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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-10.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-10.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9dc297215fb --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-10.tex @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +\documentclass[twoside]{report} +\pagestyle{headings} +\begin{document} +%\Title{Exercises} \author{Steven Writer\\ Texas A \& M University\\ +% Department of Computer Science} +%\date{College Station, Texas \today} \maketitle +\chapter{Floodings at Venice over Centuries} +\section{Solution for Venice's Flooding Problems} +\subsection{Can Venice be Saved?} + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\subsection{Additional Information to the Gates} + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\chapter{Preface to the \LaTeX-Guide} +\section{General Remarks} + +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. + +\section{The Changes in Detail} +The changes to the fourth edition are mainly those of emphasis. + +1. The material has been reorganized into `Basics' and `Beyond the Basics' + (`advanced' sounds too intimidating) while the appendices contain + topics that really can be skipped by most everyday users. Exception: + Appendix H is an alphabetized command summary that many + people find extremely useful (including ourselves). + + This reorganizing is meant to stress certain aspects over others. For + example, the section on graphics inclusion and color was originally + treated as an exotic freak, relegated to an appendix on extensions; in the + third edition, it moved up to be included in a front chapter along with the + picture environment and floats; now it dominates + Chapter 6 all on its own, the floats come in the following + Chapter 7, and `picture' is banished to the later + Chapter 13. This is not to say that the picture features are no good, + but only that they are very specialized. We add + descriptions of additional drawing possibilities there too. + +2. It is stressed as much as possible that \LaTeX\ is a markup language, + with separation of content and form. Typographical settings + should be placed in the preamble, while the body contains only logical + markup. This is in keeping with the modern ideas of XML, where form and + content are radically segregated. + +3. Throughout this edition, contributed packages are explained at that point + in the text where they are most relevant. The `fancyhdr' package + comes in the section on page styles, `natbib' where literature + citations are explained. This stresses that these `extensions' are part of + the \LaTeX\ system as a whole. However, to remind the user that they must + still be explicitly loaded, a marginal note is placed at the start of their + descriptions. + +4. PDF output is taken for granted throughout the book, in addition to the + classical DVI format. This means that the added possibilities of `pdf\TeX' + and `dvipdfm' are explained where they are relevant. A separate + Chapter 10 on PostScript and PDF is still necessary, and the + best interface to PDF output, the `hyperref' package by Sebastian + Rahtz, is explained in detail. PDF is also included in + Chapter 15 on presentation material + + On the other hand, the other Web output formats, HTML and XML, are only + dealt with briefly in Appendix E, since these are large topics + treated in other books, most noticeably the `\LaTeX\ Web Companion'. + +5. This book is being distributed with the \TeX Live CD, with the kind + permission of Sebastian Rahtz who maintains it for the \TeX\ Users Group. + It contains a full \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ installation for Windows, Macintosh, + and Linux, plus many of the myriad extensions that exist. + +We once again express our hope that this \textsl{Guide} will prove more than +useful to all those who wish to find their way through the intricate world of +\LaTeX. And with the addition of the \TeX Live CD, that world is brought even +closer to their doorsteps. + +\section{Demonstration for running heads} +One main reason for this exercise was the demonstration of running heads +at the top of the pages execept for the first pages after the +chapter sectioning commands. The running heads on even pages consist +of the actual chapter number and the chapter title. For odd pages consist +the running heads of actual section command for these pages as here +demonstrated. +\end{document} + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-11.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-11.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..11cde4f1317 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-11.tex @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +\documentclass[twoside]{report} +\pagestyle{headings} +\begin{document} +%\Title{Exercises} \author{Steven Writer\\ Texas A \& M University\\ +% Department of Computer Science} +%\date{College Station, Texas \today} \maketitle +\chapter[Floodings at Venice]{Floodings at Venice over Centuries} +\section[A Problem's Solution]{Solution for Venice's Flooding Problems} +\subsection{Can Venice be Saved?} + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\subsection{Additional Information to the Gates} + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\chapter[Preface]{Preface to the \LaTeX-Guide} +\section{General Remarks} + +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. + +\section[The Changes]{The Changes in Detail} +The changes to the fourth edition are mainly those of emphasis. + +1. The material has been reorganized into `Basics' and `Beyond the Basics' + (`advanced' sounds too intimidating) while the appendices contain + topics that really can be skipped by most everyday users. Exception: + Appendix H is an alphabetized command summary that many + people find extremely useful (including ourselves). + + This reorganizing is meant to stress certain aspects over others. For + example, the section on graphics inclusion and color was originally + treated as an exotic freak, relegated to an appendix on extensions; in the + third edition, it moved up to be included in a front chapter along with the + picture environment and floats; now it dominates + Chapter 6 all on its own, the floats come in the following + Chapter 7, and `picture' is banished to the later + Chapter 13. This is not to say that the picture features are no good, + but only that they are very specialized. We add + descriptions of additional drawing possibilities there too. + +2. It is stressed as much as possible that \LaTeX\ is a markup language, + with separation of content and form. Typographical settings + should be placed in the preamble, while the body contains only logical + markup. This is in keeping with the modern ideas of XML, where form and + content are radically segregated. + +3. Throughout this edition, contributed packages are explained at that point + in the text where they are most relevant. The `fancyhdr' package + comes in the section on page styles, `natbib' where literature + citations are explained. This stresses that these `extensions' are part of + the \LaTeX\ system as a whole. However, to remind the user that they must + still be explicitly loaded, a marginal note is placed at the start of their + descriptions. + +4. PDF output is taken for granted throughout the book, in addition to the + classical DVI format. This means that the added possibilities of `pdf\TeX' + and `dvipdfm' are explained where they are relevant. A separate + Chapter 10 on PostScript and PDF is still necessary, and the + best interface to PDF output, the `hyperref' package by Sebastian + Rahtz, is explained in detail. PDF is also included in + Chapter 15 on presentation material + + On the other hand, the other Web output formats, HTML and XML, are only + dealt with briefly in Appendix E, since these are large topics + treated in other books, most noticeably the `\LaTeX\ Web Companion'. + +5. This book is being distributed with the \TeX Live CD, with the kind + permission of Sebastian Rahtz who maintains it for the \TeX\ Users Group. + It contains a full \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ installation for Windows, Macintosh, + and Linux, plus many of the myriad extensions that exist. + +We once again express our hope that this \textsl{Guide} will prove more than +useful to all those who wish to find their way through the intricate world of +\LaTeX. And with the addition of the \TeX Live CD, that world is brought even +closer to their doorsteps. + +\section[Running heads]{Demonstration for running heads} +One main reason for this exercise was the demonstration of running heads +at the top of the pages execept for the first pages after the +chapter sectioning commands. The running heads on even pages consist +of the actual chapter number and the chapter title. For odd pages consist +the running heads of actual section command for these pages as here +demonstrated. +\end{document} + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-12.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-12.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..fdc780ac5ac --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-12.tex @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +\documentclass[twoside]{report} +\pagestyle{headings} +\begin{document} +%\Title{Exercises} \author{Steven Writer\\ Texas A \& M University\\ +% Department of Computer Science} +%\date{College Station, Texas \today} \maketitle +\pagenumbering{roman} +\tableofcontents \newpage +\pagenumbering{arabic} + +\chapter[Floodings at Venice]{Floodings at Venice over Centuries} +\section[A Problem's Solution]{Solution for Venice's Flooding Problems} +\subsection{Can Venice be Saved?} + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\subsection{Additional Information to the Gates} + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\chapter[Preface]{Preface to the \LaTeX-Guide} +\section{General Remarks} + +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. + +\section[The Changes]{The Changes in Detail} +The changes to the fourth edition are mainly those of emphasis. + +1. The material has been reorganized into `Basics' and `Beyond the Basics' + (`advanced' sounds too intimidating) while the appendices contain + topics that really can be skipped by most everyday users. Exception: + Appendix H is an alphabetized command summary that many + people find extremely useful (including ourselves). + + This reorganizing is meant to stress certain aspects over others. For + example, the section on graphics inclusion and color was originally + treated as an exotic freak, relegated to an appendix on extensions; in the + third edition, it moved up to be included in a front chapter along with the + picture environment and floats; now it dominates + Chapter 6 all on its own, the floats come in the following + Chapter 7, and `picture' is banished to the later + Chapter 13. This is not to say that the picture features are no good, + but only that they are very specialized. We add + descriptions of additional drawing possibilities there too. + +2. It is stressed as much as possible that \LaTeX\ is a markup language, + with separation of content and form. Typographical settings + should be placed in the preamble, while the body contains only logical + markup. This is in keeping with the modern ideas of XML, where form and + content are radically segregated. + +3. Throughout this edition, contributed packages are explained at that point + in the text where they are most relevant. The `fancyhdr' package + comes in the section on page styles, `natbib' where literature + citations are explained. This stresses that these `extensions' are part of + the \LaTeX\ system as a whole. However, to remind the user that they must + still be explicitly loaded, a marginal note is placed at the start of their + descriptions. + +4. PDF output is taken for granted throughout the book, in addition to the + classical DVI format. This means that the added possibilities of `pdf\TeX' + and `dvipdfm' are explained where they are relevant. A separate + Chapter 10 on PostScript and PDF is still necessary, and the + best interface to PDF output, the `hyperref' package by Sebastian + Rahtz, is explained in detail. PDF is also included in + Chapter 15 on presentation material + + On the other hand, the other Web output formats, HTML and XML, are only + dealt with briefly in Appendix E, since these are large topics + treated in other books, most noticeably the `\LaTeX\ Web Companion'. + +5. This book is being distributed with the \TeX Live CD, with the kind + permission of Sebastian Rahtz who maintains it for the \TeX\ Users Group. + It contains a full \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ installation for Windows, Macintosh, + and Linux, plus many of the myriad extensions that exist. + +We once again express our hope that this \textsl{Guide} will prove more than +useful to all those who wish to find their way through the intricate world of +\LaTeX. And with the addition of the \TeX Live CD, that world is brought even +closer to their doorsteps. + +\section[Running heads]{Demonstration for running heads} +One main reason for this exercise was the demonstration of running heads +at the top of the pages execept for the first pages after the +chapter sectioning commands. The running heads on even pages consist +of the actual chapter number and the chapter title. For odd pages consist +the running heads of actual section command for these pages as here +demonstrated. +\end{document} + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-12.toc b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-12.toc new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f82595285fb --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-12.toc @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Floodings at Venice}{1} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}A Problem's Solution}{1} +\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.1}Can Venice be Saved?}{1} +\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.2}Additional Information to the Gate}{2} +\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Preface}{3} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}General Remarks}{3} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}The Changes}{4} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Running heads}{5} diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-1a.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-1a.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e9c20784095 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-1a.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +\documentclass[11pt]{article} +\begin{document} +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 +\end{document} diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-1b.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-1b.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..59f30218cdb --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-1b.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +\documentclass[12pt]{article} +\begin{document} +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 +\end{document} diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-2.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-2.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4aa38dc98e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} +\begin{document} +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 +\end{document} diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-3.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-3.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4a9580c1e3a --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-3.tex @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +\documentclass[11pt]{article} +\pagestyle{myheadings} \markright{Exercises} +\pagenumbering{Roman} +\begin{document} +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\bigskip +ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE GATES. + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\bigskip +PREFACE TO THE \LaTeX-GUIDE + +\medskip +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. +\end{document} diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-4a.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-4a.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5b2a3215456 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-4a.tex @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +\documentclass{article} +\usepackage{parskip} +\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2} +\pagestyle{myheadings} \markright{Exercises} +\pagenumbering{Roman} +\begin{document} +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\bigskip +ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE GATES. + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\bigskip +PREFACE TO THE \LaTeX-GUIDE + +\medskip +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. +\end{document} diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-4b.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-4b.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a66330b8c7d --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-4b.tex @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +\documentclass{article} +\usepackage{parskip} +\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5} +\pagestyle{myheadings} \markright{Exercises} +\pagenumbering{Roman} +\begin{document} +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\bigskip +ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE GATES. + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\bigskip +PREFACE TO THE \LaTeX-GUIDE + +\medskip +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. +\end{document} diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-5a.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-5a.