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Milde + This stylesheet is released under the GPL v. 2 +*/ + +dl.docutils dt { font-weight: bold; } + +/* docinfo */ + +dl.docinfo > dt { display: none; } +dl.docinfo > dd { + margin-left: 0; + padding: 0 5%; +} +dl.docinfo > dt.author + dd { + font-size: larger; + text-align: center; + padding-bottom: 1em; +} +dt.date { + display: none; +} +dt.date + dd { + font-weight: bold; + text-align: center; + padding-bottom: 1em; +} + +div.abstract { + padding: 0 5%; +} + +a.reference.internal { + text-decoration: none; + color: darkblue; +} + +a.reference.external { + text-decoration: underline; +} + +/* a.reference.external:after { */ +/* content: "⎘"; */ +/* font-size: x-small; */ +/* vertical-align: super; */ +/* } */ + +dl.footnote > dd { + margin-left: 1.2em; +} +dl.footnote > dt { + font-size: small; + vertical-align: super; +} + +a.footnote-reference > sup { + font-size: small; + vertical-align: super; + } + +td, th { + padding-bottom: 0.1ex; + padding-top: 0.1ex; +} + +/* no borders for "borderless" tables */ +table.booktabs.borderless, table.booktabs.borderless * { + border-style: none; +} + +</style> +</head> +<body> +<div class="document" id="isomath-math-for-scientists"> +<h1 class="title">isomath: Math for scientists</h1> + +<dl class="docinfo simple"> +<dt class="author">Author</dt> +<dd class="author">Günter Milde</dd> +<dt class="date">Date</dt> +<dd class="date">2011-01-14</dd> +<dt class="copyright">Copyright</dt> +<dd class="copyright">© 2008, 2011 Günter Milde</dd> +<dt>Licence</dt> +<dd><p>This work may be distributed and/or modified under the +conditions of the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt">LaTeX Project Public License</a>, either +version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any later version.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<div class="abstract topic"> +<p class="topic-title first">Abstract</p> +<p>The <cite>isomath</cite> package sets up an “ISO math style” allowing the +use of Greek and Latin letters as symbols for scalars, +vectors, matrices, and tensors in the typefaces recommended +for scientific papers by the International Standard +ISO 80000-2.</p> +</div> +<!-- -*- rst-mode -*- --> +<div class="contents topic" id="contents"> +<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p> +<ul class="auto-toc simple"> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#features" id="id30"><span class="sectnum">1</span> Features</a></p> +<ul class="auto-toc"> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#iso-math-style" id="id31"><span class="sectnum">1.1</span> ISO math style</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#new-math-alphabets" id="id32"><span class="sectnum">1.2</span> New math alphabets</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#semantic-markup" id="id33"><span class="sectnum">1.3</span> Semantic markup</a></p></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#usage" id="id34"><span class="sectnum">2</span> Usage</a></p> +<ul class="auto-toc"> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#options" id="id35"><span class="sectnum">2.1</span> Options</a></p> +<ul class="auto-toc"> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#rmdefault" id="id36"><span class="sectnum">2.1.1</span> rmdefault</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#sfdefault" id="id37"><span class="sectnum">2.1.2</span> sfdefault</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#scaled" id="id38"><span class="sectnum">2.1.3</span> scaled</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#reusemathalphabets" id="id39"><span class="sectnum">2.1.4</span> reuseMathAlphabets</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#omlmathrm-omlmathbf-omlmathsf-omlmathsfit-omlmathtt" id="id40"><span class="sectnum">2.1.5</span> OMLmathrm, OMLmathbf, OMLmathsf, OMLmathsfit, OMLmathtt</a></p></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#examples" id="id41"><span class="sectnum">2.2</span> Examples</a></p> +<ul class="auto-toc"> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-get-upright-small-greek-letters" id="id42"><span class="sectnum">2.2.1</span> How to get upright small Greek letters</a></p></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#related-packages" id="id43"><span class="sectnum">3</span> Related packages</a></p> +<ul class="auto-toc"> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#requirements" id="id44"><span class="sectnum">3.1</span> Requirements</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#recommendations" id="id45"><span class="sectnum">3.2</span> Recommendations</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#alternatives" id="id46"><span class="sectnum">3.3</span> Alternatives</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#conflicts" id="id47"><span class="sectnum">3.4</span> Conflicts</a></p></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#background" id="id48"><span class="sectnum">4</span> Background</a></p> +<ul class="auto-toc"> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#math-font-selection" id="id49"><span class="sectnum">4.1</span> Math font selection</a></p> +<ul class="auto-toc"> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets" id="id50"><span class="sectnum">4.1.1</span> Math alphabets</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#math-versions" id="id51"><span class="sectnum">4.1.2</span> Math versions</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#math-styles" id="id52"><span class="sectnum">4.1.3</span> Math styles</a></p></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#math-letter-fonts" id="id53"><span class="sectnum">4.2</span> Math letter fonts</a></p> +<ul class="auto-toc"> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding" id="id54"><span class="sectnum">4.2.1</span> OML font encoding</a></p></li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#oml-support" id="id55"><span class="sectnum">4.2.2</span> OML Support</a></p></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#unicode-mathematical-typesetting" id="id56"><span class="sectnum">4.3</span> Unicode mathematical typesetting</a></p> +<ul class="auto-toc"> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#unicode-math-alphabets" id="id57"><span class="sectnum">4.3.1</span> Unicode math alphabets</a></p> +<ul class="auto-toc"> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#naming-scheme" id="id58"><span class="sectnum">4.3.1.1</span> Naming scheme</a></p></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#the-unicode-math-package" id="id59"><span class="sectnum">4.3.2</span> The unicode-math package</a></p></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#conclusions-and-outlook" id="id60"><span class="sectnum">4.4</span> Conclusions and outlook</a></p></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#references" id="id61"><span class="sectnum">5</span> References</a></p></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="features"> +<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id30"><span class="sectnum">1</span> Features</a></h1> +<!-- How do you write the stress tensor ``$\sigma$`` in a +`sans-serif bold italic` typeface, as recommended by [typefaces]_? --> +<p>Leading international scientific organisations recommend math layout +rules in line with the International Standard <a class="citation-reference" href="#iso-80000-2" id="id1">[ISO-80000-2]</a> in their +style guides, e. g., <a class="citation-reference" href="#typefaces" id="id2">[typefaces]</a>, <a class="citation-reference" href="#checklist" id="id3">[checklist]</a>, <a class="citation-reference" href="#si" id="id4">[SI]</a>, <a class="citation-reference" href="#fonts-for-symbols" id="id5">[fonts_for_symbols]</a>, +<a class="citation-reference" href="#red-book" id="id6">[Red-Book]</a>, <a class="citation-reference" href="#green-book" id="id7">[Green-Book]</a>:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><p>The overall rule is that symbols representing physical quantities +(or variables) are italic, but symbols representing units, or +labels, are roman.</p></li> +<li><p>Symbols for vectors are boldface italic, symbols for tensors are +sans-serif bold italic, and symbols for matrices are boldface +italic.</p></li> +<li><p>The above rules apply equally to letter symbols from both the Greek +and the Latin alphabet.</p></li> +</ul> +<p>The traditional TeX <a class="reference internal" href="#math-style">math style</a> deviates from this rules in some +points:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><p>capital Greek letters default to upright shape,</p></li> +<li><p>small Greek letters are excluded from font changes with the <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math +alphabets</a>.</p></li> +<li><p>The <tt class="literal">\vec</tt> command produces an arrow accent.</p></li> +</ul> +<p>The <cite>isomath</cite> package implements an <a class="reference internal" href="#iso-math-style">ISO math style</a> and provides +<a class="reference internal" href="#new-math-alphabets">new math alphabets</a> with bold italic and sans-serif bold italic +typeshape that can be used for vector and tensor symbols.</p> +<div class="section" id="iso-math-style"> +<span id="equal-treatment-of-latin-and-greek"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id31"><span class="sectnum">1.1</span> ISO math style</a></h2> +<p>The required package <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fixmath.html">fixmath</a> changes the default math layout to the +“ISO” <a class="reference internal" href="#math-style">math style</a>:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><p>Uppercase Greek letters are typeset italic by default.</p></li> +<li><p>Both, Greek and Latin letters change shape if a different +<a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabet">math alphabet</a> is used.