required arguments.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2, #3, and~#1}
+I employ \lawyers[Howe]{Dewey}{Cheatem}.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The output is &lsquo;<samp>I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe</samp>&rsquo;. The optional
+argument, the <code>Howe</code>, is associated with <code>#1</code>, while
+<code>Dewey</code> and <code>Cheatem</code> are associated with <code>#2</code>
+and&nbsp;<code>#3</code>. Because of the optional argument,
+<code>\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}</code> will give the output &lsquo;<samp>I employ
+Dewey, Cheatem, and company</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not define a group, that is, they do not
+delimit the scope of the result of expanding <var>defn</var>. For example,
+with <code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</code>, in this sentence,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}.
</pre></div>
-<p>the words &lsquo;<samp>met the</samp>&rsquo; would incorrectly be in italics. Another
-pair of braces in the definition is needed, like this:
-<code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>. Those braces are
-part of the definition and thus do define a group.
+<p>the words &lsquo;<samp>met the</samp>&rsquo; would incorrectly be in italics. The solution
+is to put another pair of braces inside the definition:
+<code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cprovidecommand"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></h3>
@@ -8138,26 +10204,41 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Pr
<a name="index-defining-a-new-command-1"></a>
<a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining-1"></a>
-<p>Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists.
-Synopses:
+<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\providecommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example">\providecommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+\providecommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\providecommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\providecommand*{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+\providecommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
\providecommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect
-as <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>). If a
-command of this name already exists then this definition does nothing.
-This is particularly useful in a style file, or other file that may be
-loaded more than once.
+<p>Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists.
+If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect
+as <code>\newcommand</code>. If a command of this name already exists then
+this definition does nothing. This is particularly useful in a file
+that may be loaded more than once, such as a style file.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a> for the description of the arguments.
+</p>
+<p>This example
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College}
+\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College}
+From \myaffiliation.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>outputs &lsquo;<samp>From Saint Michael's College</samp>&rsquo;. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code>,
+the repeated use of <code>\providecommand</code> does not give an error.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>
@@ -8172,32 +10253,53 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Prev
\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}[<var>supercounter</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>Globally defines a new counter named <var>countername</var> and initialize
-the new counter to zero.
+<p>Globally defines a new counter named <var>countername</var> and initialize it
+to zero (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
-<p>The name <var>countername</var> must consists of letters only, and does not
+<p>The name <var>countername</var> must consist of letters only. It does not
begin with a backslash. This name must not already be in use by another
counter.
</p>
-<p>When you use the optional argument <code>[<var>supercounter</var>]</code> then
-<var>countername</var> will be numbered within, or subsidiary to, the
-existing counter <var>supercounter</var>. For example, ordinarily
-<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code> so that any time
-<var>supercounter</var> is incremented with <code>\stepcounter</code>
+<p>When you use the optional argument <code>[<var>supercounter</var>]</code> then the
+counter <var>countername</var> will be reset to zero whenever
+<var>supercounter</var> is incremented. For example, ordinarily
+<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code> so that any time you
+increment <var>section</var>, either with <code>\stepcounter</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>) or <code>\refstepcounter</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>) then <var>countername</var> is reset to zero.
+(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>), then LaTeX will reset <var>subsection</var> to
+zero.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>, for more information about counters.
+<p>This example
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcounter{asuper} \setcounter{asuper}{1}
+\newcounter{asub}[asuper] \setcounter{asub}{3} % Note `asuper'
+The value of asuper is \arabic{asuper} and of asub is \arabic{asub}.
+\stepcounter{asuper}
+Now asuper is \arabic{asuper} while asub is \arabic{asub}.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>produces &lsquo;<samp>The value of asuper is 1 and that of asub is 3</samp>&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;<samp>Now asuper is 2 while asub is 0</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If the counter already exists, for instance by entering <code>asuper</code>
+twice, then you get something like &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \c@asuper
+already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual.</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If you use the optional argument then the super counter must already
+exist. Entering <code>\newcounter{jh}[lh]</code> when <code>lh</code> is not a
+defined counter will get you &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: No counter 'lh'
+defined.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewlength"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewlength_003a-Allocating-a-length"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\newlength</code>: Allocating a length</h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\newlength</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewlength"></a>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></a>
@@ -8205,55 +10307,77 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Pr
<a name="index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a>
<a name="index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a>
-<p>Allocate a new <em>length</em> register. Synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newlength{\<var>arg</var>}
+<pre class="example">\newlength{<var>arg</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>This command takes one required argument, which must begin with a
-backslash (&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;). It creates a new length register named
-<code>\<var>arg</var></code>, which is a place to hold (rubber) lengths such as
-<code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code> (what plain TeX calls a <code>skip</code>
-register). The register gets an initial value of zero. The control
-sequence <code>\<var>arg</var></code> must not already be defined.
+<p>Allocate a new length register (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The required argument
+<var>arg</var> must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The new register holds
+rubber lengths such as <code>72.27pt</code> or <code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code>
+(a LaTeX length register is what plain TeX calls a <code>skip</code>
+register). The initial value is zero. The control sequence
+<code>\<var>arg</var></code> must not be already defined.
+</p>
+<p>An example:
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>, for more about lengths.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newlength{\graphichgt}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you forget the backslash then you get &lsquo;<samp>Missing control sequence
+inserted</samp>&rsquo;. If the command sequence already exists then you get
+something like &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined.
+Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox_003a-Allocating-a-box"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newsavebox</code>: Allocating a box</h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewsavebox"></a>
<a name="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></a>
-<p>Allocate a &ldquo;bin&rdquo; for holding a box. Synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\<var>cmd</var>}
+<pre class="example">\newsavebox{<var>cmd</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Defines <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
-Such a box is for holding typeset material, to use multiple times
-(see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>) or to measure or manipulate. The name
-<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> must start with a backslash (&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;), and must not
-be already defined.
+<p>Define <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> to refer to a new &ldquo;bin&rdquo; for storing boxes.
+Such a box is for holding typeset material, to use multiple times or to
+measure or manipulate (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). The required bin name
+<code><var>cmd</var></code> must start with a backslash, <code>\</code>, and must not
+already be defined. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>The allocation of a box is global. This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>The first line here sets you up to save the material for later use.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\logobox}
+\savebox{\logobox}{LoGo}
+Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The output is &lsquo;<samp>Our logo is LoGo</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If there is an already defined bin then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \logobox already defined. Or name
+\end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The allocation of a box is global.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newsavebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newsavebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>
@@ -8264,26 +10388,41 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Pr
<a name="index-defining-new-environments"></a>
<a name="index-redefining-environments"></a>
-<p>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is,
-<code>\begin{<var>env</var>} <var>body</var> \end{<var>env</var>}</code>. Synopses:
+<p>Synopses, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newenvironment{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+\newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+\newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+\newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+\newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+\newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or one of these.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"> \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
- \newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
- \renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
-\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
+<pre class="example">\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
</pre></div>
+<p>Define or redefine the environment <var>env</var>, that is, create the
+construct <code>\begin{<var>env</var>} ... <var>body</var> ... \end{<var>env</var>}</code>.
+</p>
<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></a>
<p>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
-contain multiple paragraphs of text. The body of these environments can
-still contain multiple paragraphs.
+contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these
+environments can contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>env</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the environment name. It consists only of letters or the
-<code>*</code> character, and thus does not begin with backslash
-(<code>\</code>). It must not begin with the string <code>end</code>. For
+<code>*</code> character, and thus does not begin with backslash, <code>\</code>.
+It must not begin with the string <code>end</code>. For
<code>\newenvironment</code>, the name <var>env</var> must not be the name of an
already existing environment, and also the command <code>\<var>env</var></code>
must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be the
@@ -8292,59 +10431,65 @@ name of an existing environment.
</dd>
<dt><var>nargs</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
-that the environment will take. When the environment is used these
+that the environment takes. When you use the environment these
arguments appear after the <code>\begin</code>, as in
-<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}{<var>arg1</var>}&hellip;{<var>argn</var>}</code>. If this
-argument is not present then the default is for the environment to have
-no arguments. When redefining an environment, the new version can have
-a different number of arguments than the old version.
+<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}{<var>arg1</var>} ... {<var>argn</var>}</code>. Omitting
+this is equivalent to setting it to 0; the environment will have no
+arguments. When redefining an environment, the new version can have a
+different number of arguments than the old version.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>optargdefault</var></dt>
-<dd><p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of the
-defined environment is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
-(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then
-the environment does not take an optional argument.
-</p>
-<p>That is, when <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> is present in the
-environment definition, if <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> is used with
-square brackets following, as in
-<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then, within <var>begdefn</var>,
-the positional parameter <code>#1</code> expands to <var>myval</var>. If
-<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> is called without square brackets
-following, then, within within <var>begdefn</var>, the positional parameter
-<code>#1</code> expands to the default <var>optargdefault</var>. In either case,
-any required arguments will be referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
-</p>
-<p>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different from having the
+<dd><p>Optional; if this is present then the first argument of the defined
+environment is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var> (which
+may be the empty string). If this is not in the definition then the
+environment does not take an optional argument.
+</p>
+<p>That is, when <var>optargdefault</var> is present in the definition of the
+environment then you can start the environment with square brackets, as
+in <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}[<var>optval</var>]{...} ... \end{<var>env</var>}</code>.
+In this case, within <var>begdefn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is set to the
+value of <var>optval</var>. If you call <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> without
+square brackets, then within <var>begdefn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is
+set to the value of the default <var>optargdefault</var>. In either case,
+any required arguments start with <code>#2</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different than having the
square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results
in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>begdefn</var></dt>
+<dt><var>begdef</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
-<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>. Within <var>begdef</var>, the <var>n</var>th
-positional parameter (i.e., <code>#<var>n</var></code>) is replaced by the text
-of the <var>n</var>th argument.
+<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>. Within <var>begdef</var>, the parameters
+<code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>, ... <code>#<var>nargs</var></code>, are replaced by the
+values that you supply when you call the environment; see the examples
+below.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>enddefn</var></dt>
+<dt><var>enddef</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
-<code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. This may not contain any positional
-parameters, so <code>#<var>n</var></code> cannot be used here (but see the final
+<code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. This may not contain any parameters, that is,
+you cannot use <code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>, etc., here (but see the final
example below).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>All environments, that is to say the <var>begdefn</var> code, the environment
-body and the <var>enddefn</var> code, are processed within a group. Thus, in
+<p>All environments, that is to say the <var>begdef</var> code, the environment
+body, and the <var>enddef</var> code, are processed within a group. Thus, in
the first example below, the effect of the <code>\small</code> is limited to
the quote and does not extend to material following the environment.
</p>
+<p>If you try to define an environment and the name has already been used
+then you get something like &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \fred already
+defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>&rsquo;. If you try
+to redefine an environment and the name has not yet been used then you
+get something like &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Environment hank undefined.</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
<p>This example gives an environment like LaTeX&rsquo;s <code>quotation</code>
-except that it will be set in smaller type:
+except that it will be set in smaller type.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newenvironment{smallquote}{%
@@ -8354,8 +10499,18 @@ except that it will be set in smaller type:
}
</pre></div>
-<p>This one shows the use of arguments; it gives a quotation environment
-that cites the author:
+<p>This has an argument, which is set in boldface at the start of a
+paragraph.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newenvironment{point}[1]{%
+ \noindent\textbf{#1}
+}{%
+}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This one shows the use of a optional argument; it gives a quotation
+environment that cites the author.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%
@@ -8366,8 +10521,8 @@ that cites the author:
}
</pre></div>
-<p>The author&rsquo;s name is optional, and defaults to &lsquo;<samp>Shakespeare</samp>&rsquo;.
-In the document, use the environment like this:
+<p>The author&rsquo;s name is optional, and defaults to &lsquo;<samp>Shakespeare</samp>&rsquo;. In
+the document, use the environment like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]
@@ -8376,7 +10531,7 @@ In the document, use the environment like this:
</pre></div>
<p>The final example shows how to save the value of an argument to use in
-<var>enddefn</var>, in this case in a box (see <a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>):
+<var>enddef</var>, in this case in a box (see <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\quoteauthor}
@@ -8394,7 +10549,7 @@ In the document, use the environment like this:
<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>
@@ -8405,7 +10560,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous
<a name="index-theorem_002dlike-environment"></a>
<a name="index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike"></a>
-<p>Define a new theorem-like environment. Synopses:
+<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}
@@ -8413,25 +10568,24 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous
\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Using the first form, <code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}</code>
-creates an environment that will be labelled with <var>title</var>. See the
-first example below.
+<p>Define a new theorem-like environment. You can specify one of
+<var>numbered_within</var> and <var>numbered_like</var>, or neither, but not both.
+</p>
+<p>The first form, <code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}</code>, creates
+an environment that will be labelled with <var>title</var>; see the first
+example below.
</p>
-<p>The second form
-<code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>]</code>
+<p>The second form,
+<code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>]</code>,
creates an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing
-counter <var>numbered_within</var> (its counter will be reset when
-<var>numbered_within</var> is reset).
+counter <var>numbered_within</var>, so this counter will be reset when
+<var>numbered_within</var> is reset. See the second example below.
</p>
-
<p>The third form
<code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code>,
-with optional argument between the two required arguments, will create
-an environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter
-<var>numbered_like</var>.
-</p>
-<p>You can specify one of <var>numbered_within</var> and <var>numbered_like</var>,
-or neither, but not both.
+with optional argument between the two required arguments, creates an
+environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter
+<var>numbered_like</var>. See the third example.
</p>
<p>This command creates a counter named <var>name</var>. In addition, unless
the optional argument <var>numbered_like</var> is used, inside of the
@@ -8444,13 +10598,14 @@ theorem-like environment the current <code>\ref</code> value will be that of
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>name</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The name of the environment. It must not begin with a backslash
-(&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;). It must not be the name of an existing environment; indeed,
-the command name <code>\<var>name</var></code> must not already be defined as anything.
+<dd><p>The name of the environment. It is a string of letters. It must not
+begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. It must not be the name of an
+existing environment, and the command name <code>\<var>name</var></code> must not
+already be defined.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>title</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
+<dd><p>The text to be printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
number. For example, &lsquo;<samp>Theorem</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -8490,10 +10645,10 @@ output.
\end{defn}
</pre></div>
-<p>Because the next example specifies the optional argument
-<var>numbered_within</var> to <code>\newtheorem</code> as <code>section</code>, the
-example, with the same document body, gives &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;1.1</samp>&rsquo;
-and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo;.
+<p>This example has the same document body as the prior one. But here
+<code>\newtheorem</code>&rsquo;s optional argument <var>numbered_within</var> is given as
+<code>section</code>, so the output is like &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;1.1</samp>&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
@@ -8538,47 +10693,42 @@ by &lsquo;<samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;
<a name="g_t_005cnewfont"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next">\protect</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newtheorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next">\protect</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newtheorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewfont_003a-Define-a-new-font-_0028obsolete_0029"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newfont</code>: Define a new font (obsolete)</h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newfont</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewfont"></a>
<a name="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></a>
<a name="index-defining-new-fonts"></a>
-<p><code>\newfont</code>, now obsolete, defines a command that will switch fonts.
-Synopsis:
+<p>This command is obsolete. This description is here only to help with old
+documents. New documents should define fonts in families through the
+New Font Selection Scheme which allows you to, for example, associate a
+boldface with a roman (see <a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newfont{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>font description</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>This defines a control sequence <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> that will change the
-current font. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named
-<samp><var>fontname</var>.tfm</samp>. The control sequence must must not already
-be defined. It must begin with a backslash (&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;).
-</p>
-<a name="index-_002efd-file"></a>
-<p>This command is obsolete. It is a low-level command for setting up an
-individual font. Today fonts are almost always defined in families
-(which allows you to, for example, associate a boldface with a roman)
-through the so-called &ldquo;New Font Selection Scheme&rdquo;, either by using
-<samp>.fd</samp> files or through the use of an engine that can access
-system fonts such as XeLaTeX (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
+<p>Define a command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> that will change the current font.
+The control sequence must must not already be defined. It must begin
+with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
<a name="index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
-<p>But since it is part of LaTeX, here is an explanation: the
-<var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
-<em>at clause</em>; this can have the form either <code>at <var>dimen</var></code>
-or <code>scaled <var>factor</var></code>, where a <var>factor</var> of &lsquo;<samp>1000</samp>&rsquo;
-means no scaling. For LaTeX&rsquo;s purposes, all this does is scale all
-the character and other font dimensions relative to the font&rsquo;s design
-size, which is a value defined in the <samp>.tfm</samp> file.
+<p>The <var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
+<em>at clause</em>. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named
+<samp><var>fontname</var>.tfm</samp>. The at clause can have the form either
+<code>at <var>dimen</var></code> or <code>scaled <var>factor</var></code>, where a
+<var>factor</var> of &lsquo;<samp>1000</samp>&rsquo; means no scaling. For LaTeX&rsquo;s purposes,
+all this does is scale all the character and other font dimensions
+relative to the font&rsquo;s design size, which is a value defined in the
+<samp>.tfm</samp> file.
</p>
-<p>This example defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few
-characters in each:
+<p>This defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few characters in each.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10 at 11pt}
@@ -8592,7 +10742,7 @@ characters in each:
<a name="g_t_005cprotect"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cprotect-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\protect</code></h3>
@@ -8663,7 +10813,7 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
<a name="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\protect</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\protect</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
@@ -8700,13 +10850,17 @@ the command and the question text.
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item\points{10}no extra space output here
- \item\points{15} extra space output between the number and the word `extra'
+ \item\points{15} extra space between the number and the `extra'
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<p>The solution is to change to
-<code>\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}</code>.
+<p>The solution is to change to this.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\points}[1]{%
+ \makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}
+</pre></div>
+
<p>A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The
commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But,
as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
@@ -8715,7 +10869,7 @@ as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\@honorific{#1}} % remember title
-\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\@honorific~#1} % recall title; put before name
+\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\@honorific~#1} % put title before name
\makeatother
\begin{tabular}{|l|}
\honorific{Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} \\ % no extra space here
@@ -8759,7 +10913,7 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
<a name="Counters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Counters-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">13 Counters</h2>
@@ -8790,6 +10944,8 @@ inside of a minipage (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>). The counters <code
through <code>enumiv</code> are used in the <code>enumerate</code> environment, for
up to four levels of nesting (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
</p>
+<p>Counters can have any integer value but they are typically positive.
+</p>
<p>New counters are created with <code>\newcounter</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.
</p>
@@ -8808,7 +10964,7 @@ up to four levels of nesting (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7">\stepcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" accesskey="8">\day \month \year</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numeric date values.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="8">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numeric date values.
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -8817,7 +10973,7 @@ up to four levels of nesting (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>
@@ -8826,7 +10982,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usecounter</a>, Up
<p>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
-<code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code> in your source will result in a lower case
+<code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code> in your source will result in a lowercase
letter&nbsp;a appearing in the output.
</p>
<p>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
@@ -8837,53 +10993,64 @@ start with a backslash.
<dt><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &lsquo;a&rsquo;, &lsquo;b&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
+<dd><p>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &lsquo;a&rsquo;, &lsquo;b&rsquo;,
+<small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then
+you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Print in uppercase letters: &lsquo;A&rsquo;, &lsquo;B&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
+<dd><p>Print in uppercase letters: &lsquo;A&rsquo;, &lsquo;B&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter&rsquo;s value
+is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter
+too large.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers: &lsquo;1&rsquo;, &lsquo;2&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
+<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers such as &lsquo;<samp>5</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>-2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &lsquo;i&rsquo;, &lsquo;ii&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
+<dd><p>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &lsquo;i&rsquo;, &lsquo;ii&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
+counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
+LaTeX does not print anything in the output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &lsquo;I&rsquo;, &lsquo;II&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
+<dd><p>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &lsquo;I&rsquo;, &lsquo;II&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
+counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
+LaTeX does not print anything in the output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine
-symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
-<var>counter</var> must be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive.
+<dd><p>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that
+are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
+<var>counter</var> should be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive. If the
+counter&rsquo;s value is less than 0 or more than 9 then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX
+Error: Counter too large</samp>&rsquo;, while if it is 0 then you get no error or
+warning but LaTeX does not output anything.
</p>
<p>Here are the symbols:
</p>
<table>
-<thead><tr><th width="33%">Name</th><th width="33%">Command</th><th width="33%">Equivalent Unicode symbol and/or numeric code point</th></tr></thead>
-<tr><td width="33%">asterisk</td><td width="33%"><code>\ast</code></td><td width="33%">*</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="33%">dagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\dagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2020;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="33%">ddagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\ddagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2021;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="33%">section-sign</td><td width="33%"><code>\S</code></td><td width="33%">&#x00A7;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="33%">paragraph-sign</td><td width="33%"><code>\P</code></td><td width="33%">&#x00B6;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="33%">double-vert</td><td width="33%"><code>\parallel</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2016;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="33%">double-asterisk</td><td width="33%"><code>\ast\ast</code></td><td width="33%">**</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="33%">double-dagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\dagger\dagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2020;&#x2020;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="33%">double-ddagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\ddagger\ddagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2021;&#x2021;</td></tr>
+<thead><tr><th width="10%">Number</th><th width="30%">Name</th><th width="30%">Command</th><th width="30%">Symbol</th></tr></thead>
+<tr><td width="10%">1</td><td width="30%">asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code>\ast</code></td><td width="30%">*</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">2</td><td width="30%">dagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\dagger</code></td><td width="30%">&#x2020;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">3</td><td width="30%">ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\ddagger</code></td><td width="30%">&#x2021;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">4</td><td width="30%">section-sign</td><td width="30%"><code>\S</code></td><td width="30%">&#x00A7;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">5</td><td width="30%">paragraph-sign</td><td width="30%"><code>\P</code></td><td width="30%">&#x00B6;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">6</td><td width="30%">double-vert</td><td width="30%"><code>\parallel</code></td><td width="30%">&#x2016;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">7</td><td width="30%">double-asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code>\ast\ast</code></td><td width="30%">**</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">8</td><td width="30%">double-dagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\dagger\dagger</code></td><td width="30%">&#x2020;&#x2020;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">9</td><td width="30%">double-ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\ddagger\ddagger</code></td><td width="30%">&#x2021;&#x2021;</td></tr>
</table>
</dd>
@@ -8894,10 +11061,10 @@ symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
<a name="g_t_005cusecounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next">\value</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next">\value</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cusecounter_007bcounter_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cusecounter-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cusecounter"></a>
<a name="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>
@@ -8909,15 +11076,16 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next">\value</a>, Previous: <a
<pre class="example">\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>In the <code>list</code> environment, when used in the second argument, this
-command sets up <var>counter</var> to number the list items. It initializes
-<var>counter</var> to zero, and arranges that when <code>\item</code> is called
-without its optional argument then <var>counter</var> is incremented by
-<code>\refstepcounter</code>, making its value be the current <code>ref</code>
-value. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>Used in the second argument of the <code>list</code> environment
+(see <a href="#list">list</a>), this declares that list items will be numbered by
+<var>counter</var>. It initializes <var>counter</var> to zero, and arranges that
+when <code>\item</code> is called without its optional argument then
+<var>counter</var> is incremented by <code>\refstepcounter</code>, making its value
+be the current <code>ref</code> value (see <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>Put in the preamble, this makes a new list environment enumerated with
-<var>testcounter</var>:
+<p>Put in the document preamble, this example makes a new list environment
+enumerated with <var>testcounter</var>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcounter{testcounter}
@@ -8935,10 +11103,10 @@ value. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
<a name="g_t_005cvalue"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvalue_007bcounter_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cvalue-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cvalue"></a>
<a name="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></a>
@@ -8949,13 +11117,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setcounter</a>, Pr
<pre class="example">\value{<var>counter</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>This command expands to the value of <var>counter</var>. It is often used
-in <code>\setcounter</code> or <code>\addtocounter</code>, but <code>\value</code> can
-be used anywhere that LaTeX expects a number. It must not be
-preceded by <code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
-</p>
-<p>The <code>\value</code> command is not used for typesetting the value of the
-counter. See <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>.
+<p>Expands to the value of the counter <var>counter</var>. (Note that the name
+of a counter does not begin with a backslash.)
</p>
<p>This example outputs &lsquo;<samp>Test counter is&nbsp;6. Other counter
is&nbsp;5.</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -8969,6 +11132,14 @@ Test counter is \arabic{test}.
Other counter is \arabic{other}.
</pre></div>
+<p>The <code>\value</code> command is not used for typesetting the value of the
+counter. For that, see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>.
+</p>
+<p>It is often used in <code>\setcounter</code> or <code>\addtocounter</code> but
+<code>\value</code> can be used anywhere that LaTeX expects a number, such
+as in <code>\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}</code>. It must not be
+preceded by <code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
<p>This example inserts <code>\hspace{4\parindent}</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -8981,10 +11152,10 @@ Other counter is \arabic{other}.
<a name="g_t_005csetcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\value</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\value</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csetcounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005csetcounter-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csetcounter"></a>
<a name="index-counters_002c-setting"></a>
@@ -8996,15 +11167,17 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a>
<pre class="example">\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\setcounter</code> command globally sets the value of <var>counter</var>
-to the <var>value</var> argument. Note that the counter name does not start
-with a backslash.
+<p>Globally set the counter <var>counter</var> to have the value of the
+<var>value</var> argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a
+counter&rsquo;s value as <code>\setcounter{section}{5}</code>. Note that the
+counter name does not start with a backslash.
</p>
-<p>In this example the section value appears as &lsquo;<samp>V</samp>&rsquo;.
+<p>In this example if the counter <code>theorem</code> has value 12 then the
+second line will print &lsquo;<samp>XII</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setcounter{section}{5}
-Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
+<pre class="example">\setcounter{exercise}{\value{theorem}}
+Here it is in Roman: \Roman{exercise}.
</pre></div>
@@ -9012,15 +11185,20 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\refstepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\refstepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005caddtocounter"></a>
-<p>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command globally increments <var>counter</var> by
-the amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>&nbsp;</pre></div>
+
+<p>Globally increment <var>counter</var> by the amount specified by the
+<var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
</p>
<p>In this example the section value appears as &lsquo;<samp>VII</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
@@ -9035,18 +11213,23 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter_007bcounter_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005crefstepcounter"></a>
-<p>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as
-<code>\stepcounter</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>): it globally increments the
-value of <var>counter</var> by one and resets the value of any counter
-numbered within it. (For the definition of &ldquo;counters numbered
-within&rdquo;, see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.)
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Globally increments the value of <var>counter</var> by one, as does
+<code>\stepcounter</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>). The difference is that this
+command resets the value of any counter numbered within it. (For the
+definition of &ldquo;counters numbered within&rdquo;, see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.)
</p>
<p>In addition, this command also defines the current <code>\ref</code> value
to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>.
@@ -9059,46 +11242,66 @@ locally, i.e., inside the current group.
<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next">\day \month \year</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\refstepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\refstepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter_007bcounter_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cstepcounter"></a>
-<p>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command globally adds one to <var>counter</var> and
-resets all counters numbered within it. (For the definition of
-&ldquo;counters numbered within&rdquo;, see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.)
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Globally adds one to <var>counter</var> and resets all counters numbered
+within it. (For the definition of &ldquo;counters numbered within&rdquo;,
+see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.)
+</p>
+<p>This command differs from <code>\refstepcounter</code> in that this one does
+not influence references&nbsp;&mdash; it does not define the current
+<code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear_003a-Predefined-counters"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cday"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmonth"></a>
<a name="index-_005cyear"></a>
-<p>LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>,
-1&ndash;31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1&ndash;12), and year
-(<code>\year</code>, Common Era). When TeX starts up, they are
-set to the current values on the system where TeX is running. They
-are not updated as the job progresses.
+<p>LaTeX defines the counter <code>\day</code> for the day of the month
+(nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code>\month</code> for the month of
+the year (nominally with value between 1 and 12), and year <code>\year</code>.
+When TeX starts up, they are set from the current values on the
+system. The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string
+representing the current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
+</p>
+<p>They counters are not updated as the job progresses so in principle they
+could be incorrect by the end. In addition, TeX does no sanity
+check:
</p>
-<p>The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string representing the
-current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\day=-2 \month=13 \year=-4 \today
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>gives no error or warning and results in the output &lsquo;<samp>-2, -4</samp>&rsquo; (the
+bogus month value produces no output).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Lengths"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Lengths-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h2>
@@ -9108,30 +11311,107 @@ Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a
<p>A <em>length</em> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a
length as an argument.
</p>
+<p>This shows a box of the given length.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\blackbar}[1]{\rule{#1}{10pt}} % make a bar
+\newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}} % box it
+XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>It produces a black bar 100&nbsp;points long between &lsquo;<samp>XXX</samp>&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;<samp>YYY</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
<p>Lengths come in two types. A <em>rigid length</em> (what Plain TeX
-calls a <em>dimen</em>) such as <code>10pt</code> cannot contain a <code>plus</code> or
-<code>minus</code> component. A <em>rubber length</em> (what Plain TeX calls
-a <em>skip</em>) can contain those, as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm
-minus0.01cm</code>. These give the ability to stretch or shrink; the length
-in the prior sentence could appear in the output as long as 1.05&nbsp;cm
-or as short as 0.99&nbsp;cm, depending on what TeX&rsquo;s typesetting
-algorithm finds optimum.
+calls a <em>dimen</em>) such as <code>10pt</code> does not contain a <code>plus</code>
+or <code>minus</code> component. The above example shows a rigid length. A
+<em>rubber length</em> (what Plain TeX calls a <em>skip</em>) can contain
+those components, as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code>. Here the
+<code>1cm</code> is the <em>natural length</em> while the other two, the
+<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components, allow the length to stretch or
+shrink.
+</p>
+<p>Shrinking is simpler: with <code>1cm minus 0.05cm</code>, the natural length
+is 1cm but if smaller is needed then TeX can shrink it down as
+far as 0.95cm. Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more.
+Thus, below the first one works fine, producing a space of
+98&nbsp;points between the two bars.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ \blackbar{101pt}\hspace{100pt minus 2pt}\blackbar{101pt}}YYY
+
+XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ \blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>But the second one gets a warning like &lsquo;<samp>Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too
+wide) detected at line 17</samp>&rsquo;. In the output the first &lsquo;<samp>Y</samp>&rsquo; is
+overwritten by the end of the black bar, because the box&rsquo;s material is
+wider than the 300pt allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink
+the total to less than 309&nbsp;points.
+</p>
+<p>Stretching is like shrinking except that if TeX is asked to stretch
+beyond the given amount, it won&rsquo;t refuse. Here the first line is fine,
+producing a space of 110&nbsp;points between the bars.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ \blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
+
+XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ \blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 1pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the second line TeX needs a stretch of 10&nbsp;points and only
+1&nbsp;point was specified. In this situation, TeX stretches the
+space to the required length, but it complains with a warning like
+&lsquo;<samp>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line 22</samp>&rsquo;. (We won&rsquo;t
+discuss badness; the point is that the system was not given as much
+stretch as needed.)
+</p>
+<p>You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in
+<code>1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If TeX is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the
+stretch or shrink in proportion.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{100pt}% left
+ \hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}% middle
+ \blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The outside bars take up 100&nbsp;points, so the middle needs another
+100. In the middle the bar takes up 80&nbsp;points, so the two
+<code>\hspace</code>&rsquo;s must stretch 20&nbsp;points. Because the two say
+<code>plus 50pt</code> and <code>plus 10pt</code>, TeX gets 5/6 of the
+stretch from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
</p>
<p>The <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain
a <em>fill</em> component, as in <code>1in plus2fill</code>. This gives the
-length infinite stretchability or shrinkability, so that the length in
-the prior sentence can be set by TeX to any distance greater than or
-equal to 1&nbsp;inch. TeX actually provides three infinite glue
-components <code>fil</code>, <code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>, such that the
-later ones overcome the earlier ones, but only the middle value is
-ordinarily used. See <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>, See <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Multiplying an entire rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid
-length, so that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code>
-and <code>\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of
-<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>.
+length infinite stretchability or shrinkability so that TeX could set
+it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across
+the page.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
+ \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{godel.png}%
+ \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{einstein.png}%
+ \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}
+\end{minipage}
+</pre></div>
+<p>TeX actually has three infinite glue components <code>fil</code>,
+<code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>. The later ones are more infinite than
+the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one
+(see <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a> and see <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length, so
+that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code> and
+<code>\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of
+<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>.
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="1">Units of length</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The units that LaTeX knows.
</td></tr>
@@ -9145,8 +11425,6 @@ and <code>\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6">\settowidth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the width of something.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Predefined-lengths" accesskey="7">Predefined lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Lengths that are, like, predefined.
-</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -9154,7 +11432,7 @@ and <code>\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of
<a name="Units-of-length"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Units-of-length-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.1 Units of length</h3>
@@ -9168,57 +11446,57 @@ math mode.
<dt><code>pt</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-pt"></a>
<a name="index-Point"></a>
-<p>Point 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
+<a name="units-of-length-pt"></a><p>Point 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
places, is 1point = 2.85mm = 28.45cm.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>pc</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-pica"></a>
<a name="index-pc"></a>
-<p>Pica, 12 pt
+<a name="units-of-length-pc"></a><p>Pica, 12 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>in</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-in"></a>
<a name="index-inch"></a>
-<p>Inch, 72.27 pt
+<a name="units-of-length-in"></a><p>Inch, 72.27 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>bp</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-bp"></a>
<a name="index-Big-point"></a>
-<p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
+<a name="units-of-length-bp"></a><p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>cm</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-Centimeter"></a>
<a name="index-cm"></a>
-<p>Centimeter
+<a name="units-of-length-cm"></a><p>Centimeter
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>mm</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-Millimeter"></a>
<a name="index-mm"></a>
-<p>Millimeter
+<a name="units-of-length-mm"></a><p>Millimeter
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>dd</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-Didot-point"></a>
<a name="index-dd"></a>
-<p>Didot point, 1.07 pt
+<a name="units-of-length-dd"></a><p>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>cc</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-Cicero"></a>
<a name="index-cc"></a>
-<p>Cicero, 12 dd
+<a name="units-of-length-cc"></a><p>Cicero, 12 dd
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>sp</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-Scaled-point"></a>
<a name="index-sp"></a>
-<p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
+<a name="units-of-length-sp"></a><p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -9229,9 +11507,9 @@ PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
<a name="index-m_002dwidth"></a>
<a name="index-em"></a>
<a name="index-em-1"></a>
-<p>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
+<a name="Lengths_002fem"></a><a name="Lengths_002fen"></a><a name="Lengths_002fex"></a><a name="units-of-length-em"></a><a name="units-of-length-en"></a><a name="units-of-length-ex"></a><p>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
the font. The x-height of the current font <em>ex</em>, traditionally the
-height of the lower case letter x, is often used for vertical
+height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical
lengths. Similarly <em>em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital
letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths (there is also
<code>\enspace</code>, which is <code>0.5em</code>). Use of these can help make a
@@ -9252,7 +11530,7 @@ math symbols family. See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</
<a name="g_t_005csetlength"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csetlength-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></h3>
@@ -9263,21 +11541,33 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>,
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
+<pre class="example">\setlength{<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Set the length <var>len</var> to <var>amount</var>. The length name <var>len</var>
+must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The <code>amount</code> can be a
+rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero,
+and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Below, with LaTeX&rsquo;s defaults the first paragraph will be indented
+while the second will not.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">I told the doctor I broke my leg in two places.
