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<!ENTITY tex "TeX">
<!ENTITY latex "LaTeX">
]>
-<book id="latex2e.dbk" lang="en">
- <title>&latex;2e reference manual (July 2010)</title>
+<book id="latex2e.xml" lang="en">
+<title>@LaTeX{}2e reference manual (July 2010)</title>
<!-- %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
+
<!-- xx latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, -->
<!-- xx but latex2e stuff is missing. -->
+<!-- -->
<!-- xx mention \mathring -->
<!-- xx mention usrguide -->
<!-- xx mention ! float placement, p.15 of usrguide -->
<!-- xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ -->
+<!-- -->
<!-- xx The typeset source2e will have an index with all kernel -->
<!-- xx commands, which would be a good start. classes.dtx et al. -->
<!-- xx define additional commands, and some of the kernel commands are -->
<!-- xx internal and so shouldn't be included here. -->
+<!-- -->
<!-- xx packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek ... -->
<!-- xx fonts - latexsys -->
- <bookinfo>
- <legalnotice>
- <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of July 2010.</para>
- <para>This was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS
+
+<bookinfo>
+<legalnotice>
+<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
+document preparation system, version of July 2010.
+</para>
+<para>This was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS
Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
-George&#xa0;D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The
-&latex;&#xa0;2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The
+George&nbsp;D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The
+&latex;&nbsp;2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The
&latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl
Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges
using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and the
-<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L.&#xa0;Botway
-and C.&#xa0;Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as
+<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L.&nbsp;Botway
+and C.&nbsp;Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as
<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (text was not
-directly copied).</para>
- <para>Copyright &copy; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry.
+directly copied).
+</para>
+<para>Copyright &copy; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry.
+
Copyright &copy; 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
-Copyright &copy; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.</para>
- <para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+
+Copyright &copy; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
+</para>
+<para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.</para>
- <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+are preserved on all copies.
+</para>
+
+<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
-notice identical to this one.</para>
- <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
-into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.</para>
- </legalnotice>
+notice identical to this one.
+</para>
+<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
+</para></legalnotice>
</bookinfo>
- <chapter label="" xreflabel="LaTeX2e" id="Top">
- <title>&latex;2e</title>
- <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
+
+* Menu:
+* LaTeX2e: (latex2e). Unofficial LaTeX reference manual.
+
+
+
+
+
+<chapter label="" xreflabel="&latex;2e" id="Top">
+<title>&latex;2e</title>
+
+<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
document preparation system, version as of July 2010. It is
intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of
-&latex; for many years.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm>&latex; is implemented as a macro package for Donald&#xa0;E. Knuth's
+&latex; for many years.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm><para>&latex; is implemented as a macro package for Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth's
&tex; typesetting program. &latex; was originally created by Leslie
Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers
(<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). The official documentation written
by the &latex; project is available there. Again, the present
document is unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex;
-maintainers.</para>
- </chapter>
+maintainers.
+</para>
+
- <chapter label="1" id="Overview">
- <title>Overview of &latex;</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm>
-The &latex; command typesets a file of text using the &tex; program
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="1" id="Overview">
+<title>Overview of &latex;</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The &latex; command typesets a file of text using the &tex; program
and the &latex; &ldquo;macro package&rdquo; for &tex;. To be more specific,
it processes an input file containing the text of a document with
interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted.
-It produces at least three files as output:</para>
- <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
- <listitem>
- <para>A main output file, which is one of:</para>
- <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
- <listitem>
- <para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a &ldquo;Device Independent&rdquo; (<filename>.dvi</filename>)
+It produces at least three files as output:
+</para>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem>
+<para>A main output file, which is one of:
+</para>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem>
+<para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a &ldquo;Device Independent&rdquo; (<filename>.dvi</filename>)
file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for
a variety of output devices. You can view such <filename>.dvi</filename> output of
&latex; by using a program such as <command>xdvi</command> (display directly)
-or <command>dvips</command> (convert to PostScript).</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a &ldquo;Portable Document Format&rdquo;
+or <command>dvips</command> (convert to PostScript).
+</para>
+</listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a &ldquo;Portable Document Format&rdquo;
(<filename>.pdf</filename>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does
make the output much larger than the <filename>.dvi</filename> produced from the
-same document.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>There are other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) as well,
-which can produce HTML, XML, and other things.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>A &ldquo;transcript&rdquo; or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary information and
-diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>An &ldquo;auxiliary&rdquo; or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself, for
-things such as sectioning.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>A &latex; command begins with the command name, which consists of a
-<literal>\</literal> followed by either (a)&#xa0;a string of letters or (b)&#xa0;a
+same document.
+</para></listitem>
+</orderedlist>
+<para>There are other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) as well,
+which can produce HTML, XML, and other things.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>A &ldquo;transcript&rdquo; or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary information and
+diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>An &ldquo;auxiliary&rdquo; or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself, for
+things such as sectioning.
+</para></listitem>
+</orderedlist>
+<para>A &latex; command begins with the command name, which consists of a
+<literal>\</literal> followed by either (a)&nbsp;a string of letters or (b)&nbsp;a
single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <literal>[]</literal>,
are optional while arguments contained in braces, <literal>{}</literal>, are
-required.</para>
- <para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
-explicitly directed to do otherwise.</para>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="2" id="Starting-&-ending">
- <title>Starting &amp; ending</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting &amp; ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending &amp; starting</primary></indexterm>
-A minimal input file looks like the following:</para>
- <screen>
-\documentclass{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
+required.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
+explicitly directed to do otherwise.
+</para>
+
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="2" id="Starting-&amp;-ending">
+<title>Starting &amp; ending</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting &amp; ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending &amp; starting</primary></indexterm>
+<para>A minimal input file looks like the following:
+</para>
+<screen>\documentclass{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
\begin{document}
<replaceable>your text</replaceable>
\end{document}
</screen>
- <para role="continues">where the <replaceable>class</replaceable> is a valid document class for &latex;.
+<para>where the <replaceable>class</replaceable> is a valid document class for &latex;.
See <xref linkend="Document-classes"></xref>, for details of the various document classes
-available locally.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm>You may include other &latex; commands between the <literal>\documentclass</literal>
+available locally.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm><para>You may include other &latex; commands between the <literal>\documentclass</literal>
and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands (this area is called the
-<firstterm>preamble</firstterm>).</para>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="3" id="Document-classes">
- <title>Document classes</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm>
-The class of a given document is defined with the command:</para>
- <screen>
-\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
+<firstterm>preamble</firstterm>).
+</para>
+
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="3" id="Document-classes">
+<title>Document classes</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The class of a given document is defined with the command:
+</para>
+<screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para role="continues">The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command must be the first command in a
-&latex; source file.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>article class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>report class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>book class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>slides class</primary></indexterm>Built-in &latex; document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are (many other document
-classes are available as add-ons; see <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>):</para>
- <screen>
-article report book letter slides
+<para>The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command must be the first command in a
+&latex; source file.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>article class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>report class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>book class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>slides class</primary></indexterm><para>Built-in &latex; document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are (many other document
+classes are available as add-ons; see <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>):
+</para>
+<screen>article report book letter slides
</screen>
<!-- xx briefly describe each one -->
- <para>Standard <replaceable>options</replaceable> are described below.</para>
- <sect1 label="3.1" id="Document-class-options">
- <title>Document class options</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, document class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm>
-You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm>
+<para>Standard <replaceable>options</replaceable> are described below.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="3.1" id="Document-class-options">
+<title>Document class options</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, document class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm>
+<para>You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm>
to the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command by enclosing them in square
brackets as usual. To specify more than one <replaceable>option</replaceable>, separate
-them with a comma:</para>
- <screen>
-\documentclass[<replaceable>option1</replaceable>,<replaceable>option2</replaceable>,...]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
+them with a comma:
+</para>
+<screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>option1</replaceable>,<replaceable>option2</replaceable>,...]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>Here is the list of the standard class options.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>10pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>11pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>12pt option</primary></indexterm>All of the standard classes except <literal>slides</literal> accept the following
-options for selecting the typeface size (default is <literal>10pt</literal>):</para>
- <screen>
-10pt 11pt 12pt
+<para>Here is the list of the standard class options.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>10pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>11pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>12pt option</primary></indexterm><para>All of the standard classes except <literal>slides</literal> accept the following
+options for selecting the typeface size (default is <literal>10pt</literal>):
+</para>
+<screen>10pt 11pt 12pt
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>a4paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>a5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>b5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>executivepaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>legalpaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letterpaper option</primary></indexterm>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
-size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>):</para>
- <screen>
-a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>a4paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>a5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>b5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>executivepaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>legalpaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letterpaper option</primary></indexterm><para>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
+size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>):
+</para>
+<screen>a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>draft option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>final option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>fleqn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>landscape option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>leqno option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openbib option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>notitlepage option</primary></indexterm>Miscellaneous other options:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>draft, final</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>black boxes, omitting</primary></indexterm>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <literal>final</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>fleqn</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>landscape</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>leqno</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>openbib</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Use &ldquo;open&rdquo; bibliography format.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>titlepage, notitlepage</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>These options are not available with the slides class:</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>onecolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twocolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>oneside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twoside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openright option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openany option</primary></indexterm></para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>onecolumn</literal></term>
- <term><literal>twocolumn</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <literal>onecolumn</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>oneside</literal></term>
- <term><literal>twoside</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\evensidemargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oddsidemargin</primary></indexterm>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <literal>oneside</literal>, except
-for the <literal>book</literal> class.</para>
- <para>The <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> parameter determines
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>draft option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>final option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>fleqn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>landscape option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>leqno option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openbib option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>notitlepage option</primary></indexterm><para>Miscellaneous other options:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>draft, final</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>black boxes, omitting</primary></indexterm><para>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <literal>final</literal>.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fleqn</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>landscape</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>leqno</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openbib</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Use &ldquo;open&rdquo; bibliography format.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>titlepage, notitlepage</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>These options are not available with the slides class:
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>onecolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twocolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>oneside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twoside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openright option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openany option</primary></indexterm><variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>onecolumn</literal></term>
+<term><literal>twocolumn</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <literal>onecolumn</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>oneside</literal></term>
+<term><literal>twoside</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\evensidemargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oddsidemargin</primary></indexterm><para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <literal>oneside</literal>, except
+for the <literal>book</literal> class.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> parameter determines
the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the
page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper
size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided
printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> is
40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and <literal>\textwidth</literal>
-with <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> the remainder.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>openright</literal></term>
- <term><literal>openany</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Determines if a chapter should start on a
-right-hand page; default is <literal>openright</literal> for book.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>The <literal>slides</literal> class offers the option <literal>clock</literal> for printing
-the time at the bottom of each note.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>loading additional packages</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usepackage</primary></indexterm>Additional packages are loaded like this:</para>
- <screen>
-\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkg</replaceable>}
+with <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> the remainder.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openright</literal></term>
+<term><literal>openany</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a
+right-hand page; default is <literal>openright</literal> for book.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>The <literal>slides</literal> class offers the option <literal>clock</literal> for printing
+the time at the bottom of each note.
+</para>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>loading additional packages</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usepackage</primary></indexterm><para>Additional packages are loaded like this:
+</para>
+<screen>\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkg</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>To specify more than one <replaceable>pkg</replaceable>, you can separate them with a
-comma, or use multiple <literal>\usepackage</literal> commands.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global</primary></indexterm>Any options given in the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command that are unknown
+<para>To specify more than one <replaceable>pkg</replaceable>, you can separate them with a
+comma, or use multiple <literal>\usepackage</literal> commands.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global</primary></indexterm><para>Any options given in the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command that are unknown
by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-<literal>\usepackage</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="4" id="Typefaces">
- <title>Typefaces</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typefaces</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts</primary></indexterm>
-Two important aspects of selecting a <firstterm>font</firstterm> are specifying a size
-and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.</para>
-
- <sect1 label="4.1" id="Font-styles">
- <title>Font styles</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles of text</primary></indexterm>
-The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.</para>
- <para>These commands are used like <literal>\textit{italic text}</literal>. The
+<literal>\usepackage</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="4" id="Typefaces">
+<title>Typefaces</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>typefaces</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Two important aspects of selecting a <firstterm>font</firstterm> are specifying a size
+and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="4.1" id="Font-styles">
+<title>Font styles</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles of text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.
+</para>
+<para>These commands are used like <literal>\textit{italic text}</literal>. The
corresponding command in parenthesis is the &ldquo;declaration form&rdquo;, which
takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the
-next type style command or the end of the current group.</para>
- <para>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either
+next type style command or the end of the current group.
+</para>
+<para>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either
<literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or <literal>\bfseries\sffamily</literal> to get bold
-sans serif.</para>
- <para>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance,
-<literal>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</literal>.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textrm (\rmfamily)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textrm</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rmfamily</primary></indexterm>Roman.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textit (\itshape)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textit</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\itshape</primary></indexterm>Italics.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\emph</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\emph</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm>Emphasis (switches between <literal>\textit</literal> and <literal>\textrm</literal>).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textmd (\mdseries)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textmd</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mdseries</primary></indexterm>Medium weight (default).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textbf (\bfseries)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bfseries</primary></indexterm>Boldface.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textup (\upshape)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textup</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\upshape</primary></indexterm>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textsl (\slshape)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\slshape</primary></indexterm>Slanted.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textsf (\sffamily)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sffamily</primary></indexterm>Sans serif.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textsc (\scshape)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scshape</primary></indexterm>Small caps.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\texttt (\ttfamily)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\texttt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ttfamily</primary></indexterm>Typewriter.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textnormal (\normalfont)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textnormal</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalfont</primary></indexterm>Main document font.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mathrm</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathrm</primary></indexterm>Roman, for use in math mode.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mathbf</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathbf</primary></indexterm>Boldface, for use in math mode.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mathsf</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathsf</primary></indexterm>Sans serif, for use in math mode.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mathtt</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathtt</primary></indexterm>Typewriter, for use in math mode.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mathit</literal></term>
- <term><literal>(\mit)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Italics, for use in math mode.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mathnormal</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathnormal</primary></indexterm>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mathcal</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathcal</primary></indexterm>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>In addition, the command
+sans serif.
+</para>
+<para>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance,
+<literal>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</literal>.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\textrm (\rmfamily)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textrm</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rmfamily</primary></indexterm><para>Roman.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textit (\itshape)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textit</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\itshape</primary></indexterm><para>Italics.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\emph</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\emph</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm><para>Emphasis (switches between <literal>\textit</literal> and <literal>\textrm</literal>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textmd (\mdseries)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textmd</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mdseries</primary></indexterm><para>Medium weight (default).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbf (\bfseries)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bfseries</primary></indexterm><para>Boldface.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textup (\upshape)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textup</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\upshape</primary></indexterm><para>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsl (\slshape)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\slshape</primary></indexterm><para>Slanted.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsf (\sffamily)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sffamily</primary></indexterm><para>Sans serif.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsc (\scshape)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scshape</primary></indexterm><para>Small caps.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texttt (\ttfamily)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\texttt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ttfamily</primary></indexterm><para>Typewriter.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textnormal (\normalfont)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textnormal</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalfont</primary></indexterm><para>Main document font.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathrm</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathrm</primary></indexterm><para>Roman, for use in math mode.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathbf</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathbf</primary></indexterm><para>Boldface, for use in math mode.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathsf</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathsf</primary></indexterm><para>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathtt</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathtt</primary></indexterm><para>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathit</literal></term>
+<term><literal>(\mit)</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathnormal</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathnormal</primary></indexterm><para>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathcal</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathcal</primary></indexterm><para>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>In addition, the command
<literal>\mathversion{bold}</literal>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathversion</primary></indexterm>can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in
-formulas. <literal>\mathversion{normal}</literal> restores the default.</para>
- <para>&latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to
+formulas. <literal>\mathversion{normal}</literal> restores the default.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to
the given style, that is, are <emphasis>not</emphasis> cumulative. They are used
differently than the above commands, too: <literal>{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> ...}</literal>
instead of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>{...}</literal>. These are two very different
-things.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bf</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold font</primary></indexterm>Switch to <emphasis role="bold">bold face</emphasis>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\cal</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>script letters for math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>calligraphic letters for math</primary></indexterm>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\em</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\it</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>italic font</primary></indexterm>Italics.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rm</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>roman font</primary></indexterm>Roman.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sc</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>small caps font</primary></indexterm>Small caps.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sf</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sans serif font</primary></indexterm>Sans serif.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sl</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>slanted font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oblique font</primary></indexterm>Slanted (oblique).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\tt</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>monospace font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fixed-width font</primary></indexterm>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="4.2" id="Font-sizes">
- <title>Font sizes</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sizes of text</primary></indexterm>
-The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;.
+things.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\bf</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold font</primary></indexterm><para>Switch to <emphasis role="bold">bold face</emphasis>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cal</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>script letters for math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>calligraphic letters for math</primary></indexterm><para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\em</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm><para>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\it</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>italic font</primary></indexterm><para>Italics.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rm</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>roman font</primary></indexterm><para>Roman.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sc</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>small caps font</primary></indexterm><para>Small caps.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sf</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sans serif font</primary></indexterm><para>Sans serif.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sl</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>slanted font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oblique font</primary></indexterm><para>Slanted (oblique).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tt</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>monospace font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fixed-width font</primary></indexterm><para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="4.2" id="Font-sizes">
+<title>Font sizes</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sizes of text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
size used (in points) with the &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and
-&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo; document size options, respectively (see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>).</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tiny</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scriptsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotesize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\small</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LARGE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\huge</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Huge</primary></indexterm></para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colwidth="42*"></colspec>
- <colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec>
- <colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec>
- <colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Command</entry>
- <entry><literal>10pt</literal></entry>
- <entry><literal>11pt</literal></entry>
- <entry><literal>12pt</literal></entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>\tiny</literal></entry>
- <entry>5</entry>
- <entry>6</entry>
- <entry>6</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>\scriptsize</literal></entry>
- <entry>7</entry>
- <entry>8</entry>
- <entry>8</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>\footnotesize</literal></entry>
- <entry>8</entry>
- <entry>9</entry>
- <entry>10</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>\small</literal></entry>
- <entry>9</entry>
- <entry>10</entry>
- <entry>10.95</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>\normalsize</literal> (default)</entry>
- <entry>10</entry>
- <entry>10.95</entry>
- <entry>12</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>\large</literal></entry>
- <entry>12</entry>
- <entry>12</entry>
- <entry>14.4</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>\Large</literal></entry>
- <entry>14.4</entry>
- <entry>14.4</entry>
- <entry>17.28</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>\LARGE</literal></entry>
- <entry>17.28</entry>
- <entry>17.28</entry>
- <entry>20.74</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>\huge</literal></entry>
- <entry>20.74</entry>
- <entry>20.74</entry>
- <entry>24.88</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>\Huge</literal></entry>
- <entry>24.88</entry>
- <entry>24.88</entry>
- <entry>24.88</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The commands as listed here are &ldquo;declaration forms&rdquo;. The scope of
+&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo; document size options, respectively (see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>).
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tiny</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scriptsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotesize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\small</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LARGE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\huge</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Huge</primary></indexterm>
+<informaltable><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colwidth="42*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec><thead><row><entry> Command </entry><entry> <literal>10pt</literal> </entry><entry> <literal>11pt</literal> </entry><entry> <literal>12pt</literal>
+</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry> <literal>\tiny</literal>
+</entry><entry> 5 </entry><entry> 6 </entry><entry> 6
+</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\scriptsize</literal>
+</entry><entry> 7 </entry><entry> 8 </entry><entry> 8
+</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\footnotesize</literal>
+</entry><entry> 8 </entry><entry> 9 </entry><entry> 10
+</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\small</literal>
+</entry><entry> 9 </entry><entry> 10 </entry><entry> 10.95
+</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\normalsize</literal> (default)
+</entry><entry> 10 </entry><entry> 10.95 </entry><entry> 12
+</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\large</literal>
+</entry><entry> 12 </entry><entry> 12 </entry><entry> 14.4
+</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\Large</literal>
+</entry><entry> 14.4 </entry><entry> 14.4 </entry><entry> 17.28
+</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\LARGE</literal>
+</entry><entry> 17.28 </entry><entry> 17.28 </entry><entry> 20.74
+</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\huge</literal>
+</entry><entry> 20.74 </entry><entry> 20.74 </entry><entry> 24.88
+</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\Huge</literal>
+</entry><entry> 24.88 </entry><entry> 24.88 </entry><entry> 24.88
+</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>The commands as listed here are &ldquo;declaration forms&rdquo;. The scope of
the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the
end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of
-these commands; for instance, <literal>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="4.3" id="Low-level-font-commands">
- <title>Low-level font commands</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-level font commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font commands, low-level</primary></indexterm>
-These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
+these commands; for instance, <literal>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="4.3" id="Low-level-font-commands">
+<title>Low-level font commands</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-level font commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font commands, low-level</primary></indexterm>
+<para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
-ones.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\fontencoding{enc}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontencoding</primary></indexterm>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <literal>OT1</literal> and <literal>T1</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\fontfamily{family}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontfamily</primary></indexterm>Select font family. Valid families include:</para>
- <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>cmr</literal> for Computer Modern Roman</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>cmss</literal> for Computer Modern Sans Serif</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>cmtt</literal> for Computer Modern Typewriter</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- <para>and numerous others.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\fontseries{series}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontseries</primary></indexterm>Select font series. Valid series include:</para>
- <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>m</literal> Medium (normal)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>b</literal> Bold</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>c</literal> Condensed</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>bc</literal> Bold condensed</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>bx</literal> Bold extended</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- <para>and various other combinations.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\fontshape{shape}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontshape</primary></indexterm>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:</para>
- <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>n</literal> Upright (normal)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>it</literal> Italic</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>sl</literal> Slanted (oblique)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>sc</literal> Small caps</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>ui</literal> Upright italics</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><literal>ol</literal> Outline</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- <para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\fontsize{size}{skip}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselineskip</primary></indexterm>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and
+ones.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontencoding{enc}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontencoding</primary></indexterm><para>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <literal>OT1</literal> and <literal>T1</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontfamily{family}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontfamily</primary></indexterm><para>Select font family. Valid families include:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem><para> <literal>cmr</literal> for Computer Modern Roman
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <literal>cmss</literal> for Computer Modern Sans Serif
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <literal>cmtt</literal> for Computer Modern Typewriter
+</para></listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+<para>and numerous others.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontseries{series}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontseries</primary></indexterm><para>Select font series. Valid series include:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem><para> <literal>m</literal> Medium (normal)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <literal>b</literal> Bold
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <literal>c</literal> Condensed
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <literal>bc</literal> Bold condensed
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <literal>bx</literal> Bold extended
+</para></listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+<para>and various other combinations.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontshape{shape}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontshape</primary></indexterm><para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem><para> <literal>n</literal> Upright (normal)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <literal>it</literal> Italic
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <literal>sl</literal> Slanted (oblique)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <literal>sc</literal> Small caps
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <literal>ui</literal> Upright italics
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <literal>ol</literal> Outline
+</para></listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+<para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontsize{size}{skip}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselineskip</primary></indexterm><para>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and
the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter
named <literal>\baselineskip</literal>. The unit of both parameters defaults to
pt. The default <literal>\baselineskip</literal> for the Computer Modern typeface
-is 1.2 times the <literal>\fontsize</literal>.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselinestretch</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>setspace</literal> package</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double spacing</primary></indexterm>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
+is 1.2 times the <literal>\fontsize</literal>.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselinestretch</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>setspace</literal> package</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double spacing</primary></indexterm><para>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
<literal>\baselinestretch</literal> parameter when the type size changes; the
default is 1. However, the best way to &ldquo;double space&rdquo; a document,
if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the
<literal>setspace</literal> package; see
-<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</ulink>.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linespread</primary></indexterm></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\linespread{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Equivalent to
+<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</ulink>.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linespread</primary></indexterm></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\linespread{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Equivalent to
<literal>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal>, and
therefore must be followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal> to have any effect.
Best specified in the preamble, or use the <literal>setspace</literal> package, as
-described just above.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\selectfont</primary></indexterm>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do
-not come into effect until <literal>\selectfont</literal> is called.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usefont</primary></indexterm>The same as invoking <literal>\fontencoding</literal>, <literal>\fontfamily</literal>,
+described just above.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\selectfont</primary></indexterm><para>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do
+not come into effect until <literal>\selectfont</literal> is called.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usefont</primary></indexterm><para>The same as invoking <literal>\fontencoding</literal>, <literal>\fontfamily</literal>,
<literal>\fontseries</literal> and <literal>\fontshape</literal> with the given parameters,
-followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="5" id="Layout">
- <title>Layout</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout commands</primary></indexterm>
-Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.</para>
-
- <sect1 label="5.1" id="\onecolumn">
- <title><literal>\onecolumn</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\onecolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>one-column output</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\onecolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces
-single-column output. This is the default.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="5.2" id="\twocolumn">
- <title><literal>\twocolumn</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\twocolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multicolumn text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>two-column output</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\twocolumn[<replaceable>text1col</replaceable>]
+followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="5" id="Layout">
+<title>Layout</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout commands</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="5.1">
+<title><literal>\onecolumn</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\onecolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>one-column output</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\onecolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces
+single-column output. This is the default.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="5.2">
+<title><literal>\twocolumn</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\twocolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multicolumn text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>two-column output</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\twocolumn[<replaceable>text1col</replaceable>]
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\twocolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces
+<para>The <literal>\twocolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces
two-column output. If the optional <replaceable>text1col</replaceable> argument is present,
it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting
-starts.</para>
- <para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\columnsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The distance between columns (35pt by default).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\columnseprule</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\columnwidth</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <literal>\textwidth</literal> in
-single-column text.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\dbltopfraction</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied
+starts.
+</para>
+<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\columnsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>The distance between columns (35pt by default).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\columnseprule</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\columnwidth</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <literal>\textwidth</literal> in
+single-column text.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\dbltopfraction</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied
by floats. Default &lsquo;<literal>.7</literal>&rsquo;, can be usefully redefined to (say)
-&lsquo;<literal>.9</literal>&rsquo; to avoid going to float pages so soon.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\dblfloatpagefraction</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats,
-for a two-column float page. Default &lsquo;<literal>.5</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\dblfloatsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
+&lsquo;<literal>.9</literal>&rsquo; to avoid going to float pages so soon.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dblfloatpagefraction</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats,
+for a two-column float page. Default &lsquo;<literal>.5</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dblfloatsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
page. Default &lsquo;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; and
-&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\dbltextfloatsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page
-and the main text. Default &lsquo;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="5.3" id="\flushbottom">
- <title><literal>\flushbottom</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\flushbottom</literal> declaration makes all text pages the same
+&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dbltextfloatsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page
+and the main text. Default &lsquo;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="5.3">
+<title><literal>\flushbottom</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\flushbottom</literal> declaration makes all text pages the same
height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the
-page.</para>
- <para>This is the default if <literal>twocolumn</literal> mode is selected
-(see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>).</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="5.4" id="\raggedbottom">
- <title><literal>\raggedbottom</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedbottom</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, omitting vertical</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\raggedbottom</literal> declaration makes all pages the natural
+page.