</p></li> +</ul> +<p>However, fixmath works only for the Computer Modern font family. +With <cite>isomath</cite>,</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><p>the used math fonts are configurable (using the <a class="reference internal" href="#rmdefault">rmdefault</a> and +<a class="reference internal" href="#sfdefault">sfdefault</a> options), and</p></li> +<li><p>upright Greek letters can be made available through the common +<tt class="literal">\math*</tt> alphabets via the <a class="reference internal" href="#omlmath">OMLmath*</a> options if the +corresponding fonts support the <a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding">OML font encoding</a>.</p></li> +</ul> +<div class="caution"> +<p class="admonition-title">Caution!</p> +<p>Using Greek letters in standard <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math alphabets</a>, e. g., +<tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\mathrm{\pi}</span></tt>, can lead to garbage, as the standard math +alphabets are usually taken from text fonts that have ligatures and +non-alpha symbols in place of the small Greek letters. +Do not use small Greek letters in the standard math alphabet commands +<tt class="literal">mathit</tt>, <tt class="literal">mathrm</tt>, <tt class="literal">mathbf</tt>, <tt class="literal">mathsf</tt>, and <tt class="literal">mathtt</tt> +unless you use the <a class="reference internal" href="#omlmath">OMLmath*</a> options.</p> +<p>Some packages provide alternative macros or options for upright +Greek letters (cf. <a class="reference internal" href="#table-6">Table 6</a>).</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="new-math-alphabets"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id32"><span class="sectnum">1.2</span> New math alphabets</a></h2> +<p><cite>Isomath</cite> defines three new <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math alphabets</a>:</p> +<blockquote> +<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left"> +<colgroup> +<col width="21%" /> +<col width="31%" /> +<col width="47%" /> +</colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfit</tt></p></td> +<td><p>boldface italic</p></td> +<td><p>vector and matrix symbols</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt></p></td> +<td><p>sans-serif italic</p></td> +<td><p>optional (see OMLmath*_ options)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt></p></td> +<td><p>sans-serif bold italic</p></td> +<td><p>tensor symbols</p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</blockquote> +<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#rmdefault">rmdefault</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#sfdefault">sfdefault</a> <a class="reference internal" href="#options">options</a> set the font family used for +these alphabets.</p> +<div class="caution"> +<p class="admonition-title">Caution!</p> +<p>Using the new math alphabets for numbers can result in <span class="target" id="upright-old-style-numbers">upright +old-style numbers</span> instead of italic ones, because some italic math +fonts (e. g., cmr, cmbr) have old-style numbers in place of italic +digits.</p> +</div> +<p>For compatibility with earlier versions and <a class="reference internal" href="#related-packages">related packages</a>, the +new math alphabets are also available under the aliases +<tt class="literal">\mathbold</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathsans</tt>, and <tt class="literal">\mathboldsans</tt>.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="semantic-markup"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id33"><span class="sectnum">1.3</span> Semantic markup</a></h2> +<p>The following commands set the argument in an ISO-conforming math alphabet:</p> +<blockquote> +<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left"> +<colgroup> +<col width="39%" /> +<col width="61%" /> +</colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\vectorsym, \matrixsym</tt></p></td> +<td><p>bold italic for Greek and Latin letters, +bold upright for numbers</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\tensorsym</tt></p></td> +<td><p>sans-serif bold italic</p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</blockquote> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="usage"> +<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id34"><span class="sectnum">2</span> Usage</a></h1> +<p>Make sure that LaTeX can find <tt class="literal">isomath.sty</tt> and load it with +<tt class="literal">\usepackage</tt> (see also <a class="reference internal" href="#options">Options</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a>).</p> +<div class="section" id="options"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id35"><span class="sectnum">2.1</span> Options</a></h2> +<div class="section" id="rmdefault"> +<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id36"><span class="sectnum">2.1.1</span> rmdefault</a></h3> +<p>Family for serif math fonts (<tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathit</tt>, +<tt class="literal">\mathbfit</tt>). The default is to use the corresponding text font +family (the value of <tt class="literal">\rmdefault</tt>). The font must be available in +<a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding">OML font encoding</a> (cf. <a class="reference internal" href="#table-3">Table 3</a>).</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="sfdefault"> +<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id37"><span class="sectnum">2.1.2</span> sfdefault</a></h3> +<p>Family for sans-serif math fonts. The default is <tt class="literal">cmbr</tt> because many +sans-serif fonts define the Computer Roman font <cite>cmm</cite> as OML substitution +(see <a class="reference internal" href="#table-4">Table 4</a>).</p> +<p>There are only few sans serif fonts in <a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding">OML font encoding</a>:</p> +<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left"> +<colgroup> +<col width="14%" /> +<col width="15%" /> +<col width="71%" /> +</colgroup> +<thead valign="bottom"> +<tr><th class="head"><p>Name</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>Package</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>Comment</p></th> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">cmbr</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/cmbright.html">cmbright</a></p></td> +<td><p><cite>Computer Modern Bright</cite>, bitmap, slightly lighter +than cmss (Type 1 fonts with <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/hfbright.html">hfbright</a>)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">fav</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/arev.html">arev</a></p></td> +<td><p><cite>Arev</cite> (<cite>Vera Sans</cite>) with math extension, +large x-height</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">iwona</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/iwona.html">iwona</a></p></td> +<td><p>Humanistic Sans Serif, +some shapes very similar to roman</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">hvm</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/hvmath.html">hvmath</a></p></td> +<td><p><cite>Helvetica Math</cite>, commercial, free bitmap version</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">llcmss</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/lxfonts.html">lxfonts</a></p></td> +<td><p><cite>LX Fonts</cite>, very wide, eccentric, large x-height, +new in 2008</p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<div class="section" id="scaled"> +<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id38"><span class="sectnum">2.1.3</span> scaled</a></h3> +<p>To improve the chances of configuring a matching sans serif math font, +the fonts, <tt class="literal">fav</tt>, <tt class="literal">llcmss</tt>, and <tt class="literal">iwona</tt> can be scaled with the +<tt class="literal">scaled</tt> option (cf. <a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a>).</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="reusemathalphabets"> +<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id39"><span class="sectnum">2.1.4</span> reuseMathAlphabets</a></h3> +<p>The definition of new math alphabets can lead to a “<a class="reference internal" href="#too-many-math-alphabets-used-in-version-normal">too many math +alphabets used in version normal</a>” error. As a workaround, this +option tells <cite>isomath</cite> to re-use the existing <tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt> and +<tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt> alphabets for italic bold and sans-serif bold.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#id9" id="id8"><sup>1</sup></a></p> +<dl class="footnote"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id8">1</a></dt> +<dd id="id9"> +<p class="first last">To access the upright shapes, the corresponding <tt class="literal">\textbf</tt> and +<tt class="literal">\textsf</tt> commands might be used. However, this toggles the +math-mode off and might use a different font, so watch for +side-effects.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +</div> +<div class="section" id="omlmathrm-omlmathbf-omlmathsf-omlmathsfit-omlmathtt"> +<span id="omlmath"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id40"><span class="sectnum">2.1.5</span> OMLmathrm, OMLmathbf, OMLmathsf, OMLmathsfit, OMLmathtt</a></h3> +<p>With Greek letters defined as <tt class="literal">\mathalpha</tt>, the letter fonts are +expected to be in <a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding">OML font encoding</a>. The predefined +<a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math alphabets</a>, however, use OT1 encoded text fonts. These fonts +have ligatures and accents in place of the small Greek letters. +The <tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt> alphabet is not required for ISO conforming math.</p> +<p>The <tt class="literal">OMLmath*</tt> options bind the corresponding <tt class="literal">\math*</tt> command to an +OML-encoded font. +This enables use of small Greek letters in <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabet">math alphabet</a> commands, +e. g., <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\mathrm{\pi}</span></tt> <em>if an OML encoded font is available</em>. +<a class="reference internal" href="#table-3">Table 3</a> lists font families supporting the OML encoding.