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8eaf9fe8579 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-5a.tex @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +\documentclass[11pt]{article} +\pagestyle{myheadings} \markright{Exercises} +\pagenumbering{Roman} +\setlength{\textwidth}{15cm} \setlength{\textheight}{23cm} +\begin{document} +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\bigskip +ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE GATES. + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\bigskip +PREFACE TO THE \LaTeX-GUIDE + +\medskip +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. +\end{document} diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-5b.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-5b.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5f881200c8d --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-5b.tex @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +\documentclass[11pt]{article} +\pagestyle{myheadings} \markright{Exercises} +\pagenumbering{Roman} +\setlength{\textwidth}{15cm} \setlength{\textheight}{23cm} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{7.5mm} \setlength{\topmargin}{-5mm} +%*********************************************************************** +% The chosen values for \oddsidemargin and \topmargin are appropriate * +% for a4 paper format. If your printer uses a different papersize, * +% e.g. letter format, adjust this values to those, appropriate for * +% your printer's paper format. * +%*********************************************************************** +\begin{document} +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\bigskip +ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE GATES. + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\bigskip +PREFACE TO THE \LaTeX-GUIDE + +\medskip +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. +\end{document} diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-6.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-6.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..797b1a06680 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-6.tex @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +\documentclass[11pt]{article} +\pagestyle{myheadings} \markright{Exercises} +\pagenumbering{Roman} +\setlength{\textwidth}{15cm} \setlength{\textheight}{23cm} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{7.5mm} \setlength{\topmargin}{-5mm} +\flushbottom +\begin{document} +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\bigskip +ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE GATES. + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\bigskip +PREFACE TO THE \LaTeX-GUIDE + +\medskip +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. + +The changes to the fourth edition are mainly those of emphasis. + +1. The material has been reorganized into `Basics' and `Beyond the Basics' + (`advanced' sounds too intimidating) while the appendices contain + topics that really can be skipped by most everyday users. Exception: + Appendix H is an alphabetized command summary that many + people find extremely useful (including ourselves). + + This reorganizing is meant to stress certain aspects over others. For + example, the section on graphics inclusion and color was originally + treated as an exotic freak, relegated to an appendix on extensions; in the + third edition, it moved up to be included in a front chapter along with the + picture environment and floats; now it dominates + Chapter 6 all on its own, the floats come in the following + Chapter 7, and `picture' is banished to the later + Chapter 13. This is not to say that the picture features are no good, + but only that they are very specialized. We add + descriptions of additional drawing possibilities there too. + +2. It is stressed as much as possible that \LaTeX\ is a markup language, + with separation of content and form. Typographical settings + should be placed in the preamble, while the body contains only logical + markup. This is in keeping with the modern ideas of XML, where form and + content are radically segregated. + +3. Throughout this edition, contributed packages are explained at that point + in the text where they are most relevant. The `fancyhdr' package + comes in the section on page styles, `natbib' where literature + citations are explained. This stresses that these `extensions' are part of + the \LaTeX\ system as a whole. However, to remind the user that they must + still be explicitly loaded, a marginal note is placed at the start of their + descriptions. + +4. PDF output is taken for granted throughout the book, in addition to the + classical DVI format. This means that the added possibilities of `pdf\TeX' + and `dvipdfm' are explained where they are relevant. A separate + Chapter 10 on PostScript and PDF is still necessary, and the + best interface to PDF output, the `hyperref' package by Sebastian + Rahtz, is explained in detail. PDF is also included in + Chapter 15 on presentation material + + On the other hand, the other Web output formats, HTML and XML, are only + dealt with briefly in Appendix E, since these are large topics + treated in other books, most noticeably the `\LaTeX\ Web Companion'. + +5. This book is being distributed with the \TeX Live CD, with the kind + permission of Sebastian Rahtz who maintains it for the \TeX\ Users Group. + It contains a full \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ installation for Windows, Macintosh, + and Linux, plus many of the myriad extensions that exist. + +We once again express our hope that this \textsl{Guide} will prove more than +useful to all those who wish to find their way through the intricate world of +\LaTeX. And with the addition of the \TeX Live CD, that world is brought even +closer to their doorsteps. +\end{document} + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-7a.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-7a.