+</para>
+<para>This is the default if <literal>twocolumn</literal> mode is selected
+(see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="5.4">
+<title><literal>\raggedbottom</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedbottom</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, omitting vertical</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\raggedbottom</literal> declaration makes all pages the natural
height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be
-stretched.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="5.5" id="Page-layout-parameters">
- <title>Page layout parameters</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page layout parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, page layout</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout, page parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer</primary></indexterm></para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\headheight</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is
+stretched.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="5.5" id="Page-layout-parameters">
+<title>Page layout parameters</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page layout parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, page layout</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout, page parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer</primary></indexterm>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\headheight</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is
&lsquo;<literal>30pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>book</literal> class, where it varies with the
-type size.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\headsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
+type size.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\headsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text. Default is &lsquo;<literal>25pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>book</literal>
-class, where it varies with the type size.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\footskip</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
+class, where it varies with the type size.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\footskip</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer. Default is &lsquo;<literal>30pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>book</literal>
-class, where it varies with the type size.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\linewidth</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size,
+class, where it varies with the type size.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\linewidth</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size,
paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an <literal>article</literal> document in
&lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, it's set to &lsquo;<literal>345pt</literal>&rsquo;; in two-column mode, that
-becomes &lsquo;<literal>229.5pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textheight</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with
+becomes &lsquo;<literal>229.5pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textheight</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with
the font size, document class, etc. For an <literal>article</literal> or
<literal>report</literal> document in &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, it's set to
&lsquo;<literal>43\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo;; for <literal>book</literal>, it's &lsquo;<literal>41\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo;.
For &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, it's &lsquo;<literal>38\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo; and for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;,
-&lsquo;<literal>36\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textwidth</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as
+&lsquo;<literal>36\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textwidth</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as
usual. For an <literal>article</literal> or <literal>report</literal> document, it's
&lsquo;<literal>345pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>360pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and
&lsquo;<literal>390pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;. For a <literal>book</literal> document, it's
-&lsquo;<literal>4.5in</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<literal>5in</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\topmargin</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the
+&lsquo;<literal>4.5in</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<literal>5in</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topmargin</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed
based on many other parameters: <literal>\paperheight &minus; 2in &minus;
\headheight &minus; \headsep &minus; \textheight &minus; \footskip</literal>, and
-then divided by two.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\topskip</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
+then divided by two.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topskip</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the
-same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="6" id="Sectioning">
- <title>Sectioning</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sectioning</primary></indexterm>
-Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\part</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\chapter</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>(report and book class only)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\section</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\subsection</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\subsubsection</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\paragraph</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\subparagraph</literal></term>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,</para>
- <screen>
-\chapter[<replaceable>toctitle</replaceable>]{<replaceable>title</replaceable>}
+same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="6" id="Sectioning">
+<title>Sectioning</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>sectioning</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\part</literal></term>
+<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\chapter</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>(report and book class only)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\section</literal></term>
+<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subsection</literal></term>
+<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subsubsection</literal></term>
+<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\paragraph</literal></term>
+<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subparagraph</literal></term>
+<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
+</para>
+<screen>\chapter[<replaceable>toctitle</replaceable>]{<replaceable>title</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>In addition to providing the heading <replaceable>title</replaceable> in the main text, the
-section title can appear in two other places:</para>
- <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
- <listitem>
- <para>The table of contents.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The running head at the top of the page.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
+<para>In addition to providing the heading <replaceable>title</replaceable> in the main text, the
+section title can appear in two other places:
+</para>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem>
+<para>The table of contents.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>The running head at the top of the page.
+</para></listitem>
+</orderedlist>
+<para>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
<replaceable>toctitle</replaceable> that, when given, specifies the text for these other
-places.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form of sectioning commands</primary></indexterm>Also, all sectioning commands have <literal>*</literal>-forms that print
+places.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form of sectioning commands</primary></indexterm><para>Also, all sectioning commands have <literal>*</literal>-forms that print
<replaceable>title</replaceable> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
-entry in the table of contents. For instance:</para>
- <screen>
-\section*{Preamble}
+entry in the table of contents. For instance:
+</para>
+<screen>\section*{Preamble}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\appendix</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>appendix, creating</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\appendix</literal> command changes the way following sectional units
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\appendix</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>appendix, creating</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\appendix</literal> command changes the way following sectional units
are numbered. The <literal>\appendix</literal> command itself generates no text
and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this
-command is something like</para>
- <screen>
-\chapter{A Chapter}
+command is something like
+</para>
+<screen>\chapter{A Chapter}
&hellip;
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>secnumdepth counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section numbers, printing</primary></indexterm>The <literal>secnumdepth</literal> counter controls printing of section numbers.
-The setting</para>
- <screen>
-\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<replaceable>level</replaceable>}
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>secnumdepth counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section numbers, printing</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>secnumdepth</literal> counter controls printing of section numbers.
+The setting
+</para>
+<screen>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<replaceable>level</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para role="continues">suppresses heading numbers at any depth &gt; <replaceable>level</replaceable>, where
-<literal>chapter</literal> is level zero. (See <xref linkend="\setcounter"></xref>.)</para>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="7" id="Cross-references">
- <title>Cross references</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references</primary></indexterm>
-One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
-the reader to them, as in &ldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&rdquo;</para>
-
- <sect1 label="7.1" id="\label">
- <title><literal>\label</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\label</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\label{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
+<para>suppresses heading numbers at any depth &gt; <replaceable>level</replaceable>, where
+<literal>chapter</literal> is level zero. (See <xref linkend="\setcounter"></xref>.)
+</para>
+
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="7" id="Cross-references">
+<title>Cross references</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references</primary></indexterm>
+<para>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
+the reader to them, as in &ldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&rdquo;
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="7.1">
+<title><literal>\label</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\label</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\label{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>A <literal>\label</literal> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to
+<para>A <literal>\label</literal> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to
<replaceable>key</replaceable> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing
-inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <replaceable>key</replaceable>.</para>
- <para>A <replaceable>key</replaceable> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
-punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.</para>
- <para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
+inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <replaceable>key</replaceable>.
+</para>
+<para>A <replaceable>key</replaceable> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
+punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.
+</para>
+<para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by
-a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>ch</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>for chapters</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>sec</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>for lower-level sectioning commands</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>fig</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>for figures</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>tab</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>for tables</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>eq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>for equations</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <literal>fig:snark</literal> or
-<literal>fig.snark</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="7.2" id="\pageref">
- <title><literal>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pageref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing with page number</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
+a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>ch</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>for chapters
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>sec</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>for lower-level sectioning commands
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fig</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>for figures
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>tab</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>for tables
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>eq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>for equations
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <literal>fig:snark</literal> or
+<literal>fig.snark</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="7.2">
+<title><literal>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pageref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing with page number</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\pageref</literal>{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} command produces the page number of
+<para>The <literal>\pageref</literal>{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} command produces the page number of
the place in the text where the corresponding
-<literal>\label</literal>{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} command appears.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="7.3" id="\ref">
- <title><literal>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing, symbolic</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figure number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
+<literal>\label</literal>{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} command appears.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="7.3">
+<title><literal>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing, symbolic</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figure number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\ref</literal> command produces the number of the sectional unit,
+<para>The <literal>\ref</literal> command produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, &hellip;, of the corresponding
<literal>\label</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\label"></xref>). It does not produce any text,
-such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself.</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="8" id="Environments">
- <title>Environments</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments</primary></indexterm>
+such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="8" id="Environments">
+<title>Environments</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\begin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\end</primary></indexterm>
-&latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text.
-Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{<replaceable>envname</replaceable>}
+<para>&latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text.
+Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{<replaceable>envname</replaceable>}
...
\end{<replaceable>envname</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <sect1 label="8.1" id="abstract">
- <title><literal>abstract</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>abstract environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>abstracts</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{abstract}
+
+
+<sect1 label="8.1">
+<title><literal>abstract</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>abstract environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>abstracts</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para><screen>\begin{abstract}
...
\end{abstract}
</screen>
- <para>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.2" id="array">
- <title><literal>array</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>array environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrays, math</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{array}{<replaceable>template</replaceable>}
+<para>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.2">
+<title><literal>array</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>array environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrays, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{array}{<replaceable>template</replaceable>}
<replaceable>col1 text</replaceable>&amp;<replaceable>col1 text</replaceable>&amp;<replaceable>coln</replaceable>}\\
...
\end{array}
</screen>
- <para>Math arrays are produced with the <literal>array</literal> environment, normally
+<para>Math arrays are produced with the <literal>array</literal> environment, normally
within an <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="equation"></xref>). It has a
single mandatory <replaceable>template</replaceable> argument describing the number of
columns and the alignment within them. Each column <replaceable>col</replaceable> is
specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should
-be formatted, as follows:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>c</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>centered</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>l</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>flush left</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>r</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>flush right</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>array</literal>)</primary></indexterm>Column entries are separated by <literal>&amp;</literal>. Column entries may include
+be formatted, as follows:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>centered
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>flush left
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>flush right
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>array</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>Column entries are separated by <literal>&amp;</literal>. Column entries may include
other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with
-<literal>\\</literal>.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>@{...}</primary></indexterm>In the template, the construct <literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> puts <replaceable>text</replaceable>
-between columns in each row.</para>
- <para>Here's an example:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{equation}
+<literal>\\</literal>.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>@{...}</primary></indexterm><para>In the template, the construct <literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> puts <replaceable>text</replaceable>
+between columns in each row.
+</para>
+<para>Here's an example:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{lrc}
left1 &amp; right1 &amp; centered1 \\
left2 &amp; right2 &amp; centered2 \\
\end{array}
\end{equation}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arraycolsep</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\arraycolsep</literal> parameter defines half the width of the space
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arraycolsep</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\arraycolsep</literal> parameter defines half the width of the space
separating columns; the default is &lsquo;<literal>5pt</literal>&rsquo;. See <xref linkend="tabular"></xref>, for other
parameters which affect formatting in <literal>array</literal> environments,
-namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>.</para>
- <para>The <literal>array</literal> environment can only be used in math mode.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.3" id="center">
- <title><literal>center</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>center environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{center}
+namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>array</literal> environment can only be used in math mode.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.3">
+<title><literal>center</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>center environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{center}
<replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\
<replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\
\end{center}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>center</literal>)</primary></indexterm>The <literal>center</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>center</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>center</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right
margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the
-string <literal>\\</literal>.</para>
+string <literal>\\</literal>.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect2 label="8.3.1">
+<title><literal>\centering</literal></title>
- <sect2 label="8.3.1" id="\centering">
- <title><literal>\centering</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\centering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, declaration for</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\centering</literal> declaration corresponds to the <literal>center</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\centering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, declaration for</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\centering</literal> declaration corresponds to the <literal>center</literal>
environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such
as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>. Thus, the text of a figure or
table can be centered on the page by putting a <literal>\centering</literal>
-command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.</para>
- <para>Unlike the <literal>center</literal> environment, the <literal>\centering</literal> command
+command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.
+</para>
+<para>Unlike the <literal>center</literal> environment, the <literal>\centering</literal> command
does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how &latex; formats
paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of
the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal> command (of
-an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.</para>
- <para>Here's an example:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{quote}
+an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
+</para>
+<para>Here's an example:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{quote}
\centering
first line \\
second line \\
\end{quote}
</screen>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.4" id="description">
- <title><literal>description</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>description environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>labelled lists, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>description lists, creating</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{description}
+
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.4">
+<title><literal>description</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>description environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>labelled lists, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>description lists, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{description}
\item [<replaceable>label1</replaceable>] <replaceable>item1</replaceable>
\item [<replaceable>label2</replaceable>] <replaceable>item2</replaceable>
...
\end{description}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm>The <literal>description</literal> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>description</literal> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each
<replaceable>label</replaceable> is typeset in bold, flush right. The <replaceable>item</replaceable> text may
-contain multiple paragraphs.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold typewriter, avoiding</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter labels in lists</primary></indexterm>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
+contain multiple paragraphs.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold typewriter, avoiding</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter labels in lists</primary></indexterm><para>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
you typeset a label in typewriter using <literal>\texttt</literal>, you'll get
bold typewriter: <literal>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</literal>. This
may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use
<literal>\tt</literal>, which resets all other style variations: <literal>\item[{\tt
-plain typewriter}]</literal>.</para>
- <para>For details about list spacing, see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.5" id="displaymath">
- <title><literal>displaymath</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{displaymath}
+plain typewriter}]</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>For details about list spacing, see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.5">
+<title><literal>displaymath</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{displaymath}
<replaceable>math</replaceable>
\end{displaymath}
</screen>
- <para role="continues">or</para>
- <screen>
-\[<replaceable>math</replaceable>\]
+<para>or
+</para>
+<screen>\[<replaceable>math</replaceable>\]
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>displaymath</literal> environment (<literal>\[...\]</literal> is a synonym)
+<para>The <literal>displaymath</literal> environment (<literal>\[...\]</literal> is a synonym)
typesets the <replaceable>math</replaceable> text on its own line, centered by default.
The global <literal>fleqn</literal> option makes equations flush left; see
-<xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>.</para>
- <para>No equation number is added to <literal>displaymath</literal> text; to get an
-equation number, use the <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="equation"></xref>).</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.6" id="document">
- <title><literal>document</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>document environment</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>document</literal> environment encloses the body of a document.
-It is required in every &latex; document. See <xref linkend="Starting-&-ending"></xref>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.7" id="enumerate">
- <title><literal>enumerate</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>enumerate environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, numbered</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{enumerate}
+<xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>.
+</para>
+<para>No equation number is added to <literal>displaymath</literal> text; to get an
+equation number, use the <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="equation"></xref>).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.6">
+<title><literal>document</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>document environment</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>document</literal> environment encloses the body of a document.
+It is required in every &latex; document. See <xref linkend="Starting-&amp;-ending"></xref>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.7">
+<title><literal>enumerate</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>enumerate environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, numbered</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{enumerate}
\item <replaceable>item1</replaceable>
\item <replaceable>item2</replaceable>
...
\end{enumerate}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
+<para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as
<literal>itemize</literal> (see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>) and <literal>description</literal>
-(see <xref linkend="description"></xref>).</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command.
-There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment.</para>
- <para>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:</para>
- <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
- <listitem>
- <para>1., 2., &hellip;</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>(a), (b), &hellip;</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>i., ii., &hellip;</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>A., B., &hellip;</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiv</primary></indexterm>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the counters <literal>\enumi</literal>
+(see <xref linkend="description"></xref>).
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><para>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command.
+There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment.
+</para>
+<para>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:
+</para>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para> 1., 2., &hellip;
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> (a), (b), &hellip;
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> i., ii., &hellip;
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> A., B., &hellip;
+</para></listitem>
+</orderedlist>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiv</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the counters <literal>\enumi</literal>
through <literal>\enumiv</literal> counters (see <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>). If the optional
argument to <literal>\item</literal> is given, the counter is not incremented for
-that item.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiv</primary></indexterm>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelenumi</literal>
+that item.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiv</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelenumi</literal>
through <literal>\labelenumiv</literal> to produce the default label. So, you can
-use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> to change the labels (see <xref linkend="\newcommand-&-\renewcommand"></xref>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
-letters:</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Alph example</primary></indexterm></para>
- <screen>
-\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
+use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> to change the labels (see <xref linkend="\newcommand-&amp;-\renewcommand"></xref>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
+letters:
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Alph example</primary></indexterm><screen>\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
</screen>
- </sect1>
- <sect1 label="8.8" id="eqnarray">
- <title><literal>eqnarray</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>eqnarray environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, aligning</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aligning Equations</primary></indexterm></para>
- <screen>
-\begin{eqnarray} <lineannotation>(or <literal>eqnarray*</literal>)</lineannotation>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.8">
+<title><literal>eqnarray</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>eqnarray environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, aligning</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aligning Equations</primary></indexterm>
+<screen>\begin{eqnarray} <lineannotation>(or <literal>eqnarray*</literal>)</lineannotation>
<replaceable>formula1</replaceable> \\
<replaceable>formula2</replaceable> \\
...
\end{eqnarray}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm>The <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment is used to display a sequence of
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment is used to display a sequence of
equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column
<literal>array</literal> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <literal>\\</literal>
-and consecutive items within a row separated by an <literal>&amp;</literal>.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\* (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm><literal>\\*</literal> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal
-meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nonumber</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation numbers, omitting</primary></indexterm>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
+and consecutive items within a row separated by an <literal>&amp;</literal>.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\* (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para><literal>\\*</literal> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal
+meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nonumber</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation numbers, omitting</primary></indexterm><para>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
<literal>\nonumber</literal> command. Alternatively, The <literal>*</literal>-form of the
environment (<literal>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</literal>) will
omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as
-<literal>eqnarray</literal>.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lefteqn</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\lefteqn</literal> is used for splitting long formulas across
+<literal>eqnarray</literal>.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lefteqn</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\lefteqn</literal> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
-zero width.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.9" id="equation">
- <title><literal>equation</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, environment for</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{equation}
+zero width.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.9">
+<title><literal>equation</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{equation}
<replaceable>math</replaceable>
\end{equation}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>equation</literal> environment starts a <literal>displaymath</literal>
+<para>The <literal>equation</literal> environment starts a <literal>displaymath</literal>
environment (see <xref linkend="displaymath"></xref>), e.g., centering the <replaceable>math</replaceable> text
-on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.10" id="figure">
- <title><literal>figure</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>figure</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>inserting figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, inserting</primary></indexterm></para>
- <screen>
-\begin{figure[*]}[<replaceable>placement</replaceable>]
+on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.10">
+<title><literal>figure</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>figure</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>inserting figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, inserting</primary></indexterm>
+<screen>\begin{figure[*]}[<replaceable>placement</replaceable>]
<replaceable>figbody</replaceable>
\label{<replaceable>label}</replaceable>
\caption[<replaceable>loftitle</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
\end{figure}
</screen>
- <para>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+<para>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
instead &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
-Figures will not be split between two pages.</para>
- <para>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a
-full-width figure (across both columns).</para>
- <para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try
+Figures will not be split between two pages.
+</para>
+<para>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a
+full-width figure (across both columns).
+</para>
+<para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try
to place your figure. There are four places where &latex; can possibly
-put a float:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>t</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>(Top)&mdash;at the top of a text page.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>b</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>(Bottom)&mdash;at the bottom of a text page. However, <literal>b</literal> is not
+put a float:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>(Top)&mdash;at the top of a text page.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>(Bottom)&mdash;at the bottom of a text page. However, <literal>b</literal> is not
allowed for full-width floats (<literal>figure*</literal>) with double-column
output. To ameliorate this, use the <literal>stfloats</literal> or
<literal>dblfloatfix</literal> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
-FAQ: <ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</ulink>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>h</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>float</literal> package</primary></indexterm>(Here)&mdash;at the position in the text where the figure environment
+FAQ: <ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</ulink>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>h</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>float</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>(Here)&mdash;at the position in the text where the figure environment
appears. However, this is not allowed by itself, <literal>t</literal> is
automatically added. To absolutely force a figure to appear &ldquo;here&rdquo;,
use the <literal>float</literal> and use its <literal>H</literal> placement letter. (That
-package also provides other options.)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>p</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>(Page of floats)&mdash;on a separate float page, which is a page
-containing no text, only floats.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement
-<literal>tbp</literal>.</para>
- <para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc.
-you wish.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\caption</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\caption</literal> command specifies caption <replaceable>text</replaceable> for the
+package also provides other options.)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>p</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>(Page of floats)&mdash;on a separate float page, which is a page
+containing no text, only floats.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement
+<literal>tbp</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc.
+you wish.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\caption</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\caption</literal> command specifies caption <replaceable>text</replaceable> for the
figure. The caption is numbered by default. If <replaceable>loftitle</replaceable> is
present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <replaceable>text</replaceable>
-(see <xref linkend="Tables-of-contents"></xref>).</para>
+(see <xref linkend="Tables-of-contents"></xref>).
+</para>
<!-- xx float-placement, float-caption sections? -->
- <variablelist>
- <title><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomfraction</primary></indexterm>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats atthe bottom; default &lsquo;<literal>.3</literal>&rsquo;.</title>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\floatpagefraction</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
-default &lsquo;<literal>.5</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\floatsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
-&lsquo;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\intextsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
+<variablelist><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomfraction</primary></indexterm><para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at
+the bottom; default &lsquo;<literal>.3</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+<varlistentry><term><literal>\floatpagefraction</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
+default &lsquo;<literal>.5</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\floatsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
+&lsquo;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\intextsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
&lsquo;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; styles,
-&lsquo;<literal>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textfloatsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
-default &lsquo;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textfraction</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
+&lsquo;<literal>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textfloatsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
+default &lsquo;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textfraction</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
-different page. The default is &lsquo;<literal>.2</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\topfraction</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
-floats; default is &lsquo;<literal>.7</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.11" id="flushleft">
- <title><literal>flushleft</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushleft environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text, environment for</primary></indexterm></para>
- <screen>
-\begin{flushleft}
+different page. The default is &lsquo;<literal>.2</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topfraction</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
+floats; default is &lsquo;<literal>.7</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.11">
+<title><literal>flushleft</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushleft environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<screen>\begin{flushleft}
<replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\
<replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\
...
\end{flushleft}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>flushleft</literal></primary></indexterm>The <literal>flushleft</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>flushleft</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>flushleft</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
-right Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.</para>
+right Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.
+</para>
+
- <sect2 label="8.11.1" id="\raggedright">
- <title><literal>\raggedright</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedright</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged right</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\raggedright</literal> declaration corresponds to the
+<sect2 label="8.11.1">
+<title><literal>\raggedright</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedright</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged right</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\raggedright</literal> declaration corresponds to the
<literal>flushleft</literal> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
-environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>.</para>
- <para>Unlike the <literal>flushleft</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedright</literal>
+environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>Unlike the <literal>flushleft</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedright</literal>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal>
-command that ends the paragraph unit.</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.12" id="flushright">
- <title><literal>flushright</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushright environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm></para>
- <screen>
-\begin{flushright}
+command that ends the paragraph unit.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.12">
+<title><literal>flushright</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushright environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<screen>\begin{flushright}
<replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\
<replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\
...
\end{flushright}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>flushright</literal>)</primary></indexterm>The <literal>flushright</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>flushright</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>flushright</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
-left. Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.</para>
+left. Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.
+</para>
+
- <sect2 label="8.12.1" id="\raggedleft">
- <title><literal>\raggedleft</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedleft</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged left</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\raggedleft</literal> declaration corresponds to the
+<sect2 label="8.12.1">
+<title><literal>\raggedleft</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedleft</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged left</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\raggedleft</literal> declaration corresponds to the
<literal>flushright</literal> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
-environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>.</para>
- <para>Unlike the <literal>flushright</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedleft</literal>
+environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>Unlike the <literal>flushright</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedleft</literal>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal>
-command that ends the paragraph unit.</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.13" id="itemize">
- <title><literal>itemize</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>itemize environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>unordered lists</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bulleted lists</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{itemize}
+command that ends the paragraph unit.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.13">
+<title><literal>itemize</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>itemize environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>unordered lists</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bulleted lists</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{itemize}
\item <replaceable>item1</replaceable>
\item <replaceable>item2</replaceable>
...
\end{itemize}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment produces an &ldquo;unordered&rdquo;, &ldquo;bulleted&rdquo;
+<para>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment produces an &ldquo;unordered&rdquo;, &ldquo;bulleted&rdquo;
list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four
levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
-environments, such as <literal>enumerate</literal> (see <xref linkend="enumerate"></xref>).</para>
- <para>Each item of an <literal>itemize</literal> list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command.
-There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment.</para>
- <para>By default, the marks at each level look like this:</para>
- <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
- <listitem>
- <para>&bull; (bullet)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">--<!-- /@w --></emphasis> (bold en-dash)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>* (asterisk)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period)</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiv</primary></indexterm>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelitemi</literal>
+environments, such as <literal>enumerate</literal> (see <xref linkend="enumerate"></xref>).
+</para>
+<para>Each item of an <literal>itemize</literal> list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command.
+There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment.
+</para>
+<para>By default, the marks at each level look like this:
+</para>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para> &bull; (bullet)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> <emphasis role="bold">--<!-- /@w --></emphasis> (bold en-dash)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> * (asterisk)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
+</para></listitem>
+</orderedlist>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiv</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelitemi</literal>
through <literal>\labelitemiv</literal> to produce the default label. So, you can
use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> to change the labels. For instance, to have
-the first level use diamonds:</para>
- <screen>
-\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
+the first level use diamonds:
+</para>
+<screen>\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargini</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginvi</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\leftmargini</literal> through <literal>\leftmarginvi</literal> parameters define
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargini</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginvi</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\leftmargini</literal> through <literal>\leftmarginvi</literal> parameters define
the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the list. By convention, <literal>\leftmargin</literal> is set
to the appropriate <literal>\leftmargin<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal> when a new level of
-nesting is entered.</para>
- <para>The defaults vary from &lsquo;<literal>.5em</literal>&rsquo; (highest levels of nesting) to
+nesting is entered.
+</para>
+<para>The defaults vary from &lsquo;<literal>.5em</literal>&rsquo; (highest levels of nesting) to
&lsquo;<literal>2.5em</literal>&rsquo; (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.
-This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:</para>
- <screen>
-\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
+This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
+</para>
+<screen>\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
</screen>
<!-- xx should be in its own generic section -->
- <para>Some parameters that affect list formatting:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\itemindent</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\labelsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Space between the label and text of an item; default &lsquo;<literal>.5em</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\labelwidth</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Width of the label; default &lsquo;<literal>2em</literal>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<literal>1.5em</literal>&rsquo; in two-column mode.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\listparindent</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
-list item; default &lsquo;<literal>0pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rightmargin</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
+<para>Some parameters that affect list formatting:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\itemindent</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\labelsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Space between the label and text of an item; default &lsquo;<literal>.5em</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\labelwidth</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Width of the label; default &lsquo;<literal>2em</literal>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<literal>1.5em</literal>&rsquo; in two-column mode.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\listparindent</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
+list item; default &lsquo;<literal>0pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightmargin</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
enclosing environment; default &lsquo;<literal>0pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>quote</literal>,
<literal>quotation</literal>, and <literal>verse</literal> environments, where it is set equal
-to <literal>\leftmargin</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
-loose, by default).</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\itemsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Vertical space between items. The default is <literal>2pt plus1pt
+to <literal>\leftmargin</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
+loose, by default).