+
+\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
+He said stop going to those places.
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <em>length command</em>
-<a name="index-length-command"></a>
-<code>\<var>len</var></code> to the <var>value</var> argument which can be expressed in any
-units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters
-(<code>mm</code>), points (<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>), etc.
+<p>If there is no such length <var>len</var> then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \praindent</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005caddtolength"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddtolength-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></h3>
@@ -9288,20 +11578,37 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Pr
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
+<pre class="example">\addtolength{<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
</pre></div>
+<p>Increment the length <var>len</var> by <var>amount</var>. The length name
+<var>len</var> begins with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The <code>amount</code> is a
+rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero,
+and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Below, if <code>\parskip</code> starts with the value <code>0pt plus 1pt</code>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\addtolength{\parskip}{1pt}
+Doctor: how is the boy who swallowed the silver dollar?
-<p>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a length command <code>\<var>len</var></code>
-by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which may be
-negative.
+Nurse: no change.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>then it has the value <code>1pt plus 1pt</code> for the second paragraph.
+</p>
+<p>If there is no such length <var>len</var> then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \praindent</samp>&rsquo;. If you leave
+off the backslash at the start of <var>len</var>, as in
+<code>\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}</code>, then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>You can't use `the letter p' after \advance</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csettodepth"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></h3>
@@ -9311,18 +11618,33 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>,
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settodepth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\settodepth{<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Set the length <var>len</var> to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
+begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+</p>
+<p>This will show how low the character descenders go.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetdepth}
+\settodepth{\alphabetdepth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
+\the\alphabetdepth
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a length command
-<code>\<var>len</var></code> equal to the depth of the <var>text</var> argument.
+<p>If there is no such length <var>len</var> then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \alphabetdepth</samp>&rsquo;. If you
+leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+<code>\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}</code> then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csettoheight"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settodepth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settodepth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></h3>
@@ -9332,75 +11654,78 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Pr
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settoheight{\<var>len</var>}{text}
+<pre class="example">\settoheight{<var>len</var>}{text}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a length command <code>\<var>len</var></code>
-equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument.
+<p>Sets the length <var>len</var> to the height of box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <code>text</code> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
+begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+</p>
+<p>This will show how high the characters go.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetheight}
+\settoheight{\alphabetheight}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
+\the\alphabetheight
+</pre></div>
+<p>If there is no such length <var>len</var> then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \alphabetheight</samp>&rsquo;. If you
+leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+<code>\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}</code> then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csettowidth"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Predefined-lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Predefined lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settoheight</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settoheight</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005csettowidth-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csettowidth"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\settowidth{<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var>
-to the width of the <var>text</var> argument.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-<a name="Predefined-lengths"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settowidth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="Predefined-lengths-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.7 Predefined lengths</h3>
-
-<a name="index-lengths_002c-predefined"></a>
-<a name="index-predefined-lengths"></a>
-
-<p><code>\width</code>
-<a name="index-_005cwidth"></a>
-</p>
-<p><code>\height</code>
-<a name="index-_005cheight"></a>
-</p>
-<p><code>\depth</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdepth"></a>
-</p>
-<p><code>\totalheight</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctotalheight"></a>
+<p>Set the length <var>len</var> to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
+begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
</p>
-<p>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
-commands (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). They specify the natural width, etc., of
-the text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <em><code>\height</code> +
-<code>\depth</code></em>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
-natural size, e.g., say
+<p>This measures the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
+<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetwidth}
+\settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
+\the\alphabetwidth
</pre></div>
+<p>If there is no such length <var>len</var> then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \alphabetwidth</samp>&rsquo;. If you
+leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+<code>\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}</code> then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
<hr>
<a name="Making-paragraphs"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Making-paragraphs-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2>
@@ -9408,59 +11733,166 @@ Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previ
<a name="index-making-paragraphs"></a>
<a name="index-paragraphs"></a>
-<p>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&mdash;lines not
-containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not appear where a new
-paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
-a sectioning command.
+<p>Once LaTeX has all of a paragraph&rsquo;s contents it divides it into
+lines, in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph (see <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>). To end the current paragraph, put an empty line.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession
+of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
+
+However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his
+first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds
+of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property
+of some one or other of their daughters.
+
+``My dear Mr. Bennet,'' said his lady to him one day,
+``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The separator lines must be empty, including not containing a comment
+character, <code>%</code>.
+</p>
+<p>There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don&rsquo;t put a
+blank line in math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the line before the
+<code>\end{equation}</code>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ 2^{|S|} &gt; |S|
+
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will get you the error &lsquo;<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>&rsquo;. Similarly, the blank
+line in this <code>section</code> argument
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\section{aaa
+
+bbb}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>gets &lsquo;<samp>Runaway argument? {aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@sect was
+complete</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cindent" accesskey="1">\indent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Indent this paragraph.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1">\par</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">End the current paragraph.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\noindent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Do not indent this paragraph.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\indent &amp; \noindent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Go into horizontal mode, possibly with an indent.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space added before paragraphs.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space added before paragraphs.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Putting remarks in the margin.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put remarks in the margin.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cindent"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cpar"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\indent &amp; \noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cindent-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\indent</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cpar-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\par</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cindent"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparindent-1"></a>
-<a name="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cpar"></a>
+<a name="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></a>
-<p><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals to the
-<code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used
-to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.
+<p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX, converts two
+consecutive newlines to a <code>\par</code>):
</p>
-<p>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column
-mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</code> for
-<code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\par
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>End the current paragraph. The usual way to separate paragraphs is with
+a blank line but the <code>\par</code> command is entirely equivalent. This
+command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This example uses <code>\par</code> rather than a blank line simply for
+readability.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{%
+ \whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\par</code> command does nothing in LR mode or a vertical mode but
+it terminates paragraph mode, bringing LaTeX to vertical mode
+(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+</p>
+<p>You cannot use the <code>\par</code> command in math mode or in the argument
+of many commands, such as the <code>\section</code> command (see <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> and see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\par</code> command differs from the <code>\paragraph</code> command in
+that the latter is, like <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>, a
+sectioning unit used by the standard LaTeX documents.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\par</code> command differs from <code>\newline</code> and the line break
+double backslash, <code>\\</code>, in that \par ends the paragraph not just
+the line. It also triggers the addition of the between-paragraph
+vertical space <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The output from this example
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">xyz
+
+\setlength{\parindent}{3in}
+\setlength{\parskip}{5in}
+\noindent test\indent test1\par test2
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>is: after &lsquo;<samp>xyz</samp>&rsquo; there is a vertical skip of 5&nbsp;inches and then
+&lsquo;<samp>test</samp>&rsquo; appears, aligned with the left margin. On the same line,
+there is an empty horizontal space of 3&nbsp;inches and then
+&lsquo;<samp>test1</samp>&rsquo; appears. Finally. there is a vertical space of
+5&nbsp;inches, followed by a fresh paragraph with a paragraph indent of
+3&nbsp;inches, and then LaTeX puts the text &lsquo;<samp>test2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnoindent"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\indent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\par</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnoindent-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></h3>
+<a name="index-_005cindent"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnoindent"></a>
-<a name="index-indent_002c-suppressing"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cparindent-1"></a>
+<a name="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a>
-<p>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any
-paragraph indentation, as in this example.
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\indent
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\noindent
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Go into horizontal mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The <code>\indent</code> command
+first outputs an empty box whose width is <code>\parindent</code>. These
+commands are robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Ordinarily you create a new paragraph by putting in a blank line.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a> for the difference between this command and <code>\par</code>. To
+start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted
+paragraph, use <code>\noindent</code>.
+</p>
+<p>In the middle of a paragraph the <code>\noindent</code> command has no effect,
+because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The
+<code>\indent</code> command&rsquo;s only effect is to output a space.
+</p>
+<p>This example starts a fresh paragraph.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">... end of the prior paragraph.
@@ -9468,33 +11900,80 @@ paragraph indentation, as in this example.
\noindent This paragraph is not indented.
</pre></div>
-<p>It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
+<p>and this continues an interrupted paragraph.
</p>
-<p>To eliminate paragraph indentation in an entire document, put
-<code>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The data
+
+\begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{rl} ... \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+\noindent shows this clearly.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>To omit indentation in the entire document put
+<code>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble. If you do that,
+you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
+<code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"></a>
+<a name="index-indentfirst-package-5"></a>
+
+<p>Default LaTeX styles have the first paragraph after a section that is
+not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that,
+look on CTAN for the package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cparskip"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\indent &amp; \noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cparskip-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></h3>
+<a name="index-_005cparindent-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cparskip"></a>
+<a name="index-paragraph-indentation"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></a>
-<p><code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
-before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\parskip}{<var>horizontal len</var>}
+\setlength{\parinden}{<var>vertical len</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Both are a rubber lengths (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). They give the indentation
+of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside minipages
+(see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>), and the vertical space between paragraphs.
+</p>
+<p>This, put in the preamble,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
+\setlength{\parskip}{1ex}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>arranges that the document will have paragraphs that are not indented,
+but instead are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase
+&lsquo;<samp>x</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>In standard LaTeX documents, the default value for <code>\parindent</code>
+in one-column documents is <code>15pt</code> when the default text size is
+<code>10pt</code> , <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for
+<code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>. The default
+value for <code>\parskip</code> in LaTeX&rsquo;s standard document styles is
+<code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Marginal-notes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Marginal-notes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>
@@ -9504,36 +11983,39 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parskip</a>, Up:
<a name="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmarginpar"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>}
+<pre class="example">\marginpar{<var>right</var>}
+\marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\marginpar</code> command creates a note in the margin. The first
-line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
-where the <code>\marginpar</code> occurs.
+<p>Create a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have the
+same baseline as the line in the text where the <code>\marginpar</code>
+occurs.
</p>
-<p>When you only specify the mandatory argument <var>right</var>, the text
-will be placed
+<p>The margin that LaTeX uses for the note depends on the current layout
+(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>) and also on <code>\reversemarginpar</code>
+(see below). If you are using one-sided layout (document option
+<code>oneside</code>) then it goes in the right margin. If you are using
+two-sided layout (document option <code>twoside</code>) then it goes in the
+outside margin. If you are in two-column layout (document option
+<code>twocolumn</code>) then it goes in the nearest margin.
</p>
-<ul>
-<li> in the right margin for one-sided layout (option <code>oneside</code>, see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>);
-</li><li> in the outside margin for two-sided layout (option <code>twoside</code>, see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>);
-</li><li> in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option <code>twocolumn</code>, see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
-</li></ul>
-
<a name="index-_005creversemarginpar"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></a>
-<p>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes
-in the opposite (inside) margin. <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them
-in the default position.
+<p>If you declare <code>\reversemarginpar</code> then LaTeX will place
+subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the
+prior paragraph. Revert that to the default position with
+<code>\normalmarginpar</code>.
</p>
-<p>When you specify both arguments, <var>left</var> is used for the left
-margin, and <var>right</var> is used for the right margin.
+<p>When you specify the optional argument <var>left</var> then it is used for a
+note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument <var>right</var> is
+used for a note in the the right margin.
</p>
-<p>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
-hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace{0pt}</code>.
+<p>Normally, a note&rsquo;s first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable
+hyphenation there by beginning <var>left</var> or <var>right</var> with
+<code>\hspace{0pt}</code>.
</p>
<p>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</p>
@@ -9541,21 +12023,21 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace{0pt}</code>.
<dt><code>\marginparpush</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparpush-2"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<samp>7pt</samp>&rsquo; for
+<dd><a name="marginal-notes-marginparpush"></a><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<samp>7pt</samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo; else.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparsep"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
+<dd><a name="marginal-notes-marginparsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
&lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; else.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; document
+<dd><a name="marginal-notes-marginparwidth"></a><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; document
is &lsquo;<samp>90pt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>83pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>68pt</samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;; &lsquo;<samp>17pt</samp>&rsquo; more in each case for a two-sided document.
In two column mode, the default is &lsquo;<samp>48pt</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -9571,7 +12053,7 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
<a name="Math-formulas"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-formulas-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2>
@@ -9589,60 +12071,117 @@ Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#M
<a name="index-equation-environment-1"></a>
-<p>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
+<p>Produce mathematical text by putting LaTeX into math mode or display
+math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). This example shows both.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>math</code></dt>
-<dd><p>For formulas that appear right in the text.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>displaymath</code></dt>
-<dd><p>For formulas that appear on their own line.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>equation</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
-number in the right margin.
-</p></dd>
-</dl>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The wave equation for \( u \) is
+\begin{displaymath}
+ \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = c^2\nabla^2u
+\end{displaymath}
+where \( \nabla^2 \) is the spatial Laplacian and \( c \) is constant.
+</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005c_0028"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005b"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005d"></a>
-<p>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
-but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used
-only in paragraph mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code>
-environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
+<p>Math mode is for inline mathematics. In the above example it is invoked
+by the starting <code>\(</code> and finished by the matching ending <code>\)</code>.
+Display math mode is for displayed equations and here is invoked by the
+<code>displaymath</code> environment. Note that any mathematical text
+whatever, including mathematical text consisting of just one character,
+is handled in math mode.
+</p>
+<p>When in math mode or display math mode, LaTeX handles many aspects of
+your input text differently than in other text modes. For example,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\(...\) <span class="roman">instead of</span> \begin{math}...\end{math}
-\[...\] <span class="roman">instead of</span> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
+<pre class="example">contrast x+y with \( x+y \)
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_0024"></a>
-<p>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even
-shorter form:
+<p>in math mode the letters are in italics and the spacing around the plus
+sign is different.
+</p>
+<p>There are three ways to make inline formulas, to put LaTeX in math
+mode.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">$ ... $ <span class="roman">instead of</span> \(...\)
+<pre class="example">\( <var>mathematical material</var> \)
+$ <var>mathematical material</var> $
+\begin{math} <var>mathematical material</var> \end{math}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cboldmath"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cunboldmath"></a>
-<p>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
-a bold font. It is used <em>outside</em> of math mode. Conversely, the
-<code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
-it too is used <em>outside</em> of math mode.
+<p>The first form is preferred and the second is quite common, but the
+third form is rarely used. You can sometimes use one and sometimes
+another, as in <code>\(x\) and $y$</code>. You can use these in paragraph
+mode or in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></a>
-<p>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the
-formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and
-below summations. For example:
+<p>To make displayed formulas, put LaTeX into display math mode with
+either:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
+<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+ <var>mathematical material</var>
+\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ <var>mathematical material</var>
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>(see <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>, see <a href="#equation">equation</a>). The only difference is that
+with the <code>equation</code> environment, LaTeX puts a formula number
+alongside the formula. The construct <code>\[ <var>math</var> \]</code> is
+equivalent to <code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var>
+\end{displaymath}</code>. These environments can only be used in paragraph
+mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></a>
+<p>The two mathematics modes are similar, but there are some differences.
+One involves the placement of subscripts and superscripts; in display
+math mode they are further apart and in inline math mode they are closer
+together.
+</p>
+<p>Sometimes you want the display math typographical treatment to happen in
+the inline math mode. For this, the <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration
+forces the size and style of the formula to be that of
+<code>displaymath</code>. Thus <code>\(\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty
+x_n\)</code> will have the limits above and below the summation sign, not next
+to it. Another example is that
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r|cc}
+ \textsc{Name} &amp;\textsc{Series} &amp;\textsc{Sum} \\ \hline
+ Arithmetic &amp;\( a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b) \)
+ &amp;\( na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}\) \\
+ Geometric &amp;\( a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^{n-1} \)
+ &amp;\(\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}\) \\
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>because it has no <code>\displaystyle</code>, the &lsquo;<samp>Arithmetic</samp>&rsquo; line&rsquo;s
+fraction will be scrunched. But, because of its <code>\displaystyle</code>,
+the &lsquo;<samp>Geometric</samp>&rsquo; line&rsquo;s fraction will be easy to read, with
+characters the same size as in the rest of the line.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-5"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-5"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsfonts"></a>
+<a name="index-amsfonts-package"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools"></a>
+<a name="index-mathtools-package"></a>
+<p>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
+packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
+<samp>amsmath</samp> and <samp>amssymb</samp> (also be aware of the <samp>mathtools</samp>
+package that is an extension to, and loads, <samp>amsmath</samp>). New
+documents that will have mathematical text should use these packages.
+Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope of this document;
+see their documentation on CTAN.
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as exponent or index.
</td></tr>
@@ -9652,9 +12191,11 @@ below summations. For example:
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Accents in math.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="5">Spacing in math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="5">Over- and Underlining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Things over or under formulas.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="6">Spacing in math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="6">Math miscellany</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stuff that doesn&rsquo;t fit anywhere else.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="7">Math miscellany</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stuff that doesn&rsquo;t fit anywhere else.
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -9663,7 +12204,7 @@ below summations. For example:
<a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts</h3>
@@ -9674,48 +12215,86 @@ Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a
<a name="index-_005f"></a>
<a name="index-_005e"></a>
-<p>In math mode, use the caret character&nbsp;<code>^</code> to make the
-<var>exp</var> appear as a superscript: <code>^{<var>exp</var>}</code>.
-Similarly, in math mode, underscore&nbsp;<code>_{<var>exp</var>}</code> makes a
-subscript out of <var>exp</var>.
+<p>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of:
</p>
-<p>In this example the <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> appear as subscripts while the
-<code>2</code> is a superscript.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>base</var>^<var>exp</var>
+<var>base</var>^{<var>exp</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \)
+<pre class="example"><var>base</var>_<var>exp</var>
+<var>base</var>_{<var>exp</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>To have more than one character in <var>exp</var> use curly braces as in
-<code>e^{-2x}</code>.
+<p>Make <var>exp</var> appear as a superscript of <var>base</var> (with the caret
+character,&nbsp;<code>^</code>) or a subscript (with
+underscore,&nbsp;<code>_</code>).
+</p>
+<p>In this example the <code>0</code>&rsquo;s and <code>1</code>&rsquo;s are subscripts while the
+<code>2</code>&rsquo;s are superscripts.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \)
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>To have the subscript or superscript contain more than one character,
+surround the expression with curly braces, as in <code>e^{-2x}</code>.
+This example&rsquo;s fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression
+for the exponent.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX handles superscripts on superscripts, and all of that stuff, in
-the natural way, so expressions such as <code>e^{x^2}</code> and
-<code>x_{a_0}</code> will look right. It also does the right thing when
-something has both a subscript and a superscript. In this example the
-<code>0</code> appears at the bottom of the integral sign while the <code>10</code>
-appears at the top.
-</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\int_0^{10} x^2 \,dx
+<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+ (3^3)^3=27^3=19\,683
+ \qquad
+ 3^{(3^3)}=3^{27}=7\,625\,597\,484\,987
+\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
-<p>You can put a superscript or subscript before a symbol with a construct
-such as <code>{}_t K^2</code> in math mode (the initial <code>{}</code> prevents
-the prefixed subscript from being attached to any prior symbols in the
-expression).
+<p>LaTeX knows how to handle a superscript on a superscript, or a
+subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So,
+expressions such as <code>e^{x^2}</code> and <code>x_{i_0}</code> give correct
+output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the
+<var>base</var> a determined <var>exp</var>. If you enter <code>\(3^3^3\)</code> then
+you get &lsquo;<samp>Double superscript</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<p>Outside of math mode, a construct like <code>A
-test$_\textnormal{subscript}$</code> will produce a subscript typeset in
-text mode, not math mode. Note that there are packages specialized for
-writing Chemical formulas such as <samp>mhchem</samp>.
+<p>LaTeX does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
+superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in
+the correct place without any author intervention.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+ \int_{x=a}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a)
+\end{displaymath}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Note the parentheses around <code>x=a</code> to make the entire expression a
+subscript.
+</p>
+<p>To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct like
+<code>{}_t K^2</code>. The empty curly braces <code>{}</code> give the
+subscript something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally
+attaching to a prior symbols.
+</p>
+<p>Using the subscript or superscript command outside of math mode or
+display math mode, as in <code>the expression x^2</code>, will get you
+the error &lsquo;<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-mhchem"></a>
+<a name="index-mhchem-package"></a>
+
+<p>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to
+typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that such as
+<samp>mhchem</samp>; see CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Math-symbols"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-symbols-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3>
@@ -9724,21 +12303,24 @@ Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Pre
<a name="index-symbols_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-greek-letters"></a>
-<p>LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you&rsquo;re likely to need.
-For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get
-the pi symbol &#x03C0;.
-</p>
-<p>Below is a list of commonly-available symbols. It is by no means an
-exhaustive list. Each symbol here is described with a short phrase, and
-its symbol class (which determines the spacing around it) is given in
-parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can
-be used only in math mode.
+<a name="index-package_002c-symbols"></a>
+<a name="index-symbols-package"></a>
+
+
+<p>LaTeX provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that
+anyone uses. For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source,
+you will get the pi symbol &#x03C0;. See the <samp>Comprehensive
+LaTeX Symbol List</samp> at
+<a href="https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/">https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/</a>.
</p>
-<p>To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current mode,
-see <a href="#g_t_005censuremath">\ensuremath</a>.
+<p>Here is a list of commonly-used symbols. It is by no means exhaustive.
+Each symbol is described with a short phrase, and its symbol class,
+which determines the spacing around it, is given in parenthesis. Unless
+said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can be used only in math
+mode. To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current
+mode, see <a href="#g_t_005censuremath">\ensuremath</a>.
</p>
-
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\|</code>
<a name="index-_005c_007c"></a>
@@ -9755,7 +12337,7 @@ see <a href="#g_t_005censuremath">\ensuremath</a>.
<dt><code>\alpha</code>
<a name="index-_005calpha"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03B1; Lower case Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03B1; Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\amalg</code>
@@ -9803,7 +12385,7 @@ sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
<dt><code>\beta</code>
<a name="index-_005cbeta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03B2; Lower case Greek letter beta (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03B2; Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcap</code>
@@ -9928,7 +12510,7 @@ dot&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
<dt><code>\chi</code>
<a name="index-_005cchi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C7; Lower case Greek chi (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03C7; Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\circ</code>
@@ -9948,8 +12530,8 @@ variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcirc</code>.
<a name="index-_005ccomplement"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2201; Set complement, used as a superscript as in
-<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. Also
-used: <code>$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar{S}$</code>.
+<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. Also used:
+<code>$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar{S}$</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cong</code>
@@ -9993,13 +12575,13 @@ turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
<dt><code>\Delta</code>
<a name="index-_005cDelta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x0394; Greek upper case delta, used for increment (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x0394; Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\delta</code>
<a name="index-_005cdelta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03B4; Greek lower case delta (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03B4; Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Diamond</code>
@@ -10011,7 +12593,7 @@ turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
<dt><code>\diamond</code>
<a name="index-_005cdiamond"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22C4; Diamond operator, or diamond bullet (binary). Similar: large
+<dd><p>&#x22C4; Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large
diamond&nbsp;<code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -10037,15 +12619,15 @@ to&nbsp;<code>\Doteq</code>.
<dt><code>\downarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cdownarrow"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2193; Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: double line down
-arrow&nbsp;<code>\Downarrow</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x2193; Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar:
+<code>\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Downarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cDownarrow"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21D3; Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: single line down
-arrow&nbsp;<code>\downarrow</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x21D3; Double line down arrow (relation). Similar:
+<code>\downarrow</code> single line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ell</code>
@@ -10064,7 +12646,7 @@ arrow&nbsp;<code>\downarrow</code>.
<dt><code>\epsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cepsilon"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03F5; Lower case lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
+<dd><p>&#x03F5; Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;&#x03B5;. Related:
the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;&#x2208;.
@@ -10079,7 +12661,7 @@ the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;&#x2208;.
<dt><code>\eta</code>
<a name="index-_005ceta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03B7; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03B7; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exists</code>
@@ -10109,13 +12691,13 @@ the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;&#x2208;.
<dt><code>\Gamma</code>
<a name="index-_005cGamma"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x0393; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x0393; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gamma</code>
<a name="index-_005cgamma"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03B3; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03B3; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ge</code>
@@ -10183,10 +12765,17 @@ with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
<dd><p>&#x2111; Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part&nbsp;<code>\Re</code>.
</p>
</dd>
+<dt><code>\imath</code>
+<a name="index-_005cimath"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></a>
+<p>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\in</code>
<a name="index-_005cin"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2208; Set element (relation). See also: lower case lunate
+<dd><p>&#x2208; Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code>&#x03F5; and small letter script
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
</p>
@@ -10206,7 +12795,7 @@ epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
<dt><code>\iota</code>
<a name="index-_005ciota"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03B9; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03B9; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Join</code>
@@ -10216,22 +12805,29 @@ epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
TeX.
</p>
</dd>
+<dt><code>\jmath</code>
+<a name="index-_005cjmath"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></a>
+<p>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\kappa</code>
<a name="index-_005ckappa"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03BA; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03BA; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Lambda</code>
<a name="index-_005cLambda"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x039B; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x039B; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lambda</code>
<a name="index-_005clambda"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03BB; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03BB; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\land</code>
@@ -10438,7 +13034,7 @@ for&nbsp;<code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for&nbsp;<code>\Vert</cod
<dt><code>\mu</code>
<a name="index-_005cmu"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03BC; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03BC; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nabla</code>
@@ -10490,12 +13086,12 @@ of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
<dt><code>\not</code>
<a name="index-_005cnot"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x0020;&#x00A0;&#x0338; Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
+<dd><p>&#x0020;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
</p>
-<p>Many negated operators that don&rsquo;t require <code>\not</code> are available,
+<p>Many negated operators are available that don&rsquo;t require <code>\not</code>,
particularly with the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
-is probably typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
+is typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\notin</code>
@@ -10508,7 +13104,7 @@ of&nbsp;<code>\nsubseteq</code>.
<dt><code>\nu</code>
<a name="index-_005cnu"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03BD; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03BD; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nwarrow</code>
@@ -10527,19 +13123,20 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigodot</code>.
<dt><code>\oint</code>
<a name="index-_005coint"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x222E; Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator).
+<dd><p>&#x222E; Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle
+(operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Omega</code>
<a name="index-_005cOmega"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03A9; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03A9; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\omega</code>
<a name="index-_005comega"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C9; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03C9; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ominus</code>
@@ -10599,20 +13196,20 @@ ordinary.
<dt><code>\phi</code>
<a name="index-_005cphi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03D5; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<dd><p>&#x03D5; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varphi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C6;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pi</code>
<a name="index-_005cPi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03A0; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03A0; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pi</code>
<a name="index-_005cpi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C0; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<dd><p>&#x03C0; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varpi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D6;.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -10663,20 +13260,20 @@ single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character
<dt><code>\Psi</code>
<a name="index-_005cPsi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03A8; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03A8; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\psi</code>
<a name="index-_005cpsi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C8; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03C8; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rangle</code>
<a name="index-_005crangle"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x27E9; Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater
-than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x27E9; Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing).
+Similar: greater than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rbrace</code>
@@ -10710,8 +13307,8 @@ this, load the <samp>amsfonts</samp> package.
<dt><code>\restriction</code>
<a name="index-_005crestriction"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21BE; Restriction of a function
-(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+<dd><p>&#x21BE; Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
+<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\revemptyset</code>
@@ -10733,46 +13330,51 @@ off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lfloor</code>.
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
-load <samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which
-is a relation and so gives better spacing).
+load <samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
+relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rho</code>
<a name="index-_005crho"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C1; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<dd><p>&#x03C1; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varrho</code>&nbsp;&#x03F1;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Rightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cRightarrow"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21D2; Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar:
-right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x21D2; Implies, right-pointing double line arrow
+(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005crightarrow"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2192; Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line arrow&nbsp;<code>\Rightarrow</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x2192; Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
+Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line
+arrow&nbsp;<code>\Rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoondown</code>
<a name="index-_005crightharpoondown"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21C1; Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation).
+<dd><p>&#x21C1; Right-pointing harpoon with barb below
+the line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoonup</code>
<a name="index-_005crightharpoonup"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21C0; Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation).
+<dd><p>&#x21C0; Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the
+line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightleftharpoons</code>
<a name="index-_005crightleftharpoons"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21CC; Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation).
+<dd><p>&#x21CC; Right harpoon up above left harpoon down
+(relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\searrow</code>
@@ -10784,8 +13386,8 @@ right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
<dt><code>\setminus</code>
<a name="index-_005csetminus"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x29F5; Set difference, reverse solidus or slash, like \
-(binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
+<dd><p>&#x29F5; Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash,
+like \ (binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -10798,13 +13400,13 @@ right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
<dt><code>\Sigma</code>
<a name="index-_005cSigma"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03A3; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03A3; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sigma</code>
<a name="index-_005csigma"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C3; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<dd><p>&#x03C3; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varsigma</code>&nbsp;&#x03C2;.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -10878,18 +13480,18 @@ superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you nee
<dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code>
<a name="index-_005csqsupseteq"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2292; Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or
-equal&nbsp;<code>\supseteq</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x2292; Square superset or equal symbol (binary).
+Similar: superset or equal&nbsp;<code>\supseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\star</code>
<a name="index-_005cstar"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22C6; Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation
-but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: the
-synonyms asterisk&nbsp;<code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which are six-pointed,
-and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene
-star.
+<dd><p>&#x22C6; Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary
+operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary).
+Similar: the synonyms asterisk&nbsp;<code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which
+are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript,
+as with the Kleene star.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\subset</code>
@@ -10954,13 +13556,13 @@ that extends to cover the argument.
<dt><code>\tau</code>
<a name="index-_005ctau"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C4; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03C4; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\theta</code>
<a name="index-_005ctheta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03B8; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<dd><p>&#x03B8; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\vartheta</code>&nbsp;&#x03D1;.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -11012,9 +13614,9 @@ relation and so gives better spacing).
<dt><code>\unlhd</code>
<a name="index-_005cunlhd"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22B4; Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
-is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For
-the normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
+<dd><p>&#x22B4; Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
+triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the
+normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</p>
@@ -11022,9 +13624,9 @@ better spacing).
<dt><code>\unrhd</code>
<a name="index-_005cunrhd"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22B5; Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
-is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For
-the normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
+<dd><p>&#x22B5; Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
+triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the
+normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</p>
@@ -11056,15 +13658,17 @@ arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
<dt><code>\updownarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cupdownarrow"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2195; Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
-double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x2195; Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
+(relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing
+arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\upharpoonright</code>
<a name="index-_005cupharpoonright"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BE; Up harpoon, with barb on right side
-(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\restriction</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\restriction</code>.
+Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uplus</code>
@@ -11078,13 +13682,13 @@ variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
<dt><code>\Upsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cUpsilon"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03A5; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03A5; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\upsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cupsilon"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C5; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03C5; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varepsilon</code>
@@ -11099,35 +13703,35 @@ membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
<dt><code>\vanothing</code>
<a name="index-_005cvanothing"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2205; Empty set symbol. Similar:
-<code>\emptyset</code>. Related: <code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+<dd><p>&#x2205; Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related:
+<code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varphi</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarphi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C6; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03C6; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D5;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varpi</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarpi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03D6; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03D6; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C0;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varrho</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarrho"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03F1; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03F1; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;&#x03C1;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varsigma</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarsigma"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03C2; Variant on the lower case Greek letter
+<dd><p>&#x03C2; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;&#x03C3;.
</p>
@@ -11135,7 +13739,7 @@ The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;&#x03C1;.
<dt><code>\vartheta</code>
<a name="index-_005cvartheta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03D1; Variant on the lower case Greek letter
+<dd><p>&#x03D1; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\theta</code>&nbsp;&#x03B8;.
</p>
@@ -11162,17 +13766,17 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
<dd><p>&#x2016; Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
bar&nbsp;<code>\vert</code>.
</p>
-<p>For a norm symbol, you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and add
-<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}</code> to your
-preamble. This gives you three command variants for double-line
-vertical bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the
-document body you write the starred version <code>$\norm*{M^\perp}$</code>
-then the height of the vertical bars will match the height of the
-argument, whereas with <code>\norm{M^\perp}</code> the bars do not grow
-with the height of the argument but instead are the default height,
-and <code>\norm[<var>size command</var>]{M^\perp}</code> also gives bars that
-do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size command</var>,
-e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
+<p>For a norm symbol, you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and put in
+your preamble
+<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}</code>. This gives you
+three command variants for double-line vertical bars that are correctly
+horizontally spaced: if in the document body you write the starred
+version <code>$\norm*{M^\perp}$</code> then the height of the vertical bars
+will match the height of the argument, whereas with
+<code>\norm{M^\perp}</code> the bars do not grow with the height of the
+argument but instead are the default height, and <code>\norm[<var>size
+command</var>]{M^\perp}</code> also gives bars that do not grow but are set to
+the size given in the <var>size command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vert</code>
@@ -11182,17 +13786,18 @@ e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
vertical bar&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>. For such that, as in the definition of a
set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it is a relation.
</p>
-<p>For absolute value you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and add
-<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code> to your
-preamble. This gives you three command variants for single-line vertical
-bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you
-write the starred version <code>$\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}$</code> then the
-height of the vertical bars will match the height of the argument,
-whereas with <code>\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code> the bars do not grow with
-the height of the argument but instead are the default height, and
-<code>\abs[<var>size command</var>]{\frac{22}{7}}</code> also gives bars
-that do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size
-command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
+<p>For absolute value you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and in your
+preamble put
+<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code>. This gives you
+three command variants for single-line vertical bars that are correctly
+horizontally spaced: if in the document body you write the starred
+version <code>$\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}$</code> then the height of the
+vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas with
+<code>\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code> the bars do not grow with the height of
+the argument but instead are the default height, and
+<code>\abs[<var>size command</var>]{\frac{22}{7}}</code> also gives bars that
+do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size command</var>,
+e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wedge</code>
@@ -11218,29 +13823,309 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
<dt><code>\Xi</code>
<a name="index-_005cXi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x039E; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x039E; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\xi</code>
<a name="index-_005cxi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03BE; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03BE; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\zeta</code>
<a name="index-_005czeta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x03B6; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>&#x03B6; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+<p>The following symbols are most often used in plain text but LaTeX
+provides versions to use in mathematical text.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\mathdollar</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmathdollar"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\mathparagraph</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmathparagraph"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, &#x00B6;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\mathsection</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmathsection"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Section sign in math mode &#x00A7;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\mathsterling</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmathsterling"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\mathunderscore</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmathunderscore"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Underscore in math mode: _.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="1">Blackboard bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Doublestruck characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="2">Calligraphic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Cursive characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="3">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbols in boldface.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Dots" accesskey="4">Dots</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ellipses, etc.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Blackboard-bold"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Blackboard-bold-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.2.1 Blackboard bold</h4>
+
+<a name="index-blackboard-bold"></a>
+<a name="index-doublestruck"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{amssymb} % in preamble
+ ...
+\mathbb{<var>uppercase-letter</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Provide blackboard bold symbols, sometimes also known as doublestruck
+letters, used to denote number sets such as the natural numbers, the
+integers, etc.