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..08d2848730e --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-7a.tex @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article} +\pagestyle{myheadings} \markright{Exercises} +\pagenumbering{Roman} +\setlength{\textwidth}{15cm} \setlength{\textheight}{23cm} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{7.5mm} \setlength{\topmargin}{-5mm} +\begin{document} +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\bigskip +ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE GATES. + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\bigskip +PREFACE TO THE \LaTeX-GUIDE + +\medskip +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. + +The changes to the fourth edition are mainly those of emphasis. + +1. The material has been reorganized into `Basics' and `Beyond the Basics' + (`advanced' sounds too intimidating) while the appendices contain + topics that really can be skipped by most everyday users. Exception: + Appendix H is an alphabetized command summary that many + people find extremely useful (including ourselves). + + This reorganizing is meant to stress certain aspects over others. For + example, the section on graphics inclusion and color was originally + treated as an exotic freak, relegated to an appendix on extensions; in the + third edition, it moved up to be included in a front chapter along with the + picture environment and floats; now it dominates + Chapter 6 all on its own, the floats come in the following + Chapter 7, and `picture' is banished to the later + Chapter 13. This is not to say that the picture features are no good, + but only that they are very specialized. We add + descriptions of additional drawing possibilities there too. + +2. It is stressed as much as possible that \LaTeX\ is a markup language, + with separation of content and form. Typographical settings + should be placed in the preamble, while the body contains only logical + markup. This is in keeping with the modern ideas of XML, where form and + content are radically segregated. + +3. Throughout this edition, contributed packages are explained at that point + in the text where they are most relevant. The `fancyhdr' package + comes in the section on page styles, `natbib' where literature + citations are explained. This stresses that these `extensions' are part of + the \LaTeX\ system as a whole. However, to remind the user that they must + still be explicitly loaded, a marginal note is placed at the start of their + descriptions. + +4. PDF output is taken for granted throughout the book, in addition to the + classical DVI format. This means that the added possibilities of `pdf\TeX' + and `dvipdfm' are explained where they are relevant. A separate + Chapter 10 on PostScript and PDF is still necessary, and the + best interface to PDF output, the `hyperref' package by Sebastian + Rahtz, is explained in detail. PDF is also included in + Chapter 15 on presentation material + + On the other hand, the other Web output formats, HTML and XML, are only + dealt with briefly in Appendix E, since these are large topics + treated in other books, most noticeably the `\LaTeX\ Web Companion'. + +5. This book is being distributed with the \TeX Live CD, with the kind + permission of Sebastian Rahtz who maintains it for the \TeX\ Users Group. + It contains a full \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ installation for Windows, Macintosh, + and Linux, plus many of the myriad extensions that exist. + +We once again express our hope that this \textsl{Guide} will prove more than +useful to all those who wish to find their way through the intricate world of +\LaTeX. And with the addition of the \TeX Live CD, that world is brought even +closer to their doorsteps. +\end{document} + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-7b.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-7b.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7a50acd4b6d --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-7b.tex @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article} +\pagestyle{myheadings} \markright{Exercises} +\pagenumbering{Roman} +\setlength{\textwidth}{15cm} \setlength{\textheight}{23cm} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{7.5mm} \setlength{\topmargin}{-5mm} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{1mm} +%************************************************************************* +% Again the chosen values for \oddsidemargin, \topmargin and \evenside- * +% margin are appropriate for a4 paper format. If your printer uses a * +% different papersize, e.g. letter format, adjust this values to those * +% appropriate for your printer's paper format. * +%************************************************************************* +\begin{document} +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\bigskip +ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE GATES. + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\bigskip +PREFACE TO THE \LaTeX-GUIDE + +\medskip +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. + +The changes to the fourth edition are mainly those of emphasis. + +1. The material has been reorganized into `Basics' and `Beyond the Basics' + (`advanced' sounds too intimidating) while the appendices contain + topics that really can be skipped by most everyday users. Exception: + Appendix H is an alphabetized command summary that many + people find extremely useful (including ourselves). + + This reorganizing is meant to stress certain aspects over others. For + example, the section on graphics inclusion and color was originally + treated as an exotic freak, relegated to an appendix on extensions; in the + third edition, it moved up to be included in a front chapter along with the + picture environment and floats; now it dominates + Chapter 6 all on its own, the floats come in the following + Chapter 7, and `picture' is banished to the later + Chapter 13. This is not to say that the picture features are no good, + but only that they are very specialized. We add + descriptions of additional drawing possibilities there too. + +2. It is stressed as much as possible that \LaTeX\ is a markup language, + with separation of content and form. Typographical