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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
index 7dcf8aa18db..6d42c9c12d1 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
@@ -3,49 +3,46 @@
<!ENTITY tex "TeX">
<!ENTITY latex "LaTeX">
]>
-<book id="latex2e.xml" lang="en">
-<title>@LaTeX{}2e reference manual (May 2011)</title>
+<book id="latex2e.dbk" lang="en">
+<title>&latex;2e reference manual (May 2012)</title>
<!-- %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
-<!-- xx latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, -->
+<!-- latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, -->
<!-- xx but latex2e stuff is missing. -->
-<!-- -->
-<!-- xx mention \mathring -->
-<!-- xx mention usrguide -->
-<!-- xx mention ! float placement, p.15 of usrguide -->
-<!-- xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ -->
-<!-- xx merged permuted-index -->
-<!-- -->
-<!-- xx The typeset source2e will have an index with all kernel -->
-<!-- xx commands, which would be a good start. classes.dtx et al. -->
-<!-- xx define additional commands, and some of the kernel commands are -->
-<!-- xx internal and so shouldn't be included here. -->
-<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- xx mention \oldstylenums (comes from where?) -->
+<!-- xx mention \topnumber, \bottomnumber, \totalnumber -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) -->
+<!-- xx merge permuted-index -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel -->
+<!-- xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. -->
+<!-- xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands. -->
+<!-- -->
<!-- xx packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek ... -->
<!-- xx fonts - latexsys -->
-<bookinfo>
-<legalnotice>
-<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of May 2011.
+<bookinfo><legalnotice><para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
+document preparation system, version of May 2012.
</para>
-<para>This was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS
-Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
-George&nbsp;D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The
-&latex;&nbsp;2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The
+<para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in
+the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
+George&#160;D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The
+&latex;&#160;2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The
&latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl
Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges
using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and the
-<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L.&nbsp;Botway
-and C.&nbsp;Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as
+<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L.&#160;Botway
+and C.&#160;Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as
<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no text was
directly copied).
</para>
-<para>Copyright &copy; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Karl Berry.
+<para>Copyright &#169; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Karl Berry.
-Copyright &copy; 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
+Copyright &#169; 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
-Copyright &copy; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
+Copyright &#169; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
</para>
<para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
@@ -59,21 +56,50 @@ notice identical to this one.
</para>
<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
-</para></legalnotice>
-</bookinfo>
+</para></legalnotice></bookinfo>
+
-* Menu:
-* LaTeX2e: (latex2e). Unofficial LaTeX reference manual.
+<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
+document preparation system, version of May 2012.
+</para>
+<para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in
+the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
+George&#160;D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The
+&latex;&#160;2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The
+&latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl
+Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges
+using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and the
+<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L.&#160;Botway
+and C.&#160;Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as
+<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no text was
+directly copied).
+</para>
+<para>Copyright &#169; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Karl Berry.
+Copyright &#169; 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
+Copyright &#169; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
+</para>
+<para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+</para>
+<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
+resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
+notice identical to this one.
+</para>
+<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
+</para>
-<chapter label="" xreflabel="&latex;2e" id="Top">
+<chapter label="" id="Top">
<title>&latex;2e</title>
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version as of May 2011. It is
+document preparation system, version as of May 2012. It is
intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of
&latex; for many years.
</para>
@@ -81,16 +107,22 @@ intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of
</chapter>
<chapter label="1" id="About-this-document">
-<title>Overview of &latex;</title>
+<title>About this document</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm><para>The &latex; document preparation system is implemented as a macro
-package for Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth's &tex; typesetting program.
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The &latex; document preparation system is implemented as a macro
+package for Donald&#160;E. Knuth&#8217;s &tex; typesetting program.
&latex; was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now
maintained by a group of volunteers (<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>).
The official documentation written by the &latex; project is
available from their web site.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bug reporting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>reporting bugs</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary><email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email> email address</primary></indexterm><para>The present document is completely unofficial and has not been
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bug reporting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>reporting bugs</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary><email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email> <lineannotation>email address</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>The present document is completely unofficial and has not been
reviewed by the &latex; maintainers. Do not send bug reports or
anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all
comments to <email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email>.
@@ -100,6 +132,22 @@ comments to <email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email>.
current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other
infrastructure.
</para>
+<para>Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about
+&latex;. Here are a few:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+</term><listitem><para>Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>
+</term><listitem><para>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>
+</term><listitem><para>The guide for document authors maintained as part of &latex;; there
+are several others.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>
+</term><listitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</chapter>
<chapter label="2" id="Overview">
@@ -107,72 +155,88 @@ infrastructure.
<para>What is &latex;?
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>basics of &latex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm><para>&latex; typesets a file of text using the &tex; program and the
-&latex; &ldquo;macro package&rdquo; for &tex;. That is, it processes an input
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>basics of &latex;</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; typesets a file of text using the &tex; program and the
+&latex; &#8220;macro package&#8221; for &tex;. That is, it processes an input
file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that
describe how the text should be formatted. &latex; files are plain
text that can be written in any reasonable editor. It produces at
least three files as output:
</para>
-<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem>
-<para>The main output file, which is one of:
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>The main output file, which is one of:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>.dvi</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.dvi file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>latex command</primary></indexterm><para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a &ldquo;Device Independent&rdquo; (<filename>.dvi</filename>)
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>.dvi</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.dvi <lineannotation>file</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>latex <lineannotation>command</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a &#8220;Device Independent&#8221; (<filename>.dvi</filename>)
file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into
commands for virtually any output device. You can view such
<filename>.dvi</filename> output of &latex; by using a program such as
<command>xdvi</command> (display directly), <command>dvips</command> (convert to
PostScript), or <command>dvipdfmx</command> (convert to PDF).
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>.pdf</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.pdf file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pdf&tex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>pdflatex command</primary></indexterm><para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a &ldquo;Portable Document Format&rdquo;
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>.pdf</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.pdf <lineannotation>file</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>pdf&tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>pdflatex <lineannotation>command</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a &#8220;Portable Document Format&#8221;
(<filename>.pdf</filename>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does
make the output much larger than the <filename>.dvi</filename> produced from the
same document.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lualatex command</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lua&tex;</primary></indexterm><para>If invoked as <command>lualatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lualatex <lineannotation>command</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lua&tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<para>If invoked as <command>lualatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using
the Lua&tex; engine (<ulink url="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</ulink>).
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>xelatex command</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Xe&tex;</primary></indexterm><para>If invoked as <command>xelatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>xelatex <lineannotation>command</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Xe&tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<para>If invoked as <command>xelatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using
the Xe&tex; engine (<ulink url="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</ulink>).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>Many other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) exist, which
can produce HTML, XML, and other things.
</para>
-</listitem>
-<listitem>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>transcript file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>log file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.log file</primary></indexterm><para>The &ldquo;transcript&rdquo; or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary
+</listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>transcript file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>log file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.log <lineannotation>file</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>The &#8220;transcript&#8221; or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary
information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the
input file.
</para>
-</listitem>
-<listitem>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>auxiliary file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.aux file</primary></indexterm><para>An &ldquo;auxiliary&rdquo; or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself,
+</listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>auxiliary file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.aux <lineannotation>file</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>An &#8220;auxiliary&#8221; or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself,
for things such as cross-references.
-</para></listitem>
-</orderedlist>
-<para>An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won't try to
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<para>An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won&#8217;t try to
list them all. Xxx components?
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ character starting commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>[...] for optional arguments</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>{...} for required arguments</primary></indexterm><para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <literal>\</literal>,
-followed by either (a)&nbsp;a string of letters or (b)&nbsp;a single
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ <lineannotation>character starting commands</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>[...] <lineannotation>for optional arguments</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>{...} <lineannotation>for required arguments</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <literal>\</literal>,
+followed by either (a)&#160;a string of letters or (b)&#160;a single
non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <literal>[]</literal>, are
optional while arguments contained in braces, <literal>{}</literal>, are
required.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>case sensitivity of &latex;</primary></indexterm><para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>case sensitivity of &latex;</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
explicitly directed to do otherwise.
</para>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="3" id="Starting-&amp;-ending">
+<chapter label="3" id="Starting-_0026-ending">
<title>Starting &amp; ending</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting &amp; ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending &amp; starting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting &amp; ending</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending &amp; starting</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>A minimal input file looks like the following:
</para>
<screen>\documentclass{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
@@ -181,10 +245,11 @@ explicitly directed to do otherwise.
\end{document}
</screen>
<para>where the <replaceable>class</replaceable> is a valid document class for &latex;.
-See <xref linkend="Document-classes"></xref>, for details of the various document classes
+See <link linkend="Document-classes">Document classes</link>, for details of the various document classes
available locally.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm><para>You may include other &latex; commands between the <literal>\documentclass</literal>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm>
+<para>You may include other &latex; commands between the <literal>\documentclass</literal>
and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands (this area is called the
<firstterm>preamble</firstterm>).
</para>
@@ -193,7 +258,10 @@ and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands (this area is called the
<chapter label="4" id="Document-classes">
<title>Document classes</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The class of a given document is defined with the command:
</para>
<screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
@@ -201,8 +269,13 @@ and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands (this area is called the
<para>The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command must be the first command in a
&latex; source file.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>article class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>report class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>book class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>slides class</primary></indexterm><para>Built-in &latex; document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are (many other document
-classes are available as add-ons; see <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>):
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>article <lineannotation>class</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>report <lineannotation>class</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>book <lineannotation>class</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter <lineannotation>class</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>slides <lineannotation>class</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>Built-in &latex; document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are (many other document
+classes are available as add-ons; see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>):
</para>
<screen>article report book letter slides
</screen>
@@ -215,7 +288,11 @@ classes are available as add-ons; see <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>):
<sect1 label="4.1" id="Document-class-options">
<title>Document class options</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, document class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class options</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, document class</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm>
to the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command by enclosing them in square
brackets as usual. To specify more than one <replaceable>option</replaceable>, separate
@@ -225,69 +302,98 @@ them with a comma:
</screen>
<para>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>10pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>11pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>12pt option</primary></indexterm><para>All of the standard classes except <literal>slides</literal> accept the following
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>10pt <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>11pt <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>12pt <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>All of the standard classes except <literal>slides</literal> accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is <literal>10pt</literal>):
</para>
<screen>10pt 11pt 12pt
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>a4paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>a5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>b5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>executivepaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>legalpaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letterpaper option</primary></indexterm><para>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>a4paper <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>a5paper <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>b5paper <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>executivepaper <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>legalpaper <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>letterpaper <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>):
</para>
<screen>a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>draft option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>final option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>fleqn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>landscape option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>leqno option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openbib option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>notitlepage option</primary></indexterm><para>Miscellaneous other options:
-</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>draft, final</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>black boxes, omitting</primary></indexterm><para>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <literal>final</literal>.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fleqn</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>landscape</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>leqno</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openbib</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Use &ldquo;open&rdquo; bibliography format.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>titlepage, notitlepage</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>draft <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>final <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>fleqn <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>landscape <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>leqno <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>openbib <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>notitlepage <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>Miscellaneous other options:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>draft, final</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>black boxes, omitting</primary></indexterm>
+<para>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <literal>final</literal>.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fleqn</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>landscape</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>leqno</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openbib</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Use &#8220;open&#8221; bibliography format.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>titlepage, notitlepage</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>These options are not available with the slides class:
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>onecolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twocolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>oneside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twoside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openright option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openany option</primary></indexterm><variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>onecolumn</literal></term>
-<term><literal>twocolumn</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <literal>onecolumn</literal>.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>oneside</literal></term>
-<term><literal>twoside</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\evensidemargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oddsidemargin</primary></indexterm><para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <literal>oneside</literal>, except
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>onecolumn <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>twocolumn <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>oneside <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>twoside <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>openright <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>openany <lineannotation>option</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>onecolumn</literal>
+</term><term><literal>twocolumn</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <literal>onecolumn</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>oneside</literal>
+</term><term><literal>twoside</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\evensidemargin</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oddsidemargin</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <literal>oneside</literal>, except
for the <literal>book</literal> class.
</para>
<para>The <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> parameter determines
the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the
-page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper
+page and the text&#8217;s left margin. The defaults vary with the paper
size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided
printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> is
40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and <literal>\textwidth</literal>,
with <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> the remainder.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openright</literal></term>
-<term><literal>openany</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openright</literal>
+</term><term><literal>openany</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a
right-hand page; default is <literal>openright</literal> for book.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>The <literal>slides</literal> class offers the option <literal>clock</literal> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>loading additional packages</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usepackage</primary></indexterm><para>Additional packages are loaded like this:
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>loading additional packages</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usepackage</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Additional packages are loaded like this:
</para>
<screen>\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkg</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>To specify more than one <replaceable>pkg</replaceable>, you can separate them with a
comma, or use multiple <literal>\usepackage</literal> commands.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global</primary></indexterm><para>Any options given in the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command that are unknown
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Any options given in the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command that are unknown
by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<literal>\usepackage</literal>.
</para>
@@ -297,7 +403,9 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<chapter label="5" id="Typefaces">
<title>Typefaces</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>typefaces</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>typefaces</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Two important aspects of selecting a <firstterm>font</firstterm> are specifying a size
and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
</para>
@@ -306,69 +414,102 @@ and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
<sect1 label="5.1" id="Font-styles">
<title>Font styles</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles of text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font styles</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface styles</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles of text</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.
</para>
-<para>These commands are used like <literal>\textit{italic text}</literal>. The
-corresponding command in parenthesis is the &ldquo;declaration form&rdquo;, which
-takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the
-next type style command or the end of the current group.
+<para>This first group of commands is typically used like
+<literal>\textit{italic text}</literal>. The corresponding command in
+parenthesis is the &#8220;declaration form&#8221;, which takes no arguments. The
+scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command
+or the end of the current group.
</para>
<para>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either
<literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or <literal>\bfseries\sffamily</literal> to get bold
sans serif.
</para>
-<para>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance,
-<literal>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</literal>.
-</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\textrm (\rmfamily)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textrm</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rmfamily</primary></indexterm><para>Roman.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textit (\itshape)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textit</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\itshape</primary></indexterm><para>Italics.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\emph</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\emph</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm><para>Emphasis (switches between <literal>\textit</literal> and <literal>\textrm</literal>).
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textmd (\mdseries)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textmd</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mdseries</primary></indexterm><para>Medium weight (default).
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbf (\bfseries)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bfseries</primary></indexterm><para>Boldface.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textup (\upshape)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textup</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\upshape</primary></indexterm><para>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsl (\slshape)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\slshape</primary></indexterm><para>Slanted.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsf (\sffamily)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sffamily</primary></indexterm><para>Sans serif.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsc (\scshape)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scshape</primary></indexterm><para>Small caps.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texttt (\ttfamily)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\texttt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ttfamily</primary></indexterm><para>Typewriter.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textnormal (\normalfont)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textnormal</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalfont</primary></indexterm><para>Main document font.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathrm</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathrm</primary></indexterm><para>Roman, for use in math mode.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathbf</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathbf</primary></indexterm><para>Boldface, for use in math mode.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathsf</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathsf</primary></indexterm><para>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathtt</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathtt</primary></indexterm><para>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathit</literal></term>
-<term><literal>(\mit)</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathnormal</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathnormal</primary></indexterm><para>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathcal</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathcal</primary></indexterm><para>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.
+<para>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for
+instance, <literal>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>These commands automatically supply an italic correction if the
+</para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\textrm (\rmfamily)</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textrm</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rmfamily</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Roman.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textit (\itshape)</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textit</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\itshape</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Italics.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\emph</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\emph</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Emphasis (switches between <literal>\textit</literal> and <literal>\textrm</literal>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textmd (\mdseries)</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textmd</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mdseries</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Medium weight (default).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbf (\bfseries)</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbf</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bfseries</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Boldface.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textup (\upshape)</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textup</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\upshape</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsl (\slshape)</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsl</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\slshape</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Slanted.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsf (\sffamily)</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsf</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sffamily</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Sans serif.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsc (\scshape)</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsc</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scshape</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Small caps.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texttt (\ttfamily)</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\texttt</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ttfamily</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Typewriter.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textnormal (\normalfont)</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textnormal</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalfont</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Main document font.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathrm</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathrm</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Roman, for use in math mode.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathbf</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathbf</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Boldface, for use in math mode.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathsf</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathsf</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathtt</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathtt</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathit</literal>
+</term><term><literal>(\mit)</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathnormal</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathnormal</primary></indexterm>
+<para>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathcal</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathcal</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&#8216;Calligraphic&#8217; letters, for use in math mode.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>In addition, the command
<literal>\mathversion{bold}</literal>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathversion</primary></indexterm>can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathversion</primary></indexterm>
+can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <literal>\mathversion{normal}</literal> restores the default.
</para>
<para>&latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to
@@ -377,183 +518,214 @@ differently than the above commands, too: <literal>{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceab
instead of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>{...}</literal>. These are two very different
things.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\bf</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold font</primary></indexterm><para>Switch to <emphasis role="bold">bold face</emphasis>.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bf</primary></indexterm><literal>\bf</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold font</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Switch to <emphasis role="bold">bold face</emphasis>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cal</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>script letters for math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>calligraphic letters for math</primary></indexterm><para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cal</primary></indexterm><literal>\cal</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>script letters for math</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>calligraphic letters for math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\em</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm><para>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\em</primary></indexterm><literal>\em</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\it</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>italic font</primary></indexterm><para>Italics.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\it</primary></indexterm><literal>\it</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>italic font</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Italics.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rm</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>roman font</primary></indexterm><para>Roman.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rm</primary></indexterm><literal>\rm</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>roman font</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Roman.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sc</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>small caps font</primary></indexterm><para>Small caps.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sc</primary></indexterm><literal>\sc</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>small caps font</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Small caps.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sf</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sans serif font</primary></indexterm><para>Sans serif.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sf</primary></indexterm><literal>\sf</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sans serif font</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Sans serif.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sl</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>slanted font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oblique font</primary></indexterm><para>Slanted (oblique).
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sl</primary></indexterm><literal>\sl</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>slanted font</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>oblique font</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Slanted (oblique).
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tt</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>monospace font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fixed-width font</primary></indexterm><para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tt</primary></indexterm><literal>\tt</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter font</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>monospace font</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fixed-width font</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
<sect1 label="5.2" id="Font-sizes">
<title>Font sizes</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sizes of text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font sizes</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface sizes</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>sizes of text</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
-size used (in points) with the &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and
-&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo; document size options, respectively (see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>).
-</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tiny</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scriptsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotesize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\small</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LARGE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\huge</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Huge</primary></indexterm>
-<informaltable><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colwidth="42*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec><thead><row><entry> Command </entry><entry> <literal>10pt</literal> </entry><entry> <literal>11pt</literal> </entry><entry> <literal>12pt</literal>
-</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry> <literal>\tiny</literal>
-</entry><entry> 5 </entry><entry> 6 </entry><entry> 6
-</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\scriptsize</literal>
-</entry><entry> 7 </entry><entry> 8 </entry><entry> 8
-</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\footnotesize</literal>
-</entry><entry> 8 </entry><entry> 9 </entry><entry> 10
-</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\small</literal>
-</entry><entry> 9 </entry><entry> 10 </entry><entry> 10.95
-</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\normalsize</literal> (default)
-</entry><entry> 10 </entry><entry> 10.95 </entry><entry> 12
-</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\large</literal>
-</entry><entry> 12 </entry><entry> 12 </entry><entry> 14.4
-</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\Large</literal>
-</entry><entry> 14.4 </entry><entry> 14.4 </entry><entry> 17.28
-</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\LARGE</literal>
-</entry><entry> 17.28 </entry><entry> 17.28 </entry><entry> 20.74
-</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\huge</literal>
-</entry><entry> 20.74 </entry><entry> 20.74 </entry><entry> 24.88
-</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\Huge</literal>
-</entry><entry> 24.88 </entry><entry> 24.88 </entry><entry> 24.88
-</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
-<para>The commands as listed here are &ldquo;declaration forms&rdquo;. The scope of
+size used (in points) with the &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>11pt</literal>&#8217;, and
+&#8216;<literal>12pt</literal>&#8217; document size options, respectively (see <link linkend="Document-class-options">Document class
+options</link>).
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tiny</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scriptsize</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotesize</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\small</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalsize</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\large</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Large</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LARGE</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\huge</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Huge</primary></indexterm>
+
+<informaltable><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colwidth="21*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="5*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="5*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="5*"></colspec><thead><row><entry><para>Command </para></entry><entry><para><literal>10pt</literal> </para></entry><entry><para><literal>11pt</literal> </para></entry><entry><para><literal>12pt</literal>
+</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry><para><literal>\tiny</literal>
+</para></entry><entry><para>5 </para></entry><entry><para>6 </para></entry><entry><para>6
+</para></entry></row><row><entry><para><literal>\scriptsize</literal>
+</para></entry><entry><para>7 </para></entry><entry><para>8 </para></entry><entry><para>8
+</para></entry></row><row><entry><para><literal>\footnotesize</literal>
+</para></entry><entry><para>8 </para></entry><entry><para>9 </para></entry><entry><para>10
+</para></entry></row><row><entry><para><literal>\small</literal>
+</para></entry><entry><para>9 </para></entry><entry><para>10 </para></entry><entry><para>10.95
+</para></entry></row><row><entry><para><literal>\normalsize</literal> (default)
+</para></entry><entry><para>10 </para></entry><entry><para>10.95 </para></entry><entry><para>12
+</para></entry></row><row><entry><para><literal>\large</literal>
+</para></entry><entry><para>12 </para></entry><entry><para>12 </para></entry><entry><para>14.4
+</para></entry></row><row><entry><para><literal>\Large</literal>
+</para></entry><entry><para>14.4 </para></entry><entry><para>14.4 </para></entry><entry><para>17.28
+</para></entry></row><row><entry><para><literal>\LARGE</literal>
+</para></entry><entry><para>17.28 </para></entry><entry><para>17.28 </para></entry><entry><para>20.74
+</para></entry></row><row><entry><para><literal>\huge</literal>
+</para></entry><entry><para>20.74 </para></entry><entry><para>20.74 </para></entry><entry><para>24.88
+</para></entry></row><row><entry><para><literal>\Huge</literal>
+</para></entry><entry><para>24.88 </para></entry><entry><para>24.88 </para></entry><entry><para>24.88
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>The commands as listed here are &#8220;declaration forms&#8221;. The scope of
the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the
end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of
these commands; for instance, <literal>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="5.3" id="Low-level-font-commands">
+<sect1 label="5.3" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands">
<title>Low-level font commands</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-level font commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font commands, low-level</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-level font commands</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font commands, low-level</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontencoding{enc}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontencoding</primary></indexterm><para>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <literal>OT1</literal> and <literal>T1</literal>.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontencoding{enc}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontencoding</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <literal>OT1</literal> and <literal>T1</literal>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontfamily{family}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontfamily</primary></indexterm><para>Select font family. Valid families include:
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontfamily{family}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontfamily</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Select font family. Valid families include:
</para>
-<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem><para> <literal>cmr</literal> for Computer Modern Roman
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <literal>cmss</literal> for Computer Modern Sans Serif
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <literal>cmtt</literal> for Computer Modern Typewriter
-</para></listitem>
-</itemizedlist>
+<itemizedlist><listitem><para><literal>cmr</literal> for Computer Modern Roman
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><literal>cmss</literal> for Computer Modern Sans Serif
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><literal>cmtt</literal> for Computer Modern Typewriter
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>and numerous others.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontseries{series}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontseries</primary></indexterm><para>Select font series. Valid series include:
-</para>
-<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem><para> <literal>m</literal> Medium (normal)
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <literal>b</literal> Bold
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <literal>c</literal> Condensed
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <literal>bc</literal> Bold condensed
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <literal>bx</literal> Bold extended
-</para></listitem>
-</itemizedlist>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontseries{series}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontseries</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Select font series. Valid series include:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist><listitem><para><literal>m</literal> Medium (normal)
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><literal>b</literal> Bold
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><literal>c</literal> Condensed
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><literal>bc</literal> Bold condensed
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><literal>bx</literal> Bold extended
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>and various other combinations.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontshape{shape}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontshape</primary></indexterm><para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
-</para>
-<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem><para> <literal>n</literal> Upright (normal)
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <literal>it</literal> Italic
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <literal>sl</literal> Slanted (oblique)
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <literal>sc</literal> Small caps
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <literal>ui</literal> Upright italics
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <literal>ol</literal> Outline
-</para></listitem>
-</itemizedlist>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontshape{shape}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontshape</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist><listitem><para><literal>n</literal> Upright (normal)
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><literal>it</literal> Italic
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><literal>sl</literal> Slanted (oblique)
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><literal>sc</literal> Small caps
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><literal>ui</literal> Upright italics
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><literal>ol</literal> Outline
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontsize{size}{skip}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselineskip</primary></indexterm><para>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontsize{size}{skip}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontsize</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselineskip</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and
the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter
named <literal>\baselineskip</literal>. The unit of both parameters defaults to
pt. The default <literal>\baselineskip</literal> for the Computer Modern typeface
is 1.2 times the <literal>\fontsize</literal>.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselinestretch</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>setspace</literal> package</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double spacing</primary></indexterm><para>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselinestretch</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>setspace</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>double spacing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
<literal>\baselinestretch</literal> parameter when the type size changes; the
-default is 1. However, the best way to &ldquo;double space&rdquo; a document,
+default is 1. However, the best way to &#8220;double space&#8221; a document,
if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the
<literal>setspace</literal> package; see
<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</ulink>.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linespread</primary></indexterm></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\linespread{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Equivalent to
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linespread</primary></indexterm>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\linespread{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Equivalent to
<literal>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal>, and
therefore must be followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal> to have any effect.