</p> +<div class="caution"> +<p class="admonition-title">Caution!</p> +<p>If no matching OML encoded font is found, LaTeX's substitute +mechanism kicks in and selects a font with different font attributes +(for all letters, not only Greek). Currently, only the <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a> +package provides upright fonts in OML encoding. Many font packages +define an <em>italic</em> font as OML substitute for roman fonts.</p> +<p>With some packages, these options can result in a “<a class="reference internal" href="#too-many-math-alphabets-used-in-version-normal">too many math +alphabets used in version normal</a>” error.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="examples"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id41"><span class="sectnum">2.2</span> Examples</a></h2> +<ul> +<li><p>Redefine the standard <tt class="literal">\vec</tt> command to set its argument in an +ISO-conforming math alphabet.:</p> +<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage{isomath} +\renewcommand{\vec}{\vectorsym} +</pre> +</li> +<li><p>Use scaled <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/arev.html">arev</a> fonts for the sans serif alphabets +(adapt the scaling factor to your needs):</p> +<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage[sfdefault=fav,scaled=0.875]{isomath} +</pre> +</li> +<li><p>Define the <tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt> sans-serif italic math alphabet:</p> +<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage[OMLmathsfit]{isomath} +</pre> +</li> +<li><p>The <tt class="literal">\mathbfit</tt> and <tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt> alphabets do not have a different +weight in the <tt class="literal">bold</tt> <a class="reference internal" href="#math-version">math version</a> because the number of LaTeX math +fonts providing <cite>extrabold</cite> or <cite>ultrabold</cite> series is negligible.</p> +<p>As a workaround, use the heavier <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/arev.html">arev</a> font, scaled to 0,875, in the +bold version of <tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt>:</p> +<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage{isomath} +\DeclareFontShape{OML}{fav}{bx}{it}{<-> s * [0.875] zavmbi7m}{} +\SetMathAlphabet{\mathsfbfit}{bold}{OML}{fav}{bx}{it} +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<p>See also the <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">isomath-test.tex</span></tt> test document.</p> +<div class="section" id="how-to-get-upright-small-greek-letters"> +<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id42"><span class="sectnum">2.2.1</span> How to get upright small Greek letters</a></h3> +<p>Of the following methods, only the first requires <cite>isomath</cite>:</p> +<ol class="loweralpha"> +<li><p>Use <cite>isomath</cite> and the <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a> package:</p> +<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage[utopia]{mathdesign} +\usepackage[OMLmathrm,OMLmathbf]{isomath} +</pre> +<p>Now, e. g., <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\mathrm{\pi}</span></tt> and <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\mathbf{\pi}</span></tt> work as +expected.</p> +</li> +<li><p>To get upright small Greek letters without affecting other fonts, +set the math alphabet manually to one of the three <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a> +fonts, e. g.:</p> +<pre class="literal-block">\SetMathAlphabet{\mathbf}{normal}{OML}{mdput}{b}{n} +</pre> +<p>(check if the letter shapes match with the rest of the document).</p> +</li> +<li><p>Use a package that provides macros for upright Greek letters +in math:</p> +<blockquote> +<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left"> +<colgroup> +<col width="26%" /> +<col width="74%" /> +</colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fourier.html">fourier</a></p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\otheralpha ... \otherOmega</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a></p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\alphaup ... \Omegaup</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a></p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\alphaup ... \Omegaup</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/upgreek.html">upgreek</a></p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\upalpha ... \upOmega</tt></p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</blockquote> +</li> +<li><p>Use an upright text character (requires a matching LGR-encoded +Greek text font). The following lines redefine <tt class="literal">\pi</tt> to set +the mathematical constant pi upright:</p> +<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage[LGR,T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage[greek,british]{babel} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\let\mathpi\pi +\renewcommand{\pi}{\text{\textrm{\greektext p }}} +</pre> +</li> +</ol> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="related-packages"> +<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id43"><span class="sectnum">3</span> Related packages</a></h1> +<div class="section" id="requirements"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id44"><span class="sectnum">3.1</span> Requirements</a></h2> +<dl class="docutils"> +<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fixmath.html">fixmath</a></dt> +<dd><p>by Walter Schmidt defines Greek letters as alphabetic symbols.</p> +</dd> +<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kvoptions.html">kvoptions</a></dt> +<dd><p>by Heiko Oberdiek facilitates the setup of package options +and provides a key=value interface (based on <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/keyval.html">keyval</a>).</p> +</dd> +</dl> +</div> +<div class="section" id="recommendations"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id45"><span class="sectnum">3.2</span> Recommendations</a></h2> +<dl class="docutils"> +<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/cmbright.html">cmbright</a></dt> +<dd><p>by Walter Schmidt provides sans serif and sans-serif bold fonts +for the <tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt> and <tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt> alphabets that match +with Computer Modern and derivatives. Free Type 1 versions of the +fonts are provided by <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/hfbright.html">hfbright</a>.</p> +</dd> +<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/arev.html">arev</a></dt> +<dd><p>by Stephen Hartke provides the not-so-light <cite>Arev</cite> sans serif font +with letters that are clearly distinguishable from the roman or +italic counterparts (important if used to distinguish vectors and +tensors).</p> +<p><cite>Arev</cite> has a large x-height. For many fonts, either small or capital +letters will not match in size.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +</div> +<div class="section" id="alternatives"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id46"><span class="sectnum">3.3</span> Alternatives</a></h2> +<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#table-2">Table 2</a> for other packages that implement the “ISO” <a class="reference internal" href="#math-style">math +style</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#table-6">Table 6</a> for packages that provide bold italic +math fonts.</p> +<dl class="docutils"> +<dt><a class="reference internal" href="#in-line-math-versions">“In-line math versions”</a></dt> +<dd><p>can be used as ISO-conforming replacement for <tt class="literal">\vec</tt>:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><p><tt class="literal">\boldsymbol</tt> from <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsbsy.html">amsbsy</a> (part of <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsmath.html">amsmath</a>, the +near-indispensable adjunct to serious mathematical typesetting in +LaTeX),</p></li> +<li><p><tt class="literal">\bm</tt> from the <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bm.html">bm</a> package. Combining <cite>bm</cite> and <cite>isomath</cite> may +lead to the <a class="reference internal" href="#too-many-math-alphabets-used-in-version-normal">too many math alphabets used in version normal</a> error.</p></li> +</ul> +</dd> +<dt><tt class="literal">\text</tt></dt> +<dd><p>from <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsmath.html">amsmath</a> can be used to get, e. g., upright or sans-serif +bold italic Greek symbols from a text font into a formula (see +<a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-get-upright-small-greek-letters">How to get upright small Greek letters</a>).</p> +</dd> +<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></dt> +<dd><p>for XeTeX and LuaTeX allows mathematical typesetting using OpenType +math fonts. It supports the “ISO” <a class="reference internal" href="#math-style">math style</a> and all mathematical +characters in the Unicode standard.</p> +<p>unicode-math cannot be used together with <cite>isomath</cite>. It can, however, +replace all of isomath's functionality. See the discussion of <a class="reference internal" href="#the-unicode-math-package">the +unicode-math package</a> below.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +</div> +<div class="section" id="conflicts"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id47"><span class="sectnum">3.4</span> Conflicts</a></h2> +<dl class="docutils"> +<dt>“<span class="target" id="too-many-math-alphabets-used-in-version-normal">too many math alphabets used in version normal</span>”</dt> +<dd><p>This error occurs if the combination of packages tries to load more +than 16 fonts into the <tt class="literal">normal</tt> <a class="reference internal" href="#math-version">math version</a>.</p> +<p><cite>Isomath</cite> can reduce the number of math alphabet definitions with the +<a class="reference internal" href="#reusemathalphabets">reuseMathAlphabets</a> option (see there for side-effects).