settings + should be placed in the preamble, while the body contains only logical + markup. This is in keeping with the modern ideas of XML, where form and + content are radically segregated. + +3. Throughout this edition, contributed packages are explained at that point + in the text where they are most relevant. The `fancyhdr' package + comes in the section on page styles, `natbib' where literature + citations are explained. This stresses that these `extensions' are part of + the \LaTeX\ system as a whole. However, to remind the user that they must + still be explicitly loaded, a marginal note is placed at the start of their + descriptions. + +4. PDF output is taken for granted throughout the book, in addition to the + classical DVI format. This means that the added possibilities of `pdf\TeX' + and `dvipdfm' are explained where they are relevant. A separate + Chapter 10 on PostScript and PDF is still necessary, and the + best interface to PDF output, the `hyperref' package by Sebastian + Rahtz, is explained in detail. PDF is also included in + Chapter 15 on presentation material + + On the other hand, the other Web output formats, HTML and XML, are only + dealt with briefly in Appendix E, since these are large topics + treated in other books, most noticeably the `\LaTeX\ Web Companion'. + +5. This book is being distributed with the \TeX Live CD, with the kind + permission of Sebastian Rahtz who maintains it for the \TeX\ Users Group. + It contains a full \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ installation for Windows, Macintosh, + and Linux, plus many of the myriad extensions that exist. + +We once again express our hope that this \textsl{Guide} will prove more than +useful to all those who wish to find their way through the intricate world of +\LaTeX. And with the addition of the \TeX Live CD, that world is brought even +closer to their doorsteps. +\end{document} + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-8a.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-8a.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..81c9c96889f --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-8a.tex @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +\documentclass{article} +\pagestyle{myheadings} \markright{Exercises} +\begin{document} +\title{Exercises} \author{Steven Writer\\Texas A \& M University\\ +Department of Computer Science} +\date{College Station, Texas \today} \maketitle +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\bigskip +ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE GATES. + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\bigskip +PREFACE TO THE \LaTeX-GUIDE + +\medskip +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. + +The changes to the fourth edition are mainly those of emphasis. + +1. The material has been reorganized into `Basics' and `Beyond the Basics' + (`advanced' sounds too intimidating) while the appendices contain + topics that really can be skipped by most everyday users. Exception: + Appendix H is an alphabetized command summary that many + people find extremely useful (including ourselves). + + This reorganizing is meant to stress certain aspects over others. For + example, the section on graphics inclusion and color was originally + treated as an exotic freak, relegated to an appendix on extensions; in the + third edition, it moved up to be included in a front chapter along with the + picture environment and floats; now it dominates + Chapter 6 all on its own, the floats come in the following + Chapter 7, and `picture' is banished to the later + Chapter 13. This is not to say that the picture features are no good, + but only that they are very specialized. We add + descriptions of additional drawing possibilities there too. + +2. It is stressed as much as possible that \LaTeX\ is a markup language, + with separation of content and form. Typographical settings + should be placed in the preamble, while the body contains only logical + markup. This is in keeping with the modern ideas of XML, where form and + content are radically segregated. + +3. Throughout this edition, contributed packages are explained at that point + in the text where they are most relevant. The `fancyhdr' package + comes in the section on page styles, `natbib' where literature + citations are explained. This stresses that these `extensions' are part of + the \LaTeX\ system as a whole. However, to remind the user that they must + still be explicitly loaded, a marginal note is placed at the start of their + descriptions. + +4. PDF output is taken for granted throughout the book, in addition to the + classical DVI format. This means that the added possibilities of `pdf\TeX' + and `dvipdfm' are explained where they are relevant. A separate + Chapter 10 on PostScript and PDF is still necessary, and the + best interface to PDF output, the `hyperref' package by Sebastian + Rahtz, is explained in detail. PDF is also included in + Chapter 15 on presentation material + + On the other hand, the other Web output formats, HTML and XML, are only + dealt with briefly in Appendix E, since these are large topics + treated in other books, most noticeably the `\LaTeX\ Web Companion'. + +5. This book is being distributed with the \TeX Live CD, with the kind + permission of Sebastian Rahtz who maintains it for the \TeX\ Users Group. + It contains a full \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ installation for Windows, Macintosh, + and Linux, plus many of the myriad extensions that exist. + +We once again express our hope that this \textsl{Guide} will prove more than +useful to all those who wish to find their way through the intricate world of +\LaTeX. And with the addition of the \TeX Live CD, that world is brought even +closer to their doorsteps. +\end{document} + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-8b.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-8b.