Best specified in the preamble, or use the <literal>setspace</literal> package, as
described just above.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\selectfont</primary></indexterm><para>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\selectfont</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do
not come into effect until <literal>\selectfont</literal> is called.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usefont</primary></indexterm><para>The same as invoking <literal>\fontencoding</literal>, <literal>\fontfamily</literal>,
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usefont</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The same as invoking <literal>\fontencoding</literal>, <literal>\fontfamily</literal>,
<literal>\fontseries</literal> and <literal>\fontshape</literal> with the given parameters,
followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter label="6" id="Layout">
<title>Layout</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout commands</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
</para>
-<sect1 label="6.1">
+<sect1 label="6.1" id="_005conecolumn">
<title><literal>\onecolumn</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\onecolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>one-column output</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\onecolumn</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>one-column output</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\onecolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces
single-column output. This is the default.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="6.2">
+<sect1 label="6.2" id="_005ctwocolumn">
<title><literal>\twocolumn</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\twocolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multicolumn text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>two-column output</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\twocolumn</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>multicolumn text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>two-column output</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\twocolumn[<replaceable>text1col</replaceable>]
@@ -565,58 +737,59 @@ starts.
</para>
<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\columnsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>The distance between columns (35pt by default).
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\columnsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\columnsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>The distance between columns (35pt by default).
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\columnseprule</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\columnseprule</primary></indexterm><literal>\columnseprule</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\columnwidth</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <literal>\textwidth</literal> in
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\columnwidth</primary></indexterm><literal>\columnwidth</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <literal>\textwidth</literal> in
single-column text.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\dbltopfraction</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied
-by floats. Default &lsquo;<literal>.7</literal>&rsquo;, can be usefully redefined to (say)
-&lsquo;<literal>.9</literal>&rsquo; to avoid going to float pages so soon.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dbltopfraction</primary></indexterm><literal>\dbltopfraction</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied
+by floats. Default &#8216;<literal>.7</literal>&#8217;, can be usefully redefined to (say)
+&#8216;<literal>.9</literal>&#8217; to avoid going to float pages so soon.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dblfloatpagefraction</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats,
-for a two-column float page. Default &lsquo;<literal>.5</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dblfloatpagefraction</primary></indexterm><literal>\dblfloatpagefraction</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats,
+for a two-column float page. Default &#8216;<literal>.5</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dblfloatsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
-page. Default &lsquo;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; and
-&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dblfloatsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\dblfloatsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
+page. Default &#8216;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&#8217; for &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217; and
+&#8216;<literal>11pt</literal>&#8217; documents, &#8216;<literal>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&#8217; for &#8216;<literal>12pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dbltextfloatsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page
-and the main text. Default &lsquo;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dbltextfloatsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\dbltextfloatsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page
+and the main text. Default &#8216;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="6.3">
+<sect1 label="6.3" id="_005cflushbottom">
<title><literal>\flushbottom</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\flushbottom</literal> declaration makes all text pages the same
height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the
page.
</para>
<para>This is the default if <literal>twocolumn</literal> mode is selected
-(see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>).
+(see <link linkend="Document-class-options">Document class options</link>).
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="6.4">
+<sect1 label="6.4" id="_005craggedbottom">
<title><literal>\raggedbottom</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedbottom</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, omitting vertical</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedbottom</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, omitting vertical</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\raggedbottom</literal> declaration makes all pages the natural
height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be
stretched.
@@ -626,96 +799,102 @@ stretched.
<sect1 label="6.5" id="Page-layout-parameters">
<title>Page layout parameters</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page layout parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, page layout</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout, page parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer</primary></indexterm>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\headheight</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is
-&lsquo;<literal>30pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>book</literal> class, where it varies with the
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page layout parameters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, page layout</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout, page parameters for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>header, parameters for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer, parameters for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer</primary></indexterm>
+
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\headheight</primary></indexterm><literal>\headheight</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is
+&#8216;<literal>30pt</literal>&#8217;, except in the <literal>book</literal> class, where it varies with the
type size.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\headsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
-the main text. Default is &lsquo;<literal>25pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>book</literal>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\headsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\headsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
+the main text. Default is &#8216;<literal>25pt</literal>&#8217;, except in the <literal>book</literal>
class, where it varies with the type size.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\footskip</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
-the page footer. Default is &lsquo;<literal>30pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>book</literal>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footskip</primary></indexterm><literal>\footskip</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
+the page footer. Default is &#8216;<literal>30pt</literal>&#8217;, except in the <literal>book</literal>
class, where it varies with the type size.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\linewidth</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <literal>list</literal>
-(see <xref linkend="list"></xref>). Specifically, it is smaller than <literal>\textwidth</literal> by
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linewidth</primary></indexterm><literal>\linewidth</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <literal>list</literal>
+(see <link linkend="list">list</link>). Specifically, it is smaller than <literal>\textwidth</literal> by
the sum of <literal>\leftmargin</literal> and <literal>\rightmargin</literal>
-(see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>). The default varies with the font size, paper
+(see <link linkend="itemize">itemize</link>). The default varies with the font size, paper
width, two-column mode, etc. For an <literal>article</literal> document in
-&lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, it's set to &lsquo;<literal>345pt</literal>&rsquo;; in two-column mode, that
-becomes &lsquo;<literal>229.5pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+&#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217;, it&#8217;s set to &#8216;<literal>345pt</literal>&#8217;; in two-column mode, that
+becomes &#8216;<literal>229.5pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textheight</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textheight</primary></indexterm><literal>\textheight</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with
the font size, document class, etc. For an <literal>article</literal> or
-<literal>report</literal> document in &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, it's set to
-&lsquo;<literal>43\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo;; for <literal>book</literal>, it's &lsquo;<literal>41\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo;.
-For &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, it's &lsquo;<literal>38\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo; and for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;,
-&lsquo;<literal>36\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textwidth</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default varies
-as usual. For an <literal>article</literal> or <literal>report</literal> document, it's
-&lsquo;<literal>345pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>360pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and
-&lsquo;<literal>390pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;. For a <literal>book</literal> document, it's
-&lsquo;<literal>4.5in</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<literal>5in</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; or
-&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+<literal>report</literal> document in &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217;, it&#8217;s set to
+&#8216;<literal>43\baselineskip</literal>&#8217;; for <literal>book</literal>, it&#8217;s &#8216;<literal>41\baselineskip</literal>&#8217;.
+For &#8216;<literal>11pt</literal>&#8217;, it&#8217;s &#8216;<literal>38\baselineskip</literal>&#8217; and for &#8216;<literal>12pt</literal>&#8217;,
+&#8216;<literal>36\baselineskip</literal>&#8217;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textwidth</primary></indexterm><literal>\textwidth</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default varies
+as usual. For an <literal>article</literal> or <literal>report</literal> document, it&#8217;s
+&#8216;<literal>345pt</literal>&#8217; at &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>360pt</literal>&#8217; at &#8216;<literal>11pt</literal>&#8217;, and
+&#8216;<literal>390pt</literal>&#8217; at &#8216;<literal>12pt</literal>&#8217;. For a <literal>book</literal> document, it&#8217;s
+&#8216;<literal>4.5in</literal>&#8217; at &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217;, and &#8216;<literal>5in</literal>&#8217; at &#8216;<literal>11pt</literal>&#8217; or
+&#8216;<literal>12pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
<para>In multi-column output, <literal>\textwidth</literal> remains the width of the
entire page body, while <literal>\columnwidth</literal> is the width of one column
-(see <xref linkend="\twocolumn"></xref>).
+(see <link linkend="_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</link>).
</para>
-<para>In lists (see <xref linkend="list"></xref>), <literal>\textwidth</literal> remains the width of the
+<para>In lists (see <link linkend="list">list</link>), <literal>\textwidth</literal> remains the width of the
entire page body (and <literal>\columnwidth</literal> the width of the entire
column), while <literal>\linewidth</literal> may decrease for nested lists.
</para>
-<para>Inside a minipage (see <xref linkend="minipage"></xref>) or <literal>\parbox</literal>
-(see <xref linkend="\parbox"></xref>), all the width-related parameters are set to the
+<para>Inside a minipage (see <link linkend="minipage">minipage</link>) or <literal>\parbox</literal>
+(see <link linkend="_005cparbox">\parbox</link>), all the width-related parameters are set to the
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<literal>minipage</literal> or <literal>\parbox</literal>.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hsize</primary></indexterm><para>For completeness: <literal>\hsize</literal> is the &tex; primitive parameter used
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hsize</primary></indexterm>
+<para>For completeness: <literal>\hsize</literal> is the &tex; primitive parameter used
when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal
&latex; documents.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topmargin</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\topmargin</primary></indexterm><literal>\topmargin</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed
-based on many other parameters: <literal>\paperheight &minus; 2in &minus;
-\headheight &minus; \headsep &minus; \textheight &minus; \footskip</literal>, and
+based on many other parameters: <literal>\paperheight &#8722; 2in &#8722;
+\headheight &#8722; \headsep &#8722; \textheight &#8722; \footskip</literal>, and
then divided by two.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topskip</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\topskip</primary></indexterm><literal>\topskip</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the
-same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+same as the font size, e.g., &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217; at &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter label="7" id="Sectioning">
<title>Sectioning</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>sectioning</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\part</literal></term>
-<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\chapter</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>(report and book class only)
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\section</literal></term>
-<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subsection</literal></term>
-<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subsubsection</literal></term>
-<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\paragraph</literal></term>
-<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subparagraph</literal></term>
-<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\part</primary></indexterm><literal>\part</literal>
+</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\chapter</primary></indexterm><literal>\chapter</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>(report and book class only)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\section</primary></indexterm><literal>\section</literal>
+</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsection</primary></indexterm><literal>\subsection</literal>
+</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsubsection</primary></indexterm><literal>\subsubsection</literal>
+</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\paragraph</primary></indexterm><literal>\paragraph</literal>
+</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subparagraph</primary></indexterm><literal>\subparagraph</literal>
+</term></varlistentry></variablelist>
<para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
</para>
<screen>\chapter[<replaceable>toctitle</replaceable>]{<replaceable>title</replaceable>}
@@ -723,55 +902,58 @@ same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<li
<para>In addition to providing the heading <replaceable>title</replaceable> in the main text, the
section title can appear in two other places:
</para>
-<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem>
-<para>The table of contents.
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>The running head at the top of the page.
-</para></listitem>
-</orderedlist>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>The table of contents.
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>The running head at the top of the page.
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
<para>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
<replaceable>toctitle</replaceable> that, when given, specifies the text for these other
places.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form of sectioning commands</primary></indexterm><para>Also, all sectioning commands have <literal>*</literal>-forms that print
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form of sectioning commands</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Also, all sectioning commands have <literal>*</literal>-forms that print
<replaceable>title</replaceable> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
entry in the table of contents. For instance:
</para>
<screen>\section*{Preamble}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\appendix</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>appendix, creating</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\appendix</literal> command changes the way following sectional units
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\appendix</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>appendix, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\appendix</literal> command changes the way following sectional units
are numbered. The <literal>\appendix</literal> command itself generates no text
and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this
command is something like
</para>
<screen>\chapter{A Chapter}
-&hellip;
+&#8230;
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>secnumdepth counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section numbers, printing</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>secnumdepth</literal> counter controls printing of section numbers.
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>secnumdepth <lineannotation>counter</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>section numbers, printing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>secnumdepth</literal> counter controls printing of section numbers.
The setting
</para>
<screen>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<replaceable>level</replaceable>}
</screen>
-<para>suppresses heading numbers at any depth &gt; <replaceable>level</replaceable>, where
-<literal>chapter</literal> is level zero. (See <xref linkend="\setcounter"></xref>.)
+<para>suppresses heading numbers at any depth <inlineequation><mathphrase>&gt; <replaceable>level</replaceable></mathphrase></inlineequation>, where
+<literal>chapter</literal> is level zero. (See <link linkend="_005csetcounter">\setcounter</link>.)
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter label="8" id="Cross-references">
<title>Cross references</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
-the reader to them, as in &ldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&rdquo;
+the reader to them, as in &#8220;See Figure 3 for more details.&#8221;
</para>
-<sect1 label="8.1">
+<sect1 label="8.1" id="_005clabel">
<title><literal>\label</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\label</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\label{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
@@ -787,26 +969,28 @@ punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.
common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by
a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>ch</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>for chapters
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>sec</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>for lower-level sectioning commands
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fig</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>for figures
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>tab</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>for tables
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>eq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>for equations
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>ch</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>for chapters
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>sec</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>for lower-level sectioning commands
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fig</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>for figures
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>tab</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>for tables
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>eq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>for equations
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <literal>fig:snark</literal> or
<literal>fig.snark</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="8.2">
+<sect1 label="8.2" id="_005cpageref">
<title><literal>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pageref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing with page number</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pageref</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing with page number</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
@@ -817,17 +1001,23 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="8.3">
+<sect1 label="8.3" id="_005cref">
<title><literal>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing, symbolic</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figure number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ref</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing, symbolic</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>section number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>figure number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>The <literal>\ref</literal> command produces the number of the sectional unit,
-equation, footnote, figure, &hellip;, of the corresponding
-<literal>\label</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\label"></xref>). It does not produce any text,
-such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself.
+equation, footnote, figure, &#8230;, of the corresponding
+<literal>\label</literal> command (see <link linkend="_005clabel">\label</link>). It does not produce any text,
+such as the word &#8216;Section&#8217; or &#8216;Figure&#8217;, just the bare number itself.
</para>
</sect1>
@@ -835,7 +1025,10 @@ such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself.
<chapter label="9" id="Environments">
<title>Environments</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\begin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\end</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\begin</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\end</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>&latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text.
Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
</para>
@@ -845,10 +1038,12 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
</screen>
-<sect1 label="9.1">
+<sect1 label="9.1" id="abstract">
<title><literal>abstract</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>abstract environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>abstracts</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>abstract <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>abstracts</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para><screen>\begin{abstract}
...
@@ -858,9 +1053,11 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.2">
+<sect1 label="9.2" id="array">
<title><literal>array</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>array environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrays, math</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>array <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrays, math</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{array}{<replaceable>template</replaceable>}
@@ -869,28 +1066,29 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
\end{array}
</screen>
<para>Math arrays are produced with the <literal>array</literal> environment, normally
-within an <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="equation"></xref>). It has a
+within an <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <link linkend="equation">equation</link>). It has a
single mandatory <replaceable>template</replaceable> argument describing the number of
columns and the alignment within them. Each column <replaceable>col</replaceable> is
specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should
be formatted, as follows:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>centered
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>flush left
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>flush right
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>centered
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>flush left
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>flush right
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>array</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>Column entries are separated by <literal>&amp;</literal>. Column entries may include
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>array</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Column entries are separated by <literal>&amp;</literal>. Column entries may include
other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with
<literal>\\</literal>.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>@{...}</primary></indexterm><para>In the template, the construct <literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> puts <replaceable>text</replaceable>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>@{...}</primary></indexterm>
+<para>In the template, the construct <literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> puts <replaceable>text</replaceable>
between columns in each row.
</para>
-<para>Here's an example:
+<para>Here&#8217;s an example:
</para>
<screen>\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{lrc}
@@ -899,8 +1097,9 @@ between columns in each row.
\end{array}
\end{equation}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arraycolsep</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\arraycolsep</literal> parameter defines half the width of the space
-separating columns; the default is &lsquo;<literal>5pt</literal>&rsquo;. See <xref linkend="tabular"></xref>, for other
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arraycolsep</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\arraycolsep</literal> parameter defines half the width of the space
+separating columns; the default is &#8216;<literal>5pt</literal>&#8217;. See <link linkend="tabular">tabular</link>, for other
parameters which affect formatting in <literal>array</literal> environments,
namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>.
</para>
@@ -908,10 +1107,12 @@ namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.3">
+<sect1 label="9.3" id="center">
<title><literal>center</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>center environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>center <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{center}
@@ -919,17 +1120,20 @@ namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>.
<replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\
\end{center}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>center</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>center</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>center</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>center</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right
margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the
string <literal>\\</literal>.
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.3.1">
+<sect2 label="9.3.1" id="_005ccentering">
<title><literal>\centering</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\centering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, declaration for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\centering</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, declaration for</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\centering</literal> declaration corresponds to the <literal>center</literal>
environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such
as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>. Thus, the text of a figure or
@@ -938,11 +1142,11 @@ command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.
</para>
<para>Unlike the <literal>center</literal> environment, the <literal>\centering</literal> command
does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how &latex; formats
-paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of
+paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&#8217;s format, the scope of
the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal> command (of
an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
</para>
-<para>Here's an example:
+<para>Here&#8217;s an example:
</para>
<screen>\begin{quote}
\centering
@@ -953,10 +1157,13 @@ second line \\
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.4">
+<sect1 label="9.4" id="description">
<title><literal>description</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>description environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>labelled lists, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>description lists, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>description <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>labelled lists, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>description lists, creating</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{description}
@@ -965,25 +1172,29 @@ second line \\
...
\end{description}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>description</literal> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>description</literal> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each
<replaceable>label</replaceable> is typeset in bold, flush right. The <replaceable>item</replaceable> text may
contain multiple paragraphs.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold typewriter, avoiding</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter labels in lists</primary></indexterm><para>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
-you typeset a label in typewriter using <literal>\texttt</literal>, you'll get
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold typewriter, avoiding</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter labels in lists</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
+you typeset a label in typewriter using <literal>\texttt</literal>, you&#8217;ll get
bold typewriter: <literal>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</literal>. This
may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use
<literal>\tt</literal>, which resets all other style variations: <literal>\item[{\tt
plain typewriter}]</literal>.
</para>
-<para>For details about list spacing, see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>.
+<para>For details about list spacing, see <link linkend="itemize">itemize</link>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.5">
+<sect1 label="9.5" id="displaymath">
<title><literal>displaymath</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{displaymath}
@@ -997,26 +1208,29 @@ plain typewriter}]</literal>.
<para>The <literal>displaymath</literal> environment (<literal>\[...\]</literal> is a synonym)
typesets the <replaceable>math</replaceable> text on its own line, centered by default.
The global <literal>fleqn</literal> option makes equations flush left; see
-<xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>.
+<link linkend="Document-class-options">Document class options</link>.
</para>
<para>No equation number is added to <literal>displaymath</literal> text; to get an
-equation number, use the <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="equation"></xref>).
+equation number, use the <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <link linkend="equation">equation</link>).
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.6">
+<sect1 label="9.6" id="document">
<title><literal>document</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>document environment</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>document <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>document</literal> environment encloses the body of a document.
-It is required in every &latex; document. See <xref linkend="Starting-&amp;-ending"></xref>.
+It is required in every &latex; document. See <link linkend="Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</link>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.7">
+<sect1 label="9.7" id="enumerate">
<title><literal>enumerate</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>enumerate environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, numbered</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>enumerate <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, numbered</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{enumerate}
@@ -1028,72 +1242,102 @@ It is required in every &latex; document. See <xref linkend="Starting-&amp;-end
<para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as
-<literal>itemize</literal> (see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>) and <literal>description</literal>
-(see <xref linkend="description"></xref>).
+<literal>itemize</literal> (see <link linkend="itemize">itemize</link>) and <literal>description</literal>
+(see <link linkend="description">description</link>).
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><para>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command.
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command.
There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment.
</para>
<para>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:
</para>
-<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para> 1., 2., &hellip;
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> (a), (b), &hellip;
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> i., ii., &hellip;
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> A., B., &hellip;
-</para></listitem>
-</orderedlist>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiv</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the counters <literal>\enumi</literal>
-through <literal>\enumiv</literal> counters (see <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>). If the optional
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>1., 2., &#8230;
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>(a), (b), &#8230;
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>i., ii., &#8230;
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>A., B., &#8230;
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumi</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumii</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiii</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiv</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the counters <literal>\enumi</literal>
+through <literal>\enumiv</literal> counters (see <link linkend="Counters">Counters</link>). If the optional
argument to <literal>\item</literal> is given, the counter is not incremented for
that item.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiv</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelenumi</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumi</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumii</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiii</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiv</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelenumi</literal>
through <literal>\labelenumiv</literal> to produce the default label. So, you can
-use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> to change the labels (see <xref linkend="\newcommand-&amp;-\renewcommand"></xref>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
+use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> to change the labels (see <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp;
+\renewcommand</link>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
letters:
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Alph example</primary></indexterm><screen>\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Alph <lineannotation>example</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<screen>\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.8">
+<sect1 label="9.8" id="eqnarray">
<title><literal>eqnarray</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>eqnarray environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, aligning</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aligning Equations</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>eqnarray <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, aligning</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>aligning equations</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>align <lineannotation>environment, from <literal>amsmath</literal></lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>amsmath <lineannotation>package, replacing <literal>eqnarray</literal></lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Madsen, Lars</primary></indexterm>
+<para>First, a caveat: the <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment has some infelicities
+which cannot be overcome; the article &#8220;Avoid eqnarray!&#8221; by Lars
+Madsen describes them in detail
+(<ulink url="http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</ulink>). The bottom
+line is that it is better to use the <literal>align</literal> environment (and
+others) from the <literal>amsmath</literal> package.
+</para>
+<para>Nevertheless, here is a description of <literal>eqnarray</literal>:
+</para>
<screen>\begin{eqnarray} <lineannotation>(or <literal>eqnarray*</literal>)</lineannotation>
<replaceable>formula1</replaceable> \\
<replaceable>formula2</replaceable> \\
...
\end{eqnarray}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment is used to display a sequence of
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment is used to display a sequence of
equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column
<literal>array</literal> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <literal>\\</literal>
and consecutive items within a row separated by an <literal>&amp;</literal>.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\* (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para><literal>\\*</literal> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\* (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\\*</literal> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal
meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nonumber</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation numbers, omitting</primary></indexterm><para>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nonumber</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation numbers, omitting</primary></indexterm>
+<para>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
<literal>\nonumber</literal> command. Alternatively, The <literal>*</literal>-form of the
environment (<literal>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</literal>) will
omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as
<literal>eqnarray</literal>.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lefteqn</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\lefteqn</literal> is used for splitting long formulas across
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lefteqn</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The command <literal>\lefteqn</literal> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.9">
+<sect1 label="9.9" id="equation">
<title><literal>equation</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{equation}
@@ -1101,14 +1345,17 @@ zero width.
\end{equation}
</screen>
<para>The <literal>equation</literal> environment starts a <literal>displaymath</literal>
-environment (see <xref linkend="displaymath"></xref>), e.g., centering the <replaceable>math</replaceable> text
+environment (see <link linkend="displaymath">displaymath</link>), e.g., centering the <replaceable>math</replaceable> text
on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.10">
+<sect1 label="9.10" id="figure">
<title><literal>figure</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>figure</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>inserting figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, inserting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>figure</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>inserting figures</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, inserting</primary></indexterm>
+
<screen>\begin{figure[*]}[<replaceable>placement</replaceable>]
<replaceable>figbody</replaceable>
\label{<replaceable>label}</replaceable>
@@ -1116,149 +1363,204 @@ on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.
\end{figure}
</screen>
<para>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
-instead &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
+instead &#8220;floated&#8221; to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
Figures will not be split between two pages.
</para>
<para>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a
full-width figure (across both columns).
</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>placement of floats</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>specifier, float placement</primary></indexterm>
<para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try
to place your figure. There are four places where &latex; can possibly
put a float:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>(Top)&mdash;at the top of a text page.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>(Top)&#8212;at the top of a text page.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>(Bottom)&mdash;at the bottom of a text page. However, <literal>b</literal> is not
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>(Bottom)&#8212;at the bottom of a text page. However, <literal>b</literal> is not
allowed for full-width floats (<literal>figure*</literal>) with double-column
output. To ameliorate this, use the <literal>stfloats</literal> or
<literal>dblfloatfix</literal> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
FAQ: <ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</ulink>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>h</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>float</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>(Here)&mdash;at the position in the text where the figure environment
-appears. However, this is not allowed by itself, <literal>t</literal> is
-automatically added. To absolutely force a figure to appear &ldquo;here&rdquo;,
-use the <literal>float</literal> and use its <literal>H</literal> placement letter. (That
-package also provides other options.)
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>p</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>(Page of floats)&mdash;on a separate float page, which is a page
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>h</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>float</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+<para>(Here)&#8212;at the position in the text where the figure environment
+appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; <literal>t</literal> is
+automatically added.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>here, putting floats</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>float</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+<para>To absolutely force a figure to appear &#8220;here&#8221;, you can
+<literal>\usepackage{float}</literal> and use the <literal>H</literal> specifier which it
+defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
+<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</ulink>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>p</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>(Page of floats)&#8212;on a separate float page, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>!</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, &latex;
+ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear
+and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page.
+The <literal>!</literal> specifier does <emphasis>not</emphasis> mean &#8220;put the float here&#8221;;
+see above.
+</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement
<literal>tbp</literal>.
</para>
-<para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc.
-you wish.