+</p>
+<p>Here
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \)
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>the <code>\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol &#x2115;
+representing the natural numbers.
+</p>
+<p>If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error
+but you get strange results, including unexpected characters.
+</p>
+<p>There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the
+capital letters; look on CTAN.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Calligraphic"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a>, Previous: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Blackboard bold</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Calligraphic-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.2.2 Calligraphic</h4>
+
+<a name="index-calligraphic-fonts"></a>
+<a name="index-script-fonts"></a>
+<a name="index-fonts_002c-script"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\mathcal{<var>uppercase-letters</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Use a script-like font.
+</p>
+<p>In this example the graph identifier is output in a cursive font.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Let the graph be \( \mathcal{G} \).
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you use something other than an uppercase letter then you do not get
+an error. Instead you get unexpected output. For instance,
+<code>\mathcal{g}</code> outputs a close curly brace symbol, while
+<code>\mathcal{+}</code> outputs a plus sign.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="n" rel="next">Dots</a>, Previous: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Calligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.2.3 <code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-boldface-mathematics"></a>
+<a name="index-symbols_002c-boldface"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cboldmath"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cunboldmath"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\boldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-_005cboldmath-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cunboldmath-1"></a>
+<p>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in
+a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
+(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display
+math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). Both commands are fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>In this example each <code>\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an
+<code>\mbox</code>,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>which means <code>\boldmath</code> is only called in a text mode, here LR
+mode, and explains why LaTeX must switch to math mode to set <code>v</code>
+and <code>u</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <code>Trouble: \(
+\boldmath x \)</code>, then you get something like &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Font Warning:
+Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX
+Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
+11</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-bm"></a>
+<a name="index-bm-package"></a>
+
+<p>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use
+the <samp>bm</samp> package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete
+description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
+documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{bm} % in preamble
+...
+we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>shows that it is an improvement over <code>\boldmath</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Dots"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.2.4 Dots, horizontal or vertical</h4>
+
+<a name="index-ellipses"></a>
+<a name="index-dots"></a>
+
+<p>Ellipses are the three dots (usually three) indicating that a pattern
+continues.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{array}{cccc}
+ a_{0,0} &amp;a_{0,1} &amp;a_{0,2} &amp;\ldots \\
+ a_{1,0} &amp;\ddots \\
+ \vdots
+\end{array}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>LaTeX provides these.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dd><a name="ellipses-cdots"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>\cdots</code>
+<a name="index-_005ccdots"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, as
+in &#x22EF;. Used as: <code>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1}
+\)</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="ellipses-ddots"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>\ddots</code>
+<a name="index-_005cddots"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Diagonal ellipsis, &#x22F1;. See the above array example for a
+usage.
+</p>
+<a name="ellipses-ldots"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>\ldots</code>
+<a name="index-_005cldots"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Ellipsis on the baseline, &#x2026;. Used as: <code>\(
+x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</code>. Another example is the above array example. A
+synonym is <code>\mathellipsis</code>. A synonym from the <samp>amsmath</samp>
+package is <code>\hdots</code>.
+</p>
+<p>You can also use this command outside of mathematical text, as in
+<code>The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</code>. (In a paragraph
+mode or LR mode a synonym for <code>\ldots</code> is <code>\dots</code>.)
+</p>
+<a name="ellipses-vdots"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>\vdots</code>
+<a name="index-_005cvdots"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Vertical ellipsis, &#x22EE;. See the above array example for a
+usage.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-6"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-6"></a>
+
+<p>The <samp>amsmath</samp> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically
+mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs
+for the first two uses of the <code>\dots</code> command.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
+ ...
+Suppose that \( p_0, p_1, \dots, p_{n-1} \) lists all of the primes.
+Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a
+ multiple of any \( p_i \).
+Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \).
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the first line LaTeX looks to the comma following <code>\dots</code> to
+determine that it should output an ellipsis on the baseline. The second
+line has a <code>\cdot</code> following <code>\dots</code> so LaTeX outputs an
+ellipsis that is on the math axis, vertically centered. However, the
+third usage has no follow-on character so you have to tell LaTeX what
+to do. You can use one of the commands: <code>\dotsc</code> if you need the
+ellipsis appropriate for a comma following, <code>\dotsb</code> if you need
+the ellipses that fits when the dots are followed by a binary operator
+or relation symbol, <code>\dotsi</code> for dots with integrals, or
+<code>\dotso</code> for others.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="Math-functions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-functions-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3>
@@ -11255,215 +14140,226 @@ spacing.
<dt><code>\arccos</code>
<a name="index-_005carccos"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\arccos</em>
+<dd><p>Inverse cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arcsin</code>
<a name="index-_005carcsin"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\arcsin</em>
+<dd><p>Inverse sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arctan</code>
<a name="index-_005carctan"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\arctan</em>
+<dd><p>Inverse tangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arg</code>
<a name="index-_005carg"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\arg</em>
+<dd><p>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bmod</code>
<a name="index-_005cbmod"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Binary modulo operator (<em>x \bmod y</em>)
+<dd><p>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code>\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cos</code>
<a name="index-_005ccos"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\cos</em>
+<dd><p>Cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cosh</code>
<a name="index-_005ccosh"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\cosh</em>
+<dd><p>Hyperbolic cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cot</code>
<a name="index-_005ccot"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\cot</em>
+<dd><p>Cotangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\coth</code>
<a name="index-_005ccoth"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\coth</em>
+<dd><p>Hyperbolic cotangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\csc</code>
<a name="index-_005ccsc"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\csc</em>
+<dd><p>Cosecant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\deg</code>
<a name="index-_005cdeg"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\deg</em>
+<dd><p>Degrees
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\det</code>
<a name="index-_005cdet"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\det</em>
+<dd><p>Determinant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dim</code>
<a name="index-_005cdim"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\dim</em>
+<dd><p>Dimension
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exp</code>
<a name="index-_005cexp"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\exp</em>
+<dd><p>Exponential
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gcd</code>
<a name="index-_005cgcd"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\gcd</em>
+<dd><p>Greatest common divisor
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hom</code>
<a name="index-_005chom"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\hom</em>
+<dd><p>Homomorphism
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\inf</code>
<a name="index-_005cinf"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\inf</em>
+<dd><p>Infinum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ker</code>
<a name="index-_005cker"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\ker</em>
+<dd><p>Kernel
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lg</code>
<a name="index-_005clg"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\lg</em>
+<dd><p>Base 2 logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lim</code>
<a name="index-_005clim"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\lim</em>
+<dd><p>Limit
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\liminf</code>
<a name="index-_005climinf"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\liminf</em>
+<dd><p>Limit inferior
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\limsup</code>
<a name="index-_005climsup"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\limsup</em>
+<dd><p>Limit superior
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ln</code>
<a name="index-_005cln"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\ln</em>
+<dd><p>Natural logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\log</code>
<a name="index-_005clog"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\log</em>
+<dd><p>Logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\max</code>
<a name="index-_005cmax"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\max</em>
+<dd><p>Maximum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\min</code>
<a name="index-_005cmin"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\min</em>
+<dd><p>Minimum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pmod</code>
<a name="index-_005cpmod"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>parenthesized modulus, as in (<em>\pmod 2^n - 1</em>)
+<dd><p>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code>\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pr</code>
<a name="index-_005cPr"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\Pr</em>
+<dd><p>Probability
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sec</code>
<a name="index-_005csec"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\sec</em>
+<dd><p>Secant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sin</code>
<a name="index-_005csin"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\sin</em>
+<dd><p>Sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sinh</code>
<a name="index-_005csinh"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\sinh</em>
+<dd><p>Hyperbolic sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sup</code>
<a name="index-_005csup"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\sup</em>
+<dd><p>sup
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tan</code>
<a name="index-_005ctan"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\tan</em>
+<dd><p>Tangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tanh</code>
<a name="index-_005ctanh"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\tanh</em>
+<dd><p>Hyperbolic tangent
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-7"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-7"></a>
+
+<p>The <samp>amsmath</samp> package adds improvements on some of these, and also
+allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but
+briefly, you can define an identity operator with
+<code>\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}</code> that is like the ones
+above but prints as &lsquo;<samp>id</samp>&rsquo;. The starred form
+<code>\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</code> sets any limits above and
+below, as is traditional with <code>\lim</code>, <code>\sup</code>, or <code>\max</code>.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="Math-accents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="n" rel="next">Over- and Underlining</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-accents-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3>
@@ -11480,7 +14376,7 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
<a name="index-_005cacute"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math acute accent: <em>\acute{x}</em>.
+<p>Math acute accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bar</code>
@@ -11488,14 +14384,14 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math bar-over accent: <em>\bar{x}</em>.
+<p>Math bar-over accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\breve</code>
<a name="index-_005cbreve"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math breve accent: <em>\breve{x}</em>.
+<p>Math breve accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\check</code>
@@ -11503,14 +14399,14 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-check-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math h&aacute;&#269;ek (check) accent: <em>\check{x}</em>.
+<p>Math h&aacute;&#269;ek (check) accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddot</code>
<a name="index-_005cddot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math dieresis accent: <em>\ddot{x}</em>.
+<p>Math dieresis accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dot</code>
@@ -11518,14 +14414,14 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math dot accent: <em>\dot{x}</em>.
+<p>Math dot accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\grave</code>
<a name="index-_005cgrave"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math grave accent: <em>\grave{x}</em>.
+<p>Math grave accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hat</code>
@@ -11533,87 +14429,164 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <em>\hat{x}</em>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\imath</code>
-<a name="index-_005cimath"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math dotless i.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\jmath</code>
-<a name="index-_005cjmath"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math dotless j.
+<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathring</code>
<a name="index-_005cmathring"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math ring accent: x*. </p>
+<p>Math ring accent </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tilde</code>
<a name="index-_005ctilde"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math tilde accent: <em>\tilde{x}</em>.
+<p>Math tilde accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vec</code>
<a name="index-_005cvec"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math vector symbol: <em>\vec{x}</em>.
+<p>Math vector symbol
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widehat</code>
<a name="index-_005cwidehat"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math wide hat accent: <em>\widehat{x+y}</em>.
+<p>Math wide hat accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widetilde</code>
<a name="index-_005cwidetilde"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math wide tilde accent: <em>\widetilde{x+y}</em>.
+<p>Math wide tilde accent
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>When you are putting an accent on an i or a j, the tradition is to use
+one without a dot, <code>\imath</code> or <code>jmath</code> (see <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Over_002d-and-Underlining"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Over_002d-and-Underlining-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">16.5 Over- and Underlining</h3>
+
+<a name="index-overlining"></a>
+<a name="index-underlining"></a>
+
+<p>LaTeX provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or
+putting braces over or under some material.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Underline <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside.
+The line is always completely below the text, taking account of
+descenders, so in <code>\(\underline{y}\)</code> the line is lower than in
+<code>\(\underline{x}\)</code>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-ulem"></a>
+<a name="index-ulem-package"></a>
+
+<p>Note that the package <samp>ulem</samp> does text mode underlining and allows
+line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
+documentation on CTAN. See also&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a> for
+producing a line, for such things as a signature.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Put a horizontal line over <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and
+outside. For example, <code>\overline{x+y}</code>.
+Note that this differs from the command <code>\bar</code> (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Put a brace under <var>math</var>. For example, this
+<code>(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part.
+Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript,
+<code>^</code>, as here.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+ 1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{&gt;1/2}+
+ \underbrace{1/5+1/6+1/7+1/8}_{&gt;1/2}+\cdots
+\end{displaymath}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The superscript appears on top of the expression, and so can look
+unconnected to the underbrace.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Put a brace over <var>math</var>, as with
+<code>\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</code>. See also
+<code>\underbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools-1"></a>
+<a name="index-mathtools-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>The package <samp>mathtools</samp> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
+some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Over- and Underlining</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.5 Spacing in math mode</h3>
+<h3 class="section">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3>
<a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a>
<a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a>
-<p>In a <code>math</code> environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces that you use
-in the source, and instead puts in the spacing according to the normal
-rules for mathematics texts.
+<p>When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
+normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then
+LaTeX ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x,
+as <em>y=mx</em>.
</p>
-<p>Many math mode spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
-<em>mu</em> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
-math symbols family (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
-LaTeX provides the following commands for use in math mode:
+<p>But LaTeX&rsquo;s rules sometimes need tweaking. For example, in an
+integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the
+<code>f(x)</code> and the <code>dx</code>, here done with the <code>\,</code> command.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>LaTeX provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many
+of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
+<em>mu</em>. It is defined as 1/18em, where the em is taken from the
+current math symbols family (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). Thus, a
+<code>\thickspace</code> is something like 5/18 times the width of
+a&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>M</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\;</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003b"></a>
<a name="index-_005cthickspace"></a>
-<p>Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. The longer name is
-<code>\thickspace</code>. Math mode only.
+<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. Math
+mode only.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\:</code></dt>
@@ -11621,26 +14594,42 @@ LaTeX provides the following commands for use in math mode:
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003a"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_003e-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmedspace"></a>
-<p>Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. The longer name is
-<code>\medspace</code>. Math mode only.
+<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
+Math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\,</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_002c"></a>
<a name="index-_005cthinspace"></a>
-<p>Normally <code>3mu</code>. The longer name is <code>\thinspace</code>. This can
-be used in both math mode and text mode. See <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>.
+<a name="index-thin-space"></a>
+<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></a><a name="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6em.
+Can be used in both math mode and text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This space is widely used, for instance between the function and the
+infinitesimal in an integral <code>\int f(x)\,dx</code> and, if an author does
+this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The antiderivative is
+\begin{equation}
+ 3x^{-1/2}+3^{1/2}\,.
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
</dd>
<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_0021"></a>
-<p>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. Math mode only.
+<a name="index-_005cnegthinspace"></a>
+<a name="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></a>
+<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></a><p>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. The <code>\!</code> command is
+math mode only but the <code>\negthinspace</code> command is available for
+text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\quad</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-quad"></a>
<a name="index-_005cquad"></a>
-<p>This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space
+<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></a><p>This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available
in both text and math mode.
@@ -11648,234 +14637,321 @@ in both text and math mode.
</dd>
<dt><code>\qquad</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cqquad"></a>
-<p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in
+<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></a><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in
both text and math mode.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>In this example a thinspace separates the function from the
-infinitesimal.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
-</pre></div>
-
<hr>
<a name="Math-miscellany"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-miscellany-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.6 Math miscellany</h3>
+<h3 class="section">16.7 Math miscellany</h3>
<a name="index-math-miscellany"></a>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\*</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_002a"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-discretionary-multiplication"></a>
-<a name="index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break"></a>
-<p>A <em>discretionary</em> multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
-allowed. Without the break multiplication is implicitly indicated by a
-space, while in the case of a break a &#x00D7; symbol is
-printed immediately before the break. So
+<p>LaTeX contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are
+some that don&rsquo;t fit into other categories.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="1">Colon character &amp; \colon</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Colon.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="2">\*</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Discretionary multiplication.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="3">\frac</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fraction.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="4">\left &amp; \right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paired delimiters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="5">\sqrt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Radicals.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="6">\stackrel</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Text over a relation.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_003a"></a>
+<a name="index-colon-character"></a>
+<a name="index-_003a-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005ccolon"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
-\begin{document}
-Now \(A_3 = 0\), hence the product of all terms \(A_1\)
-through \(A_4\), that is \(A_1\* A_2\* A_3 \* A_4\), is
-equal to zero.
-\end{document}
+<pre class="example">:
+\colon
</pre></div>
-<p>will make that sort of output&nbsp;<!-- /@w -->(the ellipsis &lsquo;<samp>[&hellip;]</samp>&rsquo; is here to show the line break at
-the same place as in a TeX output):
+<p>In mathematics, the colon character, <code>:</code>, is a relation.
</p>
-<blockquote class="indentedblock">
-<p>Now <em>A_3 = 0</em>,
-[&hellip;]
-<em>A_1</em>
-through <em>A_4</em>, that is <em>A_1 A_2 \times</em><br><em>A_3 A_4</em>, is
-equal to zero.
-</p></blockquote>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
+</pre></div>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\cdots</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccdots"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-8"></a>
+
+<p>Ordinary LaTeX defines <code>\colon</code> to produce the colon character
+with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation
+<code>\{x\colon 0\leq x&lt;1\}</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\ddots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cddots"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>A diagonal ellipsis: <em>\ddots</em>.
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-9"></a>
+
+<p>But the widely-used <samp>amsmath</samp> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use
+in the definition of functions <code>f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want
+the colon character as a punctuation then use <code>\mathpunct{:}</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\frac{<var>num</var>}{<var>den</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfrac_007bnum_007d_007bden_007d"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfrac"></a>
-<p>Produces the fraction <var>num</var> divided by <var>den</var>.
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005c_002a"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frac</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colon character &amp; \colon</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005c_002a-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-multiplication_002c-discretionary"></a>
+<a name="index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></a>
+<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></a>
+<a name="index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication"></a>
+<a name="index-_005c_002a"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\*
+</pre></div>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></code>
-<a name="index-_005cleft-delim1-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-delim2"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cright"></a>
-<a name="index-null-delimiter"></a>
-<p>The two delimiters need not match; &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; acts as a <em>null delimiter</em>,
-producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math
-in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_{i=1}^{10} a_i \right]</code>.
+<p>A multiplication symbol that allows a line break. If there is a break
+then LaTeX puts a <code>\times</code> symbol, &#x00D7;, before
+that break.
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathdollar</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathdollar"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
+<p>In <code>\( A_1\* A_2\* A_3\* A_4 \)</code>, if there is no line break then
+LaTeX outputs it as though it were <code>\( A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 \)</code>. If
+a line break does happen, for example between the two middle ones, then
+LaTeX sets it like <code>\( A_1 A_2 \times \)</code>, followed by the
+break, followed by <code>\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathellipsis</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathellipsis"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: &hellip;.
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cfrac"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="n" rel="next">\left &amp; \right</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cfrac-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-fraction"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cfrac"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathparagraph</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathparagraph"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode: &#x00B6;.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\frac{<var>numerator</var>}{<var>denominator</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produces the fraction. Used as: <code>\begin{displaymath}
+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma}} \end{displaymath}</code>. In inline math
+mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code>\displaystyle</code>
+(see <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>).
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathsection</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathsection"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Section sign in math mode.
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sqrt</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frac</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.7.4 <code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-delimiters_002c-paired"></a>
+<a name="index-paired-delimiters"></a>
+<a name="index-matching-parentheses"></a>
+<a name="index-matching-brackets"></a>
+<a name="index-null-delimiter"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cleft"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cright"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathsterling</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathsterling"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\left <var>delimiter1</var> ... \right <var>delimiter2</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Make matching parentheses, braces, or other delimiters. The delimiters
+are sized according to the math they enclose. This makes a unit vector
+surrounded by appropriate-height parentheses.
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathunderscore</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathunderscore"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Underscore in math mode: _.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ \left(\begin{array}{c}
+ 1 \\
+ 0 \\
+ \end{array}\right)
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Every <code>\left</code> must have a matching <code>\right</code>. Leaving out the
+<code>\left(</code> in the above gets &lsquo;<samp>Extra \right</samp>&rsquo;. Leaving off the
+<code>\right)</code> gets &lsquo;<samp>You can't use `\eqno' in math mode</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Generates a brace over <var>math</var>.
-For example, <code>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \;\textrm{times}}</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>.
-For example, <code>\overline{x+y}</code>.
+<p>However, the two delimiters <var>delimiter1</var> and <var>delimiter2</var> need
+not match. A common case is that you want an unmatched brace, as
+below. Use a period, &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, as a null delimiter.
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{<var>arg</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqrt_005broot_005d_007barg_007d"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The
-optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce. For
-example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as
-<code>\sqrt[3]{x+y}</code>.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ f(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
+ 1 &amp;\mbox{--if \(n=0\)} \\
+ f(n-1)+3n^2 &amp;\mbox{--else}
+ \end{array}\right.
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a
+backslash, <code>\{</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cstackrel_007btext_007d_007brelation_007d"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. For example,
-<code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005csqrt"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stackrel</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\left &amp; \right</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005csqrt-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.7.5 <code>\sqrt</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-square-root"></a>
+<a name="index-roots"></a>
+<a name="index-radical"></a>
+<a name="index-_005csqrt"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. For example, <code>\underbrace{x+y+z}_{&gt;\,0}</code>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\sqrt{<var>arg</var>}
+\sqrt[<var>root-number</var>]{<var>arg</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The square root, or optionally other roots, of <var>arg</var>. The optional
+argument <var>root-number</var> gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of
+<code>x+y</code> as <code>\sqrt[3]{x+y}</code>.
+The radical grows with the size of <var>arg</var> (as the height of the
+radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until for
+a large enough <code>arg</code>, it is vertical).
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
-underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of
-descenders.
+<p>LaTeX has a separate <code>\surd</code> character (see <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>).
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\vdots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvdots"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cstackrel"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sqrt</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cstackrel-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.7.6 <code>\stackrel</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-stack-math"></a>
+<a name="index-relation_002c-text-above"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cstackrel"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}
+</pre></div>
+<p>Put <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. To put a function name above an
+arrow enter <code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="Modes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Modes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2>
<a name="index-modes"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-math-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-LR-mode"></a>
-<p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
-modes:
+<p>As LaTeX processes your document, at any point it is in one of six
+modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal
+modes, the math modes, and the vertical modes. Some commands only work
+in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of
+the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
</p>
<ul>
-<li> Paragraph mode
-</li><li> Math mode
-</li><li> Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
+<li> <a name="modes-paragraph-mode"></a><a name="index-paragraph-mode"></a>
+<em>Paragraph mode</em> is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary
+text. It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into
+pages. This is the mode LaTeX is in most of the time.
+
+<a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a>
+<a name="index-LR-mode"></a>
+<a name="modes-lr-mode"></a><p><em>LR mode</em> (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
+<em>restricted horizontal mode</em>) is in effect when LaTeX starts
+making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> command. As in paragraph mode,
+LaTeX&rsquo;s output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike
+in paragraph mode, in LR mode LaTeX never starts a new line, it just
+keeps going from left to right. (Although LaTeX will not complain
+that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to put
+that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR
+box won&rsquo;t fit there.)
+</p>
+</li><li> <a name="index-math-mode"></a>
+<a name="modes-math-mode"></a><em>Math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating
+an inline mathematical formula.
+
+<a name="index-display-math-mode"></a>
+<p><em>Display math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating a displayed
+mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline
+ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code>\int</code>
+differs in the two situations.)
+</p>
+</li><li> <a name="index-vertical-mode"></a>
+<a name="modes-vertical-mode"></a><em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
+other material making the output page. This is the mode LaTeX is in
+when it starts a document.
+
+<a name="index-internal-vertical-mode"></a>
+<a name="modes-internal-vertical-mode"></a><p><em>Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
+<code>\vbox</code>. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode.
+</p>
</li></ul>
-<p>Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
-LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
-</p>
-<p><em>Paragraph mode</em> is the most common; it&rsquo;s the one LaTeX is in
-when processing ordinary text. In this mode, LaTeX breaks the
-input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages.
-</p>
-<p>LaTeX is in <em>math mode</em> when it&rsquo;s generating a mathematical
-formula, either displayed math or within a line.
-</p>
-<a name="index-_005cmbox_002c-and-LR-mode"></a>
-<p>In <em>LR mode</em>, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output
-that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.
-However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to
-right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a
-hundred words into an <code>\mbox</code>, LaTeX would keep typesetting
-them from left to right inside a single box (and then most likely
-complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line).
-LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an
-<code>\mbox</code> command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside
-the box&mdash;for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a
-formula in the box.
-</p>
-<p>There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
-making a box that put LaTeX into paragraph mode. The box made by
-one of these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>.
-When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to
-be in &ldquo;inner paragraph mode&rdquo; (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph
-mode, which it starts out in, is called &ldquo;outer paragraph mode&rdquo;.
+<p>For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with &lsquo;<samp>Let \( x \) be
+...</samp>&rsquo; then these are the modes: first LaTeX starts every document in
+vertical mode, then it reads the &lsquo;<samp>L</samp>&rsquo; and switches to paragraph
+mode, then the next switch happens at the &lsquo;<samp>\(</samp>&rsquo; where LaTeX
+changes to math mode, and then when it leaves the formula it pops
+back to paragraph mode.
+</p>
+<a name="index-inner-paragraph-mode"></a>
+<a name="index-outer-paragraph-mode"></a>
+<a name="modes-inner-paragraph-mode"></a><a name="modes-outer-paragraph-mode"></a><p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command or
+or a <code>minipage</code> then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it
+will not put a page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a
+<em>parbox</em>, LaTeX is in <em>inner paragraph mode</em>. Its more usual
+situation, where it can put page breaks, is <em>outer paragraph mode</em>
+(see <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1">\ensuremath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure that math mode is active
@@ -11886,7 +14962,7 @@ mode, which it starts out in, is called &ldquo;outer paragraph mode&rdquo;.
<a name="g_t_005censuremath"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005censuremath-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></h3>
@@ -11897,40 +14973,32 @@ Up: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Cont
<pre class="example">\ensuremath{<var>formula</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\ensuremath</code> command ensures that <var>formula</var> is typeset in
-math mode whatever the current mode in which the command is used.
+<p>Ensure that <var>formula</var> is typeset in math mode.
</p>
-<p>For instance:
+<p>For instance, you can redefine commands that ordinarily can be used only
+in math mode, so that they can be used both in math and in plain text.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{report}
-\newcommand{\ab}{\ensuremath{(\delta, \varepsilon)}}
-\begin{document}
-Now, the \ab\ pair is equal to \(\ab = (\frac{1}{\pi}, 0)\), ...
-\end{document}
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{dx}}
+In $\int f(x)\, \dx$, the \dx{} is an infinitesimal.
</pre></div>
-<p>One can redefine commands that can be used only in math mode so that
-they ca be used in any mode like in the following example given for
-<code>\leadsto</code>:
+<p>Caution: the <code>\ensuremath</code> command is useful but not a panacea.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{report}
-\usepackage{amssymb}
-\newcommand{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}{}
-\let\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo\leadsto
-\renewcommand\leadsto{\ensuremath{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}}
-\begin{document}
-All roads \leadsto\ Rome.
-\end{document}
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\alf}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}
+You get an alpha in text mode: \alf.
+But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf.
</pre></div>
+<p>Best is to typeset math things in a math mode.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="Page-styles"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Page-styles-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h2>
@@ -11938,8 +15006,17 @@ Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="
<a name="index-styles_002c-page"></a>
<a name="index-page-styles"></a>
-<p>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of
-the page&rsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
+<p>The style of a page determines where LaTeX places the components of
+that page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This
+includes pages in the main part of the document but also includes
+special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or
+the first page of an article.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-fancyhdr"></a>
+<a name="index-fancyhdr-package"></a>
+
+<p>The package <samp>fancyhdr</samp> is very helpful for constructing page
+styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1">\maketitle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a title page.
@@ -11957,7 +15034,7 @@ the page&rsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3>
@@ -11965,31 +15042,69 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagenumbering</
<a name="index-titles_002c-making"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmaketitle"></a>
-<p>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title
-page&mdash;except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed
-at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
-is obtained from the following declarations:
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\maketitle
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Generate a title. In the standard classes the title appears on a
+separate page, except in the <code>article</code> class where it is at the top
+of the first page. (See <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a> for information about
+the <code>titlepage</code> document class option.)
+</p>
+<p>This example shows <code>\maketitle</code> appearing in its usual place,
+immediately after <code>\begin{document}</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+\title{Constructing a Nuclear Reactor Using Only Coconuts}
+\author{Jonas Grumby\thanks{%
+ With the support of a Ginger Grant from the Roy Hinkley Society.} \\
+ Skipper, \textit{Minnow}
+ \and
+ Willy Gilligan\thanks{%
+ Thanks to the Mary Ann Summers foundation
+ and to Thurston and Lovey Howell.} \\
+ Mate, \textit{Minnow}
+ }
+\date{1964-Sep-26}
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+Just sit right back and you'll hear a tale, a tale of a fateful trip.
+That started from this tropic port, aboard this tiny ship. The mate was
+a mighty sailin' man, the Skipper brave and sure. Five passengers set
+sail that day for a three hour tour. A three hour tour.
+ ...
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>You tell LaTeX the information used to produce the title by making
+the following declarations. These must come before the
+<code>\maketitle</code>, either in the preamble or in the document body.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cauthor_007bname-_005cand-name2_007d"></a>
+<dt><code>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</code>
+<a name="index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></a>
<a name="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></a>
-<p>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the
-argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use
-<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author&rsquo;s entry&mdash;for
-example, to give the author&rsquo;s institution or address.
+<p>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a
+list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. To separate lines
+within a single author&rsquo;s entry, for instance to give the author&rsquo;s
+institution or address, use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you omit
+the <code>\author</code> declaration then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Warning: No
+\author given</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
-<p>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document&rsquo;s
-date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>)
-is used.
+<p>Optional. Declare <var>text</var> to be the document&rsquo;s date. The <var>text</var>
+doesn&rsquo;t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If you
+omit <code>\date</code> then LaTeX uses the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
+To have no date, instead use <code>\date{}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code>
@@ -11997,8 +15112,10 @@ is used.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-credit-footnote"></a>
-<p>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title,
-usually used for credit acknowledgements.
+<p>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
+for acknowledgements, as illustrated below, but you can also use it in
+the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text so
+you can use it to print an email address, or for any purpose.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code>
@@ -12006,18 +15123,26 @@ usually used for credit acknowledgements.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></a>
-<p>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the
-document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.
+<p>Required. Declare <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line
+breaks inside <var>text</var> with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you
+omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: No
+\title given</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+<p>Many publishers will provide a class to use in place of <code>article</code>
+in that example, that formats the title according to their house
+requirements. To make your own, see&nbsp;<a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>. You can
+either create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a
+renewed <code>\maketitle</code> command.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\maketitle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\maketitle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3>
@@ -12028,41 +15153,78 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Prev
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\pagenumbering{<var>style</var>}
+<pre class="example">\pagenumbering{<var>number-style</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>; also
-resets the page number to 1. The <var>style</var> argument is one of
-the following:
+<p>Specifies the style of page numbers, and resets the page number. The
+numbering style is reflected on the page, and also in the table of
+contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope
+so its effect is not delimited by braces or environments.
+</p>
+<p>In this example, before the Main section the pages are numbered
+&lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, etc. Starting on the page containing that section, the pages
+are numbered &lsquo;<samp>1</samp>&rsquo;, etc.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
+ ...
+\section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}
+ ...
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The argument <var>number-style</var> is one of the following (see
+also&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>arabic</code></dt>
-<dd><p>arabic numerals
+<dd><p>arabic numerals: 1, 2, &hellip;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>roman</code></dt>
-<dd><p>lowercase Roman numerals
+<dd><p>lowercase Roman numerals: i, ii, &hellip;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>Roman</code></dt>
-<dd><p>uppercase Roman numerals
+<dd><p>uppercase Roman numerals: I, II, &hellip;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>alph</code></dt>
-<dd><p>lowercase letters
+<dd><p>lowercase letters: a, b, &hellip; If you have more than 26 pages then you
+get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>Alph</code></dt>
-<dd><p>uppercase letters
-</p></dd>
+<dd><p>uppercase letters: A, B, &hellip; If you have more than 26 pages then you
+get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>gobble</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-package_002c-hyperref-2"></a>
+<a name="index-hyperref-package-2"></a>
+<p>LaTeX does not output a page number, although it
+does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not
+work with the popular package <samp>hyperref</samp> so to have the page number
+not appear you may want to instead use <code>\pagestyle{empty}</code> or
+<code>\thispagestyle{empty}</code>.)
+</p>
+</dd>
</dl>
+<p>Traditionally, if a document has front matter&mdash;preface, table of
+contents, etc.&mdash;then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
+main matter of a document uses arabic. See <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>.
+</p>
+<p>If you want to address where the page number appears on the page,
+see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>. If you want to change the value of page
+number then you will manipulate the <code>page</code> counter
+(see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thispagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thispagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3>
@@ -12078,21 +15240,32 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thispagestyle</
<pre class="example">\pagestyle{<var>style</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\pagestyle</code> command specifies how the headers and footers
-are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for <var>style</var>:
+<p>Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are typeset,
+from the current page onwards.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"></a>
+<a name="index-fancyhdr-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
+<samp>fancyhdr</samp> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
+footers. New documents that need to do anything other than one of the
+standard options below should use this package. See its documentation
+on CTAN.
+</p>
+<p>Values for <var>style</var>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>plain</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Just a plain page number.
+<dd><p>The header is empty. The footer contains only a page number, centered.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>empty</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.
+<dd><p>The header and footer is empty.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>headings</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what
-goes in the headers.
+<dd><p>Put running headers and footers on each page. The document style
+specifies what goes in there; see the discussion below.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>myheadings</code></dt>
@@ -12102,24 +15275,67 @@ goes in the headers.
</dd>
</dl>
+<p>Some discussion of the motivation for LaTeX&rsquo;s mechanism will help you
+work with the options <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. The
+document source below produces an article, two-sided, with the pagestyle
+<code>headings</code>. On this document&rsquo;s left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in
+addition to the page number) the title of the current section. On its
+right hand pages LaTeX wants the title of the current subsection.
+When it makes up a page, LaTeX gets this information from the
+commands <code>\leftmark</code> and <code>\rightmark</code>. So it is up to
+<code>\section</code> and <code>\subsection</code> to store that information there.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass[twoside]{article}
+\pagestyle{headings}
+\begin{document}
+ ... \section{Section 1} ... \subsection{Subsection 1.1} ...
+\section{Section 2}
+ ...
+\subsection{Subsection 2.1}
+ ...
+\subsection{Subsection 2.2}
+ ...
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Suppose that the second section falls on a left page. Although when the
+page starts it is in the first section, LaTeX will put
+&lsquo;<samp>Section&nbsp;2</samp>&rsquo; in the left page header. As to the right header,
+if no subsection starts before the end of the right page then LaTeX
+blanks the right hand header. If a subsection does appear before the
+right page finishes then there are two cases. If at least one
+subsection starts on the right hand page then LaTeX will put in the
+right header the title of the first subsection starting on that right
+page. If at least one of 2.1, 2.2, &hellip;, starts on the left page but
+none starts on the right then LaTeX puts in the right hand header the
+title of the last subsection to start, that is, the one in effect during
+the right hand page.
+</p>
+<p>To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, LaTeX has <code>\section</code>
+issue a command <code>\markboth</code>, setting <code>\leftmark</code>
+to &lsquo;<samp>Section&nbsp;2</samp>&rsquo; and setting <code>\rightmark</code> to blank.
+And, LaTeX has <code>\subsection</code> issue a command <code>\markright</code>,
+setting <code>\rightmark</code> to &lsquo;<samp>Subsection&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo;, etc.
+</p>
<p>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_007d_007bright_007d"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Sets both the left and the right heading. A &ldquo;left-hand heading&rdquo;
-(<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before
-the end of the page, while a &ldquo;right-hand heading&rdquo; (<var>right</var>) is
-generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that
-comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
-the page.