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\itemsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Vertical space between items. The default is <literal>2pt plus1pt
minus1pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, <literal>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</literal> for
-<literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\parsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults
-are the same as <literal>\itemsep</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\topsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
+<literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\parsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults
+are the same as <literal>\itemsep</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
For top-level lists, the default is <literal>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal> for
<literal>10pt</literal> documents, <literal>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</literal> for <literal>11pt</literal>,
and <literal>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>. These are reduced
-for nested lists.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\partopsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Extra space added to <literal>\topsep</literal> when the list environment starts a
+for nested lists.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\partopsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Extra space added to <literal>\topsep</literal> when the list environment starts a
paragraph. The default is <literal>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal>
documents, <literal>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>3pt
-plus2pt minus2pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip example</primary></indexterm>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
+plus2pt minus2pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip example</primary></indexterm><para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an <literal>itemize*</literal>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item (<literal>\parskip</literal> is not list-specific,
-see <xref linkend="\parskip"></xref>):</para>
- <screen>
-\newenvironment{itemize*}%
+see <xref linkend="\parskip"></xref>):
+</para>
+<screen>\newenvironment{itemize*}%
{\begin{itemize}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
\setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
{\end{itemize}}
</screen>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.14" id="letter">
- <title><literal>letter</literal> environment: writing letters</title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter</primary></indexterm>
-This environment is used for creating letters. See <xref linkend="Letters"></xref>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.15" id="list">
- <title><literal>list</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>list</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, generic</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>list</literal> environment is a generic environment which is used for
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.14">
+<title><literal>letter</literal> environment: writing letters</title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter</primary></indexterm>
+<para>This environment is used for creating letters. See <xref linkend="Letters"></xref>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.15">
+<title><literal>list</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>list</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, generic</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>list</literal> environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
-documents, but often in macros.</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{list}{<replaceable>labeling</replaceable>}{<replaceable>spacing</replaceable>}
+documents, but often in macros.
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{list}{<replaceable>labeling</replaceable>}{<replaceable>spacing</replaceable>}
\item <replaceable>item1</replaceable>
\item <replaceable>item2</replaceable>
...
\end{list}
</screen>
- <para>The mandatory <replaceable>labeling</replaceable> argument specifies how items should be
+<para>The mandatory <replaceable>labeling</replaceable> argument specifies how items should be
labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <literal>\item</literal>).
This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
-label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands.</para>
- <para>The mandatory <replaceable>spacing</replaceable> argument contains commands to change the
+label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands.
+</para>
+<para>The mandatory <replaceable>spacing</replaceable> argument contains commands to change the
spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be
-empty, i.e., <literal>{}</literal>, which leaves the default spacing.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.16" id="math">
- <title><literal>math</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>in-line formulas</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{math}
+empty, i.e., <literal>{}</literal>, which leaves the default spacing.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.16">
+<title><literal>math</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>in-line formulas</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{math}
<replaceable>math</replaceable>
\end{math}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>math</literal> environment inserts the given <replaceable>math</replaceable> within the
+<para>The <literal>math</literal> environment inserts the given <replaceable>math</replaceable> within the
running text. <literal>\(...\))</literal> and <literal>$...$</literal> are synonyms.
-See <xref linkend="Math-formulas"></xref>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.17" id="minipage">
- <title><literal>minipage</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>minipage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>minipage, creating a</primary></indexterm></para>
- <screen>
-\begin{minipage}[<replaceable>position</replaceable>][<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}
+See <xref linkend="Math-formulas"></xref>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.17">
+<title><literal>minipage</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>minipage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>minipage, creating a</primary></indexterm>
+<screen>\begin{minipage}[<replaceable>position</replaceable>][<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}
<replaceable>text</replaceable>
\end{minipage}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>minipage</literal> environment typesets its body <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a
+<para>The <literal>minipage</literal> environment typesets its body <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a
block that will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the
<literal>\parbox</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\parbox"></xref>), but unlike <literal>\parbox</literal>,
-other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.</para>
+other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
+</para>
<!-- (xxref positions) -->
- <para>The arguments are the same as for <literal>\parbox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\parbox"></xref>).</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentation, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <literal>minipage</literal>
+<para>The arguments are the same as for <literal>\parbox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\parbox"></xref>).
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentation, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm><para>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <literal>minipage</literal>
environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
-<literal>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</literal> command.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes in figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, footnotes in</primary></indexterm>Footnotes in a <literal>minipage</literal> environment are handled in a way that is
+<literal>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</literal> command.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes in figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, footnotes in</primary></indexterm><para>Footnotes in a <literal>minipage</literal> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
<literal>\footnote</literal> or <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the <literal>\mpfootnote</literal> counter instead of the ordinary
-<literal>footnote</literal> counter (see <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>).</para>
- <para>However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
-footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.18" id="picture">
- <title><literal>picture</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>picture</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating pictures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pictures, creating</primary></indexterm></para>
- <screen>
-\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
+<literal>footnote</literal> counter (see <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>).
+</para>
+<para>However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
+footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.18">
+<title><literal>picture</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>picture</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating pictures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pictures, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<screen>\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
&hellip; <replaceable>picture commands</replaceable> &hellip;
\end{picture}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unitlength</primary></indexterm>The <literal>picture</literal> environment allows you to create just about any
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unitlength</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment allows you to create just about any
kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying
their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal
@@ -1641,446 +1419,410 @@ unit length <literal>\unitlength</literal>, so if <literal>\unitlength</literal>
to <literal>1cm</literal>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
centimeters. You should only change the value of <literal>\unitlength</literal>,
using the <literal>\setlength</literal> command, outside of a <literal>picture</literal>
-environment.</para>
- <para>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <literal>(2.4,-5)</literal>, specifying
+environment.
+</para>
+<para>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <literal>(2.4,-5)</literal>, specifying
the point with x-coordinate <literal>2.4</literal> and y-coordinate <literal>-5</literal>.
Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that
when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces;
-the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.</para>
- <para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
+the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
<literal>position</literal>. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
-argument's x- and y-coordinates.</para>
- <para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment also has an optional <literal>position</literal>
+argument's x- and y-coordinates.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment also has an optional <literal>position</literal>
argument, following the <literal>size</literal> argument, that can change the
origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
(thereby determining the origin). For example, if <literal>\unitlength</literal>
-has been set to <literal>1mm</literal>, the command</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
+has been set to <literal>1mm</literal>, the command
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
</screen>
- <para role="continues">produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
+<para>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
draw a picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the
origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
-optional argument.</para>
- <para>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
+optional argument.
+</para>
+<para>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is;
&latex; will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even
off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by &latex; in determining
-how much room to leave for it.</para>
- <para>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <literal>\put</literal>
-command. The command</para>
- <screen>
-\put (11.3,-.3){...}
+how much room to leave for it.
+</para>
+<para>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <literal>\put</literal>
+command. The command
+</para>
+<screen>\put (11.3,-.3){...}
</screen>
- <para role="continues">puts the object specified by <literal>...</literal> in the
+<para>puts the object specified by <literal>...</literal> in the
picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3).
-The reference points for various objects will be described below.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lR box</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\put</literal> command creates an <firstterm>LR box</firstterm>. You can put anything
+The reference points for various objects will be described below.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lR box</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\put</literal> command creates an <firstterm>LR box</firstterm>. You can put anything
that can go in an <literal>\mbox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\mbox"></xref>) in the text argument of
the <literal>\put</literal> command. When you do this, the reference point will
-be the lower left corner of the box.</para>
- <para>The <literal>picture</literal> commands are described in the following sections.</para>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.1" id="\circle">
- <title><literal>\circle</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\circle</primary></indexterm></para>
- <screen>
-\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>}
+be the lower left corner of the box.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>picture</literal> commands are described in the following sections.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect2 label="8.18.1">
+<title><literal>\circle</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\circle</primary></indexterm>
+<screen>\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\circle</literal> command produces a circle with a diameter as close
+<para>The <literal>\circle</literal> command produces a circle with a diameter as close
to the specified one as possible. The <literal>*</literal>-form of the command
-draws a solid circle.</para>
- <para>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.2" id="\makebox-(picture)">
- <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (picture)</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</literal></para>
- <para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command for the picture environment is similar to
+draws a solid circle.
+</para>
+<para>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.2">
+<title><literal>\makebox</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (picture)</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command for the picture environment is similar to
the normal <literal>\makebox</literal> command except that you must specify a
-<literal>width</literal> and <literal>height</literal> in multiples of <literal>\unitlength</literal>.</para>
- <para>The optional argument, <literal>[position]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that
-your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>t</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>b</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Moves the item to the bottom.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>l</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Moves the item to the left.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>r</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Moves the item to the right.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>See <xref linkend="\makebox"></xref>.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.3" id="\framebox-(picture)">
- <title><literal>\framebox</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\framebox(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{...}
+<literal>width</literal> and <literal>height</literal> in multiples of <literal>\unitlength</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>The optional argument, <literal>[position]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that
+your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Moves the item to the bottom.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Moves the item to the left.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Moves the item to the right.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>See <xref linkend="\makebox"></xref>.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.3">
+<title><literal>\framebox</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\framebox(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{...}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command is like <literal>\makebox</literal> (see previous
+<para>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command is like <literal>\makebox</literal> (see previous
section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
-that it creates.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command produces a rule of thickness
+that it creates.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command produces a rule of thickness
<literal>\fboxrule</literal>, and leaves a space <literal>\fboxsep</literal> between the rule
-and the contents of the box.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.4" id="\dashbox">
- <title><literal>\dashbox</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dashbox</primary></indexterm>
-Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\dashbox{<replaceable>dlen</replaceable>}(<replaceable>rwidth</replaceable>,<replaceable>rheight</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+and the contents of the box.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.4">
+<title><literal>\dashbox</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dashbox</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\dashbox{<replaceable>dlen</replaceable>}(<replaceable>rwidth</replaceable>,<replaceable>rheight</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para><literal>\dashbox</literal> creates a dashed rectangle around <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a
+<para><literal>\dashbox</literal> creates a dashed rectangle around <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a
<literal>picture</literal> environment. Dashes are <replaceable>dlen</replaceable> units long, and the
rectangle has overall width <replaceable>rwidth</replaceable> and height <replaceable>rheight</replaceable>.
-The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is positioned at optional <replaceable>pos</replaceable>.
-<!-- xxref positions. -->
-A dashed box looks best when the <literal>rwidth</literal> and <literal>rheight</literal> are
-multiples of the <literal>dlen</literal>.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.5" id="\frame">
- <title><literal>\frame</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frame</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\frame{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is positioned at optional <replaceable>pos</replaceable>. <!-- xxref positions. -->
+</para>
+<para>A dashed box looks best when the <literal>rwidth</literal> and <literal>rheight</literal> are
+multiples of the <literal>dlen</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.5">
+<title><literal>\frame</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frame</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\frame{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\frame</literal> command puts a rectangular frame around <replaceable>text</replaceable>.
+<para>The <literal>\frame</literal> command puts a rectangular frame around <replaceable>text</replaceable>.
The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra
-space is put between the frame and the object.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.6" id="\line">
- <title><literal>\line</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\line</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\line(<replaceable>xslope</replaceable>,<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
+space is put between the frame and the object.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.6">
+<title><literal>\line</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\line</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\line(<replaceable>xslope</replaceable>,<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\line</literal> command draws a line with the given <replaceable>length</replaceable> and
-slope <replaceable>xslope</replaceable>/<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>.</para>
- <para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <replaceable>slope</replaceable> = x/y,
+<para>The <literal>\line</literal> command draws a line with the given <replaceable>length</replaceable> and
+slope <replaceable>xslope</replaceable>/<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>.
+</para>
+<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <replaceable>slope</replaceable> = x/y,
where x and y have integer values from &minus;6
-through&#xa0;6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes,
-see the <literal>curve2e</literal> and many many other packages on CTAN.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.7" id="\linethickness">
- <title><literal>\linethickness</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linethickness</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\linethickness{<replaceable>dim</replaceable>}</literal> command declares the thickness
+through&nbsp;6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes,
+see the <literal>curve2e</literal> and many many other packages on CTAN.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.7">
+<title><literal>\linethickness</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linethickness</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\linethickness{<replaceable>dim</replaceable>}</literal> command declares the thickness
of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
-<replaceable>dim</replaceable>, which must be a positive length.</para>
- <para><literal>\linethickness</literal> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
-circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <literal>\oval</literal>.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.8" id="\thicklines">
- <title><literal>\thicklines</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thicklines</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\thicklines</literal> command is an alternate line thickness for
+<replaceable>dim</replaceable>, which must be a positive length.
+</para>
+<para><literal>\linethickness</literal> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
+circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <literal>\oval</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.8">
+<title><literal>\thicklines</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thicklines</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\thicklines</literal> command is an alternate line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
-cf.&#xa0;<xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thinlines"></xref>.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.9" id="\thinlines">
- <title><literal>\thinlines</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinlines</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\thinlines</literal> command is the default line thickness for
+cf.&nbsp;<xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thinlines"></xref>.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.9">
+<title><literal>\thinlines</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinlines</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\thinlines</literal> command is the default line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
-cf.&#xa0;<xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thicklines"></xref>.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.10" id="\multiput">
- <title><literal>\multiput</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multiput</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\multiput(<replaceable>x</replaceable>,<replaceable>y</replaceable>)(<replaceable>delta_x</replaceable>,<replaceable>delta_y</replaceable>){<replaceable>n</replaceable>}{<replaceable>obj</replaceable>}
+cf.&nbsp;<xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thicklines"></xref>.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.10">
+<title><literal>\multiput</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multiput</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para><screen>\multiput(<replaceable>x</replaceable>,<replaceable>y</replaceable>)(<replaceable>delta_x</replaceable>,<replaceable>delta_y</replaceable>){<replaceable>n</replaceable>}{<replaceable>obj</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\multiput</literal> command copies the object <replaceable>obj</replaceable> in a regular
+<para>The <literal>\multiput</literal> command copies the object <replaceable>obj</replaceable> in a regular
pattern across a picture. <replaceable>obj</replaceable> is first placed at position
(x,y), then at (x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on,
-<replaceable>n</replaceable> times.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.11" id="\oval">
- <title><literal>\oval</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oval</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\oval(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>portion</replaceable>]
+<replaceable>n</replaceable> times.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.11">
+<title><literal>\oval</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oval</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\oval(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>portion</replaceable>]
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\oval</literal> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.
+<para>The <literal>\oval</literal> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.
The optional argument <replaceable>portion</replaceable> allows you to select part of the
-oval via the following:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>t</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>selects the top portion;</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>b</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>selects the bottom portion;</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>r</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>selects the right portion;</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>l</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>selects the left portion.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>The &ldquo;corners&rdquo; of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
+oval via the following:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>selects the top portion;
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>selects the bottom portion;
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>selects the right portion;
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>selects the left portion.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>The &ldquo;corners&rdquo; of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
maximum radius of 20pt, so large &ldquo;ovals&rdquo; will look more like
-boxes with rounded corners.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.12" id="\put">
- <title><literal>\put</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\put</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</literal></para>
- <para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the item specified by the mandatory
-argument at the given coordinates.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.13" id="\shortstack">
- <title><literal>\shortstack</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\shortstack</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\shortstack[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{...\\...\\...}
+boxes with rounded corners.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.12">
+<title><literal>\put</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\put</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</literal>
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the item specified by the mandatory
+argument at the given coordinates.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.13">
+<title><literal>\shortstack</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\shortstack</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\shortstack[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{...\\...\\...}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\shortstack</literal> command produces a stack of objects. The valid
-positions are:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>r</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Move the objects to the right of the stack.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>l</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Move the objects to the left of the stack</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>c</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>\shortstack</literal> objects)</primary></indexterm>Objects are separated with <literal>\\</literal>.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.18.14" id="\vector">
- <title><literal>\vector</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vector</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\vector(<replaceable>x-slope</replaceable>,<replaceable>y-slope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
+<para>The <literal>\shortstack</literal> command produces a stack of objects. The valid
+positions are:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Move the objects to the right of the stack.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Move the objects to the left of the stack
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>\shortstack</literal> objects)</primary></indexterm><para>Objects are separated with <literal>\\</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.18.14">
+<title><literal>\vector</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vector</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\vector(<replaceable>x-slope</replaceable>,<replaceable>y-slope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\vector</literal> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
+<para>The <literal>\vector</literal> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
length and slope. The x and y values must lie between
-&minus;4 and +4, inclusive.</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.19" id="quotation">
- <title><literal>quotation</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>quotation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{quotation}
+&minus;4 and +4, inclusive.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.19">
+<title><literal>quotation</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>quotation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{quotation}
<replaceable>text</replaceable>
\end{quotation}
</screen>
- <para>The margins of the <literal>quotation</literal> environment are indented on both
+<para>The margins of the <literal>quotation</literal> environment are indented on both
the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins.
-Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.</para>
- <para>Unlike the <literal>quote</literal> environment, each paragraph is indented
-normally.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.20" id="quote">
- <title><literal>quote</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</primary></indexterm>
-Snyopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{quote}
+Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
+</para>
+<para>Unlike the <literal>quote</literal> environment, each paragraph is indented
+normally.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.20">
+<title><literal>quote</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Snyopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{quote}
<replaceable>text</replaceable>
\end{quote}
</screen>
- <para>The margins of the <literal>quote</literal> environment are indented on both the
+<para>The margins of the <literal>quote</literal> environment are indented on both the
left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a
-blank line between text produces a new paragraph.</para>
- <para>Unlike the <literal>quotation</literal> environment, paragraphs are not indented.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.21" id="tabbing">
- <title><literal>tabbing</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabbing environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tab stops, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in columns using tab stops</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>alignment via tabbing</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{tabbing}
+blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
+</para>
+<para>Unlike the <literal>quotation</literal> environment, paragraphs are not indented.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.21">
+<title><literal>tabbing</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabbing environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tab stops, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in columns using tab stops</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>alignment via tabbing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{tabbing}
<replaceable>row1col1</replaceable> \= <replaceable>row1col2</replaceable> \= <replaceable>row1col3</replaceable> \= <replaceable>row1col4</replaceable> \\
<replaceable>row2col1</replaceable> \&gt; \&gt; <replaceable>row2col3</replaceable> \\
...
\end{tabbing}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>tabbing</literal> environment provides a way to align text in
+<para>The <literal>tabbing</literal> environment provides a way to align text in
columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where
-the width of each column is constant and known in advance.</para>
- <para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <literal>tabular</literal>
-environment.</para>
- <para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> enviroment:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\\ tabbing</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>End a line.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\= (tabbing)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\&gt; (tabbing)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&gt;</primary></indexterm>Advances to the next tab stop.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\&lt;</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
-the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\+</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
+the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
+</para>
+<para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <literal>tabular</literal>
+environment.
+</para>
+<para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> enviroment:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\\ (tabbing)</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>End a line.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\= (tabbing)</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\&gt; (tabbing)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&gt;</primary></indexterm><para>Advances to the next tab stop.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\&lt;</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
+the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\+</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
-necessary.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\-</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
+necessary.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\-</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
-necessary.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\' (tabbing)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
+necessary.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\' (tabbing)</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <literal>\&gt;</literal>,
<literal>\&lt;</literal>, <literal>\'</literal>, <literal>\\</literal>, or <literal>\kill</literal> command, to the right
-of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\` (tabbing)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
-stop&#xa0;0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column
+of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\` (tabbing)</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
+stop&nbsp;0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column
because there's no tab stop there. The <literal>\`</literal> command moves all the
text that follows it, up to the <literal>\\</literal> or <literal>\end{tabbing}</literal>
command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
environment. There must be no <literal>\&gt;</literal> or <literal>\'</literal> command between
-the <literal>\`</literal> and the command that ends the line.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\a (tabbing)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a' (acute accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a` (grave accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a= (macron accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm>In a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment, the commands <literal>\=</literal>, <literal>\'</literal> and
+the <literal>\`</literal> and the command that ends the line.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\a (tabbing)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a' (acute accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a` (grave accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a= (macron accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><para>In a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment, the commands <literal>\=</literal>, <literal>\'</literal> and
<literal>\`</literal> do not produce accents as usual (see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>). Instead,
-the commands <literal>\a=</literal>, <literal>\a'</literal> and <literal>\a`</literal> are used.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\kill</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <literal>\\</literal>
+the commands <literal>\a=</literal>, <literal>\a'</literal> and <literal>\a`</literal> are used.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\kill</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <literal>\\</literal>
except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
output for it. The effect of any <literal>\=</literal>, <literal>\+</literal> or <literal>\-</literal>
-commands in that line remain in effect.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\poptabs</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\poptabs</primary></indexterm>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <literal>\pushtabs</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\pushtabs</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
-tab stop positions in the middle of a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\tabbingsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <literal>\'</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{tabbing}
+commands in that line remain in effect.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\poptabs</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\poptabs</primary></indexterm><para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <literal>\pushtabs</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pushtabs</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
+tab stop positions in the middle of a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tabbingsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <literal>\'</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\&gt; begin \= \+ \\
\&gt; if \= n $&gt;$ 1 then \+ \\
@@ -2090,121 +1832,98 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
end;\\
\end{tabbing}
</screen>
- </sect1>
- <sect1 label="8.22" id="table">
- <title><literal>table</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>table</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tables, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating tables</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
- \begin{table}[placement]
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.22">
+<title><literal>table</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>table</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tables, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating tables</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen> \begin{table}[placement]
body of the table
\caption{table title}
\end{table}
</screen>
- <para>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+<para>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
usually &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
-Tables will not be split between two pages.</para>
- <para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try
+Tables will not be split between two pages.
+</para>
+<para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try
to place your table. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put
a float; these are the same as that used with the <literal>figure</literal>
-environment, and described there (see <xref linkend="figure"></xref>).</para>
- <para>The standard <literal>report</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes use the default
-placement <literal>[tbp]</literal>.</para>
- <para>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc.,
-you wish. The <literal>\caption</literal> command allows you to title your table.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.23" id="tabular">
- <title><literal>tabular</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabular environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lines in tables</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in tables</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
+environment, and described there (see <xref linkend="figure"></xref>).
+</para>
+<para>The standard <literal>report</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes use the default
+placement <literal>[tbp]</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc.,
+you wish. The <literal>\caption</literal> command allows you to title your table.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.23">
+<title><literal>tabular</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabular environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lines in tables</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in tables</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
...
\end{tabular}
-</screen>
- <para>or</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
+</screen>
+<para> or
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
...
\end{tabular*}
</screen>
- <para>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
-items, aligned vertically in columns.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>tabular</literal></primary></indexterm><literal>\\</literal> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
+<para>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
+items, aligned vertically in columns.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>tabular</literal></primary></indexterm><para><literal>\\</literal> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
except for the last, where it is optional&mdash;unless an <literal>\hline</literal>
-command (to put a rule below the table) follows.</para>
- <para>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>width</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Specifies the width of the <literal>tabular*</literal> environment. There must be
+command (to put a rule below the table) follows.
+</para>
+<para>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>width</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Specifies the width of the <literal>tabular*</literal> environment. There must be
rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified
-width.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>pos</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of
-the environment.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>t</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>align on top row</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>b</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>align on bottom row</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>cols</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
+width.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>pos</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of
+the environment.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>align on top row
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>align on bottom row
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>cols</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
-intercolumn material.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>l</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>A column of left-aligned items.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>r</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>A column of right-aligned items.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal></literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>A column of centred items.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>|</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>This inserts <replaceable>text</replaceable> in every row. An @-expression suppresses the
+intercolumn material.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>A column of left-aligned items.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>A column of right-aligned items.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>A column of centered items.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>|</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>This inserts <replaceable>text</replaceable> in every row. An @-expression suppresses the
intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space
between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in
<replaceable>text</replaceable>. An <literal>\extracolsep{wd}</literal> command in an @-expression
@@ -2212,2928 +1931,2120 @@ causes an extra space of width <literal>wd</literal> to appear to the left of al
subsequent columns, until countermanded by another <literal>\extracolsep</literal>
command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not
suppressed by an @-expression. An <literal>\extracolsep</literal> command can be
-used only in an @-expression in the <literal>cols</literal> argument.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>p{<replaceable>wd</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width
+used only in an @-expression in the <literal>cols</literal> argument.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>p{<replaceable>wd</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width
<replaceable>wd</replaceable>, as if it were the argument of a
<literal>\parbox[t]{<replaceable>wd</replaceable>}</literal> command. However, a <literal>\\</literal> may not
-appear in the item, except in the following situations:</para>
- <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
- <listitem>
- <para>inside an environment like <literal>minipage</literal>, <literal>array</literal>, or <literal>tabular</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>inside an explicit <literal>\parbox</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>in the scope of a <literal>\centering</literal>, <literal>\raggedright</literal>, or <literal>\raggedleft</literal>
+appear in the item, except in the following situations:
+</para>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem>
+<para>inside an environment like <literal>minipage</literal>, <literal>array</literal>, or <literal>tabular</literal>.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>inside an explicit <literal>\parbox</literal>.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>in the scope of a <literal>\centering</literal>, <literal>\raggedright</literal>, or <literal>\raggedleft</literal>
declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an
-environment when used in a <literal>p</literal>-column element.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>*{<replaceable>num</replaceable>}{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Equivalent to <replaceable>num</replaceable> copies of <replaceable>cols</replaceable>, where <replaceable>num</replaceable> is a
+environment when used in a <literal>p</literal>-column element.