+<para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands,
+etc. you wish.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\caption</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\caption</literal> command specifies caption <replaceable>text</replaceable> for the
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\caption</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\caption</literal> command specifies caption <replaceable>text</replaceable> for the
figure. The caption is numbered by default. If <replaceable>loftitle</replaceable> is
present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <replaceable>text</replaceable>
-(see <xref linkend="Tables-of-contents"></xref>).
+(see <link linkend="Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</link>).
</para>
-<!-- xx float-placement, float-caption sections? -->
-<variablelist><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomfraction</primary></indexterm><para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at
-the bottom; default &lsquo;<literal>.3</literal>&rsquo;.
+<para>Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
+non-float text:
</para>
-<varlistentry><term><literal>\floatpagefraction</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
-default &lsquo;<literal>.5</literal>&rsquo;.
+<variablelist><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomfraction</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at
+the bottom; default &#8216;<literal>.3</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\floatsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
-&lsquo;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+<varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\floatpagefraction</primary></indexterm><literal>\floatpagefraction</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
+default &#8216;<literal>.5</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\intextsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
-&lsquo;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; styles,
-&lsquo;<literal>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textfraction</primary></indexterm><literal>\textfraction</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
+much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
+different page. The default is &#8216;<literal>.2</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textfloatsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
-default &lsquo;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\topfraction</primary></indexterm><literal>\topfraction</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
+floats; default &#8216;<literal>.7</literal>&#8217;.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<para>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats:
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textfraction</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
-much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
-different page. The default is &lsquo;<literal>.2</literal>&rsquo;.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\floatsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\floatsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
+&#8216;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topfraction</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
-floats; default is &lsquo;<literal>.7</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\intextsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\intextsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
+&#8216;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&#8217; for &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217; and &#8216;<literal>11pt</literal>&#8217; styles,
+&#8216;<literal>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</literal>&#8217; for &#8216;<literal>12pt</literal>&#8217;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textfloatsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\textfloatsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
+default &#8216;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&#8217;.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<para>Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\bottomnumber</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
+default 1.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\topnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\topnumber</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
+default 2.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\totalnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\totalnumber</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<para>The principal &tex; FAQ entry relating to floats:
+<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</ulink>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.11">
+<sect1 label="9.11" id="flushleft">
<title><literal>flushleft</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushleft environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushleft <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+
<screen>\begin{flushleft}
<replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\
<replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\
...
\end{flushleft}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>flushleft</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>flushleft</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ <lineannotation>for <literal>flushleft</literal></lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>flushleft</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
right Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.11.1">
+<sect2 label="9.11.1" id="_005craggedright">
<title><literal>\raggedright</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedright</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged right</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedright</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged right</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\raggedright</literal> declaration corresponds to the
<literal>flushleft</literal> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>.
</para>
<para>Unlike the <literal>flushleft</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedright</literal>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
-formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
+formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&#8217;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.12">
+<sect1 label="9.12" id="flushright">
<title><literal>flushright</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushright environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushright <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+
<screen>\begin{flushright}
<replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\
<replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\
...
\end{flushright}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>flushright</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>flushright</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>flushright</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>flushright</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
left. Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.12.1">
+<sect2 label="9.12.1" id="_005craggedleft">
<title><literal>\raggedleft</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedleft</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged left</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedleft</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged left</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\raggedleft</literal> declaration corresponds to the
<literal>flushright</literal> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>.
</para>
<para>Unlike the <literal>flushright</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedleft</literal>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
-formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
+formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&#8217;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.13">
+<sect1 label="9.13" id="itemize">
<title><literal>itemize</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>itemize environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>unordered lists</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bulleted lists</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>itemize <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>unordered lists</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bulleted lists</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{itemize}
@@ -1267,40 +1569,47 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
...
\end{itemize}
</screen>
-<para>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment produces an &ldquo;unordered&rdquo;, &ldquo;bulleted&rdquo;
+<para>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment produces an &#8220;unordered&#8221;, &#8220;bulleted&#8221;
list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four
levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
-environments, such as <literal>enumerate</literal> (see <xref linkend="enumerate"></xref>).
+environments, such as <literal>enumerate</literal> (see <link linkend="enumerate">enumerate</link>).
</para>
<para>Each item of an <literal>itemize</literal> list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command.
There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment.
</para>
<para>By default, the marks at each level look like this:
</para>
-<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para> &bull; (bullet)
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> <emphasis role="bold">--<!-- /@w --></emphasis> (bold en-dash)
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> * (asterisk)
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
-</para></listitem>
-</orderedlist>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiv</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelitemi</literal>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>&#8226; (bullet)
+</para></listitem><listitem><para><emphasis role="bold">--<!-- /@w --></emphasis> (bold en-dash)
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>* (asterisk)
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemi</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemii</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiii</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiv</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelitemi</literal>
through <literal>\labelitemiv</literal> to produce the default label. So, you can
use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> to change the labels. For instance, to have
the first level use diamonds:
</para>
<screen>\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargini</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginvi</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\leftmargini</literal> through <literal>\leftmarginvi</literal> parameters define
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargin</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargini</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginii</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiii</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiv</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginv</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginvi</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\leftmargini</literal> through <literal>\leftmarginvi</literal> parameters define
the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the list. By convention, <literal>\leftmargin</literal> is set
to the appropriate <literal>\leftmargin<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal> when a new level of
nesting is entered.
</para>
-<para>The defaults vary from &lsquo;<literal>.5em</literal>&rsquo; (highest levels of nesting) to
-&lsquo;<literal>2.5em</literal>&rsquo; (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.
+<para>The defaults vary from &#8216;<literal>.5em</literal>&#8217; (highest levels of nesting) to
+&#8216;<literal>2.5em</literal>&#8217; (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.
This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
</para>
<screen>\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
@@ -1308,59 +1617,58 @@ This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
<!-- xx should be in its own generic section -->
<para>Some parameters that affect list formatting:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\itemindent</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\itemindent</primary></indexterm><literal>\itemindent</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\labelsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Space between the label and text of an item; default &lsquo;<literal>.5em</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\labelsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Space between the label and text of an item; default &#8216;<literal>.5em</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\labelwidth</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Width of the label; default &lsquo;<literal>2em</literal>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<literal>1.5em</literal>&rsquo; in two-column mode.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelwidth</primary></indexterm><literal>\labelwidth</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Width of the label; default &#8216;<literal>2em</literal>&#8217;, or &#8216;<literal>1.5em</literal>&#8217; in two-column mode.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\listparindent</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
-list item; default &lsquo;<literal>0pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listparindent</primary></indexterm><literal>\listparindent</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
+list item; default &#8216;<literal>0pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightmargin</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
-enclosing environment; default &lsquo;<literal>0pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>quote</literal>,
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rightmargin</primary></indexterm><literal>\rightmargin</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
+enclosing environment; default &#8216;<literal>0pt</literal>&#8217;, except in the <literal>quote</literal>,
<literal>quotation</literal>, and <literal>verse</literal> environments, where it is set equal
to <literal>\leftmargin</literal>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
loose, by default).
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\itemsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Vertical space between items. The default is <literal>2pt plus1pt
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\itemsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\itemsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Vertical space between items. The default is <literal>2pt plus1pt
minus1pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, <literal>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</literal> for
<literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\parsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\parsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults
are the same as <literal>\itemsep</literal>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\topsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\topsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
For top-level lists, the default is <literal>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal> for
<literal>10pt</literal> documents, <literal>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</literal> for <literal>11pt</literal>,
and <literal>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>. These are reduced
for nested lists.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\partopsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Extra space added to <literal>\topsep</literal> when the list environment starts a
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\partopsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\partopsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Extra space added to <literal>\topsep</literal> when the list environment starts a
paragraph. The default is <literal>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal>
documents, <literal>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>3pt
plus2pt minus2pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip example</primary></indexterm><para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip <lineannotation>example</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an <literal>itemize*</literal>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item (<literal>\parskip</literal> is not list-specific,
-see <xref linkend="\parskip"></xref>):
+see <link linkend="_005cparskip">\parskip</link>):
</para>
<screen>\newenvironment{itemize*}%
{\begin{itemize}%
@@ -1371,16 +1679,19 @@ see <xref linkend="\parskip"></xref>):
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.14">
+<sect1 label="9.14" id="letter">
<title><literal>letter</literal> environment: writing letters</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter</primary></indexterm>
-<para>This environment is used for creating letters. See <xref linkend="Letters"></xref>.
+
+<para>This environment is used for creating letters. See <link linkend="Letters">Letters</link>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.15">
+<sect1 label="9.15" id="list">
<title><literal>list</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>list</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, generic</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>list</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, generic</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>list</literal> environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
documents, but often in macros.
@@ -1401,14 +1712,16 @@ spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be
empty, i.e., <literal>{}</literal>, which leaves the default spacing.
</para>
<para>The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by
-<literal>\linewidth</literal> (see <xref linkend="Page-layout-parameters"></xref>).
+<literal>\linewidth</literal> (see <link linkend="Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</link>).
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.16">
+<sect1 label="9.16" id="math">
<title><literal>math</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>in-line formulas</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>in-line formulas</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{math}
@@ -1417,55 +1730,66 @@ empty, i.e., <literal>{}</literal>, which leaves the default spacing.
</screen>
<para>The <literal>math</literal> environment inserts the given <replaceable>math</replaceable> within the
running text. <literal>\(...\))</literal> and <literal>$...$</literal> are synonyms.
-See <xref linkend="Math-formulas"></xref>.
+See <link linkend="Math-formulas">Math formulas</link>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.17">
+<sect1 label="9.17" id="minipage">
<title><literal>minipage</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>minipage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>minipage, creating a</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>minipage <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>minipage, creating a</primary></indexterm>
+
<screen>\begin{minipage}[<replaceable>position</replaceable>][<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}
<replaceable>text</replaceable>
\end{minipage}
</screen>
<para>The <literal>minipage</literal> environment typesets its body <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a
block that will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the
-<literal>\parbox</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\parbox"></xref>), but unlike <literal>\parbox</literal>,
+<literal>\parbox</literal> command (see <link linkend="_005cparbox">\parbox</link>), but unlike <literal>\parbox</literal>,
other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
</para>
<!-- (xxref positions) -->
-<para>The arguments are the same as for <literal>\parbox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\parbox"></xref>).
+<para>The arguments are the same as for <literal>\parbox</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cparbox">\parbox</link>).
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentation, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm><para>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <literal>minipage</literal>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentation, in minipage</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <literal>minipage</literal>
environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
<literal>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</literal> command.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes in figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, footnotes in</primary></indexterm><para>Footnotes in a <literal>minipage</literal> environment are handled in a way that is
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes in figures</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, footnotes in</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Footnotes in a <literal>minipage</literal> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
<literal>\footnote</literal> or <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the <literal>\mpfootnote</literal> counter instead of the ordinary
-<literal>footnote</literal> counter (see <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>).
+<literal>footnote</literal> counter (see <link linkend="Counters">Counters</link>).
</para>
-<para>However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
+<para>However, don&#8217;t put one minipage inside another if you are using
footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.18">
+<sect1 label="9.18" id="picture">
<title><literal>picture</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>picture</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating pictures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pictures, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>picture</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating pictures</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>pictures, creating</primary></indexterm>
+
<screen>\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
-&hellip; <replaceable>picture commands</replaceable> &hellip;
+&#8230; <replaceable>picture commands</replaceable> &#8230;
\end{picture}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unitlength</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment allows you to create just about any
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unitlength</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment allows you to create just about any
kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying
their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal
-point and a minus sign&mdash;a number like <literal>5</literal>, <literal>0.3</literal> or
+point and a minus sign&#8212;a number like <literal>5</literal>, <literal>0.3</literal> or
<literal>-3.1416</literal>. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the
unit length <literal>\unitlength</literal>, so if <literal>\unitlength</literal> has been set
to <literal>1cm</literal>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
@@ -1483,7 +1807,7 @@ the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
<para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
<literal>position</literal>. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
-argument's x- and y-coordinates.
+argument&#8217;s x- and y-coordinates.
</para>
<para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment also has an optional <literal>position</literal>
argument, following the <literal>size</literal> argument, that can change the
@@ -1503,10 +1827,10 @@ origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
optional argument.
</para>
-<para>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
+<para>The environment&#8217;s mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is;
&latex; will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even
-off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by &latex; in determining
+off the page. The picture&#8217;s nominal size is used by &latex; in determining
how much room to leave for it.
</para>
<para>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <literal>\put</literal>
@@ -1515,11 +1839,12 @@ command. The command
<screen>\put (11.3,-.3){...}
</screen>
<para>puts the object specified by <literal>...</literal> in the
-picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3).
+picture, with its reference point at coordinates <inlineequation><mathphrase>(11.3,-.3)</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
The reference points for various objects will be described below.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lR box</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\put</literal> command creates an <firstterm>LR box</firstterm>. You can put anything
-that can go in an <literal>\mbox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\mbox"></xref>) in the text argument of
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lR box</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\put</literal> command creates an <firstterm>LR box</firstterm>. You can put anything
+that can go in an <literal>\mbox</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cmbox">\mbox</link>) in the text argument of
the <literal>\put</literal> command. When you do this, the reference point will
be the lower left corner of the box.
</para>
@@ -1527,9 +1852,10 @@ be the lower left corner of the box.
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.18.1">
+<sect2 label="9.18.1" id="_005ccircle">
<title><literal>\circle</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\circle</primary></indexterm>
+
<screen>\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>The <literal>\circle</literal> command produces a circle with a diameter as close
@@ -1540,9 +1866,10 @@ draws a solid circle.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.2">
+<sect2 label="9.18.2" id="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">
<title><literal>\makebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (picture)</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</literal>
</para>
<para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command for the picture environment is similar to
@@ -1552,27 +1879,27 @@ the normal <literal>\makebox</literal> command except that you must specify a
<para>The optional argument, <literal>[position]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that
your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Moves the item to the bottom.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Moves the item to the bottom.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Moves the item to the left.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Moves the item to the left.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Moves the item to the right.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Moves the item to the right.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-<para>See <xref linkend="\makebox"></xref>.
+<para>See <link linkend="_005cmakebox">\makebox</link>.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.3">
+<sect2 label="9.18.3" id="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">
<title><literal>\framebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\framebox(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{...}
@@ -1581,16 +1908,19 @@ your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
that it creates.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command produces a rule of thickness
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command produces a rule of thickness
<literal>\fboxrule</literal>, and leaves a space <literal>\fboxsep</literal> between the rule
and the contents of the box.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.4">
+<sect2 label="9.18.4" id="_005cdashbox">
<title><literal>\dashbox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dashbox</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\dashbox{<replaceable>dlen</replaceable>}(<replaceable>rwidth</replaceable>,<replaceable>rheight</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
@@ -1605,9 +1935,10 @@ multiples of the <literal>dlen</literal>.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.5">
+<sect2 label="9.18.5" id="_005cframe">
<title><literal>\frame</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frame</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\frame{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
@@ -1618,9 +1949,10 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.6">
+<sect2 label="9.18.6" id="_005cline">
<title><literal>\line</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\line</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\line(<replaceable>xslope</replaceable>,<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
@@ -1628,16 +1960,17 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
<para>The <literal>\line</literal> command draws a line with the given <replaceable>length</replaceable> and
slope <replaceable>xslope</replaceable>/<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>.
</para>
-<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <replaceable>slope</replaceable> = x/y,
-where x and y have integer values from &minus;6
-through&nbsp;6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes,
+<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>slope</replaceable> = x/y</mathphrase></inlineequation>,
+where <inlineequation><mathphrase>x</mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase>y</mathphrase></inlineequation> have integer values from &#8722;6
+through&#160;6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes,
see the <literal>curve2e</literal> and many many other packages on CTAN.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.7">
+<sect2 label="9.18.7" id="_005clinethickness">
<title><literal>\linethickness</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linethickness</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\linethickness{<replaceable>dim</replaceable>}</literal> command declares the thickness
of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
<replaceable>dim</replaceable>, which must be a positive length.
@@ -1647,40 +1980,44 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <literal>\oval</literal>.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.8">
+<sect2 label="9.18.8" id="_005cthicklines">
<title><literal>\thicklines</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thicklines</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\thicklines</literal> command is an alternate line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
-cf.&nbsp;<xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thinlines"></xref>.
+cf.&#160;<link linkend="_005clinethickness">\linethickness</link> and <link linkend="_005cthinlines">\thinlines</link>.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.9">
+<sect2 label="9.18.9" id="_005cthinlines">
<title><literal>\thinlines</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinlines</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\thinlines</literal> command is the default line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
-cf.&nbsp;<xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thicklines"></xref>.
+cf.&#160;<link linkend="_005clinethickness">\linethickness</link> and <link linkend="_005cthicklines">\thicklines</link>.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.10">
+<sect2 label="9.18.10" id="_005cmultiput">
<title><literal>\multiput</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multiput</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para><screen>\multiput(<replaceable>x</replaceable>,<replaceable>y</replaceable>)(<replaceable>delta_x</replaceable>,<replaceable>delta_y</replaceable>){<replaceable>n</replaceable>}{<replaceable>obj</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>The <literal>\multiput</literal> command copies the object <replaceable>obj</replaceable> in a regular
pattern across a picture. <replaceable>obj</replaceable> is first placed at position
-(x,y), then at (x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on,
+<inlineequation><mathphrase>(x,y)</mathphrase></inlineequation>, then at <inlineequation><mathphrase>(x+\delta x,y+\delta y)</mathphrase></inlineequation>, and so on,
<replaceable>n</replaceable> times.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.11">
+<sect2 label="9.18.11" id="_005coval">
<title><literal>\oval</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oval</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\oval(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>portion</replaceable>]
@@ -1689,26 +2026,26 @@ pattern across a picture. <replaceable>obj</replaceable> is first placed at pos
The optional argument <replaceable>portion</replaceable> allows you to select part of the
oval via the following:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>selects the top portion;
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>selects the bottom portion;
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>selects the right portion;
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>selects the left portion.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>selects the top portion;
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>selects the bottom portion;
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>selects the right portion;
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>selects the left portion.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-<para>The &ldquo;corners&rdquo; of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
-maximum radius of 20pt, so large &ldquo;ovals&rdquo; will look more like
+<para>The &#8220;corners&#8221; of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
+maximum radius of 20pt, so large &#8220;ovals&#8221; will look more like
boxes with rounded corners.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.12">
+<sect2 label="9.18.12" id="_005cput">
<title><literal>\put</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\put</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</literal>
</para>
<para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the item specified by the mandatory
@@ -1716,9 +2053,10 @@ argument at the given coordinates.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.13">
+<sect2 label="9.18.13" id="_005cshortstack">
<title><literal>\shortstack</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\shortstack</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\shortstack[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{...\\...\\...}
@@ -1726,36 +2064,41 @@ argument at the given coordinates.
<para>The <literal>\shortstack</literal> command produces a stack of objects. The valid
positions are:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Move the objects to the right of the stack.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Move the objects to the left of the stack
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Move the objects to the right of the stack.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Move the objects to the left of the stack
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>\shortstack</literal> objects)</primary></indexterm><para>Objects are separated with <literal>\\</literal>.
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ <lineannotation>(for <literal>\shortstack</literal> objects)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>Objects are separated with <literal>\\</literal>.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.18.14">
+<sect2 label="9.18.14" id="_005cvector">
<title><literal>\vector</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vector</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\vector(<replaceable>x-slope</replaceable>,<replaceable>y-slope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>The <literal>\vector</literal> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
-length and slope. The x and y values must lie between
-&minus;4 and +4, inclusive.
+length and slope. The <inlineequation><mathphrase>x</mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase>y</mathphrase></inlineequation> values must lie between
+&#8722;4 and +4, inclusive.
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.19">
+<sect1 label="9.19" id="quotation">
<title><literal>quotation</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>quotation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>quotation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{quotation}
@@ -1771,10 +2114,14 @@ normally.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.20">
+<sect1 label="9.20" id="quote">
<title><literal>quote</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>quote</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Snyopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{quote}
@@ -1789,10 +2136,14 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.21">
+<sect1 label="9.21" id="tabbing">
<title><literal>tabbing</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabbing environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tab stops, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in columns using tab stops</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>alignment via tabbing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabbing <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>tab stops, using</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up using tab stops</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>alignment via tabbing</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{tabbing}
@@ -1811,67 +2162,71 @@ environment.
</para>
<para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> enviroment:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\\ (tabbing)</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>End a line.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\\ <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><para>End a line.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\= (tabbing)</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\= <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\= <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\&gt; (tabbing)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&gt;</primary></indexterm><para>Advances to the next tab stop.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&gt; <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\&gt; <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&gt;</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Advances to the next tab stop.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\&lt;</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&lt;</primary></indexterm><literal>\&lt;</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\+</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\+</primary></indexterm><literal>\+</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\-</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\-</primary></indexterm><literal>\-</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\' (tabbing)</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&#8217; <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\' <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <literal>\&gt;</literal>,
<literal>\&lt;</literal>, <literal>\'</literal>, <literal>\\</literal>, or <literal>\kill</literal> command, to the right
-of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.
+of the previous column, flush against the current column&#8217;s tab stop.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\` (tabbing)</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
-stop&nbsp;0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column
-because there's no tab stop there. The <literal>\`</literal> command moves all the
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&#8216; <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\` <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
+stop&#160;0. However, it can&#8217;t move text to the right of the last column
+because there&#8217;s no tab stop there. The <literal>\`</literal> command moves all the
text that follows it, up to the <literal>\\</literal> or <literal>\end{tabbing}</literal>
command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
environment. There must be no <literal>\&gt;</literal> or <literal>\'</literal> command between
the <literal>\`</literal> and the command that ends the line.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\a (tabbing)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a' (acute accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a` (grave accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a= (macron accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><para>In a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment, the commands <literal>\=</literal>, <literal>\'</literal> and
-<literal>\`</literal> do not produce accents as usual (see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>). Instead,
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\a <lineannotation>(tabbing)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a&#8217; <lineannotation>(acute accent in tabbing)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a&#8216; <lineannotation>(grave accent in tabbing)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a= <lineannotation>(macron accent in tabbing)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>In a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment, the commands <literal>\=</literal>, <literal>\'</literal> and
+<literal>\`</literal> do not produce accents as usual (see <link linkend="Accents">Accents</link>). Instead,
the commands <literal>\a=</literal>, <literal>\a'</literal> and <literal>\a`</literal> are used.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\kill</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <literal>\\</literal>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\kill</primary></indexterm><literal>\kill</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <literal>\\</literal>
except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
output for it. The effect of any <literal>\=</literal>, <literal>\+</literal> or <literal>\-</literal>
commands in that line remain in effect.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\poptabs</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\poptabs</primary></indexterm><para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <literal>\pushtabs</literal>.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\poptabs</primary></indexterm><literal>\poptabs</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\poptabs</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <literal>\pushtabs</literal>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pushtabs</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pushtabs</primary></indexterm><literal>\pushtabs</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tabbingsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <literal>\'</literal>.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tabbingsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\tabbingsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <literal>\'</literal>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
</para>
<screen>\begin{tabbing}
@@ -1886,10 +2241,13 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.22">
+<sect1 label="9.22" id="table">
<title><literal>table</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>table</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tables, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating tables</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>table</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>tables, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating tables</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen> \begin{table}[placement]
@@ -1900,13 +2258,13 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\end{table}
</screen>
<para>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
-usually &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
+usually &#8220;floated&#8221; to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
Tables will not be split between two pages.
</para>
<para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try
to place your table. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put
a float; these are the same as that used with the <literal>figure</literal>
-environment, and described there (see <xref linkend="figure"></xref>).
+environment, and described there (see <link linkend="figure">figure</link>).
</para>
<para>The standard <literal>report</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes use the default
placement <literal>[tbp]</literal>.
@@ -1916,9 +2274,12 @@ you wish. The <literal>\caption</literal> command allows you to title your tabl
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.23">
+<sect1 label="9.23" id="tabular">
<title><literal>tabular</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabular environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lines in tables</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in tables</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabular <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lines in tables</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in tables</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
@@ -1926,7 +2287,7 @@ column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
...
\end{tabular}
</screen>
-<para> or
+<para>or
</para>
<screen>\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
@@ -1936,109 +2297,110 @@ column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
<para>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
items, aligned vertically in columns.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>tabular</literal></primary></indexterm><para><literal>\\</literal> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
-except for the last, where it is optional&mdash;unless an <literal>\hline</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ <lineannotation>for <literal>tabular</literal></lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\\</literal> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
+except for the last, where it is optional&#8212;unless an <literal>\hline</literal>
command (to put a rule below the table) follows.
</para>
<para>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>width</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Specifies the width of the <literal>tabular*</literal> environment. There must be
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>width</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Specifies the width of the <literal>tabular*</literal> environment. There must be
rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified
width.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>pos</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>pos</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of
the environment.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>align on top row
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>align on bottom row
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>align on top row
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>align on bottom row
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>cols</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>cols</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
intercolumn material.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>A column of left-aligned items.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>A column of left-aligned items.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>A column of right-aligned items.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>A column of right-aligned items.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>A column of centered items.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>A column of centered items.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>|</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>|</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>This inserts <replaceable>text</replaceable> in every row. An @-expression suppresses the
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>This inserts <replaceable>text</replaceable> in every row. An @-expression suppresses the
intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space
-between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in
-<replaceable>text</replaceable>. An <literal>\extracolsep{wd}</literal> command in an @-expression
-causes an extra space of width <literal>wd</literal> to appear to the left of all
-subsequent columns, until countermanded by another <literal>\extracolsep</literal>
-command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not
-suppressed by an @-expression. An <literal>\extracolsep</literal> command can be
-used only in an @-expression in the <literal>cols</literal> argument.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>p{<replaceable>wd</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width
+before the adjacent item must be included in <replaceable>text</replaceable>.