</p> +<p>Examples for problematic combinations:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/pxfonts.html">pxfonts</a>, and <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/txfonts.html">txfonts</a> packages define many +additional math alphabets.</p></li> +<li><p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bm.html">bm</a> package normally allocates several symbol fonts for bold +and heavy fonts. Their number can be customized by defining +<tt class="literal">\bmmax</tt> and <tt class="literal">\hmmax</tt> before loading the package.</p></li> +</ul> +</dd> +<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fourier.html">fourier</a></dt> +<dd><p>provides upright and italic Greek letters, but uses non-standard +math font encodings. It cannot be used with <cite>isomath</cite>.</p> +<p>However, it is possible to use the non-alphanumeric symbols from +<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fourier.html">fourier</a> together with math alphabets from another package, e.g +<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a>:</p> +<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage{fourier} +\usepackage[OMLmathbf,rmdefault=mdput, + sfdefault=arev,scaled=0.85]{isomath} +</pre> +</dd> +</dl> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="background"> +<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id48"><span class="sectnum">4</span> Background</a></h1> +<p>This section discusses LaTeX <a class="reference internal" href="#math-font-selection">math font selection</a>, suitable +<a class="reference internal" href="#math-letter-fonts">math letter fonts</a> for the ISO math style, and the relation of LaTeX and +<a class="reference internal" href="#unicode-mathematical-typesetting">Unicode mathematical typesetting</a>.</p> +<div class="section" id="math-font-selection"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id49"><span class="sectnum">4.1</span> Math font selection</a></h2> +<p>There are three complementary methods to set font attributes in LaTeX +math mode: <cite>LaTeX 2e font selection</cite> <a class="citation-reference" href="#fntguide" id="id10">[fntguide]</a> describes <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math +alphabets</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#math-versions">math versions</a>, several extension packages +provide alternative <a class="reference internal" href="#math-styles">math styles</a> (cf. <a class="reference internal" href="#table-2">Table 2</a>).</p> +<div class="section" id="math-alphabets"> +<span id="math-alphabet"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id50"><span class="sectnum">4.1.1</span> Math alphabets</a></h3> +<p>Math alphabets are a counterpart to the <a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric +symbols</a> block in Unicode. Both are “to be used for mathematical +variables where style variations are important semantically”. +The font guide <a class="citation-reference" href="#fntguide" id="id11">[fntguide]</a> defines in +section 3:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Some math fonts are selected explicitly by one-argument commands +such as <tt class="literal">\mathsf{max}</tt> or <tt class="literal">\mathbf{vec}</tt>; such fonts are called +<em>math alphabets</em>.</p> +<p>Math fonts [...] have the same five attributes as text fonts: +encoding, family, series, shape and size. However, there are no +commands that allow the attributes to be individually changed. +Instead, the conversion from math fonts to these five attributes is +controlled by the <a class="reference internal" href="#math-version">math version</a>.</p> +<p>The <span class="target" id="predefined-math-alphabets">predefined math alphabets</span> are:</p> +<blockquote> +<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left"> +<colgroup> +<col width="43%" /> +<col width="58%" /> +</colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathnormal</tt></p></td> +<td><p>default<a class="footnote-reference" href="#mathnormal" id="id12"><sup>2</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt></p></td> +<td><p>roman<a class="footnote-reference" href="#roman" id="id13"><sup>3</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt></p></td> +<td><p>bold roman</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt></p></td> +<td><p>sans serif</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathit</tt></p></td> +<td><p>text italic</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathtt</tt></p></td> +<td><p>typewriter</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathcal</tt></p></td> +<td><p>calligraphic</p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</blockquote> +</blockquote> +<dl class="footnote"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id12">2</a></dt> +<dd id="mathnormal"> +<p class="first last"><tt class="literal">\mathnormal</tt> is used by default for alphanumeric +characters in math mode. It sets the letter shape according to +character class and <a class="reference internal" href="#math-style">math style</a>. (<a class="reference internal" href="#table-1">Table 1</a> shows the default +letter shapes for common math styles).</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id13">3</a></dt> +<dd id="roman"> +<p class="first last">The specifier “roman” is ambiguous: roman shape +stands for <em>upright</em>, while roman type stands for <em>serif</em> (as +opposed to sans serif).</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<p>Many packages define additional math alphabets (cf. <a class="reference internal" href="#table-6">Table 6</a>).</p> +<p>In contrast to the similar named text commands, math alphabets are +<em>not</em> orthogonal, e. g., the code <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">$\mathit{\mathbf{a}}$</span></tt> sets the +letter <tt class="literal">a</tt> in <strong>upright</strong> bold type.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="math-versions"> +<span id="math-version"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id51"><span class="sectnum">4.1.2</span> Math versions</a></h3> +<p>The number of mathematical symbols exceeds the maximal number of +characters in a TeX font file by an order of magnitude.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#max" id="id14"><sup>4</sup></a> +Grouping math fonts with common characteristics in math versions +simplifies the setting of font attributes for mathematical expressions.</p> +<p><em>Math versions</em> set up “math symbol fonts” for non-alphanumeric +symbols and bind the <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabet">math alphabet</a> commands to fonts using default +values for non-specified font attributes. TeX limits the number of +(symbol + alphanumeric) fonts per math version to 16.</p> +<p>The predefined math versions are <tt class="literal">normal</tt> and <tt class="literal">bold</tt> with the +defaults:</p> +<blockquote> +<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left"> +<colgroup> +<col width="31%" /> +<col width="38%" /> +<col width="31%" /> +</colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">normal</tt></p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">bold</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><em>type</em></p></td> +<td><p>serif</p></td> +<td><p>serif</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><em>weight</em></p></td> +<td><p>medium</p></td> +<td><p>bold</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><em>shape</em></p></td> +<td><p>upright</p></td> +<td><p>upright</p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</blockquote> +<p>Packages can define additional math versions, e. g., the <a class="reference external" href="http://phong.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~kuska/wri_texmf_4.2.zip">wrisym</a> package +defines a <tt class="literal">mono</tt> math version. A <tt class="literal">sans</tt> math version example is +available from a <a class="reference external" href="http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Comp/comp.text.tex/2007-09/msg00181.html">comp.text.tex post</a></p> +<p>Math versions are intended for mathematical content in a special +context, e. g., a bold section heading. +Setting a math version resembles the individual selection of text +font attributes (bold, sans-serif, monospaced).</p> +<p>Math versions can only be changed outside of math mode. The commands +<tt class="literal">\boldsymbol</tt> (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsmath.html">amsmath</a>) and <tt class="literal">\bm</tt> (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bm.html">bm</a>) behave like <span class="target" id="in-line-math-versions">“in-line +math versions”</span>: they typeset their argument using the fonts of the +<tt class="literal">bold</tt> math version but can be used inside math mode.</p> +<p>Example: four ways to set the letter <tt class="literal">a</tt> in a bold +sans-serif font:</p> +<pre class="literal-block">% Text Math: +\textbf{\textsf{a}} $\bm{\mathsf{a}}$ +\bfseries \textsf{a} \mathversion{bold} $\mathsf{a}$ +</pre> +<dl class="footnote"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id14">4</a></dt> +<dd id="max"> +<p class="first last">Unicode provides about 2500 math characters. Font files used +by 8-bit TeX engines can hold up to 256 characters. The standard +math fonts adhere to the original limit of 128 characters.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +</div> +<div class="section" id="math-styles"> +<span id="math-style"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id52"><span class="sectnum">4.1.3</span> Math styles</a></h3> +<p>A <em>math style</em> is a document-level feature that determines the default +letter shape in math mode (i. e. the shape attribute of letters in the +<tt class="literal">\mathnormal</tt> <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabet">math alphabet</a>).