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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/base/fntguide.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/base/fntguide.tex deleted file mode 100644 index d64b4804697..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/base/fntguide.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1830 +0,0 @@ -% \iffalse meta-comment -% -% Copyright 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 -% The LaTeX3 Project and any individual authors listed elsewhere -% in this file. -% -% This file is part of the LaTeX base system. -% ------------------------------------------- -% -% It may be distributed and/or modified under the -% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3 -% of this license or (at your option) any later version. -% The latest version of this license is in -% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt -% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX -% version 2003/12/01 or later. -% -% This file has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained". -% -% The list of all files belonging to the LaTeX base distribution is -% given in the file `manifest.txt'. See also `legal.txt' for additional -% information. -% -% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution -% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with -% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution. -% -% \fi -% Filename: fntguide.tex - -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] - -\documentclass{ltxguide}[1995/11/28] - -\title{\LaTeXe{} font selection} - -\author{\copyright~Copyright 1995--2004, \LaTeX3 Project Team.\\ - All rights reserved.} - -\date{10 February 2004} - -\begin{document} - -\maketitle - -\tableofcontents - -\section{Introduction} - -This document describes the new font selection features of the \LaTeX{} -Document Preparation System. It is intended for package writers who -want to write font-loading packages similar to |times| or |latexsym|. - -This document is only a brief introduction to the new facilities and -is intended for package writers who are familiar with \TeX{} fonts and -\LaTeX{} packages. It is \emph{neither} a user-guide \emph{nor} a -reference manual for fonts in \LaTeXe. - -\subsection{\LaTeXe~fonts} - -The most important difference between \LaTeX~2.09 and \LaTeXe{} is the -way that fonts are selected. In \LaTeX~2.09, the Computer Modern fonts -were built into the \LaTeX~format, and so customizing \LaTeX{} to use -other fonts was a major effort. - -In \LaTeXe, very few fonts are built into the format, and there are -commands to load new text and math fonts. Packages such as |times| or -|latexsym| allow authors to access these fonts. -This document describes how to write similar font-loading packages. - -The \LaTeXe{} font selection system was first released as the `New Font -Selection Scheme' (NFSS) in 1989, and then in release~2 in 1993. -\LaTeXe{} includes NFSS release~2 as standard. - -\subsection{Overview} - -This document contains an overview of the new font commands -of \LaTeX. - -\begin{description} - -\item[Section~\ref{Sec:text}] describes the commands for selecting fonts - in classes and packages. It lists the five \LaTeX{} font - attributes, and lists the commands for selecting fonts. It also - describes how to customize the author commands such as |\textrm| and - |\textit| to suit your document design. - -\item[Section~\ref{Sec:math}] explains the commands for controlling - \LaTeX{} math fonts. It describes how to specify new math fonts and - new math symbols. - -\item[Section~\ref{Sec:install}] explains how to install new fonts into - \LaTeX. It shows how \LaTeX{} font attributes are turned into \TeX{} - font names, and how to specify your own fonts using font definition - files. - -\item[Section~\ref{Sec:encode}] discusses text font encodings. - It describes how to declare a new encoding and how to define - commands, such as |\AE| or |\"|, which have different definitions in - different encodings, depending on whether ligatures, etc.\ are - available in the encoding. - -\item[Section~\ref{Sec:misc}] covers font miscellanea. It describes how - \LaTeX{} performs font substitution, how to customize fonts that are - preloaded in the \LaTeX{} format, and the naming conventions used in - \LaTeX{} font selection. - -\end{description} - -\subsection{Further information} - -For a general introduction to \LaTeX, including the new features of -\LaTeXe, you should read \emph{\LaTeXbook}, -Leslie Lamport, Addison Wesley, 2nd~ed, 1994. - -A more detailed description of the \LaTeX{} font selection scheme is to -be found in \emph{\LaTeXcomp}, Goossens, Mittelbach and Samarin, Addison -Wesley, 1994. - -The \LaTeX{} font selection scheme is based on \TeX, which is described -by its developer in \emph{The \TeX book}, Donald E.