+<dt><code>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</code>
+<a name="index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for either a
+page style of <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. A left hand page
+heading <var>left-head</var> is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code>
+command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading
+<var>right-head</var> is generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or
+<code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by
+the last one that came before that page.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
+<dd><p>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -12129,23 +15345,50 @@ the page.
<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagestyle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagestyle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle_007bstyle_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cthispagestyle"></a>
+<a name="index-page-style_002c-this-page"></a>
-<p>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the
-<code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it
-changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only.
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Works in the same way as the <code>\pagestyle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>),
+except that it changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only. This
+declaration has global scope, so its effect is not delimited by braces
+or environments.
+</p>
+<p>Often the first page of a chapter or section has a different style. For
+example, this LaTeX book document has the first page of the first
+chapter in in <code>plain</code> style, as is the default (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+\pagestyle{headings}
+\begin{document}
+\chapter{First chapter}
+ ...
+\chapter{Second chapter}\thispagestyle{empty}
+ ...
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>plain</code> style has a page number on it, centered in the footer.
+To make the page entirely empty, the command
+<code>\thispagestyle{empty}</code> immediately follows the second
+<code>\chapter</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Spaces"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Spaces-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2>
@@ -12153,109 +15396,255 @@ Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#P
<a name="index-spaces"></a>
<a name="index-white-space"></a>
-<p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
+<p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. Some of
+these are best suited to mathematical text; see&nbsp;<a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>. Some spacing commands are suitable for both regular text
+and mathematical text; versions of some of these commands are in this
+chapter.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">Horizontal space
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="1">\hspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed horizontal space.
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="1">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Traditional horizontal spaces.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="2">\hspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Any horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="2">\hfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3">\hfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="3">\spacefactor</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4">\hss</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable/shrinkable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="4">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space (gobbling) after a control sequence.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5">\spacefactor</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="5">\thinspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">\(SPACE)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Backslash-space; and explicit space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="6">\/</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert italic correction.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7">~</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tie, an unbreakable space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="7">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em, and negative one-sixth.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9">\/</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic correction.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Vertical space
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="8">\addvspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph vertical spaces.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph space and page breaks.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure height of a line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="9">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed vertical spaces.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Vertical space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable vertical space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005censpace"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cquad-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cqquad-1"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\enspace
+\quad
+\qquad
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Insert a horizontal space of 1/2em, 1em, or 2em. The
+em is a length defined by a font designer, often thought of as being the
+width of a capital&nbsp;M. One advantage of describing space in ems is
+that it can be more portable across documents than an absolute
+measurement such as points (see <a href="#Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This puts a suitable gap between two graphics.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+ \includegraphics{womensmile.png}%
+ \qquad\includegraphics{mensmile.png}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a> for <code>\quad</code> and <code>\qquad</code>. These
+are lengths from centuries of typesetting and so may be a better choice
+in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
+<code>\hspace</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
<a name="g_t_005chspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005chspace"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hspace{<var>length</var>}
\hspace*{<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Add the horizontal space given by <var>length</var>. The <var>length</var> is a
-rubber length, that is, it may contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code>
-component, in any unit that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+<p>Insert the horizontal space <var>length</var>. The <var>length</var> can be
+positive, negative, or zero; adding negative space is like backspacing.
+It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a <code>plus</code> or
+<code>minus</code> component, or both (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). Because the space is
+stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called <em>glue</em>.
</p>
-<p>This command can add both positive and negative space; adding negative
-space is like backspacing.
+<p>This makes a line with &lsquo;<samp>Name:</samp>&rsquo; an inch from the right margin.
</p>
-<p>Normally when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white
-space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you
-get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both. This
-command&rsquo;s starred version <code>\hspace*{...}</code> puts a non-discardable
-invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the
-output.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>*</code>-version inserts horizontal space that non-discardable.
+More precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white
+space&mdash;glues and kerns&mdash;that come at a line break are discarded. The
+<code>*</code>-version avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable
+invisible item in front of the space).
</p>
-<p>This example make a one-line paragraph that puts &lsquo;<samp>Name:</samp>&rsquo; an inch
-from the right margin.
+<p>In this example
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth]{\hspace{\fill}Name:\hspace{1in}}
+<pre class="example">\parbox{0.8\linewidth}{%
+ Fill in each blank: Four \hspace*{1in} and seven years ago our
+ fathers brought forth on this continent, a new \hspace*{1in},
+ conceived in \hspace*{1in}, and dedicated to the proposition
+ that all men are created \hspace*{1in}.}
</pre></div>
+<p>the 1&nbsp;inch blank following &lsquo;<samp>conceived in</samp>&rsquo; falls at the start
+of a line. If you erase the <code>*</code> then LaTeX discards the blank.
+</p>
+<p>Here, the <code>\hspace</code> separates the three graphics.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+ \includegraphics{lion.png}% comment keeps out extra space
+ \hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{tiger.png}%
+ \hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{bear.png}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Because the argument to each <code>\hspace</code> has <code>minus 0.25cm</code>,
+each can shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each
+space won&rsquo;t shrink more than 0.25cm (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005chfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next">\spacefactor</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hss</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005chfill"></a>
<a name="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></a>
<a name="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></a>
-<p>Produce a rubber length which has
-no natural space but can stretch horizontally as far as
-needed (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\hfill
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produce a rubber length which has no natural space but that can stretch
+horizontally as far as needed (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This creates a one-line paragraph with &lsquo;<samp>Name:</samp>&rsquo; on the left side
+of the page and &lsquo;<samp>Quiz One</samp>&rsquo; on the right.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
+</pre></div>
+
<a name="index-_005cfill"></a>
-<p>The command <code>\hfill</code> is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code>. For
-space that does not disappear at line breaks use
-<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> instead (see <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>).
+<p>The <code>\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code> and
+so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
+<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Here the graphs are evenly spaced in the middle of the figure.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
+ ...
+\begin{figure}
+ \hspace*{\fill}%
+ \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph0.png}}%
+ \hfill\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph1.png}}%
+ \hspace*{\fill}%
+ \caption{Comparison of two graphs} \label{fig:twographs}
+\end{figure}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Note the <code>\hspace*</code>&rsquo;s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005chss"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next">\spacefactor</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005chss-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\hss</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005chss"></a>
+<a name="index-horizontal-space"></a>
+<a name="index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable"></a>
+<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\hss
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produce a horizontal space that is infinitely shrinkable as well as
+infinitely stretchable (this command is a TeX primitive). LaTeX
+authors should reach first for the <code>\makebox</code> command to get the
+effects of <code>\hss</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Here, the first line&rsquo;s <code>\hss</code> makes the Z stick out to the right,
+overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left,
+overwriting the X.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">X\hbox to 0pt{Z\hss}Y
+X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Without the <code>\hss</code> you get something like &lsquo;<samp>Overfull \hbox
+(6.11111pt too wide) detected at line 20</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hss</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -12264,24 +15653,26 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="n" re
</pre></div>
<a name="index-_005cspacefactor"></a>
-<p>While LaTeX is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance
-it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The
-<code>\spacefactor</code> command (from Plain&nbsp;TeX) allows you to
-change the LaTeX&rsquo;s default behavior.
+<p>Influence LaTeX&rsquo;s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
+documents do not use this command.
+</p>
+<p>While LaTeX is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
+gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
+<em>interword glue</em>; see <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>). The <code>\spacefactor</code> command
+(from Plain&nbsp;TeX) allows you to, for instance, have the space
+after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
</p>
<p>After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
parameter called the <em>space factor</em>. If the next thing in the input
-is a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap
-LaTeX will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called
-<em>interword glue</em>.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap
-can stretch more and shrink less.
-</p>
-<p>Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following
-most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is
-3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000
-after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a
-right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote.
-Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter.
+is a space then this parameter affects how much stretching or shrinking
+can happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means
+that the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space
+factor is 1000. This value is in effect following most characters, and
+any non-character box or math formula. But it is 3000 after a period,
+exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
+a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
+after a capital letter.
</p>
<p>If the space factor&nbsp;<var>f</var> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the
font&rsquo;s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
@@ -12290,24 +15681,36 @@ than 2000 then TeX adds the font&rsquo;s extra space value (for Computer
Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111&nbsp;points), and then the font&rsquo;s
normal stretch value is multiplied by <em>f /1000</em> and the normal
shrink value is multiplied by <em>1000/f</em> (for Computer Modern Roman
-10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111&nbsp;points). In short, compared
-to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a
-lowercase letter, inter-sentence spacing has a fixed extra space added
-and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much.
-</p>
-<p>The rules for how TeX uses space factors are even more complex
-because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two
-consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a
-close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in
-place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and
-shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter
-then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how
-to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not
-end in a capital letter, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a>.
+10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111&nbsp;points).
+</p>
+<p>For example, consider the period ending <code>A man's best friend is his
+dog.</code> After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
+glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
+after <code>friend</code>, which does not end in a period.
+</p>
+<p>The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
+additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
+period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of that
+period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue
+will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if
+punctuation comes after a capital letter then its effect is not in place
+so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations
+that do not end in a capital letter (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
+</p>
+<p>You can only use <code>\spacefactor</code> in paragraph mode or LR mode
+(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). You can see the current value with
+<code>\the\spacefactor</code> or <code>\showthe\spacefactor</code>.
+</p>
+<p>(Comment, not really related to <code>\spacefactor</code>: if you get errors
+like &lsquo;<samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>You
+can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>Improper \spacefactor</samp>&rsquo;
+then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>.)
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="1">\(SPACE) and \@</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space after a period.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1">\@</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="2">\frenchspacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
</td></tr>
@@ -12317,319 +15720,759 @@ end in a capital letter, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0040"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.3.1 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and <code>\@</code></h4>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0040-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cTAB"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0040"></a>
+<a name="index-at_002dsign"></a>
+<a name="index-period_002c-sentence_002dending"></a>
+<a name="index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending"></a>
+<a name="index-period_002c-spacing-after"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cAT"></a>
-<p>Here, <code>\(SPACE)</code> means a backslash followed by a space. These
-commands mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either
-ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<p>By default, in justifying a line LaTeX adjusts the space after a
-sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or
-colon) more than the space between words. See <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>. As
-described there, LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless
-it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period
-for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is
-immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single
-or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through
-that parenthesis or quote.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>capital-letter</var>\@.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Treat a period as sentence-ending, where LaTeX would otherwise think
+it is part of an abbreviation. LaTeX thinks that a period ends an
+abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise
+thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
+LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
+mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
+between words (see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This example shows the two cases to remember.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceded by a
+capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting
+<code>\@</code> before it. The first period ends the abbreviation
+&lsquo;<samp>etc.</samp>&rsquo; but not the sentence. The backslash-space, <code>\ </code>,
+produces a mid-sentence space.
+</p>
+<p>So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
+sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before the period. This holds even if
+there is an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or
+double quote, because the spacing effect of that period carries through
+those characters. For example, this
</p>
-<p>So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not
-a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the
-sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (<code>\ </code>) or
-a tie (<code>~</code>) or a <code>\@</code>. Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\
-Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.\@) for sale</code>
-(note that in the last the <code>\@</code> comes before the closing parenthesis).
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Use the \textit{Instructional Practices Guide},
+(a book by the MAA)\@.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
</p>
-<p>In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
-period that does end the sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before the
-period. For example, <code>book by the MAA\@.</code> will have correct
-inter-sentence spacing after the period.
+<p>The <code>\@</code> command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of
+a text mode then you get &lsquo;<samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
+mode</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
-<p>For another use of <code>\(SPACE)</code>, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>.
+<p>Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose last
+letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last
+word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
+backslash-space, (<code>\ </code>), or a tie, (<code>~</code>), or <code>\@</code>.
+Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and
+<code>(manure, etc.\@) for sale</code> (note in the last one that the
+<code>\@</code> comes before the closing parenthesis).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">\normalsfcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) and \@</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">\normalsfcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.3.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a>
<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a>
-<p>This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat
-inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
-<p>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including
-English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other
-punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this
-declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\frenchspacing
+\nonfrenchspacing
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first declaration causes LaTeX to treat spacing between sentences
+in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a sentence.
+The second causes spacing between sentences to stretch or shrink more
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>); this is the default.
</p>
-<p>Revert to the default behavior by declaring <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code>.
+<p>Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
+space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
+exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
+that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <code>\frenchspacing</code>
+(the command is from Plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all
+spaces are treated equally.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.3.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></a>
<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></a>
-<p>Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default.
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\normalsfcodes
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\spacefactor</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next">~</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\spacefactor</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c--after-control-sequence"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</h3>
+<a name="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cSPACE"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cTAB"></a>
+
+<p>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
+backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\
+</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\ </code> command is often used after control sequences to keep
-them from gobbling the space that follows, as in &lsquo;<samp>\TeX\ is nice</samp>&rsquo;.
-And, under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and
-<code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt> are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. For another use of
-<code>\ </code>, see also <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a>.
+<p>Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
+3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt.
</p>
-<p>Some people prefer to use <code>{}</code> for the same purpose, as in
-<code>\TeX{} is nice</code>. This has the advantage that you can always
-write it the same way, namely <code>\TeX{}</code>, whether it is followed
-by a space or by a punctuation mark. Compare:
+<p>A blank is not a space. When you type a blank between words, LaTeX
+produces white space. That&rsquo;s different from an explicit space. This
+illustrates.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system.
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l}
+Three blanks: in a row \\
+Three spaces:\ \ \ in a row \\
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
-\TeX{} is a nice system. \TeX{}, a nice system.
+<p>On the first line LaTeX collapses the three blanks to output one
+whitespace (it would be the same with a single blank or, for instance,
+with a blank and an tab and a blank, or a blank and a newline and a
+blank). But the second line asks for three spaces so the white area is
+wider. Thus, the backslash-space command will create some horizontal
+space. (But the best way to create horizontal space is with
+<code>\hspace</code>; See <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>.)
+</p>
+<p>The backslash-space command has two main uses. First, it is often used
+after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the space that
+follows, as in <code>\TeX\ is nice</code>. (But the approach of using curly
+parentheses, as in <code>\TeX{} is nice</code>, has the advantage of still
+working if the next character is a period.)
+</p>
+<p>The second common use is that
+it mark a period as ending an abbreviation instead of ending
+a sentence, as in <code>So says Prof.\ Smith</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt>
+are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
+</p>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_007e"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE)</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_007e-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>~</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_007e"></a>
+<a name="index-tie"></a>
+<a name="index-space_002c-hard"></a>
+<a name="index-space_002c-unbreakable"></a>
+<a name="index-NBSP"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>before</var>~<var>after</var>
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-xspace"></a>
-<a name="index-xspace-package"></a>
+<p>The tie character, <code>~</code>, produces a space between <var>before</var> and
+<var>after</var> at which the line will not be broken. By default the white
+space has length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus
+1.11111pt (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Thanks to Prof.~Lerman.
+</pre></div>
-<p>Some individual commands, notably those defined with the <code>xspace</code>,
-package do not follow the standard behavior.
+<p>In addition, despite the period, LaTeX does not use the
+end-of-sentence spacing (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
</p>
+<p>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could cause
+confusion. But they also reduce LaTeX&rsquo;s options when it breaks lines
+into paragraphs, so you can use too many. They are also matters of
+taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste, among readers. Nevertheless,
+here are some usage models, many of them from the TeXbook.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> Between an enumerator and its item, such as in references:
+<code>Chapter~12</code>, or <code>Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}</code>, or
+<code>Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}</code>. When cases are enumerated inline:
+<code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>.
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-siunitx"></a>
+<a name="index-siunitx-package"></a>
+
+</li><li> Between a number and its unit: <code>$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the
+<samp>siunitx</samp> package has a special facility for this) or
+<code>144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and a date:
+<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions where
+numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
+<code>AD~565</code>, or <code>2:50~pm</code>, or <code>Boeing~747</code>, or
+<code>268~Plains Road</code>, or <code>\$$1.4$~billion</code>.
+
+</li><li> When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: <code>equals~$n$</code>, or
+<code>less than~$\epsilon$</code>, or <code>given~$X$</code>, or <code>modulo~$p^e$
+for all large~$n$</code> (but compare <code>is~$15$</code> with <code>is $15$~times
+the height</code>). Between mathematical symbols in apposition with nouns:
+<code>dimension~$d$</code> or <code>function~$f(x)$</code> (but compare <code>with
+length $l$~or more</code>). When a symbol is a tightly bound object of a
+preposition: <code>of~$x$</code>, or <code>from $0$ to~$1$</code>, or <code>in
+common with~$m$</code>.
+
+</li><li> Between symbols in series: <code>$1$,~$2$, or~$3$</code> or <code>$1$,~$2$,
+\ldots,~$n$</code>.
+
+</li><li> Between a person&rsquo;s forenames and between multiple surnames:
+<code>Donald~E. Knuth</code>, or <code>Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo</code>, or
+<code>Charles~XII</code> (but you must give TeX places to break the line so
+you may do <code>Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>).
+
+</li><li> Before a dash: <code>pages 12~--14</code> or <code>it is~--- it must be
+said~--- plausible</code>.
+
+</li></ul>
+
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinspace"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">~</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cthinspace-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cnegthinspace-1"></a>
+<a name="index-thin-space-1"></a>
+<a name="index-space_002c-thin"></a>
+<a name="index-thin-space_002c-negative-1"></a>
+<a name="index-space_002c-negative-thin"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\thinspace
+\negthinspace
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6em and
+-1/6em. These are the text mode equivalents of <code>\,</code> and
+<code>\!</code> (see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</a>). You can use
+<code>\,</code> as a synonym for <code>\thinspace</code> in text mode.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\negthinspace</code> command is used in text mode mostly for
+fiddling with spaces. One common use of <code>\thinspace</code> is as the
+space between nested quotes.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace''
+</pre></div>
-<p><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
-is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested
-quotes, as in &rsquo;&rdquo;.</p>
+<p>Another use is that some style guides call for a <code>\thinspace</code>
+between an ellipsis and a sentence ending period (other style guides,
+though, think the three dots are quite enough already). Still another
+use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\ Knuth</code>.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_002f"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</h3>
+<a name="g_t_005c_002f-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\/</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005c_002f"></a>
<a name="index-italic-correction"></a>
-<p>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <em>italic correction</em>. This is a
-small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
-to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic
-<i>f</i> character typically has a large italic correction value.
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>before-character</var>\/<var>after-character</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Insert an <em>italic correction</em>, a small space defined by the font
+designer for each character, to avoid the character colliding with
+whatever follows. When you use <code>\/</code>, LaTeX takes the correction
+from the font metric file, scales it by any scaling that has been
+applied to the font, and then inserts that much horizontal space.
</p>
-<p>If the following character is a period or comma, it&rsquo;s not necessary to
-insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
-very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
-normal letters, it can help. Compare
-<i>f: f;</i> (in the TeX output, the &lsquo;f&rsquo;s are nicely separated)
-with <i>f: f;</i>.
+<p>Here, were it not for the <code>\/</code>, the <var>before-character</var>
+italic&nbsp;f would hit the <var>after-character</var> roman&nbsp;H
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it f}\/H}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>because the italic letter leans far to the right.
</p>
-<p>When changing fonts with commands such as <code>\textit{italic
-text}</code> or <code>{\itshape italic text}</code>, LaTeX will
-automatically insert an italic correction if appropriate (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>).
+<p>If <var>after-character</var> is a period or comma then don&rsquo;t insert an
+italic correction since those punctuation symbols have a very small
+height. However, with semicolons or colons as well as with normal
+letters, the italic correction can help.
</p>
-<p>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
-correction. Compare
-pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the &lsquo;f&rsquo;)
-with pdfTeX.
+<p>When you use commands such as <code>\textit</code> or <code>\itshape</code> to
+change fonts, LaTeX will automatically insert any needed italic
+correction (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Roman characters can also have an italic correction. An example is in
+the name <code>pdf\/\TeX</code>.
</p>
<p>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done
in a different way.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005chrulefill"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdotfill"></a>
-<p>Produce an infinite rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) filled with a
-horizontal rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of just white
-space.
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
-<p>When placed between blank lines this example creates a paragraph that is
-left and right justified, where the space in the middle is filled with
-evenly spaced dots.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\hrulefill
+\dotfill
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produce an infinite horizontal rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) that
+LaTeX fills with a rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of
+white space.
+</p>
+<p>This outputs a line 2 inches long.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Name:~\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This example, when placed between blank lines, creates a paragraph that
+is left and right justified and where the middle is filled with evenly
+spaced dots.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\noindent Jack Aubrey\dotfill Melbury Lodge
+<pre class="example">\noindent John Aubrey, RN \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge
</pre></div>
<p>To make the rule or dots go to the line&rsquo;s end use <code>\null</code> at the
start or end.
</p>
<p>To change the rule&rsquo;s thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as
-with <code>\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{\leavevmode\leaders\hrule height
-1pt\hfill\kern\z@}</code>, which changes the default thickness of
-0.4pt to 1pt. Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
-<code>\renewcommand{\dotfill}{\leavevmode\cleaders\hb@xt@
-1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern\z@}</code>, which changes the default
-length of 0.33em to 1.00em.
+here
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{%
+ \leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 1pt\hfill\kern\z@}
+</pre></div>
-<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddvspace"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
-
-<a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a>
-<a name="index-vertical-space"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></a>
-
-<p><code>\addvspace{<var>length</var>}</code>
+<p>which changes the default thickness of 0.4pt to 1pt.
+Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
</p>
-<p>Add a vertical space of height <var>length</var>, which is a rubber length
-(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). However, if vertical space has already been added to
-the same point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command
-then this command will not add more space than what is needed to make
-the natural length of the total vertical space equal to <var>length</var>.
-</p>
-<p>Use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
-environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a Theorem
-environment is defined to begin and end with <code>\addvspace{...}</code>
-so that two consecutive Theorem&rsquo;s are separated by one vertical space,
-not two.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\dotfill}{%
+ \leavevmode\cleaders\hb@xt@1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern\z@}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>which changes the default length of 0.33em to 1.00em.
</p>
-<p>This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>This example produces a line for a signature.
</p>
-<p>The error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo; means that
-you were not in vertical mode when you invoked this command; one way to
-change that is to precede this command with a <code>\par</code> command.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{4cm}
+ \centering
+ \hrulefill\\
+ Signed
+\end{minipage}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The line is 4cm long.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addvspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></h3>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\bigskip
+\medskip
+\smallskip
+</pre></div>
-<p>These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the
-document class.
+<p>Produce an amount of vertical space, large or medium-sized or
+small. These commands are fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from <i>The Golden Ocean</i> by
+O&rsquo;Brian).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he
+was at home again, and it was delightful.
+
+\bigskip
+``A hundred and fifty-seven miles and one third, in twenty-four hours,''
+said Peter.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Each command is associated with a length defined in the document class
+file.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
+<dd><a name="bigskip"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\bigskip</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
-space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and
-<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>).
+space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and
+<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="medskip"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\medskip</code>
<a name="index-_005cmedskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a>
-<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of
-a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code>
-and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>).
+<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a
+line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code>
+and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="smallskip"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\smallskip</code>
<a name="index-_005csmallskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a
-quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
-<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus
-1pt</code>).
+quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
+<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+<p>Because each command is a <code>\vspace</code>, if you use on in mid-paragraph
+then it will insert its vertical space between the line in which you use
+it and the next line, not necessarily at the place that you use it. So
+these are best between paragraphs.
+</p>
+<p>The commands <code>\bigbreak</code>, <code>\medbreak</code>, and <code>\smallbreak</code>
+are similar but also suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to
+put a page break (see <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next">\strut</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code>\medbreak</code> &amp; <code>\smallbreak</code></h3>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\bigbreak
+\medbreak
+\smallbreak
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produce a vertical space that is big or medium-sized or small, and
+suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to break the page. (The
+associated penalties are -200, -100, and -50.)
+</p>
+<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>, for more. These commands
+produce the same vertical space but differ in that they also remove a
+preceding vertical space if it is less than what they would insert (as
+with <code>\addvspace</code>). In addition, they terminate a paragraph where
+they are used: this example
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">abc\bigbreak def ghi
+
+jkl mno pqr
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will output three paragraphs, the first ending in &lsquo;<samp>abc</samp>&rsquo; and the
+second starting, after an extra vertical space and a paragraph indent,
+with &lsquo;<samp>def</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cstrut"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cstrut-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.13 <code>\strut</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005cstrut"></a>
+<a name="index-strut"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\strut
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Ensure that the current line has height at least <code>0.7\baselineskip</code>
+and depth at least <code>0.3\baselineskip</code>. Essentially, LaTeX
+inserts into the line a rectangle having zero width,
+<code>\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>).
+The <code>\baselineskip</code> changes with the current font and fontsize.
+</p>
+<p>In this example the <code>\strut</code> keeps the box inside the frame from
+having zero height.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[2in]{\strut}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This example has four lists. In the first there is a much bigger gap
+between items 2 and&nbsp;3 than there is between items 1 and&nbsp;2.
+The second list fixes that with a <code>\strut</code> at the end of its first
+item&rsquo;s second line.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
+\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+\begin{enumerate}
+ \item \parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test}
+ \item test
+ \item test
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{minipage}%
+\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+\begin{enumerate}
+ \item \parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test\strut}
+ \item test
+ \item test
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{minipage}%
+\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+\begin{enumerate}
+ \item \fbox{\parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test}}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{minipage}%
+\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+\begin{enumerate}
+ \item \fbox{\parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test\strut}}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{minipage}%
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The final two lists use <code>fbox</code> to show what&rsquo;s happening. The third
+list&rsquo;s <code>\parbox</code> goes only to the bottom of its second &lsquo;<samp>test</samp>&rsquo;,
+which happens not have any characters that descend below the baseline.
+The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra
+below-baseline space.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></a>
+<a name="index-TikZ-package-1"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"></a>
+<a name="index-Asymptote-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>The <code>\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in
+<samp>TikZ</samp> or <samp>Asymptote</samp>. For instance, you may have a command
+such as <code>\graphnode{<var>node-name</var>}</code> that fits a circle around
+<var>node-name</var>. However, unless you are careful the <var>node-name</var>&rsquo;s
+&lsquo;<samp>x</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>y</samp>&rsquo; will produce different-diameter circles because
+the characters are different sizes. A careful <code>\graphnode</code> might
+insert a <code>\strut</code>, then <var>node-name</var>, and then draw the circle.
+</p>
+<p>The general approach of using a zero width <code>\rule</code> is useful in
+many circumstances. In this table, the zero-width rule keeps the top of
+the first integral from hitting the <code>\hline</code>. Similarly, the
+second rule keeps the second integral from hitting the first.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rl}
+ \textsc{Integral} &amp;\textsc{Value} \\
+ \hline
+ $\int_0^x t\, dt$ &amp;$x^2/2$ \rule{0em}{2.5ex} \\
+ $\int_0^x t^2\, dt$ &amp;$x^3/3$ \rule{0em}{2.5ex}
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>(Although the line-ending double backslash command has an available
+optional argument to put in more vertical room, that won&rsquo;t work here.
+Changing the first double backslash to something like <code>\\[2.5ex]</code>
+will put the room between the header line and the <code>\hline</code>, and the
+integral would still hit the line.)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cvspace"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\strut</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cvspace-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005cvspace"></a>
+<a name="index-vertical-space"></a>
+<a name="index-space_002c-vertical"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\vspace{<var>length</var>}
+\vspace*{<var>length</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Add the vertical space <var>length</var>. The <var>length</var> can be positive,
+negative, or zero. It is a rubber length&mdash;it may contain a <code>plus</code>
+or <code>minus</code> component (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This puts space between the two paragraphs.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">And I slept.
+
+\vspace{1ex plus 0.5ex}
+The new day dawned cold.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>(See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a> for common inter-paragraph
+spaces.)
+</p>
+<p>The <code>*</code>-version inserts vertical space that non-discardable. More
+precisely, LaTeX discards vertical space at a page break and the
+<code>*</code>-version causes the space to stay. This example leaves space
+between the two questions.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \).
+
+\vspace*{2cm plus 0.5cm}
+Question: Find the derivative of \( x^5+5x+9 \).
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>That space will be present even if the page break happens to fall
+between the questions.
+</p>
+<p>If you use <code>\vspace</code> in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
+horizontal mode) then the space is inserted after the line containing
+the <code>\vspace</code> command; it does not start a new paragraph at the
+<code>\vspace</code> command.
+</p>
+<p>In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on
+the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{document}
+1) Who put the bomp in the bomp bah bomp bah bomp?
+\vspace{1in plus 1fill}
+
+2) Who put the ram in the rama lama ding dong?
+\vspace{1in plus 1fill}
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cvfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cvfill"></a>
<a name="index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical"></a>
<a name="index-infinite-vertical-stretch"></a>
-<p>End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length
-(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) that is infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far
-as needed.
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\vfill
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length that is
+infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far as needed
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
<p>It is often used in the same way as <code>\vspace{\fill}</code>, except that
-<code>\vfill</code> ends the current paragraph, whereas
-<code>\vspace{\fill}</code> adds the infinite vertical space below its line
-irrespective of the paragraph structure. In both cases that space will
-disappear at a page boundary; to circumvent this see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>.
+<code>\vfill</code> ends the current paragraph whereas <code>\vspace{\fill}</code>
+adds the infinite vertical space below its line, irrespective of the
+paragraph structure. In both cases that space will disappear at a page
+boundary; to circumvent this see the starred option
+in&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>.
</p>
<p>In this example the page is filled, so the top and bottom lines contain
-the text &lsquo;<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>&rsquo; and the third &lsquo;<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>&rsquo; is exactly
+the text &lsquo;<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>&rsquo; and the second &lsquo;<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>&rsquo; is exactly
halfway between them.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{document}
Lost Dog!
\vfill
-Lost Dog!
+Lost Dog! % perfectly in the middle
\vfill
Lost Dog!
\end{document}
@@ -12637,375 +16480,636 @@ Lost Dog!
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cvspace"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005caddvspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvspace_007blength_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cvspace"></a>
+<a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space-1"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-vertical"></a>
+<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></a>
-<p>Synopsis, one of these two:
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\vspace{<var>length</var>}
-\vspace*{<var>length</var>}
+<pre class="example">\addvspace{<var>vert-length</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Add the vertical space <var>length</var>. This can be negative or positive,
-and is a rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
-</p>
-<p>LaTeX removes the vertical space from <code>\vspace</code> at a page
-break, that is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version
-<code>\vspace*{...}</code> causes the space to stay.
-</p>
-<p>If <code>\vspace</code> is used in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
-horizontal mode), the space is inserted <em>after</em> the line with
-the <code>\vspace</code> command. A new paragraph is not started.
+<p>Add a vertical space of <var>vert-length</var>. However, if there are two or
+more <code>\addvspace</code>&rsquo;s in a sequence then together they only add the
+space needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the
+<var>vert-length</var>&rsquo;s in that sequence. This command is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>). The <var>vert-length</var> is a rubber length
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
-<p>In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on
-the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
+<p>This example illustrates. The <code>picture</code> draws a scale. In a
+standard LaTeX article the length <code>\baselineskip</code> is 12pt.
+The two rules here are 22pt apart: the sum of the
+<code>\baselineskip</code> and the 10pt from the first <code>addvspace</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{document}
-1) Who put the bomp in the bomp bah bomp bah bomp?
-\vspace{1in plus 1fill}
-
-2) Who put the ram in the rama lama ding dong?
-\vspace{1in plus 1fill}
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{color}
+\begin{document}
+\setlength{\unitlength}{2pt}%
+\noindent\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+ \multiput(0,0)(0,-1){25}{{\color{blue}\line(1,0){1}}}
+ \multiput(0,0)(0,-5){6}{{\color{red}\line(1,0){2}}}
+\end{picture}%
+\rule{0.25\linewidth}{0.1pt}%
+\par\addvspace{10pt}% \addvspace{20pt}%
+\par\noindent\rule{0.25\linewidth}{0.1pt}%
\end{document}
</pre></div>
+<p>Now uncomment the second <code>\addvspace</code>. It does not make the gap
+20pt longer; instead the gap is the sum of <code>\baselineskip</code>
+and 20pt. So <code>\addvspace</code> in a sense does the opposite of
+its name &mdash; it makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not
+accumulate, but instead that only the largest one is used.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below
+an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a
+<code>theorem</code> environment begins and ends with <code>\addvspace</code> so
+that two consecutive <code>theorem</code>&rsquo;s are separated by one vertical
+space, not two.
+</p>
+<p>A error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo; pointing to an
+<code>\addvspace</code> means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit
+this command. One way to change that is to precede <code>\addvspace</code>
+with a <code>\par</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a>), as in the above example.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="Boxes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Boxes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2>
<a name="index-boxes"></a>
-<p>All the predefined length parameters (see <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>) can be
-used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
+<p>At its core, LaTeX puts things in boxes and then puts the boxes on a
+page. So these commands are central.
+</p>
+<p>There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating boxes.
+One useful adjunct to the commands here is <samp>adjustbox</samp>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmbox" accesskey="1">\mbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox and \framebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="3">lrbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An environment like <code>\sbox</code>.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="4">\makebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Box, adjustable position.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="5">\parbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Box with text in paragraph mode.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="3">\parbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Box with text in paragraph mode.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="6">\raisebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="4">\raisebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="7">\savebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\makebox</code>, but save the text for later use.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="5">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\makebox</code> but save the text for later.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="8">\sbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\mbox</code>, but save the text for later use.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="6">lrbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of <code>\sbox</code>.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="9">\usebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="7">\usebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmbox"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmbox_007btext_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cmbox"></a>
-
+<a name="index-_005cmakebox"></a>
+<a name="index-box"></a>
+<a name="index-make-a-box"></a>
<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></a>
-<p>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
-text created by its argument. The <var>text</var> is not broken into
-lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\mbox{<var>text</var>}
+\makebox{<var>text</var>}
+\makebox[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
-<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\mbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></h3>
+<p>Create a box, a container for material. The <var>text</var> is is typeset in
+LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it is not broken into lines. The
+<code>\mbox</code> command is robust, while <code>\makebox</code> is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Because <code>text</code> is not broken into lines, you can use <code>\mbox</code>
+to prevent hyphenation. In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate
+the table name, &lsquo;<samp>T-4</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">See Table~\mbox{T-4}
+</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cfbox"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cframebox-1"></a>
+<p>The first two command versions, <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, are
+roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the
+<var>text</var>. (They are like plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\hbox</code>.)
+</p>
+<p>In the third version the optional argument <var>width</var> specifies the
+width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not
+equal the width of the box. For one thing, <var>text</var> can be too small;
+this creates a full-line box
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
+</pre></div>
-<p>Synopses:
+<p>with &lsquo;<samp>Chapter Exam</samp>&rsquo; centered. But <var>text</var> can also be too wide
+for <var>width</var>. See the example below of zero-width boxes.
+</p>
+<a name="mbox-makebox-depth"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-height"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-width"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-totalheight"></a><p>In the <var>width</var> argument you can use the following lengths that refer
+to the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting
+<var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\width</code>,
+<code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box&rsquo;s height plus its depth). For
+example, to make a box with the text stretched to double the natural
+size you can say this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\fbox{<var>text</var>}
-\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code> commands are like <code>\mbox</code>,
-except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.