</p> +<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-1"> +<caption>Default letter shapes for common math styles</caption> +<colgroup> +<col width="30%" /> +<col width="18%" /> +<col width="18%" /> +<col width="18%" /> +<col width="18%" /> +</colgroup> +<thead valign="bottom"> +<tr><th class="head"><p>math style</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>latin</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>Latin</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>greek</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>Greek</p></th> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p>TeX</p></td> +<td><p>it</p></td> +<td><p>it</p></td> +<td><p>it</p></td> +<td><p>up</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ISO</p></td> +<td><p>it</p></td> +<td><p>it</p></td> +<td><p>it</p></td> +<td><p>it</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>French</p></td> +<td><p>it</p></td> +<td><p>up</p></td> +<td><p>up</p></td> +<td><p>up</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>upright</p></td> +<td><p>up</p></td> +<td><p>up</p></td> +<td><p>up</p></td> +<td><p>up</p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p>LaTeX defaults to the “TeX” math style (without naming it such). +Alternative math styles are introduced by extension packages +(<a class="reference internal" href="#table-2">Table 2</a>).</p> +<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-2"> +<caption>Packages providing math styles</caption> +<colgroup> +<col width="18%" /> +<col width="20%" /> +<col width="62%" /> +</colgroup> +<thead valign="bottom"> +<tr><th class="head"><p>math style</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>Package</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>Option(s)</p></th> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p>ISO</p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fixmath.html">fixmath</a></p></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p>isomath</p></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a></p></td> +<td><p>slantedGreeks</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://pctex.com/files/managed/b/bf/lucimatxAbbrev.pdf">lucimatx</a></p></td> +<td><p>math-style=iso</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a></p></td> +<td><p>greekuppercase=italicized</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathpazo.html">mathpazo</a></p></td> +<td><p>slantedGreek</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathptmx.html">mathptmx</a></p></td> +<td><p>slantedGreek</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td> +<td><p>math-style=ISO</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>French</p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fourier.html">fourier</a></p></td> +<td><p>upright</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a></p></td> +<td><p>frenchstyle (or upright)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://pctex.com/files/managed/b/bf/lucimatxAbbrev.pdf">lucimatx</a></p></td> +<td><p>math-style=french</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a></p></td> +<td><p>uppercase=upright, greeklowercase=upright</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td> +<td><p>math-style=french</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>upright</p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/eulervm.html">eulervm</a></p></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://pctex.com/files/managed/b/bf/lucimatxAbbrev.pdf">lucimatx</a></p></td> +<td><p>math-style=upright</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td> +<td><p>math-style=upright</p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="math-letter-fonts"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id53"><span class="sectnum">4.2</span> Math letter fonts</a></h2> +<p>The equal treatment of Latin and Greek letters in the <a class="reference internal" href="#iso-math-style">ISO math +style</a> is simplest achieved with a font that contains all required +letters in one file.</p> +<p>There is only one established LaTeX font encoding that contains Latin and +Greek letters, the <a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding">OML font encoding</a>. The standard Greek font +encoding <cite>T7</cite> is just a “reserved name” and the de-facto standard +Greek text font encoding <cite>LGR</cite> has no Latin letters. Unfortunately, +<a class="reference internal" href="#oml-support">OML support</a> is limited to a few (mostly italic) fonts.</p> +<div class="section" id="oml-font-encoding"> +<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id54"><span class="sectnum">4.2.1</span> OML font encoding</a></h3> +<p>The <cite>LaTeX font encodings</cite> guide <a class="citation-reference" href="#encguide" id="id15">[encguide]</a> names the OML encoding +<cite>TeX math italic</cite> and defines:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>The <span class="target" id="oml">OML</span> encoding contains italic Latin and Greek letters for use in +mathematical formulas (typically used for variables) together with some +symbols.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The reference to <em>italic</em> shape is odd:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><p>No other font encoding is specific to the font shape.</p></li> +<li><p>The different font selection and the semantic of font features in +math do not interfere with the font <em>encoding</em>: Both, +<tt class="literal">\DeclareSymbolFont</tt> and <tt class="literal">\DeclareMathAlphabet</tt> require a +shape argument. Thus it is possible to set up OML encoded math +alphabets in roman {n} as well as italic {it} shape without +conflicts.</p></li> +</ul> +<p>This seems to be more a remnant of pre-NFSS times than a necessary +restriction – there is only one OML encoded font in Knuth's Computer +Modern fonts: <cite>Computer Modern Math Italic</cite> (cmmi).</p> +<p>Proposals:</p> +<ul> +<li><p>Drop the <em>italic</em> from the definition. Optionally add an explanation:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>The OML encoding contains Latin and Greek letters for use in +mathematical formulas (typically used for variables) together with +some symbols. It first appeared in the <cite>Computer Modern Math +Italic</cite> (cmmi) font.</p> +</blockquote> +</li> +<li><p>The name <cite>TeX math italic</cite> can be interpreted as “the encoding +<strong>of</strong> <cite>Computer Modern Math Italic</cite>” rather than “an encoding +<strong>for</strong> math italic” fonts.</p> +<p>A less confusing name would be <cite>TeX math letters</cite> or <cite>Original/Old +Math Letters</cite>. The latter would also explain the acronym OML.</p> +</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="oml-support"> +<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id55"><span class="sectnum">4.2.2</span> OML Support</a></h3> +<p>Unfortunately, support for the OML encoding is missing for many font +families even if the text font defines Greek letters. +Supported font families can be found searching for <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">oml*.fd</span></tt> files +and grepping for <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">DeclareFont.*OML</span></tt> in <tt class="literal">*.sty</tt> files.</p> +<p><a class="reference internal" href="#table-3">Table 3</a> lists the findings for a selection of TeXLive 2009 + some +additionally installed font packages.</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><p>If there is an alias (substitution) from the text font to a +math-variant, only the text font is listed.</p></li> +<li><p>Many text fonts define substitutions also for upright shape, +however mapping to an italic variant of the OML encoded font. These +are not listed as supporting <tt class="literal">m/n</tt> or <tt class="literal">bx/n</tt> here.</p></li> +</ul> +<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-3"> +<caption>Font families supporting the OML encoding</caption> +<colgroup> +<col width="19%" /> +<col width="40%" /> +<col width="10%" /> +<col width="12%" /> +<col width="9%" /> +<col width="10%" /> +</colgroup> +<thead valign="bottom"> +<tr><th class="head"><p>Name</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>Family</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>m/it</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>bx/it</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>m/n</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>bx/n</p></th> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p>aer</p></td> +<td><p>AE (Almost European)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>antt</p></td> +<td><p>Antykwa Torunska</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>cmr</p></td> +<td><p>Computer Modern Roman</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ccr</p></td> +<td><p>Concrete</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>cmbr</p></td> +<td><p>Computer Modern Bright</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>hlh</p></td> +<td><p>Lucida</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>hfor</p></td> +<td><p>CM with old-style digits</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>iwona</p></td> +<td><p>Iwona (sans serif)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>jkp</p></td> +<td><p>Kepler Serif</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>jkpl</p></td> +<td><p>Kepler Serif</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>jkpvos</p></td> +<td><p>Kepler Serif</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>jkplvos</p></td> +<td><p>Kepler Serif</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>llcmm</p></td> +<td><p>LX Fonts (sans serif)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>lmr</p></td> +<td><p>Latin Modern Roman</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>mak</p></td> +<td><p>Kerkis</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>kurier</p></td> +<td><p>Kurier</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>mdbch</p></td> +<td><p>Math Design Charter</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>mdput</p></td> +<td><p>Math Design Utopia</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>mdugm</p></td> +<td><p>Math Design Garamond</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>neohellenic</p></td> +<td><p>GFS