~Knuth, Addison -Wesley, 1986, revised in 1991 to include the features of \TeX~3. - -Sebastian Rahtz's |psnfss| software contains the software for using a -large number of Type~1 fonts (including the Adobe Laser Writer 35 and -the Monotype CD-ROM fonts) in \LaTeX. It should be available from the -same source as your copy of \LaTeX. - -The |psnfss| software uses fonts generated by Alan Jeffrey's -|fontinst| software. This can convert fonts from Adobe Font Metric -format into a format readable by \LaTeX, including the generation of -the font definition files described in Section~\ref{Sec:install}. The -|fontinst| software should be available from the same source as your -copy of \LaTeX. - -Whenever practical, \LaTeX{} uses the font naming scheme called -`fontname'; this was described in \emph{Filenames for fonts},% -\footnote{An up-to-date electronic version -of this document can be found on any CTAN server, in the directory -\texttt{info/fontname}.} -\emph{TUGboat}~11(4),~1990. - -The class-writer's guide \emph{\clsguide} describes -the new \LaTeX{} features for writers of document classes and packages -and is kept in |clsguide.tex|. Configuring -\LaTeX{} is covered by the guide \emph{\cfgguide} in -\texttt{cfgguide.tex} whilst the philosophy behind our policy on -modifying \LaTeX{} is described in \emph{\modguide} in -\texttt{modguide.tex}. - -We are gradually turning the source code for \LaTeX{} into a \LaTeX{} -document \emph{\sourcecode}. This document includes an index of -\LaTeX{} commands and can be typeset from |source2e.tex|. - -For more information about \TeX{} and \LaTeX{}, please contact your -local \TeX{} Users Group, or the international \TeX{} Users Group. -Here are some useful addresses. -\begin{quote}\small\label{addrs} - \TeX{} Users Group, P.O. Box 1239, Three Rivers, CA~93271-1239, USA\\ - Fax:~+1~209~561~4584 \ Email: \texttt{tug@mail.tug.org} - - UK TUG, 1 Eymore Close, Selly Oak, Birmingham B29~4LB, UK\\ - Fax: +44 121 476 2159 \ Email: \texttt{uktug-enquiries@tex.ac.uk} -\end{quote} - - -\section{Text fonts} -\label{Sec:text} - -This section describes the commands available to class and package -writers for specifying and selecting fonts. - -\subsection{Text font attributes} - -Every text font in \LaTeX{} has five \emph{attributes}: -\begin{description} - -\item[encoding] This specifies the order that characters appear in the - font. The two most common text encodings used in \LaTeX{} are - Knuth's `\TeX{} text' encoding, and the `\TeX{} text extended' - encoding developed by the \TeX{} Users Group members during a \TeX{} - Conference at Cork in~1990 (hence its informal name `Cork encoding'). - -\item[family] The name for a collection of fonts, usually grouped under - a common name by the font foundry. For example, `Adobe Times', `ITC - Garamond', and Knuth's `Computer Modern Roman' are all font families. - -\item[series] How heavy or expanded a font is. For example, `medium - weight', `narrow' and `bold extended' are all series. - -\item[shape] The form of the letters within a font family. For - example, `italic', `oblique' and `upright' (sometimes called - `roman') are all font shapes. - -\item[size] The design size of the font, for example `10pt'. If no - dimension is specified, `pt' is assumed. - -\end{description} -The possible values for these attributes are given short acronyms by -\LaTeX. The most common values for the font encoding are: -\begin{center} -\begin{minipage}{.7\linewidth} - \begin{tabular}{rl} - |OT1| & \TeX{} text \\ - |T1| & \TeX{} extended text \\ - |OML| & \TeX{} math italic \\ - |OMS| & \TeX{} math symbols \\ - |OMX| & \TeX{} math large symbols \\ - |U| & Unknown \\ - |L<xx>| & A local encoding - \end{tabular} -\end{minipage} -\end{center} -The `local' encodings are intended for font encodings which are only -locally available, for example a font containing an organisation's -logo in various sizes. - -There are far too many font families to list them all, but some common -ones are: -\begin{center} -\begin{minipage}{.7\linewidth} - \begin{tabular}{rl} - |cmr| & Computer Modern Roman \\ - |cmss| & Computer Modern Sans \\ - |cmtt| & Computer Modern Typewriter \\ - |cmm| & Computer Modern Math Italic \\ - |cmsy| & Computer Modern Math Symbols \\ - |cmex| & Computer Modern Math Extensions \\ - |ptm| & Adobe Times \\ - |phv| & Adobe Helvetica \\ - |pcr| & Adobe Courier - \end{tabular} -\end{minipage} -\end{center} -The most common values for the font series are: -\begin{center} -\begin{minipage}{.7\linewidth} - \begin{tabular}{rl} - |m| & Medium \\ - |b| & Bold \\ - |bx| & Bold extended \\ - |sb| & Semi-bold \\ - |c| & Condensed - \end{tabular} -\end{minipage} -\end{center} -The most common values for the font shape are: -\begin{center} -\begin{minipage}{.7\linewidth} - \begin{tabular}{rl} - |n| & Normal (that is `upright' or `roman') \\ - |it| & Italic \\ - |sl| & Slanted (or `oblique') \\ - |sc| & Caps and small caps - \end{tabular} -\end{minipage} -\end{center} -The font size is specified as a dimension, for example |10pt| or -|1.5in| or |3mm|; if no unit is specified, |pt| is assumed. These five -parameters specify every \LaTeX{} font, for example: -\begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{@{}r@{\,}l@{\,}c@{\,}c@{\,}cc@{}r@{}} - \multicolumn{5}{@{}c}{\emph{\LaTeX{} specification}} & - \emph{Font} & - \emph{\TeX{} font name} \\ - |OT1| & |cmr| & |m| & |n| & |10| & - Computer Modern Roman 10 point & - |cmr10| \\ - |OT1| & |cmss| & |m| & |sl| & |1pc| & - Computer Modern Sans Oblique 1 pica & - |cmssi12| \\ - |OML| & |cmm| & |m| & |it| & |10pt| & - Computer Modern Math Italic 10 point & - |cmmi10| \\ - |T1| & |ptm| & |b| & |it| & |1in| & - Adobe Times Bold Italic 1 inch & - |ptmb8t at 1in| - \end{tabular} -\end{center} -These five parameters are displayed whenever \LaTeX{} gives an overfull -box warning, for example: -\begin{verbatim} - Overfull \hbox (3.80855pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 314--318 - []\OT1/cmr/m/n/10 Normally [] and [] will be iden-ti-cal, -\end{verbatim} -The author commands for fonts set the five attributes: -\begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{rcl} - \emph{Author command} & - \emph{Attribute} & - \emph{Value in} |article| \emph{class} \\ - |\textrm{..}| or |\rmfamily| & family & |cmr| \\ - |\textsf{..}| or |\sffamily| & family & |cmss| \\ - |\texttt{..}| or |\ttfamily| & family & |cmtt| \\ - |\textmd{..}| or |\mdseries| & series & |m| \\ - |\textbf{..}| or |\bfseries| & series & |bx| \\ - |\textup{..}| or |\upshape| & shape & |n| \\ - |\textit{..}| or |\itshape| & shape & |it| \\ - |\textsl{..}| or |\slshape| & shape & |sl| \\ - |\textsc{..}| or |\scshape| & shape & |sc| \\ - |\tiny| & size & |5pt| \\ - |\scriptsize| & size & |7pt| \\ - |\footnotesize| & size & |8pt| \\ - |\small| & size & |9pt| \\ - |\normalsize| & size & |10pt| \\ - |\large| & size & |12pt| \\ - |\Large| & size & |14.4pt| \\ - |\LARGE| & size & |17.28pt| \\ - |\huge| & size & |20.74pt| \\ - |\Huge| & size & |24.88pt| - \end{tabular} -\end{center} -The values used by these commands are determined by the document class, -using the parameters defined in Section~\ref{Sec:text.param}. - -Note that there are no author commands for selecting new encodings. -These should be provided by packages, such as the |fontenc| package. - -This section does not explain how \LaTeX{} font specifications are -turned into \TeX{} font names. This is described in -Section~\ref{Sec:install}. - -\subsection{Selection commands} - -The low-level commands used to select a text font are as follows. - -\begin{decl} -|\fontencoding| \arg{encoding} \\ -|\fontfamily| \arg{family}\\ -|\fontseries| \arg{series}\\ -|\fontshape| \arg{shape}\\ -|\fontsize| \arg{size} \arg{baselineskip}\\ -|\linespread| \arg{factor} -\end{decl} - -\NEWdescription{1998/12/01} -Each of the commands starting with |\font...| sets one of the font -attributes; |\fontsize| also sets |\baselineskip|. The |\linespread| -command prepares to multiply the current (or newly defined) -|\baselineskip| with \m{factor} (e.g., spreads the lines apart for -values greater one). - -The actual font in use is not altered by these commands, but the -current attributes are used to determine which font and baseline skip -to use after the next |\selectfont| command. - - -\begin{decl} -|\selectfont| -\end{decl} -Selects a text font, based on the current values of the font attributes. - -\emph{Warning}: There \emph{must} be a |\selectfont| command -immediately after any settings of the font parameters by (some of) -the six commands above, before any following text. -For example, it is legal to say: -\begin{verbatim} - \fontfamily{ptm}\fontseries{b}\selectfont Some text. -\end{verbatim} -but it is \emph{not} legal to say: -\begin{verbatim} - \fontfamily{ptm} Some \fontseries{b}\selectfont text. -\end{verbatim} -You may get unexpected results if you put text between a -|\font<parameter>| command (or |\linespread|) and a |\selectfont|. - -\begin{decl} -|\usefont| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series} \arg{shape} -\end{decl} -A short hand for the equivalent |\font...