+</para>
+<para>To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given
+column, you have to load the <literal>array</literal> package and use the
+<literal>&gt;{...}</literal> specifier.
+<!-- xx should fully explain array, tabularx, and all other base packages... -->
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\extracolsep</primary></indexterm>
+<para>An <literal>\extracolsep{wd}</literal> command in an @-expression causes an
+extra space of width <literal>wd</literal> to appear to the left of all subsequent
+columns, until countermanded by another <literal>\extracolsep</literal> command.
+Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed
+by an @-expression. An <literal>\extracolsep</literal> command can be used only
+in an @-expression in the <literal>cols</literal> argument.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>p{<replaceable>wd</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width
<replaceable>wd</replaceable>, as if it were the argument of a
<literal>\parbox[t]{<replaceable>wd</replaceable>}</literal> command. However, a <literal>\\</literal> may not
appear in the item, except in the following situations:
</para>
-<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem>
-<para>inside an environment like <literal>minipage</literal>, <literal>array</literal>, or <literal>tabular</literal>.
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>inside an explicit <literal>\parbox</literal>.
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>in the scope of a <literal>\centering</literal>, <literal>\raggedright</literal>, or <literal>\raggedleft</literal>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>inside an environment like <literal>minipage</literal>, <literal>array</literal>, or <literal>tabular</literal>.
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>inside an explicit <literal>\parbox</literal>.
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>in the scope of a <literal>\centering</literal>, <literal>\raggedright</literal>, or <literal>\raggedleft</literal>
declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an
environment when used in a <literal>p</literal>-column element.
-</para></listitem>
-</orderedlist>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>*{<replaceable>num</replaceable>}{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Equivalent to <replaceable>num</replaceable> copies of <replaceable>cols</replaceable>, where <replaceable>num</replaceable> is a
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>*{<replaceable>num</replaceable>}{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Equivalent to <replaceable>num</replaceable> copies of <replaceable>cols</replaceable>, where <replaceable>num</replaceable> is a
positive integer and <replaceable>cols</replaceable> is any list of column-specifiers,
which may contain another <literal>*-expression</literal>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
<para>Parameters that control formatting:
<!-- xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? -->
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Thickness of the rule created by <literal>|</literal>, <literal>\hline</literal>, and
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arrayrulewidth</primary></indexterm><literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Thickness of the rule created by <literal>|</literal>, <literal>\hline</literal>, and
<literal>\vline</literal> in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; the
-default is &lsquo;<literal>.4pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+default is &#8216;<literal>.4pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arraystretch</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal>
-environments; default is &lsquo;<literal>1</literal>&rsquo;, for no scaling.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arraystretch</primary></indexterm><literal>\arraystretch</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal>
+environments; default is &#8216;<literal>1</literal>&#8217;, for no scaling.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\doublerulesep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <literal>||</literal>
-in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; default is &lsquo;<literal>2pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\doublerulesep</primary></indexterm><literal>\doublerulesep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <literal>||</literal>
+in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; default is &#8216;<literal>2pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tabcolsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is &lsquo;<literal>6pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tabcolsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\tabcolsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is &#8216;<literal>6pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-<para>These commands can be used inside a <literal>tabular</literal> environment:
+<para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabular</literal>
+environment:
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.23.1">
+<sect2 label="9.23.1" id="_005cmulticolumn">
<title><literal>\multicolumn</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multicolumn</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para><screen>\multicolumn{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pos</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
@@ -2049,7 +2411,7 @@ specifies the formatting of the entry; <literal>c</literal> for centered, <liter
for flushleft, <literal>r</literal> for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
<replaceable>text</replaceable>, specifies what text to put in the entry.
</para>
-<para>Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
+<para>Here&#8217;s an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
<literal>\multicolumn</literal> is used for the heading:
</para>
<screen>\begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
@@ -2061,9 +2423,10 @@ for flushleft, <literal>r</literal> for flushright. The third mandatory argumen
</screen>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.23.2">
+<sect2 label="9.23.2" id="_005ccline">
<title><literal>\cline</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cline</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\cline{<replaceable>i</replaceable>-<replaceable>j</replaceable>}
@@ -2074,19 +2437,21 @@ which are specified in the mandatory argument.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.23.3">
+<sect2 label="9.23.3" id="_005chline">
<title><literal>\hline</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hline</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\hline</literal> command draws a horizontal line the width of the
-enclosing <literal>tabular</literal> or <literal>array</literal> environment. It's most
+enclosing <literal>tabular</literal> or <literal>array</literal> environment. It&#8217;s most
commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows
of a table.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.23.4">
+<sect2 label="9.23.4" id="_005cvline">
<title><literal>\vline</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vline</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\vline</literal> command will draw a vertical line extending the full
height and depth of its row. An <literal>\hfill</literal> command can be used to
move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
@@ -2095,10 +2460,12 @@ move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.24">
+<sect1 label="9.24" id="thebibliography">
<title><literal>thebibliography</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>thebibliography</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (manually)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>thebibliography</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (manually)</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{thebibliography}{<replaceable>widest-label</replaceable>}
@@ -2110,8 +2477,8 @@ move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
reference list.
</para>
<para>In the <literal>article</literal> class, this reference list is labelled
-&ldquo;References&rdquo;; in the <literal>report</literal> class, it is labelled
-&ldquo;Bibliography&rdquo;. You can change the label (in the standard classes)
+&#8220;References&#8221;; in the <literal>report</literal> class, it is labelled
+&#8220;Bibliography&#8221;. You can change the label (in the standard classes)
by redefining the command <literal>\refname</literal>. For instance, this
eliminates it entirely:
</para>
@@ -2124,10 +2491,11 @@ less than 10 references, <literal>99</literal> for ones with less than 100, etc.
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.24.1">
+<sect2 label="9.24.1" id="_005cbibitem">
<title><literal>\bibitem</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibitem</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para><screen>\bibitem[<replaceable>label</replaceable>]{<replaceable>cite_key</replaceable>}
</screen>
@@ -2138,18 +2506,19 @@ automatically generated using the <literal>enumi</literal> counter. The
symbols not containing a comma.
</para>
<para>This command writes an entry to the <filename>.aux</filename> file containing the
-item's <replaceable>cite_key</replaceable> and label. When the <filename>.aux</filename> file is read by
-the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> command, the item's <literal>label</literal> is
+item&#8217;s <replaceable>cite_key</replaceable> and label. When the <filename>.aux</filename> file is read by
+the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> command, the item&#8217;s <literal>label</literal> is
associated with <literal>cite_key</literal>, causing references to <replaceable>cite_key</replaceable>
with a <literal>\cite</literal> command (see next section) to produce the
associated label.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.24.2">
+<sect2 label="9.24.2" id="_005ccite">
<title><literal>\cite</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cite</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\cite[<replaceable>subcite</replaceable>]{<replaceable>keys</replaceable>
@@ -2161,13 +2530,14 @@ the references associated with <replaceable>keys</replaceable> by entries in the
</para>
<para>The text of the optional <replaceable>subcite</replaceable> argument appears after the
citation. For example, <literal>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</literal> might produce
-`[Knuth, p.&nbsp;314]'.
+&#8216;[Knuth, p.&#160;314]&#8217;.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.24.3">
+<sect2 label="9.24.3" id="_005cnocite">
<title><literal>\nocite</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocite</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\nocite{key_list}</literal>
</para>
<para>The <literal>\nocite</literal> command produces no text, but writes <literal>key_list</literal>,
@@ -2178,11 +2548,16 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <filename>.aux</filename> f
<sect2 label="9.24.4" id="Using-BibTeX">
<title>Using Bib&tex;</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>using Bib&tex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bib&tex;, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (automatically)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliographystyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliography</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>using Bib&tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bib&tex;, using</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (automatically)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliographystyle</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliography</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly
recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
-titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the
-<literal>thebibliography</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="thebibliography"></xref>). Instead,
+titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don&#8217;t use the
+<literal>thebibliography</literal> environment (see <link linkend="thebibliography">thebibliography</link>). Instead,
you include the lines
</para>
<screen>\bibliographystyle{<replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable>}
@@ -2194,17 +2569,16 @@ be produced: <replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable> refers to a file
<replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable><filename>.bst</filename>, which defines how your citations will look.
The standard <replaceable>style</replaceable> names distributed with Bib&tex; are:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>alpha</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>alpha</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of
publication.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>plain</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>unsrt</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but entries are in order of citation.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>abbrv</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but more compact labels.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>plain</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>unsrt</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but entries are in order of citation.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>abbrv</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but more compact labels.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to
the demands of various publications. See
<ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>.
@@ -2218,27 +2592,32 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <literal>\cite</literal> and
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.25">
+<sect1 label="9.25" id="theorem">
<title><literal>theorem</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>theorem environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, typesetting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>theorem <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, typesetting</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{theorem}
<replaceable>theorem-text</replaceable>
\end{theorem}
</screen>
-<para>The <literal>theorem</literal> environment produces &ldquo;Theorem <replaceable>n</replaceable>&rdquo; in
+<para>The <literal>theorem</literal> environment produces &#8220;Theorem <replaceable>n</replaceable>&#8221; in
boldface followed by <replaceable>theorem-text</replaceable>, where the numbering
possibilities for <replaceable>n</replaceable> are described under <literal>\newtheorem</literal>
-(see <xref linkend="\newtheorem"></xref>).
+(see <link linkend="_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</link>).
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.26">
+<sect1 label="9.26" id="titlepage">
<title><literal>titlepage</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>making a title page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title pages, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>making a title page</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>title pages, creating</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{titlepage}
@@ -2249,17 +2628,23 @@ possibilities for <replaceable>n</replaceable> are described under <literal>\new
with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following
page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to
you. The <literal>\today</literal> command may be useful on title pages
-(see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>).
+(see <link linkend="_005ctoday">\today</link>).
</para>
-<para>You can use the <literal>\maketitle</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\maketitle"></xref>) to
+<para>You can use the <literal>\maketitle</literal> command (see <link linkend="_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</link>) to
produce a standard title page without a <literal>titlepage</literal> environment.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.27">
+<sect1 label="9.27" id="verbatim">
<title><literal>verbatim</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>verbatim environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>simulating typed text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typed text, simulating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>code, typesetting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>computer programs, typesetting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>verbatim <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>simulating typed text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>typed text, simulating</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>code, typesetting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>computer programs, typesetting</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{verbatim}
@@ -2268,17 +2653,19 @@ produce a standard title page without a <literal>titlepage</literal> environment
</screen>
<para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> environment is a paragraph-making environment in
which &latex; produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
-<literal>\</literal> character produces a printed &lsquo;<literal>\</literal>&rsquo;. It turns &latex;
+<literal>\</literal> character produces a printed &#8216;<literal>\</literal>&#8217;. It turns &latex;
into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
effect that they would on a typewriter.
</para>
<para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<literal>\tt</literal>).
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.27.1">
+<sect2 label="9.27.1" id="_005cverb">
<title><literal>\verb</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text, inline</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text, inline</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\verb<replaceable>char</replaceable><replaceable>literal-text</replaceable><replaceable>char</replaceable>
@@ -2290,16 +2677,19 @@ including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
<literal>\verb*</literal> and the delimiter <replaceable>char</replaceable>, which begins and ends the
verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable>.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>*</literal>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
-&ldquo;visible space&rdquo; character.
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>*</literal>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
+&#8220;visible space&#8221; character.
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.28">
+<sect1 label="9.28" id="verse">
<title><literal>verse</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>verse environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>poetry, an environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>verse <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>poetry, an environment for</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{verse}
@@ -2311,7 +2701,8 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <replaceable>literal-text</repl
<para>The <literal>verse</literal> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
other uses for it.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>verse</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ <lineannotation>for <literal>verse</literal></lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each
stanza with <literal>\\</literal>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
stanzas.
@@ -2321,7 +2712,9 @@ stanzas.
</chapter>
<chapter label="10" id="Line-breaking">
<title>Line breaking</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking lines</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaking</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking lines</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
@@ -2333,9 +2726,12 @@ some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
</para>
-<sect1 label="10.1">
+<sect1 label="10.1" id="_005c_005c">
<title><literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>]</title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line break, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ <lineannotation>force line break</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line break, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\\</literal> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an
optional argument, <replaceable>morespace</replaceable>, that specifies how much extra
vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
@@ -2346,11 +2742,14 @@ except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.2">
+<sect1 label="10.2" id="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">
<title><literal>\obeycr</literal> &amp; <literal>\restorecr</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, output as input</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, output as input</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\obeycr</literal> command makes a return in the input file
-(&lsquo;<literal>^^M</literal>&rsquo;, internally) the same as <literal>\\</literal> (followed by
+(&#8216;<literal>^^M</literal>&#8217;, internally) the same as <literal>\\</literal> (followed by
<literal>\relax</literal>). So each new line in the input will also be a new line
in the output.
</para>
@@ -2358,18 +2757,22 @@ in the output.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.3">
+<sect1 label="10.3" id="_005cnewline">
<title><literal>\newline</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newline</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting (paragraph mode)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newline</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting (paragraph mode)</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\newline</literal> command breaks the line at the present point, with
no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph
mode.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.4">
+<sect1 label="10.4" id="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">
<title><literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen)</title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\- (hyphenation)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\- <lineannotation>(hyphenation)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\-</literal> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at
that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually
find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an
@@ -2383,32 +2786,35 @@ that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.5">
+<sect1 label="10.5" id="_005cfussy">
<title><literal>\fussy</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The declaration <literal>\fussy</literal> (which is the default) makes &tex;
picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between
words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
</para>
<para>This command cancels the effect of a previous <literal>\sloppy</literal> command
-(see <xref linkend="\sloppy"></xref>.
+(see <link linkend="_005csloppy">\sloppy</link>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.6">
+<sect1 label="10.6" id="_005csloppy">
<title><literal>\sloppy</literal></title>
<para>The declaration <literal>\sloppy</literal> makes &tex; less fussy about line
breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
interword spacing.
</para>
-<para>Lasts until a <literal>\fussy</literal> command is issued (see <xref linkend="\fussy"></xref>).
+<para>Lasts until a <literal>\fussy</literal> command is issued (see <link linkend="_005cfussy">\fussy</link>).
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.7">
+<sect1 label="10.7" id="_005chyphenation">
<title><literal>\hyphenation</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, defining</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, defining</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\hyphenation{<replaceable>word-one</replaceable> <replaceable>word-two</replaceable>}
@@ -2424,9 +2830,13 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words):
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.8">
+<sect1 label="10.8" id="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">
<title><literal>\linebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, preventing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, preventing</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopses:
</para>
<screen>\linebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
@@ -2439,24 +2849,28 @@ extends to the right margin as usual.
</para>
<para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the command
from a demand to a request. The <replaceable>priority</replaceable> must be a number from
-0 to&nbsp;4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request.
+0 to&#160;4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request.
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter label="11" id="Page-breaking">
<title>Page breaking</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking pages</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page breaking</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking pages</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically,
but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
</para>
-<sect1 label="11.1">
+<sect1 label="11.1" id="_005ccleardoublepage">
<title><literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting on a right-hand page</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting on a right-hand page</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
@@ -2464,25 +2878,33 @@ In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="11.2">
+<sect1 label="11.2" id="_005cclearpage">
<title><literal>\clearpage</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page and clearing floats</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page and clearing floats</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\clearpage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="11.3">
+<sect1 label="11.3" id="_005cnewpage">
<title><literal>\newpage</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new page, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newpage</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new page, starting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\newpage</literal> command ends the current page, but does not clear
floats (see <literal>\clearpage</literal> above).
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="11.4">
+<sect1 label="11.4" id="_005cenlargethispage">
<title><literal>\enlargethispage</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enlargethispage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enlarge current page</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enlargethispage</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>enlarge current page</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\enlargethispage{size}</literal>
</para>
<para><literal>\enlargethispage*{size}</literal>
@@ -2497,22 +2919,26 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="11.5">
+<sect1 label="11.5" id="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">
<title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, preventing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, preventing</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopses:
</para>
<screen>\pagebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
\nopagebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
</screen>
<para>By default, the <literal>\pagebreak</literal> (<literal>\nopagebreak</literal>) command forces
-(prevents) a page break at the current position. For
-<literal>\linebreak</literal>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
+(prevents) a page break at the current position. With
+<literal>\pagebreak</literal>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.
</para>
<para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the
<literal>\pagebreak</literal> command from a demand to a request. The number must
-be a number from 0 to&nbsp;4. The higher the number, the more
+be a number from 0 to&#160;4. The higher the number, the more
insistent the request is.
</para>
@@ -2521,6 +2947,7 @@ insistent the request is.
<chapter label="12" id="Footnotes">
<title>Footnotes</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, creating</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced
with one command, the <literal>\footnote</literal> command. They can also be
produced with two commands, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> and the
@@ -2528,9 +2955,10 @@ produced with two commands, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> and the
</para>
-<sect1 label="12.1">
+<sect1 label="12.1" id="_005cfootnote">
<title><literal>\footnote</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnote</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\footnote[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
@@ -2546,9 +2974,10 @@ tables or in a <literal>tabular</literal> environment. (See following sections.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="12.2">
+<sect1 label="12.2" id="_005cfootnotemark">
<title><literal>\footnotemark</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotemark</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>With no optional argument, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> command puts the
current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in
inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately,
@@ -2563,9 +2992,10 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="12.3">
+<sect1 label="12.3" id="_005cfootnotetext">
<title><literal>\footnotetext</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotetext</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\footnotetext[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
@@ -2582,14 +3012,17 @@ appear in outer paragraph mode.
<sect1 label="12.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes">
<title>Symbolic footnotes</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</primary></indexterm><para>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</primary></indexterm>
+<para>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing
numbers, redefine <literal>\thefootnote</literal> like this:
</para>
<screen>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fnsymbol, and footnotes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@fnsymbol</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\fnsymbol</literal> command produces a predefined series of symbols
-(see <xref linkend="\alph-\Alph-\arabic-\roman-\Roman-\fnsymbol"></xref>). If you want to
-use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fnsymbol<lineannotation>, and footnotes</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@fnsymbol</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\fnsymbol</literal> command produces a predefined series of symbols
+(see <link linkend="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</link>). If you want to
+use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you&#8217;ll need to also
redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>.
</para>
@@ -2597,37 +3030,43 @@ redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>.
<sect1 label="12.5" id="Footnote-parameters">
<title>Footnote parameters</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, for footnotes</primary></indexterm>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\footnoterule</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote parameters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, for footnotes</primary></indexterm>
+
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnoterule</primary></indexterm><literal>\footnoterule</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&#8217;s
footnotes. Default dimensions: <literal>0.4pt</literal> thick (or wide), and
<literal>0.4\columnwidth</literal> long in the standard document classes (except
slides, where it does not appear).
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\footnotesep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotesep</primary></indexterm><literal>\footnotesep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By
default, this is set to the normal strut for <literal>\footnotesize</literal>
-fonts (see <xref linkend="Font-sizes"></xref>), therefore there is no extra space between
-footnotes. This is &lsquo;<literal>6.65pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>7.7pt</literal>&rsquo; for
-&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<literal>8.4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+fonts (see <link linkend="Font-sizes">Font sizes</link>), therefore there is no extra space between
+footnotes. This is &#8216;<literal>6.65pt</literal>&#8217; for &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>7.7pt</literal>&#8217; for
+&#8216;<literal>11pt</literal>&#8217;, and &#8216;<literal>8.4pt</literal>&#8217; for &#8216;<literal>12pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter label="13" id="Definitions">
<title>Definitions</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>definitions</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</para>
<!-- xx everything in this chapter needs examples. -->
-<sect1 label="13.1">
+<sect1 label="13.1" id="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">
<title><literal>\newcommand</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining a new command</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new commands, defining</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining a new command</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new commands, defining</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\renewcommand</literal> define and redefine a
command, respectively. Synopses:
</para>
@@ -2637,35 +3076,36 @@ command, respectively. Synopses:
\renewcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
</screen>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The command name beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The command name beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it
must not be already defined and must not begin with <literal>\end</literal>; for
<literal>\renewcommand</literal>, it must already be defined.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no
arguments.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>default</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command&#8217;s
first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the
default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified
-in the call) is the string &lsquo;<literal>def</literal>&rsquo;.
+in the call) is the string &#8216;<literal>def</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>defn</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <literal>cmd</literal>; a
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>defn</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <literal>cmd</literal>; a
construct of the form <literal>#<replaceable>n</replaceable></literal> in <replaceable>defn</replaceable> is replaced by the
text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<!-- xx \providecommand, * form (non-\long) -->
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.2">
+<sect1 label="13.2" id="_005cnewcounter">
<title><literal>\newcounter</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, defining new</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcounter</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, defining new</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\newcounter{<replaceable>cnt</replaceable>}[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]
@@ -2676,13 +3116,15 @@ The new counter is initialized to zero.
<para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>
will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented.
</para>
-<para>See <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>, for more information about counters.
+<para>See <link linkend="Counters">Counters</link>, for more information about counters.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.3">
+<sect1 label="13.3" id="_005cnewlength">
<title><literal>\newlength</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining new</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newlength</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining new</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\newlength{\<replaceable>arg</replaceable>}
@@ -2692,14 +3134,15 @@ will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented.
be a control sequence, as in <literal>\newlength{\foo}</literal>. An error
occurs if <literal>\foo</literal> is already defined.
</para>
-<para>See <xref linkend="Lengths"></xref>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and
+<para>See <link linkend="Lengths">Lengths</link>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and
for more information about lengths in general.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.4">
+<sect1 label="13.4" id="_005cnewsavebox">
<title><literal>\newsavebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newsavebox</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\newsavebox{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}
@@ -2709,9 +3152,14 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.5">
+<sect1 label="13.5" id="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">
<title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new environments</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>redefining environments</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments, defining</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new environments</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>redefining environments</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopses:
</para>
<screen> \newenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>}
@@ -2719,70 +3167,74 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
\renewenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>These commands define or redefine an environment <replaceable>env</replaceable>, that is,
-<literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>} &hellip; \end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>.
+<literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>} &#8230; \end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>env</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The name of the environment. For <literal>\newenvironment</literal>, <replaceable>env</replaceable>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>env</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The name of the environment. For <literal>\newenvironment</literal>, <replaceable>env</replaceable>
must not be an existing environment, and the command <literal>\<replaceable>env</replaceable></literal>
must be undefined. For <literal>\renewenvironment</literal>, <replaceable>env</replaceable> must be
the name of an existing environment.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <replaceable>default</replaceable>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>default</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <replaceable>default</replaceable>
gives the default value for that argument.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>begdef</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>; a
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>begdef</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>; a
construct of the form <literal>#<replaceable>n</replaceable></literal> in <replaceable>begdef</replaceable> is replaced by
the text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>enddef</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>. It
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>enddef</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>. It
may not contain any argument parameters.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.6">
+<sect1 label="13.6" id="_005cnewtheorem">
<title><literal>\newtheorem</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtheorem</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new theorems</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtheorem</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, defining</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new theorems</primary></indexterm>
+
<screen>\newtheorem{<replaceable>newenv</replaceable>}{<replaceable>label</replaceable>}[<replaceable>within</replaceable>]
\newtheorem{<replaceable>newenv</replaceable>}[<replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable>]{<replaceable>label</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>newenv</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>newenv</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an
existing environment or otherwise defined.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>label</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
-number. For example, &lsquo;<literal>Theorem</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>label</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
+number. For example, &#8216;<literal>Theorem</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment;
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment;
the new environment will be numbered just like <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>within</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>within</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit.
The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the
<replaceable>within</replaceable> counter.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>At most one of <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable> and <replaceable>within</replaceable> can be specified,
not both.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.7">
+<sect1 label="13.7" id="_005cnewfont">
<title><literal>\newfont</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newfont</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts, new commands for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new fonts</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newfont</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts, new commands for</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new fonts</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\newfont{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>fontname</replaceable>}
@@ -2796,28 +3248,32 @@ More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <filename>.fd</filename> fi
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.8">
+<sect1 label="13.8" id="_005cprotect">
<title><literal>\protect</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\protect</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fragile commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>moving arguments</primary></indexterm><para>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fragile commands</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>moving arguments</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
many more are so-called <firstterm>fragile</firstterm> commands. When a fragile
command is used in certain contexts, called <firstterm>moving arguments</firstterm>, it
must be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>. In addition, any fragile
commands within the arguments must have their own <literal>\protect</literal>.
</para>
<para>Some examples of moving arguments are <literal>\caption</literal>
-(see <xref linkend="figure"></xref>), <literal>\thanks</literal> (see <xref linkend="\maketitle"></xref>), and
+(see <link linkend="figure">figure</link>), <literal>\thanks</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</link>), and
expressions in <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments
-(see <xref linkend="tabular"></xref>).
+(see <link linkend="tabular">tabular</link>).