Neohellenic</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>plcm</p></td> +<td><p>CM (PLaTeX)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ptmom</p></td> +<td><p>Times (Omega or MB-Times)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ptmomu</p></td> +<td><p>Times (Omega or MB-Times)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ptmcm</p></td> +<td><p>Times (psfont)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>pxr</p></td> +<td><p>Palatino (pxfonts)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>qpl</p></td> +<td><p>Palatino/Pagella (qpxmath)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>qtm</p></td> +<td><p>Times/Termes (qtxmath)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>txr</p></td> +<td><p>Times (txfonts)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>udidot</p></td> +<td><p>Didot (gfsdidot)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ywclm</p></td> +<td><p>(greektex)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>zavm</p></td> +<td><p>Arev (Vera Sans-Serif)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>zesfcm</p></td> +<td><p>(efont)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>zplm</p></td> +<td><p>Palatino (mathpazo)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>zpple</p></td> +<td><p>Palatino</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ztmcm</p></td> +<td><p>Times (mathptmv)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>zer</p></td> +<td><p>Computer Modern (zefonts)</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td><p>✓</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p><a class="reference internal" href="#table-4">Table 4</a> lists some fonts that define <tt class="literal">cmm</tt> as OML substitution. +With <cite>isomath</cite>, a better matching substitution can be set using the +<a class="reference internal" href="#rmdefault">rmdefault</a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#sfdefault">sfdefault</a> options.</p> +<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-4"> +<caption>Non-CM fonts with <tt class="literal">cmm</tt> as OML substitution</caption> +<colgroup> +<col width="30%" /> +<col width="70%" /> +</colgroup> +<thead valign="bottom"> +<tr><th class="head"><p>Family</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>Name</p></th> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p>bch</p></td> +<td><p>Charter (psnfss)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>pag</p></td> +<td><p>Avant Garde (psnfss)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>pbk</p></td> +<td><p>Bookman (psnfss)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>pcr</p></td> +<td><p>Courier (psnfss)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>phv</p></td> +<td><p>Helvetica (psnfss)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>pnc</p></td> +<td><p>New Century Schoolbook (psnfss)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ppl</p></td> +<td><p>Palatino (psnfss)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ptm</p></td> +<td><p>Times Roman (psnfss)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>put</p></td> +<td><p>Utopia (psnfss)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>pzc</p></td> +<td><p>Zapf Chancery (psnfss)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>uag</p></td> +<td><p>Avant Garde (avantgar)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ubk</p></td> +<td><p>Bookman (bookman)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ucr</p></td> +<td><p>Courier (courier)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>ucrs</p></td> +<td><p>Courier</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>unc</p></td> +<td><p>New Courier (nctrsbk)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>uni</p></td> +<td><p>Universal (universa)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>uhv</p></td> +<td><p>Helvetica (helvetic)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>upl</p></td> +<td><p>Palatino (palatino)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>utm</p></td> +<td><p>Times (times)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>uzc</p></td> +<td><p>Zapf Chancery (zapfchan)</p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="unicode-mathematical-typesetting"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id56"><span class="sectnum">4.3</span> Unicode mathematical typesetting</a></h2> +<p>The technical report <a class="citation-reference" href="#tr25" id="id16">[tr25]</a> presents an in-depth discussion of the +mathematics character repertoire of the Unicode Standard as well as +mathematical notation in general.</p> +<p>This section compares <a class="reference internal" href="#math-font-selection">math font selection</a> in LaTeX and Unicode. +It suggests a set of 14 math alphabets that covers all Unicode +<a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric symbols</a> and discusses compatibility +issues between math typesetting with traditional (8-bit) TeX engines +versus <a class="reference internal" href="#the-unicode-math-package">the unicode-math package</a> for Unicode-enabled TeX engines +(XeTeX, LuaTeX).</p> +<div class="section" id="unicode-math-alphabets"> +<span id="mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id57"><span class="sectnum">4.3.1</span> Unicode math alphabets</a></h3> +<p>Chapter 2 <cite>Mathematical Character Repertoire</cite> of <a class="citation-reference" href="#tr25" id="id17">[tr25]</a> lists 14 +<cite>Mathematical Alphabets</cite> in Table 2.1. These mathematical alphabets are a +superset of the predefined <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math alphabets</a> in the LaTeX core.</p> +<p>Unicode assignes code points to most letters of the mathematical +alphabets in the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D400.pdf">mathematical alphanumeric symbols Unicode block</a>. +The plain (upright, serifed) letters have been unified with the +existing characters in the Basic Latin and Greek blocks.</p> +<p><a class="reference internal" href="#table-5">Table 5</a> maps the 14 Unicode mathematical alphabets to LaTeX commands +according to the <a class="reference internal" href="#naming-scheme">naming scheme</a> below. <a class="reference internal" href="#table-6">Table 6</a> lists the status of +LaTeX support for the mathematical alphanumeric symbols. Full support is +provided by <a class="reference internal" href="#the-unicode-math-package">the unicode-math package</a>.</p> +<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-5"> +<caption>Mapping Unicode <a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric symbols</a> to LaTeX +math alphabets.</caption> +<colgroup> +<col width="16%" /> +<col width="13%" /> +<col width="20%" /> +<col width="28%" /> +<col width="23%" /> +</colgroup> +<thead valign="bottom"> +<tr><th class="head"><p>serifs</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>weight</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>shape</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>symbols</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>math alphabet</p></th> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p><em>serif</em></p></td> +<td><p><em>medium</em></p></td> +<td><p><em>upright</em></p></td> +<td><p>Latin/Greek/digits<a class="footnote-reference" href="#up" id="id18"><sup>5</sup></a></p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p>bold</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td><p>Latin/Greek/digits</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td> </td> +<td><p>italic</p></td> +<td><p>Latin/Greek</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathit</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p>bold</p></td> +<td><p>italic</p></td> +<td><p>Latin/Greek</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfit</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td> </td> +<td><p>script</p></td> +<td><p>Latin</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathcal</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p>bold</p></td> +<td><p>script</p></td> +<td><p>Latin</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfcal</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td> </td> +<td><p>fraktur</p></td> +<td><p>Latin</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathfrak</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td> </td> +<td><p>double-struck</p></td> +<td><p>Latin/digits</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbb</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p>bold</p></td> +<td><p>fraktur</p></td> +<td><p>Latin</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbffrak</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>sans serif</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +<td><p>Latin/digits</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>sans serif</p></td> +<td><p>bold</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td><p>Latin/Greek/digits</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbf</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>sans serif</p></td> +<td> </td> +<td><p>italic</p></td> +<td><p>Latin</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>sans serif</p></td> +<td><p>bold</p></td> +<td><p>italic</p></td> +<td><p>Latin/Greek</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td> </td> +<td><p>monospace</p></td> +<td><p>Latin/digits</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathtt</tt></p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<dl class="footnote"><dt class="label">5</dt> +<dd id="up"> +<em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id18">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id19">2</a>)</em> <p class="last">plain standard characters outside the +<cite>mathematical alphanumeric symbols</cite> Unicode block.