+</para></listitem>
+</orderedlist>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>*{<replaceable>num</replaceable>}{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Equivalent to <replaceable>num</replaceable> copies of <replaceable>cols</replaceable>, where <replaceable>num</replaceable> is a
positive integer and <replaceable>cols</replaceable> is any list of column-specifiers,
-which may contain another <literal>*-expression</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>Parameters that control formatting:
-<!-- xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? --></para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Thickness of the rule created by <literal>|</literal>, <literal>\hline</literal>, and
+which may contain another <literal>*-expression</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>Parameters that control formatting:
+<!-- xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? -->
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Thickness of the rule created by <literal>|</literal>, <literal>\hline</literal>, and
<literal>\vline</literal> in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; the
-default is &lsquo;<literal>.4pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\arraystretch</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal>
-environments; default is &lsquo;<literal>1</literal>&rsquo;, for no scaling.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\doublerulesep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <literal>||</literal>
-in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; default is &lsquo;<literal>2pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\tabcolsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is &lsquo;<literal>6pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>These commands can be used inside a <literal>tabular</literal> environment:</para>
-
- <sect2 label="8.23.1" id="\multicolumn">
- <title><literal>\multicolumn</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multicolumn</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\multicolumn{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pos</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+default is &lsquo;<literal>.4pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arraystretch</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal>
+environments; default is &lsquo;<literal>1</literal>&rsquo;, for no scaling.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\doublerulesep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <literal>||</literal>
+in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; default is &lsquo;<literal>2pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tabcolsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is &lsquo;<literal>6pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>These commands can be used inside a <literal>tabular</literal> environment:
+</para>
+
+
+<sect2 label="8.23.1">
+<title><literal>\multicolumn</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multicolumn</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para><screen>\multicolumn{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pos</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\multicolumn</literal> command makes an entry that spans several
+<para>The <literal>\multicolumn</literal> command makes an entry that spans several
columns. The first mandatory argument, <replaceable>cols</replaceable>, specifies the
number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, <replaceable>pos</replaceable>,
specifies the formatting of the entry; <literal>c</literal> for centered, <literal>l</literal>
for flushleft, <literal>r</literal> for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
-<replaceable>text</replaceable>, specifies what text to put in the entry.</para>
- <para>Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
-<literal>\multicolumn</literal> is used for the heading:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
+<replaceable>text</replaceable>, specifies what text to put in the entry.
+</para>
+<para>Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
+<literal>\multicolumn</literal> is used for the heading:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
0x80&amp;0x7FF \cr
0x800&amp;0xFFFF \cr
0x10000&amp;0x1FFFF \cr
\end{tabular}
</screen>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.23.2" id="\cline">
- <title><literal>\cline</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cline</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\cline{<replaceable>i</replaceable>-<replaceable>j</replaceable>}
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.23.2">
+<title><literal>\cline</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cline</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\cline{<replaceable>i</replaceable>-<replaceable>j</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\cline</literal> command draws horizontal lines across the columns
+<para>The <literal>\cline</literal> command draws horizontal lines across the columns
specified, beginning in column <replaceable>i</replaceable> and ending in column <replaceable>j</replaceable>,
-which are specified in the mandatory argument.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.23.3" id="\hline">
- <title><literal>\hline</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hline</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\hline</literal> command draws a horizontal line the width of the
+which are specified in the mandatory argument.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.23.3">
+<title><literal>\hline</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hline</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\hline</literal> command draws a horizontal line the width of the
enclosing <literal>tabular</literal> or <literal>array</literal> environment. It's most
commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows
-of a table.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.23.4" id="\vline">
- <title><literal>\vline</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vline</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\vline</literal> command will draw a vertical line extending the full
+of a table.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.23.4">
+<title><literal>\vline</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vline</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\vline</literal> command will draw a vertical line extending the full
height and depth of its row. An <literal>\hfill</literal> command can be used to
move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
-@-expression.</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.24" id="thebibliography">
- <title><literal>thebibliography</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>thebibliography</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (manually)</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{thebibliography}{<replaceable>widest-label</replaceable>}
+@-expression.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.24">
+<title><literal>thebibliography</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>thebibliography</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (manually)</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{thebibliography}{<replaceable>widest-label</replaceable>}
\bibitem[<replaceable>label</replaceable>]{<replaceable>cite_key}</replaceable>
...
\end{thebibliography}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>thebibliography</literal> environment produces a bibliography or
-reference list.</para>
- <para>In the <literal>article</literal> class, this reference list is labelled
+<para>The <literal>thebibliography</literal> environment produces a bibliography or
+reference list.
+</para>
+<para>In the <literal>article</literal> class, this reference list is labelled
&ldquo;References&rdquo;; in the <literal>report</literal> class, it is labelled
&ldquo;Bibliography&rdquo;. You can change the label (in the standard classes)
by redefining the command <literal>\refname</literal>. For instance, this
-eliminates it entirely:</para>
- <screen>
-\renewcommand{\refname}{}
+eliminates it entirely:
+</para>
+<screen>\renewcommand{\refname}{}
</screen>
- <para>The mandatory <replaceable>widest-label</replaceable> argument is text that, when typeset,
+<para>The mandatory <replaceable>widest-label</replaceable> argument is text that, when typeset,
is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <literal>\bibitem</literal>
commands. It is typically given as <literal>9</literal> for bibliographies with
-less than 10 references, <literal>99</literal> for ones with less than 100, etc.</para>
-
- <sect2 label="8.24.1" id="\bibitem">
- <title><literal>\bibitem</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibitem</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\bibitem[<replaceable>label</replaceable>]{<replaceable>cite_key</replaceable>}
+less than 10 references, <literal>99</literal> for ones with less than 100, etc.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect2 label="8.24.1">
+<title><literal>\bibitem</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibitem</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para><screen>\bibitem[<replaceable>label</replaceable>]{<replaceable>cite_key</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\bibitem</literal> command generates an entry labelled by
+<para>The <literal>\bibitem</literal> command generates an entry labelled by
<replaceable>label</replaceable>. If the <replaceable>label</replaceable> argument is missing, a number is
automatically generated using the <literal>enumi</literal> counter. The
<replaceable>cite_key</replaceable> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation
-symbols not containing a comma.</para>
- <para>This command writes an entry to the <filename>.aux</filename> file containing the
+symbols not containing a comma.
+</para>
+<para>This command writes an entry to the <filename>.aux</filename> file containing the
item's <replaceable>cite_key</replaceable> and label. When the <filename>.aux</filename> file is read by
the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> command, the item's <literal>label</literal> is
associated with <literal>cite_key</literal>, causing references to <replaceable>cite_key</replaceable>
with a <literal>\cite</literal> command (see next section) to produce the
-associated label.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.24.2" id="\cite">
- <title><literal>\cite</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cite</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\cite[<replaceable>subcite</replaceable>]{<replaceable>keys</replaceable>
+associated label.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.24.2">
+<title><literal>\cite</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cite</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\cite[<replaceable>subcite</replaceable>]{<replaceable>keys</replaceable>
</screen>
- <para>The <replaceable>keys</replaceable> argument is a list of one or more citation keys,
+<para>The <replaceable>keys</replaceable> argument is a list of one or more citation keys,
separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to
the references associated with <replaceable>keys</replaceable> by entries in the
-<filename>.aux</filename> file.</para>
- <para>The text of the optional <replaceable>subcite</replaceable> argument appears after the
+<filename>.aux</filename> file.
+</para>
+<para>The text of the optional <replaceable>subcite</replaceable> argument appears after the
citation. For example, <literal>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</literal> might produce
-`[Knuth, p.&#xa0;314]'.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.24.3" id="\nocite">
- <title><literal>\nocite</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocite</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\nocite{key_list}</literal></para>
- <para>The <literal>\nocite</literal> command produces no text, but writes <literal>key_list</literal>,
-which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <filename>.aux</filename> file.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 label="8.24.4" id="Using-BibTeX">
- <title>Using Bib&tex;</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>using Bib&tex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bib&tex;, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (automatically)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliographystyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliography</primary></indexterm>
-If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly
+`[Knuth, p.&nbsp;314]'.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.24.3">
+<title><literal>\nocite</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocite</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\nocite{key_list}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\nocite</literal> command produces no text, but writes <literal>key_list</literal>,
+which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <filename>.aux</filename> file.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="8.24.4" id="Using-BibTeX">
+<title>Using Bib&tex;</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>using Bib&tex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bib&tex;, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (automatically)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliographystyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliography</primary></indexterm>
+<para>If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly
recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the
<literal>thebibliography</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="thebibliography"></xref>). Instead,
-you include the lines</para>
- <screen>
-\bibliographystyle{<replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable>}
+you include the lines
+</para>
+<screen>\bibliographystyle{<replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable>}
\bibliography{<replaceable>bibfile1</replaceable>,<replaceable>bibfile2</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\bibliographystyle</literal> command does not produce any output of
+<para>The <literal>\bibliographystyle</literal> command does not produce any output of
its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will
be produced: <replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable> refers to a file
<replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable><filename>.bst</filename>, which defines how your citations will look.
-The standard <replaceable>style</replaceable> names distributed with Bib&tex; are:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>alpha</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of
-publication.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>plain</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>unsrt</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but entries are in order of citation.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>abbrv</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but more compact labels.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to
+The standard <replaceable>style</replaceable> names distributed with Bib&tex; are:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>alpha</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of
+publication.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>plain</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>unsrt</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but entries are in order of citation.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>abbrv</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but more compact labels.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to
the demands of various publications. See
-<ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>.</para>
- <para>The <literal>\bibliography</literal> command is what actually produces the
+<ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\bibliography</literal> command is what actually produces the
bibliography. The argument to <literal>\bibliography</literal> refers to files
named <filename><replaceable>bibfile</replaceable>.bib</filename>, which should contain your database in
Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <literal>\cite</literal> and
-<literal>\nocite</literal> will be listed in the bibliography.</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.25" id="theorem">
- <title><literal>theorem</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>theorem environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, typesetting</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{theorem}
+<literal>\nocite</literal> will be listed in the bibliography.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.25">
+<title><literal>theorem</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>theorem environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, typesetting</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{theorem}
<replaceable>theorem-text</replaceable>
\end{theorem}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>theorem</literal> environment produces &ldquo;Theorem <replaceable>n</replaceable>&rdquo; in
+<para>The <literal>theorem</literal> environment produces &ldquo;Theorem <replaceable>n</replaceable>&rdquo; in
boldface followed by <replaceable>theorem-text</replaceable>, where the numbering
possibilities for <replaceable>n</replaceable> are described under <literal>\newtheorem</literal>
-(see <xref linkend="\newtheorem"></xref>).</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.26" id="titlepage">
- <title><literal>titlepage</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>making a title page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title pages, creating</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{titlepage}
+(see <xref linkend="\newtheorem"></xref>).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.26">
+<title><literal>titlepage</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>making a title page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title pages, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{titlepage}
<replaceable>text</replaceable>
\end{titlepage}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>titlepage</literal> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page
+<para>The <literal>titlepage</literal> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page
with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following
page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to
you. The <literal>\today</literal> command may be useful on title pages
-(see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>).</para>
- <para>You can use the <literal>\maketitle</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\maketitle"></xref>) to
-produce a standard title page without a <literal>titlepage</literal> environment.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.27" id="verbatim">
- <title><literal>verbatim</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>verbatim environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>simulating typed text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typed text, simulating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>code, typesetting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>computer programs, typesetting</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{verbatim}
+(see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>).
+</para>
+<para>You can use the <literal>\maketitle</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\maketitle"></xref>) to
+produce a standard title page without a <literal>titlepage</literal> environment.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.27">
+<title><literal>verbatim</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>verbatim environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>simulating typed text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typed text, simulating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>code, typesetting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>computer programs, typesetting</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{verbatim}
<replaceable>literal-text</replaceable>
\end{verbatim}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> environment is a paragraph-making environment in
+<para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> environment is a paragraph-making environment in
which &latex; produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
<literal>\</literal> character produces a printed &lsquo;<literal>\</literal>&rsquo;. It turns &latex;
into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
-effect that they would on a typewriter.</para>
- <para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<literal>\tt</literal>).</para>
-
- <sect2 label="8.27.1" id="\verb">
- <title><literal>\verb</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text, inline</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\verb<replaceable>char</replaceable><replaceable>literal-text</replaceable><replaceable>char</replaceable>
+effect that they would on a typewriter.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<literal>\tt</literal>).
+</para>
+
+<sect2 label="8.27.1">
+<title><literal>\verb</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text, inline</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\verb<replaceable>char</replaceable><replaceable>literal-text</replaceable><replaceable>char</replaceable>
\verb*<replaceable>char</replaceable><replaceable>literal-text</replaceable><replaceable>char</replaceable>
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\verb</literal> command typesets <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable> as it is input,
+<para>The <literal>\verb</literal> command typesets <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable> as it is input,
including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
(<literal>\tt</literal>) font. No spaces are allowed between <literal>\verb</literal> or
<literal>\verb*</literal> and the delimiter <replaceable>char</replaceable>, which begins and ends the
-verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable>.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space</primary></indexterm>The <literal>*</literal>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
-&ldquo;visible space&rdquo; character.</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="8.28" id="verse">
- <title><literal>verse</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>verse environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>poetry, an environment for</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\begin{verse}
+verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable>.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>*</literal>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
+&ldquo;visible space&rdquo; character.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="8.28">
+<title><literal>verse</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>verse environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>poetry, an environment for</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{verse}
<replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\
<replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\
...
\end{verse}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>verse</literal> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
-other uses for it.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>verse</literal></primary></indexterm>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
+<para>The <literal>verse</literal> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
+other uses for it.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>verse</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each
stanza with <literal>\\</literal>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
-stanzas.</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="9" id="Line-breaking">
- <title>Line breaking</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking lines</primary></indexterm>
-The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to
+stanzas.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="9" id="Line-breaking">
+<title>Line breaking</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking lines</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
-(and these lines must be broken into pages).</para>
- <para>&latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in
+(and these lines must be broken into pages).
+</para>
+<para>&latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in
some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
-<literal>\\</literal> command, and you can always manually force breaks.</para>
+<literal>\\</literal> command, and you can always manually force breaks.
+</para>
+
- <sect1 label="9.1" id="\\">
- <title><literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>]</title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line break, forcing</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\\</literal> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an
+<sect1 label="9.1">
+<title><literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>]</title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line break, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\\</literal> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an
optional argument, <replaceable>morespace</replaceable>, that specifies how much extra
vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
-negative amount.</para>
- <para>The <literal>\\*</literal> command is the same as the ordinary <literal>\\</literal> command
-except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="9.2" id="\obeycr-&-\restorecr">
- <title><literal>\obeycr</literal> &amp; <literal>\restorecr</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, output as input</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\obeycr</literal> command makes a return in the input file
+negative amount.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\\*</literal> command is the same as the ordinary <literal>\\</literal> command
+except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="9.2">
+<title><literal>\obeycr</literal> &amp; <literal>\restorecr</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, output as input</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\obeycr</literal> command makes a return in the input file
(&lsquo;<literal>^^M</literal>&rsquo;, internally) the same as <literal>\\</literal> (followed by
<literal>\relax</literal>). So each new line in the input will also be a new line
-in the output.</para>
- <para><literal>\restorecr</literal> restores normal line-breaking behavior.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="9.3" id="\newline">
- <title><literal>\newline</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newline</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting (paragraph mode)</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\newline</literal> command breaks the line at the present point, with
+in the output.
+</para>
+<para><literal>\restorecr</literal> restores normal line-breaking behavior.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="9.3">
+<title><literal>\newline</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newline</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting (paragraph mode)</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\newline</literal> command breaks the line at the present point, with
no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph
-mode.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="9.4" id="\--(hyphenation)">
- <title><literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen)</title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\- (hyphenation)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, forcing</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\-</literal> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at
+mode.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="9.4">
+<title><literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen)</title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\- (hyphenation)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\-</literal> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at
that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually
find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an
incorrect one. The <literal>\-</literal> command is used for the exceptional
-cases.</para>
- <para>When you insert <literal>\-</literal> commands in a word, the word will only be
+cases.
+</para>
+<para>When you insert <literal>\-</literal> commands in a word, the word will only be
hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
-that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.</para>
- </sect1>
+that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.
+</para>
+
- <sect1 label="9.5" id="\fussy">
- <title><literal>\fussy</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm>
-The declaration <literal>\fussy</literal> (which is the default) makes &tex;
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="9.5">
+<title><literal>\fussy</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The declaration <literal>\fussy</literal> (which is the default) makes &tex;
picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between
-words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.</para>
- <para>This command cancels the effect of a previous <literal>\sloppy</literal> command
-(see <xref linkend="\sloppy"></xref>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="9.6" id="\sloppy">
- <title><literal>\sloppy</literal></title>
- <para>The declaration <literal>\sloppy</literal> makes &tex; less fussy about line
+words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
+</para>
+<para>This command cancels the effect of a previous <literal>\sloppy</literal> command
+(see <xref linkend="\sloppy"></xref>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="9.6">
+<title><literal>\sloppy</literal></title>
+
+<para>The declaration <literal>\sloppy</literal> makes &tex; less fussy about line
breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
-interword spacing.</para>
- <para>Lasts until a <literal>\fussy</literal> command is issued (see <xref linkend="\fussy"></xref>).</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="9.7" id="\hyphenation">
- <title><literal>\hyphenation</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, defining</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\hyphenation{<replaceable>word-one</replaceable> <replaceable>word-two</replaceable>}
+interword spacing.
+</para>
+<para>Lasts until a <literal>\fussy</literal> command is issued (see <xref linkend="\fussy"></xref>).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="9.7">
+<title><literal>\hyphenation</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, defining</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\hyphenation{<replaceable>word-one</replaceable> <replaceable>word-two</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\hyphenation</literal> command declares allowed hyphenation points
+<para>The <literal>\hyphenation</literal> command declares allowed hyphenation points
with a <literal>-</literal> character in the given words. The words are separated
by spaces. &tex; will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no
inflections are tried. Multiple <literal>\hyphenation</literal> commands
accumulate. Some examples (the default &tex; hyphenation patterns
-misses the hyphenations in these words):</para>
- <screen>
-\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
+misses the hyphenations in these words):
+</para>
+<screen>\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
</screen>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="9.8" id="\linebreak-&-\nolinebreak">
- <title><literal>\linebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, preventing</primary></indexterm>
-Synopses:</para>
- <screen>
-\linebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="9.8">
+<title><literal>\linebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, preventing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen>\linebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
\nolinebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
</screen>
- <para>By default, the <literal>\linebreak</literal> (<literal>\nolinebreak</literal>) command forces
+<para>By default, the <literal>\linebreak</literal> (<literal>\nolinebreak</literal>) command forces
(prevents) a line break at the current position. For
<literal>\linebreak</literal>, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it
-extends to the right margin as usual.</para>
- <para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the command
+extends to the right margin as usual.
+</para>
+<para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the command
from a demand to a request. The <replaceable>priority</replaceable> must be a number from
-0 to&#xa0;4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request.</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="10" id="Page-breaking">
- <title>Page breaking</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking pages</primary></indexterm>
-&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
+0 to&nbsp;4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="10" id="Page-breaking">
+<title>Page breaking</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking pages</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically,
-but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.</para>
+but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="10.1">
+<title><literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title>
- <sect1 label="10.1" id="\cleardoublepage">
- <title><literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting on a right-hand page</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting on a right-hand page</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
-(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="10.2" id="\clearpage">
- <title><literal>\clearpage</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page and clearing floats</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\clearpage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all
-figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="10.3" id="\newpage">
- <title><literal>\newpage</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new page, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\newpage</literal> command ends the current page, but does not clear
-floats (see <literal>\clearpage</literal> above).</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="10.4" id="\enlargethispage">
- <title><literal>\enlargethispage</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enlargethispage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enlarge current page</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\enlargethispage{size}</literal></para>
- <para><literal>\enlargethispage*{size}</literal></para>
- <para>Enlarge the <literal>\textheight</literal> for the current page by the specified
+(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="10.2">
+<title><literal>\clearpage</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page and clearing floats</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\clearpage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all
+figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="10.3">
+<title><literal>\newpage</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new page, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\newpage</literal> command ends the current page, but does not clear
+floats (see <literal>\clearpage</literal> above).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="10.4">
+<title><literal>\enlargethispage</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enlargethispage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enlarge current page</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\enlargethispage{size}</literal>
+</para>
+<para><literal>\enlargethispage*{size}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>Enlarge the <literal>\textheight</literal> for the current page by the specified
amount; e.g. <literal>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</literal> will allow one
-additional line.</para>
- <para>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
+additional line.
+</para>
+<para>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
-<literal>\pagebreak</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="10.5" id="\pagebreak-&-\nopagebreak">
- <title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, preventing</primary></indexterm>
-Synopses:</para>
- <screen>
-\pagebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
+<literal>\pagebreak</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="10.5">
+<title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, preventing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen>\pagebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
\nopagebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
</screen>
- <para>By default, the <literal>\pagebreak</literal> (<literal>\nopagebreak</literal>) command forces
+<para>By default, the <literal>\pagebreak</literal> (<literal>\nopagebreak</literal>) command forces
(prevents) a page break at the current position. For
<literal>\linebreak</literal>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
-where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.</para>
- <para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the
+where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.
+</para>
+<para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the
<literal>\pagebreak</literal> command from a demand to a request. The number must
-be a number from 0 to&#xa0;4. The higher the number, the more
-insistent the request is.</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="11" id="Footnotes">
- <title>Footnotes</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, creating</primary></indexterm>
-Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced
+be a number from 0 to&nbsp;4. The higher the number, the more
+insistent the request is.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="11" id="Footnotes">
+<title>Footnotes</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced
with one command, the <literal>\footnote</literal> command. They can also be
produced with two commands, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> and the
-<literal>\footnotetext</literal> commands.</para>
-
- <sect1 label="11.1" id="\footnote">
- <title><literal>\footnote</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnote</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\footnote[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+<literal>\footnotetext</literal> commands.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="11.1">
+<title><literal>\footnote</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnote</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\footnote[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\footnote</literal> command places the numbered footnote <replaceable>text</replaceable>
+<para>The <literal>\footnote</literal> command places the numbered footnote <replaceable>text</replaceable>
at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument <replaceable>number</replaceable>
-changes the default footnote number.</para>
- <para>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
+changes the default footnote number.
+</para>
+<para>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
cannot use it in sectioning commands like <literal>\chapter</literal>, in figures,
tables or in a <literal>tabular</literal> environment. (See following sections.)
-<!-- xx mention packages that fix this --></para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="11.2" id="\footnotemark">
- <title><literal>\footnotemark</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotemark</primary></indexterm>
-With no optional argument, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> command puts the
+<!-- xx mention packages that fix this -->
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="11.2">
+<title><literal>\footnotemark</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotemark</primary></indexterm>
+<para>With no optional argument, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> command puts the
current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in
inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately,
-with the <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command.</para>
- <para>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
-markers referring to the same footnote with</para>
- <screen>
-\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
+with the <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command.
+</para>
+<para>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
+markers referring to the same footnote with
+</para>
+<screen>\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
</screen>
- <para role="continues">after the first <literal>\footnote</literal> command.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="11.3" id="\footnotetext">
- <title><literal>\footnotetext</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotetext</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\footnotetext[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+<para>after the first <literal>\footnote</literal> command.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="11.3">
+<title><literal>\footnotetext</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotetext</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\footnotetext[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command places <replaceable>text</replaceable> at the bottom of
+<para>The <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command places <replaceable>text</replaceable> at the bottom of
the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the
<literal>\footnotemark</literal> command. The <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command must
-appear in outer paragraph mode.</para>
- <para>The optional argument <replaceable>number</replaceable> changes the default footnote number.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="11.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes">
- <title>Symbolic footnotes</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</primary></indexterm>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing
-numbers, redefine <literal>\thefootnote</literal> like this:</para>
- <screen>
-\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
+appear in outer paragraph mode.
+</para>
+<para>The optional argument <replaceable>number</replaceable> changes the default footnote number.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="11.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes">
+<title>Symbolic footnotes</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</primary></indexterm><para>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing
+numbers, redefine <literal>\thefootnote</literal> like this:
+</para>
+<screen>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fnsymbol, and footnotes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@fnsymbol</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\fnsymbol</literal> command produces a predefined series of symbols
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fnsymbol, and footnotes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@fnsymbol</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\fnsymbol</literal> command produces a predefined series of symbols
(see <xref linkend="\alph-\Alph-\arabic-\roman-\Roman-\fnsymbol"></xref>). If you want to
use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also
-redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="11.5" id="Footnote-parameters">
- <title>Footnote parameters</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, for footnotes</primary></indexterm></para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\footnoterule</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's
+redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="11.5" id="Footnote-parameters">
+<title>Footnote parameters</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, for footnotes</primary></indexterm>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\footnoterule</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's
footnotes. Default dimensions: <literal>0.4pt</literal> thick (or wide), and
<literal>0.4\columnwidth</literal> long in the standard document classes (except
-slides, where it does not appear).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\footnotesep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By
+slides, where it does not appear).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\footnotesep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By
default, this is set to the normal strut for <literal>\footnotesize</literal>
fonts (see <xref linkend="Font-sizes"></xref>), therefore there is no extra space between
footnotes. This is &lsquo;<literal>6.65pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>7.7pt</literal>&rsquo; for
-&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<literal>8.4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="12" id="Definitions">
- <title>Definitions</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>definitions</primary></indexterm>
-&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.</para>
+&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<literal>8.4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="12" id="Definitions">
+<title>Definitions</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>definitions</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
+</para>
<!-- xx everything in this chapter needs examples. -->
- <sect1 label="12.1" id="\newcommand-&-\renewcommand">
- <title><literal>\newcommand</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining a new command</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new commands, defining</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\renewcommand</literal> define and redefine a
-command, respectively. Synopses:</para>
- <screen>
- \newcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
+
+
+
+<sect1 label="12.1">
+<title><literal>\newcommand</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining a new command</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new commands, defining</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\renewcommand</literal> define and redefine a
+command, respectively. Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen> \newcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\renewcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\newcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\renewcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The command name beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it
+
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The command name beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it
must not be already defined and must not begin with <literal>\end</literal>; for
-<literal>\renewcommand</literal>, it must already be defined.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
+<literal>\renewcommand</literal>, it must already be defined.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no
-arguments.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's
+arguments.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's
first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the
default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified
-in the call) is the string &lsquo;<literal>def</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>defn</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <literal>cmd</literal>; a
+in the call) is the string &lsquo;<literal>def</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>defn</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <literal>cmd</literal>; a
construct of the form <literal>#<replaceable>n</replaceable></literal> in <replaceable>defn</replaceable> is replaced by the
-text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="12.2" id="\newcounter">
- <title><literal>\newcounter</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, defining new</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\newcounter{<replaceable>cnt</replaceable>}[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]
+text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="12.2">
+<title><literal>\newcounter</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, defining new</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\newcounter{<replaceable>cnt</replaceable>}[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\newcounter</literal> command defines a new counter named <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>.
-The new counter is initialized to zero.</para>
- <para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>
-will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented.</para>
- <para>See <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>, for more information about counters.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="12.3" id="\newlength">
- <title><literal>\newlength</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining new</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\newlength{\<replaceable>arg</replaceable>}
+<para>The <literal>\newcounter</literal> command defines a new counter named <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>.
+The new counter is initialized to zero.
+</para>
+<para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>
+will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented.