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>robust commands</primary></indexterm><para>Commands which are not fragile are called <firstterm>robust</firstterm>. They must not
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>robust commands</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Commands which are not fragile are called <firstterm>robust</firstterm>. They must not
be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>.
</para>
<para>See also:
</para>
-<screen><ulink url="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</ulink>
-<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</ulink>
-</screen>
+<simpara><ulink url="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</ulink></simpara>
+<simpara><ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</ulink></simpara>
+
<!-- xx really need examples. -->
@@ -2825,12 +3281,14 @@ be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>.
</chapter>
<chapter label="14" id="Counters">
<title>Counters</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, a list of</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>variables, a list of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, a list of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>variables, a list of</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment
or command that produces the number, except with no <literal>\</literal>.
-(<literal>enumi</literal>&ndash;<literal>enumiv</literal> are used for the nested enumerate
-environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;'s
+(<literal>enumi</literal>&#8211;<literal>enumiv</literal> are used for the nested enumerate
+environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&#8217;s
standard document classes to control numbering.
</para>
<screen>part paragraph figure enumi
@@ -2841,43 +3299,45 @@ subsubsection
</screen>
-<sect1 label="14.1">
+<sect1 label="14.1" id="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">
<title><literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters</title>
<para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\alph</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>prints <replaceable>counter</replaceable> using lowercase letters: `a', `b', &hellip;.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\alph</primary></indexterm><literal>\alph</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>prints <replaceable>counter</replaceable> using lowercase letters: &#8216;a&#8217;, &#8216;b&#8217;, ...
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Alph</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', &hellip;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Alph</primary></indexterm><literal>\Alph</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>uses uppercase letters: &#8216;A&#8217;, &#8216;B&#8217;, ...
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arabic</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', &hellip;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arabic</primary></indexterm><literal>\arabic</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>uses Arabic numbers: &#8216;1&#8217;, &#8216;2&#8217;, ...
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\roman</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', &hellip;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\roman</primary></indexterm><literal>\roman</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: &#8216;i&#8217;, &#8216;ii&#8217;, ...
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\roman</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', &hellip;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\roman</primary></indexterm><literal>\roman</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: &#8216;I&#8217;, &#8216;II&#8217;, ...
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fnsymbol</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>prints the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> in a specific sequence of nine
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fnsymbol</primary></indexterm><literal>\fnsymbol</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>prints the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> in a specific sequence of nine
symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
-<replaceable>counter</replaceable> must be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive.
+<replaceable>counter</replaceable> must be between&#160;1 and&#160;9, inclusive.
</para>
-<para>The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names:
+<para>The symbols mostly aren&#8217;t supported in Info, but here are the names:
</para><literallayout>asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
</literallayout>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.2">
+<sect1 label="14.2" id="_005cusecounter">
<title><literal>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usecounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>list items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>numbered items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usecounter</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>list items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>numbered items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}
@@ -2888,9 +3348,11 @@ the list items.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.3">
+<sect1 label="14.3" id="_005cvalue">
<title><literal>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\value</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, getting value of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\value</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, getting value of</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}
@@ -2904,9 +3366,12 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.4">
+<sect1 label="14.4" id="_005csetcounter">
<title><literal>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, setting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>setting counters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setcounter</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, setting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>setting counters</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\setcounter{<replaceable>\counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}
@@ -2916,42 +3381,48 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.5">
+<sect1 label="14.5" id="_005caddtocounter">
<title><literal>\addtocounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocounter</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\addtocounter</literal> command increments <replaceable>counter</replaceable> by the
amount specified by the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument, which may be negative.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.6">
+<sect1 label="14.6" id="_005crefstepcounter">
<title><literal>\refstepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\refstepcounter</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\refstepcounter</literal> command works in the same way as
-<literal>\stepcounter</literal> See <xref linkend="\stepcounter"></xref>, except it also defines the
+<literal>\stepcounter</literal> See <link linkend="_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</link>, except it also defines the
current <literal>\ref</literal> value to be the result of <literal>\thecounter</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.7">
+<sect1 label="14.7" id="_005cstepcounter">
<title><literal>\stepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stepcounter</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\stepcounter</literal> command adds one to <replaceable>counter</replaceable> and
resets all subsidiary counters.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.8">
+<sect1 label="14.8" id="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">
<title><literal>\day \month \year</literal>: Predefined counters</title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\year</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\year</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<literal>\day</literal>,
-1&ndash;31), month of the year (<literal>\month</literal>, 1&ndash;12), and year
+1&#8211;31), month of the year (<literal>\month</literal>, 1&#8211;12), and year
(<literal>\year</literal>, Common Era). When &tex; starts up, they are
set to the current values on the system where &tex; is running. They
are not updated as the job progresses.
</para>
<para>The related command <literal>\today</literal> produces a string representing the
-current day (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>).
+current day (see <link linkend="_005ctoday">\today</link>).
</para>
</sect1>
@@ -2959,14 +3430,17 @@ current day (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>).
<chapter label="15" id="Lengths">
<title>Lengths</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining and using</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>A <literal>length</literal> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
length as an argument.
</para>
-<sect1 label="15.1">
+<sect1 label="15.1" id="_005csetlength">
<title><literal>\setlength{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, setting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setlength</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, setting</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\setlength</literal> sets the value of <replaceable>\len</replaceable> to the <replaceable>value</replaceable>
argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex;
understands, i.e., inches (<literal>in</literal>), millimeters (<literal>mm</literal>), points
@@ -2974,18 +3448,21 @@ understands, i.e., inches (<literal>in</literal>), millimeters (<literal>mm</lit
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="15.2">
+<sect1 label="15.2" id="_005caddtolength">
<title>\addtolength{<replaceable>\len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>amount</replaceable>}</title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtolength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, adding to</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The <literal>\addtolength</literal> command increments a &ldquo;length command&rdquo;
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtolength</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, adding to</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>The <literal>\addtolength</literal> command increments a &#8220;length command&#8221;
<replaceable>\len</replaceable> by the amount specified in the <replaceable>amount</replaceable> argument, which
may be negative.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="15.3">
+<sect1 label="15.3" id="_005csettodepth">
<title><literal>\settodepth</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settodepth</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</literal>
</para>
<para>The <literal>\settodepth</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command
@@ -2993,9 +3470,10 @@ equal to the depth of the <literal>text</literal> argument.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="15.4">
+<sect1 label="15.4" id="_005csettoheight">
<title><literal>\settoheight</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settoheight</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</literal>
</para>
<para>The <literal>\settoheight</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command
@@ -3004,29 +3482,35 @@ equal to the height of the <literal>text</literal> argument.
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="15.5">
+<sect1 label="15.5" id="_005csettowidth">
<title><literal>\settowidth{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settowidth</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\settowidth</literal> command sets the value of the command <replaceable>\len</replaceable>
to the width of the <replaceable>text</replaceable> argument.
</para>
-
</sect1>
<sect1 label="15.6" id="Predefined-lengths">
<title>Predefined lengths</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, predefined</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>predefined lengths</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, predefined</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>predefined lengths</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\width</literal>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\width</primary></indexterm></para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\width</primary></indexterm>
+</para>
<para><literal>\height</literal>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\height</primary></indexterm></para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\height</primary></indexterm>
+</para>
<para><literal>\depth</literal>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\depth</primary></indexterm></para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\depth</primary></indexterm>
+</para>
<para><literal>\totalheight</literal>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\totalheight</primary></indexterm></para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\totalheight</primary></indexterm>
+</para>
<para>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
-commands (see <xref linkend="Boxes"></xref>). They specify the natural width etc. of the
-text in the box. <literal>\totalheight</literal> equals <literal>\height</literal> +
+commands (see <link linkend="Boxes">Boxes</link>). They specify the natural width, etc., of
+the text in the box. <literal>\totalheight</literal> equals <literal>\height</literal> +
<literal>\depth</literal>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
natural size, e.g., say
</para>
@@ -3037,17 +3521,22 @@ natural size, e.g., say
</chapter>
<chapter label="16" id="Making-paragraphs">
<title>Making paragraphs</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>making paragraphs</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
-<para>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&mdash;lines not
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>making paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&#8212;lines not
containing even a <literal>%</literal>. A blank line should not appear where a new
paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
a sectioning command.
</para>
-<sect1 label="16.1">
+<sect1 label="16.1" id="_005cindent">
<title><literal>\indent</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\indent</literal> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the
width of the <literal>\parindent</literal> length, the normal paragraph
indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would
@@ -3059,18 +3548,22 @@ mode, otherwise <literal>15pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, <
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="16.2">
+<sect1 label="16.2" id="_005cnoindent">
<title><literal>\noindent</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, suppressing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, suppressing</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <literal>\noindent</literal>
suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in
the middle of a paragraph.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="16.3">
+<sect1 label="16.3" id="_005cparskip">
<title><literal>\parskip</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space before paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space before paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\parskip</literal> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
before each paragraph. The default is <literal>0pt plus1pt</literal>.
</para>
@@ -3078,7 +3571,11 @@ before each paragraph. The default is <literal>0pt plus1pt</literal>.
</sect1>
<sect1 label="16.4" id="Marginal-notes">
<title>Marginal notes</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>marginal notes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>notes in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>remarks in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\marginpar</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>marginal notes</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>notes in the margin</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>remarks in the margin</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\marginpar</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\marginpar[<replaceable>left</replaceable>]{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}
@@ -3090,17 +3587,13 @@ where the <literal>\marginpar</literal> occurs.
<para>When you only specify the mandatory argument <replaceable>right</replaceable>, the text
will be placed
</para>
-<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem>
-<para>in the right margin for one-sided layout;
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
-</para></listitem>
-</itemizedlist>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\reversemarginpar</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalmarginpar</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\reversemarginpar</literal> places subsequent marginal notes
+<itemizedlist><listitem><para>in the right margin for one-sided layout;
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\reversemarginpar</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalmarginpar</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The command <literal>\reversemarginpar</literal> places subsequent marginal notes
in the opposite (inside) margin. <literal>\normalmarginpar</literal> places them
in the default position.
</para>
@@ -3112,22 +3605,21 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with <literal>\hspace{0pt}</literal>.
</para>
<para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\marginparpush</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<literal>7pt</literal>&rsquo; for
-&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>5pt</literal>&rsquo; else.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\marginparpush</primary></indexterm><literal>\marginparpush</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &#8216;<literal>7pt</literal>&#8217; for
+&#8216;<literal>12pt</literal>&#8217; documents, &#8216;<literal>5pt</literal>&#8217; else.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\marginparsep</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
-&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; else.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\marginparsep</primary></indexterm><literal>\marginparsep</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
+&#8216;<literal>11pt</literal>&#8217; for &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217; documents, &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217; else.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\marginparwidth</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; document
-is &lsquo;<literal>90pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>83pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<literal>68pt</literal>&rsquo; for
-&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;; &lsquo;<literal>17pt</literal>&rsquo; more in each case for a two-sided document.
-In two column mode, the default is &lsquo;<literal>48pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\marginparwidth</primary></indexterm><literal>\marginparwidth</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217; document
+is &#8216;<literal>90pt</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>83pt</literal>&#8217; for &#8216;<literal>11pt</literal>&#8217;, and &#8216;<literal>68pt</literal>&#8217; for
+&#8216;<literal>12pt</literal>&#8217;; &#8216;<literal>17pt</literal>&#8217; more in each case for a two-sided document.
+In two column mode, the default is &#8216;<literal>48pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>The standard &latex; routine for marginal notes does not prevent
notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
<!-- @TeX{} FAQ entry on this topic (xx when there): -->
@@ -3139,19 +3631,28 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
</chapter>
<chapter label="17" id="Math-formulas">
<title>Math formulas</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math formulas</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, entering</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm><para>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode:
-</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>math</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>For formulas that appear right in the text.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>displaymath</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>For formulas that appear on their own line.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>equation</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math formulas</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, math</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, entering</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation <lineannotation>environment</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>math</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>For formulas that appear right in the text.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>displaymath</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>For formulas that appear on their own line.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>equation</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
number in the right margin.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\(</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\[</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\]</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>math</literal> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\(</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\[</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\]</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>math</literal> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the <literal>displaymath</literal> and <literal>equation</literal> environments can be used
only in paragraph mode. The <literal>math</literal> and <literal>displaymath</literal>
environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
@@ -3159,18 +3660,22 @@ environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
<screen>\(...\) <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \begin{math}...\end{math}
\[...\] <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>$</primary></indexterm><para>In fact, the <literal>math</literal> environment is so common that it has an even
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>$</primary></indexterm>
+<para>In fact, the <literal>math</literal> environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:
</para>
<screen>$ ... $ <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \(...\)
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\boldmath</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unboldmath</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\boldmath</literal> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\boldmath</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unboldmath</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\boldmath</literal> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
a bold font. It is used <emphasis>outside</emphasis> of math mode. Conversely, the
<literal>\unboldmath</literal> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
it too is used <emphasis>outside</emphasis> of math mode.
</para>
<!-- xx own section? Math fonts? -->
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\displaystyle</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\displaystyle</literal> declaration forces the size and style of the
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\displaystyle</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\displaystyle</literal> declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of <literal>displaymath</literal>, e.g., with limits above and
below summations. For example
</para><screen>$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
@@ -3179,12 +3684,17 @@ below summations. For example
-<sect1 label="17.1" id="Subscripts-&amp;-superscripts">
+<sect1 label="17.1" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">
<title>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exponent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>^</primary></indexterm>
-<para>To get an expression <wordasword>exp</wordasword> to appear as a subscript, you just type
-<literal>_{</literal><wordasword>exp</wordasword><literal>}</literal>. To get <wordasword>exp</wordasword> to appear as a
-superscript, you type <literal>^{</literal><wordasword>exp</wordasword><literal>}</literal>. &latex; handles
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>exponent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>_</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>^</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>To get an expression <emphasis>exp</emphasis> to appear as a subscript, you just type
+<literal>_{</literal><emphasis>exp</emphasis><literal>}</literal>. To get <emphasis>exp</emphasis> to appear as a
+superscript, you type <literal>^{</literal><emphasis>exp</emphasis><literal>}</literal>. &latex; handles
superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way.
It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
superscript.
@@ -3193,915 +3703,953 @@ superscript.
</sect1>
<sect1 label="17.2" id="Math-symbols">
<title>Math symbols</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greek letters</primary></indexterm>
-<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math symbols</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, math</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>greek letters</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you&#8217;re likely to
need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode.
For example, if you include <literal>$\pi$</literal> in your source, you will get
-the pi symbol (\pi) in your output.
+the pi symbol (<inlineequation><mathphrase>\pi</mathphrase></inlineequation>) in your output.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\|</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\|
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\|</primary></indexterm><literal>\|</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\|</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\aleph</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\aleph
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\aleph</primary></indexterm><literal>\aleph</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\aleph</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\alpha</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\alpha
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\alpha</primary></indexterm><literal>\alpha</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\alpha</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\amalg</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\amalg (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\amalg</primary></indexterm><literal>\amalg</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\amalg</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\angle</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\angle
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\angle</primary></indexterm><literal>\angle</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\angle</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\approx</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\approx (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\approx</primary></indexterm><literal>\approx</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\approx</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ast</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\ast (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ast</primary></indexterm><literal>\ast</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\ast</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\asymp</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\asymp (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\asymp</primary></indexterm><literal>\asymp</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\asymp</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\backslash</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\ (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backslash</primary></indexterm><literal>\backslash</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>\ (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\beta</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\beta
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\beta</primary></indexterm><literal>\beta</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\beta</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bigcap
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigcap</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigcap</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bigcap</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcirc</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bigcirc (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigcirc</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigcirc</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bigcirc</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcup</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bigcup
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigcup</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigcup</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bigcup</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigodot</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bigodot
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigodot</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigodot</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bigodot</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigoplus</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bigoplus
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigoplus</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigoplus</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bigoplus</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigotimes</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bigotimes
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigotimes</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigotimes</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bigotimes</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigtriangledown</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bigtriangledown (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigtriangledown</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigtriangledown</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bigtriangledown</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigtriangleup</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bigtriangleup (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigtriangleup</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigtriangleup</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bigtriangleup</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigsqcup</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bigsqcup
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigsqcup</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigsqcup</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bigsqcup</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\biguplus</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\biguplus
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\biguplus</primary></indexterm><literal>\biguplus</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\biguplus</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bigvee
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigcap</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigcap</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bigvee</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigwedge</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bigwedge
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigwedge</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigwedge</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bigwedge</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bot</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bot
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bot</primary></indexterm><literal>\bot</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bot</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bowtie</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\bowtie (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bowtie</primary></indexterm><literal>\bowtie</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bowtie</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Box</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>(square open box symbol) <!-- xx not in plain -->
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Box</primary></indexterm><literal>\Box</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>(square open box symbol) <!-- xx not in plain -->
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bullet</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet symbol</primary></indexterm><para>\bullet (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bullet</primary></indexterm><literal>\bullet</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\bullet</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cap</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\cap (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cap</primary></indexterm><literal>\cap</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\cap</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cdot</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\cdot (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cdot</primary></indexterm><literal>\cdot</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\cdot</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\chi</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\chi
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\chi</primary></indexterm><literal>\chi</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\chi</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\circ</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\circ (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\circ</primary></indexterm><literal>\circ</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\circ</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\clubsuit</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\clubsuit
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clubsuit</primary></indexterm><literal>\clubsuit</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\clubsuit</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cong</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\cong (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cong</primary></indexterm><literal>\cong</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\cong</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\coprod</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\coprod
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\coprod</primary></indexterm><literal>\coprod</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\coprod</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cup</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\cup (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cup</primary></indexterm><literal>\cup</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\cup</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dagger</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\dagger (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dagger</primary></indexterm><literal>\dagger</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\dagger</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dashv</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\dashv (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dashv</primary></indexterm><literal>\dashv</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\dashv</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddagger</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\dagger (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ddagger</primary></indexterm><literal>\ddagger</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\dagger</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Delta</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Delta
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Delta</primary></indexterm><literal>\Delta</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Delta</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\delta</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\delta
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\delta</primary></indexterm><literal>\delta</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\delta</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Diamond</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>bigger \diamond <!-- xx not in plain -->
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Diamond</primary></indexterm><literal>\Diamond</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>bigger <inlineequation><mathphrase>\diamond</mathphrase></inlineequation> <!-- xx not in plain -->
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\diamond</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\diamond (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\diamond</primary></indexterm><literal>\diamond</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\diamond</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\diamondsuit</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\diamondsuit
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\diamondsuit</primary></indexterm><literal>\diamondsuit</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\diamondsuit</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\div</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\div (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\div</primary></indexterm><literal>\div</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\div</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\doteq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\doteq (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\doteq</primary></indexterm><literal>\doteq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\doteq</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\downarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\downarrow (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\downarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\downarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\downarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Downarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Downarrow (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Downarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\Downarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Downarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ell</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\ell
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ell</primary></indexterm><literal>\ell</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\ell</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\emptyset</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\emptyset
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\emptyset</primary></indexterm><literal>\emptyset</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\emptyset</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\epsilon</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\epsilon
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\epsilon</primary></indexterm><literal>\epsilon</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\epsilon</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\equiv</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\equiv (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\equiv</primary></indexterm><literal>\equiv</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\equiv</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\eta</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\eta
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\eta</primary></indexterm><literal>\eta</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\eta</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\exists</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\exists
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\exists</primary></indexterm><literal>\exists</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\exists</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\flat</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\flat
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flat</primary></indexterm><literal>\flat</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\flat</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\forall</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\forall
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\forall</primary></indexterm><literal>\forall</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\forall</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\frown</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\frown (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frown</primary></indexterm><literal>\frown</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\frown</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Gamma</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Gamma
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Gamma</primary></indexterm><literal>\Gamma</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Gamma</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gamma</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\gamma
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\gamma</primary></indexterm><literal>\gamma</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\gamma</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ge</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\ge
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ge</primary></indexterm><literal>\ge</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\ge</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\geq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\geq (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\geq</primary></indexterm><literal>\geq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\geq</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gets</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\gets
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\gets</primary></indexterm><literal>\gets</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\gets</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gg</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\gg (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\gg</primary></indexterm><literal>\gg</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\gg</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hbar</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\hbar
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hbar</primary></indexterm><literal>\hbar</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\hbar</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\heartsuit</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\heartsuit
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\heartsuit</primary></indexterm><literal>\heartsuit</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\heartsuit</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hookleftarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\hookleftarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hookleftarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\hookleftarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\hookleftarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hookrightarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\hookrightarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hookrightarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\hookrightarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\hookrightarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\iff</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\iff
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\iff</primary></indexterm><literal>\iff</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\iff</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Im</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Im
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Im</primary></indexterm><literal>\Im</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Im</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\in</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\in (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\in</primary></indexterm><literal>\in</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\in</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\infty</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\infty
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\infty</primary></indexterm><literal>\infty</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\infty</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\int</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\int
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\int</primary></indexterm><literal>\int</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\int</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\iota</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\iota
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\iota</primary></indexterm><literal>\iota</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\iota</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Join</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) <!-- xx not in plain -->
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Join</primary></indexterm><literal>\Join</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) <!-- xx not in plain -->
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\kappa</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\kappa
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\kappa</primary></indexterm><literal>\kappa</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\kappa</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Lambda</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Lambda
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Lambda</primary></indexterm><literal>\Lambda</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Lambda</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lambda</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\lambda
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lambda</primary></indexterm><literal>\lambda</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\lambda</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\land</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\land
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\land</primary></indexterm><literal>\land</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\land</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\langle</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\langle (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\langle</primary></indexterm><literal>\langle</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\langle</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lbrace</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\lbrace (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lbrace</primary></indexterm><literal>\lbrace</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\lbrace</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lbrack</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\lbrack (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lbrack</primary></indexterm><literal>\lbrack</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\lbrack</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lceil</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\lceil (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lceil</primary></indexterm><literal>\lceil</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\lceil</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\le</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\le
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\le</primary></indexterm><literal>\le</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\le</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leadsto</literal></term>
-<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><!-- xx missing from plain -->
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leadsto</primary></indexterm><literal>\leadsto</literal>
+</term><listitem><!-- xx missing from plain -->
-<literal>\Leftarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Leftarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Leftarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\Leftarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Leftarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\leftarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\leftarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\leftarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftharpoondown</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\leftharpoondown
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftharpoondown</primary></indexterm><literal>\leftharpoondown</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\leftharpoondown</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftharpoonup</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\leftharpoonup
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftharpoonup</primary></indexterm><literal>\leftharpoonup</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\leftharpoonup</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Leftrightarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Leftrightarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Leftrightarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\Leftrightarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Leftrightarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftrightarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\leftrightarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftrightarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\leftrightarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\leftrightarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\leq (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leq</primary></indexterm><literal>\leq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\leq</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lfloor</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\lfloor (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lfloor</primary></indexterm><literal>\lfloor</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\lfloor</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lhd</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>(left-pointing arrow head) <!-- xx not in plain -->
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lhd</primary></indexterm><literal>\lhd</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>(left-pointing arrow head) <!-- xx not in plain -->
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ll</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\ll (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ll</primary></indexterm><literal>\ll</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\ll</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lnot</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\lnot
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lnot</primary></indexterm><literal>\lnot</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\lnot</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longleftarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\longleftarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\longleftarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\longleftarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\longleftarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longleftrightarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\longleftrightarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\longleftrightarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\longleftrightarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\longleftrightarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longmapsto</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\longmapsto
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\longmapsto</primary></indexterm><literal>\longmapsto</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\longmapsto</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longrightarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\longrightarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\longrightarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\longrightarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\longrightarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lor</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\lor
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lor</primary></indexterm><literal>\lor</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\lor</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mapsto</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\mapsto
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mapsto</primary></indexterm><literal>\mapsto</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\mapsto</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mho</literal></term>
-<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><!-- xx not in plain -->
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mho</primary></indexterm><literal>\mho</literal>
+</term><listitem><!-- xx not in plain -->
-<literal>\mid</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\mid (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mid</primary></indexterm><literal>\mid</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\mid</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\models</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\models (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\models</primary></indexterm><literal>\models</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\models</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mp</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\mp (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mp</primary></indexterm><literal>\mp</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\mp</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mu</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\mu
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mu</primary></indexterm><literal>\mu</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\mu</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nabla</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\nabla
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nabla</primary></indexterm><literal>\nabla</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\nabla</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\natural</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\natural
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\natural</primary></indexterm><literal>\natural</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\natural</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ne</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\ne
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ne</primary></indexterm><literal>\ne</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\ne</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nearrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\nearrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nearrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\nearrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\nearrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\neg</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\neg
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\neg</primary></indexterm><literal>\neg</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\neg</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\neq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\neq (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\neq</primary></indexterm><literal>\neq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\neq</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ni</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\ni (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ni</primary></indexterm><literal>\ni</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\ni</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\not</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\not</primary></indexterm><literal>\not</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in <inlineequation><mathphrase>\not=</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\notin</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\ni
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\notin</primary></indexterm><literal>\notin</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\ni</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nu</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\nu
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nu</primary></indexterm><literal>\nu</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\nu</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nwarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\nwarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nwarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\nwarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\nwarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\odot</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\odot (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\odot</primary></indexterm><literal>\odot</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\odot</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oint</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\oint
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oint</primary></indexterm><literal>\oint</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\oint</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Omega</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Omega
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Omega</primary></indexterm><literal>\Omega</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Omega</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\omega</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\omega
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\omega</primary></indexterm><literal>\omega</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\omega</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ominus</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\ominus (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ominus</primary></indexterm><literal>\ominus</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\ominus</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oplus</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\oplus (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oplus</primary></indexterm><literal>\oplus</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\oplus</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oslash</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\oslash (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oslash</primary></indexterm><literal>\oslash</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\oslash</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\otimes</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\otimes (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\otimes</primary></indexterm><literal>\otimes</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\otimes</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\owns</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\owns
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\owns</primary></indexterm><literal>\owns</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\owns</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\parallel</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\parallel (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parallel</primary></indexterm><literal>\parallel</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\parallel</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\partial</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\partial
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\partial</primary></indexterm><literal>\partial</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\partial</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\perp</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\perp (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\perp</primary></indexterm><literal>\perp</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\perp</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\phi</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\phi
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\phi</primary></indexterm><literal>\phi</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\phi</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Pi</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Pi