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<div class="section" id="naming-scheme"> +<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id58"><span class="sectnum">4.3.1.1</span> Naming scheme</a></h4> +<p>The naming scheme is an extension of the predefined <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabet">math alphabet</a> +commands with the short-cuts</p> +<blockquote> +<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left"> +<colgroup> +<col width="14%" /> +<col width="86%" /> +</colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p>bf</p></td> +<td><p>bold,</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>it</p></td> +<td><p>italic,</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>cal</p></td> +<td><p>script (calligraphic),</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>frak</p></td> +<td><p>fraktur,</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>bb</p></td> +<td><p>double-struck (blackboard bold),</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>sf</p></td> +<td><p>sans serif</p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</blockquote> +<p>combined to commands in the form <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\math<type><weight><shape></span></tt>.</p> +<p>The <<em>type</em>>, <<em>weight</em>>, and <<em>shape</em>> specifiers are optional +(defaults depend on the <a class="reference internal" href="#math-version">math version</a>). Their order matches the +names of Unicode <a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols</a>.</p> +<p>Examples:</p> +<pre class="literal-block">\mathbf{d} % MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL D +\mathsfbfit{d} % MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL D. +</pre> +<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-6"> +<caption>LaTeX support for <a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric symbols</a>.</caption> +<colgroup> +<col width="18%" /> +<col width="38%" /> +<col width="43%" /> +</colgroup> +<thead valign="bottom"> +<tr><th class="head"><p>style</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>math alphabet</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>package, comment</p></th> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p>plain<a class="footnote-reference" href="#up" id="id19"><sup>5</sup></a></p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt></p></td> +<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#no-g" id="id20"><sup>6</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathup</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>bf</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt></p></td> +<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#no-g" id="id21"><sup>6</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>it</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathit</tt></p></td> +<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#no-g" id="id22"><sup>6</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>bf it</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfit</tt></p></td> +<td><p>isomath<a class="footnote-reference" href="#digits" id="id23"><sup>7</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbold</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fixmath.html">fixmath</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathpazo.html">mathpazo</a>, +<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathptmx.html">mathptmx</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/tmmath.html">tmmath</a><a class="footnote-reference" href="#digits" id="id24"><sup>7</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\boldsymbol</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsmath.html">amsmath</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\bm</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bm.html">bm</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>cal</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathcal</tt></p></td> +<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#script" id="id25"><sup>8</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathscr</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathrsfs.html">mathrsfs</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/euscript.html">euscript</a>, +<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>bf cal</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfscr</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>frak</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathfrak</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amssymb.html">amssymb</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsfonts.html">amsfonts</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/eufrak.html">eufrak</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>bf frak</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbffrak</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>bb</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbb</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amssymb.html">amssymb</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bbold.html">bbold</a>, +<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathbbol.html">mathbbol</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mbboard.html">mbboard</a>, +<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathpazo.html">mathpazo</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbbm</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bbm.html">bbm</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathds</tt></p></td> +<td><p>dsfont (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/doublestoke.html">doublestoke</a>)</p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>sf</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt></p></td> +<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#no-g" id="id26"><sup>6</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>sf bf</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfsfup</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>sf it</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt></p></td> +<td><p>isomath<a class="footnote-reference" href="#digits" id="id27"><sup>7</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>sf bf it</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt></p></td> +<td><p>isomath<a class="footnote-reference" href="#digits" id="id28"><sup>7</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbold</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/cmbright.html">cmbright</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/hvmath.html">hvmath</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><!-- --> +</td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfsfit</tt></p></td> +<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p>tt</p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathtt</tt></p></td> +<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#no-g" id="id29"><sup>6</sup></a></p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<dl class="footnote"><dt class="label">6</dt> +<dd id="no-g"> +<em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id20">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id21">2</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id22">3</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id26">4</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id29">5</a>)</em> <p class="last">no small Greek, full Greek with <a class="reference internal" href="#omlmath">OMLmath*</a> options.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">7</dt> +<dd id="digits"> +<em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id23">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id24">2</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id27">3</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id28">4</a>)</em> <p class="last">Some italic math fonts (e. g., cmr, cmbr) have old-style +numbers in place of italic digits.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id25">8</a></dt> +<dd id="script"> +<p class="first last">no small Latin, formal script with <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/calrsfs.html">calrsfs</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/eucal.html">eucal</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fourier.html">fourier</a></p> +</dd> +</dl> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="the-unicode-math-package"> +<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id59"><span class="sectnum">4.3.2</span> The unicode-math package</a></h3> +<p>Users of UTF-8 enabled TeX engines (XeTeX, LuaTeX) can typeset +mathematics with the experimental <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a> package by Will +Robertson. It provides a LaTeX interface to OpenType fonts with math +support, e. g., <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/asana-math.html">Asana Math</a>, Cambria Math, <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/khaledhosny/euler-otf">New Euler</a> or <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/xits.html">XITS</a>, with +commands to access the complete mathematics character repertoire of the +Unicode Standard</p> +<p>LaTeX <a class="reference internal" href="#math-font-selection">math font selection</a> methods with unicode-math:</p> +<dl class="docutils"> +<dt><a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math alphabets</a></dt> +<dd><p>map to a range of the <a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric symbols</a> block in the +current font (or a substitution defined with the <tt class="literal">range</tt> math font +option).</p> +<p>Some command names differ from the <a class="reference internal" href="#predefined-math-alphabets">predefined math alphabets</a> or the +above <a class="reference internal" href="#naming-scheme">naming scheme</a>:</p> +<table class="booktabs numbered align-left"> +<colgroup> +<col width="50%" /> +<col width="50%" /> +</colgroup> +<thead valign="bottom"> +<tr><th class="head"><p>LaTeX</p></th> +<th class="head"><p>unicode-math</p></th> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt></p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfup</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt></p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfup</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbf</tt></p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfsfup</tt></p></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt></p></td> +<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfsfit</tt></p></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p>With unicode-math, <tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt>, and <tt class="literal">\mathsfbf</tt> +behave similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#in-line-math-versions">“in-line math versions”</a>: they consider the +<a class="reference internal" href="#math-style">math style</a> for upright vs. italic shape. Compatibility can be +achieved via the options <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">bold-style=upright</span></tt> and +<tt class="literal"><span class="pre">sans-style=upright</span></tt>.