| commands followed by a -call to |\selectfont|. - - -\subsection{Internals} - -The current values of the font attributes are held in internal macros. - -\begin{decl} - |\f@encoding| \\ - |\f@family| \\ - |\f@series| \\ - |\f@shape| \\ - |\f@size| \\ - |\f@baselineskip| \\ - |\tf@size| \\ - |\sf@size| \\ - |\ssf@size| -\end{decl} - -These hold the current values of the encoding, the family, the series, -the shape, the size, the baseline skip, the main math size, the -`script' math size and the `scriptscript' math size. The last three -are accessible only within a formula; outside of math they may contain -arbitrary values. - -For example, to set the size to 12 without -changing the baseline skip: -\begin{verbatim} - \fontsize{12}{\f@baselineskip} -\end{verbatim} -However, you should \emph{never} alter the values of the internal -commands directly; they must only be modified using the low-level -commands like |\fontfamily|, |\fontseries|, etc. If you disobey this -warning you might produce code that loops. - -\subsection{Parameters for author commands} -\label{Sec:text.param} - -The parameter values set by author commands such as |\textrm| and -|\rmfamily|, etc.\ are not hard-wired into \LaTeX; instead these -commands use the values of a number of parameters set by the document -class and packages. For example, |\rmdefault| is the name of the -default family selected by |\textrm| and |\rmfamily|. Thus to set a -document in Adobe Times, Helvetica and Courier, the document designer -specifies: -\begin{verbatim} - \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm} - \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv} - \renewcommand{\ttdefault}{pcr} -\end{verbatim} - -\begin{decl} - |\encodingdefault| \\ - |\familydefault| \\ - |\seriesdefault| \\ - |\shapedefault| -\end{decl} -The encoding, family, series and shape of the main body font. By -default these are |OT1|, |\rmdefault|, |m| and |n|. Note that since -the default family is |\rmdefault|, this means that changing -|\rmdefault| will change the main body font of the document. - -\begin{decl} - |\rmdefault| \\ - |\sfdefault| \\ - |\ttdefault| -\end{decl} -The families selected by |\textrm|, |\rmfamily|, |\textsf|, -|\sffamily|, |\texttt| and |\ttfamily|. By default these are |cmr|, -|cmss| and |cmtt|. - -\begin{decl} - |\bfdefault| \\ - |\mddefault| -\end{decl} -The series selected by |\textbf|, |\bfseries|, |\textmd| and -|\mdseries|. By default these are |bx| and |m|. -These values are suitable for the default families used. If other -fonts are used as standard document fonts (for example, certain -PostScript fonts) it might be necessary to adjust the value of -|\bfdefault| to |b| since only a few such families have a `bold -extended' series. An alternative (taken for the fonts provided by -|psnfss|) is to define silent substitutions from |bx| series to |b| -series with special |\DeclareFontShape| declarations and the |ssub| -size function, see Section~\ref{sec:sizefunct}. - - -\begin{decl} - |\itdefault| \\ - |\sldefault| \\ - |\scdefault| \\ - |\updefault| -\end{decl} -The shapes selected by |\textit|, |\itshape|, |\textsl|, |\slshape|, -|\textsc|, |\scshape|, |\textup| and |\upshape|. By default these are -|it|, |sl|, |sc| and |n|. - -Note that there are no parameters for the size commands. These should -be defined directly in class files, for example: -\begin{verbatim} - \renewcommand{\normalsize}{\fontsize{10}{12}\selectfont} -\end{verbatim} -More elaborate examples (setting additional parameters when the text -size is changed) can be found in |classes.dtx| the source -documentation for the classes |article|, |report|, and |book|. - - -\subsection{Special font declaration commands} - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareFixedFont| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series} - \arg{shape} \arg{size} -\end{decl} - -Declares command \m{cmd} to be a font switch which selects the font -that is specified by the attributes \m{encoding}, \m{family}, -\m{series}, \m{shape}, and \m{size}. - -The font is selected without any adjustments to baselineskip and other -surrounding conditions. - -This example makes |{\picturechar .