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Pi</primary></indexterm><literal>\Pi</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Pi</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pi</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\pi
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pi</primary></indexterm><literal>\pi</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\pi</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pm</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\pm (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pm</primary></indexterm><literal>\pm</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\pm</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\prec</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\prec (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\prec</primary></indexterm><literal>\prec</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\prec</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\preceq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\preceq (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\preceq</primary></indexterm><literal>\preceq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\preceq</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\prime</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\prime
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\prime</primary></indexterm><literal>\prime</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\prime</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\prod</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\prod
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\prod</primary></indexterm><literal>\prod</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\prod</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\propto</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\propto (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\propto</primary></indexterm><literal>\propto</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\propto</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Psi</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Psi
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Psi</primary></indexterm><literal>\Psi</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Psi</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\psi</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\psi
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\psi</primary></indexterm><literal>\psi</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\psi</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rangle</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\rangle (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rangle</primary></indexterm><literal>\rangle</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\rangle</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rbrace</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\rbrace (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rbrace</primary></indexterm><literal>\rbrace</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\rbrace</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rbrack</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\rbrack (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rbrack</primary></indexterm><literal>\rbrack</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\rbrack</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rceil</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\rceil (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rceil</primary></indexterm><literal>\rceil</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\rceil</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Re</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Re
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Re</primary></indexterm><literal>\Re</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Re</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rfloor</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\rfloor
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rfloor</primary></indexterm><literal>\rfloor</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\rfloor</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rhd</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>(binary operation) <!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} -->
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rhd</primary></indexterm><literal>\rhd</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>(binary operation) <!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} -->
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rho</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\rho
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rho</primary></indexterm><literal>\rho</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\rho</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Rightarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Rightarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Rightarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\Rightarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Rightarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\rightarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rightarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\rightarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\rightarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightharpoondown</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\rightharpoondown
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rightharpoondown</primary></indexterm><literal>\rightharpoondown</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\rightharpoondown</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightharpoonup</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\rightharpoonup
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rightharpoonup</primary></indexterm><literal>\rightharpoonup</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\rightharpoonup</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightleftharpoons</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\rightleftharpoons
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rightleftharpoons</primary></indexterm><literal>\rightleftharpoons</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\rightleftharpoons</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\searrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\searrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\searrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\searrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\searrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\setminus</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\setminus (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setminus</primary></indexterm><literal>\setminus</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\setminus</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sharp</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sharp
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sharp</primary></indexterm><literal>\sharp</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sharp</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Sigma</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Sigma
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Sigma</primary></indexterm><literal>\Sigma</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Sigma</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sigma</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sigma
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sigma</primary></indexterm><literal>\sigma</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sigma</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sim</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sim (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sim</primary></indexterm><literal>\sim</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sim</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\simeq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\simeq (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\simeq</primary></indexterm><literal>\simeq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\simeq</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smallint</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\smallint
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallint</primary></indexterm><literal>\smallint</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\smallint</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smile</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\smile (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smile</primary></indexterm><literal>\smile</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\smile</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\spadesuit</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\spadesuit
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\spadesuit</primary></indexterm><literal>\spadesuit</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\spadesuit</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqcap</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sqcap (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sqcap</primary></indexterm><literal>\sqcap</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sqcap</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqcup</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sqcup (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sqcup</primary></indexterm><literal>\sqcup</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sqcup</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsubset</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) -->
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sqsubset</primary></indexterm><literal>\sqsubset</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) -->
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsubseteq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sqsubseteq (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sqsubseteq</primary></indexterm><literal>\sqsubseteq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sqsubseteq</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsupset</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) -->
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sqsupset</primary></indexterm><literal>\sqsupset</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) -->
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsupseteq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sqsupseteq (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sqsupseteq</primary></indexterm><literal>\sqsupseteq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sqsupseteq</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\star</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\star (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\star</primary></indexterm><literal>\star</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\star</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subset</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\subset (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subset</primary></indexterm><literal>\subset</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\subset</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subseteq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\subseteq (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subseteq</primary></indexterm><literal>\subseteq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\subseteq</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\succ</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\succ (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\succ</primary></indexterm><literal>\succ</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\succ</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\succeq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\succeq (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\succeq</primary></indexterm><literal>\succeq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\succeq</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sum</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sum
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sum</primary></indexterm><literal>\sum</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sum</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\supset</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\supset (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\supset</primary></indexterm><literal>\supset</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\supset</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\supseteq</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\supseteq (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\supseteq</primary></indexterm><literal>\supseteq</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\supseteq</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\surd</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\surd
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\surd</primary></indexterm><literal>\surd</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\surd</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\swarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\swarrow
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\swarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\swarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\swarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tau</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\tau
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tau</primary></indexterm><literal>\tau</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\tau</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\theta</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\theta
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\theta</primary></indexterm><literal>\theta</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\theta</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\times</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\times (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\times</primary></indexterm><literal>\times</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\times</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\to</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\to
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\to</primary></indexterm><literal>\to</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\to</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\top</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\top
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\top</primary></indexterm><literal>\top</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\top</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\triangle</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\triangle
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\triangle</primary></indexterm><literal>\triangle</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\triangle</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\triangleleft</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\triangleleft (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\triangleleft</primary></indexterm><literal>\triangleleft</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\triangleleft</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\triangleright</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\triangleright (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\triangleright</primary></indexterm><literal>\triangleright</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\triangleright</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\unlhd</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain -->
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unlhd</primary></indexterm><literal>\unlhd</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain -->
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\unrhd</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain -->
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unrhd</primary></indexterm><literal>\unrhd</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain -->
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Uparrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Uparrow (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Uparrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\Uparrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Uparrow</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\uparrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\uparrow (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\uparrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\uparrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\uparrow</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Updownarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Updownarrow (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Updownarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\Updownarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Updownarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\updownarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\updownarrow (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\updownarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\updownarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\updownarrow</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\uplus</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\uplus (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\uplus</primary></indexterm><literal>\uplus</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\uplus</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Upsilon</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Upsilon
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Upsilon</primary></indexterm><literal>\Upsilon</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Upsilon</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\upsilon</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\upsilon
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\upsilon</primary></indexterm><literal>\upsilon</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\upsilon</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varepsilon</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\varepsilon
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\varepsilon</primary></indexterm><literal>\varepsilon</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\varepsilon</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varphi</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\varphi
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\varphi</primary></indexterm><literal>\varphi</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\varphi</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varpi</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\varpi
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\varpi</primary></indexterm><literal>\varpi</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\varpi</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varrho</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\varrho
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\varrho</primary></indexterm><literal>\varrho</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\varrho</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varsigma</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\varsigma
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\varsigma</primary></indexterm><literal>\varsigma</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\varsigma</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vartheta</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\vartheta
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vartheta</primary></indexterm><literal>\vartheta</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\vartheta</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vdash</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\vdash (relation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vdash</primary></indexterm><literal>\vdash</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\vdash</mathphrase></inlineequation> (relation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vee</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\vee (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vee</primary></indexterm><literal>\vee</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\vee</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Vert</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Vert (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Vert</primary></indexterm><literal>\Vert</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Vert</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vert</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\vert (delimiter)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vert</primary></indexterm><literal>\vert</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\vert</mathphrase></inlineequation> (delimiter)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\wedge</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\wedge (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\wedge</primary></indexterm><literal>\wedge</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\wedge</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\wp</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\wp
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\wp</primary></indexterm><literal>\wp</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\wp</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\wr</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\wr (binary operation)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\wr</primary></indexterm><literal>\wr</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\wr</mathphrase></inlineequation> (binary operation)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Xi</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Xi
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Xi</primary></indexterm><literal>\Xi</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Xi</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\xi</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\xi
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\xi</primary></indexterm><literal>\xi</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\xi</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\zeta</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\zeta
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\zeta</primary></indexterm><literal>\zeta</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\zeta</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
<sect1 label="17.3" id="Math-functions">
<title>Math functions</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math functions</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>functions, math</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math functions</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>functions, math</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\arccos</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\arccos
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arccos</primary></indexterm><literal>\arccos</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\arccos</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arcsin</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\arcsin
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arcsin</primary></indexterm><literal>\arcsin</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\arcsin</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arctan</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\arctan
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arctan</primary></indexterm><literal>\arctan</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\arctan</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arg</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\arg
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arg</primary></indexterm><literal>\arg</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\arg</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bmod</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bmod</primary></indexterm><literal>\bmod</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Binary modulo operator (<inlineequation><mathphrase>x \bmod y</mathphrase></inlineequation>)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cos</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\cos
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cos</primary></indexterm><literal>\cos</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\cos</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cosh</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\cosh
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cosh</primary></indexterm><literal>\cosh</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\cosh</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cot</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\cos
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cot</primary></indexterm><literal>\cot</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\cos</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\coth</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\cosh
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\coth</primary></indexterm><literal>\coth</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\cosh</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\csc</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\csc
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\csc</primary></indexterm><literal>\csc</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\csc</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\deg</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\deg
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\deg</primary></indexterm><literal>\deg</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\deg</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\det</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\deg
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\det</primary></indexterm><literal>\det</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\deg</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dim</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\dim
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dim</primary></indexterm><literal>\dim</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\dim</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\exp</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\exp
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\exp</primary></indexterm><literal>\exp</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\exp</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gcd</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\gcd
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\gcd</primary></indexterm><literal>\gcd</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\gcd</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hom</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\hom
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hom</primary></indexterm><literal>\hom</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\hom</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\inf</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\inf
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\inf</primary></indexterm><literal>\inf</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\inf</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ker</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\ker
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ker</primary></indexterm><literal>\ker</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\ker</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lg</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\lg
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lg</primary></indexterm><literal>\lg</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\lg</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lim</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\lim
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lim</primary></indexterm><literal>\lim</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\lim</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\liminf</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\liminf
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\liminf</primary></indexterm><literal>\liminf</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\liminf</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\limsup</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\limsup
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\limsup</primary></indexterm><literal>\limsup</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\limsup</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ln</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\ln
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ln</primary></indexterm><literal>\ln</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\ln</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\log</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\log
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\log</primary></indexterm><literal>\log</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\log</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\max</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\max
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\max</primary></indexterm><literal>\max</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\max</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\min</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\min
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\min</primary></indexterm><literal>\min</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\min</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pmod</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pmod</primary></indexterm><literal>\pmod</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>parenthesized modulus, as in (<inlineequation><mathphrase>\pmod 2^n - 1</mathphrase></inlineequation>)
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Pr</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\Pr
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Pr</primary></indexterm><literal>\Pr</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\Pr</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sec</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sec
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sec</primary></indexterm><literal>\sec</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sec</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sin</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sin
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sin</primary></indexterm><literal>\sin</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sin</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sinh</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sinh
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sinh</primary></indexterm><literal>\sinh</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sinh</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sup</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\sup
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sup</primary></indexterm><literal>\sup</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sup</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tan</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\tan
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tan</primary></indexterm><literal>\tan</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\tan</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tanh</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>\tanh
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tanh</primary></indexterm><literal>\tanh</literal>
+</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\tanh</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
<sect1 label="17.4" id="Math-accents">
<title>Math accents</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents, mathematical</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math accents</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents, mathematical</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math. These are different from accents in normal text
-(see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>).
+(see <link linkend="Accents">Accents</link>).
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\acute</primary></indexterm><literal>\acute</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math acute accent: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\acute{x}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\acute</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math acute accent: \acute{x}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bar</primary></indexterm><literal>\bar</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math bar-over accent: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\bar{x}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bar</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\breve</primary></indexterm><literal>\breve</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math breve accent: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\breve{x}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\breve</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math breve accent: \breve{x}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\check</primary></indexterm><literal>\check</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>h&#225;&#269;ek accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math h&#225;&#269;ek (check) accent: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\check{x}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\check</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>h&aacute;c&lt;ek accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math h&aacute;c&lt;ek (check) accent: \check{x}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ddot</primary></indexterm><literal>\ddot</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dot accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math dieresis accent: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\ddot{x}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddot</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dot accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dot</primary></indexterm><literal>\dot</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overdot accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot over accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math dot accent: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\dot{x}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dot</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overdot accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot over accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dot accent: \dot{x}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\grave</primary></indexterm><literal>\grave</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math grave accent: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\grave{x}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\grave</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math grave accent: \grave{x}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hat</primary></indexterm><literal>\hat</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\hat{x}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hat</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\imath</primary></indexterm><literal>\imath</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math dotless i.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\imath</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dotless i.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\jmath</primary></indexterm><literal>\jmath</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math dotless j.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\jmath</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dotless j.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathring</primary></indexterm><literal>\mathring</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ring accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math ring accent: x*. <!-- don't bother implementing in texinfo -->
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tilde</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tilde</primary></indexterm><literal>\tilde</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math tilde accent: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\tilde{x}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vec</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vector symbol, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math vector symbol: \vec{x}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vec</primary></indexterm><literal>\vec</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vector symbol, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math vector symbol: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\vec{x}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\widehat</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide hat accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\widehat</primary></indexterm><literal>\widehat</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide hat accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math wide hat accent: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\widehat{x+y}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\widehat</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide tile accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\widehat</primary></indexterm><literal>\widehat</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide tile accent, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Math wide tilde accent: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\widetilde{x+y}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
<sect1 label="17.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode">
<title>Spacing in math mode</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing within math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, spacing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing within math mode</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, spacing</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>In a <literal>math</literal> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and
puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics
texts. If you want different spacing, &latex; provides the following
commands for use in math mode:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\;</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\;</primary></indexterm><para>A thick space (5\over18\,quad).
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\:</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\&gt;</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\:</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&gt;</primary></indexterm><para>Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad).
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\,</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\,</primary></indexterm><para>A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\!</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad).
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\;</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\;</primary></indexterm>
+<para>A thick space (<inlineequation><mathphrase>5\over18\,</mathphrase></inlineequation>quad).
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\:</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\&gt;</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\:</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&gt;</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Both of these produce a medium space (<inlineequation><mathphrase>2\over9\,</mathphrase></inlineequation>quad).
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\,</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\,</primary></indexterm>
+<para>A thin space (<inlineequation><mathphrase>1\over6\,</mathphrase></inlineequation>quad); not restricted to math mode.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\!</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>A negative thin space (<inlineequation><mathphrase>-{1\over6}\,</mathphrase></inlineequation>quad).
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
<sect1 label="17.6" id="Math-miscellany">
<title>Math miscellany</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math miscellany</primary></indexterm>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\*</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>discretionary multiplication</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</primary></indexterm><para>A &ldquo;discretionary&rdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
+
+<variablelist>
+<varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\*</primary></indexterm><literal>\*</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>discretionary multiplication</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</primary></indexterm>
+<para>A &#8220;discretionary&#8221; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
allowed.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cdots</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cdots</primary></indexterm><literal>\cdots</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddots</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ddots</primary></indexterm><literal>\ddots</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>A diagonal ellipsis: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\ddots</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\frac{num}{den}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frac</primary></indexterm><para>Produces the fraction <literal>num</literal> divided by <literal>den</literal>.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frac{num}{den}</primary></indexterm><literal>\frac{num}{den}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frac</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces the fraction <literal>num</literal> divided by <literal>den</literal>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\left <replaceable>delim1</replaceable> ... \right <replaceable>delim2</replaceable></literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\right</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>null delimiter</primary></indexterm><para>The two delimiters need not match; &lsquo;<literal>.</literal>&rsquo; acts as a null delimiter,
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\left <replaceable>delim1</replaceable> ... \right <replaceable>delim2</replaceable></primary></indexterm><literal>\left <replaceable>delim1</replaceable> ... \right <replaceable>delim2</replaceable></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\right</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>null delimiter</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The two delimiters need not match; &#8216;<literal>.</literal>&#8217; acts as a null delimiter,
producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math
in between. Example: <literal>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</literal>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\overbrace{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Generates a brace over <replaceable>text</replaceable>.
-For example, \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\overbrace{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\overbrace{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Generates a brace over <replaceable>text</replaceable>.
+For example, <inlineequation><mathphrase>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <replaceable>tex</replaceable>.
-For exampe, \overline{x+y}.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <replaceable>tex</replaceable>.
+For exampe, <inlineequation><mathphrase>\overline{x+y}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</primary></indexterm><literal>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The
optional argument <replaceable>root</replaceable> determines what root to produce. For
example, the cube root of <literal>x+y</literal> would be typed as
<literal>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</literal>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\stackrel{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>relation</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Puts <replaceable>text</replaceable> above <replaceable>relation</replaceable>. For example,
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stackrel{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>relation</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\stackrel{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>relation</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Puts <replaceable>text</replaceable> above <replaceable>relation</replaceable>. For example,
<literal>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</literal>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\underbrace{math}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Generates <replaceable>math</replaceable> with a brace underneath.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbrace{math}</primary></indexterm><literal>\underbrace{math}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Generates <replaceable>math</replaceable> with a brace underneath.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\underline{text}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Causes <replaceable>text</replaceable>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underline{text}</primary></indexterm><literal>\underline{text}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Causes <replaceable>text</replaceable>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of
descenders.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vdots</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vdots</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vdots</primary></indexterm><literal>\vdots</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vdots</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter label="18" id="Modes">
<title>Modes</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>modes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-to-right mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lR mode</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>modes</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph mode</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-to-right mode</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lR mode</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
modes:
</para>
-<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem>
-<para>Paragraph mode
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>Math mode
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
-</para></listitem>
-</itemizedlist>
+<itemizedlist><listitem><para>Paragraph mode
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>Math mode
+</para></listitem><listitem><para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
&latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
</para>
-<para>&ldquo;Paragraph mode&rdquo; is the most common; it's the one &latex; is in
+<para>&#8220;Paragraph mode&#8221; is the most common; it&#8217;s the one &latex; is in
when processing ordinary text. In that mode, &latex; breaks your
text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. &latex; is in
-&ldquo;math mode&rdquo; when it's generating a mathematical formula. In &ldquo;LR
-mode&rdquo;, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output that it
+&#8220;math mode&#8221; when it&#8217;s generating a mathematical formula. In &#8220;LR
+mode&#8221;, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output that it
produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However,
unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to right; it
never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words
@@ -4116,76 +4664,92 @@ There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
making a box that put &latex; in paragraph mode. The box make by one of
these commands or environments will be called a <literal>parbox</literal>. When
&latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in
-&ldquo;inner paragraph mode&rdquo;. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out
-in, is called &ldquo;outer paragraph mode&rdquo;.
+&#8220;inner paragraph mode&#8221;. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out
+in, is called &#8220;outer paragraph mode&#8221;.
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter label="19" id="Page-styles">
<title>Page styles</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles, page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page styles</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles, page</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page styles</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command determines the size and position of
-the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
+the page&#8217;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
</para>
-<sect1 label="19.1">
+<sect1 label="19.1" id="_005cmaketitle">
<title><literal>\maketitle</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>titles, making</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\maketitle</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>titles, making</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\maketitle</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\maketitle</literal> command generates a title on a separate title
-page&mdash;except in the <literal>article</literal> class, where the title is placed
+page&#8212;except in the <literal>article</literal> class, where the title is placed
at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
is obtained from the following declarations:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\author{<replaceable>name</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>author, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\and for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\author</literal> command declares the document author(s), where the
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\author{<replaceable>name</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\author{<replaceable>name</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>author, for titlepage</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ <lineannotation>for <literal>\author</literal></lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\and <lineannotation>for <literal>\author</literal></lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\author</literal> command declares the document author(s), where the
argument is a list of authors separated by <literal>\and</literal> commands. Use
-<literal>\\</literal> to separate lines within a single author's entry&mdash;for
-example, to give the author's institution or address.
+<literal>\\</literal> to separate lines within a single author&#8217;s entry&#8212;for
+example, to give the author&#8217;s institution or address.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\date{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>date, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\date</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the document's
-date. With no <literal>\date</literal> command, the current date (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>)
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\date{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\date{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>date, for titlepage</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\date</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the document&#8217;s
+date. With no <literal>\date</literal> command, the current date (see <link linkend="_005ctoday">\today</link>)
is used.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\thanks{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thanks, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>credit footnote</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\thanks</literal> command produces a <literal>\footnote</literal> to the title,
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thanks{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\thanks{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thanks, for titlepage</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>credit footnote</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\thanks</literal> command produces a <literal>\footnote</literal> to the title,
usually used for credit acknowledgements.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\title</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\title</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the title of the
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title, for titlepage</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ <lineannotation>for <literal>\title</literal></lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\title</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the title of the
document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="19.2">
+<sect1 label="19.2" id="_005cpagenumbering">
<title><literal>\pagenumbering</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagenumbering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page numbering style</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagenumbering</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page numbering style</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\pagenumbering{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>arabic</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>arabic numerals
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>roman</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>lowercase Roman numerals
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>Roman</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>uppercase Roman numerals
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>alph</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>lowercase letters
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>Alph</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>uppercase letters
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>arabic</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>arabic numerals
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>roman</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>lowercase Roman numerals
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>Roman</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>uppercase Roman numerals
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>alph</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>lowercase letters
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>Alph</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>uppercase letters
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="19.3">
+<sect1 label="19.3" id="_005cpagestyle">
<title><literal>\pagestyle</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagestyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer style</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagestyle</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>header style</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer style</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer style</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\pagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}
@@ -4193,42 +4757,41 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual.
<para>The <literal>\pagestyle</literal> command specifies how the headers and footers
are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for <replaceable>style</replaceable>:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>plain</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Just a plain page number.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>plain</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Just a plain page number.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>empty</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>empty</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>headings</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>headings</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what
goes in the headers.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>myheadings</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Custom headers, specified via the <literal>\markboth</literal> or the
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>myheadings</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Custom headers, specified via the <literal>\markboth</literal> or the
<literal>\markright</literal> commands.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>Here are the descriptions of <literal>\markboth</literal> and <literal>\markright</literal>:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\markboth{<replaceable>left</replaceable>}{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A &ldquo;left-hand heading&rdquo;
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\markboth{<replaceable>left</replaceable>}{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\markboth{<replaceable>left</replaceable>}{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A &#8220;left-hand heading&#8221;
(<replaceable>left</replaceable>) is generated by the last <literal>\markboth</literal> command before
-the end of the page, while a &ldquo;right-hand heading&rdquo; (<replaceable>right</replaceable> is
+the end of the page, while a &#8220;right-hand heading&#8221; (<replaceable>right</replaceable> is
generated by the first <literal>\markboth</literal> or <literal>\markright</literal> that
comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
the page.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="19.4">
+<sect1 label="19.4" id="_005cthispagestyle">
<title><literal>\thispagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thispagestyle</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\thispagestyle</literal> command works in the same manner as the
<literal>\pagestyle</literal> command (see previous section) except that it
changes to <replaceable>style</replaceable> for the current page only.
@@ -4239,17 +4802,19 @@ changes to <replaceable>style</replaceable> for the current page only.
<chapter label="20" id="Spaces">
<title>Spaces</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
</para>
-<para>Another space-producing command is <literal>\,</literal> to produce a &ldquo;thin&rdquo;
+<para>Another space-producing command is <literal>\,</literal> to produce a &#8220;thin&#8221;
space (usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is
-more often useful in math mode (see <xref linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode"></xref>).
+more often useful in math mode (see <link linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</link>).
</para>
-<sect1 label="20.1">
+<sect1 label="20.1" id="_005chspace">
<title><literal>\hspace</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hspace</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\hspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
@@ -4266,24 +4831,29 @@ form.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.2">
+<sect1 label="20.2" id="_005chfill">
<title><literal>\hfill</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hfill</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\hfill</literal> fill command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; which has
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hfill</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\hfill</literal> fill command produces a &#8220;rubber length&#8221; which has
no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as
needed.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fill</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\fill</literal> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically,
-the glue value &lsquo;<literal>0pt plus1fill</literal>&rsquo;); thus, <literal>\hspace\fill</literal> is
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fill</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\fill</literal> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically,
+the glue value &#8216;<literal>0pt plus1fill</literal>&#8217;); thus, <literal>\hspace\fill</literal> is
equivalent to <literal>\hfill</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.3">
+<sect1 label="20.3" id="_005cSPACE">
<title><literal>\SPACE</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SPACE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TAB</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NEWLINE</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The <literal>\ </literal> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's
-useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SPACE</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TAB</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NEWLINE</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>The <literal>\ </literal> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It&#8217;s
+useful after punctuation which shouldn&#8217;t end a sentence. For example
<literal>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</literal>.