+</para>
+<para>See <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>, for more information about counters.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="12.3">
+<title><literal>\newlength</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining new</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\newlength{\<replaceable>arg</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\newlength</literal> command defines the mandatory argument as a
+<para>The <literal>\newlength</literal> command defines the mandatory argument as a
<literal>length</literal> command with a value of <literal>0in</literal>. The argument must
be a control sequence, as in <literal>\newlength{\foo}</literal>. An error
-occurs if <literal>\foo</literal> is already defined.</para>
- <para>See <xref linkend="Lengths"></xref>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and
-for more information about lengths in general.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="12.4" id="\newsavebox">
- <title><literal>\newsavebox</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newsavebox</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\newsavebox{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}
+occurs if <literal>\foo</literal> is already defined.
+</para>
+<para>See <xref linkend="Lengths"></xref>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and
+for more information about lengths in general.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="12.4">
+<title><literal>\newsavebox</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newsavebox</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\newsavebox{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>Defines <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>, which must be a command name not already
-defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="12.5" id="\newenvironment-&-\renewenvironment">
- <title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new environments</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>redefining environments</primary></indexterm>
-Synopses:</para>
- <screen>
- \newenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>}
+<para>Defines <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>, which must be a command name not already
+defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="12.5">
+<title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new environments</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>redefining environments</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen> \newenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>}
\newenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>}
\renewenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>These commands define or redefine an environment <replaceable>env</replaceable>, that is,
-<literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>} &hellip; \end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>env</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The name of the environment. For <literal>\newenvironment</literal>, <replaceable>env</replaceable>
+<para>These commands define or redefine an environment <replaceable>env</replaceable>, that is,
+<literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>} &hellip; \end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>env</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The name of the environment. For <literal>\newenvironment</literal>, <replaceable>env</replaceable>
must not be an existing environment, and the command <literal>\<replaceable>env</replaceable></literal>
must be undefined. For <literal>\renewenvironment</literal>, <replaceable>env</replaceable> must be
-the name of an existing environment.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
-the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <replaceable>default</replaceable>
-gives the default value for that argument.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>begdef</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>; a
+the name of an existing environment.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
+the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <replaceable>default</replaceable>
+gives the default value for that argument.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>begdef</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>; a
construct of the form <literal>#<replaceable>n</replaceable></literal> in <replaceable>begdef</replaceable> is replaced by
-the text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>enddef</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>. It
-may not contain any argument parameters.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="12.6" id="\newtheorem">
- <title><literal>\newtheorem</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtheorem</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new theorems</primary></indexterm></para>
- <screen>
-\newtheorem{<replaceable>newenv</replaceable>}{<replaceable>label</replaceable>}[<replaceable>within</replaceable>]
+the text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>enddef</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>. It
+may not contain any argument parameters.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="12.6">
+<title><literal>\newtheorem</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtheorem</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new theorems</primary></indexterm>
+<screen>\newtheorem{<replaceable>newenv</replaceable>}{<replaceable>label</replaceable>}[<replaceable>within</replaceable>]
\newtheorem{<replaceable>newenv</replaceable>}[<replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable>]{<replaceable>label</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>newenv</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an
-existing environment or otherwise defined.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>label</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
-number. For example, &lsquo;<literal>Theorem</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment;
-the new environment will be numbered just like <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>within</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit.
+<para>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>newenv</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an
+existing environment or otherwise defined.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>label</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
+number. For example, &lsquo;<literal>Theorem</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment;
+the new environment will be numbered just like <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>within</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit.
The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the
-<replaceable>within</replaceable> counter.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>At most one of <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable> and <replaceable>within</replaceable> can be specified,
-not both.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="12.7" id="\newfont">
- <title><literal>\newfont</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newfont</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts, new commands for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new fonts</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\newfont{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>fontname</replaceable>}
+<replaceable>within</replaceable> counter.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>At most one of <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable> and <replaceable>within</replaceable> can be specified,
+not both.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="12.7">
+<title><literal>\newfont</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newfont</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts, new commands for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new fonts</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\newfont{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>fontname</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>Defines a control sequence <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>, which must not already
+<para>Defines a control sequence <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>, which must not already
be defined, to make <replaceable>fontname</replaceable> be the current font. The file
-looked for on the system is named <filename><replaceable>fontname</replaceable>.tfm</filename>.</para>
- <para>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font.
-More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <filename>.fd</filename> files.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="12.8" id="\protect">
- <title><literal>\protect</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\protect</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fragile commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>moving arguments</primary></indexterm>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
+looked for on the system is named <filename><replaceable>fontname</replaceable>.tfm</filename>.
+</para>
+<para>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font.
+More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <filename>.fd</filename> files.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="12.8">
+<title><literal>\protect</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\protect</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fragile commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>moving arguments</primary></indexterm><para>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
many more are so-called <firstterm>fragile</firstterm> commands. When a fragile
command is used in certain contexts, called <firstterm>moving arguments</firstterm>, it
must be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>. In addition, any fragile
-commands within the arguments must have their own <literal>\protect</literal>.</para>
- <para>Some examples of moving arguments are <literal>\caption</literal>
+commands within the arguments must have their own <literal>\protect</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>Some examples of moving arguments are <literal>\caption</literal>
(see <xref linkend="figure"></xref>), <literal>\thanks</literal> (see <xref linkend="\maketitle"></xref>), and
expressions in <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments
-(see <xref linkend="tabular"></xref>).</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>robust commands</primary></indexterm>Commands which are not fragile are called <firstterm>robust</firstterm>. They must not
-be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>.</para>
- <para>See also:</para>
- <screen>
-<lineannotation><ulink url="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</ulink></lineannotation>
-<lineannotation><ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</ulink></lineannotation>
+(see <xref linkend="tabular"></xref>).
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>robust commands</primary></indexterm><para>Commands which are not fragile are called <firstterm>robust</firstterm>. They must not
+be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>See also:
+</para>
+<screen><ulink url="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</ulink>
+<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</ulink>
</screen>
<!-- xx really need examples. -->
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
- <chapter label="13" id="Counters">
- <title>Counters</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, a list of</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>variables, a list of</primary></indexterm>
-Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="13" id="Counters">
+<title>Counters</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, a list of</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>variables, a list of</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment
or command that produces the number, except with no <literal>\</literal>.
(<literal>enumi</literal>&ndash;<literal>enumiv</literal> are used for the nested enumerate
environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;'s
-standard document classes to control numbering.</para>
- <screen>
-part paragraph figure enumi
+standard document classes to control numbering.
+</para>
+<screen>part paragraph figure enumi
chapter subparagraph table enumii
section page footnote enumiii
subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
subsubsection
</screen>
- <sect1 label="13.1" id="\alph-\Alph-\arabic-\roman-\Roman-\fnsymbol">
- <title><literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters</title>
- <para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
-instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\alph</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>prints <replaceable>counter</replaceable> using lowercase letters: `a', `b', &hellip;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Alph</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', &hellip;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\arabic</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', &hellip;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\roman</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', &hellip;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\roman</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', &hellip;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\fnsymbol</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>prints the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> in a specific sequence of nine
+
+
+<sect1 label="13.1">
+<title><literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters</title>
+
+<para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
+instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\alph</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>prints <replaceable>counter</replaceable> using lowercase letters: `a', `b', &hellip;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Alph</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', &hellip;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arabic</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', &hellip;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\roman</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', &hellip;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\roman</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', &hellip;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fnsymbol</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>prints the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> in a specific sequence of nine
symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
-<replaceable>counter</replaceable> must be between&#xa0;1 and&#xa0;9, inclusive.</para>
- <para>The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names:<literallayout>
-asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
+<replaceable>counter</replaceable> must be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive.
+</para>
+<para>The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names:
+</para><literallayout>asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
-</literallayout></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="13.2" id="\usecounter">
- <title><literal>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usecounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>list items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>numbered items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}
+</literallayout>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="13.2">
+<title><literal>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usecounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>list items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>numbered items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\usecounter</literal> command is used in the second argument of the
+<para>The <literal>\usecounter</literal> command is used in the second argument of the
<literal>list</literal> environment to specify <replaceable>counter</replaceable> to be used to number
-the list items.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="13.3" id="\value">
- <title><literal>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\value</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, getting value of</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}
+the list items.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="13.3">
+<title><literal>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\value</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, getting value of</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\value</literal> command produces the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable>. It can
-be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:</para>
- <screen>
-\setcounter{myctr}{3}
+<para>The <literal>\value</literal> command produces the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable>. It can
+be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
+</para>
+<screen>\setcounter{myctr}{3}
\addtocounter{myctr}{1}
\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
</screen>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="13.4" id="\setcounter">
- <title><literal>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, setting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>setting counters</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\setcounter{<replaceable>\counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="13.4">
+<title><literal>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, setting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>setting counters</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\setcounter{<replaceable>\counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\setcounter</literal> command sets the value of <replaceable>\counter</replaceable> to the
-<replaceable>value</replaceable> argument.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="13.5" id="\addtocounter">
- <title><literal>\addtocounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocounter</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\addtocounter</literal> command increments <replaceable>counter</replaceable> by the
-amount specified by the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument, which may be negative.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="13.6" id="\refstepcounter">
- <title><literal>\refstepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\refstepcounter</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\refstepcounter</literal> command works in the same way as
+<para>The <literal>\setcounter</literal> command sets the value of <replaceable>\counter</replaceable> to the
+<replaceable>value</replaceable> argument.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="13.5">
+<title><literal>\addtocounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocounter</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\addtocounter</literal> command increments <replaceable>counter</replaceable> by the
+amount specified by the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument, which may be negative.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="13.6">
+<title><literal>\refstepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\refstepcounter</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\refstepcounter</literal> command works in the same way as
<literal>\stepcounter</literal> See <xref linkend="\stepcounter"></xref>, except it also defines the
-current <literal>\ref</literal> value to be the result of <literal>\thecounter</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="13.7" id="\stepcounter">
- <title><literal>\stepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stepcounter</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\stepcounter</literal> command adds one to <replaceable>counter</replaceable> and
-resets all subsidiary counters.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="13.8" id="\day-\month-\year">
- <title><literal>\day \month \year</literal>: Predefined counters</title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\year</primary></indexterm>
-&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<literal>\day</literal>,
+current <literal>\ref</literal> value to be the result of <literal>\thecounter</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="13.7">
+<title><literal>\stepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stepcounter</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\stepcounter</literal> command adds one to <replaceable>counter</replaceable> and
+resets all subsidiary counters.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="13.8">
+<title><literal>\day \month \year</literal>: Predefined counters</title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\year</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<literal>\day</literal>,
1&ndash;31), month of the year (<literal>\month</literal>, 1&ndash;12), and year
(<literal>\year</literal>, Common Era). When &tex; starts up, they are
set to the current values on the system where &tex; is running. They
-are not updated as the job progresses.</para>
- <para>The related command <literal>\today</literal> produces a string representing the
-current day (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>).</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="14" id="Lengths">
- <title>Lengths</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining and using</primary></indexterm>
-A <literal>length</literal> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
-length as an argument.</para>
-
- <sect1 label="14.1" id="\setlength">
- <title><literal>\setlength{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, setting</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\setlength</literal> sets the value of <replaceable>\len</replaceable> to the <replaceable>value</replaceable>
+are not updated as the job progresses.
+</para>
+<para>The related command <literal>\today</literal> produces a string representing the
+current day (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="14" id="Lengths">
+<title>Lengths</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining and using</primary></indexterm>
+<para>A <literal>length</literal> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
+length as an argument.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="14.1">
+<title><literal>\setlength{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, setting</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\setlength</literal> sets the value of <replaceable>\len</replaceable> to the <replaceable>value</replaceable>
argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex;
understands, i.e., inches (<literal>in</literal>), millimeters (<literal>mm</literal>), points
-(<literal>pt</literal>), big points (<literal>bp</literal>, etc.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="14.2" id="\addtolength">
- <title>\addtolength{<replaceable>\len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>amount</replaceable>}</title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtolength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, adding to</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\addtolength</literal> command increments a &ldquo;length command&rdquo;
+(<literal>pt</literal>), big points (<literal>bp</literal>, etc.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="14.2">
+<title>\addtolength{<replaceable>\len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>amount</replaceable>}</title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtolength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, adding to</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\addtolength</literal> command increments a &ldquo;length command&rdquo;
<replaceable>\len</replaceable> by the amount specified in the <replaceable>amount</replaceable> argument, which
-may be negative.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="14.3" id="\settodepth">
- <title><literal>\settodepth</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settodepth</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</literal></para>
- <para>The <literal>\settodepth</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command
-equal to the depth of the <literal>text</literal> argument.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="14.4" id="\settoheight">
- <title><literal>\settoheight</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settoheight</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</literal></para>
- <para>The <literal>\settoheight</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command
-equal to the height of the <literal>text</literal> argument.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="14.5" id="\settowidth">
- <title><literal>\settowidth{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settowidth</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\settowidth</literal> command sets the value of the command <replaceable>\len</replaceable>
-to the width of the <replaceable>text</replaceable> argument.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="14.6" id="Predefined-lengths">
- <title>Predefined lengths</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, predefined</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>predefined lengths</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\width</literal>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\width</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\height</literal>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\height</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\depth</literal>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\depth</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\totalheight</literal>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\totalheight</primary></indexterm>
-These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
+may be negative.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="14.3">
+<title><literal>\settodepth</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settodepth</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\settodepth</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command
+equal to the depth of the <literal>text</literal> argument.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="14.4">
+<title><literal>\settoheight</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settoheight</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\settoheight</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command
+equal to the height of the <literal>text</literal> argument.
+</para>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="14.5">
+<title><literal>\settowidth{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settowidth</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\settowidth</literal> command sets the value of the command <replaceable>\len</replaceable>
+to the width of the <replaceable>text</replaceable> argument.
+</para>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="14.6" id="Predefined-lengths">
+<title>Predefined lengths</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, predefined</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>predefined lengths</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\width</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\width</primary></indexterm></para>
+<para><literal>\height</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\height</primary></indexterm></para>
+<para><literal>\depth</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\depth</primary></indexterm></para>
+<para><literal>\totalheight</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\totalheight</primary></indexterm></para>
+<para>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
commands (see <xref linkend="Boxes"></xref>). They specify the natural width etc. of the
text in the box. <literal>\totalheight</literal> equals <literal>\height</literal> +
<literal>\depth</literal>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
-natural size, e.g., say</para>
- <para><literal>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</literal></para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="15" id="Making-paragraphs">
- <title>Making paragraphs</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>making paragraphs</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
-A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&mdash;lines not
+natural size, e.g., say
+</para>
+<para><literal>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</literal>
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="15" id="Making-paragraphs">
+<title>Making paragraphs</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>making paragraphs</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
+<para>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&mdash;lines not
containing even a <literal>%</literal>. A blank line should not appear where a new
paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
-a sectioning command.</para>
+a sectioning command.
+</para>
+
- <sect1 label="15.1" id="\indent">
- <title><literal>\indent</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, forcing</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\indent</literal> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the
+<sect1 label="15.1">
+<title><literal>\indent</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\indent</literal> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the
width of the <literal>\parindent</literal> length, the normal paragraph
indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would
-otherwise be suppressed.</para>
- <para>The default value for <literal>\parindent</literal> is <literal>1em</literal> in two-column
+otherwise be suppressed.
+</para>
+<para>The default value for <literal>\parindent</literal> is <literal>1em</literal> in two-column
mode, otherwise <literal>15pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, <literal>17pt</literal> for
-<literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>1.5em</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="15.2" id="\noindent">
- <title><literal>\noindent</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, suppressing</primary></indexterm>
-When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <literal>\noindent</literal>
+<literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>1.5em</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="15.2">
+<title><literal>\noindent</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, suppressing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <literal>\noindent</literal>
suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in
-the middle of a paragraph.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="15.3" id="\parskip">
- <title><literal>\parskip</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space before paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\parskip</literal> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
-before each paragraph. The default is <literal>0pt plus1pt</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="15.4" id="Marginal-notes">
- <title>Marginal notes</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>marginal notes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>notes in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>remarks in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\marginpar</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\marginpar[<replaceable>left</replaceable>]{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}
+the middle of a paragraph.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="15.3">
+<title><literal>\parskip</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space before paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\parskip</literal> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
+before each paragraph. The default is <literal>0pt plus1pt</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="15.4" id="Marginal-notes">
+<title>Marginal notes</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>marginal notes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>notes in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>remarks in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\marginpar</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\marginpar[<replaceable>left</replaceable>]{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\marginpar</literal> command creates a note in the margin. The first
+<para>The <literal>\marginpar</literal> command creates a note in the margin. The first
line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
-where the <literal>\marginpar</literal> occurs.</para>
- <para>When you only specify the mandatory argument <replaceable>right</replaceable>, the text
-will be placed</para>
- <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
- <listitem>
- <para>in the right margin for one-sided layout;</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout;</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\reversemarginpar</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalmarginpar</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\reversemarginpar</literal> places subsequent marginal notes
+where the <literal>\marginpar</literal> occurs.
+</para>
+<para>When you only specify the mandatory argument <replaceable>right</replaceable>, the text
+will be placed
+</para>
+<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem>
+<para>in the right margin for one-sided layout;
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
+</para></listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\reversemarginpar</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalmarginpar</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\reversemarginpar</literal> places subsequent marginal notes
in the opposite (inside) margin. <literal>\normalmarginpar</literal> places them
-in the default position.</para>
- <para>When you specify both arguments, <replaceable>left</replaceable> is used for the left
-margin, and <replaceable>right</replaceable> is used for the right margin.</para>
- <para>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
-hyphenation there by beginning the node with <literal>\hspace{0pt}</literal>.</para>
- <para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\marginparpush</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<literal>7pt</literal>&rsquo; for
-&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>5pt</literal>&rsquo; else.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\marginparsep</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
-&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; else.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\marginparwidth</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; document
+in the default position.
+</para>
+<para>When you specify both arguments, <replaceable>left</replaceable> is used for the left
+margin, and <replaceable>right</replaceable> is used for the right margin.
+</para>
+<para>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
+hyphenation there by beginning the node with <literal>\hspace{0pt}</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\marginparpush</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<literal>7pt</literal>&rsquo; for
+&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>5pt</literal>&rsquo; else.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\marginparsep</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
+&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; else.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\marginparwidth</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; document
is &lsquo;<literal>90pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>83pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<literal>68pt</literal>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;; &lsquo;<literal>17pt</literal>&rsquo; more in each case for a two-sided document.
-In two column mode, the default is &lsquo;<literal>48pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="16" id="Math-formulas">
- <title>Math formulas</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math formulas</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, entering</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>math</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>For formulas that appear right in the text.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>displaymath</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>For formulas that appear on their own line.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>equation</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
-number in the right margin.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\(</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\[</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\]</primary></indexterm>The <literal>math</literal> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
+In two column mode, the default is &lsquo;<literal>48pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>The standard &latex; routine for marginal notes does not prevent
+notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
+<!-- @TeX{} FAQ entry on this topic (xx when there): -->
+<!-- @url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=marginparside}. -->
+<!-- (+marginfix) -->
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="16" id="Math-formulas">
+<title>Math formulas</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math formulas</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, entering</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm><para>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>math</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>For formulas that appear right in the text.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>displaymath</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>For formulas that appear on their own line.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>equation</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
+number in the right margin.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\(</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\[</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\]</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>math</literal> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the <literal>displaymath</literal> and <literal>equation</literal> environments can be used
only in paragraph mode. The <literal>math</literal> and <literal>displaymath</literal>
-environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:</para>
- <screen>
-\(...\) <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \begin{math}...\end{math}
+environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
+</para>
+<screen>\(...\) <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \begin{math}...\end{math}
\[...\] <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>$</primary></indexterm>In fact, the <literal>math</literal> environment is so common that it has an even
-shorter form:</para>
- <screen>
-$ ... $ <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \(...\)
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>$</primary></indexterm><para>In fact, the <literal>math</literal> environment is so common that it has an even
+shorter form:
+</para>
+<screen>$ ... $ <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \(...\)
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\boldmath</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unboldmath</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\boldmath</literal> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\boldmath</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unboldmath</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\boldmath</literal> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
a bold font. It is used <emphasis>outside</emphasis> of math mode. Conversely, the
<literal>\unboldmath</literal> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
-it too is used <emphasis>outside</emphasis> of math mode.</para>
+it too is used <emphasis>outside</emphasis> of math mode.
+</para>
<!-- xx own section? Math fonts? -->
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\displaystyle</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\displaystyle</literal> declaration forces the size and style of the
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\displaystyle</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\displaystyle</literal> declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of <literal>displaymath</literal>, e.g., with limits above and
-below summations. For example</para>
- <screen>
-$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
+below summations. For example
+</para><screen>$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
</screen>
<!-- xx see also \cal, \mathcal -->
- <sect1 label="16.1" id="Subscripts-&-superscripts">
- <title>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exponent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>^</primary></indexterm>
-To get an expression <wordasword>exp</wordasword> to appear as a subscript, you just type
+
+
+
+<sect1 label="16.1" id="Subscripts-&amp;-superscripts">
+<title>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exponent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>^</primary></indexterm>
+<para>To get an expression <wordasword>exp</wordasword> to appear as a subscript, you just type
<literal>_{</literal><wordasword>exp</wordasword><literal>}</literal>. To get <wordasword>exp</wordasword> to appear as a
superscript, you type <literal>^{</literal><wordasword>exp</wordasword><literal>}</literal>. &latex; handles
superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way.
It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
-superscript.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="16.2" id="Math-symbols">
- <title>Math symbols</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greek letters</primary></indexterm>
-&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to
+superscript.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="16.2" id="Math-symbols">
+<title>Math symbols</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greek letters</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to
need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode.