+<p>For the fourth command version the optional argument <var>position</var>
+gives position of the text within the box. It may take the following
+values:
</p>
-<p>In addition, the <code>\framebox</code> command allows for explicit
-specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument
-(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var>
-argument. </p>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a>
-<p>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default
-<code>0.4pt</code>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default <code>3pt</code>)
-between the rule and the contents of the box.
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is centered (default).
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the
-<code>picture</code> environment.
+</dd>
+<dt><code>l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is flush left.
</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Flush right.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Stretch the interword space in <var>text</var> across the entire <var>width</var>.
+The <var>text</var> must contain stretchable space for this to work. For
+instance, this could head a press release:
+<code>\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil
+RELEASE\hfil}</code>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-<hr>
-<a name="lrbox"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="lrbox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></h3>
-
-<a name="index-lrbox"></a>
-
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>A common use of <code>\makebox</code> is to make zero-width text boxes. This
+puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{lrbox}{\<var>cmd</var>}
- <var>text </var>
-\end{lrbox}
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1 points\hspace*{1em}}}
+\pts{10}What is the air-speed velocity of an unladen swallow?
+
+\pts{90}An African or European swallow?
</pre></div>
-<p>This is the environment form of <a href="#g_t_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>.
+<p><a name="index-package_002c-TikZ-2"></a>
+<a name="index-TikZ-package-2"></a>
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"></a>
+<a name="index-Asymptote-package-2"></a>
+
+<p>The right edge of the output &lsquo;<samp>10 points </samp>&rsquo; (note the ending space)
+will be just before the &lsquo;<samp>What</samp>&rsquo; (note the space after
+&lsquo;<samp>points</samp>&rsquo;). You can use <code>\makebox</code> similarly when making
+graphics, such as in <samp>TikZ</samp> or <samp>Asymptote</samp>, where you put the
+edge of the text at a known location, regardless of the length of that
+text.
</p>
-<p>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>,
-which must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.
+<p>For boxes with frames see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>. For colors
+see&nbsp;<a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>.
+</p>
+<p>There is a related version of <code>\makebox</code> that is used within the
+<code>picture</code> environment, where the length is given in terms of
+<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>).
+</p>
+<p>If you put a double-backslash into <var>text</var> then LaTeX will not
+give you a new line; for instance <code>\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}</code>
+outputs &lsquo;<samp>abc defghi</samp>&rsquo; while <code>\makebox{abc def \par ghi}</code>
+outputs &lsquo;<samp>abc def ghi</samp>&rsquo;, but neither go to a second line. To get
+multiple lines see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a> and&nbsp;<a href="#minipage">minipage</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakebox"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-2"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cmakebox"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cfbox"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cframebox-1"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\fbox{<var>text</var>}
+\framebox{<var>text</var>}
+\framebox[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain
-the <var>text</var> specified. The width of the box can be overridden by the
-optional <var>width</var> argument. The position of the text within the box
-is determined by the optional <var>position</var> argument, which may take
-the following values:
+<p>Create a box with an enclosing frame, four lines surrounding the space.
+These commands are the same as <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code> except
+for the frame (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>). The <code>\fbox</code> command is
+robust, the <code>\framebox</code> command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>LaTeX puts the text into a box that cannot be split or hyphenated.
+Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four lines making
+a frame.
+</p>
+<p>The first two command invocations, <code>\fbox{...}</code> and
+<code>\framebox{...}</code>, are roughly the same. As to the third and
+fourth invocations, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box
+width as <var>width</var> and the position of the text inside that box as
+<var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a> for the full description but
+here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4in wide.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\strut</code> inserts a vertical height of <code>\baselineskip</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>).
+</p>
+<p>These parameters determine the frame layout.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>c</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Centered (default).
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>l</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Flush left.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>r</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Flush right.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>s</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Stretch (justify) across entire <var>width</var>; <var>text</var> must contain
-stretchable space for this to work.
-</p></dd>
+<dd><a name="fbox-framebox-fboxrule"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>\fboxrule</code>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-2"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-frame_002c-line-width"></a>
+<a name="index-frame-rule-width"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxrule"></a>
+<p>The thickness of the lines around the enclosed box. The default is
+0.2pt. Change it with a command such as
+<code>\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="fbox-framebox-fboxsep"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>\fboxsep</code>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-2"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxsep"></a>
+<p>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3pt.
+Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>). Setting it to 0pt is useful sometimes:
+this will put a frame around the picture with no white border.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
+ \framebox{%
+ \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The extra curly braces keep the effect of the <code>\setlength</code> local.
+</p>
+</dd>
</dl>
-<p><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the <code>picture</code> environment
-see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>.
+<p>As with <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, LaTeX will not break lines
+in <var>text</var>. But this example has LaTeX break lines to make a
+paragraph, and then frame the result.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\framebox{%
+ \begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth}
+ My dear, here we must run as fast as we can, just to stay in place.
+ And if you wish to go anywhere you must run twice as fast as that.
+ \end{minipage}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>See <a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a> for colors other than black and white.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has a version of this command where the
+units depend on <code>picture</code>&rsquo;s <code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cparbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cparbox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cparbox"></a>
+<a name="index-paragraph-mode-1"></a>
+<a name="index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\parbox{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
+\parbox[<var>position</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
+\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
+\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-paragraph-mode-1"></a>
-<p>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created
-in <em>paragraph mode</em>. It should be used to make a box small
-pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
-shouldn&rsquo;t use any paragraph-making environments inside a
-<code>\parbox</code> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones
-containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
-<code>minipage</code> environment (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
-</p>
-<p><code>\parbox</code> has two mandatory arguments:
+<p>Produce a box of text that is <var>width</var> wide. Use this command to make
+a box of small pieces of text, of a single paragraph. This command is
+fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>width</var></dt>
-<dd><p>the width of the parbox;
-</p></dd>
-<dt><var>text</var></dt>
-<dd><p>the text that goes inside the parbox.
-</p></dd>
-</dl>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(0,0)
+ ...
+ \put(1,2){\parbox{1.75in}{\raggedright Because the graph is a line on
+ this semilog paper, the relationship is
+ exponential.}}
+\end{picture}
+</pre></div>
-<p>By default LaTeX will position vertically a parbox so its center
-lines up with the center of the surrounding text line. When the
-optional <var>position</var> argument is present and equal either to &lsquo;<samp>t</samp>&rsquo;
-or &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;, this allows you respectively to align either the top or
-bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text. You
-may also specify &lsquo;<samp>m</samp>&rsquo; for <var>position</var> to get the default
-behaviour.
-</p>
-<p>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box.
+<p>The <var>contents</var> are processed in a text mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so
+LaTeX will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won&rsquo;t make
+multiple paragraphs; for that, use a <code>minipage</code> environment
+(see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The options for <code>\parbox</code> (except for <var>contents</var>) are the same
+as those for <code>minipage</code>. For convenience a summary of the options
+is here but see&nbsp;<a href="#minipage">minipage</a> for a complete description.
+</p>
+<p>There are two required arguments. The <var>width</var> is a rigid length
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It sets the width of the box into which LaTeX
+typesets <var>contents</var>. The <var>contents</var> is the text that is placed
+in that box. It should not have any paragraph-making components.
+</p>
+<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
+<var>inner-pos</var>. The <var>position</var> gives the vertical alignment of the
+<code>parbox</code> with respect to the surrounding material. The possible
+values are <code>c</code> or <code>m</code> to make the vertical center of the
+<code>parbox</code> lines up with the center of the adjacent line (this is the
+default), or <code>t</code> to match the top line of the <code>parbox</code> with
+the baseline of the surrounding material, or <code>b</code> to match the
+bottom line.
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>height</var> overrides the natural height of the
+box.
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
+<var>content</var> inside the <code>parbox</code>. Its default is the value of
+<var>position</var>. Its possible values are: <code>t</code> to put the
+<var>content</var> at the top of the box, <code>c</code> to put it in the vertical
+center, <code>b</code> to put it at the bottom of the box, and <code>s</code> to
+stretch it out vertically (for this, the text must contain vertically
+stretchable space).
</p>
-<p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument controls the placement of the text inside
-the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <var>position</var> is used.
-</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>t</code></dt>
-<dd><p>text is placed at the top of the box.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>c</code></dt>
-<dd><p>text is centered in the box.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>b</code></dt>
-<dd><p>text is placed at the bottom of the box.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>s</code></dt>
-<dd><p>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
-for this to work.
-</p></dd>
-</dl>
-
-
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005craisebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\savebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craisebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005craisebox"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>. The first
-mandatory argument specifies how high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or
-lowered if it is a negative amount). <var>text</var> itself is processed
-in LR mode.
+<p>Raise or lower <var>text</var>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This example makes a command for the restriction of a function by
+lowering the vertical bar symbol.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand\restricted[1]{\raisebox{-.5ex}{$|$}_{#1}}
+$f\restricted{A}$
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first mandatory argument <var>distance</var> specifies how far to raise
+the second mandatory argument <var>text</var>. This is a rigid length
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). If it is negative then it lowers <var>text</var>. The
+<var>text</var> is processed in LR mode so it cannot contain line breaks
+(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
<p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. If
-they are specified, LaTeX treats <var>text</var> as extending a certain
-distance above the baseline (<var>height</var>) or below (<var>depth</var>),
-ignoring its natural height and depth.
+they are specified, they override the natural height and depth of the
+box LaTeX gets by typesetting <var>text</var>.
+</p>
+<a name="raisebox-depth"></a><a name="raisebox-height"></a><a name="raisebox-width"></a><a name="raisebox-totalheight"></a><p>In the arguments <var>distance</var>, <var>height</var>, and <var>depth</var> you can
+use the following lengths that refer to the dimension of the box that
+LaTeX gets on typesetting <var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>,
+<code>\width</code>, <code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box&rsquo;s height plus its
+depth).
+</p>
+<p>This will align two graphics on their top (see <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{calc} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin{center}
+ \raisebox{1ex-\height}{%
+ \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{lion.png}}
+ \qquad
+ \raisebox{1ex-\height}{%
+ \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{meta.png}}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first <code>\height</code> is the height of <samp>lion.png</samp> while the
+second is the height of <samp>meta.png</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csavebox"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raisebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raisebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csavebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></h3>
+<a name="index-_005csbox"></a>
<a name="index-_005csavebox"></a>
+<a name="index-box_002c-save"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\savebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\sbox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>This command typeset <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\makebox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
-it saves it in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>, which must have been
-declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).
+<p>Typeset <var>text</var> just as with <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>) except that LaTeX does not output it but instead saves it
+in a storage bin named <var>box-cmd</var>. The bin name <var>box-cmd</var> begins
+with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must have previously allocated the bin
+<var>box-cmd</var> with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).The
+<code>\sbox</code> command is robust while <code>\savebox</code> is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This creates and uses a bin.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\fullname}
+\sbox{\fullname}{John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt}
+ ...
+\usebox{\fullname}! His name is my name, too!
+Whenever we go out, the people always shout!
+There goes \\usebox{\fullname}! Ya da da da da da da.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>One advantage of using and reusing a bin over a <code>\newcommand</code> is
+efficiency, that LaTeX need not repeatedly retypeset the contents.
+See the example below.
+</p>
+<p>The first two command invocations,
+<code>\sbox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code> and
+<code>\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>, are roughly equivalent.
+As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify
+the box width as <var>width</var>, and the position of the text inside that
+box as <var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a> for the full
+description.
+</p>
+<p>In the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code> commands the <var>text</var> is
+typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). If
+you use these then LaTeX doesn&rsquo;t give you an error but it ignores
+what you want: if you enter <code>\sbox{\newbin}{test \\ test}</code> and
+<code>\usebox{\newbin}</code> then you get &lsquo;<samp>testtest</samp>&rsquo;, while if you
+enter <code>\sbox{\newbin}{test \par test}</code> and
+<code>\usebox{\newbin}</code> then you get &lsquo;<samp>test test</samp>&rsquo;, but no error or
+warning. To fix this use a <code>\parbox</code> or <code>minipage</code> as here.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\savebox{\abin}{%
+ \begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item First item
+ \item Second item
+ \end{enumerate}
+ \end{minipage}}
+ ...
+\usebox{\abin}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>As an example of the efficiency of reusing a bin&rsquo;s contents, this puts
+the same picture on each page of the document by putting it in the
+header. LaTeX only typesets it once.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % all this in the preamble
+\newsavebox{\sealbin}
+\savebox{\sealbin}{%
+ \setlength{\unitlength}{1in}%
+ \begin{picture}(0,0)%
+ \put(1.5,-2.5){%
+ \begin{tabular}{c}
+ \includegraphics[height=2in]{companylogo.png} \\
+ Office of the President
+ \end{tabular}}
+ \end{picture}%
+}
+\markright{\usebox{\sealbin}}
+\pagestyle{headings}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>picture</code> environment is good for fine-tuning the placement.
+</p>
+<p>If the bin has not already been defined then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \nobin</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csbox"></a>
+<a name="lrbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\savebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="lrbox-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csbox"></a>
+<a name="index-lrbox"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\begin{lrbox}{<var>box-cmd</var>}
+ <var>text</var>
+\end{lrbox}
</pre></div>
-<p><code>\sbox</code> types <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\mbox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) except that instead of the resulting box being
-included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
-<var>\boxcmd</var>. <var>\boxcmd</var> must have been previously declared with
-<code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).
+<p>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the bin
+<code><var>box-cmd</var></code>. The <var>box-cmd</var> must begin with a
+backslash. You must create this bin in advance with <code>\newsavebox</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>). This is the environment form of the <code>\sbox</code>
+and <code>\savebox</code> commands, and is equivalent to them. See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a> for the full information.
</p>
+<p>In this example the environment is convenient for entering the
+<code>tabular</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\jhbin}
+\begin{lrbox}{\jhbin}
+ \begin{tabular}{c}
+ \includegraphics[height=1in]{jh.png} \\
+ Jim Hef{}feron
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{lrbox}
+ ...
+\usebox{\jhbin}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cusebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cusebox-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cusebox"></a>
+<a name="index-box_002c-use-saved-box"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}
+<pre class="example">\usebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p><code>\usebox</code> produces the box most recently saved in the bin
-<var>\boxcmd</var> by a <code>\savebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>).
+<p>Produce the box most recently saved in the bin <var>box-cmd</var> by the
+commands <code>\sbox</code> or <code>\savebox</code>, or the <code>lrbox</code>
+environment. See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a> for more information and examples.
+(Note that <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a backslash.) This command is
+robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Color"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Color-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">21 Color</h2>
@@ -13038,10 +17142,10 @@ significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
<a name="Color-package-options"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Color-package-options-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.1 Color package options</h3>
+<a name="color-package-options"></a>
+<h3 class="section">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</h3>
<a name="index-color-package-options"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-color-package"></a>
@@ -13096,7 +17200,7 @@ memory space.
<a name="Color-models"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Color-models-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.2 Color models</h3>
@@ -13117,6 +17221,7 @@ such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
and yellow makes black.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
+<dd><a name="color-models-cmyk"></a></dd>
<dt><code>cmyk</code></dt>
<dd><p>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
@@ -13124,12 +17229,12 @@ magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="color-models-gray"></a></dd>
<dt><code>gray</code></dt>
<dd><p>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="color-models-rgb"></a></dd>
<dt><code>rgb</code></dt>
<dd><p>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
@@ -13137,7 +17242,7 @@ second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
This is an additive model.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="color-models-RGB"></a></dd>
<dt><code>RGB</code></dt>
<dd><p>(<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated
list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
@@ -13146,7 +17251,7 @@ often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
The values entered here are converted to the <code>rgb</code> model by
dividing by 255.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="color-models-named"></a></dd>
<dt><code>named</code></dt>
<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as &lsquo;<samp>PrussianBlue</samp>&rsquo;. The list of
names depends on the driver, but all support the names &lsquo;<samp>black</samp>&rsquo;,
@@ -13162,7 +17267,7 @@ names depends on the driver, but all support the names &lsquo;<samp>black</samp>
<a name="Commands-for-color"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Commands-for-color-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.3 Commands for color</h3>
@@ -13187,7 +17292,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up:
<a name="Define-colors"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Define-colors-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">21.3.1 Define colors</h4>
@@ -13202,9 +17307,14 @@ Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a
<pre class="example">\definecolor{<var>name</var>}{<var>model</var>}{<var>specification</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Give the name <var>name</var> to the color. For example, after
-<code>\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}</code> you can use that
-color name with <code>Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!</code>.
+<p>Give the name <var>name</var> to the color. For example, after this
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>you can use that color name with <code>Hi ho,
+\textcolor{silver}{Silver}!</code>.
</p>
<p>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
not be misleading.
@@ -13222,7 +17332,7 @@ or style, rather than in the document body.
<a name="Colored-text"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Colored-text-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">21.3.2 Colored text</h4>
@@ -13247,7 +17357,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previ
<p>The affected text gets the color. This line
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
+<pre class="example">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:}
+Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
</pre></div>
<p>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
@@ -13277,9 +17388,14 @@ including the vertical and horizontal lines.
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>You can use color in equations. A document might have
-<code>\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}</code> in the
-preamble, and then contain this equation.
+<p>You can use color in equations. A document might have this definition
+in the preamble
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>and then contain this equation.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
@@ -13292,7 +17408,8 @@ but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the
synopses.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37} Gold} for the team
+<pre class="example">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
+{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37} Gold} for the team.
</pre></div>
<p>The format of <var>color specification </var> depends on the color model
@@ -13317,7 +17434,7 @@ numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
<a name="Colored-boxes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Colored-boxes-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4>
@@ -13330,14 +17447,14 @@ Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previ
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\colorbox{<var>name</var>}{...}
-\colorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>box background color specification</var>}{...}
+\colorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>box background color</var>}{...}
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\fcolorbox{<var>frame color</var>}{<var>box background color</var>}{...}
-\fcolorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>frame color specification</var>}{<var>box background color specification</var>}{...}
+\fcolorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>frame color</var>}{<var>box background color</var>}{...}
</pre></div>
<p>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code>\fcolorbox</code>
@@ -13357,7 +17474,7 @@ puts white text on a blue background.
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code>\fbox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to
set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
and the surrounding rule. LaTeX&rsquo;s defaults are <code>0.4pt</code> and
<code>3pt</code>, respectively.
@@ -13376,7 +17493,7 @@ of the second line.
<a name="Colored-pages"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Colored-pages-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4>
@@ -13413,7 +17530,7 @@ rather than the default transparent background.)
<a name="Graphics"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Graphics-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">22 Graphics</h2>
@@ -13456,7 +17573,7 @@ external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the
commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are
Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig.
Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document;
-see their documentation.
+see their documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1">Graphics package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the package.
@@ -13472,10 +17589,10 @@ see their documentation.
<a name="Graphics-package-options"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Graphics-package-options-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.1 Graphics package options</h3>
+<a name="graphics-package-options"></a>
+<h3 class="section">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</h3>
<a name="index-graphics-package-options"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></a>
@@ -13561,10 +17678,10 @@ option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter.
<a name="Graphics-package-configuration"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Graphics-package-configuration-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.2 Graphics package configuration</h3>
+<a name="graphics-package-configuration"></a>
+<h3 class="section">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</h3>
<a name="index-graphics-1"></a>
<a name="index-graphics-package-1"></a>
@@ -13579,7 +17696,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for gra
the graphic.
</p>
<p>The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform
-dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as
+dependent. In this document we cover GNU/Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as
those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult
the documentation in <samp>grfguide.pdf</samp>, or the LaTeX source, or your
TeX distribution&rsquo;s documentation.
@@ -13598,7 +17715,7 @@ TeX distribution&rsquo;s documentation.
<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></h4>
@@ -13663,9 +17780,9 @@ these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve
portability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file
parameter <code>TEXINPUTS</code>; see the documentation of your system.)
</p>
-<p>You can use <code>\graphicspath</code> in the preamble or in the document
-body. You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value
-with <code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput@path}\makeatother</code>.
+<p>You can use <code>\graphicspath</code> anywhere in the document. You can use
+it more than once. Show its value with
+<code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput@path}\makeatother</code>.
</p>
<p>The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is,
suppose that you are working on a document based on <samp>book/book.tex</samp>
@@ -13679,7 +17796,7 @@ instead in <samp>book/plots</samp>.
<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphicspath</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphicspath</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4>
@@ -13714,17 +17831,20 @@ and extensions then it reports &lsquo;<samp>! LaTeX Error: File `<samp>lion</sam
not found</samp>&rsquo;. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the
extensions.
</p>
-<p>Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of
+<p>Because GNU/Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of
file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows
platform is not case sensitive.
</p>
<p>You are not required to include <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code> in
your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example,
-the most recent <samp>pdftex.def</samp> has the extension list
-&lsquo;<samp><code>.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2</code></samp>&rsquo;.
+the most recent <samp>pdftex.def</samp> has this extension list.
</p>
-<p>You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. You
-can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>You can use this command anywhere in the document. You can use it more
+than once. Show its value with
<code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatother</code>.
</p>
@@ -13732,7 +17852,7 @@ can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with
<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4>
@@ -13825,7 +17945,7 @@ See the documentation for your TeX distribution.
<a name="Commands-for-graphics"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Commands-for-graphics-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3>
@@ -13852,7 +17972,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Gra
<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></h4>
@@ -13908,8 +18028,8 @@ centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file,
as with <code>\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}</code>. To specify a list
of locations to search for the file, see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a>.
</p>
-<p>If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as with
-<code>\includegraphics{&quot;sister picture.jpg&quot;}</code>.
+<p>If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes. An example
+is <code>\includegraphics{&quot;sister picture.jpg&quot;}</code>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}</code> command decides on the
type of graphic by splitting <var>filename</var> on the first dot. You can
@@ -13947,7 +18067,7 @@ caption.
...
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{pix/nix.png}
- \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % if you want a caption
+ \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % optional
\end{center}
</pre></div>
@@ -13955,8 +18075,7 @@ caption.
text, with the two vertically centered.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup
- \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup}
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
...
\begin{center}
\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}}
@@ -14007,6 +18126,7 @@ page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
graphic.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
+<dd><a name="includegraphics-width"></a></dd>
<dt><code>width</code></dt>
<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example
is <code>\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}</code>. You can use the standard
@@ -14019,40 +18139,43 @@ the width of the text with
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>height</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
+<dd><a name="includegraphics-height"></a><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
use the standard TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>), and also
-convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance,
+convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, the command
<code>\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}</code> will make the
-graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area.
+graphic a quarter of the height of the text area.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>totalheight</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
+<dd><a name="includegraphics-totalheght"></a><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For
instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height
but a large depth.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>keepaspectratio</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
-<code>\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}</code> and you give as
-options both <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> (or <code>totalheight</code>),
-then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as possible without
-distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither is the graphic
-wider than <code>width</code> nor taller than <code>height</code> (or
+<dd><a name="includegraphics-keepaspectratio"></a><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}</code>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>and you give as options both <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> (or
+<code>totalheight</code>), then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as
+possible without distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither
+is the graphic wider than <code>width</code> nor taller than <code>height</code> (or
<code>totalheight</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>scale</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying
-<code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code> makes the graphic twice its
-nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1
-and&nbsp;0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect
-it.
+<dd><p>Factor by which to scale the graphic. To make a graphic twice its
+nominal size, enter <code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code>. This
+number may be any value; a number between 1 and&nbsp;0 will shrink the
+graphic and a negative number will reflect it.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>angle</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise.
+<dd><p>Rotate the graphic. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise.
The graphic is rotated about its <code>origin</code>; see that option. For a
complete description of how rotated material is typeset,
see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a>.
@@ -14062,9 +18185,9 @@ see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a>.
<dd><p>The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible
values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for left,
<code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center, <code>t</code>
-for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus,
+for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus, entering the command
<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the
-picture upside down from the center, while
+picture upside down about that picture&rsquo;s center, while the command
<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its
picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code>
gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code>, but gives the
@@ -14078,6 +18201,7 @@ vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB
<p>These are lesser-used options.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
+<dd><a name="includegraphics-viewport"></a></dd>
<dt><code>viewport</code></dt>
<dd><p>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with
@@ -14086,7 +18210,7 @@ dimensions default to big points,&nbsp;<code>bp</code>. They are taken
relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the
<code>trim</code> option.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-trim"></a></dd>
<dt><code>trim</code></dt>
<dd><p>Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated
by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with
@@ -14096,20 +18220,24 @@ will crop the picture by 0&nbsp;inches on the left, 0.1&nbsp;inches on
the bottom, 0.2&nbsp;inches on the right, and 0.3&nbsp;inches on the
top. See also the <code>viewport</code> option.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-clip"></a></dd>
<dt><code>clip</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
-<code>\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}</code>, then the graphic is
-cropped to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using
-the starred form of the command, as
+<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>then the graphic is cropped to the bounding box. This is the same as
+using the starred form of the command,
<code>\includegraphics*[...]{...}</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-page"></a></dd>
<dt><code>page</code></dt>
<dd><p>Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is
<code>page=1</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-pagebox"></a></dd>
<dt><code>pagebox</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among
<code>mediabox</code>, <code>cropbox</code>, <code>bleedbox</code>, <code>trimbox</code>, or
@@ -14124,25 +18252,32 @@ content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if
present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a
driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-interpolate"></a></dd>
<dt><code>interpolate</code></dt>
<dd><p>Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be
-set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as with
-<code>\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}</code>.
+set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as here.
</p>
-</dd>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="includegraphics-quiet"></a></dd>
<dt><code>quiet</code></dt>
<dd><p>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with
<code>\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}</code>,
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-draft"></a></dd>
<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If you set it with <code>draft=true</code> or just specified it with
-<code>\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}</code>, then the graphic will not
-appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. Instead,
-LaTeX will put an empty box of the correct size with the filename
-printed in it.
+<dd><p>If you set it with <code>draft=true</code> or just specify it with
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>then the graphic will not appear in the document, possibly saving color
+printer ink. Instead, LaTeX will put an empty box of the correct
+size with the filename printed in it.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -14158,6 +18293,7 @@ For example, if an <samp>.eps</samp> file has the line <code>%%BoundingBox 10
60/72&nbsp;inch tall.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
+<dd><a name="includegraphics-bb"></a></dd>
<dt><code>bb</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four
dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code>\includegraphics[.., bb=
@@ -14166,26 +18302,34 @@ BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is
only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want
to change it.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-bbllx"></a><a name="includegraphics-bblly"></a><a name="includegraphics-bburx"></a><a name="includegraphics-bbury"></a></dd>
<dt><code>bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></dt>
<dd><p>Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for
compatibility with old packages.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-natwidth"></a><a name="includegraphics-natheight"></a></dd>
<dt><code>natwidth, natheight</code></dt>
<dd><p>An alternative for <code>bb</code>. Setting
-<code>\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}</code>
-is the same as setting <code>bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>is the same as setting <code>bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-hiresbb"></a></dd>
<dt><code>hiresbb</code></dt>
<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
-<code>\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}</code>, then LaTeX will look
-for <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines instead of <code>%%BoundingBox</code>
-lines. (The <code>BoundingBox</code> lines use only natural numbers while the
-<code>HiResBoundingBox</code> lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to
-TeX&rsquo;s big points, 1/72&nbsp;inch.) To override a prior setting of
-<code>true</code>, you can set it to <code>false</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>then LaTeX will look for <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines instead of
+<code>%%BoundingBox</code> lines. (The <code>BoundingBox</code> lines use only
+natural numbers while the <code>HiResBoundingBox</code> lines use decimals;
+both use units equivalent to TeX&rsquo;s big points, 1/72&nbsp;inch.) To
+override a prior setting of <code>true</code>, you can set it to <code>false</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -14197,23 +18341,26 @@ will read the file <samp>lion.xxx</samp> as though it were
<samp>lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
+<dd><a name="includegraphics-type"></a></dd>
<dt><code>type</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the graphics type.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-ext"></a></dd>
<dt><code>ext</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the graphics extension.
Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-read"></a></dd>
<dt><code>read</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the file extension of the read file.
Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
</p>
-</dd>
+<a name="includegraphics-command"></a></dd>
<dt><code>command</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Specify a command to be applied to this file.
-Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+<dd><p>Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in
+conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>
+for a discussion of enabling the <code>\write18</code> functionality to run
+external commands.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -14223,7 +18370,7 @@ Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
<a name="g_t_005crotatebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includegraphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includegraphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005crotatebox-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></h4>
@@ -14246,7 +18393,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previo
\rotatebox[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Put <var>material</var> in a box and rotate it <var>angle</var> degrees counterclockwise.
+<p>Put <var>material</var> in a box and rotate it <var>angle</var> degrees
+counterclockwise.
</p>
<p>This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees.
</p>
@@ -14283,15 +18431,20 @@ except for the <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> options (see <a href="#g_t_005c
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>origin</code></dt>
<dd><p>The point of the <var>material</var>&rsquo;s box about which the rotation happens.
-Possible values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for
+Possible value is any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for
left, <code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center,
-<code>t</code> for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus,
-<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the
-picture upside down from the center, while
-<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its
-picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code>
-gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code> but gives the
-vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
+<code>t</code> for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus, the first line here
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}
+\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will turn the picture upside down from the center while the second will
+turn its picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character
+<code>c</code> gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code> but gives
+the vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is
+<code>lB</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>x, y</code></dt>
@@ -14314,7 +18467,7 @@ setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
<a name="g_t_005cscalebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\resizebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\resizebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cscalebox-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></h4>
@@ -14348,10 +18501,14 @@ first text and doubles the size of the second.
<p>If you do not specify the optional <var>vertical factor</var> then it
defaults to the same value as the <var>horizontal factor</var>.
</p>
-<p>You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with
-<code>\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}</code>. If you use the
-<samp>graphicx</samp> package then you can accomplish the same thing with
-optional arguments to <code>\includegraphics</code>
+<p>You can use this command to resize a graphic, as here.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you use the <samp>graphicx</samp> package then you can accomplish the same
+thing with optional arguments to <code>\includegraphics</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>\reflectbox</code> command abbreviates
@@ -14364,7 +18521,7 @@ immediately followed by its mirror reflection.
<a name="g_t_005cresizebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\scalebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\scalebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cresizebox-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></h4>
@@ -14412,7 +18569,7 @@ text two inches wide but keep the original height with
<a name="Special-insertions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Special-insertions-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">23 Special insertions</h2>
@@ -14447,7 +18604,7 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
<a name="Reserved-characters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Reserved-characters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.1 Reserved characters</h3>
@@ -14456,8 +18613,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower c
<a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a>
<a name="index-special-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-special"></a>
-<p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for
-example, the percent sign&nbsp;<code>%</code> is for comments) so they are
+<p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
+example, the percent sign&nbsp;<code>%</code> is for comments. They are
called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -14474,7 +18631,7 @@ called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>.
<p>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
put a backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
-<code>\$1.23</code> will produce&nbsp;<code>$1.23</code> in your output.
+typing <code>\$1.23</code> will produce&nbsp;<code>$1.23</code> in your output.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_007e"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005e"></a>
@@ -14482,11 +18639,12 @@ put a backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
<p>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use <code>\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text
-body font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. A text body font backslash
-results from <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
+body font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the font
+of the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
</p>
<p>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
-<code>\verb!!</code>, as below.
+<code>\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code> is only
+there to split the lines).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
@@ -14495,22 +18653,19 @@ results from <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>In that example the double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code> is only there to
-split the lines.
-</p>
<hr>
<a name="Upper-and-lower-case"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
-<a name="index-Upper-case"></a>
-<a name="index-Lower-case"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-case"></a>
+<a name="index-uppercase"></a>
+<a name="index-lowercase"></a>
+<a name="index-characters_002c-case-of"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -14571,7 +18726,7 @@ standard LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
<a name="Symbols-by-font-position"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
@@ -14595,7 +18750,7 @@ example could also be written as <code>\symbol{'40}</code> or
<a name="Text-symbols"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Text-symbols-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.4 Text symbols</h3>
@@ -14604,9 +18759,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href
<a name="index-symbols_002c-text"></a>
<a name="index-textcomp-package-1"></a>
-<p>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
-in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
-not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
+<p>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in
+running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not
+available in OT1. Unless you are using XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX then
+you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\copyright</code>
@@ -14616,21 +18772,21 @@ not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
<a name="index-_005ctextcopyright"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-copyright-symbol"></a>
-<p>The copyright symbol, &copy;.
+<p>&copy; The copyright symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dag</code>
<a name="index-_005cdag"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>The dagger symbol (in text).
+<p>&#x2020; The dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddag</code>
<a name="index-_005cddag"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>The double dagger symbol (in text).
+<p>&#x2021; The double dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\LaTeX</code>
@@ -14669,12 +18825,12 @@ not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
<a name="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-French-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></a>
-<p>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
-&laquo;, &raquo;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;.
+<p>&laquo;, &raquo;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;
+Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ldots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cldots"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cldots-1"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\dots</code>
<a name="index-_005cdots"></a>
@@ -14683,7 +18839,7 @@ not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
<a name="index-_005ctextellipsis"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-ellipsis"></a>
-<p>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &lsquo;&hellip;&rsquo;. <code>\ldots</code>
+<p>&hellip; An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code>\ldots</code>
and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -14692,7 +18848,7 @@ and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-quote"></a>
<a name="index-opening-quote"></a>
-<p>Left (opening) quote: &lsquo;.
+<p>&lsquo; Left (opening) quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\P</code>
@@ -14703,7 +18859,7 @@ and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-paragraph-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-pilcrow"></a>
-<p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow): &#x00B6;.
+<p>&#x00B6; Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pounds</code>
@@ -14714,7 +18870,7 @@ and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-pounds-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-sterling-symbol"></a>
-<p>English pounds sterling: &pound;.
+<p>&pound; English pounds sterling.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(&bdquo;)</span></code>
@@ -14726,8 +18882,8 @@ and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
<dd><a name="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
<a name="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
<a name="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></a>
-<p>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline:
-&bdquo; and &sbquo;.
+<p>&bdquo; and &sbquo;
+Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rq</code>
@@ -14735,15 +18891,17 @@ and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-quote"></a>
<a name="index-closing-quote"></a>
-<p>Right (closing) quote: &rsquo;.
+<p>&rsquo; Right (closing) quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\S</code>
<a name="index-_005cS"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>\itemx \textsection
-<a name="index-section-symbol"></a>
-Section sign: &#x00A7;.
+<dt><code>\textsection</code>
+<a name="index-_005ctextsection"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-section-symbol"></a>
+<p>&#x00A7; Section sign.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\TeX</code>
@@ -14759,7 +18917,7 @@ Section sign: &#x00A7;.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>ASCII circumflex: ^.
+<p>^ ASCII circumflex.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasciitilde</code>
@@ -14767,7 +18925,7 @@ Section sign: &#x00A7;.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>ASCII tilde: ~.
+<p>~ ASCII tilde.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasteriskcentered</code>
@@ -14775,14 +18933,14 @@ Section sign: &#x00A7;.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Centered asterisk: *.
+<p>* Centered asterisk.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbackslash</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash-1"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Backslash: \.
+<p>\ Backslash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbar</code>
@@ -14790,7 +18948,7 @@ Section sign: &#x00A7;.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Vertical bar: |.