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..03f58441d60 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-8b.tex @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +\documentclass[titlepage]{article} +\pagestyle{myheadings} \markright{Exercises} +\begin{document} +\title{Exercises} \author{Steven Writer\\Texas A \& M University\\ +Department of Computer Science} +\date{College Station, Texas \today} \maketitle +CAN VENICE BE SAVED? + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\bigskip +ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE GATES. + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\bigskip +PREFACE TO THE \LaTeX-GUIDE + +\medskip +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. + +The changes to the fourth edition are mainly those of emphasis. + +1. The material has been reorganized into `Basics' and `Beyond the Basics' + (`advanced' sounds too intimidating) while the appendices contain + topics that really can be skipped by most everyday users. Exception: + Appendix H is an alphabetized command summary that many + people find extremely useful (including ourselves). + + This reorganizing is meant to stress certain aspects over others. For + example, the section on graphics inclusion and color was originally + treated as an exotic freak, relegated to an appendix on extensions; in the + third edition, it moved up to be included in a front chapter along with the + picture environment and floats; now it dominates + Chapter 6 all on its own, the floats come in the following + Chapter 7, and `picture' is banished to the later + Chapter 13. This is not to say that the picture features are no good, + but only that they are very specialized. We add + descriptions of additional drawing possibilities there too. + +2. It is stressed as much as possible that \LaTeX\ is a markup language, + with separation of content and form. Typographical settings + should be placed in the preamble, while the body contains only logical + markup. This is in keeping with the modern ideas of XML, where form and + content are radically segregated. + +3. Throughout this edition, contributed packages are explained at that point + in the text where they are most relevant. The `fancyhdr' package + comes in the section on page styles, `natbib' where literature + citations are explained. This stresses that these `extensions' are part of + the \LaTeX\ system as a whole. However, to remind the user that they must + still be explicitly loaded, a marginal note is placed at the start of their + descriptions. + +4. PDF output is taken for granted throughout the book, in addition to the + classical DVI format. This means that the added possibilities of `pdf\TeX' + and `dvipdfm' are explained where they are relevant. A separate + Chapter 10 on PostScript and PDF is still necessary, and the + best interface to PDF output, the `hyperref' package by Sebastian + Rahtz, is explained in detail. PDF is also included in + Chapter 15 on presentation material + + On the other hand, the other Web output formats, HTML and XML, are only + dealt with briefly in Appendix E, since these are large topics + treated in other books, most noticeably the `\LaTeX\ Web Companion'. + +5. This book is being distributed with the \TeX Live CD, with the kind + permission of Sebastian Rahtz who maintains it for the \TeX\ Users Group. + It contains a full \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ installation for Windows, Macintosh, + and Linux, plus many of the myriad extensions that exist. + +We once again express our hope that this \textsl{Guide} will prove more than +useful to all those who wish to find their way through the intricate world of +\LaTeX. And with the addition of the \TeX Live CD, that world is brought even +closer to their doorsteps. +\end{document} + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-9.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-9.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..93aa23daac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/guide-to-latex/exercises/chap3/exer3-9.tex @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@ +\documentclass{article} +\begin{document} +%\Title{Exercises} \author{Steven Writer\\ Texas A \& M University\\ +% Department of Computer Science} +%\date{College Station, Texas \today} \maketitle +\section{Solution for Venice's Flooding Problems} +\subsection{Can Venice be Saved?} + +Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship. +The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most +famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its +signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian +engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now +a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series +of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry. + +The need for Venetian water control has never been greater. +Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in +the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the +water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m. +Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea +levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses +and making sidewalks and squares impossible. + +The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a +small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of +a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon +from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets. +These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides, +with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's +seawalls. + +In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and +construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water +flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the +plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of +the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m +wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the +seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with +water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air +would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float +upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off +the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates +are up. + +The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least +\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the +fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised +so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the +lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an +environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction. +Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to +its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's +not too bad. + +%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003 + +\subsection{Additional Information to the Gates} + +The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent +building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled +for removal and cleaning. + +The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain +out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides, +compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise +to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is +admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min. + +\section{Preface to the \LaTeX-Guide} +\subsection{General Remarks} + +A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question: +Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999 +that a new release of this manual is justified? + +The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\ +world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the +second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge +between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had +been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third +edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was +still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its +familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\ +environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000 +the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear +months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old +version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual. +In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its +syntax and usage. + +But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its +peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for +PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\ +directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic +features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such +that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the +`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include +user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable. +Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie +Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This +edition reflects this increase in breadth. + +\subsection{The Changes in Detail} +The changes to the fourth edition are mainly those of emphasis. + +1. The material has been reorganized into `Basics' and `Beyond the Basics' + (`advanced' sounds too intimidating) while the appendices contain + topics that really can be skipped by most everyday users. Exception: + Appendix H is an alphabetized command summary that many + people find extremely useful (including ourselves). + + This reorganizing is meant to stress certain aspects over others. For + example, the section on graphics inclusion and color was originally + treated as an exotic freak, relegated to an appendix on extensions; in the + third edition, it moved up to be included in a front chapter along with the + picture environment and floats; now it dominates + Chapter 6 all on its own, the floats come in the following + Chapter 7, and `picture' is banished to the later + Chapter 13. This is not to say that the picture features are no good, + but only that they are very specialized. We add + descriptions of additional drawing possibilities there too. + +2. It is stressed as much as possible that \LaTeX\ is a markup language, + with separation of content and form. Typographical settings + should be placed in the preamble, while the body contains only logical + markup. This is in keeping with the modern ideas of XML, where form and + content are radically segregated. + +3. Throughout this edition, contributed packages are explained at that point + in the text where they are most relevant. The `fancyhdr' package + comes in the section on page styles, `natbib' where literature + citations are explained. This stresses that these `extensions' are part of + the \LaTeX\ system as a whole. However, to remind the user that they must + still be explicitly loaded, a marginal note is placed at the start of their + descriptions. + +4. PDF output is taken for granted throughout the book, in addition to the + classical DVI format. This means that the added possibilities of `pdf\TeX' + and `dvipdfm' are explained where they are relevant. A separate + Chapter 10 on PostScript and PDF is still necessary, and the + best interface to PDF output, the `hyperref' package by Sebastian + Rahtz, is explained in detail. PDF is also included in + Chapter 15 on presentation material + + On the other hand, the other Web output formats, HTML and XML, are only + dealt with briefly in Appendix E, since these are large topics + treated in other books, most noticeably the `\LaTeX\ Web Companion'. + +5. This book is being distributed with the \TeX Live CD, with the kind + permission of Sebastian Rahtz who maintains it for the \TeX\ Users Group. + It contains a full \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ installation for Windows, Macintosh, + and Linux, plus many of the myriad extensions that exist. + +We once again express our hope that this \textsl{Guide} will prove more than +useful to all those who wish to find their way through the intricate world of +\LaTeX. And with the addition of the \TeX Live CD, that world is brought even +closer to their doorsteps. +\end{document} + |