For example, if you include <literal>$\pi$</literal> in your source, you will get
-the pi symbol (\pi) in your output.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\|</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\|</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\aleph</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\aleph</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\alpha</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\alpha</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\amalg</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\amalg (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\angle</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\angle</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\approx</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\approx (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ast</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\ast (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\asymp</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\asymp (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\backslash</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\ (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\beta</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\beta</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bigcap</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigcirc</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bigcirc (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigcup</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bigcup</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigodot</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bigodot</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigoplus</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bigoplus</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigotimes</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bigotimes</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigtriangledown</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bigtriangledown (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigtriangleup</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bigtriangleup (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigsqcup</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bigsqcup</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\biguplus</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\biguplus</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bigvee</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigwedge</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bigwedge</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bot</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bot</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bowtie</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\bowtie (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Box</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>(square open box symbol)
-<!-- xx not in plain --></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bullet</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet symbol</primary></indexterm>\bullet (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\cap</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\cap (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\cdot</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\cdot (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\chi</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\chi</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\circ</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\circ (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\clubsuit</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\clubsuit</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\cong</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\cong (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\coprod</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\coprod</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\cup</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\cup (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\dagger</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\dagger (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\dashv</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\dashv (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ddagger</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\dagger (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Delta</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Delta</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\delta</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\delta</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Diamond</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>bigger \diamond
-<!-- xx not in plain --></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\diamond</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\diamond (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\diamondsuit</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\diamondsuit</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\div</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\div (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\doteq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\doteq (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\downarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\downarrow (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Downarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Downarrow (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ell</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\ell</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\emptyset</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\emptyset</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\epsilon</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\epsilon</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\equiv</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\equiv (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\eta</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\eta</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\exists</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\exists</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\flat</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\flat</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\forall</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\forall</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\frown</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\frown (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Gamma</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Gamma</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\gamma</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\gamma</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ge</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\ge</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\geq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\geq (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\gets</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\gets</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\gg</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\gg (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\hbar</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\hbar</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\heartsuit</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\heartsuit</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\hookleftarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\hookleftarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\hookrightarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\hookrightarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\iff</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\iff</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Im</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Im</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\in</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\in (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\infty</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\infty</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\int</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\int</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\iota</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\iota</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Join</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation)
-<!-- xx not in plain --></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\kappa</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\kappa</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Lambda</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Lambda</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\lambda</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\lambda</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\land</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\land</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\langle</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\langle (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\lbrace</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\lbrace (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\lbrack</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\lbrack (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\lceil</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\lceil (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\le</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\le</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\leadsto</literal></term>
-<!-- xx missing from plain -->
- <listitem>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Leftarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Leftarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\leftarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\leftarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\leftharpoondown</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\leftharpoondown</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\leftharpoonup</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\leftharpoonup</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Leftrightarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Leftrightarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\leftrightarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\leftrightarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\leq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\leq (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\lfloor</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\lfloor (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\lhd</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>(left-pointing arrow head)
-<!-- xx not in plain --></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ll</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\ll (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\lnot</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\lnot</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\longleftarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\longleftarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\longleftrightarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\longleftrightarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\longmapsto</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\longmapsto</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\longrightarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\longrightarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\lor</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\lor</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mapsto</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\mapsto</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mho</literal></term>
-<!-- xx not in plain -->
- <listitem>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mid</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\mid (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\models</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\models (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mp</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\mp (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\mu</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\mu</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\nabla</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\nabla</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\natural</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\natural</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ne</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\ne</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\nearrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\nearrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\neg</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\neg</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\neq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\neq (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ni</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\ni (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\not</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\notin</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\ni</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\nu</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\nu</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\nwarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\nwarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\odot</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\odot (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\oint</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\oint</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Omega</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Omega</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\omega</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\omega</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ominus</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\ominus (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\oplus</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\oplus (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\oslash</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\oslash (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\otimes</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\otimes (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\owns</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\owns</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\parallel</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\parallel (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\partial</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\partial</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\perp</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\perp (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\phi</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\phi</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Pi</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Pi</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\pi</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\pi</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\pm</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\pm (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\prec</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\prec (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\preceq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\preceq (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\prime</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\prime</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\prod</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\prod</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\propto</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\propto (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Psi</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Psi</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\psi</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\psi</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rangle</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\rangle (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rbrace</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\rbrace (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rbrack</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\rbrack (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rceil</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\rceil (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Re</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Re</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rfloor</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\rfloor</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rhd</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>(binary operation)
-<!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} --></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rho</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\rho</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Rightarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Rightarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rightarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\rightarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rightharpoondown</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\rightharpoondown</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rightharpoonup</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\rightharpoonup</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rightleftharpoons</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\rightleftharpoons</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\searrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\searrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\setminus</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\setminus (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sharp</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sharp</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Sigma</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Sigma</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sigma</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sigma</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sim</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sim (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\simeq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\simeq (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\smallint</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\smallint</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\smile</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\smile (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\spadesuit</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\spadesuit</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sqcap</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sqcap (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sqcup</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sqcup (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sqsubset</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>(relation)
-<!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) --></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sqsubseteq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sqsubseteq (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sqsupset</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>(relation)
-<!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) --></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sqsupseteq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sqsupseteq (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\star</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\star (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\subset</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\subset (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\subseteq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\subseteq (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\succ</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\succ (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\succeq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\succeq (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sum</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sum</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\supset</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\supset (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\supseteq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\supseteq (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\surd</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\surd</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\swarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\swarrow</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\tau</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\tau</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\theta</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\theta</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\times</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\times (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\to</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\to</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\top</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\top</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\triangle</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\triangle</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\triangleleft</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\triangleleft (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\triangleright</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\triangleright (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\unlhd</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)
-<!-- not in plain --></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\unrhd</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)
-<!-- not in plain --></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Uparrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Uparrow (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\uparrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\uparrow (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Updownarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Updownarrow (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\updownarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\updownarrow (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\uplus</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\uplus (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Upsilon</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Upsilon</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\upsilon</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\upsilon</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\varepsilon</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\varepsilon</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\varphi</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\varphi</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\varpi</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\varpi</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\varrho</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\varrho</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\varsigma</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\varsigma</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\vartheta</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\vartheta</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\vdash</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\vdash (relation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\vee</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\vee (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Vert</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Vert (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\vert</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\vert (delimiter)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\wedge</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\wedge (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\wp</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\wp</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\wr</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\wr (binary operation)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Xi</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Xi</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\xi</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\xi</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\zeta</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\zeta</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="16.3" id="Math-functions">
- <title>Math functions</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math functions</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>functions, math</primary></indexterm>
-These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
-spacing.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\arccos</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\arccos</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\arcsin</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\arcsin</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\arctan</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\arctan</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\arg</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\arg</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bmod</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\cos</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\cos</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\cosh</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\cosh</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\cot</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\cos</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\coth</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\cosh</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\csc</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\csc</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\deg</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\deg</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\det</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\deg</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\dim</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\dim</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\exp</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\exp</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\gcd</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\gcd</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\hom</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\hom</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\inf</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\inf</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ker</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\ker</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\lg</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\lg</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\lim</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\lim</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\liminf</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\liminf</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\limsup</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\limsup</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ln</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\ln</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\log</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\log</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\max</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\max</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\min</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\min</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\pmod</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\Pr</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\Pr</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sec</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sec</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sin</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sin</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sinh</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sinh</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sup</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\sup</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\tan</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\tan</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\tanh</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>\tanh</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="16.4" id="Math-accents">
- <title>Math accents</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents, mathematical</primary></indexterm>
-&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
+the pi symbol (\pi) in your output.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\|</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\|
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\aleph</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\aleph
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\alpha</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\alpha
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\amalg</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\amalg (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\angle</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\angle
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\approx</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\approx (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ast</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\ast (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\asymp</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\asymp (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\backslash</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\ (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\beta</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\beta
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bigcap
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcirc</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bigcirc (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcup</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bigcup
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigodot</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bigodot
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigoplus</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bigoplus
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigotimes</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bigotimes
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigtriangledown</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bigtriangledown (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigtriangleup</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bigtriangleup (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigsqcup</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bigsqcup
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\biguplus</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\biguplus
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bigvee
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigwedge</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bigwedge
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bot</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bot
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bowtie</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\bowtie (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Box</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>(square open box symbol) <!-- xx not in plain -->
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bullet</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet symbol</primary></indexterm><para>\bullet (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cap</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\cap (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cdot</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\cdot (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\chi</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\chi
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\circ</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\circ (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\clubsuit</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\clubsuit
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cong</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\cong (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\coprod</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\coprod
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cup</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\cup (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dagger</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\dagger (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dashv</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\dashv (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddagger</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\dagger (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Delta</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Delta
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\delta</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\delta
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Diamond</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>bigger \diamond <!-- xx not in plain -->
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\diamond</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\diamond (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\diamondsuit</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\diamondsuit
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\div</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\div (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\doteq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\doteq (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\downarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\downarrow (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Downarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Downarrow (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ell</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\ell
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\emptyset</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\emptyset
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\epsilon</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\epsilon
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\equiv</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\equiv (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\eta</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\eta
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\exists</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\exists
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\flat</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\flat
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\forall</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\forall
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\frown</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\frown (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Gamma</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Gamma
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gamma</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\gamma
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ge</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\ge
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\geq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\geq (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gets</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\gets
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gg</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\gg (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hbar</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\hbar
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\heartsuit</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\heartsuit
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hookleftarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\hookleftarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hookrightarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\hookrightarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\iff</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\iff
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Im</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Im
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\in</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\in (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\infty</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\infty
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\int</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\int
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\iota</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\iota
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Join</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) <!-- xx not in plain -->
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\kappa</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\kappa
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Lambda</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Lambda
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lambda</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\lambda
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\land</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\land
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\langle</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\langle (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lbrace</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\lbrace (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lbrack</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\lbrack (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lceil</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\lceil (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\le</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\le
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leadsto</literal></term>
+<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><!-- xx missing from plain -->
+
+<literal>\Leftarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Leftarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\leftarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftharpoondown</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\leftharpoondown
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftharpoonup</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\leftharpoonup
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Leftrightarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Leftrightarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftrightarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\leftrightarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\leq (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lfloor</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\lfloor (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lhd</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>(left-pointing arrow head) <!-- xx not in plain -->
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ll</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\ll (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lnot</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\lnot
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longleftarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\longleftarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longleftrightarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\longleftrightarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longmapsto</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\longmapsto
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longrightarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\longrightarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lor</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\lor
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mapsto</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\mapsto
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mho</literal></term>
+<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><!-- xx not in plain -->
+
+<literal>\mid</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\mid (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\models</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\models (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mp</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\mp (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mu</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\mu
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nabla</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\nabla
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\natural</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\natural
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ne</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\ne
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nearrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\nearrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\neg</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\neg
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\neq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\neq (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ni</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\ni (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\not</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\notin</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\ni
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nu</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\nu
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nwarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\nwarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\odot</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\odot (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oint</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\oint
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Omega</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Omega
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\omega</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\omega
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ominus</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\ominus (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oplus</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\oplus (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oslash</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\oslash (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\otimes</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\otimes (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\owns</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\owns
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\parallel</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\parallel (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\partial</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\partial
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\perp</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\perp (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\phi</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\phi
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Pi</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Pi
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pi</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\pi
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pm</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\pm (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\prec</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\prec (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\preceq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\preceq (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\prime</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\prime
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\prod</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\prod
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\propto</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\propto (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Psi</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Psi
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\psi</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\psi
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rangle</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\rangle (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rbrace</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\rbrace (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rbrack</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\rbrack (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rceil</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\rceil (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Re</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Re
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rfloor</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\rfloor
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rhd</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>(binary operation) <!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} -->
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rho</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\rho
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Rightarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Rightarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\rightarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightharpoondown</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\rightharpoondown
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightharpoonup</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\rightharpoonup
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightleftharpoons</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\rightleftharpoons
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\searrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\searrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\setminus</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\setminus (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sharp</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sharp
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Sigma</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Sigma
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sigma</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sigma
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sim</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sim (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\simeq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\simeq (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smallint</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\smallint
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smile</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\smile (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\spadesuit</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\spadesuit
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqcap</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sqcap (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqcup</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sqcup (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsubset</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) -->
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsubseteq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sqsubseteq (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsupset</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) -->
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsupseteq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sqsupseteq (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\star</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\star (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subset</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\subset (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subseteq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\subseteq (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\succ</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\succ (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\succeq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\succeq (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sum</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sum
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\supset</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\supset (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\supseteq</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\supseteq (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\surd</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\surd
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\swarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\swarrow
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tau</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\tau
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\theta</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\theta
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\times</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\times (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\to</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\to
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\top</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\top
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\triangle</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\triangle
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\triangleleft</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\triangleleft (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\triangleright</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\triangleright (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\unlhd</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain -->
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\unrhd</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain -->
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Uparrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Uparrow (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\uparrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\uparrow (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Updownarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Updownarrow (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\updownarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\updownarrow (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\uplus</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\uplus (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Upsilon</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Upsilon
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\upsilon</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\upsilon
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varepsilon</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\varepsilon
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varphi</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\varphi
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varpi</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\varpi
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varrho</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\varrho
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varsigma</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\varsigma
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vartheta</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\vartheta
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vdash</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\vdash (relation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vee</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\vee (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Vert</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Vert (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vert</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\vert (delimiter)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\wedge</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\wedge (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\wp</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\wp
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\wr</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\wr (binary operation)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Xi</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Xi
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\xi</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\xi
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\zeta</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\zeta
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="16.3" id="Math-functions">
+<title>Math functions</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math functions</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>functions, math</primary></indexterm>
+<para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
+spacing.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\arccos</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\arccos
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arcsin</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\arcsin
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arctan</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\arctan
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arg</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\arg
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bmod</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cos</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\cos
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cosh</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\cosh
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cot</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\cos
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\coth</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\cosh
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\csc</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\csc
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\deg</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\deg
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\det</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\deg
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dim</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\dim
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\exp</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\exp
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gcd</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\gcd
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hom</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\hom
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\inf</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\inf
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ker</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\ker
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lg</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\lg
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lim</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\lim
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\liminf</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\liminf
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\limsup</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\limsup
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ln</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\ln
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\log</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\log
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\max</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\max
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\min</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\min
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pmod</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Pr</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\Pr
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sec</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sec
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sin</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sin
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sinh</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sinh
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sup</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\sup
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tan</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\tan
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tanh</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>\tanh
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="16.4" id="Math-accents">
+<title>Math accents</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents, mathematical</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math. These are different from accents in normal text
-(see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>).</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\acute</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math acute accent: \acutex.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bar</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math bar-over accent: \barx.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\breve</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math breve accent: \brevex.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\check</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>h&aacute;c&lt;ek accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math h&aacute;c&lt;ek (check) accent: \checkx.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ddot</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dot accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math dieresis accent: \ddotx.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\dot</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overdot accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot over accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math dot accent: \dotx.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\grave</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math grave accent: \gravex.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\hat</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\imath</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i, math</primary></indexterm>Math dotless i.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\jmath</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j, math</primary></indexterm>Math dotless j.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\tilde</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math tilde accent: \tildex.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\vec</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vector symbol, math</primary></indexterm>Math vector symbol: \vecx.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\widehat</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide hat accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\widehat</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide tile accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="16.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode">
- <title>Spacing in math mode</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing within math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, spacing</primary></indexterm>
-In a <literal>math</literal> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and
+(see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>).
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\acute</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math acute accent: \acute{x}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bar</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\breve</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math breve accent: \breve{x}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\check</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>h&aacute;c&lt;ek accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math h&aacute;c&lt;ek (check) accent: \check{x}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddot</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dot accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dot</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overdot accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot over accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dot accent: \dot{x}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\grave</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math grave accent: \grave{x}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hat</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\imath</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dotless i.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\jmath</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dotless j.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tilde</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vec</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vector symbol, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math vector symbol: \vec{x}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\widehat</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide hat accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\widehat</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide tile accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="16.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode">
+<title>Spacing in math mode</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing within math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, spacing</primary></indexterm>
+<para>In a <literal>math</literal> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and
puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics
texts. If you want different spacing, &latex; provides the following
-commands for use in math mode:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\;</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\;</primary></indexterm>A thick space (5\over18\,quad).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\:</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\&gt;</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\:</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&gt;</primary></indexterm>Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\,</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\,</primary></indexterm>A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\!</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="16.6" id="Math-miscellany">
- <title>Math miscellany</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math miscellany</primary></indexterm></para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\*</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>discretionary multiplication</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</primary></indexterm>A &ldquo;discretionary&rdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
-allowed.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\cdots</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ddots</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\frac{num}{den}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frac</primary></indexterm>Produces the fraction <literal>num</literal> divided by <literal>den</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\left <replaceable>delim1</replaceable> ... \right <replaceable>delim2</replaceable></literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\right</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>null delimiter</primary></indexterm>The two delimiters need not match; &lsquo;<literal>.</literal>&rsquo; acts as a null delimiter,
+commands for use in math mode:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\;</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\;</primary></indexterm><para>A thick space (5\over18\,quad).
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\:</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\&gt;</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\:</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&gt;</primary></indexterm><para>Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad).
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\,</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\,</primary></indexterm><para>A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\!</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad).
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="16.6" id="Math-miscellany">
+<title>Math miscellany</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math miscellany</primary></indexterm>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\*</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>discretionary multiplication</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</primary></indexterm><para>A &ldquo;discretionary&rdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
+allowed.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cdots</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddots</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\frac{num}{den}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frac</primary></indexterm><para>Produces the fraction <literal>num</literal> divided by <literal>den</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\left <replaceable>delim1</replaceable> ... \right <replaceable>delim2</replaceable></literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\right</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>null delimiter</primary></indexterm><para>The two delimiters need not match; &lsquo;<literal>.</literal>&rsquo; acts as a null delimiter,
producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math
-in between. Example: <literal>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\overbrace{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Generates a brace over <replaceable>text</replaceable>.
-For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k \rm\;times.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Generates a horizontal line over <replaceable>tex</replaceable>.
-For exampe, \overlinex+y.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Produces the representation of the square root of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The
+in between. Example: <literal>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\overbrace{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Generates a brace over <replaceable>text</replaceable>.
+For example, \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <replaceable>tex</replaceable>.
+For exampe, \overline{x+y}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The
optional argument <replaceable>root</replaceable> determines what root to produce. For
example, the cube root of <literal>x+y</literal> would be typed as
-<literal>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\stackrel{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>relation</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Puts <replaceable>text</replaceable> above <replaceable>relation</replaceable>. For example,
-<literal>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\underbrace{math}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Generates <replaceable>math</replaceable> with a brace underneath.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\underline{text}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Causes <replaceable>text</replaceable>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
+<literal>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\stackrel{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>relation</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Puts <replaceable>text</replaceable> above <replaceable>relation</replaceable>. For example,
+<literal>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\underbrace{math}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Generates <replaceable>math</replaceable> with a brace underneath.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\underline{text}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Causes <replaceable>text</replaceable>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of
-descenders.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\vdots</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vdots</primary></indexterm>Produces a vertical ellipsis.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="17" id="Modes">
- <title>Modes</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>modes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-to-right mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lR mode</primary></indexterm></para>
- <para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
-modes:</para>
- <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
- <listitem>
- <para>Paragraph mode</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Math mode</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- <para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
+descenders.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vdots</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vdots</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="17" id="Modes">
+<title>Modes</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>modes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-to-right mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lR mode</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
+modes:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem>
+<para>Paragraph mode
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Math mode
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
+</para></listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+<para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
-&latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.</para>
- <para>&ldquo;Paragraph mode&rdquo; is the most common; it's the one &latex; is in
+&latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
+</para>
+<para>&ldquo;Paragraph mode&rdquo; is the most common; it's the one &latex; is in
when processing ordinary text. In that mode, &latex; breaks your
text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. &latex; is in
&ldquo;math mode&rdquo; when it's generating a mathematical formula. In &ldquo;LR
@@ -5143,8 +4054,9 @@ unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to right; it
never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words
into an <literal>\mbox</literal>, &latex; would keep typesetting them from left
to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting
-box was too wide to fit on the line.</para>
- <para>&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <literal>\mbox</literal>
+box was too wide to fit on the line.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <literal>\mbox</literal>
command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.
There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
@@ -5152,1626 +4064,1394 @@ making a box that put &latex; in paragraph mode. The box make by one of
these commands or environments will be called a <literal>parbox</literal>. When
&latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in
&ldquo;inner paragraph mode&rdquo;. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out
-in, is called &ldquo;outer paragraph mode&rdquo;.</para>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="18" id="Page-styles">
- <title>Page styles</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles, page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page styles</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command determines the size and position of
-the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.</para>
-
- <sect1 label="18.1" id="\maketitle">
- <title><literal>\maketitle</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>titles, making</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\maketitle</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\maketitle</literal> command generates a title on a separate title
+in, is called &ldquo;outer paragraph mode&rdquo;.
+</para>
+
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="18" id="Page-styles">
+<title>Page styles</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles, page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page styles</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command determines the size and position of
+the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="18.1">
+<title><literal>\maketitle</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>titles, making</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\maketitle</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\maketitle</literal> command generates a title on a separate title
page&mdash;except in the <literal>article</literal> class, where the title is placed
at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
-is obtained from the following declarations:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\author{<replaceable>name</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>author, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\and for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm>The <literal>\author</literal> command declares the document author(s), where the
+is obtained from the following declarations:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\author{<replaceable>name</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>author, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\and for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\author</literal> command declares the document author(s), where the
argument is a list of authors separated by <literal>\and</literal> commands. Use
<literal>\\</literal> to separate lines within a single author's entry&mdash;for
-example, to give the author's institution or address.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\date{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>date, for titlepage</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\date</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the document's
+example, to give the author's institution or address.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\date{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>date, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\date</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the document's
date. With no <literal>\date</literal> command, the current date (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>)
-is used.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\thanks{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thanks, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>credit footnote</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\thanks</literal> command produces a <literal>\footnote</literal> to the title,
-usually used for credit acknowledgements.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\title</literal></primary></indexterm>The <literal>\title</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the title of the
-document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="18.2" id="\pagenumbering">
- <title><literal>\pagenumbering</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagenumbering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page numbering style</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\pagenumbering{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}
+is used.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\thanks{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thanks, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>credit footnote</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\thanks</literal> command produces a <literal>\footnote</literal> to the title,
+usually used for credit acknowledgements.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\title</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\title</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the title of the
+document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="18.2">
+<title><literal>\pagenumbering</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagenumbering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page numbering style</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\pagenumbering{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>arabic</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>arabic numerals</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>roman</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>lowercase Roman numerals</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>Roman</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>uppercase Roman numerals</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>alph</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>lowercase letters</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>Alph</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>uppercase letters</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="18.3" id="\pagestyle">
- <title><literal>\pagestyle</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagestyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer style</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\pagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}
+<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>arabic</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>arabic numerals
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>roman</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>lowercase Roman numerals
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>Roman</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>uppercase Roman numerals
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>alph</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>lowercase letters
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>Alph</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>uppercase letters
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="18.3">
+<title><literal>\pagestyle</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagestyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer style</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\pagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\pagestyle</literal> command specifies how the headers and footers
-are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for <replaceable>style</replaceable>:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>plain</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Just a plain page number.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>empty</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>headings</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what
-goes in the headers.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>myheadings</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Custom headers, specified via the <literal>\markboth</literal> or the
-<literal>\markright</literal> commands.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>Here are the descriptions of <literal>\markboth</literal> and <literal>\markright</literal>:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\markboth{<replaceable>left</replaceable>}{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A &ldquo;left-hand heading&rdquo;
+<para>The <literal>\pagestyle</literal> command specifies how the headers and footers
+are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for <replaceable>style</replaceable>:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>plain</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Just a plain page number.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>empty</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>headings</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what
+goes in the headers.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>myheadings</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Custom headers, specified via the <literal>\markboth</literal> or the
+<literal>\markright</literal> commands.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>Here are the descriptions of <literal>\markboth</literal> and <literal>\markright</literal>:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\markboth{<replaceable>left</replaceable>}{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A &ldquo;left-hand heading&rdquo;
(<replaceable>left</replaceable>) is generated by the last <literal>\markboth</literal> command before
the end of the page, while a &ldquo;right-hand heading&rdquo; (<replaceable>right</replaceable> is
generated by the first <literal>\markboth</literal> or <literal>\markright</literal> that
comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
-the page.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="18.4" id="\thispagestyle">
- <title><literal>\thispagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thispagestyle</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\thispagestyle</literal> command works in the same manner as the
+the page.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="18.4">
+<title><literal>\thispagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thispagestyle</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\thispagestyle</literal> command works in the same manner as the
<literal>\pagestyle</literal> command (see previous section) except that it
-changes to <replaceable>style</replaceable> for the current page only.</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="19" id="Spaces">
- <title>Spaces</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces</primary></indexterm>
-&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.</para>
- <para>Another space-producing command is <literal>\,</literal> to produce a &ldquo;thin&rdquo;
+changes to <replaceable>style</replaceable> for the current page only.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="19" id="Spaces">
+<title>Spaces</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
+</para>
+<para>Another space-producing command is <literal>\,</literal> to produce a &ldquo;thin&rdquo;
space (usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is
-more often useful in math mode (see <xref linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode"></xref>).</para>
-
- <sect1 label="19.1" id="\hspace">
- <title><literal>\hspace</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hspace</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\hspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
+more often useful in math mode (see <xref linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode"></xref>).
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="19.1">
+<title><literal>\hspace</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hspace</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\hspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\hspace</literal> command adds horizontal space. The <replaceable>length</replaceable>
+<para>The <literal>\hspace</literal> command adds horizontal space. The <replaceable>length</replaceable>
argument can be expressed in any terms that &latex; understands:
points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both
negative and positive space with an <literal>\hspace</literal> command; adding
-negative space is like backspacing.</para>
- <para>&latex; normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
+negative space is like backspacing.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional <literal>*</literal>
-form.</para>
- </sect1>
+form.
+</para>
- <sect1 label="19.2" id="\hfill">
- <title><literal>\hfill</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hfill</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\hfill</literal> fill command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; which has
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="19.2">
+<title><literal>\hfill</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hfill</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\hfill</literal> fill command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; which has
no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as
-needed.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fill</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\fill</literal> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically,
+needed.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fill</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\fill</literal> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically,
the glue value &lsquo;<literal>0pt plus1fill</literal>&rsquo;); thus, <literal>\hspace\fill</literal> is
-equivalent to <literal>\hfill</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="19.3" id="\SPACE">
- <title><literal>\SPACE</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SPACE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TAB</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NEWLINE</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\ </literal> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's
+equivalent to <literal>\hfill</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="19.3">
+<title><literal>\SPACE</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SPACE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TAB</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NEWLINE</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\ </literal> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's
useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example
<literal>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</literal>.
It is also often used after control sequences, as in <literal>\TeX\ is a
-nice system.</literal></para>
- <para>In normal circumstances, <literal>\</literal><keycap>tab</keycap> and <literal>\</literal><keycap>newline</keycap>
-are equivalent to <literal>\ </literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="19.4" id="\AT">
- <title><literal>\@</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\@</literal> command makes the following punctuation character end a
+nice system.</literal>
+</para>
+<para>In normal circumstances, <literal>\</literal><keycap>tab</keycap> and <literal>\</literal><keycap>newline</keycap>
+are equivalent to <literal>\ </literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="19.4">
+<title><literal>\@</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\@</literal> command makes the following punctuation character end a
sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after
a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without
-<literal>\@</literal>:</para>
- <screen>
-&hellip; in C\@. Pascal, though &hellip;
+<literal>\@</literal>:
+</para>
+<screen>&hellip; in C\@. Pascal, though &hellip;
&hellip; in C. Pascal, though &hellip;
</screen>
- <para role="continues">produces</para>
+<para>produces
+</para>
<!-- Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. -->
- <blockquote>
- <para>&hellip; in C. Pascal, though &hellip;
-&hellip; in C. Pascal, though &hellip;</para>
- </blockquote>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="19.5" id="\thinspace">
- <title><literal>\thinspace</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\thinspace</literal> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
-is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as
-in '&rdquo;.</para>
- </sect1>
+<blockquote><para>&hellip; in C. Pascal, though &hellip;
+&hellip; in C. Pascal, though &hellip;
+</para></blockquote>
+
- <sect1 label="19.6" id="\/">
- <title><literal>\/</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\/</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\/</literal> command produces an <firstterm>italic correction</firstterm>. This is a
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="19.5">
+<title><literal>\thinspace</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\thinspace</literal> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
+is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as
+in '&rdquo;.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="19.6">
+<title><literal>\/</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\/</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\/</literal> command produces an <firstterm>italic correction</firstterm>. This is a
small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic
-<wordasword>f</wordasword> character typically has a large italic correction value.</para>
- <para>If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to
+<wordasword>f</wordasword> character typically has a large italic correction value.
+</para>
+<para>If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to
insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
normal letters, it can help. Compare
<wordasword>f: f;</wordasword> (in the &tex; output, the `f's are nicely separated)
-with <wordasword>f: f;</wordasword>.</para>
- <para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
+with <wordasword>f: f;</wordasword>.
+</para>
+<para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
correction. Compare
pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the `f')
-with pdf&tex;.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="19.7" id="\hrulefill">
- <title><literal>\hrulefill</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\hrulefill</literal> fill command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; which can
+with pdf&tex;.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="19.7">
+<title><literal>\hrulefill</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\hrulefill</literal> fill command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; which can
stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
-rule.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="19.8" id="\dotfill">
- <title><literal>\dotfill</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\dotfill</literal> command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; that fills
-with dots instead of just white space.</para>
-<!-- xx undone -->
- </sect1>
+rule.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="19.8">
+<title><literal>\dotfill</literal></title>
- <sect1 label="19.9" id="\addvspace">
- <title><literal>\addvspace</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addvspace</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>space, inserting vertical</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\addvspace{length}</literal></para>
- <para>The <literal>\addvspace</literal> command normally adds a vertical space of height
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\dotfill</literal> command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; that fills
+with dots instead of just white space.
+</para>
+
+<!-- xx undone -->
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="19.9">
+<title><literal>\addvspace</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addvspace</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>space, inserting vertical</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\addvspace{length}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\addvspace</literal> command normally adds a vertical space of height
length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
point in the output by a previous <literal>\addvspace</literal> command, then this
command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
-of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="19.10" id="\bigskip-\medskip-\smallskip">
- <title><literal>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</literal></title>
- <para>These commands produce a given amount of space.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\bigskip</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskipamount</primary></indexterm>The same as <literal>\vspace{bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line
-space (with stretch and shrink).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\medskip</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskipamount</primary></indexterm>The same as <literal>\vspace{medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily
-about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\smallskip</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskipamount</primary></indexterm>The same as <literal>\vspace{smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a
-quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>The <literal>\...amount</literal> parameters are determined by the document class.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="19.11" id="\vfill">
- <title><literal>\vfill</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vfill</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\vfill</literal> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which
+of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="19.10">
+<title><literal>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</literal></title>
+
+<para>These commands produce a given amount of space.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigskip</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskipamount</primary></indexterm><para>The same as <literal>\vspace{bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line
+space (with stretch and shrink).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\medskip</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskipamount</primary></indexterm><para>The same as <literal>\vspace{medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily
+about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smallskip</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskipamount</primary></indexterm><para>The same as <literal>\vspace{smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a
+quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>The <literal>\...amount</literal> parameters are determined by the document class.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="19.11">
+<title><literal>\vfill</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vfill</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\vfill</literal> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which
can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to
-<literal>\vspace{\fill}</literal> (see <xref linkend="\hfill"></xref>).</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="19.12" id="\vspace">
- <title><literal>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vspace</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
+<literal>\vspace{\fill}</literal> (see <xref linkend="\hfill"></xref>).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="19.12">
+<title><literal>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vspace</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\vspace</literal> command adds the vertical space <replaceable>length</replaceable>, i.e.,
-a rubber length. <replaceable>length</replaceable> can be negative or positive.</para>
- <para>Ordinarily, &latex; removes vertical space added by <literal>\vspace</literal> at
+<para>The <literal>\vspace</literal> command adds the vertical space <replaceable>length</replaceable>, i.e.,
+a rubber length. <replaceable>length</replaceable> can be negative or positive.