+<p>| Vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbardbl</code>
@@ -14799,7 +18957,7 @@ Section sign: &#x00A7;.
<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Double vertical bar.
+<p>&#x23F8; Double vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbigcircle</code>
@@ -14807,7 +18965,7 @@ Section sign: &#x00A7;.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Big circle symbol.
+<p>&#x25EF; Big circle symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbraceleft</code>
@@ -14815,7 +18973,7 @@ Section sign: &#x00A7;.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Left brace: {.
+<p>{ Left brace.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbraceright</code>
@@ -14823,21 +18981,21 @@ Section sign: &#x00A7;.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Right brace: }.
+<p>} Right brace.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbullet</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbullet"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Bullet: &bull;.
+<p>&bull; Bullet.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in &reg;.
+<p>&#x24B6; Circle around <var>letter</var>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textcompwordmark</code>
@@ -14852,16 +19010,18 @@ Section sign: &#x00A7;.
<dd><a name="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-cap-height"></a>
<a name="index-ascender-height"></a>
-<p>Composite word mark (invisible). The <code>\textcapital...</code> form
-has the cap height of the font, while the <code>\textascender...</code> form
-has the ascender height.
+<p>Used to separate letters that would normally ligature. For example,
+<code>f\textcompwordmark i</code> produces &lsquo;<samp>fi</samp>&rsquo; without a ligature. This
+is most useful in non-English languages. The
+<code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code> form has the cap height of the font
+while the <code>\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdagger</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextdagger"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
-<p>Dagger: <em>\dag</em>.
+<p>&#x2020; Dagger.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdaggerdbl</code>
@@ -14869,7 +19029,7 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
-<p>Double dagger: <em>\ddag</em>.
+<p>&#x2021; Double dagger.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code>
@@ -14877,21 +19037,23 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dollar-sign"></a>
<a name="index-currency_002c-dollar"></a>
-<p>Dollar sign: $.
+<p>$ Dollar sign.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-em_002ddash"></a>
-<p>Em-dash: &mdash; (for punctuation).
+<p>&mdash; Em-dash (used for punctuation, as in
+<code>The playoffs --- if you are fortunate enough to make the playoffs ---
+is more like a sprint.</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-e_002ddash"></a>
-<p>En-dash: &ndash; (for ranges).
+<p>&ndash; En-dash (used for ranges, as in <code>See pages 12--14</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texteuro</code>
@@ -14899,28 +19061,33 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-euro-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-currency_002c-euro"></a>
-<p>The Euro symbol: &euro;.
+<a name="index-package_002c-eurosym"></a>
+<a name="index-eurosym-package"></a>
+
+<p>The Euro symbol: &euro;. For an alternative glyph design, try the
+<samp>eurosym</samp> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
+Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
-<p>Upside down exclamation point: &iexcl;.
+<p>&iexcl; Upside down exclamation point.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textgreater</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextgreater"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Greater than: &gt;.
+<p>&gt; Greater than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textless</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextless"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Less than: &lt;.
+<p>&lt; Less than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textleftarrow</code>
@@ -14928,7 +19095,7 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Left arrow.
+<p>&#x2190; Left arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textordfeminine</code>
@@ -14941,7 +19108,7 @@ has the ascender height.
<a name="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
<a name="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
-<p>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: &ordf;, &ordm;.
+<p>&ordf;, &ordm; Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textperiodcentered</code>
@@ -14949,14 +19116,14 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Centered period: &#x00B7;.
+<p>&#x00B7; Centered period.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
-<p>Upside down question mark: &iquest;.
+<p>&iquest; Upside down question mark.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code>
@@ -14964,7 +19131,7 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-double"></a>
<a name="index-double-left-quote"></a>
-<p>Double left quote: &ldquo;.
+<p>&ldquo; Double left quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code>
@@ -14972,7 +19139,7 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-double"></a>
<a name="index-double-right-quote"></a>
-<p>Double right quote: &rdquo;.
+<p>&rdquo; Double right quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code>
@@ -14980,7 +19147,7 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-single"></a>
<a name="index-single-left-quote"></a>
-<p>Single left quote: &lsquo;.
+<p>&lsquo; Single left quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code>
@@ -14988,7 +19155,7 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-single"></a>
<a name="index-single-right-quote"></a>
-<p>Single right quote: &rsquo;.
+<p>&rsquo; Single right quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotesingle</code>
@@ -14997,7 +19164,7 @@ has the ascender height.
<dd><a name="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></a>
<a name="index-straight-single-quote"></a>
<a name="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></a>
-<p>Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
+<p>&#x0027; Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotestraightbase</code>
@@ -15017,7 +19184,7 @@ has the ascender height.
<a name="index-_005ctextregistered"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-registered-symbol"></a>
-<p>Registered symbol: &reg;.
+<p>&reg; Registered symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textrightarrow</code>
@@ -15025,7 +19192,7 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Right arrow.
+<p>&#x2192; Right arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code>
@@ -15033,14 +19200,14 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></a>
<a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></a>
-<p>&ldquo;Three-quarters&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+<p>&#xFE58; &ldquo;Three-quarters&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttrademark</code>
<a name="index-_005ctexttrademark"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-trademark-symbol"></a>
-<p>Trademark symbol: &#x2122;.
+<p>&#x2122; Trademark symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttwelveudash</code>
@@ -15048,21 +19215,21 @@ has the ascender height.
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></a>
<a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></a>
-<p>&ldquo;Two-thirds&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+<p>&#xFE58; &ldquo;Two-thirds&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textunderscore</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextunderscore"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Underscore: _.
+<p>_ Underscore.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textvisiblespace</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextvisiblespace"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Visible space symbol.
+<p>&#x2423; Visible space symbol.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -15072,7 +19239,7 @@ has the ascender height.
<a name="Accents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Accents-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.5 Accents</h3>
@@ -15081,17 +19248,32 @@ Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional La
<a name="index-characters_002c-accented"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-accented"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel-1"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package-1"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-babel-2"></a>
+<a name="index-babel-package-2"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia"></a>
+<a name="index-polyglossia-package"></a>
<a name="index-multilingual-support"></a>
-<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world&rsquo;s scripts and
-languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This
-section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists
-the core LaTeX commands for creating accented characters.
-</p>
-<p>The <code>\capital...</code> commands produce alternative forms for use with
-capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
+<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world&rsquo;s scripts and languages,
+through the <code>babel</code> package and related support if you are using
+pdfLaTeX, or <samp>polyglossia</samp> if you are using XeLaTeX or
+LuaLaTeX. This section does not cover that support. It only lists
+the core LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. The
+<code>\capital...</code> commands shown here produce alternative forms for use
+with capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
+</p>
+<p>Below, to make them easier to find, the accents are all illustrated with
+lowercase &lsquo;<samp>o</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></a>
+<a name="index-dotless-i"></a>
+<p>Note that <code>\i</code> produces a dotless i,
+<a name="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></a>
+<a name="index-dotless-j"></a>
+and <code>\j</code> produces a dotless j.
+These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are
+accented.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\&quot;</code></dt>
@@ -15100,7 +19282,7 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
<a name="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></a>
<a name="index-umlaut-accent"></a>
<a name="index-dieresis-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in &ouml;.
+<p>&ouml; Umlaut (dieresis).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\'</code></dt>
@@ -15108,16 +19290,14 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
<dd><a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalacute"></a>
<a name="index-acute-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces an acute accent, as in &oacute;. In the <code>tabbing</code>
-environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
-(see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>).
+<p>&oacute; Acute accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\.</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-dot-accent"></a>
<a name="index-dot_002dover-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in &#559;.
+<p>&#559; Dot accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\=</code></dt>
@@ -15127,7 +19307,7 @@ environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
<a name="index-macron-accent"></a>
<a name="index-overbar-accent"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002dover-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in &#333;.
+<p>&#333; Macron (overbar) accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\^</code></dt>
@@ -15136,7 +19316,7 @@ environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
<a name="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></a>
<a name="index-circumflex-accent"></a>
<a name="index-hat-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in &ocirc;.
+<p>&ocirc; Circumflex (hat) accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\`</code></dt>
@@ -15144,9 +19324,7 @@ environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
<dd><a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></a>
<a name="index-grave-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in &ograve;. In the
-<code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin
-(see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>).
+<p>&ograve; Grave accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\~</code></dt>
@@ -15154,14 +19332,21 @@ environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
<dd><a name="index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></a>
<a name="index-tilde-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in &ntilde;.
+<p>&ntilde; Tilde accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_. See
-also <code>\underbar</code> hereinafter.
+<p>o_ Bar accent underneath.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_005cunderbar"></a>
+<a name="index-underbar"></a>
+<p>Related to this, <code>\underbar{<var>text</var>}</code> produces a bar under
+<var>text</var>. The argument is always processed in LR mode
+(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline,
+thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in
+<a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\c</code></dt>
@@ -15169,7 +19354,7 @@ also <code>\underbar</code> hereinafter.
<dd><a name="index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></a>
<a name="index-cedilla-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in &ccedil;.
+<p>&ccedil; Cedilla accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
@@ -15177,7 +19362,7 @@ also <code>\underbar</code> hereinafter.
<dd><a name="index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></a>
<a name="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in &#7885;.
+<p>&#7885; Dot accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\H</code></dt>
@@ -15185,19 +19370,7 @@ also <code>\underbar</code> hereinafter.
<dd><a name="index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></a>
<a name="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in &#337;.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\i</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-dotless-i"></a>
-<p>Produces a dotless i, as in &lsquo;i&rsquo;.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\j</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-dotless-j"></a>
-<p>Produces a dotless j, as in &lsquo;j&rsquo;.
+<p>&#337; Long Hungarian umlaut accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\k</code></dt>
@@ -15205,8 +19378,7 @@ also <code>\underbar</code> hereinafter.
<dd><a name="index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></a>
<a name="index-ogonek"></a>
-<p>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &lsquo;&#491;&rsquo;. Not available in
-the OT1 encoding.
+<p>&#491; Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
@@ -15214,7 +19386,7 @@ the OT1 encoding.
<dd><a name="index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalring"></a>
<a name="index-ring-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a ring accent, as in &lsquo;o*&rsquo;.
+<p>o* Ring accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
@@ -15226,8 +19398,8 @@ the OT1 encoding.
<a name="index-_005cnewtie"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></a>
<a name="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a tie-after accent, as in &lsquo;oo[&rsquo;. The
-<code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
+<p>oo[ Tie-after accent. The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in
+its box.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\u</code></dt>
@@ -15235,17 +19407,7 @@ the OT1 encoding.
<dd><a name="index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></a>
<a name="index-breve-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a breve accent, as in &lsquo;&#335;&rsquo;.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\underbar</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cunderbar"></a>
-<a name="index-underbar"></a>
-<p>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
-The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is
-always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
-descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a>.
-See also <code>\b</code> above.
+<p>&#335; Breve accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
@@ -15255,7 +19417,7 @@ See also <code>\b</code> above.
<a name="index-hacek-accent"></a>
<a name="index-check-accent"></a>
<a name="index-caron-accent"></a>
-<p>Produces a h&aacute;&#269;ek (check, caron) accent, as in &lsquo;&#466;&rsquo;.
+<p>&#466; H&aacute;&#269;ek (check, caron) accent.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -15265,7 +19427,7 @@ See also <code>\b</code> above.
<a name="Additional-Latin-letters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
@@ -15277,8 +19439,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a h
<a name="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a>
-<p>Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters (beyond
-A&ndash;Z) extending the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
+<p>Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond
+A&ndash;Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
than English.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
@@ -15384,58 +19546,89 @@ font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
<a name="g_t_005crule"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005crule-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.7 <code>\rule</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005crule"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>}
+<pre class="example">\rule{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>}
+\rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\rule</code> command produces <em>rules</em>, that is, lines or
-rectangles. The arguments are:
+<p>Produce a <em>rule</em>, a filled-in rectangle.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>raise</var></dt>
-<dd><p>How high to raise the rule (optional).
+<a name="index-Halmos-symbol"></a>
+<a name="index-tombstone"></a>
+<p>This produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos symbol,
+often used to mark the end of a proof.
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><var>width</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The length of the rule (mandatory).
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsthm-1"></a>
+<a name="index-amsthm-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>The <samp>amsthm</samp> package includes this command, with a somewhat
+different-looking symbol.
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><var>thickness</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The thickness of the rule (mandatory).
-</p></dd>
-</dl>
+<p>The mandatory arguments give the horizontal <var>width</var> and vertical
+<var>thickness</var> of the rectangle. They are rigid lengths
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The optional argument <var>raise</var> is also a rigid
+length, and tells LaTeX how much to raise the rule above the
+baseline, or lower it if the length is negative.
+</p>
+<p>This produces a line, a rectangle that is wide but not tall.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\noindent\rule{\textwidth}{0.4pt}
+</pre></div>
+<p>The line is the width of the page and 0.4&nbsp;points tall. This line
+thickness is common in LaTeX.
+</p>
+<p>A rule that has zero width, or zero thickness, will not show up in the
+output, but can cause LaTeX to change the output around it.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a> for examples.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ctoday"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctoday-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.8 <code>\today</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctoday"></a>
<a name="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></a>
+<a name="index-today_0027s-date"></a>
-<p>The <code>\today</code> command produces today&rsquo;s date, in the format
-&lsquo;<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>&rsquo;; for example, &lsquo;<samp>July 4, 1976</samp>&rsquo;.
-It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
-<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>) to do this. It is not
-updated as the program runs.
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\today
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produce today&rsquo;s date in the format &lsquo;<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>,
+<var>yyyy</var></samp>&rsquo;. An example of a date in that format is &lsquo;<samp>July 4,
+1976</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<p>Multilingual packages like <samp>babel</samp> or classes like <samp>lettre</samp>,
-among others, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example, the following
-will output &lsquo;<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>&rsquo;:
+<a name="index-package_002c-babel-3"></a>
+<a name="index-babel-package-3"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"></a>
+<a name="index-polyglossia-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>Multilingual packages such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>, or
+classes such as <samp>lettre</samp>, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example,
+the following will output &lsquo;<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>&rsquo;:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4
@@ -15446,18 +19639,24 @@ will output &lsquo;<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>&rsquo;:
\end{document}
</pre></div>
+<p><code>\today</code> uses the counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
+<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a>).
+</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-datetime"></a>
<a name="index-datetime-package"></a>
-<p>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
-of other date formats.
+<p>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <samp>datetime</samp> package
+which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards.
+</p>
+<p>The date is not updated as the LaTeX process runs, so in principle the
+date could be incorrect by the time the program finishes.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Splitting-the-input"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Splitting-the-input-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">24 Splitting the input</h2>
@@ -15465,90 +19664,258 @@ Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matte
<a name="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a>
<a name="index-input-file"></a>
-<p>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
-input in a single large file, it&rsquo;s more efficient to split it into
-several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
-there is one that is the
+<p>LaTeX lets you split a large document into several smaller ones.
+This can simplify editing or allow multiple authors to work on the
+document. It can also speed processing.
+</p>
+<p>Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is always one
<a name="index-root-file"></a>
<a name="index-file_002c-root"></a>
-<em>root file</em>; it is the one whose name you type
-when you run LaTeX.
+<em>root file</em>, on which LaTeX compilation starts. This shows such
+a file with five included files.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a>, for an environment that allows bundling an
-external file to be created with the main document.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+\includeonly{ % comment out lines below to omit compiling
+ pref,
+ chap1,
+ chap2,
+ append,
+ bib
+ }
+\begin{document}
+\frontmatter
+\include{pref}
+\mainmatter
+\include{chap1}
+\include{chap2}
+\appendix
+\include{append}
+\backmatter
+\include{bib}
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This will bring in material from <samp>pref.tex</samp>, <samp>chap1.tex</samp>,
+<samp>chap2.tex</samp>, <samp>append.tex</samp>, and <samp>bib.tex</samp>. If you compile
+this file, and then comment out all of the lines inside
+<code>\includeonly{...}</code> except for <code>chap1,</code> and compile again,
+then LaTeX will only process the material in the first chapter.
+Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to print.
+However, the advantage of the <code>\includeonly</code> command is that
+LaTeX will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference
+information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in
+your output correctly.
+</p>
+<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="1">\include</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditionally include a file.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="1">\endinput</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stop including material from a file.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2">\includeonly</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Determine which files are included.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditionally include files.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3">\input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Unconditionally include a file.
</td></tr>
</table>
+
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cinclude"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cendinput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cinclude-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\include</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cendinput-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cinclude"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cendinput"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\include{<var>file</var>}
+<pre class="example">\endinput
</pre></div>
-<p>If no <code>\includeonly</code> command is present, the <code>\include</code>
-command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>), then reads <var>file</var>, then does another
-<code>\clearpage</code>.
+<p>When you <code>\include{filename}</code>, inside <samp>filename.tex</samp> the
+material after <code>\endinput</code> will not be included. This command is
+optional; if <samp>filename.tex</samp> has no <code>\endinput</code> then LaTeX
+will read all of the file.
</p>
-<p>Given an <code>\includeonly</code> command, the <code>\include</code> actions are
-only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to
-<code>\includeonly</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>.
+<p>For example, suppose that a document&rsquo;s root file has
+<code>\input{chap1}</code> and this is <samp>chap1.tex</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></a>
-<p>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
-read by another <code>\include</code> command.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\chapter{One}
+This material will appear in the document.
+\endinput
+This will not appear.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This can be useful for putting documentation or comments at the end of a
+file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added during mailing.
+It is also useful for debugging: one strategy to localize errors is to
+put <code>\endinput</code> halfway through the included file and see if the
+error disappears. Now, knowing which half contains the error, moving
+<code>\endinput</code> to halfway through that area further narrows down the
+location. This process rapidly finds the offending line.
+</p>
+<p>After reading <code>\endinput</code>, LaTeX continues to read to the end of
+the line, so something can follow this command and be read nonetheless.
+This allows you, for instance, to close an <code>\if...</code> with a
+<code>\fi</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\include</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\endinput</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
+<a name="index-_005cinclude"></a>
<a name="index-_005cincludeonly"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\includeonly{<var>file1</var>,<var>file2</var>,...}
+<pre class="example">\includeonly{ % in document preamble
+ ...
+ <var>filename</var>,
+ ...
+ }
+ ...
+\include{<var>filename</var>} % in document body
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Bring material from the external file <samp><var>filename</var>.tex</samp> into a
+LaTeX document.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\include</code> command does three things: it executes
+<code>\clearpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>), then it
+inputs the material from <samp><var>filename</var>.tex</samp> into the document,
+and then it does another <code>\clearpage</code>. This command can only
+appear in the document body. The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls
+which files will be read by LaTeX under subsequent <code>\include</code>
+commands. Its list of filenames is comma-separated, and it can only
+appear in the preamble.
+</p>
+<p>This example root document, <samp>constitution.tex</samp>, brings in
+three files, <samp>preamble.tex</samp>, <samp>articles.tex</samp>, and
+<samp>amendments.tex</samp>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+\includeonly{
+ preamble,
+ articles,
+ amendments
+ }
+\begin{document}
+\include{preamble}
+\include{articles}
+\include{amendments}
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The file <samp>preamble.tex</samp> contains no special code; you have just
+excerpted the chapter from <samp>consitution.tex</samp> and put it in a
+separate file just for editing convenience.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\chapter{Preamble}
+We the People of the United States,
+in Order to form a more perfect Union, ...
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by
-subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. The list of filenames is
-comma-separated. Each element <var>file1</var>, <var>file2</var>, &hellip; must
-exactly match a filename specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the
-selection to be effective.
+<p>Running LaTeX on <samp>constitution.tex</samp> makes the material from the
+three files appear in the document but also generates the auxiliary
+files <samp>preamble.aux</samp>, <samp>articles.aux</samp>, and
+<samp>amendments.tex</samp>. These contain information such as page numbers
+and cross-references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). If you now comment out
+<code>\includeonly</code>&rsquo;s lines with <code>preamble</code> and <code>amendments</code>
+and run LaTeX again then the resulting document shows only the
+material from <samp>articles.tex</samp>, not the material from
+<samp>preamble.tex</samp> or <samp>amendments.tex</samp>. Nonetheless, all of the
+auxiliary information from the omitted files is still there, including
+the starting page number of the chapter.
+</p>
+<p>If the document preamble does not have <code>\includeonly</code> then
+LaTeX will include all the files you call for with <code>\include</code>
+commands.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\include</code> command makes a new page. To avoid that, see
+<a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a> (which, however, does not retain the auxiliary
+information).
</p>
-<p>This command can only appear in the preamble.
+<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for another example using <code>\include</code>
+and <code>\includeonly</code>. That example also uses <code>\input</code> for some
+material that will not necessarily start on a new page.
+</p>
+<p>File names can involve paths.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+\includeonly{
+ chapters/chap1,
+ }
+\begin{document}
+\include{chapters/chap1}
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>To make your document portable across distributions and platforms you
+should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
+dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name &lsquo;<samp>amo amas amat</samp>&rsquo;,
+this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+\includeonly{
+ &quot;amo\space amas\space amat&quot;
+ }
+\begin{document}
+\include{&quot;amo\space amas\space amat&quot;}
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>and this works under MiKTeX on Windows:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+\includeonly{
+ {&quot;amo amas amat&quot;}
+ }
+\begin{document}
+\include{{&quot;amo amas amat&quot;}}
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></a>
+<p>You cannot use <code>\include</code> inside a file that is being included or
+you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.</samp>&rsquo; The
+<code>\include</code> command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will
+get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If a file that you <code>\include</code> does not exist, for instance if you
+<code>\include{athiesm}</code> but you meant <code>\include{atheism}</code>,
+then LaTeX does not give you an error but will warn you &lsquo;<samp>No file
+athiesm.tex.</samp>&rsquo; (It will also create <samp>athiesm.aux</samp>.)
+</p>
+<p>If you <code>\include</code> the root file in itself then you first get
+&lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Can be used only in preamble.</samp>&rsquo; Later runs get
+&lsquo;<samp>TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]</samp>&rsquo;. To fix
+this, you must remove the inclusion <code>\include{root}</code> but also
+delete the file <samp><var>root</var>.aux</samp> and rerun LaTeX.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cinput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cinput-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\input</code></h3>
@@ -15558,79 +19925,202 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includeonly</
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\input{<var>file</var>}
+<pre class="example">\input{<var>filename</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>LaTeX processes the file as if its contents were inserted in the
+current file. For a more sophisticated inclusion mechanism see
+<a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>.
+</p>
+<p>If <var>filename</var> does not end in &lsquo;<samp>.tex</samp>&rsquo; then LaTeX first tries
+the filename with that extension; this is the usual case. If
+<var>filename</var> ends with &lsquo;<samp>.tex</samp>&rsquo; then LaTeX looks for the
+filename as it is.
+</p>
+<p>For example, this
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\input{macros}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\input</code> command causes the specified <var>file</var> to be read
-and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current
-file at that point.
+<p>will cause LaTeX to first look for <samp>macros.tex</samp>. If it finds
+that file then it processes its contents as thought they had been
+copy-pasted in. If there is no file of the name <samp>macros.tex</samp> then
+LaTeX tries the name <samp>macros</samp>, without an extension. (This may
+vary by distribution.)
+</p>
+<p>To make your document portable across distributions and platforms you
+should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
+dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name &lsquo;<samp>amo amas amat</samp>&rsquo;,
+this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
</p>
-<p>If <var>file</var> does not end in &lsquo;<samp>.tex</samp>&rsquo; (e.g., &lsquo;<samp>foo</samp>&rsquo; or
-&lsquo;<samp>foo.bar</samp>&rsquo;), it is first tried with that extension (&lsquo;<samp>foo.tex</samp>&rsquo;
-or &lsquo;<samp>foo.bar.tex</samp>&rsquo;). If that is not found, the original <var>file</var>
-is tried (&lsquo;<samp>foo</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>foo.bar</samp>&rsquo;).
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\input{&quot;amo\space amas\space amat&quot;}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>and this works under MiKTeX on Windows:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\input{{&quot;amo amas amat&quot;}}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="Front_002fback-matter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Front_002fback-matter-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">25 Front/back matter</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="1">Tables of contents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="1">Table of contents etc.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="2">Glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="2">Indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate an index.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="3">Indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="3">Glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a glossary.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Tables-of-contents"></a>
+<a name="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Tables-of-contents-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.1 Tables of contents</h3>
+<a name="Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">25.1 Table of contents etc.</h3>
<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a>
<a name="index-_005ctableofcontents"></a>
<a name="index-_002etoc-file-1"></a>
-<p>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code>
-command. You put the command right where you want the table of
-contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run must
-have generated a <samp>.toc</samp> file.
-</p>
-<p>The <code>\tableofcontents</code> command produces a heading, but it does
-not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
-table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the
-<code>\tableofcontents</code> command.
-</p>
<a name="index-_005clistoffigures"></a>
<a name="index-_005clistoftables"></a>
<a name="index-_002elof-file-1"></a>
<a name="index-_002elot-file-1"></a>
-<p>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code>
-produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from <samp>.lof</samp> and
-<samp>.lot</samp> files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same
-as for the table of contents.
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cnofiles"></a>
-<p>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and
-<em>prevents</em> any of these lists from being generated.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\tableofcontents
+\listoffigures
+\listoftables
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produce a table of contents, or list of figures, or list of tables. Put
+the command in the input file where you want the table or list to
+go. You do not type the entries; for example, typically the table of
+contents entries are automatically generated from the sectioning
+commands <code>\chapter</code>, etc.
+</p>
+<p>This example illustrates the first command, <code>\tableofcontents</code>.
+LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book&rsquo;s first page.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+% \setcounter{tocdepth}{1}
+\begin{document}
+\tableofcontents\newpage
+ ...
+\chapter{...}
+ ...
+\section{...}
+ ...
+\subsection{...}
+ ...
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Uncommenting the second line would cause that table to contain chapter
+and section listings but not subsection listings, because the
+<code>\section</code> command has level&nbsp;1. See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a> for level
+numbers of the sectioning units. For more on the <code>tocdepth</code>
+see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>.
+</p>
+<p>Another example of the use of <code>\tableofcontents</code> is in <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>.
+</p>
+<p>If you want a page break after the table of contents, write a
+<code>\newpage</code> command after the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command, as
+above.
+</p>
+<p>To make the table of contents LaTeX stores the information in an
+auxiliary file named <samp><var>root-file</var>.toc</samp> (see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). For example, this LaTeX file <samp>test.tex</samp>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+\begin{document}
+\tableofcontents\newpage
+\section{First section}
+\subsection{First subsection}
+ ...
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>writes the following line to <samp>test.toc</samp>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}First section}{2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}First subsection}{2}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>section</code> or <code>subsection</code> is the sectioning unit. The
+hook <code>\numberline</code> lets you to change how the information appears
+in the table of contents. Of its two arguments, <code>1</code> or <code>1.1</code>
+is the sectioning unit number and <code>First section</code> or <code>First
+subsection</code> is the title. Finally, <code>2</code> is the page number on which
+the sectioning units start.
+</p>
+<p>One consequence of this auxiliary file storage strategy is that to get the
+contents page correct you must run LaTeX twice, once to store the
+information and once to get it. In particular, the first time that you
+run LaTeX on a new document, the table of contents page will be empty
+except for its &lsquo;<samp>Contents</samp>&rsquo; header. Just run it again.
+</p>
+<p>The commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> produce a
+list of figures and a list of tables. They work the same way as the
+contents commands; for instance, these work with information stored in
+<samp>.lof</samp> and <samp>.lot</samp> files.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-babel-4"></a>
+<a name="index-babel-package-4"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></a>
+<a name="index-polyglossia-package-2"></a>
+
+<p>To change the header for the table of contents page do something like
+the first line here.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of contents}
+\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots}
+\renewcommand{\listtablename}{Tables}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Similarly, the other two lines will do the other two.
+Internationalization packages such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>
+will change the headers depending on the chosen base language.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-tocloft"></a>
+<a name="index-tocloft-package"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-tocbibbind"></a>
+<a name="index-tocbibbind-package"></a>
+
+<p>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures
+and tables. One convenient one for adjusting some aspects of the
+default, such as spacing, is <samp>tocloft</samp>. And, <samp>tocbibbind</samp>
+will automatically add the bibliography, index, etc. to the table of
+contents.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="1">\addcontentsline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add an entry to table of contents, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="2">\addtocontents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="3">\nofiles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Prevent writing to auxiliary files.
+</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -15638,7 +20128,7 @@ as for the table of contents.
<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
@@ -15652,28 +20142,69 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</
<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command adds an entry to the specified list
-or table where:
+<a name="index-_005ccontentsline"></a>
+<p>Add an entry to the file specified by <var>ext</var>. Usually <var>ext</var> is
+one of <code>toc</code> for the table of contents, <code>lof</code> for the list of
+figures, or <code>lot</code> for the list of tables.
+</p>
+<p>The following will result in an &lsquo;<samp>Appendices</samp>&rsquo; line in the table of
+contents.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>It will appear at the same indentation level as the sections, will be in
+boldface, and will be assigned the page number associated with the point
+where it appears in the input file.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command writes information to the file
+<samp><var>root-name</var>.<var>ext</var></samp>. It writes that information as the
+text of the command
+<code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>num</var>}</code>, where
+<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>. The
+most common case is the table of contents and there <var>num</var> is the
+page number of the first page of <var>unit</var>.
+</p>
+<p>This command is invoked by the sectioning commands <code>\chapter</code>,
+etc., and also by <code>\caption</code> inside a float environment. But it is
+also used by authors. For example, in a book to have the preface
+unnumbered, you may use the starred <code>\chapter*</code>. But that does not
+put in table of contents information, so you can enter it manually, as
+here.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\chapter*{Preface}
+\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{}Preface}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the <samp>.toc</samp> file LaTeX will put the line <code>\contentsline
+{chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}</code>; note the page number
+&lsquo;<samp>3</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+
+<p>All of the arguments for <code>\addcontentsline</code> are required.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>ext</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The filename extension of the file on which information is to be written,
-typically one of: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), <code>lof</code> (list of
-figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of tables).
+<dd><p>Typically one of the strings <code>toc</code> for the table of contents,
+<code>lof</code> for the list of figures, or <code>lot</code> for the list of
+tables. The filename extension of the information file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>unit</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
-following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
+<dd><p>A string that depends on the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>toc</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The name of the sectional unit: <code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>,
-<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, <code>subsubsection</code>.
-</p></dd>
+<dd><p>For the table of contents, this is the name of a sectional unit:
+<code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>, <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, etc.
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>lof</code></dt>
<dd><p>For the list of figures: <code>figure</code>.
-</p></dd>
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>lot</code></dt>
<dd><p>For the list of tables: <code>table</code>.
</p></dd>
@@ -15681,154 +20212,850 @@ following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
</dd>
<dt><var>text</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The text of the entry.
+<dd><p>The text of the entry. You must <code>\protect</code> any commands that are
+fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-_005ccontentsline"></a>
-<p>What is written to the <samp>.<var>ext</var></samp> file is the command
-<code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>num</var>}</code>, where
-<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>.
+<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command has an interaction with
+<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>). If you use them at
+the same level, as with
+<code>\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines
+in the table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution
+is to move <code>\addcontentsline</code> into the file being included.
+</p>
+<p>If you use a <var>unit</var> that LaTeX does not recognize, as here
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
+</pre></div>
+<p>then you don&rsquo;t get an error but the formatting in the table of contents
+will not make sense.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nofiles</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
-<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds text
-(or formatting commands) directly to the <samp>.<var>ext</var></samp> file that
-generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Add <var>text</var>, which may be text or formatting commands, directly to
+the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>. This is most commonly used
+for the table of contents so that is the discussion here, but this also
+applies to the list of figures and list of tables.
+</p>
+<p>This will put some vertical space in the table of contents after the
+&lsquo;<samp>Contents</samp>&rsquo; header.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\tableofcontents\newpage
+\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace*{3ex}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code> command has two arguments. Both are
+required.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>ext</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
-typically one of: <samp>toc</samp> (table of contents), <samp>lof</samp> (list of
-figures), or <samp>lot</samp> (list of tables).
+<dd><p>Typically one of: <samp>toc</samp> for the table of contents, <samp>lof</samp> for
+the list of figures, or <samp>lot</samp> for the list of tables. The
+extension of the file holding the information.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>text</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The text to be written.
+<dd><p>The text, and possibly commands, to be written.
</p></dd>
</dl>
+<p>The sectioning commands such as <code>\chapter</code> use the
+<code>\addcontentsline</code> command to store information. This command
+creates lines in the <samp>.toc</samp> auxiliary file containing the
+<code>\contentsline</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>). In contrast,
+the command <code>\addtocontents</code> puts material directly in that file.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code> command has an interaction with
+<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>). If you use them at
+the same level, as with
+<code>\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines in the
+table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution is to
+move <code>\addtocontents</code> into the file being included.
+</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Glossaries"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cnofiles"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tables of contents</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Glossaries-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.2 Glossaries</h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cnofiles-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">25.1.3 <code>\nofiles</code></h4>
-<a name="index-glossaries"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cnofiles"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmakeglossary"></a>
-<p>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cglossary"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eglo-file"></a>
-<p>The command <code>\glossary{<var>text</var>}</code> writes a glossary entry for
-<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <samp>.glo</samp> extension.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\nofiles
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Prevent LaTeX from writing any auxiliary files. The only output will
+be the <samp>.log</samp> and <samp>.pdf</samp> (or <samp>.dvi</samp>) files. This command
+must go in the preamble.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cglossaryentry"></a>
-<p>Specifically, what gets written is the command
-<code>\glossaryentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where
-<var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
+<p>Because of the <code>\nofiles</code> command this example will not produce a
+<samp>.toc</samp> file.
</p>
-<a name="index-glossary-package"></a>
-<p>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier
-glossaries.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+\nofiles
+\begin{document}
+\tableofcontents\newpage
+\chapter{...}
+ ...
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>LaTeX will not erase any existing auxiliary files, so if you insert
+the <code>\nofiles</code> command after you have run the file and gotten
+a <samp>.toc</samp> then the table of contents page will continue to show
+the old information.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Indexes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Previous: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Table of contents etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Indexes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.3 Indexes</h3>
+<h3 class="section">25.2 Indexes</h3>
<a name="index-indexes"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmakeindex"></a>
-<p>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes. Put this in
-the preamble.
-</p>
<a name="index-_005cindex"></a>
<a name="index-_002eidx-file"></a>
-<p>The command <code>\index{<var>text</var>}</code> writes an index entry for
-<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file named with the <samp>.idx</samp> extension.
+
+<p>This document has an index.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cindexentry"></a>
-<p>Specifically, what gets written is the command
-<code>\indexentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var>
-is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{makeidx} \makeindex
+ ...
+\begin{document}
+ ...
+Recall Wilson's Theorem: \index{Wilson's Theorem}
+a number \( n&gt;1 \) is prime if and only if the factorial of \( n-1 \)
+is congruent to \( -1 \) modulo~\( n \).
+ ...
+\printindex
+ ...
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> and <code>\makeindex</code> in the preamble
+bring in the relevant commands.