It is also often used after control sequences, as in <literal>\TeX\ is a
nice system.</literal>
@@ -4293,79 +4863,86 @@ are equivalent to <literal>\ </literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.4">
+<sect1 label="20.4" id="_005cAT">
<title><literal>\@</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\@</literal> command makes the following punctuation character end a
sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after
a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without
<literal>\@</literal>:
</para>
-<screen>&hellip; in C\@. Pascal, though &hellip;
-&hellip; in C. Pascal, though &hellip;
+<screen>&#8230; in C\@. Pascal, though &#8230;
+&#8230; in C. Pascal, though &#8230;
</screen>
<para>produces
</para>
<!-- Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. -->
-<blockquote><para>&hellip; in C. Pascal, though &hellip;
-&hellip; in C. Pascal, though &hellip;
+<blockquote><para>&#8230; in C. Pascal, though &#8230;
+&#8230; in C. Pascal, though &#8230;
</para></blockquote>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.5">
+<sect1 label="20.5" id="_005cthinspace">
<title><literal>\thinspace</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\thinspace</literal> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as
-in '&rdquo;.
+in &#8217;&#8221;.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.6">
+<sect1 label="20.6" id="_005c_002f">
<title><literal>\/</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\/</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\/</literal> command produces an <firstterm>italic correction</firstterm>. This is a
small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic
-<wordasword>f</wordasword> character typically has a large italic correction value.
+<emphasis>f</emphasis> character typically has a large italic correction value.
</para>
-<para>If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to
+<para>If the following character is a period or comma, it&#8217;s not necessary to
insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
normal letters, it can help. Compare
-<wordasword>f: f;</wordasword> (in the &tex; output, the `f's are nicely separated)
-with <wordasword>f: f;</wordasword>.
+<emphasis>f: f;</emphasis> (in the &tex; output, the &#8216;f&#8217;s are nicely separated)
+with <emphasis>f: f;</emphasis>.
</para>
<para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
correction. Compare
-pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the `f')
+pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the &#8216;f&#8217;)
with pdf&tex;.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.7">
+<sect1 label="20.7" id="_005chrulefill">
<title><literal>\hrulefill</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The <literal>\hrulefill</literal> fill command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; which can
+
+<para>The <literal>\hrulefill</literal> fill command produces a &#8220;rubber length&#8221; which can
stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
rule.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.8">
+<sect1 label="20.8" id="_005cdotfill">
<title><literal>\dotfill</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The <literal>\dotfill</literal> command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; that fills
+
+<para>The <literal>\dotfill</literal> command produces a &#8220;rubber length&#8221; that fills
with dots instead of just white space.
</para>
<!-- xx undone -->
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.9">
+<sect1 label="20.9" id="_005caddvspace">
<title><literal>\addvspace</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addvspace</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>space, inserting vertical</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addvspace</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>space, inserting vertical</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\addvspace{length}</literal>
</para>
<para>The <literal>\addvspace</literal> command normally adds a vertical space of height
@@ -4376,41 +4953,48 @@ of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.10">
+<sect1 label="20.10" id="_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">
<title><literal>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</literal></title>
<para>These commands produce a given amount of space.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigskip</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskipamount</primary></indexterm><para>The same as <literal>\vspace{bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigskip</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskipamount</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line
space (with stretch and shrink).
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\medskip</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskipamount</primary></indexterm><para>The same as <literal>\vspace{medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\medskip</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskipamount</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily
about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smallskip</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskipamount</primary></indexterm><para>The same as <literal>\vspace{smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smallskip</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskipamount</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>The <literal>\...amount</literal> parameters are determined by the document class.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.11">
+<sect1 label="20.11" id="_005cvfill">
<title><literal>\vfill</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vfill</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\vfill</literal> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which
-can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to
-<literal>\vspace{\fill}</literal> (see <xref linkend="\hfill"></xref>).
+can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It&#8217;s equivalent to
+<literal>\vspace{\fill}</literal> (see <link linkend="_005chfill">\hfill</link>).
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.12">
+<sect1 label="20.12" id="_005cvspace">
<title><literal>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vspace</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
@@ -4429,24 +5013,29 @@ space is not removed.
<title>Boxes</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>boxes</primary></indexterm>
-<para>All the predefined length parameters (see <xref linkend="Predefined-lengths"></xref>) can be
+
+<para>All the predefined length parameters (see <link linkend="Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</link>) can be
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
</para>
-<sect1 label="21.1">
+<sect1 label="21.1" id="_005cmbox">
<title><literal>\mbox{<replaceable>text}</replaceable></literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, preventing</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\mbox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, preventing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\mbox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
text created by its argument. The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is not broken into
lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.2">
+<sect1 label="21.2" id="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">
<title><literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopses:
</para>
<screen>\fbox{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
@@ -4460,18 +5049,21 @@ specification of the box width with the optional <replaceable>width</replaceable
(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <replaceable>position</replaceable>
argument. <!-- xxref -->
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm><para>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <literal>\fboxrule</literal> (default
-&lsquo;<literal>.4pt</literal>&rsquo;), and leave a space of <literal>\fboxsep</literal> (default
-&lsquo;<literal>3pt</literal>&rsquo;) between the rule and the contents of the box.
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <literal>\fboxrule</literal> (default
+&#8216;<literal>.4pt</literal>&#8217;), and leave a space of <literal>\fboxsep</literal> (default
+&#8216;<literal>3pt</literal>&#8217;) between the rule and the contents of the box.
</para>
-<para>See <xref linkend="\framebox-(picture)"></xref>, for the <literal>\framebox</literal> command in the
+<para>See <link linkend="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</link>, for the <literal>\framebox</literal> command in the
<literal>picture</literal> environment.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.3">
+<sect1 label="21.3" id="lrbox">
<title><literal>lrbox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lrbox</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</literal>
</para>
<para>This is the environment form of <literal>\sbox</literal>.
@@ -4481,9 +5073,10 @@ must have been declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.4">
+<sect1 label="21.4" id="_005cmakebox">
<title><literal>\makebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\makebox[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
@@ -4494,25 +5087,25 @@ optional <replaceable>width</replaceable> argument. The position of the text wi
is determined by the optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> argument, which may take
the following values:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Centered (default).
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Flush left.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Flush right.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>s</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>Stretch (justify) across entire <replaceable>width</replaceable>; <replaceable>text</replaceable> must contain
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Centered (default).
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Flush left.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Flush right.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>s</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Stretch (justify) across entire <replaceable>width</replaceable>; <replaceable>text</replaceable> must contain
stretchable space for this to work.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para><literal>\makebox</literal> is also used within the picture environment
-see <xref linkend="\makebox-(picture)"></xref>.
+see <link linkend="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</link>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.5">
+<sect1 label="21.5" id="_005cparbox">
<title><literal>\parbox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parbox</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\parbox[<replaceable>position</replaceable>][<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
@@ -4520,19 +5113,18 @@ see <xref linkend="\makebox-(picture)"></xref>.
<para>The <literal>\parbox</literal> command produces a box whose contents are created
in <literal>paragraph</literal> mode. It should be used to make a box small
pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
-shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a
+shouldn&#8217;t use any paragraph-making environments inside a
<literal>\parbox</literal> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones
containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
-<literal>minipage</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="minipage"></xref>).
+<literal>minipage</literal> environment (see <link linkend="minipage">minipage</link>).
</para>
<para><literal>\parbox</literal> has two mandatory arguments:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>the width of the parbox;
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>the text that goes inside the parbox.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>width</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>the width of the parbox;
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>text</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>the text that goes inside the parbox.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
<para>The optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> argument allows you to align either the
top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding
text (default is top).
@@ -4542,22 +5134,22 @@ text (default is top).
<para>The <replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable> argument controls the placement of the text inside
the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <replaceable>position</replaceable> is used.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>text is placed at the top of the box.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>text is centered in the box.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>text is placed at the bottom of the box.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>s</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>text is placed at the top of the box.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>text is centered in the box.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>text is placed at the bottom of the box.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>s</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
for this to work.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.6">
+<sect1 label="21.6" id="_005craisebox">
<title><literal>\raisebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raisebox</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\raisebox{distance}[<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>depth</replaceable>]{text}
@@ -4574,44 +5166,47 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.7">
+<sect1 label="21.7" id="_005csavebox">
<title><literal>\savebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\savebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>This command typeset <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\makebox</literal>
-(see <xref linkend="\makebox"></xref>), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
+(see <link linkend="_005cmakebox">\makebox</link>), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
it saves it in the box labeled <replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>, which must have been
-declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>).
+declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</link>).
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.8">
+<sect1 label="21.8" id="_005csbox">
<title><literal>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para><literal>\sbox</literal> types <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\mbox</literal>
-(see <xref linkend="\mbox"></xref>) except that instead of the resulting box being
+(see <link linkend="_005cmbox">\mbox</link>) except that instead of the resulting box being
included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>. <replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable> must have been previously declared with
-<literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>).
+<literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</link>).
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.9">
+<sect1 label="21.9" id="_005cusebox">
<title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable></literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usebox</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para><literal>\usebox</literal> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin
-<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable> by a <literal>\savebox</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\savebox"></xref>).
+<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable> by a <literal>\savebox</literal> command (see <link linkend="_005csavebox">\savebox</link>).
</para>
</sect1>
@@ -4626,28 +5221,42 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
<sect1 label="22.1" id="Reserved-characters">
<title>Reserved characters</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called
-&ldquo;reserved characters&rdquo; or &ldquo;special characters&rdquo;.
+&#8220;reserved characters&#8221; or &#8220;special characters&#8221;.
</para>
<screen># $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ { }
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\#</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\$</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\%</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&amp;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\{</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\}</primary></indexterm><para>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex;
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\#</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\$</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\%</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&amp;</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\_</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\{</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\}</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex;
will do something special. If you simply want the character to be
printed as itself, include a <literal>\</literal> in front of the character. For
example, <literal>\$</literal> will produce <literal>$</literal> in your output.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backslash</primary></indexterm><para>One exception to this rule is <literal>\</literal> itself, because <literal>\\</literal> has
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backslash</primary></indexterm>
+<para>One exception to this rule is <literal>\</literal> itself, because <literal>\\</literal> has
its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by
typing <literal>$\backslash$</literal> in your file, and a typewriter <literal>\</literal> is
-produced by using &lsquo;<literal>\</literal>&rsquo; in a verbatim command (see <xref linkend="verbatim"></xref>).
+produced by using &#8216;<literal>\</literal>&#8217; in a verbatim command (see <link linkend="verbatim">verbatim</link>).
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^</primary></indexterm><para>Also, <literal>\~</literal> and <literal>\^</literal> place tilde and circumflex accents over
-the following letter, as in &otilde; and &ocirc; (see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>); to get
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Also, <literal>\~</literal> and <literal>\^</literal> place tilde and circumflex accents over
+the following letter, as in &#245; and &#244; (see <link linkend="Accents">Accents</link>); to get
a standalone <literal>~</literal> or <literal>^</literal>, you can again use a verbatim
command.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accessing any character of a font</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>accessing any character of a font</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
know its number by using the <literal>\symbol</literal> command. For example, the
visible space character used in the <literal>\verb*</literal> command has the code
@@ -4662,187 +5271,286 @@ with <literal>&quot;</literal>, so the previous example could also be written as
<sect1 label="22.2" id="Text-symbols">
<title>Text symbols</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>textcomp package</primary></indexterm><para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>textcomp <lineannotation>package</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
not available in OT1; you may need to load the <literal>textcomp</literal> package.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\copyright</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\textcopyright</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>copyright symbol</primary></indexterm><para>The copyright symbol, &copy;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dag</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>The dagger symbol (in text).
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddag</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>The double dagger symbol (in text).
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\LaTeX</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;</primary></indexterm><para>The &latex; logo.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\guillemotleft (&laquo;)</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\guillemotright (&raquo;)</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\guilsinglleft (&lt;)</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\guilsinglright (&gt;)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double guillemets</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single guillemets</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>French quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quotation marks, French</primary></indexterm><para>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
-&laquo;, &raquo;, &lt;, &gt;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ldots</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\dots</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\textellipsis</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm><para>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `&hellip;'. <literal>\ldots</literal>
+<variablelist>
+<varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\copyright</primary></indexterm><literal>\copyright</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textcopyright</primary></indexterm><literal>\textcopyright</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>copyright symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The copyright symbol, &#169;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dag</primary></indexterm><literal>\dag</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The dagger symbol (in text).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ddag</primary></indexterm><literal>\ddag</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The double dagger symbol (in text).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LaTeX</primary></indexterm><literal>\LaTeX</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; logo</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The &latex; logo.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemotleft <lineannotation>(&#171;)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemotleft <lineannotation>(&#171;)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemotright <lineannotation>(&#187;)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemotright <lineannotation>(&#187;)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guilsinglleft <lineannotation>(&#8249;)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\guilsinglleft <lineannotation>(&#8249;)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guilsinglright <lineannotation>(&#8250;)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\guilsinglright <lineannotation>(&#8250;)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double guillemets</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>single guillemets</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>left angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>right angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>double angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>single angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>French quotation marks</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>quotation marks, French</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
+&#171;, &#187;, &#8249;, &#8250;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ldots</primary></indexterm><literal>\ldots</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dots</primary></indexterm><literal>\dots</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textellipsis</primary></indexterm><literal>\textellipsis</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm>
+<para>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &#8216;&#8230;&#8217;. <literal>\ldots</literal>
and <literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lq</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>opening quote</primary></indexterm><para>Left (opening) quote: `.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\P</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\textparagraph</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pilcrow</primary></indexterm><para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pounds</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\textsterling</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pounds symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sterling symbol</primary></indexterm><para>English pounds sterling: &pound;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\quotedblbase (&ldquor;)</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\quotesinglbase (&lsquor;)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-9 quotation marks, single and double</primary></indexterm><para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline:
-&ldquor; and &lsquor;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rq</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing quote</primary></indexterm><para>Right (closing) quote: '.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\S</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Section symbol.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\TeX</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&tex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &tex;</primary></indexterm><para>The &tex; logo.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textasciicircum</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII circumflex, in text</primary></indexterm><para>ASCII circumflex: ^.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textasciitilde</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII tilde, in text</primary></indexterm><para>ASCII tilde: ~.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textasteriskcentered</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>asterisk, centered, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered asterisk, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Centered asterisk: *.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbackslash</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>backslash, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Backslash: \.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbar</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, vertical, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Vertical bar: |.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbardbl</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, double, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, double vertical, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Double vertical bar.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbigcircle</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>big circle symbols, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circle symbol, big, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Big circle symbol.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbraceleft</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left brace, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, left, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Left brace: {.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbraceright</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right brace, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, right, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Right brace: }.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbullet</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Bullet: &bull;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textcircled{<replaceable>letter</replaceable>}</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circled letter, in text</primary></indexterm><para><replaceable>letter</replaceable> in a circle, as in &reg;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textcompwordmark</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\textcapitalwordmark</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\textascenderwordmark</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>composite word mark, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cap height</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ascender height</primary></indexterm><para>Composite word mark (invisible). The <literal>\textcapital...</literal> form
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lq</primary></indexterm><literal>\lq</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>opening quote</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Left (opening) quote: &#8216;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\P</primary></indexterm><literal>\P</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textparagraph</primary></indexterm><literal>\textparagraph</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>pilcrow</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pounds</primary></indexterm><literal>\pounds</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsterling</primary></indexterm><literal>\textsterling</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pounds symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>sterling symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<para>English pounds sterling: &#163;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\quotedblbase <lineannotation>(&#8222;)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\quotedblbase <lineannotation>(&#8222;)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\quotesinglbase <lineannotation>(&#8218;)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\quotesinglbase <lineannotation>(&#8218;)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>single low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-9 quotation marks, single and double</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline:
+&#8222; and &#8218;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rq</primary></indexterm><literal>\rq</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing quote</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Right (closing) quote: &#8217;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\S</primary></indexterm><literal>\S</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Section symbol.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TeX</primary></indexterm><literal>\TeX</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&tex; logo</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The &tex; logo.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textasciicircum</primary></indexterm><literal>\textasciicircum</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII circumflex, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>ASCII circumflex: ^.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textasciitilde</primary></indexterm><literal>\textasciitilde</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII tilde, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>ASCII tilde: ~.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textasteriskcentered</primary></indexterm><literal>\textasteriskcentered</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>asterisk, centered, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered asterisk, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Centered asterisk: *.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbackslash</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbackslash</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>backslash, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Backslash: \.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbar</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbar</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, vertical, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Vertical bar: |.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbardbl</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbardbl</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, double, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, double vertical, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>double vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Double vertical bar.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbigcircle</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbigcircle</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>big circle symbols, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>circle symbol, big, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Big circle symbol.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbraceleft</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbraceleft</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left brace, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, left, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Left brace: {.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbraceright</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbraceright</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right brace, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, right, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Right brace: }.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbullet</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbullet</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Bullet: &#8226;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textcircled{<replaceable>letter</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\textcircled{<replaceable>letter</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circled letter, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para><replaceable>letter</replaceable> in a circle, as in &#174;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textcompwordmark</primary></indexterm><literal>\textcompwordmark</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textcapitalwordmark</primary></indexterm><literal>\textcapitalwordmark</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textascenderwordmark</primary></indexterm><literal>\textascenderwordmark</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>composite word mark, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cap height</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ascender height</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Composite word mark (invisible). The <literal>\textcapital...</literal> form
has the cap height of the font, while the <literal>\textascender...</literal> form
has the ascender height.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textdagger</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Dagger: \dag.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textdaggerdbl</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, double, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Double dagger: \ddag.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textdollar (or <literal>$</literal>)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dollar sign</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, dollar</primary></indexterm><para>Dollar sign: $.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textemdash (or <literal>---</literal>)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash</primary></indexterm><para>Em-dash: &mdash; (for punctuation).
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textendash (or <literal>--</literal>)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>e-dash</primary></indexterm><para>En-dash: &mdash; (for ranges).
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texteuro</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>euro symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, euro</primary></indexterm><para>The Euro symbol: &euro;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textexclamdown (or <literal>!`</literal>)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exclamation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm><para>Upside down exclamation point: &iexcl;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textgreater</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greater than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Greater than: &gt;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textless</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>less than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Less than: &lt;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textleftarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, left, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left arrow, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Left arrow.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textordfeminine</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\textordmasculine</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>masculine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm><para>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: &ordf;, &ordm;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textperiodcentered</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>period, centered, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered period, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Centered period: \cdot.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquestiondown (or <literal>?`</literal>)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>questionation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm><para>Upside down questionation point: &iquest;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquotedblleft (or <literal>``</literal>)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, double</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double left quote</primary></indexterm><para>Double left quote: &ldquo;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquotedblright (or <literal>'</literal>)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, double</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double right quote</primary></indexterm><para>Double right quote: &rdquo;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquoteleft (or <literal>`</literal>)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, single</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single left quote</primary></indexterm><para>Single left quote: `.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquoteright (or <literal>'</literal>)</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, single</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single right quote</primary></indexterm><para>Single right quote: '.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquotestraightbase</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\textquotestraightdblbase</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quote, straight base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight quote, base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double quote, straight base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight double quote, base</primary></indexterm><para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textregistered</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>registered symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Registered symbol: &reg;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textrightarrow</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, right, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right arrow, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Right arrow.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textthreequartersemdash</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>three-quarters em-dash</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash, three-quarters</primary></indexterm><para>&ldquo;Three-quarters&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texttrademark</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>trademark symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texttwelveudash</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>two-thirds em-dash</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash, two-thirds</primary></indexterm><para>&ldquo;Two-thirds&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textunderscore</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underscore, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Underscore: _.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textvisiblespace</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space symbol, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Visible space symbol.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textdagger</primary></indexterm><literal>\textdagger</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Dagger: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\dag</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textdaggerdbl</primary></indexterm><literal>\textdaggerdbl</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, double, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Double dagger: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\ddag</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textdollar <lineannotation>(or <literal>$</literal>)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\textdollar <lineannotation>(or <literal>$</literal>)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dollar sign</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, dollar</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Dollar sign: $.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textemdash <lineannotation>(or <literal>---</literal>)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\textemdash <lineannotation>(or <literal>---</literal>)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Em-dash: &#8212; (for punctuation).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textendash <lineannotation>(or <literal>--</literal>)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\textendash <lineannotation>(or <literal>--</literal>)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>e-dash</primary></indexterm>
+<para>En-dash: &#8212; (for ranges).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\texteuro</primary></indexterm><literal>\texteuro</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>euro symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, euro</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The Euro symbol: &#8364;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textexclamdown <lineannotation>(or <literal>!`</literal>)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\textexclamdown <lineannotation>(or <literal>!`</literal>)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exclamation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Upside down exclamation point: &#161;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textgreater</primary></indexterm><literal>\textgreater</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greater than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Greater than: &gt;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textless</primary></indexterm><literal>\textless</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>less than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Less than: &lt;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textleftarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\textleftarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, left, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>left arrow, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Left arrow.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textordfeminine</primary></indexterm><literal>\textordfeminine</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textordmasculine</primary></indexterm><literal>\textordmasculine</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>masculine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: &#170;, &#186;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textperiodcentered</primary></indexterm><literal>\textperiodcentered</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>period, centered, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered period, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Centered period: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\cdot</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquestiondown <lineannotation>(or <literal>?`</literal>)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\textquestiondown <lineannotation>(or <literal>?`</literal>)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>questionation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Upside down questionation point: &#191;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquotedblleft <lineannotation>(or <literal>``</literal>)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\textquotedblleft <lineannotation>(or <literal>``</literal>)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, double</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>double left quote</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Double left quote: &#8220;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquotedblright <lineannotation>(or <literal>'</literal>)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\textquotedblright <lineannotation>(or <literal>'</literal>)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, double</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>double right quote</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Double right quote: &#8221;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquoteleft <lineannotation>(or <literal>`</literal>)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\textquoteleft <lineannotation>(or <literal>`</literal>)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, single</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>single left quote</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Single left quote: &#8216;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquoteright <lineannotation>(or <literal>'</literal>)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm><literal>\textquoteright <lineannotation>(or <literal>'</literal>)</lineannotation></literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, single</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>single right quote</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Single right quote: &#8217;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquotestraightbase</primary></indexterm><literal>\textquotestraightbase</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquotestraightdblbase</primary></indexterm><literal>\textquotestraightdblbase</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quote, straight base</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight quote, base</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>double quote, straight base</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight double quote, base</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textregistered</primary></indexterm><literal>\textregistered</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>registered symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Registered symbol: &#174;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textrightarrow</primary></indexterm><literal>\textrightarrow</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, right, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>right arrow, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Right arrow.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textthreequartersemdash</primary></indexterm><literal>\textthreequartersemdash</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>three-quarters em-dash</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash, three-quarters</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&#8220;Three-quarters&#8221; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\texttrademark</primary></indexterm><literal>\texttrademark</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>trademark symbol</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Trademark symbol: <inlineequation><mathphrase>^{\hbox{TM}}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\texttwelveudash</primary></indexterm><literal>\texttwelveudash</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>two-thirds em-dash</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash, two-thirds</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&#8220;Two-thirds&#8221; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textunderscore</primary></indexterm><literal>\textunderscore</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underscore, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Underscore: _.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textvisiblespace</primary></indexterm><literal>\textvisiblespace</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space symbol, in text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Visible space symbol.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
<sect1 label="22.3" id="Accents">
<title>Accents</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, accented</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, accented</primary></indexterm>
-<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world's scripts and
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, accented</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, accented</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&#8217;s scripts and
languages, through the <literal>babel</literal> package and related support. This
section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists
the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters.
@@ -4850,150 +5558,249 @@ the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters.
<para>The <literal>\capital...</literal> commands produce alternative forms for use with
capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\&quot;</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitaldieresis</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&quot; (umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldieresis</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>umlaut accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dieresis accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in &ouml;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\'</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitalacute</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\' (acute accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalacute</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces an acute accent, as in &oacute;. In the <literal>tabbing</literal>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\&quot;</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitaldieresis</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&quot; <lineannotation>(umlaut accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldieresis</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>umlaut accent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>dieresis accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in &#246;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\'</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitalacute</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&#8217; <lineannotation>(acute accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalacute</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces an acute accent, as in &#243;. In the <literal>tabbing</literal>
environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
-(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>).
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\.</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\. (dot-over accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-over accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\=</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitalmacron</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\= (macron accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalmacron</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overbar accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o&macr;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\^</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitalcircumflex</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^ (circumflex accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcircumflex</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in &ocirc;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\`</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitalgrave</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\` (grave accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalgrave</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in &ograve;. In the
+(see <link linkend="tabbing">tabbing</link>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\.</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\. <lineannotation>(dot-over accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot accent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-over accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in &#559;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\=</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitalmacron</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\= <lineannotation>(macron accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalmacron</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>overbar accent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in &#333;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\^</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitalcircumflex</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^ <lineannotation>(circumflex accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcircumflex</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in &#244;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\`</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitalgrave</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&#8216; <lineannotation>(grave accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalgrave</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in &#242;. In the
<literal>tabbing</literal> environment, move following text to the right margin
-(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>).