+</para>
+<para>Ordinarily, &latex; removes vertical space added by <literal>\vspace</literal> at
the top or bottom of a page. With the optional <literal>*</literal> argument, the
-space is not removed.</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="20" id="Boxes">
- <title>Boxes</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>boxes</primary></indexterm>
-All the predefined length parameters (see <xref linkend="Predefined-lengths"></xref>) can be
-used in the arguments of the box-making commands.</para>
-
- <sect1 label="20.1" id="\mbox">
- <title><literal>\mbox{<replaceable>text}</replaceable></literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, preventing</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\mbox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
+space is not removed.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="20" id="Boxes">
+<title>Boxes</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>boxes</primary></indexterm>
+<para>All the predefined length parameters (see <xref linkend="Predefined-lengths"></xref>) can be
+used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="20.1">
+<title><literal>\mbox{<replaceable>text}</replaceable></literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, preventing</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\mbox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
text created by its argument. The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is not broken into
-lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="20.2" id="\fbox-and-\framebox">
- <title><literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm>
-Synopses:</para>
- <screen>
-\fbox{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="20.2">
+<title><literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen>\fbox{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
\framebox[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal> commands are like <literal>\mbox</literal>,
-except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.</para>
- <para>In addition, the <literal>\framebox</literal> command allows for explicit
+<para>The <literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal> commands are like <literal>\mbox</literal>,
+except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.
+</para>
+<para>In addition, the <literal>\framebox</literal> command allows for explicit
specification of the box width with the optional <replaceable>width</replaceable> argument
(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <replaceable>position</replaceable>
-argument.
-<!-- xxref -->
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <literal>\fboxrule</literal> (default
+argument. <!-- xxref -->
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm><para>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <literal>\fboxrule</literal> (default
&lsquo;<literal>.4pt</literal>&rsquo;), and leave a space of <literal>\fboxsep</literal> (default
-&lsquo;<literal>3pt</literal>&rsquo;) between the rule and the contents of the box.</para>
- <para>See <xref linkend="\framebox-(picture)"></xref>, for the <literal>\framebox</literal> command in the
-<literal>picture</literal> environment.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="20.3" id="lrbox">
- <title><literal>lrbox</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lrbox</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</literal></para>
- <para>This is the environment form of <literal>\sbox</literal>.</para>
- <para>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <literal>cmd</literal>, which
-must have been declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="20.4" id="\makebox">
- <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\makebox[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+&lsquo;<literal>3pt</literal>&rsquo;) between the rule and the contents of the box.
+</para>
+<para>See <xref linkend="\framebox-(picture)"></xref>, for the <literal>\framebox</literal> command in the
+<literal>picture</literal> environment.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="20.3">
+<title><literal>lrbox</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lrbox</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>This is the environment form of <literal>\sbox</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <literal>cmd</literal>, which
+must have been declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="20.4">
+<title><literal>\makebox</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\makebox[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to contain
+<para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to contain
the <replaceable>text</replaceable> specified. The width of the box is specified by the
optional <replaceable>width</replaceable> argument. The position of the text within the box
is determined by the optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> argument, which may take
-the following values:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>c</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Centered (default).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>l</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Flush left.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>r</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Flush right.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>s</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Stretch (justify) across entire <replaceable>width</replaceable>; <replaceable>text</replaceable> must contain
-stretchable space for this to work.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para><literal>\makebox</literal> is also used within the picture environment
-see <xref linkend="\makebox-(picture)"></xref>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="20.5" id="\parbox">
- <title><literal>\parbox</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parbox</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\parbox[<replaceable>position</replaceable>][<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+the following values:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Centered (default).
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Flush left.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Flush right.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>s</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Stretch (justify) across entire <replaceable>width</replaceable>; <replaceable>text</replaceable> must contain
+stretchable space for this to work.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para><literal>\makebox</literal> is also used within the picture environment
+see <xref linkend="\makebox-(picture)"></xref>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="20.5">
+<title><literal>\parbox</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parbox</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\parbox[<replaceable>position</replaceable>][<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\parbox</literal> command produces a box whose contents are created
+<para>The <literal>\parbox</literal> command produces a box whose contents are created
in <literal>paragraph</literal> mode. It should be used to make a box small
pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a
<literal>\parbox</literal> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones
containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
-<literal>minipage</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="minipage"></xref>).</para>
- <para><literal>\parbox</literal> has two mandatory arguments:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>the width of the parbox;</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>the text that goes inside the parbox.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para>The optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> argument allows you to align either the
+<literal>minipage</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="minipage"></xref>).
+</para>
+<para><literal>\parbox</literal> has two mandatory arguments:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>the width of the parbox;
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>the text that goes inside the parbox.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<para>The optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> argument allows you to align either the
top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding
-text (default is top).</para>
- <para>The optional <replaceable>height</replaceable> argument overrides the natural height of the box.</para>
- <para>The <replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable> argument controls the placement of the text inside
-the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <replaceable>position</replaceable> is used.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>t</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>text is placed at the top of the box.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>c</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>text is centered in the box.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>b</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>text is placed at the bottom of the box.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>s</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
-for this to work.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="20.6" id="\raisebox">
- <title><literal>\raisebox</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raisebox</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\raisebox{distance}[<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>depth</replaceable>]{text}
+text (default is top).
+</para>
+<para>The optional <replaceable>height</replaceable> argument overrides the natural height of the box.
+</para>
+<para>The <replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable> argument controls the placement of the text inside
+the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <replaceable>position</replaceable> is used.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>text is placed at the top of the box.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>text is centered in the box.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>text is placed at the bottom of the box.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>s</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
+for this to work.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="20.6">
+<title><literal>\raisebox</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raisebox</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\raisebox{distance}[<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>depth</replaceable>]{text}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\raisebox</literal> command raises or lowers <replaceable>text</replaceable>. The first
+<para>The <literal>\raisebox</literal> command raises or lowers <replaceable>text</replaceable>. The first
mandatory argument specifies how high <replaceable>text</replaceable> is to be raised (or
lowered if it is a negative amount). <replaceable>text</replaceable> itself is processed
-in LR mode.</para>
- <para>The optional arguments <replaceable>height</replaceable> and <replaceable>depth</replaceable> are dimensions.
+in LR mode.
+</para>
+<para>The optional arguments <replaceable>height</replaceable> and <replaceable>depth</replaceable> are dimensions.
If they are specified, &latex; treats <replaceable>text</replaceable> as extending a
certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth),
-ignoring its natural height and depth.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="20.7" id="\savebox">
- <title><literal>\savebox</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\savebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+ignoring its natural height and depth.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="20.7">
+<title><literal>\savebox</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\savebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>This command typeset <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\makebox</literal>
+<para>This command typeset <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\makebox</literal>
(see <xref linkend="\makebox"></xref>), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
it saves it in the box labeled <replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>, which must have been
-declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>).</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="20.8" id="\sbox">
- <title><literal>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="20.8">
+<title><literal>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para><literal>\sbox</literal> types <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\mbox</literal>
+<para><literal>\sbox</literal> types <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\mbox</literal>
(see <xref linkend="\mbox"></xref>) except that instead of the resulting box being
included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>. <replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable> must have been previously declared with
-<literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>).</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="20.9" id="\usebox">
- <title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable></literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usebox</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}
+<literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="20.9">
+<title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable></literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usebox</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para><literal>\usebox</literal> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin
-<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable> by a <literal>\savebox</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\savebox"></xref>).</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="21" id="Special-insertions">
- <title>Special insertions</title>
- <para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a
-special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.</para>
-
- <sect1 label="21.1" id="Reserved-characters">
- <title>Reserved characters</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm>
-The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called
-&ldquo;reserved characters&rdquo; or &ldquo;special characters&rdquo;.</para>
- <screen>
-# $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ { }
+<para><literal>\usebox</literal> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin
+<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable> by a <literal>\savebox</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\savebox"></xref>).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="21" id="Special-insertions">
+<title>Special insertions</title>
+
+<para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a
+special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="21.1" id="Reserved-characters">
+<title>Reserved characters</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called
+&ldquo;reserved characters&rdquo; or &ldquo;special characters&rdquo;.
+</para>
+<screen># $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ { }
</screen>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\#</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\$</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\%</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&amp;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\{</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\}</primary></indexterm>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex;
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\#</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\$</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\%</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&amp;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\{</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\}</primary></indexterm><para>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex;
will do something special. If you simply want the character to be
printed as itself, include a <literal>\</literal> in front of the character. For
-example, <literal>\$</literal> will produce <literal>$</literal> in your output.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backslash</primary></indexterm>One exception to this rule is <literal>\</literal> itself, because <literal>\\</literal> has
+example, <literal>\$</literal> will produce <literal>$</literal> in your output.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backslash</primary></indexterm><para>One exception to this rule is <literal>\</literal> itself, because <literal>\\</literal> has
its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by
typing <literal>$\backslash$</literal> in your file, and a typewriter <literal>\</literal> is
-produced by using &lsquo;<literal>\</literal>&rsquo; in a verbatim command (see <xref linkend="verbatim"></xref>).</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^</primary></indexterm>Also, <literal>\~</literal> and <literal>\^</literal> place tilde and circumflex accents over
+produced by using &lsquo;<literal>\</literal>&rsquo; in a verbatim command (see <xref linkend="verbatim"></xref>).
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^</primary></indexterm><para>Also, <literal>\~</literal> and <literal>\^</literal> place tilde and circumflex accents over
the following letter, as in &otilde; and &ocirc; (see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>); to get
a standalone <literal>~</literal> or <literal>^</literal>, you can again use a verbatim
-command.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accessing any character of a font</primary></indexterm>
-Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
+command.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accessing any character of a font</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
know its number by using the <literal>\symbol</literal> command. For example, the
visible space character used in the <literal>\verb*</literal> command has the code
-decimal 32, so it can be typed as <literal>\symbol{32}</literal>.</para>
- <para>You can also specify octal numbers with <literal>'</literal> or hexadecimal numbers
-with <literal>"</literal>, so the previous example could also be written as
-<literal>\symbol{'40}</literal> or <literal>\symbol{"20}</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="21.2" id="Text-symbols">
- <title>Text symbols</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>textcomp package</primary></indexterm>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
+decimal 32, so it can be typed as <literal>\symbol{32}</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>You can also specify octal numbers with <literal>'</literal> or hexadecimal numbers
+with <literal>&quot;</literal>, so the previous example could also be written as
+<literal>\symbol{'40}</literal> or <literal>\symbol{&quot;20}</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="21.2" id="Text-symbols">
+<title>Text symbols</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>textcomp package</primary></indexterm><para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
-not available in OT1; you may need to load the <literal>textcomp</literal> package.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\copyright</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\textcopyright</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>copyright symbol</primary></indexterm>The copyright symbol, &copy;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\dag</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>The dagger symbol (in text).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ddag</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>The double dagger symbol (in text).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\LaTeX</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;</primary></indexterm>The &latex; logo.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\guillemotleft (&laquo;)</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\guillemotright (&raquo;)</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\guilsinglleft (&lt;)</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\guilsinglright (&gt;)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double guillemets</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single guillemets</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>French quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quotation marks, French</primary></indexterm>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
-&laquo;, &raquo;, &lt;, &gt;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ldots</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\dots</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\textellipsis</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `&hellip;'. <literal>\ldots</literal>
-and <literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\lq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>opening quote</primary></indexterm>Left (opening) quote: `.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\P</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\textparagraph</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pilcrow</primary></indexterm>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\pounds</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\textsterling</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pounds symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sterling symbol</primary></indexterm>English pounds sterling: &pound;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\quotedblbase (&ldquor;)</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\quotesinglbase (&lsquor;)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-9 quotation marks, single and double</primary></indexterm>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline:
-&ldquor; and &lsquor;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\rq</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing quote</primary></indexterm>Right (closing) quote: '.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\S</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section symbol</primary></indexterm>Section symbol.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\TeX</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&tex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &tex;</primary></indexterm>The &tex; logo.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textasciicircum</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII circumflex, in text</primary></indexterm>ASCII circumflex: ^.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textasciitilde</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII tilde, in text</primary></indexterm>ASCII tilde: ~.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textasteriskcentered</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>asterisk, centered, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered asterisk, in text</primary></indexterm>Centered asterisk: *.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textbackslash</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>backslash, in text</primary></indexterm>Backslash: \.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textbar</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, vertical, in text</primary></indexterm>Vertical bar: |.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textbardbl</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, double, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, double vertical, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm>Double vertical bar.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textbigcircle</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>big circle symbols, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circle symbol, big, in text</primary></indexterm>Big circle symbol.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textbraceleft</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left brace, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, left, in text</primary></indexterm>Left brace: {.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textbraceright</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right brace, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, right, in text</primary></indexterm>Right brace: }.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textbullet</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet, in text</primary></indexterm>Bullet: &bull;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textcircled{<replaceable>letter</replaceable>}</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circled letter, in text</primary></indexterm><replaceable>letter</replaceable> in a circle, as in &reg;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textcompwordmark</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\textcapitalwordmark</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\textascenderwordmark</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>composite word mark, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cap height</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ascender height</primary></indexterm>Composite word mark (invisible). The <literal>\textcapital...</literal> form
+not available in OT1; you may need to load the <literal>textcomp</literal> package.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\copyright</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\textcopyright</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>copyright symbol</primary></indexterm><para>The copyright symbol, &copy;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dag</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>The dagger symbol (in text).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddag</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>The double dagger symbol (in text).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\LaTeX</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;</primary></indexterm><para>The &latex; logo.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\guillemotleft (&laquo;)</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\guillemotright (&raquo;)</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\guilsinglleft (&lt;)</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\guilsinglright (&gt;)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double guillemets</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single guillemets</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>French quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quotation marks, French</primary></indexterm><para>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
+&laquo;, &raquo;, &lt;, &gt;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ldots</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\dots</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\textellipsis</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm><para>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `&hellip;'. <literal>\ldots</literal>
+and <literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lq</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>opening quote</primary></indexterm><para>Left (opening) quote: `.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\P</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\textparagraph</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pilcrow</primary></indexterm><para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pounds</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\textsterling</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pounds symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sterling symbol</primary></indexterm><para>English pounds sterling: &pound;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\quotedblbase (&ldquor;)</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\quotesinglbase (&lsquor;)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-9 quotation marks, single and double</primary></indexterm><para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline:
+&ldquor; and &lsquor;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rq</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing quote</primary></indexterm><para>Right (closing) quote: '.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\S</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Section symbol.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\TeX</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&tex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &tex;</primary></indexterm><para>The &tex; logo.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textasciicircum</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII circumflex, in text</primary></indexterm><para>ASCII circumflex: ^.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textasciitilde</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII tilde, in text</primary></indexterm><para>ASCII tilde: ~.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textasteriskcentered</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>asterisk, centered, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered asterisk, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Centered asterisk: *.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbackslash</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>backslash, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Backslash: \.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbar</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, vertical, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Vertical bar: |.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbardbl</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, double, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, double vertical, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Double vertical bar.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbigcircle</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>big circle symbols, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circle symbol, big, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Big circle symbol.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbraceleft</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left brace, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, left, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Left brace: {.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbraceright</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right brace, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, right, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Right brace: }.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbullet</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Bullet: &bull;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textcircled{<replaceable>letter</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circled letter, in text</primary></indexterm><para><replaceable>letter</replaceable> in a circle, as in &reg;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textcompwordmark</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\textcapitalwordmark</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\textascenderwordmark</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>composite word mark, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cap height</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ascender height</primary></indexterm><para>Composite word mark (invisible). The <literal>\textcapital...</literal> form
has the cap height of the font, while the <literal>\textascender...</literal> form
-has the ascender height.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textdagger</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>Dagger: \dag.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textdaggerdbl</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, double, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>Double dagger: \ddag.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textdollar (or <literal>$</literal>)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dollar sign</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, dollar</primary></indexterm>Dollar sign: $.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textemdash (or <literal>---</literal>)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash</primary></indexterm>Em-dash: &mdash; (for punctuation).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textendash (or <literal>--</literal>)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>e-dash</primary></indexterm>En-dash: &mdash; (for ranges).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\texteuro</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>euro symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, euro</primary></indexterm>The Euro symbol: &euro;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textexclamdown (or <literal>!`</literal>)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exclamation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm>Upside down exclamation point: &iexcl;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textgreater</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greater than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm>Greater than: &gt;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textless</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>less than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm>Less than: &lt;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textleftarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, left, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left arrow, in text</primary></indexterm>Left arrow.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textordfeminine</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\textordmasculine</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>masculine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: &ordf;, &ordm;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textordfeminine</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm>Feminine ordinal symbol: &reg;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textperiodcentered</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>period, centered, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered period, in text</primary></indexterm>Centered period: \cdot.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textquestiondown (or <literal>?`</literal>)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>questionation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm>Upside down questionation point: &iquest;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textquotedblleft (or <literal>``</literal>)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, double</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double left quote</primary></indexterm>Double left quote: &ldquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textquotedblright (or <literal>'</literal>)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, double</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double right quote</primary></indexterm>Double right quote: &rdquo;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textquoteleft (or <literal>`</literal>)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, single</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single left quote</primary></indexterm>Single left quote: `.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textquoteright (or <literal>'</literal>)</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, single</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single right quote</primary></indexterm>Single right quote: '.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textquotestraightbase</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\textquotestraightdblbase</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quote, straight base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight quote, base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double quote, straight base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight double quote, base</primary></indexterm>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textregistered</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>registered symbol</primary></indexterm>Registered symbol: &reg;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textrightarrow</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, right, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right arrow, in text</primary></indexterm>Right arrow.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textthreequartersemdash</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>three-quarters em-dash</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash, three-quarters</primary></indexterm>&ldquo;Three-quarters&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\texttrademark</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>trademark symbol</primary></indexterm>Trademark symbol: ^\hboxTM.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\texttwelveudash</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Xx 12u-.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textunderscore</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underscore, in text</primary></indexterm>Underscore: _.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\textvisiblespace</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space symbol, in text</primary></indexterm>Visible space symbol.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="21.3" id="Accents">
- <title>Accents</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, accented</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, accented</primary></indexterm>
-&latex; has wide support for many of the world's scripts and
+has the ascender height.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textdagger</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Dagger: \dag.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textdaggerdbl</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, double, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Double dagger: \ddag.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textdollar (or <literal>$</literal>)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dollar sign</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, dollar</primary></indexterm><para>Dollar sign: $.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textemdash (or <literal>---</literal>)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash</primary></indexterm><para>Em-dash: &mdash; (for punctuation).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textendash (or <literal>--</literal>)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>e-dash</primary></indexterm><para>En-dash: &mdash; (for ranges).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texteuro</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>euro symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, euro</primary></indexterm><para>The Euro symbol: &euro;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textexclamdown (or <literal>!`</literal>)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exclamation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm><para>Upside down exclamation point: &iexcl;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textgreater</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greater than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Greater than: &gt;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textless</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>less than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Less than: &lt;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textleftarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, left, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left arrow, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Left arrow.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textordfeminine</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\textordmasculine</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>masculine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm><para>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: &ordf;, &ordm;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textordfeminine</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Feminine ordinal symbol: &reg;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textperiodcentered</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>period, centered, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered period, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Centered period: \cdot.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquestiondown (or <literal>?`</literal>)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>questionation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm><para>Upside down questionation point: &iquest;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquotedblleft (or <literal>``</literal>)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, double</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double left quote</primary></indexterm><para>Double left quote: &ldquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquotedblright (or <literal>'</literal>)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, double</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double right quote</primary></indexterm><para>Double right quote: &rdquo;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquoteleft (or <literal>`</literal>)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, single</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single left quote</primary></indexterm><para>Single left quote: `.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquoteright (or <literal>'</literal>)</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, single</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single right quote</primary></indexterm><para>Single right quote: '.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquotestraightbase</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\textquotestraightdblbase</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quote, straight base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight quote, base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double quote, straight base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight double quote, base</primary></indexterm><para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textregistered</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>registered symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Registered symbol: &reg;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textrightarrow</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, right, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right arrow, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Right arrow.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textthreequartersemdash</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>three-quarters em-dash</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash, three-quarters</primary></indexterm><para>&ldquo;Three-quarters&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texttrademark</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>trademark symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texttwelveudash</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>Xx 12u-.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textunderscore</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underscore, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Underscore: _.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textvisiblespace</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space symbol, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Visible space symbol.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="21.3" id="Accents">
+<title>Accents</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, accented</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, accented</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world's scripts and
languages, through the <literal>babel</literal> package and related support. This
section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists
-the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters.</para>
- <para>The <literal>\capital...</literal> commands produce alternative forms for use with
-capital letters. These are not available with OT1.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\"</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitaldieresis</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\" (umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldieresis</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>umlaut accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dieresis accent</primary></indexterm>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in &ouml;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\'</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitalacute</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\' (acute accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalacute</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent</primary></indexterm>Produces an acute accent, as in &oacute;. In the <literal>tabbing</literal>
+the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\capital...</literal> commands produce alternative forms for use with
+capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\&quot;</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitaldieresis</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&quot; (umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldieresis</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>umlaut accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dieresis accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in &ouml;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\'</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitalacute</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\' (acute accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalacute</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces an acute accent, as in &oacute;. In the <literal>tabbing</literal>
environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
-(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\.</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\. (dot-over accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-over accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\=</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitalmacron</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\= (macron accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalmacron</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overbar accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o&macr;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\^</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitalcircumflex</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^ (circumflex accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcircumflex</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in &ocirc;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\`</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitalgrave</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\` (grave accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalgrave</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in &ograve;. In the
+(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\.</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\. (dot-over accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-over accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\=</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitalmacron</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\= (macron accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalmacron</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overbar accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o&macr;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\^</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitalcircumflex</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^ (circumflex accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcircumflex</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in &ocirc;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\`</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitalgrave</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\` (grave accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalgrave</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in &ograve;. In the
<literal>tabbing</literal> environment, move following text to the right margin
-(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\~</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitaltilde</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~ (tilde accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltilde</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in &ntilde;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\b</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\b (bar-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-under accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\c</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitalcedilla</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\c (cedilla accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcedilla</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cedilla accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in &ccedil;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\d</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitaldotaccent</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\d (dot-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldotaccent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-under accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\H</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitalhungarumlaut</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\H (Hungarian umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalhungarumlaut</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hungarian umlaut accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\i</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\i (dotless i)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i</primary></indexterm>Produces a dotless i, as in `i'.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\j</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\j (dotless j)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j</primary></indexterm>Produces a dotless j, as in `j'.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\k</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitalogonek</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\k (ogonek)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalogonek</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ogonek</primary></indexterm>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in `o'. Not available in
-the OT1 encoding.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\r</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitalring</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\r (ring accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalring</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ring accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a ring accent, as in `o*'.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\t</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitaltie</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\newtie</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitalnewtie</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\t (tie-after accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalnewtie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tie-after accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. The
-<literal>\newtie</literal> form is centered in its box.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\u</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitalbreve</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\u (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalbreve</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a breve accent, as in `o('.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\underbar</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbar</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underbar</primary></indexterm>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
+(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\~</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitaltilde</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~ (tilde accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltilde</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in &ntilde;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\b</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\b (bar-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-under accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\c</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitalcedilla</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\c (cedilla accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcedilla</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cedilla accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in &ccedil;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\d</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitaldotaccent</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\d (dot-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldotaccent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-under accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\H</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitalhungarumlaut</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\H (Hungarian umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalhungarumlaut</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hungarian umlaut accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\i</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\i (dotless i)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dotless i, as in `i'.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\j</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\j (dotless j)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dotless j, as in `j'.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\k</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitalogonek</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\k (ogonek)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalogonek</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ogonek</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in `o;'. Not available in
+the OT1 encoding.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\r</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitalring</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\r (ring accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalring</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ring accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a ring accent, as in `o*'.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\t</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitaltie</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\newtie</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitalnewtie</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\t (tie-after accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalnewtie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tie-after accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. The
+<literal>\newtie</literal> form is centered in its box.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\u</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitalbreve</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\u (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalbreve</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a breve accent, as in `o('.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\underbar</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbar</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underbar</primary></indexterm><para>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is
always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
-descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in <xref linkend="Math-miscellany"></xref>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\v</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\capitalcaron</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\v (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcaron</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hacek accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>caron accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a h&aacute;c&lt;ek (check, caron) accent, as in `o&lt;'.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="21.4" id="Non-English-characters">
- <title>Non-English characters</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>non-English characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, non-English</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, non-English</primary></indexterm>
-Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly
-used in languages other than English.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\aa</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\AA</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\aa (&aring;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AA (&Aring;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aring</primary></indexterm>&aring; and &Aring;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ae</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\AE</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ae (&aelig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AE (&AElig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ae ligature</primary></indexterm>&aelig; and &AElig;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\dh</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\DH</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (&aelig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (&AElig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic eth</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>eth, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm>Icelandic letter eth: and .</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\dj</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\DJ</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dj</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DJ</primary></indexterm>xxxx</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ij</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\IJ</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ij (ij)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\IJ (IJ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ij letter, Dutch</primary></indexterm>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\l</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\L</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\l (/l)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\L (/L)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>polish l</primary></indexterm>/l and /L.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ng</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\NG</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ng</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NG</primary></indexterm>xxxx</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\o</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\O</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\o (&oslash;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\O (&Oslash;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oslash</primary></indexterm>&oslash; and &Oslash;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\oe</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\OE</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oe (&oelig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\OE (&OElig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oe ligature</primary></indexterm>&oelig; and &OElig;.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\ss</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\SS</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ss (&szlig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SS (SS)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>es-zet German letter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sharp S letters</primary></indexterm>&szlig; and SS.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>\th</literal></term>
- <term><literal>\TH</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\th ()</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TH ()</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic thorn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thorn, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm>Icelandic letter thorn: and .</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="21.5" id="\rule">
- <title><literal>\rule</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rule</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\rule[<replaceable>raise</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>thickness</replaceable>}
+descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in <xref linkend="Math-miscellany"></xref>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\v</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\capitalcaron</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\v (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcaron</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hacek accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>caron accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a h&aacute;c&lt;ek (check, caron) accent, as in `o&lt;'.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="21.4" id="Non-English-characters">
+<title>Non-English characters</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>non-English characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, non-English</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, non-English</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly
+used in languages other than English.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\aa</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\AA</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\aa (&aring;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AA (&Aring;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aring</primary></indexterm><para>&aring; and &Aring;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ae</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\AE</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ae (&aelig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AE (&AElig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ae ligature</primary></indexterm><para>&aelig; and &AElig;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dh</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\DH</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (&aelig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (&AElig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic eth</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>eth, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm><para>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dj</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\DJ</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dj</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DJ</primary></indexterm><para>xxxx
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ij</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\IJ</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ij (ij)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\IJ (IJ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ij letter, Dutch</primary></indexterm><para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\l</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\L</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\l (/l)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\L (/L)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>polish l</primary></indexterm><para>/l and /L.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ng</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\NG</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ng</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NG</primary></indexterm><para>xxxx
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\o</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\O</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\o (&oslash;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\O (&Oslash;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oslash</primary></indexterm><para>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oe</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\OE</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oe (&oelig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\OE (&OElig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oe ligature</primary></indexterm><para>&oelig; and &OElig;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ss</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\SS</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ss (&szlig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SS (SS)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>es-zet German letter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sharp S letters</primary></indexterm><para>&szlig; and SS.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\th</literal></term>
+<term><literal>\TH</literal></term>
+<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\th (&thorn;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TH (&THORN;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic thorn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thorn, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm><para>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="21.5">
+<title><literal>\rule</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rule</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\rule[<replaceable>raise</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>thickness</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\rule</literal> command produces <firstterm>rules</firstterm>, that is, lines or
-rectangles. The arguments are:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>raise</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>How high to raise the rule (optional).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The length of the rule (mandatory).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>thickness</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The thickness of the rule (mandatory).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="21.6" id="\today">
- <title><literal>\today</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\today</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\today</literal> command produces today's date, in the format
+<para>The <literal>\rule</literal> command produces <firstterm>rules</firstterm>, that is, lines or
+rectangles. The arguments are:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>raise</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>How high to raise the rule (optional).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The length of the rule (mandatory).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>thickness</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The thickness of the rule (mandatory).