+</p>
+<p>Producing an index is a three stage process. First, in the document
+body you declare index entries with the <code>\index</code> command
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a>). When you run LaTeX, the <code>\index</code> writes its
+information to an auxiliary file <samp><var>root-name</var>.idx</samp>. Next, to
+alphabetize and to do other manipulations you run an external command,
+typically <code>makeindex</code> or <code>xindy</code> (see <a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a>).
+These output a file <samp><var>root-name</var>.ind</samp>. Finally, you bring the
+information back into your document and typeset it with the
+<code>\printindex</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-showidx"></a>
+<a name="index-showidx-package"></a>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-multind"></a>
+<a name="index-multind-package"></a>
+
+<p>There are many packages that apply to indexing commands. The
+<code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in the
+margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing
+the index. The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See
+also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
+<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</a>.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="1">\index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare an index entry.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="2">makeindex</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Alphabetize index entries.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="3">\printindex</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put the index here.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cindex"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="n" rel="next">makeindex</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cindex-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-index-entry"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cindex-1"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\index{<var>index-entry-string</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare an entry in the index. This command is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>For example, as described in <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, one way to get an index from
+what&rsquo;s below is to compile the document with <code>pdflatex test</code>, then
+process the index entries with <code>makeindex test</code>, and then compile
+again with <code>pdflatex test</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}
+ ...
+Ackermann function\index{Ackermann!function}
+ ...
+rate of growth\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>All three index entries will get a page number, such as &lsquo;<samp>Ackermann,
+22</samp>&rsquo;. LaTeX will format the second as a subitem of the first, on the
+line below it and indented, and the third as a subitem of the second.
+Three levels deep is as far as you can nest subentries. (If you add
+<code>\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison}</code> then
+<code>makeindex</code> says &lsquo;<samp>Scanning input file test.idx....done (4
+entries accepted, 1 rejected)</samp>&rsquo; and nothing appears in the index).
+</p>
+<p>If you enter a second <code>\index</code> with the same
+<var>index-entry-string</var> then you will get a single index entry with two
+page numbers (unless they happen to fall on the same page). Thus,
+adding <code>as for Ackermann.\index{Ackermann}</code> later in the same
+document as above will give an index entry like &lsquo;<samp>Ackermann, 22,
+151</samp>&rsquo;. Also, you can enter the index entries in any order, so for
+instance <code>\index{Ackermann!function}</code> could come before
+<code>\index{Ackermann}</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-index_002c-page-range"></a>
+<p>Get a page range in the output, like &lsquo;<samp>Hilbert, 23--27</samp>&rsquo;, as here.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}
+ ...
+D~Hilbert (1862--1943)\index{Ackermann!Hilbert\(}
+ ...
+disapproved of his marriage.\index{Ackermann!Hilbert\)}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If the beginning and ending of the page range are equal then the system
+just gives a single page entry, not a range.
+</p>
+<p>If you index subentries but not a main entry, as with
+<code>\index{Jones!program}</code> and <code>\index{Jones!results}</code>, then
+the output is the item &lsquo;<samp>Jones</samp>&rsquo; with no comma or page number,
+followed by two subitems, like &lsquo;<samp>program, 50</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>results,
+51</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<a name="index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries"></a>
<a name="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></a>
-<p>To generate a index entry for &lsquo;bar&rsquo; that says &lsquo;See foo&rsquo;, use a
-vertical bar: <code>\index{bar|see{foo}}</code>. Use <code>seealso</code>
-instead of <code>see</code> to make a &lsquo;See also&rsquo; entry.
-</p>
<a name="index-_005cseename"></a>
<a name="index-_005calsoname"></a>
-<p>The text &lsquo;See&rsquo; is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and &lsquo;See also&rsquo;
-by the macro <code>\alsoname</code>. These can be redefined for other
-languages.
+<a name="index-package_002c-babel-5"></a>
+<a name="index-babel-package-5"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"></a>
+<a name="index-polyglossia-package-3"></a>
+
+
+<p>Generate a index entry that says &lsquo;<samp>See</samp>&rsquo; by using a vertical bar
+character: <code>\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's
+function}}</code>. You can instead get &lsquo;<samp>See also</samp>&rsquo; with <code>seealso</code>.
+(The text &lsquo;<samp>See</samp>&rsquo; is defined by <code>\seename</code>, and &lsquo;<samp>See also</samp>&rsquo;
+by <code>\alsoname</code>. You can redefine these either by using an
+internationalization package such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>,
+or directly as with <code>\renewcommand{\alsoname}[1]{Also see
+#1}</code>.)
+</p>
+<p>The &lsquo;<samp>See</samp>&rsquo; feature is part of a more general functionality. After
+the vertical bar you can put the name of a one-input command, as in
+<code>\index{group|textit}</code> (note the missing backslash on the
+<code>\textit</code> command) and the system will apply that command to the
+page number, here giving something like <code>\textit{7}</code>. You can
+define your own one-input commands, such as
+<code>\newcommand{\definedpage}[1]{{\color{blue}#1}}</code> and then
+<code>\index{Ackermann!function|definedpage}</code> will give a blue page
+number (see <a href="#Color">Color</a>). Another, less practical, example is this,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand\indexownpage[1]{#1, \thepage}
+ ... Epimenides.\index{self-reference|indexownpage}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>which creates an entry citing the page number of its own index listing.
+</p>
+<p>The two functions just described combine, as here
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\index{Ackermann!function|(definedpage}
+ ...
+\index{Ackermann!function|)}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>which outputs an index entry like &lsquo;<samp>function, 23--27</samp>&rsquo; where the page
+number range is in blue.
+</p>
+<p>Consider an index entry such as &lsquo;<samp>&#x03B1;-ring</samp>&rsquo;. Entering
+it as <code>$\alpha$-ring</code> will cause it to be alphabetized according to
+the dollar sign. You can instead enter it using an at-sign, as
+<code>\index{alpha-ring@$\alpha$-ring}</code>. If you specify an entry
+with an at-sign separating two strings, <code><var>pos</var>@<var>text</var></code>,
+then <var>pos</var> gives the alphabetical position of the entry while
+<var>text</var> produces the text of the entry. Another example is that
+<code>\index{Saint Michael's College@SMC}</code> produces an index entry
+&lsquo;<samp>SMC</samp>&rsquo; alphabetized into a different location than its spelling
+would naturally give it.
</p>
+<p>To put a <code>!</code>, or <code>@</code>, or <code>|</code> character in an index
+entry, preceding it with a double quote, <code>&quot;</code>. (The double quote
+gets deleted before alphabetization.)
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-index"></a>
+<a name="index-index-package"></a>
+
+<p>A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond that
+provided by <samp>makeidx</samp>. One is <samp>index</samp>, which allows for
+multiple indices and contains a command
+<code>\index*{<var>index-entry-string</var>}</code> that prints the
+<var>index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_005cindexentry"></a>
+<a name="index-idx-file"></a>
+<p>The <code>\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file
+<samp><var>root-name</var>.idx</samp> file. Specifically, it writes text of the
+command
+<code>\indexentry{<var>index-entry-string</var>}{<var>page-num</var>}</code>, where
+where <var>page-num</var> is the value of the <code>\thepage</code> counter. On
+occasion, when the <code>\printindex</code> command is confused, you have to
+delete this file to start with a fresh slate.
+</p>
+<p>If you omit the closing brace of an <code>\index</code> command then you get a
+message like this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Runaway argument? {Ackermann!function
+! Paragraph ended before \@wrindex was complete.
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="makeindex"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="n" rel="next">\printindex</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="makeindex-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-index_002c-processing"></a>
+<a name="index-makeindex"></a>
<a name="index-makeindex-program"></a>
-<a name="index-xindy-program"></a>
<a name="index-_002eind-file"></a>
-<p>The generated <samp>.idx</samp> file is then sorted with an external
-command, usually either <code>makeindex</code>
-(<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex">http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</a>) or (the
-multi-lingual) <code>xindy</code> (<a href="http://xindy.sourceforge.net">http://xindy.sourceforge.net</a>).
-This results in a <samp>.ind</samp> file, which can then be read to typeset
-the index.
+<a name="index-_002eidx-file-1"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">makeindex <var>filename</var>
+makeindex -s <var>style-file</var> <var>filename</var>
+makeindex <var>options</var> <var>filename0</var> ...
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Sort, and otherwise process, the index information in the auxiliary file
+<var>filename</var>. This is a command line program. It takes one or more
+raw index files, <samp><var>filename</var>.idx</samp> files, and produces the
+actual index file, the <samp><var>filename</var>.ind</samp> file that is input by
+<code>\printindex</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a>).
+</p>
+<a name="index-_002eisty-file"></a>
+<a name="index-index_002c-style-file"></a>
+<a name="index-makeindex_002c-style-file"></a>
+<p>The first form of the command suffices for many uses. The second allows
+you to format the index by using an <em>index style file</em>, a
+<samp>.isty</samp> file. The third form is the most general; see the full
+documentation on CTAN.
+</p>
+<p>This is a simple <samp>.isty</samp> file.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">% book.isty
+% $ makeindex -s book.isty -p odd book.idx
+% creates the index as book.ind, starting on an odd page.
+preamble
+&quot;\\pagestyle{empty}
+\\small
+\\begin{theindex}
+\\thispagestyle{empty}&quot;
+
+postamble
+&quot;\n
+\\end{theindex}&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The description here covers only some of the index formatting
+possibilities in <var>style-file</var>. For a full list see the documentation
+on CTAN.
+</p>
+<p>A style file consists of a list of pairs: <var>specifier</var> and
+<var>attribute</var>. These can appear in the file in any order. All of the
+<var>attributes</var> are strings, except where noted. Strings are
+surrounded with double quotes, <code>&quot;</code>, and the maximum length of a
+string is 144 characters. The <code>\n</code> is for a newline and <code>\t</code>
+is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with another backslash,
+<code>\\</code>. If a line begins with a percent sign, <code>%</code>, then it is a
+comment.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dd><a name="makeindex-preamble"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>preamble</code>
+<a name="index-preamble"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Preamble of the output file. Defines the context in which the index is
+formatted. Default: <code>&quot;\\begin{theindex}\n&quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-postamble"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>postamble</code>
+<a name="index-postamble"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Postamble of the output file. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n\\end{theindex}\n&quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-group-skip"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>group_skip</code>
+<a name="index-group_005fskip"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005cindexspace"></a>
+<p>Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group for
+entries starting with &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, etc. This specifier gives what is
+inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n \\indexspace\n&quot;</code>
+(<code>\indexspace</code> is a rubber length with default value <code>10pt
+plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-letheadflag"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>lethead_flag</code>
+<a name="index-lethead_005fflag"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If
+it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code>group_skip</code> nothing
+will be inserted before the group. If it is is positive then at a new
+letter the <code>lethead_prefix</code> and <code>lethead_suffix</code> will be
+inserted, with that letter in uppercase between them. If it is negative
+then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default
+is&nbsp;0.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-lethead-prefix"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>lethead_prefix</code>
+<a name="index-lethead_005fprefix"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the prefix
+inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-lethead-suffix"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>lethead_suffix</code>
+<a name="index-lethead_005fsuffix"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix
+inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-item-0"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>item_0</code>
+<a name="index-item_005f0"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>What is put between two level&nbsp;0 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\item
+&quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-item-1"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>item_1</code>
+<a name="index-item_005f1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Put between two level&nbsp;1 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-item-2"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>item_2</code>
+<a name="index-item_005f2"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>put between two level&nbsp;2 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-item-01"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>item_01</code>
+<a name="index-item_005f01"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item.
+Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-item-x1"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>item_x1</code>
+<a name="index-item_005fx1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item in the
+case that the level&nbsp;0 item doesn&rsquo;t have any page numbers (as in
+<code>\index{aaa|see{bbb}}</code>). Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-item-12"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>item_12</code>
+<a name="index-item_005f12"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item.
+Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-item-x2"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>item_x2</code>
+<a name="index-item_005fx2"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item, if the
+level&nbsp;1 item doesn&rsquo;t have page numbers. Default: <code>&quot;\n
+\\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-delim-0"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>delim_0</code>
+<a name="index-delim_005f0"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;0 key and its first page
+number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-delim-1"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>delim_1</code>
+<a name="index-delim_005f1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;1 key and its first page
+number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-delim-2"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>delim_2</code>
+<a name="index-delim_005f2"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delimiter between a level&nbsp;2 key and its first page number. Default:
+a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-delim-n"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>delim_n</code>
+<a name="index-delim_005fn"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any
+level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-delim-r"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>delim_r</code>
+<a name="index-delim_005fr"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a range.
+Default: <code>&quot;--&quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-line-max"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>line_max</code>
+<a name="index-line_005fmax"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An integer. Maximum length of an index entry&rsquo;s line in the output,
+beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code>72</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-indent-space"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>indent_space</code>
+<a name="index-indent_005fspace"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default:
+<code>&quot;\t\t&quot;</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="makeindex-indent-length"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>indent_length</code>
+<a name="index-indent_005flength"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default
+<code>indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
+default here is <code>16</code>.
</p>
+<a name="makeindex-page-precedence"></a></dd>
+<dt><code>page_precedence</code>
+<a name="index-page_005fprecedence"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a
+book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main
+matter pages are in arabic. This string specifies the order in which
+they will appear in the index. The <code>makeindex</code> command supports
+five different types of numerals: lowercase roman <code>r</code>, and numeric
+or arabic <code>n</code>, and lowercase alphabetic <code>a</code>, and uppercase
+roman <code>R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code>A</code>. Default:
+<code>&quot;rnaRA&quot;</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<a name="index-xindy"></a>
+<a name="index-xindy-program"></a>
+<p>There are a number of other programs that do the job <code>makeindex</code>
+does. One is <code>xindy</code>, which does internationalization and can
+process indexes for documents marked up using LaTeX and a number of
+other languages. It is is highly configurable, both in markup terms and
+in terms of the collating order of the text. See the documentation on
+CTAN.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cprintindex"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">makeindex</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cprintindex-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-index_002c-printing"></a>
<a name="index-_005cprintindex"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-makeidx"></a>
-<a name="index-makeidx-package"></a>
-<p>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command.
-This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so
-<code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> needs to be in the preamble.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cindexspace"></a>
-<p>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new
-letter in the printed index; its default value is &lsquo;<samp>10pt plus5pt
-minus3pt</samp>&rsquo;.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\printindex
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-_005cprintindex-1"></a>
+<p>Place the index into the output.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-showidx"></a>
-<a name="index-showidx-package"></a>
+<p>To get an index you must first include
+<code>\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex</code> in the document preamble and
+compile the document, then run the system command <code>makeindex</code>,
+and then compile the document again. See <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a> for further
+discussion and an example of the use of <code>\printindex</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Glossaries"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Glossaries-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">25.3 Glossaries</h3>
+
+<a name="index-glossary"></a>
+<a name="index-glossaries"></a>
+<a name="index-acronyms_002c-list-of"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cmakeglossary"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cprintglossaries"></a>
-<p>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in
-the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in
-preparing the index.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-multind"></a>
-<a name="index-multind-package"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries
+ ...
+\newglossaryentry{<var>label</var>}{<var>settings</var>}
+ ...
+\gls{<var>label</var>}.
+ ...
+\printglossaries
+</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the
-TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
-<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</a>.
+<p>The <samp>glossaries</samp> package allows you to make glossaries, including
+multiple glossaries, as well as lists of acronyms.
+</p>
+<p>To get the output from this example, compile the document (for instance
+with <code>pdflatex filename</code>), then run the command line command
+<code>makeglossaries filename</code>, and then compile the document again.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{...}
+\usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries
+\newglossaryentry{tm}{%
+ name={Turing machine},
+ description={A model of a machine that computes. The model is simple
+ but can compute anything any existing device can compute.
+ It is the standard model used in Computer Science.},
+ }
+\begin{document}
+Everything begins with the definition of a \gls{tm}.
+ ...
+\printglossaries
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>That gives two things. In the main text it outputs &lsquo;<samp>... definition
+of a Turing machine</samp>&rsquo;. In addition, in a separate sectional unit headed
+&lsquo;<samp>Glossary</samp>&rsquo; there appears a description list. In boldface it says
+&lsquo;<samp>Turing machine</samp>&rsquo; and the rest of the item says in normal type
+&lsquo;<samp>A model of a machine &hellip; Computer Science</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_005cmakeglossary-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cprintglossaries-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_002eglo-file"></a>
+<p>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> opens the file that will contain the
+entry information, <samp><var>root-file</var>.glo</samp>. Put the
+<code>\printglossaries</code> command where you want the glossaries to appear
+in your document.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>glossaries</samp> package is very powerful. For instance, besides
+the commands <code>\newglossaryentry</code> and <code>\gls</code>, there are similar
+commands for a list of acronyms. See the package documentations on
+CTAN.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="1">\newglossaryentry</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare the content of a glossary entry.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="2">\gls</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a page reference for a glossary entry.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="n" rel="next">\gls</a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-glossary_002c-entries"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cnewglossaryentry"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newglossaryentry{<var>label</var>}
+{
+ name={<var>name</var>},
+ description={<var>description</var>},
+ <var>other options</var>, ...
+}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\longnewglossaryentry{<var>label</var>}
+{
+ name={<var>name</var>},
+ <var>other options</var> ...,
+}
+{<var>description</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare a new entry for a glossary. The <var>label</var> must be unique for
+the document. The settings associated with the label are pairs:
+<code><var>key</var>=<var>value</var></code>.
+</p>
+<p>This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers &#x211D; in the
+glossary.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newglossaryentry{R}
+{
+ name={\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}},
+ description={the real numbers},
+}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Use the second command form if the <var>description</var> spans more than one
+paragraph.
+</p>
+<p>For a full list of <var>key</var>s see the package documentation on CTAN but
+here are a few.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>name</code>
+<a name="index-name"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>description</code>
+<a name="index-description"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary.
+If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command
+form given in the synopsis.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>plural</code>
+<a name="index-plural"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The plural form of <var>name</var>. Refer to the plural form using
+<code>\glspl</code> or <code>\Glspl</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>sort</code>
+<a name="index-sort"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>symbol</code>
+<a name="index-symbol"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cgls"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newglossaryentry</a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cgls-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-glossary_002c-entry-reference"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cgls"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\gls{<var>label</var>}
+\glspl{<var>label</var>}
+\Gls{<var>label</var>}
+\Glspl{<var>label</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Refer to a glossary entry. The entries are declared with
+<code>\newglossaryentry</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newglossaryentry{N}{%
+ name={the natural numbers},
+ description={The numbers $0$, $1$, $2$, $\ldots$\@},
+ symbol={\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}},
+ }
+ ...
+Consider \gls{N}.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>gives the output &lsquo;<samp>Consider the natural numbers</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The second command form <code>\glspl{<var>label</var>}</code> produces the plural
+of <var>name</var> (by default it tries adding an &lsquo;<samp>s</samp>&rsquo;). The third form
+capitalizes the first letter of <var>name</var>, as does the fourth form,
+which also takes the plural.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Letters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Letters-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">26 Letters</h2>
@@ -15840,7 +21067,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal inp
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{letter}
-\address{<var>sender address</var>}
+\address{<var>senders address</var>} % return address
\signature{<var>sender name</var>}
\begin{document}
\begin{letter}{<var>recipient address</var>}
@@ -15848,7 +21075,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal inp
<var>letter body</var>
\closing{<var>closing text</var>}
\end{letter}
-... more letters ...
+ ...
\end{document}
</pre></div>
@@ -15856,12 +21083,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal inp
</p>
<p>Each letter is in a separate <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument
<var>recipient address</var> often contains multiple lines separated with a
-double backslash&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>). For example, you might have:
+double backslash,&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>). For example, you might have:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith \\
- 2345 Princess St. \\
- Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
+<pre class="example"> \begin{letter}{Ninon de l'Enclos \\
+ l'h\^otel Sagonne}
...
\end{letter}
</pre></div>
@@ -15875,15 +21101,15 @@ preamble. As with the recipient address, often <var>sender address</var>
contains multiple lines separated by a double
backslash&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>). LaTeX will put the <var>sender name</var>
under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional
-hand-written signature; it also can contain multiple lines.
+hand-written signature.
</p>
-<p>Each <code>letter</code> environment body begins with a required <code>\opening</code> command
-such as <code>\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}</code>. The <var>letter body</var>
-text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain everything from
-enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands such as
-<code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off. Each
-<code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a <code>\closing</code>
-command such as <code>\closing{Yours,}</code>.
+<p>Each <code>letter</code> environment body begins with a required
+<code>\opening</code> command such as <code>\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}</code>.
+The <var>letter body</var> text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain
+everything from enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands
+such as <code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off.
+Each <code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a
+<code>\closing</code> command such as <code>\closing{Yours,}</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-letters"></a>
<p>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who
@@ -15891,13 +21117,13 @@ is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc{the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</code>. There&rsquo;s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for
a list of enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with <code>\ps</code>.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default is to indent the signature and the <code>\closing</code>
-above it by a length of <code>\longindentation</code>. By default this is
+<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default is to indent the sender name and the closing above it
+by a length of <code>\longindentation</code>. By default this is
<code>0.5\textwidth</code>. To make them flush left, put
<code>\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}</code> in your preamble.
</p>
<p>To set a fixed date use something like
-<code>\renewcommand{\today}{2015-Oct-12}</code>. If put in your preamble
+<code>\renewcommand{\today}{1958-Oct-12}</code>. If put in your preamble
then it will apply to all the letters.
</p>
<p>This example shows only one <code>letter</code> environment. The three lines
@@ -15951,7 +21177,7 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
<a name="g_t_005caddress"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddress-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\address</code></h3>
@@ -15964,19 +21190,18 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Lett
<pre class="example">\address{<var>senders address</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Specifies the return address as it appears on the letter and on the
+<p>Specify the return address, as it appears on the letter and on the
envelope. Separate multiple lines in <var>senders address</var> with a
-double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
+double backslash,&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
</p>
<p>Because it can apply to multiple letters this declaration is often put
in the preamble. However, it can go anywhere, including inside an
individual <code>letter</code> environment.
</p>
-<p>This command is optional: without the <code>\address</code> declaration the
-letter is formatted with some blank space on top, for copying onto
-pre-printed letterhead paper. (See <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>, for details on your
-local implementation.) With the <code>\address</code> declaration, it is
-formatted as a personal letter.
+<p>This command is optional: if you do not use it then the letter is
+formatted with some blank space on top, for copying onto pre-printed
+letterhead paper. If you do use the <code>\address</code> declaration then it
+is formatted as a personal letter.
</p>
<p>Here is an example.
</p>
@@ -15990,7 +21215,7 @@ formatted as a personal letter.
<a name="g_t_005ccc"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccc-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>
@@ -16001,14 +21226,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\cc{<var>first name</var> \\
+<pre class="example">\cc{<var>name0</var> \\
... }
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent. This
command is optional. If it appears then typically it comes after
-<code>\closing</code>. Separate multiple lines with a double
-backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>, as in:
+<code>\closing</code>. Put the names on different lines by separating them
+with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>, as in:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cc{President \\
@@ -16020,7 +21245,7 @@ backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>, as in:
<a name="g_t_005cclosing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cclosing-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>
@@ -16035,8 +21260,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a h
<pre class="example">\closing{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Usually at the end of a letter, above the handwritten signature, there
-is a <code>\closing</code> (although this command is optional). For example,
+<p>Produce the letter&rsquo;s closing. This is optional, but usual. It appears
+at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\closing{Regards,}
@@ -16047,7 +21272,7 @@ is a <code>\closing</code> (although this command is optional). For example,
<a name="g_t_005cencl"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cencl-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>
@@ -16064,11 +21289,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previo
<p>Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is
optional; when it is used, it typically is put after <code>\closing</code>.
-Separate multiple lines with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
+Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\encl{License \\
- Passport }
+ Passport}
</pre></div>
@@ -16076,7 +21301,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
<a name="g_t_005clocation"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clocation-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
@@ -16089,7 +21314,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Pr
<pre class="example">\location{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>text</var> appears centered at the bottom of the each page. It only
+<p>The <var>text</var> appears centered at the bottom of the page. It only
appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
</p>
@@ -16097,7 +21322,7 @@ appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
@@ -16107,31 +21332,71 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a h
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makelabels
+<pre class="example">\makelabels % in preamble
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a sheet of address labels from the recipient addresses, one for
-each letter. This sheet will be output before the letters, with the idea
-that you can copy it to a sheet of peel-off labels. This command goes
-in the preamble.
+<p>Optional, for a document that contains <code>letter</code> environments. If
+you just put <code>\makelabels</code> in the preamble then at the end of the
+document you will get a sheet with labels for all the recipients, one
+for each letter environment, that you can copy to a sheet of peel-off
+address labels.
</p>
<p>Customize the labels by redefining the commands <code>\startlabels</code>,
-<code>\mlabel</code>, and <code>\returnaddress</code> in the preamble. The command
-<code>\startlabels</code> sets the width, height, number of columns, etc., of
-the page onto which the labels are printed. The command
-<code>\mlabel{<var>sender address</var>}{<var>recipient address</var>}</code>
-produces the two labels (or one, if you choose to ignore the <var>sender
-address</var>). The <var>sender address</var> is the value returned by the macro
-<code>\returnaddress</code> while <var>recipient address</var> is the value passed
-in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment. By default
-<code>\mlabel</code> ignores the first argument, the <var>sender address</var>.
+<code>\mlabel</code>, and <code>\returnaddress</code> (and perhaps <code>\name</code>) in
+the preamble. The command <code>\startlabels</code> sets the width, height,
+number of columns, etc., of the page onto which the labels are printed.
+The command <code>\mlabel{<var>return address</var>}{<var>recipient
+address</var>}</code> produces the two labels (or one, if you choose to ignore the
+<var>return address</var>) for each letter environment. The first argument,
+<var>return address</var>, is the value returned by the macro
+<code>\returnaddress</code>. The second argument, <var>recipient address</var>, is
+the value passed in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment. By
+default <code>\mlabel</code> ignores the first argument, the <var>return
+address</var>, causing the default behavior described in the prior paragraph.
+</p>
+<p>This illustrates customization. Its output includes a page with two
+columns having two labels each.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{letter}
+\renewcommand*{\returnaddress}{Fred McGuilicuddy \\
+ Oshkosh, Mineola 12305}
+\newcommand*\originalMlabel{}
+\let\originalMlabel\mlabel
+\def\mlabel#1#2{\originalMlabel{}{#1}\originalMlabel{}{#2}}
+\makelabels
+ ...
+\begin{document}
+\begin{letter}{A Einstein \\
+ 112 Mercer Street \\
+ Princeton, New Jersey, USA 08540}
+ ...
+\end{letter}
+\begin{letter}{K G\&quot;odel \\
+ 145 Linden Lane \\
+ Princeton, New Jersey, USA 08540}
+ ...
+\end{letter}
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first column contains the return address twice. The second column
+contains the address for each recipient.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-envlab"></a>
+<a name="index-envlab-package"></a>
+
+<p>The package <code>envlab</code> makes formatting the labels easier, with
+standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines
+<code>\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab}</code> and <code>\makelabels</code>
+are all that you need to print envelopes.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cname"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cname-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
@@ -16144,15 +21409,15 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous
<pre class="example">\name{<var>name</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Sender&rsquo;s name, used for printing on the envelope together with the
-return address.
+<p>Optional. Sender&rsquo;s name, used for printing on the envelope together
+with the return address.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005copening"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005copening-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>
@@ -16163,12 +21428,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href=
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\opening{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\opening{<var>salutation</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>This command is required. It starts a letter, following the
-<code>\begin{letter}{...}</code>. The mandatory argument <var>text</var> is the
-text that starts your letter. For instance:
+<p>Required. Follows the <code>\begin{letter}{...}</code>. The argument
+<var>salutation</var> is mandatory. For instance:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\opening{Dear John:}
@@ -16179,7 +21443,7 @@ text that starts your letter. For instance:
<a name="g_t_005cps"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cps-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
@@ -16204,7 +21468,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Prev
<a name="g_t_005csignature"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csignature-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>
@@ -16221,10 +21485,10 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Prev
<p>The sender&rsquo;s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is
usual.
</p>
-<p>The argument text appears at the end of the letter, after the closing
-and after a vertical space for the traditional hand-written
+<p>The argument text appears at the end of the letter, after the closing.
+LaTeX leaves some vertical space for a handwritten
signature. Separate multiple lines with a double
-backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>. For example:
+backslash,&nbsp;<code>\\</code>. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\signature{J Fred Muggs \\
@@ -16233,16 +21497,23 @@ backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>. For example:
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default for the vertical space from the <code>\closing</code> text
down to the <code>\signature</code> text is <code>6\medskipamount</code>, which is
-six times 0.7em.
+six times <code>\medskipamount</code> (where <code>\medskipamount</code> is equal to
+a <code>\parskip</code>, which in turn is defined by default here to
+0.7em).
</p>
<p>This command is usually in the preamble, to apply to all the letters in
the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a
<code>letter</code> environment and before the <code>\closing</code>.
</p>
-<p>You can include a graphic in the signature, for instance with
-<code>\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\
-My name}</code> (this requires writing <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> in the
-preamble).
+<p>You can include a graphic in the signature as here.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\
+ My name}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For this you must put <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> in the preamble
+(see <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>).
</p>
@@ -16252,7 +21523,7 @@ preamble).
<a name="g_t_005ctelephone"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
@@ -16275,7 +21546,7 @@ page.
<a name="Terminal-input_002foutput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Terminal-input_002foutput-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">27 Terminal input/output</h2>
@@ -16295,36 +21566,74 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previou
<a name="g_t_005ctypein"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005ctypein-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\typein</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctypein"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\typein{<var>prompt-msg</var>}
+\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>prompt-msg</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Print <var>prompt-msg</var> on the terminal and cause LaTeX to stop and
+wait for you to type a line of input. This line of input ends when you
+hit the return key.
+</p>
+<p>For example, this
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">As long as I live I shall never forget \typein{Enter student name:}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>coupled with this command line interaction
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Enter student name:
+
+\@typein=Aphra Behn
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>gives the output &lsquo;<samp>... never forget Aphra Behn</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The first command version, <code>\typein{<var>prompt-msg</var>}</code>, causes
+the input you typed to be processed as if it had been included in the
+input file in place of the <code>\typein</code> command.
+</p>
+<p>In the second command version the optional argument <code><var>cmd</var></code>
+argument must be a command name &mdash; it must begin with a backslash, \.
+This command name is then defined or redefined to be the input that you
+typed. For example, this
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\typein[\<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}
+<pre class="example">\typein[\student]{Enter student name:}
+\typeout{Recommendation for \student .}
</pre></div>
-<p><code>\typein</code> prints <var>msg</var> on the terminal and causes LaTeX to
-stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If
-the optional <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> argument is omitted, the typed input is
-processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the
-<code>\typein</code> command. If the <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> argument is present, it
-must be a command name. This command name is then defined or
-redefined to be the typed input.
+<p>gives this output on the command line,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Enter student name:
+
+\student=John Dee
+Recommendation for John Dee.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>where the user has entered &lsquo;<samp>John Dee.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ctypeout"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005ctypeout-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\typeout</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctypeout"></a>
@@ -16334,61 +21643,352 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a
<pre class="example">\typeout{<var>msg</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Prints <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file.
-Commands in <code>msg</code> that are defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or
+<p>Print <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file.
+</p>
+<p>This
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\student}{John Dee}
+\typeout{Recommendation for \student .}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>outputs &lsquo;<samp>Recommendation for John Dee</samp>&rsquo;. Like what happens here with
+<code>\student</code>, commands that are defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or
<code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
-and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. A
-<code>\space</code> command in <code>msg</code> causes a single space to be
-printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in
-<code>msg</code> prints a newline.
+and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. As above,
+use the command <code>\space</code> to get a single space, independent of
+surrounding spaces. Use <code>^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent
+character with <code>\csname @percentchar\endcsname</code>.
+</p>
+<p>This command can be useful for simple debugging, as here:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newlength{\jhlength}
+\setlength{\jhlength}{5pt}
+\typeout{The length is \the\jhlength.}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>produces on the command line &lsquo;<samp>The length is 5.0pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Command-line"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Terminal input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Terminal input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Command-line-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">28 Command line</h2>
<a name="index-command-line"></a>
-<a name="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></a>
-<p>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
-TeX uses <samp>.tex</samp> as a default file extension. If you omit the
-input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You can
-also specify arbitrary LaTeX input by starting with a backslash.
-For example, this processes <samp>foo.tex</samp> without pausing after every
-error:
+<p>Synopsis (from a terminal command line):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
+<pre class="example">pdflatex <var>options</var> <var>argument</var>
</pre></div>
+<p>Run LaTeX on <var>argument</var>. In place of <code>pdflatex</code> you can
+also use <code>xelatex</code>, or <code>lualatex</code>, or <code>dviluatex</code>, or
+<code>latex</code>.
+</p>
+<p>For example, this will run LaTeX on the file <samp>thesis.tex</samp>,
+creating the output <samp>thesis.pdf</samp>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pdflatex thesis
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><a name="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></a>
+Note that <samp>.tex</samp> is the default file extension.
+</p>
+<p>pdfTeX is a development of the original TeX program, as are
+XeTeX and LuaTeX (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). They are completely
+backward compatible. But the original program had a custom output
+format, DVI, while the newer ones can output directly to PDF. This
+allows them to take advantage of the extra features in PDF such as
+hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and PNG, and
+ubiquitous viewing programs. In short, if you run <code>pdflatex</code> or
+<code>xelatex</code> or <code>lualatex</code> then you will by default get PDF
+and have access to all its modern features. If you run <code>latex</code>,
+or <code>dvilualatex</code>, then you will get DVI. The description here
+assumes pdfLaTeX.
+</p>
+<p>See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>, for a selection of the most useful
+command line options. As to <var>argument</var>, the usual case is that it
+does not begin with a backslash, so the system takes it to be the name
+of a file and it compiles that file. If <var>argument</var> begins with a
+backslash then the system will interpret it as a line of LaTeX
+input, which can be used for special effects (see <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a>).
+</p>
+<p>If you gave no arguments or options then <code>pdflatex</code> prompts for
+input from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering
+<code>&lt;control&gt;-D</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If LaTeX finds an error in your document then by default it stops and
+asks you about it. See <a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a> for an outline of what
+to do.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="1">Command line options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="2">Command line input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="3">Recovering from errors</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">When something goes wrong.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-line-options"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-line-options-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">28.1 Command line options</h3>
+
+<a name="index-options_002c-command-line"></a>
+
+<p>These are the command-line options relevant to ordinary document
+authoring. For a full list, try running &lsquo;<samp>latex --help</samp>&rsquo; from the
+command line.
+</p>
+<p>With many implementations you can specify command line options by
+prefixing them with &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;. This is the case for
+both TeX Live (and MacTeX) and MiKTeX. We will use both
+conventions interchangeably.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></a>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-version</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Show the current version, like &lsquo;<samp>pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
+Live 2015/Debian)</samp>&rsquo; along with a small amount of additional information,
+and exit.
+</p>
<a name="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></a>
-<p>With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also
-be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; or
-&lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;. For a list of those options, try &lsquo;<samp>latex --help</samp>&rsquo;.