</p> +<p><tt class="literal">\mathbfsfit</tt> reverses the order of the <tt class="literal">sf</tt> and <tt class="literal">bf</tt> selectors, +so that, e. g., the Unicode character <cite>MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD +ITALIC CAPITAL A</cite> is selected by the non-mnemonic <tt class="literal">\mathbfsfit{A}</tt>.</p> +</dd> +<dt><a class="reference internal" href="#math-versions">math versions</a></dt> +<dd><p>are not directly supported but easy to emulate.</p> +<p>As Unicode fonts can hold all math symbols in a single font file, a +single <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\setmathfont[<font</span> <span class="pre">features>]{<font</span> name>}</tt> can replace +the <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\mathversion{<mathversion>}</span></tt> command if a complete OpenType +math font in the desired version is available.</p> +<p>However, complete OpenType math fonts are rare. Therefore +unicode-math supports using multiple fonts with the <tt class="literal">range</tt> +option. This way one can emulate, e. g., the <tt class="literal">bold</tt> math version +via:</p> +<pre class="literal-block">\renewcommand{\boldmath}{% + \setmathfont{XITS Bold}% + \setmathfont[range={"1D400-"1F020}]{XITS Math}% + \setmathfont[range=\mathup->\mathbfup]{XITS Math}% + \setmathfont[range=\mathsfit->\mathbfsfit]{XITS Math}% + % ... +} +</pre> +<p>It would be nice if unicode-math could provide a <tt class="literal">\newmathversion</tt> +command similar to the <tt class="literal">\newfontfamily</tt> in <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fontspec.html">fontspec</a> for such setups.</p> +<p>For alphanumerical characters, the <tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt>, and +<tt class="literal">\mathsfbf</tt> behave like <a class="reference internal" href="#in-line-math-versions">“in-line math versions”</a>.</p> +</dd> +<dt><a class="reference internal" href="#math-styles">math styles</a></dt> +<dd><p>are supported with the <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">math-style</span></tt> package option that accepts the +values <tt class="literal">TeX</tt>, <tt class="literal">ISO</tt>, <tt class="literal">french</tt>, <tt class="literal">upright</tt>, and <tt class="literal">literal</tt>.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="conclusions-and-outlook"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id60"><span class="sectnum">4.4</span> Conclusions and outlook</a></h2> +<p>It is hoped, that in the future more fonts families will support the +OML encoding in normal and bold weight as well as upright and italic +shape. This would be a major step towards a LaTeX equivalent of the +<a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric symbols</a> Unicode block.</p> +<p>This should be (relatively) easy to achieve via virtual fonts when the +glyphs for the Greek letters already exist. Examples are Latin Modern, +Kerkis, GFS Neohellenic, LX Fonts and KP-Serif.</p> +<p>Alternatively, the T7 encoding could be used for math alphabets (if it +ever happens to materialise).</p> +<p>Upright small Greek letters in <tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt> would enable the +specification of the constant pi, Myons, Pions, alpha-particles, +photons, and neutrinos with <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math alphabets</a>. (With <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a> +fonts, this is already possible today.)</p> +<p>With the development of the <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a> package, an interesting +alternative for ISO-conforming math typesetting became available to +users of Unicode-enabled TeX engines (XeTeX or LuaTeX).</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="references"> +<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id61"><span class="sectnum">5</span> References</a></h1> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[ISO-80000-2]</a></dt> +<dd id="iso-80000-2"> +<p class="first last"><cite>Quantities and units – Part 2: Mathematical signs +and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology</cite>: +<a class="reference external" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=31887">http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=31887</a>.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label">[ISO-31]</dt> +<dd id="iso-31"> +<p class="first last"><cite>Quantities and units</cite>, Superseded by [ISO-80000].</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">[typefaces]</a></dt> +<dd id="typefaces"> +<p class="first last">National Institute of Standards and Technology (<a class="reference external" href="http://physics.nist.gov/">NIST</a>), +<cite>Typefaces for Symbols in Scientific Manuscripts</cite>: +<a class="reference external" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/typefaces.pdf">http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/typefaces.pdf</a>.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">[checklist]</a></dt> +<dd id="checklist"> +<p class="first last">National Institute of Standards and Technology (<a class="reference external" href="http://physics.nist.gov/">NIST</a>), +<cite>SI Unit rules and style conventions</cite> +Check List for Reviewing Manuscripts: +<a class="reference external" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/checklist.html">http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/checklist.html</a>.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id5">[fonts_for_symbols]</a></dt> +<dd id="fonts-for-symbols"> +<p class="first last">International Union of Pure and Applied +Chemistry (<a class="reference external" href="http://iupac.org/">IUPAC</a>), <cite>On the use of italic and roman fonts for symbols +in scientific text</cite>, (Revised December 1999): +<a class="reference external" href="http://old.iupac.org/standing/idcns/fonts_for_symbols.html">http://old.iupac.org/standing/idcns/fonts_for_symbols.html</a>.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id4">[SI]</a></dt> +<dd id="si"> +<p class="first last">Bureau international des poids et mesures (<a class="reference external" href="http://www.bipm.org/">BIPM</a>), +<cite>The International System of Units (SI)</cite>: +<a class="reference external" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/">http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/</a>.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id7">[Green-Book]</a></dt> +<dd id="green-book"> +<p class="first last">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (<a class="reference external" href="http://iupac.org/">IUPAC</a>), +<cite>Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</cite>, +3rd edition, RSC Publishing, Cambridge 2007: +[ISBN 0 85404 433 7; ISBN-13 978 0 85404 433 7].</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id6">[Red-Book]</a></dt> +<dd id="red-book"> +<p class="first last">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (<a class="reference external" href="http://www.iupap.org/">IUPAP</a>), +<cite>Symbols, Units, Nomenclature and Fundamental Constants in Physics</cite>: +<a class="reference external" href="http://metrology.wordpress.com/measurement-process-index/iupap-red-book/index-iupap-red-book/">http://metrology.wordpress.com/measurement-process-index/iupap-red-book/index-iupap-red-book/</a>.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id15">[encguide]</a></dt> +<dd id="encguide"> +<p class="first last">Frank Mittelbach, Robin Fairbairns, Werner Lemberg, +LaTeX3 Project Team, <cite>LaTeX font encodings</cite>: +<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/doc/encguide.pdf">http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/doc/encguide.pdf</a>.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label">[fntguide]</dt> +<dd id="fntguide"> +<em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id10">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id11">2</a>)</em> <p class="last">LaTeX3 Project Team, <cite>LaTeX 2e font selection</cite>: +<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.pdf">http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.pdf</a>.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label">[tr25]</dt> +<dd id="tr25"> +<em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id16">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id17">2</a>)</em> <p class="last">Barbara Beeton, Asmus Freytag, Murray Sargent III, +<cite>Unicode Support for Mathematics</cite>, Unicode Technical Report #25: +<a class="reference external" href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr25/">http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr25/</a>.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl class="citation"><dt class="label">[beeton:2000]</dt> +<dd id="beeton-2000"> +<p class="first last">Barbara Beeton: +<cite>Unicode and math, a combination whose time has come – Finally!</cite>, +TUGBoat, 21#3, 2000: +<a class="reference external" href="http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb21-3/tb68beet.pdf">http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb21-3/tb68beet.pdf</a>.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<!-- see also +[koma-mail] Custom font substitution: http://www.komascript.de/node/823. --> +<!-- Links +===== --> +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> |