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\~</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitaltilde</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~ (tilde accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltilde</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in &ntilde;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\b</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\b (bar-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-under accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\c</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitalcedilla</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\c (cedilla accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcedilla</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cedilla accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in &ccedil;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\d</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitaldotaccent</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\d (dot-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldotaccent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-under accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\H</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitalhungarumlaut</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\H (Hungarian umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalhungarumlaut</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hungarian umlaut accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\i</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\i (dotless i)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dotless i, as in `i'.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\j</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\j (dotless j)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dotless j, as in `j'.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\k</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitalogonek</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\k (ogonek)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalogonek</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ogonek</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in `o;'. Not available in
+(see <link linkend="tabbing">tabbing</link>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\~</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitaltilde</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~ <lineannotation>(tilde accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltilde</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in &#241;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\b</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\b <lineannotation>(bar-under accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-under accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\c</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitalcedilla</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\c <lineannotation>(cedilla accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcedilla</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cedilla accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in &#231;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\d</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitaldotaccent</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\d <lineannotation>(dot-under accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldotaccent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-under accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in &#7885;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\H</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitalhungarumlaut</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\H <lineannotation>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalhungarumlaut</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hungarian umlaut accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in &#337;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\i</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\i <lineannotation>(dotless i)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a dotless i, as in &#8216;i&#8217;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\j</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\j <lineannotation>(dotless j)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a dotless j, as in &#8216;j&#8217;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\k</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitalogonek</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\k <lineannotation>(ogonek)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalogonek</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ogonek</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &#8216;&#491;&#8217;. Not available in
the OT1 encoding.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\r</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitalring</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\r (ring accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalring</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ring accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a ring accent, as in `o*'.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\t</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitaltie</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\newtie</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitalnewtie</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\t (tie-after accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalnewtie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tie-after accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. The
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\r</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitalring</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\r <lineannotation>(ring accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalring</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ring accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a ring accent, as in &#8216;o*&#8217;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\t</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitaltie</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\newtie</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitalnewtie</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\t <lineannotation>(tie-after accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltie</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtie</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalnewtie</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>tie-after accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a tie-after accent, as in &#8216;oo[&#8217;. The
<literal>\newtie</literal> form is centered in its box.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\u</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitalbreve</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\u (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalbreve</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a breve accent, as in `o('.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\underbar</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbar</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underbar</primary></indexterm><para>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\u</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitalbreve</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\u <lineannotation>(breve accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalbreve</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a breve accent, as in &#8216;&#335;&#8217;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\underbar</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbar</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>underbar</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is
always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
-descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in <xref linkend="Math-miscellany"></xref>.
+descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in <link linkend="Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</link>.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\v</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\capitalcaron</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\v (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcaron</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hacek accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>caron accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a h&aacute;c&lt;ek (check, caron) accent, as in `o&lt;'.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\v</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\capitalcaron</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\v <lineannotation>(breve accent)</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcaron</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hacek accent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>caron accent</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a h&#225;&#269;ek (check, caron) accent, as in &#8216;&#466;&#8217;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="22.4" id="Non-English-characters">
+<sect1 label="22.4" id="Non_002dEnglish-characters">
<title>Non-English characters</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>non-English characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, non-English</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, non-English</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>non-English characters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, non-English</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, non-English</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly
used in languages other than English.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\aa</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\AA</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\aa (&aring;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AA (&Aring;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aring</primary></indexterm><para>&aring; and &Aring;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ae</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\AE</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ae (&aelig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AE (&AElig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ae ligature</primary></indexterm><para>&aelig; and &AElig;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dh</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\DH</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (&aelig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (&AElig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic eth</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>eth, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm><para>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dj</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\DJ</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dj</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DJ</primary></indexterm><para>xxxx
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ij</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\IJ</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ij (ij)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\IJ (IJ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ij letter, Dutch</primary></indexterm><para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\l</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\L</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\l (/l)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\L (/L)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>polish l</primary></indexterm><para>/l and /L.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ng</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\NG</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ng</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NG</primary></indexterm><para>xxxx
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\o</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\O</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\o (&oslash;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\O (&Oslash;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oslash</primary></indexterm><para>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oe</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\OE</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oe (&oelig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\OE (&OElig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oe ligature</primary></indexterm><para>&oelig; and &OElig;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ss</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\SS</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ss (&szlig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SS (SS)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>es-zet German letter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sharp S letters</primary></indexterm><para>&szlig; and SS.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\th</literal></term>
-<term><literal>\TH</literal></term>
-<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\th (&thorn;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TH (&THORN;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic thorn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thorn, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm><para>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;.
+<variablelist>
+<varlistentry><term><literal>\aa</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\AA</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\aa (&#229;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AA (&#197;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>aring</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&#229; and &#197;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ae</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\AE</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ae (&#230;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AE (&#198;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ae ligature</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&#230; and &#198;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dh</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\DH</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (&#230;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (&#198;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic eth</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>eth, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Icelandic letter eth: &#240; and &#208;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dj</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\DJ</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dj</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DJ</primary></indexterm>
+<para>xxxx
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ij</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\IJ</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ij (ij)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\IJ (IJ)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ij letter, Dutch</primary></indexterm>
+<para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\l</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\L</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\l (&#322;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\L (&#321;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>polish l</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&#322; and &#321;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ng</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\NG</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ng</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NG</primary></indexterm>
+<para>xxxx
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\o</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\O</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\o (&#248;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\O (&#216;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>oslash</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&#248; and &#216;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oe</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\OE</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oe (&#339;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\OE (&#338;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>oe ligature</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&#339; and &#338;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ss</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\SS</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ss (&#223;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SS (SS)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>es-zet German letter</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>sharp S letters</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&#223; and SS.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\th</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\TH</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\th (&#254;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TH (&#222;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic thorn</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>thorn, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Icelandic letter thorn: &#254; and &#222;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="22.5">
+<sect1 label="22.5" id="_005crule">
<title><literal>\rule</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rule</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\rule[<replaceable>raise</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>thickness</replaceable>}
@@ -5001,28 +5808,29 @@ used in languages other than English.
<para>The <literal>\rule</literal> command produces <firstterm>rules</firstterm>, that is, lines or
rectangles. The arguments are:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>raise</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>How high to raise the rule (optional).
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>raise</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>How high to raise the rule (optional).
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The length of the rule (mandatory).
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>width</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The length of the rule (mandatory).
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>thickness</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The thickness of the rule (mandatory).
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>thickness</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The thickness of the rule (mandatory).
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="22.6">
+<sect1 label="22.6" id="_005ctoday">
<title><literal>\today</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\today</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The <literal>\today</literal> command produces today's date, in the format
-&lsquo;<literal><replaceable>month</replaceable> <replaceable>dd</replaceable>, <replaceable>yyyy</replaceable></literal>&rsquo;; for example, `July 4, 1976'.
+
+<para>The <literal>\today</literal> command produces today&#8217;s date, in the format
+&#8216;<literal><replaceable>month</replaceable> <replaceable>dd</replaceable>, <replaceable>yyyy</replaceable></literal>&#8217;; for example, &#8216;July 4, 1976&#8217;.
It uses the predefined counters <literal>\day</literal>, <literal>\month</literal>, and
-<literal>\year</literal> (see <xref linkend="\day-\month-\year"></xref>) to do this. It is not
+<literal>\year</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</link>) to do this. It is not
updated as the program runs.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>datetime</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>datetime</literal> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>datetime</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>datetime</literal> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
of other date formats.
</para>
@@ -5030,39 +5838,44 @@ of other date formats.
</chapter>
<chapter label="23" id="Splitting-the-input">
<title>Splitting the input</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>splitting the input file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>input file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>splitting the input file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>input file</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
-input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
+input in a single large file, it&#8217;s more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
when you run &latex;.
</para>
-<sect1 label="23.1">
+<sect1 label="23.1" id="_005cinclude">
<title><literal>\include</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\include{<replaceable>file</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>If no <literal>\includeonly</literal> command is present, the <literal>\include</literal>
command executes <literal>\clearpage</literal> to start a new page
-(see <xref linkend="\clearpage"></xref>), then reads <replaceable>file</replaceable>, then does another
+(see <link linkend="_005cclearpage">\clearpage</link>), then reads <replaceable>file</replaceable>, then does another
<literal>\clearpage</literal>.
</para>
<para>Given an <literal>\includeonly</literal> command, the <literal>\include</literal> actions are
only run if <replaceable>file</replaceable> is listed as an argument to
<literal>\includeonly</literal>. See the next section.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>nested <literal>\include</literal>, not allowed</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\include</literal> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>nested <literal>\include</literal>, not allowed</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\include</literal> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another <literal>\include</literal> command.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="23.2">
+<sect1 label="23.2" id="_005cincludeonly">
<title>\<literal>includeonly</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\includeonly{<replaceable>file1</replaceable>,<replaceable>file2</replaceable>,...}
@@ -5077,9 +5890,10 @@ effective.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="23.3" id="\input">
+<sect1 label="23.3" id="_005cinput">
<title>\input</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\input</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\input{<replaceable>file</replaceable>}
@@ -5088,15 +5902,15 @@ effective.
and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current
file at that point.
</para>
-<para>If <replaceable>file</replaceable> does not end in &lsquo;<literal>.tex</literal>&rsquo; (e.g., &lsquo;<literal>foo</literal>&rsquo; or
-&lsquo;<literal>foo.bar</literal>&rsquo;), it is first tried with that extension (&lsquo;<literal>foo.tex</literal>&rsquo;
-or &lsquo;<literal>foo.bar.tex</literal>&rsquo;). If that is not found, the original <replaceable>file</replaceable>
-is tried (&lsquo;<literal>foo</literal>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<literal>foo.bar</literal>&rsquo;).
+<para>If <replaceable>file</replaceable> does not end in &#8216;<literal>.tex</literal>&#8217; (e.g., &#8216;<literal>foo</literal>&#8217; or
+&#8216;<literal>foo.bar</literal>&#8217;), it is first tried with that extension (&#8216;<literal>foo.tex</literal>&#8217;
+or &#8216;<literal>foo.bar.tex</literal>&#8217;). If that is not found, the original <replaceable>file</replaceable>
+is tried (&#8216;<literal>foo</literal>&#8217; or &#8216;<literal>foo.bar</literal>&#8217;).
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="24" id="Front/back-matter">
+<chapter label="24" id="Front_002fback-matter">
<title>Front/back matter</title>
@@ -5105,7 +5919,10 @@ is tried (&lsquo;<literal>foo</literal>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<literal>foo.bar</liter
<title>Tables of contents</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents, creating</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tableofcontents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.toc file</primary></indexterm><para>A table of contents is produced with the <literal>\tableofcontents</literal>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tableofcontents</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.toc <lineannotation>file</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>A table of contents is produced with the <literal>\tableofcontents</literal>
command. You put the command right where you want the table of
contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must
have generated a <filename>.toc</filename> file.
@@ -5115,78 +5932,87 @@ not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
table of contents, write a <literal>\newpage</literal> command after the
<literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoffigures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoftables</primary></indexterm><para>The analogous commands <literal>\listoffigures</literal> and <literal>\listoftables</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoffigures</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoftables</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The analogous commands <literal>\listoffigures</literal> and <literal>\listoftables</literal>
produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nofiles</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\nofiles</literal> overrides these commands, and
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nofiles</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The command <literal>\nofiles</literal> overrides these commands, and
<emphasis>prevents</emphasis> any of these lists from being generated.
</para>
-<sect2 label="24.1.1" id="\addcontentsline">
+<sect2 label="24.1.1" id="_005caddcontentsline">
<title>\addcontentsline</title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addcontentsline{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents entry, manually adding</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addcontentsline{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents entry, manually adding</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\addcontentsline</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>ext</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
typically one of: <literal>toc</literal> (table of contents), <literal>lof</literal> (list of
figures), or <literal>lot</literal> (list of tables).
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>unit</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>unit</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
following, matching the value of the <replaceable>ext</replaceable> argument:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>toc</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>The name of the sectional unit: <literal>part</literal>, <literal>chapter</literal>,
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>toc</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>The name of the sectional unit: <literal>part</literal>, <literal>chapter</literal>,
<literal>section</literal>, <literal>subsection</literal>, <literal>subsubsection</literal>.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>lof</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>For the list of figures.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>lot</literal></term>
-<listitem><para>For the list of tables.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>lof</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>For the list of figures.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>lot</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>For the list of tables.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>entry</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The actual text of the entry.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>entry</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The actual text of the entry.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\contentsline</primary></indexterm><para>What is written to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file is the
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\contentsline</primary></indexterm>
+<para>What is written to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file is the
command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}</literal>.
</para>
<!-- ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? -->
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="24.1.2" id="\addtocontents">
+<sect2 label="24.1.2" id="_005caddtocontents">
<title>\addtocontents</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocontents{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\addtocontents</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} command adds text
(or formatting commands) directly to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file that
generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>ext</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
<filename>toc</filename> (table of contents), <filename>lof</filename> (list of figures), or
<filename>lot</filename> (list of tables).
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term>
-<listitem><para>The text to be written.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>text</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>The text to be written.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 label="24.2" id="Glossaries">
<title>Glossaries</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossaries</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeglossary</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\makeglossary</literal> enables creating glossaries.
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeglossary</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The command <literal>\makeglossary</literal> enables creating glossaries.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossary</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.glo</filename> file</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\glossary{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes a glossary entry for
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossary</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.glo</filename> file</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The command <literal>\glossary{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes a glossary entry for
<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.glo</filename> extension.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossaryentry</primary></indexterm><para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossaryentry</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<literal>\glossaryentry{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pageno</replaceable>}</literal>, where
<replaceable>pageno</replaceable> is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.
</para>
@@ -5198,44 +6024,60 @@ glossaries.
<sect1 label="24.3" id="Indexes">
<title>Indexes</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indexes</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeindex</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\makeindex</literal> enables creating indexes. Put this in
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeindex</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The command <literal>\makeindex</literal> enables creating indexes. Put this in
the preamble.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\index</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.idx</filename> file</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\index{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes an index entry for
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\index</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.idx</filename> file</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The command <literal>\index{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes an index entry for
<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.idx</filename> extension.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indexentry</primary></indexterm><para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indexentry</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<literal>\indexentry{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pageno</replaceable>}</literal>, where <replaceable>pageno</replaceable>
is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>`see' and `see also' index entries</primary></indexterm><para>To generate a index entry for `bar' that says `See foo', use a
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&#8216;see&#8217; and &#8216;see also&#8217; index entries</primary></indexterm>
+<para>To generate a index entry for &#8216;bar&#8217; that says &#8216;See foo&#8217;, use a
vertical bar: <literal>\index{bar|see{foo}}</literal>. Use <literal>seealso</literal>
-instead of <literal>see</literal> to make a `See also' entry.
+instead of <literal>see</literal> to make a &#8216;See also&#8217; entry.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\seename</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\alsoname</primary></indexterm><para>The text `See' is defined by the macro <literal>\seename</literal>, and `See also'
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\seename</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\alsoname</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The text &#8216;See&#8217; is defined by the macro <literal>\seename</literal>, and &#8216;See also&#8217;
by the macro <literal>\alsoname</literal>. These can be redefined for other
languages.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>makeindex</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>xindy</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.ind</filename> file</primary></indexterm><para>The generated <filename>.idx</filename> file is then sorted with an external
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>makeindex</command> program</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>xindy</command> program</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.ind</filename> file</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The generated <filename>.idx</filename> file is then sorted with an external
command, usually either <command>makeindex</command>
(<ulink url="http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex">http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</ulink>) or (the
multi-lingual) <command>xindy</command> (<ulink url="http://xindy.sourceforge.net">http://xindy.sourceforge.net</ulink>).
This results in a <filename>.ind</filename> file, which can then be read to typeset
the index.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>printindex</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>makeidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The index is usually generated with the <literal>\printindex</literal> command.
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>printindex</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>makeidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The index is usually generated with the <literal>\printindex</literal> command.
This is defined in the <literal>makeidx</literal> package, so
<literal>\usepackage{makeidx}</literal> needs to be in the preamble.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>indexspace</primary></indexterm><para>The rubber length <literal>\indexspace</literal> is inserted before each new
-letter in the printed index; its default value is &lsquo;<literal>10pt plus5pt
-minus3pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>indexspace</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The rubber length <literal>\indexspace</literal> is inserted before each new
+letter in the printed index; its default value is &#8216;<literal>10pt plus5pt
+minus3pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>showidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>showidx</literal> package causes each index entries to be shown in
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>showidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>showidx</literal> package causes each index entries to be shown in
the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in
preparing the index.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>multind</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>multind</literal> package supports multiple indexes. See also the
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>multind</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>multind</literal> package supports multiple indexes. See also the
&tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</ulink>.
</para>
@@ -5244,7 +6086,9 @@ preparing the index.
</chapter>
<chapter label="25" id="Letters">
<title>Letters</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating letters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating letters</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
<literal>letter</literal> document class is designed to make a number of letters at
once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
@@ -5271,8 +6115,9 @@ the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary &latex; input. Commands that
make no sense in a letter, like <literal>\chapter</literal>, do not work. The letter
closes with a <literal>\closing</literal> command.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for letters</primary></indexterm><para>After the <literal>closing</literal>, you can have additional material. The
-<literal>\cc</literal> command produces the usual &ldquo;cc: &hellip;&rdquo;. There's also a
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ <lineannotation>for letters</lineannotation></primary></indexterm>
+<para>After the <literal>closing</literal>, you can have additional material. The
+<literal>\cc</literal> command produces the usual &#8220;cc: &#8230;&#8221;. There&#8217;s also a
similar <literal>\encl</literal> command for a list of enclosures. With both these
commands, use <literal>\\</literal> to separate the items.
</para>
@@ -5280,25 +6125,28 @@ commands, use <literal>\\</literal> to separate the items.
</para>
-<sect1 label="25.1">
+<sect1 label="25.1" id="_005caddress">
<title>\address{<replaceable>return-address}</replaceable></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\address</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\address</literal> specifies the return address of a letter, as it
should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the
address should be separated by <literal>\\</literal> commands.
</para>
<para>If you do not make an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the letter
-will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard
-letterhead. (See <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>, for details on your local
+will be formatted for copying onto your organisation&#8217;s standard
+letterhead. (See <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>, for details on your local
implementation). If you give an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the
letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.2">
+<sect1 label="25.2" id="_005ccc">
<title><literal>\cc</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cc list, in letters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cc</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cc list, in letters</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\cc{<replaceable>name1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>name2</replaceable>}
@@ -5308,10 +6156,13 @@ printed on a separate line.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.3">
+<sect1 label="25.3" id="_005cclosing">
<title><literal>\closing</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing letters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, ending</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing letters</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\closing{text}
@@ -5321,10 +6172,12 @@ printed on a separate line.
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.4">
+<sect1 label="25.4" id="_005cencl">
<title><literal>\encl</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\encl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enclosure list</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\encl</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>enclosure list</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\encl{<replaceable>line1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>line2</replaceable>}
@@ -5333,19 +6186,21 @@ printed on a separate line.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.5">
+<sect1 label="25.5" id="_005clocation">
<title><literal>\location</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\location</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\location{address}</literal>
</para>
-<para>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears
+<para>This modifies your organisation&#8217;s standard address. This only appears
if the <literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.6">
+<sect1 label="25.6" id="_005cmakelabels">
<title><literal>\makelabels</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makelabels</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\makelabels{number}</literal>
</para>
<para>If you issue this command in the preamble, &latex; will create a sheet of
@@ -5354,9 +6209,10 @@ address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.7">
+<sect1 label="25.7" id="_005cname">
<title><literal>\name</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\name</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\name{June Davenport}</literal>
</para>
<para>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
@@ -5364,9 +6220,11 @@ address.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.8">
+<sect1 label="25.8" id="_005copening">
<title><literal>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\opening</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, starting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\opening</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, starting</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
@@ -5379,26 +6237,30 @@ For instance:
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.9">
+<sect1 label="25.9" id="_005cps">
<title><literal>\ps</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ps</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>postscript, in letters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ps</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>postscript, in letters</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Use the <literal>\ps</literal> command to start a postscript in a letter, after
<literal>\closing</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.10">
+<sect1 label="25.10" id="_005csignature">
<title><literal>\signature{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\signature</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within
<replaceable>text</replaceable> as usual.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.11">
+<sect1 label="25.11" id="_005cstartbreaks">
<title><literal>\startbreaks</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\startbreaks</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\startbreaks</literal>
</para>
<para>Used after a <literal>\stopbreaks</literal> command to allow page breaks again.
@@ -5406,9 +6268,10 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.12">
+<sect1 label="25.12" id="_005cstopbreaks">
<title><literal>\stopbreaks</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stopbreaks</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\stopbreaks</literal>
</para>
<para>Inhibit page breaks until a <literal>\startbreaks</literal> command occurs.
@@ -5416,9 +6279,10 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.13">
+<sect1 label="25.13" id="_005ctelephone">
<title><literal>\telephone</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\telephone</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><literal>\telephone{number}</literal>
</para>
<para>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the
@@ -5427,14 +6291,17 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="26" id="Terminal-input/output">
+<chapter label="26" id="Terminal-input_002foutput">
<title>Terminal input/output</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>input/output</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>terminal input/output</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>input/output</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>terminal input/output</primary></indexterm>
-<sect1 label="26.1">
+
+<sect1 label="26.1" id="_005ctypein">
<title><literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typein</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\typein[<replaceable>\cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}
@@ -5449,9 +6316,10 @@ redefined to be the typed input.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="26.2">
+<sect1 label="26.2" id="_005ctypeout">
<title><literal>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typeout</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}
@@ -5461,7 +6329,7 @@ Commands in <literal>msg</literal> that are defined with <literal>\newcommand</l
<literal>\renewcommand</literal> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.
</para>
-<para>&latex;'s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
+<para>&latex;&#8217;s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <literal>msg</literal>. A
<literal>\space</literal> command in <literal>msg</literal> causes a single space to be
printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <literal>^^J</literal> in
@@ -5473,6 +6341,7 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <literal>^^J</literal> in
<chapter label="27" id="Command-line">
<title>Command line</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>command line</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
&tex; uses <filename>.tex</filename> as a default file extension. If you omit the
input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You
@@ -5483,23 +6352,27 @@ command; e.g.
</screen>
<para>will process <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every error.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&lsquo;<literal>*</literal>&rsquo; prompt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>prompt, &lsquo;<literal>*</literal>&rsquo;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stop</primary></indexterm><para>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
-&lsquo;<literal>*</literal>&rsquo; prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <literal>\stop</literal>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&#8216;<literal>*</literal>&#8217; prompt</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>prompt, &#8216;<literal>*</literal>&#8217;</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stop</primary></indexterm>
+<para>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
+&#8216;<literal>*</literal>&#8217; prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <literal>\stop</literal>
(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
</para>
</chapter>
-<appendix label="Appendix A" id="Document-templates">
+<appendix label="A" id="Document-templates">
<title>Document templates</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document templates</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
-be useful. Additional templates are collected at
-<ulink url="http://www.howtotex.com/templates">http://www.howtotex.com/templates</ulink>.
+be useful. Additional template resources are listed
+<ulink url="http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</ulink>.
</para>
-<sect1 label="A.1">
+<sect1 label="A.1" id="book-template">
<title><literal>book</literal> template</title>
<screen>\documentclass{book}
@@ -5521,7 +6394,7 @@ The end.
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="A.2">
+<sect1 label="A.2" id="beamer-template">
<title><literal>beamer</literal> template</title>
<para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates slides presentations.
@@ -5551,7 +6424,7 @@ The end.
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="A.3">
+<sect1 label="A.3" id="tugboat-template">
<title><literal>tugboat</literal> template</title>
<para><citetitle>TUGboat</citetitle> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group,
@@ -5561,13 +6434,13 @@ The end.
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
- \usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,
- urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
+\usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,
+ urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
\else
- \usepackage{url}
+\usepackage{url}
\fi
-\title{Example \TUB\ Article}
+\title{Example \TUB\ article}
% repeat info for each author.
\author{First Last}
@@ -5575,12 +6448,12 @@ The end.
\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
-\maketitle
-
\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
\begin{abstract}
-This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue.
+This is an example article for \TUB{}.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
@@ -5592,22 +6465,23 @@ We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the
hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output).
Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
-The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others:
+The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more:
-{\small
-\begin{verbatim}
+% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
+\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
-\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \LaTeXe
-\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas
+\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
+\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX
\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
-\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG \tug
+\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP
+\TUB \TUG \tug
\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
\careof \thinskip
-\acro{FRED} -&gt; {\small fred} % please use!
+\acro{FRED} -&gt; {\small[er] fred} % please use!
\cs{fred} -&gt; \fred
\env{fred} -&gt; \begin{fred}
\meta{fred} -&gt; &lt;fred&gt;
@@ -5615,14 +6489,13 @@ The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others:
\sfrac{3/4} -&gt; 3/4
\booktitle{Book of Fred}
\end{verbatim}
-}
For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
+(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references).
Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
-
\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style
\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX
@@ -5633,17 +6506,17 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
</sect1>
</appendix>
-<chapter label="" xreflabel="Concept Index" id="Concept-Index">
+<chapter label="" id="Concept-Index">
<title>Concept Index</title>
-<index></index>
+<index role="cp"></index>
<!-- The name of the `Command Index' node must NOT be altered for ltx-help.el. -->
</chapter>
-<chapter label="" xreflabel="Command Index" id="Command-Index">
+<chapter label="" id="Command-Index">
<title>Command Index</title>
-<index></index>
+<index role="fn"></index>
</chapter>
</book>