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-help</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></a>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-interaction=<var>mode</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
+<code>batchmode</code>, <code>nonstopmode</code>, <code>scrollmode</code>,
+<code>errorstopmode</code>. In <em>errorstop mode</em> (the default), TeX
+stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <em>batch
+mode</em> it prints nothing on the terminal, errors are scrolled as if the
+user hit <code>&lt;return&gt;</code> at every error, and missing files cause the
+job to abort. In <em>nonstop mode</em>, diagnostic message appear on the
+terminal but as in batch mode there is no user interaction. In
+<em>scroll mode</em>, TeX only stops for missing files or keyboard
+input.
+</p>
+<p>For instance, starting LaTeX with this command line
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pdflatex -interaction=batchmode <var>filename</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>eliminates most terminal output.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></a>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-jobname=<var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the value of TeX&rsquo;s <code>jobname</code> to the string. The log file
+and output file will then be named <samp><var>string</var>.log</samp> and
+<samp><var>string</var>.pdf</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>When you run <code><code>pdflatex</code> <var>options</var> <var>argument</var></code>, if
+<var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash then TeX considers it
+the name of a file to input. Otherwise it waits for the first
+<code>\input</code> instruction and the name of the input file will be the job
+name. This is used to name the log file the output file. This option
+overrides that process and directly specifies the name. See <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for an example of its use.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></a>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-output-directory=<var>directory</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Write files in the directory <var>directory</var>. It must already exist.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a name="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a name="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-escape</code></dt>
+<dt><code>no-shell-escape</code></dt>
+<dt><code>enable-write18</code></dt>
+<dt><code>disable-write18</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable or disable <code>\write18{<var>shell command</var>}</code>. The first two
+options are for with TeX Live or MacTeX while the second two are
+for MiKTeX.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-sagetex"></a>
+<a name="index-sagetex-package"></a>
+
+<p>Sometimes you want to run external system commands from inside a
+LaTeX file. For instance the package <samp>sagetex</samp> allows you to
+have the mathematics software system <i>Sage</i> do calculations or draw
+graphs and then incorporate that output in your document. For this
+TeX provides the <code>\write18</code> command.
+</p>
+<p>But with this functionality enabled, security issues could happen if you
+compiled a LaTeX file from the Internet. By default <code>\write18</code>
+is disabled. (More precisely, by default TeX Live, MacTeX, and
+MiKTeX only allow the execution of a limited number of TeX-related
+programs, which they distribute.)
+</p>
+<p>If you invoke LaTeX with the option <code>no-shell-escape</code>, and in
+your document you call <code>\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an
+error but the log file says &lsquo;<samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-halt-on-error</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Stop processing at the first error.
+</p>
+<a name="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a name="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-file-line-error</code></dt>
+<dt><code>-no-file-line-error</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable or disable <code><var>filename</var>:<var>lineno</var>:<var>error</var></code>-style
+error messages. These are only available with TeX Live or MacTeX.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-line-input"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="n" rel="next">Recovering from errors</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line options</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-line-input-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">28.2 Command line input</h3>
+
+<a name="index-input_002c-on-command-line"></a>
+
+<p>As part of the command line invocation <code>pdflatex <var>options</var>
+<var>argument</var></code> you can specify arbitrary LaTeX input by starting
+<var>argument</var> with a backslash. This allows you to do some special
+effects.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-hyperref-3"></a>
+<a name="index-hyperref-package-3"></a>
+
+<p>For example, this file (which uses the <samp>hyperref</samp> package for
+hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of output, one for paper and one for a
+PDF.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\ifdefined\paperversion % in preamble
+\newcommand{\urlcolor}{black}
+\else
+\newcommand{\urlcolor}{blue}
+\fi
+\usepackage[colorlinks=true,urlcolor=\urlcolor]{hyperref}
+ ...
+\href{https://www.ctan.org}{CTAN} % in body
+ ...
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Compiling this document <samp>book.tex</samp> with the command line
+<code>pdflatex test</code> will give the &lsquo;<samp>CTAN</samp>&rsquo; link in blue. But
+compiling it with <code>pdflatex &quot;\def\paperversion{}\input test.tex&quot;</code>
+has the link in black. (Note the use of double quotes to prevent
+interpretation of the symbols by the command line shell; your system may
+do this differently.)
+</p>
+<p>In a similar way, from the single file <samp>main.tex</samp> you can compile
+two different versions.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pdflatex -jobname=students &quot;\def\student{}\input{main}&quot;
+pdflatex -jobname=teachers &quot;\def\teachers{}\input{main}&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>jobname</code> option is there because otherwise both files would be
+called <samp>main.pdf</samp> and the second would overwrite the first.
+</p>
+<p>A final example. This loads the package <samp>graphicx</samp> with the option
+<code>draft</code>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pdflatex -jobname=aa &quot;\RequirePackage[draft]{graphicx}\input{aa.tex}&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>so the graphic files are read for their size information but not
+incorporated into the PDF. (The <code>jobname</code> option is needed because
+otherwise the output file would be <samp>graphicx.pdf</samp>, as
+<code>\RequirePackage</code> does an <code>\input</code> of its own.)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Recovering-from-errors"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Recovering-from-errors-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">28.3 Recovering from errors</h3>
+
+<p>If LaTeX finds an error in your document then it gives you an error
+message and prompts you with a question mark, <code>?</code>. For instance,
+running LaTeX on this file
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\NP}{\ensuremath{\textbf{NP}}}
+The \PN{} problem is a million dollar one.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>causes it show this, and wait for input.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">! Undefined control sequence.
+l.5 The \PN
+ {} problem is a million dollar one.
+?
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The simplest thing is to enter &lsquo;<samp>x</samp>&rsquo; and <code>&lt;return&gt;</code> and fix the
+typo. You could instead enter &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo; and <code>&lt;return&gt;</code> to see other
+options.
</p>
<a name="index-_002a-prompt"></a>
<a name="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></a>
<a name="index-_005cstop"></a>
-<p>If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
-&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code>
-(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
+<p>There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to
+include the <code>\end{document}</code> or misspelled it. In this case
+LaTeX gives you a &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; prompt. You can get back to the command
+line by typing <code>\stop</code> and <code>&lt;return&gt;</code>.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>, for other system commands invoking LaTeX.
+<p>The last scenario is that you mistyped the file name. For instance,
+instead of <code>pdflatex test</code> you might type <code>pdflatex tste</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">! I can't find file `tste'.
+&lt;*&gt; tste
+
+(Press Enter to retry, or Control-D to exit)
+Please type another input file name:
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The simplest thing is to enter <code>&lt;Contol&gt;</code> and &lsquo;<samp>d</samp>&rsquo; (holding
+them down at the same time), and just fix the command line.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Document-templates"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Document-templates-1"></a>
<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2>
@@ -16403,9 +22003,13 @@ be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1">beamer template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#book-template" accesskey="2">book template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#article-template" accesskey="2">article template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#book-template" accesskey="3">book template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger book template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="3">tugboat template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="5">tugboat template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -16414,7 +22018,7 @@ be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
<a name="beamer-template"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">article template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="beamer-template-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</h3>
@@ -16452,16 +22056,47 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
</p>
<hr>
+<a name="article-template"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">book template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="article-template-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">A.2 <code>article</code> template</h3>
+
+<a name="index-template_002c-article"></a>
+
+<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{article}
+\title{Article Class Template}
+\author{Alex Author}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\section{First section}
+Some text.
+
+\subsection{First section, first subsection}
+Additional text.
+
+\section{Second section}
+Some more text.
+\end{document}
+</pre>
+
+<hr>
<a name="book-template"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">tugboat template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">Larger book template</a>, Previous: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">article template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="book-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.2 <code>book</code> template</h3>
+<h3 class="section">A.3 <code>book</code> template</h3>
<a name="index-template_002c-book"></a>
+<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for a more elaborate one.
+</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}
@@ -16481,13 +22116,73 @@ The end.
</pre>
<hr>
+<a name="Larger-book-template"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">tugboat template</a>, Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Larger-book-template-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</h3>
+
+<a name="index-template_002c-book-1"></a>
+
+<p>This is a more elaborate template for a book. It has
+<code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, and <code>\backmatter</code> to
+control the typography of the three main areas of a book
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>). The book has a
+bibliography and an index.
+</p>
+<p>Notable is that it uses <code>\include</code> and <code>\includeonly</code>
+(see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). While you are working on a chapter you
+can comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to
+<code>\includeonly</code>. That will speed up compilation without losing any
+information such as cross-references. (Material that does not need to
+come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
+<code>\include</code>. You don&rsquo;t get the cross-reference benefit this way.)
+</p>
+<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass[titlepage]{book}
+\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex
+
+\title{Book Class Template}
+\author{Alex Author}
+
+\includeonly{%
+ frontcover,
+ preface,
+ chap1,
+ ...
+ }
+\begin{document}
+\frontmatter
+\include{frontcover}
+ % maybe comment out while drafting:
+\maketitle \input{dedication} \input{copyright}
+\tableofcontents
+\include{preface}
+\mainmatter
+\include{chap1}
+...
+\appendix
+\include{appena}
+...
+\backmatter
+\bibliographystyle{apalike}
+\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
+\bibliography
+\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Index}
+\printindex
+\include{backcover}
+\end{document}
+</pre>
+
+<hr>
<a name="tugboat-template"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Larger book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tugboat-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3>
+<h3 class="section">A.5 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3>
<a name="index-template_002c-TUGboat"></a>
<a name="index-TUGboat-template"></a>
@@ -16578,1010 +22273,149 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
</pre>
<hr>
-<a name="Concept-Index"></a>
+<a name="Index"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Concept-Index-1"></a>
-<h2 class="unnumbered">Concept Index</h2>
+<a name="Index-1"></a>
+<h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>`</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<br>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+<a name="Command-Index"></a>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>&amp;</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>*</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>:</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>[</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>\</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>^</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>_</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>`</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>{</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-</td></tr></table>
-<table class="index-cp" border="0">
-<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; prompt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp>.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file"><samp>.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eind-file"><samp>.ind</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3">`</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries">&lsquo;see&rsquo; and &lsquo;see also&rsquo; index entries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-algorithm2e-package"><code>algorithm2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix_002c-creating">appendix, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions">at clause, in font definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-background_002c-colored">background, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent">bar-over accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code>beamer</code> template and class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning-of-document-hook">beginning of document hook</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Big-point">Big point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent">breve accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math">breve accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-reporting">bug reporting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet-symbol">bullet symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-catcode">catcode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-category-code_002c-character">category code, character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-equations">centered equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Centimeter">Centimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case">characters, case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Cicero">Cicero</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citation-key">citation key</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-commands">class and package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-difference">class and package difference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-structure">class and package structure</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-example">class file example</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-layout">class file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-1">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-2">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-1">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-2">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-3">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-4">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-models">color models</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-models">Color models</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-color">Commands for color</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-options">color package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-define">color, define</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-page">colored page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-text">colored text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line">command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of">counters, getting value of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-printing">counters, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting">counters, setting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-pictures">creating pictures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today&rsquo;s</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions">design size, in font definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Didot-point">Didot point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-multiplication">discretionary multiplication</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math">dot over accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent">dot-over accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent">dot-under accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i">dotless i</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math">dotless i, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j">dotless j</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math">dotless j, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks">double angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math">double dot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-guillemets">double guillemets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-left-quote">double left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em">em</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds">em-dash, two-thirds</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end-of-document-hook">end of document hook</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files-1">EPS files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etoolbox-package"><code>etoolbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex">ex</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flafter-package"><code>flafter</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package"><code>float</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-page">float page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flush-left-equations">flush left equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-catalogue">font catalogue</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-size">font size</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-symbols_002c-by-number">font symbols, by number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footmisc-package"><code>footmisc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">Footnotes, in a minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-table">Footnotes, in a table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-in-section-headings">footnotes, in section headings</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-reference">forward reference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-references_002c-resolving">forward references, resolving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package-1"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary-package">glossary <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-2">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-1">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-2">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-commands">graphics package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-options">graphics package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">h&aacute;&#269;ek accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing">indent, suppressing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, &lsquo;see&rsquo; and &lsquo;see also&rsquo;</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files-1">JPEG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files-1">JPG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-label">label</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-orientation">landscape orientation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Latin-letters_002c-additional">Latin letters, additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers">left-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-length-command">length command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-allocating-new">lengths, allocating new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-predefined">lengths, predefined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-additional-Latin">letters, additional Latin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-writing">letters, writing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaking">line breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing">line breaks, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing">line breaks, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lines-in-tables">lines in tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-numerals">lining numerals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops">lining text up using tab stops</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-long-command">long command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lower-case">Lower case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ltugboat-class"><code>ltugboat</code> class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as">macro package, LaTeX as</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code>macros2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code>makeidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-marginal-notes">marginal notes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol">masculine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-accents">math accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-formulas">math formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-functions">math functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-miscellany">math miscellany</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code>mfirstuc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Millimeter">Millimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter">mpfootnote counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-class-commands">new class commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-check">new command, check</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-definition">new command, definition</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-1">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-graphics-package">options, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datetime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>flafter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>float</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-footmisc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>footmisc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>makeidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>multind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-picture"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>picture</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>showidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcomp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files-1">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code>pict2e</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-package"><code>picture</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files-1">PNG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Point">Point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-portrait-orientation">portrait orientation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-position_002c-in-picture">position, in picture</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-positional-parameter">positional parameter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-predefined-lengths">predefined lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pronunciation">pronunciation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-single-straight">quote, single straight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reference_002c-forward">reference, forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Scaled-point">Scaled point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code>showidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-quote_002c-straight">single quote, straight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-insertions">special insertions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stable-option-to-footmisc-package"><code>stable</code> option to <code>footmisc</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands">star-variants, commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands">starred form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-and-ending">starting and ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-single-quote">straight single quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#book-template">book template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-TUGboat">template, TUGboat</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-templates_002c-document">templates, document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code>textcase</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din">title page, separate or run-in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TUGboat-template">TUGboat template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type-styles">type styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-sizes">typeface sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typefaces">typefaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Upper-case">Upper case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8">UTF-8</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text">verbatim text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline">verbatim text, inline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math">wide tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-widths_002c-of-fonts">widths, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xspace-package"><code>xspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-</table>
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>`</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>~</b></a>
&nbsp;
<br>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
&nbsp;
-</td></tr></table>
-
-<hr>
-<a name="Command-Index"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="Command-Index-1"></a>
-<h2 class="unnumbered">Command Index</h2>
-
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>&amp;</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>[</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>\</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>^</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-10"><b>{</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<br>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
- &nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
&nbsp;
</td></tr></table>
-<table class="index-fn" border="0">
+<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-1">$</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024"><code>$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-2">&amp;</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-1">&amp;</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0026"><code>&amp;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-3">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"><code>--help <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-2">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; prompt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-4">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-3">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--disable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--enable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--file-line-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--halt-on-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"><code>--help <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"><code>--interaction <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"><code>--jobname <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-file-line-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-shell-escape <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"><code>--output-directory <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--shell-escape <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"><code>--version <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-4">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efd-file"><code>.fd <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp>.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file"><samp>.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file-1"><samp>.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eind-file"><samp>.ind</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eisty-file"><samp>.isty</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-1"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-1"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-1"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-1"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"><code>.tex, <span class="roman">default extension</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-5">1</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-5">1</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-6">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-6">:</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a">:</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a-1"><code>:</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-7">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-7">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-8">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\&quot; <span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -17591,10 +22425,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&amp;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028"><code>\(</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028SPACE_0029"><code>\(SPACE)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0029"><code>\)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002d"><code>\-</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
@@ -17609,7 +22440,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\&gt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\&gt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\&gt; <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
@@ -17635,11 +22466,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005camalg"><code>\amalg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"><code>\and <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cangle"><code>\angle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005capprox"><code>\approx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carccos"><code>\arccos</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
@@ -17656,9 +22487,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndDocument"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfClass"><code>\AtEndOfClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"><code>\AtEndOfPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname-_005cand-name2_007d"><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"><code>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a` <span class="roman">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\b <span class="roman">(bar-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackmatter"><code>\backmatter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -17670,15 +22502,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibname"><code>\bibname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigodot"><code>\bigodot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigoplus"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigotimes"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -17686,7 +22517,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigvee"><code>\bigvee</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigwedge"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbmod"><code>\bmod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath-1"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction-1"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
@@ -17716,9 +22548,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-1"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccc"><code>\cc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdot"><code>\cdot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchapter"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchapter-1"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccheck"><code>\check</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand"><code>\CheckCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"><code>\CheckCommand*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -17731,11 +22564,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"><code>\ClassInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarning"><code>\ClassWarning</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"><code>\ClassWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclosing"><code>\closing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclubsuit"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolon"><code>\colon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-1"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-2"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
@@ -17763,7 +22597,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashv"><code>\dashv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cday"><code>\day</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cday"><code>\day</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatsep"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
@@ -17772,7 +22606,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddag"><code>\ddag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -17782,7 +22616,6 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdepth"><code>\depth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh (&eth;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH (&ETH;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -17797,7 +22630,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill \dotfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdots"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdownarrow"><code>\downarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -17807,7 +22640,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cemptyset"><code>\emptyset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cencl"><code>\encl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cend"><code>\end</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cendinput"><code>\endinput</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cendinput">\endinput</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005censpace"><code>\enspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumi"><code>\enumi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumii"><code>\enumii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumiii"><code>\enumiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
@@ -17822,11 +22657,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule">\fboxrule</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-2"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep">\fboxsep</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-2"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfill"><code>\fill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflat"><code>\flat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
@@ -17843,21 +22680,21 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontsize"><code>\fontsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnote"><code>\footnote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesize"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip-1"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cforall"><code>\forall</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac_007bnum_007d_007bden_007d"><code>\frac{<var>num</var>}{<var>den</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrenchspacing"><code>\frenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrontmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cGamma"><code>\Gamma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgamma"><code>\gamma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgcd"><code>\gcd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
@@ -17865,9 +22702,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgeq"><code>\geq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgets"><code>\gets</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossary"><code>\glossary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossaryentry"><code>\glossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgls"><code>\gls</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgraphpaper"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(&laquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(&raquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -17881,16 +22718,16 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep-1"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheartsuit"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheight"><code>\height</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chline"><code>\hline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chom"><code>\hom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill \dotfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chsize"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chsize-1"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chss"><code>\hss</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chuge"><code>\huge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
@@ -17902,15 +22739,16 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij (ij)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex-1"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
@@ -17928,7 +22766,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cJoin"><code>\Join</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"><code>\k <span class="roman">(ogonek)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -17959,10 +22797,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrack"><code>\lbrack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clceil"><code>\lceil</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cldots"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cldots"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cldots-1"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cle"><code>\le</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleadsto"><code>\leadsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleft-delim1-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-delim2"><code>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleft"><code>\left</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLeftarrow"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftarrow"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clefteqn"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
@@ -17991,8 +22830,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth-1"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
@@ -18007,9 +22846,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongrightarrow"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmainmatter"><code>\mainmatter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="roman">(for <code>picture</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary-1"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabel"><code>\makelabel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
@@ -18025,34 +22866,32 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep-1"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_007d_007bright_007d"><code>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"><code>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathbf"><code>\mathbf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathcal"><code>\mathcal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathdollar"><code>\mathdollar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathellipsis"><code>\mathellipsis</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathdollar"><code>\mathdollar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathnormal"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathparagraph"><code>\mathparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathparagraph"><code>\mathparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathring"><code>\mathring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathrm"><code>\mathrm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsection"><code>\mathsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsection"><code>\mathsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsterling"><code>\mathsterling</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsterling"><code>\mathsterling</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox_002c-and-LR-mode"><code>\mbox<span class="roman">, and LR mode</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedspace"><code>\medspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmin"><code>\min</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmodels"><code>\models</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmonth"><code>\month</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmonth"><code>\month</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmp"><code>\mp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmu"><code>\mu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmulticolumn"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></td></tr>
@@ -18064,14 +22903,17 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"><code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace-1"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewenvironment"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewglossaryentry"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE"><code>\NEWLINE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE">\NEWLINE</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
@@ -18082,8 +22924,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorrlist"><code>\nocorrlist</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles">\nofiles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"><code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
@@ -18117,8 +22959,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cotimes"><code>\otimes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cowns"><code>\owns</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cP"><code>\P</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageError"><code>\PackageError</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -18134,15 +22976,19 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight-1"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth-1"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph-1"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparallel"><code>\parallel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-2"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart-1"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -18162,7 +23008,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries-1"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex-1"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions"><code>\ProcessOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"><code>\ProcessOptions*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -18177,8 +23026,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpushtabs"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cput"><code>\put</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cqbezier"><code>\qbezier</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier">\qbezier</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cqquad"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cqquad-1"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquad"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquad-1"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(&bdquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(&sbquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"><code>\r <span class="roman">(ring accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -18193,7 +23045,6 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creflectbox"><code>\reflectbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefname"><code>\refname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -18206,7 +23057,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crfloor"><code>\rfloor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crhd"><code>\rhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crho"><code>\rho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cright"><code>\right</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cright"><code>\right</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRightarrow"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightarrow"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -18221,8 +23072,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
@@ -18230,7 +23081,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csec"><code>\sec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csection"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cseename"><code>\seename</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csection-1"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cseename"><code>\seename</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cselectfont"><code>\selectfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
@@ -18250,33 +23102,37 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csin"><code>\sin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csinh"><code>\sinh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csl"><code>\sl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csloppy"><code>\sloppy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csloppy"><code>\sloppy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cslshape"><code>\slshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmall"><code>\small</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallint"><code>\smallint</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqrt_005broot_005d_007barg_007d"><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{<var>arg</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqrt"><code>\sqrt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubset"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss (&szlig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS (SS)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel_007btext_007d_007brelation_007d"><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel"><code>\stackrel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph-1"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection-1"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucceq"><code>\succeq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csum"><code>\sum</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -18288,10 +23144,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB"><code>\TAB</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB">\TAB</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctan"><code>\tan</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctanh"><code>\tanh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -18350,6 +23206,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrightarrow"><code>\textrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrm"><code>\textrm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsc"><code>\textsc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsection"><code>\textsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsf"><code>\textsf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsl"><code>\textsl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsterling"><code>\textsterling</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -18370,7 +23227,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthickspace"><code>\thickspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace-1"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace-1"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthispagestyle"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctilde"><code>\tilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctimes"><code>\times</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -18385,7 +23242,6 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip-1"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctotalheight"><code>\totalheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangle"><code>\triangle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleright"><code>\triangleright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -18395,10 +23251,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath-1"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunitlength"><code>\unitlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunlhd"><code>\unlhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunrhd"><code>\unrhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -18425,7 +23282,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvee"><code>\vee</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -18438,14 +23295,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidetilde"><code>\widetilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidth"><code>\width</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005b"><code>\[</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
@@ -18459,7 +23314,6 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\title</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"><code>\\ <span class="roman">force line break</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005d"><code>\]</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="roman">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005f"><code>\_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
@@ -18471,51 +23325,321 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-8">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-9">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e"><code>^</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-9">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-10">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-10">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-11">`</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries">&lsquo;see&rsquo; and &lsquo;see also&rsquo; index entries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-12">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"><code>{...} <span class="roman">for required arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-13">~</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007e"><code>~</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acronyms_002c-list-of">acronyms, list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-algorithm2e-package"><code>algorithm2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package"><code>amsfonts</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-2"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-3"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-4"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-5"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-6"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package-1"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendices">appendices</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix">appendix</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix-package"><code>appendix</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-_0028package_0029-package"><code>array (package)</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code><code>array</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-1"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-2"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions">at clause, in font definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at_002dsign"><code>at-sign</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-2"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-3"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-4"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-5"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-background_002c-colored">background, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent">bar-over accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code>beamer</code> template and class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning-of-document-hook">beginning of document hook</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Big-point">Big point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bigfoot-package"><code>bigfoot</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blackboard-bold">blackboard bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bm-package"><code>bm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boldface-mathematics">boldface mathematics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book-class"><code>book <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-back-matter">book, back matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-end-matter">book, end matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-front-matter">book, front matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-main-matter">book, main matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber-1"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box">box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-save">box, save</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-use-saved-box">box, use saved box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bp"><code>bp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent">breve accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math">breve accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-reporting">bug reporting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet-lists">bullet lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet-symbol">bullet symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-fonts">calligraphic fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-catcode">catcode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-category-code_002c-character">category code, character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc"><code>cc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code><code>center</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-equations">centered equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Centimeter">Centimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case-of">characters, case of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Cicero">Cicero</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citation-key">citation key</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-commands">class and package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-difference">class and package difference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-structure">class and package structure</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-example">class file example</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-layout">class file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-1">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-2">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-1"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-2"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-clock-option-to-slides-class"><code>clock <span class="roman">option to <code>slides</code> class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm"><code>cm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colon-character">colon character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-1">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-2">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-3">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-4">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-models">color models</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-models">Color models</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-color">Commands for color</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-options">color package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-define">color, define</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-page">colored page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-text">colored text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line">command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of">counters, getting value of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-printing">counters, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting">counters, setting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cprotect-package"><code>cprotect</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cprotect-package-1"><code>cprotect</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-pictures">creating pictures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CTAN">CTAN</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e">DANTE e.V.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today&rsquo;s</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber-1"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dcolumn-package"><code>dcolumn</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dd"><code>dd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delimiters_002c-paired">delimiters, paired</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f0"><code>delim_0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f1"><code>delim_1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f2"><code>delim_2</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005fn"><code>delim_n</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005fr"><code>delim_r</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description"><code>description</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code><code>description</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions">design size, in font definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Didot-point">Didot point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication">discretionary breaks, multiplication</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display-math-mode">display math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code><code>displaymath</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code><code>displaymath</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code><code>document</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math">dot over accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent">dot-over accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent">dot-under accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i">dotless i</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math">dotless i, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j">dotless j</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math">dotless j, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dots">dots</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks">double angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math">double dot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-guillemets">double guillemets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-left-quote">double left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-doublestruck">doublestruck</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx-command"><code>dvipdfmx <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvitype-command"><code>dvitype <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipses">ellipses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em">em</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em-1"><code>em</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds">em-dash, two-thirds</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end-of-document-hook">end of document hook</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code>enumerate</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-array"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>array</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-center"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>center</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
@@ -18539,182 +23663,920 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>math</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-minipage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>minipage</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-picture"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>picture</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quote</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quote</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabbing"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabbing</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-table"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>table</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabular"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabular</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-thebibliography"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>thebibliography</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>theorem</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-titlepage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>titlepage</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verbatim"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>verbatim</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verse"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>verse</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-envlab-package"><code>envlab</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files-1">EPS files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code>eqnarray</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etoolbox-package"><code>etoolbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eurosym-package"><code>eurosym</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex">ex</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex-1"><code>ex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package"><code>fancyhdr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package-1"><code>fancyhdr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package-1"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code>figure</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code>filecontents</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code>filecontents*</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flafter-package"><code>flafter</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package"><code>float</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-page">float page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flush-left-equations">flush left equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code><code>flushleft</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code>flushright</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-catalogue">font catalogue</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-size">font size</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-symbols_002c-by-number">font symbols, by number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-script">fonts, script</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-a-table">footnote, in a table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings">footnote, in section headings</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote">footnote, of a footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">Footnotes, in a minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-reference">forward reference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-references_002c-resolving">forward references, resolving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fraction">fraction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame-rule-width"><code>frame rule width</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame_002c-line-width"><code>frame, line width</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"><code>frame, separation from contents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package-1"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary">glossary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entries">glossary, entries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entry-reference">glossary, entry reference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-2">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-1">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-2">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-commands">graphics package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-options">graphics package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_005fskip"><code>group_skip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-http_003a_002f_002fpuszcza_002egnu_002eorg_002eua_002fsoftware_002flatexrefman_002f-home-page"><code><a href="http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/">http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</a> <span class="roman">home page</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">h&aacute;&#269;ek accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Halmos-symbol">Halmos symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-home-page-for-manual">home page for manual</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space">horizontal space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable">horizontal space, stretchable</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-1"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-2"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-3"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idx-file">idx file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inch"><code>inch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-1"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-2"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-3"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-4"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-5"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_005flength"><code>indent_length</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_005fspace"><code>indent_space</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, &lsquo;see&rsquo; and &lsquo;see also&rsquo;</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry">index entry</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-package"><code>index</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-page-range">index, page range</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-printing">index, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-processing">index, processing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-style-file"><code>index, style file</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inner-paragraph-mode">inner paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002c-on-command-line">input, on command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-internal-vertical-mode">internal vertical mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code><code>itemize</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f0"><code>item_0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f01"><code>item_01</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f1"><code>item_1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f12"><code>item_12</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f2"><code>item_2</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005fx1"><code>item_x1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005fx2"><code>item_x2</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files-1">JPEG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files-1">JPG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-label">label</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-orientation">landscape orientation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"><code>latex-doc-ptr <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"><code><a href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a> <span class="roman">email address</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Latin-letters_002c-additional">Latin letters, additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers">left-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-allocating-new">lengths, allocating new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lethead_005fflag"><code>lethead_flag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lethead_005fprefix"><code>lethead_prefix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lethead_005fsuffix"><code>lethead_suffix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-class"><code>letter <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-environment"><code><code>letter</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letterpaper-option"><code>letterpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-additional-Latin">letters, additional Latin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-writing">letters, writing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaking">line breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-changing">line breaks, changing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing">line breaks, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing">line breaks, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lines-in-tables">lines in tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line_005fmax"><code>line_max</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-numerals">lining numerals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops">lining text up using tab stops</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-environment"><code><code>list</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lR-box"><code>lR box</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package-1"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package-2"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-long-command">long command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lowercase">lowercase</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-box"><code>LR box</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ltugboat-class"><code>ltugboat</code> class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex-command"><code>lualatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as">macro package, LaTeX as</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code>macros2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-make-a-box">make a box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-style-file"><code>makeindex, style file</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-marginal-notes">marginal notes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol">masculine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-matching-brackets">matching brackets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-matching-parentheses">matching parentheses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-accents">math accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code><code>math</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code><code>math</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-formulas">math formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-functions">math functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-miscellany">math miscellany</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-1"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost-package"><code>MetaPost</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code>mfirstuc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mhchem-package"><code>mhchem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Millimeter">Millimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code><code>minipage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package-1"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package-2"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mirrors-of-CTAN">mirrors of CTAN</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mm"><code>mm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter">mpfootnote counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiplication_002c-discretionary">multiplication, discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name"><code>name</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NBSP">NBSP</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-class-commands">new class commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-check">new command, check</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-definition">new command, definition</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-1">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-onecolumn-option"><code>onecolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oneside-option"><code>oneside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openany-option"><code>openany <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openbib-option"><code>openbib <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-command-line">options, command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-graphics-package">options, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outer-paragraph-mode">outer paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overlining">overlining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-6"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-appendix"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>appendix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-array-_0028package_0029"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>array (package)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bigfoot"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bigfoot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cprotect</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cprotect</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datetime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-dcolumn"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>dcolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-envlab"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>envlab</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>eurosym</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>flafter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>float</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-index"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-MetaPost"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>MetaPost</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mhchem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mhchem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>multind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-pict2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>pict2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-PSTricks"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>PSTricks</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-sagetex"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>sagetex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>showidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>siunitx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-symbols"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>symbols</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcomp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocbibbind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocbibbind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocloft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-ulem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>ulem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-url"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>url</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-verbatimbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>verbatimbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-style_002c-this-page">page style, this page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_005fprecedence"><code>page_precedence</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paired-delimiters">paired delimiters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph">paragraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-1">paragraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation">paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-ending">paragraph, ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box">paragraph, in a box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part">part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part-1">part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files-1">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending">period, abbreviation-ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-sentence_002dending">period, sentence-ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-spacing-after">period, spacing after</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code>pict2e</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package-1"><code>pict2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-environment"><code><code>picture</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plural"><code>plural</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files-1">PNG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Point">Point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-1"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-2"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-3"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-portrait-orientation">portrait orientation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-position_002c-in-picture">position, in picture</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-positional-parameter">positional parameter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postamble"><code>postamble</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble"><code>preamble</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pronunciation">pronunciation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PSTricks-package"><code>PSTricks</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code>quotation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code>quote</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code>quotation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code>quote</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-single-straight">quote, single straight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-radical">radical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reference_002c-forward">reference, forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-relation_002c-text-above">relation, text above</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roots">roots</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sagetex-package"><code>sagetex</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Scaled-point">Scaled point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-fonts">script fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth"><code>secnumdepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section">section</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-1">section</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning_002c-part">sectioning, part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code>showidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-quote_002c-straight">single quote, straight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-siunitx-package"><code>siunitx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar"><code>sloppypar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment">sloppypar environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sort"><code>sort</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sp"><code>sp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-hard">space, hard</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal">space, inserting horizontal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-negative-thin">space, negative thin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-thin">space, thin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-unbreakable">space, unbreakable</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-insertions">special insertions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-square-root">square root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stack-math">stack math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands">star-variants, commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands">starred form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-and-ending">starting and ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-single-quote">straight single quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut">strut</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph">subparagraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph-1">subparagraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection">subsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection-1">subsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection">subsubsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbol"><code>symbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols-package"><code>symbols</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-boldface">symbols, boldface</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code>tabbing</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code>table</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code>tabular</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-article">template, <code>article</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#book-template">book template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book-1">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-TUGboat">template, TUGboat</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-templates_002c-document">templates, document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code>textcase</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package-1"><code>textcomp <span class="roman">package</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code>thebibliography</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code>theorem</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space">thin space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space-1">thin space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative-1">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie">tie</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-1"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-2"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din">title page, separate or run-in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code><code>titlepage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-1"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-2"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-3"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-4"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocbibbind-package"><code>tocbibbind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocdepth"><code>tocdepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocdepth-counter"><code>tocdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocloft-package"><code>tocloft</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-today_0027s-date">today&rsquo;s date</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tombstone">tombstone</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topnumber"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topnumber-1"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-totalnumber"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-totalnumber-1"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TUGboat-template">TUGboat template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type-styles">type styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-sizes">typeface sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typefaces">typefaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ulem-package"><code>ulem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underlining">underlining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uppercase">uppercase</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url-package"><code>url</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-usrguide-official-documentation"><code>usrguide <span class="roman">official documentation</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8">UTF-8</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code><code>verbatim</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text">verbatim text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline">verbatim text, inline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatimbox-package"><code>verbatimbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code><code>verse</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-mode">vertical mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math">wide tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-widths_002c-of-fonts">widths, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvipdfmx"><code>xdvipdfmx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex-command"><code>xelatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy"><code>xindy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>&amp;</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>*</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>&amp;</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>:</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>[</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>\</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>[</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>^</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>\</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>_</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>^</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>`</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>{</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-10"><b>{</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>~</b></a>
&nbsp;
<br>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
&nbsp;
</td></tr></table>