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="21.6">
+<title><literal>\today</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\today</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\today</literal> command produces today's date, in the format
&lsquo;<literal><replaceable>month</replaceable> <replaceable>dd</replaceable>, <replaceable>yyyy</replaceable></literal>&rsquo;; for example, `July 4, 1976'.
It uses the predefined counters <literal>\day</literal>, <literal>\month</literal>, and
<literal>\year</literal> (see <xref linkend="\day-\month-\year"></xref>) to do this. It is not
-updated as the program runs.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>datetime</literal> package</primary></indexterm>The <literal>datetime</literal> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
-of other date formats.</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="22" id="Splitting-the-input">
- <title>Splitting the input</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>splitting the input file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>input file</primary></indexterm>
-A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
+updated as the program runs.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>datetime</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>datetime</literal> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
+of other date formats.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="22" id="Splitting-the-input">
+<title>Splitting the input</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>splitting the input file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>input file</primary></indexterm>
+<para>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
-when you run &latex;.</para>
-
- <sect1 label="22.1" id="\include">
- <title><literal>\include</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\include{<replaceable>file</replaceable>}
+when you run &latex;.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="22.1">
+<title><literal>\include</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\include{<replaceable>file</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>If no <literal>\includeonly</literal> command is present, the <literal>\include</literal>
+<para>If no <literal>\includeonly</literal> command is present, the <literal>\include</literal>
command executes <literal>\clearpage</literal> to start a new page
(see <xref linkend="\clearpage"></xref>), then reads <replaceable>file</replaceable>, then does another
-<literal>\clearpage</literal>.</para>
- <para>Given an <literal>\includeonly</literal> command, the <literal>\include</literal> actions are
+<literal>\clearpage</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>Given an <literal>\includeonly</literal> command, the <literal>\include</literal> actions are
only run if <replaceable>file</replaceable> is listed as an argument to
-<literal>\includeonly</literal>. See the next section.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>nested <literal>\include</literal>, not allowed</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\include</literal> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
-read by another <literal>\include</literal> command.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="22.2" id="\includeonly">
- <title>\<literal>includeonly</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\includeonly{<replaceable>file1</replaceable>,<replaceable>file2</replaceable>,...}
+<literal>\includeonly</literal>. See the next section.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>nested <literal>\include</literal>, not allowed</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\include</literal> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
+read by another <literal>\include</literal> command.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="22.2">
+<title>\<literal>includeonly</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\includeonly{<replaceable>file1</replaceable>,<replaceable>file2</replaceable>,...}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\includeonly</literal> command controls which files will be read by
+<para>The <literal>\includeonly</literal> command controls which files will be read by
subsequent <literal>\include</literal> commands. The list of filenames is
comma-separated. Each <replaceable>file</replaceable> must exactly match a filename
specified in a <literal>\include</literal> command for the selection to be
-effective.</para>
- <para>This command can only appear in the preamble.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="22.3" id="\input">
- <title>\input</title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\input</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\input{<replaceable>file</replaceable>}
+effective.
+</para>
+<para>This command can only appear in the preamble.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="22.3" id="\input">
+<title>\input</title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\input</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\input{<replaceable>file</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>The <literal>\input</literal> command causes the specified <replaceable>file</replaceable> to be read
+<para>The <literal>\input</literal> command causes the specified <replaceable>file</replaceable> to be read
and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current
-file at that point.</para>
- <para>If <replaceable>file</replaceable> does not end in &lsquo;<literal>.tex</literal>&rsquo; (e.g., &lsquo;<literal>foo</literal>&rsquo; or
+file at that point.
+</para>
+<para>If <replaceable>file</replaceable> does not end in &lsquo;<literal>.tex</literal>&rsquo; (e.g., &lsquo;<literal>foo</literal>&rsquo; or
&lsquo;<literal>foo.bar</literal>&rsquo;), it is first tried with that extension (&lsquo;<literal>foo.tex</literal>&rsquo;
or &lsquo;<literal>foo.bar.tex</literal>&rsquo;). If that is not found, the original <replaceable>file</replaceable>
-is tried (&lsquo;<literal>foo</literal>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<literal>foo.bar</literal>&rsquo;).</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="23" id="Front/back-matter">
- <title>Front/back matter</title>
- <sect1 label="23.1" id="Tables-of-contents">
- <title>Tables of contents</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents, creating</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tableofcontents</primary></indexterm>A table of contents is produced with the <literal>\tableofcontents</literal>
+is tried (&lsquo;<literal>foo</literal>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<literal>foo.bar</literal>&rsquo;).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="23" id="Front/back-matter">
+<title>Front/back matter</title>
+
+
+
+<sect1 label="23.1" id="Tables-of-contents">
+<title>Tables of contents</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tableofcontents</primary></indexterm><para>A table of contents is produced with the <literal>\tableofcontents</literal>
command. You put the command right where you want the table of
contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must
-have generated a <filename>.toc</filename> file.</para>
- <para>The <literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command produces a heading, but it does
+have generated a <filename>.toc</filename> file.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command produces a heading, but it does
not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
table of contents, write a <literal>\newpage</literal> command after the
-<literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoffigures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoftables</primary></indexterm>The analogous commands <literal>\listoffigures</literal> and <literal>\listoftables</literal>
+<literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoffigures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoftables</primary></indexterm><para>The analogous commands <literal>\listoffigures</literal> and <literal>\listoftables</literal>
produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
-Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nofiles</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\nofiles</literal> overrides these commands, and
-<emphasis>prevents</emphasis> any of these lists from being generated.</para>
-
- <sect2 label="23.1.1" id="\addcontentsline">
- <title>\addcontentsline</title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addcontentsline{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents entry, manually adding</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\addcontentsline</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
-command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
+Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nofiles</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\nofiles</literal> overrides these commands, and
+<emphasis>prevents</emphasis> any of these lists from being generated.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect2 label="23.1.1" id="\addcontentsline">
+<title>\addcontentsline</title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addcontentsline{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents entry, manually adding</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\addcontentsline</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
typically one of: <literal>toc</literal> (table of contents), <literal>lof</literal> (list of
-figures), or <literal>lot</literal> (list of tables).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>unit</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
-following, matching the value of the <replaceable>ext</replaceable> argument:</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>toc</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The name of the sectional unit: <literal>part</literal>, <literal>chapter</literal>,
-<literal>section</literal>, <literal>subsection</literal>, <literal>subsubsection</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>lof</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>For the list of figures.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><literal>lot</literal></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>For the list of tables.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>entry</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The actual text of the entry.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\contentsline</primary></indexterm>What is written to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file is the
-command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}</literal>.</para>
+figures), or <literal>lot</literal> (list of tables).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>unit</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
+following, matching the value of the <replaceable>ext</replaceable> argument:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>toc</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>The name of the sectional unit: <literal>part</literal>, <literal>chapter</literal>,
+<literal>section</literal>, <literal>subsection</literal>, <literal>subsubsection</literal>.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>lof</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>For the list of figures.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>lot</literal></term>
+<listitem><para>For the list of tables.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>entry</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The actual text of the entry.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\contentsline</primary></indexterm><para>What is written to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file is the
+command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}</literal>.
+</para>
<!-- ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? -->
- </sect2>
- <sect2 label="23.1.2" id="\addtocontents">
- <title>\addtocontents</title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocontents{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\addtocontents</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} command adds text
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="23.1.2" id="\addtocontents">
+<title>\addtocontents</title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocontents{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\addtocontents</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} command adds text
(or formatting commands) directly to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file that
-generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
+generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
<filename>toc</filename> (table of contents), <filename>lof</filename> (list of figures), or
-<filename>lot</filename> (list of tables).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>The text to be written.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="23.2" id="Glossaries">
- <title>Glossaries</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossaries</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeglossary</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\makeglossary</literal> enables creating glossaries.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossary</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.glo</filename> file</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\glossary{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes a glossary entry for
-<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.glo</filename> extension.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossaryentry</primary></indexterm>Specifically, what gets written is the command
+<filename>lot</filename> (list of tables).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term>
+<listitem><para>The text to be written.
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="23.2" id="Glossaries">
+<title>Glossaries</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossaries</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeglossary</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\makeglossary</literal> enables creating glossaries.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossary</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.glo</filename> file</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\glossary{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes a glossary entry for
+<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.glo</filename> extension.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossaryentry</primary></indexterm><para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<literal>\glossaryentry{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pageno</replaceable>}</literal>, where
-<replaceable>pageno</replaceable> is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.</para>
- <para>The <literal>glossary</literal> package on CTAN provides support for fancier
-glossaries.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="23.3" id="Indexes">
- <title>Indexes</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indexes</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeindex</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\makeindex</literal> enables creating indexes. Put this in
-the preamble.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\index</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.idx</filename> file</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\index{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes an index entry for
-<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.idx</filename> extension.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indexentry</primary></indexterm>Specifically, what gets written is the command
+<replaceable>pageno</replaceable> is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>glossary</literal> package on CTAN provides support for fancier
+glossaries.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="23.3" id="Indexes">
+<title>Indexes</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indexes</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeindex</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\makeindex</literal> enables creating indexes. Put this in
+the preamble.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\index</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.idx</filename> file</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\index{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes an index entry for
+<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.idx</filename> extension.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indexentry</primary></indexterm><para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<literal>\indexentry{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pageno</replaceable>}</literal>, where <replaceable>pageno</replaceable>
-is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>`see' and `see also' index entries</primary></indexterm>To generate a index entry for `bar' that says `See foo', use a
+is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>`see' and `see also' index entries</primary></indexterm><para>To generate a index entry for `bar' that says `See foo', use a
vertical bar: <literal>\index{bar|see{foo}}</literal>. Use <literal>seealso</literal>
-instead of <literal>see</literal> to make a `See also' entry.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\seename</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\alsoname</primary></indexterm>The text `See' is defined by the macro <literal>\seename</literal>, and `See also'
+instead of <literal>see</literal> to make a `See also' entry.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\seename</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\alsoname</primary></indexterm><para>The text `See' is defined by the macro <literal>\seename</literal>, and `See also'
by the macro <literal>\alsoname</literal>. These can be redefined for other
-languages.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>makeindex</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>xindy</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.ind</filename> file</primary></indexterm>The generated <filename>.idx</filename> file is then sorted with an external
+languages.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>makeindex</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>xindy</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.ind</filename> file</primary></indexterm><para>The generated <filename>.idx</filename> file is then sorted with an external
command, usually either <command>makeindex</command>
(<ulink url="http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex">http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</ulink>) or (the
multi-lingual) <command>xindy</command> (<ulink url="http://xindy.sourceforge.net">http://xindy.sourceforge.net</ulink>).
This results in a <filename>.ind</filename> file, which can then be read to typeset
-the index.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>printindex</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>makeidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm>The index is usually generated with the <literal>\printindex</literal> command.
+the index.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>printindex</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>makeidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The index is usually generated with the <literal>\printindex</literal> command.
This is defined in the <literal>makeidx</literal> package, so
-<literal>\usepackage{makeidx}</literal> needs to be in the preamble.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>indexspace</primary></indexterm>The rubber length <literal>\indexspace</literal> is inserted before each new
+<literal>\usepackage{makeidx}</literal> needs to be in the preamble.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>indexspace</primary></indexterm><para>The rubber length <literal>\indexspace</literal> is inserted before each new
letter in the printed index; its default value is &lsquo;<literal>10pt plus5pt
-minus3pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>showidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm>The <literal>showidx</literal> package causes each index entries to be shown in
+minus3pt</literal>&rsquo;.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>showidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>showidx</literal> package causes each index entries to be shown in
the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in
-preparing the index.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>multind</literal> package</primary></indexterm>The <literal>multind</literal> package supports multiple indexes. See also the
+preparing the index.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>multind</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>multind</literal> package supports multiple indexes. See also the
&tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
-<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</ulink>.</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="24" id="Letters">
- <title>Letters</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating letters</primary></indexterm>
-You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
+<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</ulink>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="24" id="Letters">
+<title>Letters</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating letters</primary></indexterm>
+<para>You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
<literal>letter</literal> document class is designed to make a number of letters at
-once, although you can make just one if you so desire.</para>
- <para>Your <filename>.tex</filename> source file has the same minimum commands as the other
+once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
+</para>
+<para>Your <filename>.tex</filename> source file has the same minimum commands as the other
document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
-minimum:</para>
- <screen>
- \documentclass{letter}
+minimum:
+</para>
+<screen> \documentclass{letter}
\begin{document}
... letters ...
\end{document}
</screen>
- <para>Each letter is a <literal>letter</literal> environment, whose argument is the name
-and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:</para>
- <screen>
- \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
+<para>Each letter is a <literal>letter</literal> environment, whose argument is the name
+and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:
+</para>
+<screen> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
\\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
...
\end{letter}
</screen>
- <para>The letter itself begins with the <literal>\opening</literal> command. The text of
+<para>The letter itself begins with the <literal>\opening</literal> command. The text of
the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary &latex; input. Commands that
make no sense in a letter, like <literal>\chapter</literal>, do not work. The letter
-closes with a <literal>\closing</literal> command.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for letters</primary></indexterm>After the <literal>closing</literal>, you can have additional material. The
+closes with a <literal>\closing</literal> command.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for letters</primary></indexterm><para>After the <literal>closing</literal>, you can have additional material. The
<literal>\cc</literal> command produces the usual &ldquo;cc: &hellip;&rdquo;. There's also a
similar <literal>\encl</literal> command for a list of enclosures. With both these
-commands, use <literal>\\</literal> to separate the items.</para>
- <para>These commands are used with the <literal>letter</literal> class.</para>
+commands, use <literal>\\</literal> to separate the items.
+</para>
+<para>These commands are used with the <literal>letter</literal> class.
+</para>
+
- <sect1 label="24.1" id="\address">
- <title>\address{<replaceable>return-address}</replaceable></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\address</primary></indexterm>
-The <literal>\address</literal> specifies the return address of a letter, as it
+<sect1 label="24.1">
+<title>\address{<replaceable>return-address}</replaceable></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\address</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>\address</literal> specifies the return address of a letter, as it
should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the
-address should be separated by <literal>\\</literal> commands.</para>
- <para>If you do not make an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the letter
+address should be separated by <literal>\\</literal> commands.
+</para>
+<para>If you do not make an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the letter
will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard
letterhead. (See <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>, for details on your local
implementation). If you give an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the
-letter will be formatted as a personal letter.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.2" id="\cc">
- <title><literal>\cc</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cc list, in letters</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\cc{<replaceable>name1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>name2</replaceable>}
+letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.2">
+<title><literal>\cc</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cc list, in letters</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\cc{<replaceable>name1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>name2</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>Produce a list of <replaceable>name</replaceable>s the letter was copied to. Each name is
-printed on a separate line.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.3" id="\closing">
- <title><literal>\closing</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing letters</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\closing{text}
+<para>Produce a list of <replaceable>name</replaceable>s the letter was copied to. Each name is
+printed on a separate line.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.3">
+<title><literal>\closing</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing letters</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\closing{text}
</screen>
- <para>A letter closes with a <literal>\closing</literal> command, for example,</para>
- <screen>
-\closing{Best Regards,}
+<para>A letter closes with a <literal>\closing</literal> command, for example,
+</para><screen>\closing{Best Regards,}
</screen>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.4" id="\encl">
- <title><literal>\encl</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\encl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enclosure list</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\encl{<replaceable>line1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>line2</replaceable>}
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.4">
+<title><literal>\encl</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\encl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enclosure list</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\encl{<replaceable>line1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>line2</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>Declare a list of one more enclosures.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.5" id="\location">
- <title><literal>\location</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\location</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\location{address}</literal></para>
- <para>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears
-if the <literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.6" id="\makelabels">
- <title><literal>\makelabels</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makelabels</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\makelabels{number}</literal></para>
- <para>If you issue this command in the preamble, &latex; will create a sheet of
-address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.7" id="\name">
- <title><literal>\name</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\name</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\name{June Davenport}</literal></para>
- <para>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
-address.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.8" id="\opening">
- <title><literal>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\opening</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, starting</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+<para>Declare a list of one more enclosures.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.5">
+<title><literal>\location</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\location</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\location{address}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears
+if the <literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.6">
+<title><literal>\makelabels</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makelabels</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\makelabels{number}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>If you issue this command in the preamble, &latex; will create a sheet of
+address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
+</para>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.7">
+<title><literal>\name</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\name</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\name{June Davenport}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
+address.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.8">
+<title><literal>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\opening</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, starting</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>A letter begins with the <literal>\opening</literal> command. The mandatory
+<para>A letter begins with the <literal>\opening</literal> command. The mandatory
argument, <replaceable>text</replaceable>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter.
-For instance:</para>
- <screen>
-\opening{Dear Joe,}
+For instance:
+</para>
+<screen>\opening{Dear Joe,}
</screen>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.9" id="\ps">
- <title><literal>\ps</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ps</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>postscript, in letters</primary></indexterm>
-Use the <literal>\ps</literal> command to start a postscript in a letter, after
-<literal>\closing</literal>.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.10" id="\signature">
- <title><literal>\signature{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\signature</primary></indexterm>
-Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.9">
+<title><literal>\ps</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ps</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>postscript, in letters</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Use the <literal>\ps</literal> command to start a postscript in a letter, after
+<literal>\closing</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.10">
+<title><literal>\signature{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\signature</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within
-<replaceable>text</replaceable> as usual.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.11" id="\startbreaks">
- <title><literal>\startbreaks</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\startbreaks</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\startbreaks</literal></para>
- <para>Used after a <literal>\stopbreaks</literal> command to allow page breaks again.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.12" id="\stopbreaks">
- <title><literal>\stopbreaks</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stopbreaks</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\stopbreaks</literal></para>
- <para>Inhibit page breaks until a <literal>\startbreaks</literal> command occurs.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="24.13" id="\telephone">
- <title><literal>\telephone</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\telephone</primary></indexterm>
-<literal>\telephone{number}</literal></para>
- <para>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the
-<literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected.</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="25" id="Terminal-input/output">
- <title>Terminal input/output</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>input/output</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>terminal input/output</primary></indexterm></para>
-
- <sect1 label="25.1" id="\typein">
- <title><literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typein</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\typein[<replaceable>\cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}
+<replaceable>text</replaceable> as usual.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.11">
+<title><literal>\startbreaks</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\startbreaks</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\startbreaks</literal>
+</para>
+<para>Used after a <literal>\stopbreaks</literal> command to allow page breaks again.
+</para>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.12">
+<title><literal>\stopbreaks</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stopbreaks</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\stopbreaks</literal>
+</para>
+<para>Inhibit page breaks until a <literal>\startbreaks</literal> command occurs.
+</para>
+
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="24.13">
+<title><literal>\telephone</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\telephone</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\telephone{number}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the
+<literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="25" id="Terminal-input/output">
+<title>Terminal input/output</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>input/output</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>terminal input/output</primary></indexterm>
+
+
+<sect1 label="25.1">
+<title><literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typein</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\typein[<replaceable>\cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para><literal>\typein</literal> prints <replaceable>msg</replaceable> on the terminal and causes &latex; to
+<para><literal>\typein</literal> prints <replaceable>msg</replaceable> on the terminal and causes &latex; to
stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If
the optional <replaceable>\cmd</replaceable> argument is omitted, the typed input is
processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the
<literal>\typein</literal> command. If the <replaceable>\cmd</replaceable> argument is present, it
must be a command name. This command name is then defined or
-redefined to be the typed input.</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 label="25.2" id="\typeout">
- <title><literal>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title>
- <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typeout</primary></indexterm>
-Synopsis:</para>
- <screen>
-\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}
+redefined to be the typed input.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="25.2">
+<title><literal>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typeout</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}
</screen>
- <para>Prints <literal>msg</literal> on the terminal and in the <literal>log</literal> file.
+<para>Prints <literal>msg</literal> on the terminal and in the <literal>log</literal> file.
Commands in <literal>msg</literal> that are defined with <literal>\newcommand</literal> or
<literal>\renewcommand</literal> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
-before being printed.</para>
- <para>&latex;'s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
+before being printed.
+</para>
+<para>&latex;'s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <literal>msg</literal>. A
<literal>\space</literal> command in <literal>msg</literal> causes a single space to be
printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <literal>^^J</literal> in
-<literal>msg</literal> prints a newline.</para>
- </sect1>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="26" id="Command-line">
- <title>Command line</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>command line</primary></indexterm>
-The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
+<literal>msg</literal> prints a newline.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="26" id="Command-line">
+<title>Command line</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>command line</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
&tex; uses <filename>.tex</filename> as a default file extension. If you omit the
input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You
specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the
-command; e.g.</para>
- <screen>
-latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
+command; e.g.
+</para>
+<screen>latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
</screen>
- <para role="continues">will process <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every error.</para>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&lsquo;<literal>*</literal>&rsquo; prompt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>prompt, &lsquo;<literal>*</literal>&rsquo;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stop</primary></indexterm>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
+<para>will process <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every error.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&lsquo;<literal>*</literal>&rsquo; prompt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>prompt, &lsquo;<literal>*</literal>&rsquo;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stop</primary></indexterm><para>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
&lsquo;<literal>*</literal>&rsquo; prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <literal>\stop</literal>
-(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.</para>
- </chapter>
-
- <appendix id="Document-templates">
- <title>Document templates</title>
- <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>document templates</primary></indexterm>
-Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
-be useful.</para>
-
- <sect1 id="book-template">
- <title><literal>book</literal> template</title>
- <screen>\documentclass{book}
+(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
+</para>
+
+
+</chapter>
+<appendix label="Appendix A" id="Document-templates">
+<title>Document templates</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document templates</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
+be useful.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="A.1">
+<title><literal>book</literal> template</title>
+
+<screen>\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}
@@ -6788,12 +5468,14 @@ Some other text.
The end.
\end{document}
</screen>
- </sect1>
- <sect1 id="beamer-template">
- <title><literal>beamer</literal> template</title>
- <para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates slides presentations.</para>
- <screen>\documentclass{beamer}
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="A.2">
+<title><literal>beamer</literal> template</title>
+
+<para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates slides presentations.
+</para>
+<screen>\documentclass{beamer}
\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
@@ -6816,14 +5498,15 @@ The end.
\end{document}
</screen>
- </sect1>
- <sect1 id="tugboat-template">
- <title><literal>tugboat</literal> template</title>
- <para><citetitle>TUGboat</citetitle> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group,
-<ulink url="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</ulink>.</para>
- <screen>\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="A.3">
+<title><literal>tugboat</literal> template</title>
+<para><citetitle>TUGboat</citetitle> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group,
+<ulink url="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</ulink>.
+</para>
+<screen>\documentclass{ltugboat}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
@@ -6833,9 +5516,7 @@ The end.
\usepackage{url}
\fi
-\begin{document}
-
-\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article}
+\title{Example \TUB\ Article}
% repeat info for each author.
\author{First Last}
@@ -6845,7 +5526,8 @@ The end.
\maketitle
-% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat.
+\begin{document}
+
\begin{abstract}
This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue.
\end{abstract}
@@ -6855,26 +5537,26 @@ This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue.
This is an example article for \TUB, from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
-We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref
-package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced
-using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays.
+We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the
+hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output).
+Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others:
{\small
\begin{verbatim}
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
-\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML
-\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe
-\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas
+\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
+\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \LaTeXe
+\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas
\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
-\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG
-\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
+\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG \tug
+\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
\careof \thinskip
-\acro{FRED} -&gt; {\sc fred} % please use!
+\acro{FRED} -&gt; {\small fred} % please use!
\cs{fred} -&gt; \fred
\env{fred} -&gt; \begin{fred}
\meta{fred} -&gt; &lt;fred&gt;
@@ -6894,27 +5576,23 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX
-
-\makesignature % not in ltugproc
+\makesignature
\end{document}
</screen>
- </sect1>
- </appendix>
- <chapter label="" xreflabel="Concept Index" id="Concept-Index">
- <title>Concept Index</title>
- <index></index>
+</sect1>
+</appendix>
+<chapter label="" xreflabel="Concept Index" id="Concept-Index">
+<title>Concept Index</title>
+
+<index></index>
+
<!-- The name of the `Command Index' node must NOT be altered for ltx-help.el. -->
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter label="" xreflabel="Command Index" id="Command-Index">
- <title>Command Index</title>
- <index></index>
- </chapter>
-</book><!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file
-Local variables:
-mode: sgml
-sgml-indent-step:1
-sgml-indent-data:nil
-End:
--->
+</chapter>
+<chapter label="" xreflabel="Command Index" id="Command-Index">
+<title>Command Index</title>
+
+<index></index>
+
+</chapter>
+</book>