}| select a small dot very quickly: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareFixedFont{\picturechar}{OT1}{cmr}{m}{n}{5} -\end{verbatim} - - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareTextFontCommand| \arg{cmd} \arg{font-switches} -\end{decl} - -Declares command \m{cmd} to be a font command with one argument. -The current font attributes are locally modified by \m{font-switches} -and then the argument of \m{cmd} is typeset in the resulting new font. - -Commands defined by |\DeclareTextFontCommand| automatically take care -of any necessary italic correction (on either side). - -The following example shows how |\textrm| is defined by the kernel. -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textrm}{\rmfamily} -\end{verbatim} - -To define a command that always typeset its argument in the italic -shape of the main document font you could declare: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareTextFontCommand{\normalit}{\normalfont\itshape} -\end{verbatim} - -This declaration can be used to change the meaning of a command; if -\m{cmd} is already defined, a log that it has been redefined -is put in the transcript file. - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareOldFontCommand| \arg{cmd} \arg{text-switch} - \arg{math-switch} -\end{decl} - -Declares command \m{cmd} to be a font switch (i.e.~used with the -syntax |{<cmd>...}|) having the definition \m{text-switch} -when used in text and the definition \m{math-switch} when used in a -formula. -Math alphabet commands, like |\mathit|, when used within \m{math-switch} -should not have an argument. Their use in this argument causes their -semantics to change so that they here act as a font switch, as -required by the usage of the \m{cmd}. - -This declaration is useful for setting up commands like |\rm| to behave -as they did in \LaTeX~2.09. We strongly urge you \emph{not} to misuse -this declaration to invent new font commands. - -The following example defines |\it| to produce the italic shape of the -main document font if used in text and to switch to the font that would -normally be produced by the math alphabet |\mathit| if used in a -formula. -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit} -\end{verbatim} - -This declaration can be used to change the meaning of a command; if -\m{cmd} is already defined, a log that it has been redefined -is put in the transcript file. - - -\section{Math fonts} -\label{Sec:math} - -This section describes the commands available to class and package -writers for specifying math fonts and math commands. - -\subsection{Math font attributes} - -The selection of fonts within math mode is quite different to that of -text fonts. - -Some math fonts are selected explicitly by one-argument commands such -as |\mathsf{max}| or |\mathbf{vec}|; such fonts are called \emph{math -alphabets}. These math alphabet commands affect only the font used -for letters and symbols of type |\mathalpha| (see -Section~\ref{Sec:math.commands}); other symbols within the argument -will be left unchanged. The predefined math alphabets are: -\begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{ccc} - \emph{Alphabet} & \emph{Description} & \emph{Example} \\ - |\mathnormal| & default & $abcXYZ$ \\ - |\mathrm| & roman & $\mathrm{abcXYZ}$ \\ - |\mathbf| & bold roman & $\mathbf{abcXYZ}$ \\ - |\mathsf| & sans serif & $\mathsf{abcXYZ}$ \\ - |\mathit| & text italic & $\mathit{abcXYZ}$ \\ - |\mathtt| & typewriter & $\mathtt{abcXYZ}$ \\ - |\mathcal| & calligraphic & $\mathcal{XYZ}$ - \end{tabular} -\end{center} -Other math fonts are selected implicitly by \TeX{} for symbols, with -commands such as |\oplus| (producing $\oplus$) or with straight -characters like |>>| or |+|. Fonts containing such math symbols are -called \emph{math symbol fonts}. The predefined math symbol fonts -are: -\begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{ccc} - \emph{Symbol font} & \emph{Description} & \emph{Example} \\ - |operators| & symbols from |\mathrm| & $[\;+\;]$ \\ - |letters| & symbols from |\mathnormal| & $<<\star>>$ \\ - |symbols| & most \LaTeX{} symbols & $\leq*\geq$ \\ - |largesymbols| & large symbols & $\sum\prod\int$ - \end{tabular} -\end{center} -Some math fonts are both \emph{math alphabets} and \emph{math symbol -fonts}, for example |\mathrm| and |operators| are the same font, and -|\mathnormal| and |letters| are the same font. - -Math fonts in \LaTeX{} have the same five attributes as text fonts: -encoding, family, series, shape and size. However, there are no -commands that allow the attributes to be individually changed. -Instead, the conversion from math fonts to these five attributes is -controlled by the \emph{math version}. For example, the |normal| math -version maps: -\begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{rlc@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c} - \multicolumn{2}{c}{\emph{Math font}} & - \multicolumn{4}{c}{\emph{External font}} \\ - \emph{Alphabets} & \emph{Symbol fonts} & - \multicolumn{4}{c}{\emph{Attributes}} \\ - |\mathnormal| & |letters| & |OML| & |cmm| & |m| & |it| \\ - |\mathrm| & |operators| & |OT1| & |cmr| & |m| & |n| \\ - |\mathcal| & |symbols| & |OMS| & |cmsy| & |m| & |n| \\ - & |largesymbols| & |OMX| & |cmex| & |m| & |n| \\ - |\mathbf| & & |OT1| & |cmr| & |bx| & |n| \\ - |\mathsf| & & |OT1| & |cmss| & |m| & |n| \\ - |\mathit| & & |OT1| & |cmr| & |m| & |it| \\ - |\mathtt| & & |OT1| & |cmtt| & |m| & |n| - \end{tabular} -\end{center} -The |bold| math version is similar except that it contains bold fonts. -The command |\boldmath| selects the |bold| math version. - -Math versions can only be changed outside of math mode. - -The two predefined math versions are: -\begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{rl} - |normal| & the default math version \\ - |bold| & the bold math version - \end{tabular} -\end{center} -Packages may define new math alphabets, math symbol fonts, and math -versions. This section describes the commands for writing such -packages. - -\subsection{Selection commands} - -There are no commands for selecting symbol fonts. Instead, these are -selected indirectly through symbol commands like |\oplus|. -Section~\ref{Sec:math.commands} explains how to define symbol commands. - -\begin{decl} - |\mathnormal{<math>}|\\ - |\mathcal{<math>}|\\ - |\mathrm{<math>}|\\ - |\mathbf{<math>}|\\ - |\mathsf{<math>}|\\ - |\mathit{<math>}|\\ - |\mathtt{<math>}| -\end{decl} -Each math alphabet is a command which can only be used inside math -mode. For example, |$x + \mathsf{y} + \mathcal{Z}$| produces $x + -\mathsf{y} + \mathcal{Z}$. - -\begin{decl} -|\mathversion{<version>}| -\end{decl} -This command selects a math version; it can only be used outside math -mode. For example, |\boldmath| is defined to be |\mathversion{bold}|. - -\subsection{Declaring math versions} - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareMathVersion| \arg{version} -\end{decl} - -Defines \m{version} to be a math version. - -The newly declared version is initialised with the defaults for all -symbol fonts and math alphabets declared so far (see the commands -|\DeclareSymbolFont| and |\DeclareMathAlphabet|). - -If used on an already existing version, an information message is -written to the transcript file and all previous |\SetSymbolFont| or -|\SetMathAlphabet| declarations for this version are overwritten by -the math alphabet and symbol font defaults, i.e.~one ends up with a -virgin math version. - -Example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareMathVersion{normal} -\end{verbatim} - - -\subsection{Declaring math alphabets} - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareMathAlphabet| \arg{math-alph} \arg{encoding} \arg{family} - \arg{series} \arg{shape} -\end{decl} - -\NEWdescription{1997/12/01} -If this is the first declaration for \m{math-alph} then a new math -alphabet with this as its command name is created. - -The arguments \m{encoding} \m{family} \m{series} \m{shape} are used to -set, or reset, the default values for this math alphabet in all math -versions; if required, these must be further reset later for a -particular math version by a |\SetMathAlphabet| command. - -If \m{shape} is empty then this \m{math-alph} is declared to be invalid -in all versions, unless it is set by a later |\SetMathAlphabet| -command for a particular math version. - -Checks that the command \m{math-alph} is either already a math -alphabet command or is undefined; and that \m{encoding} is a known -encoding scheme, i.e., has been previously declared. - - -In these examples, |\foo| is defined for all math versions but |\baz|, -by default, is defined nowhere. -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareMathAlphabet{\foo}{OT1}{cmtt}{m}{n} - \DeclareMathAlphabet{\baz}{OT1}{}{}{} -\end{verbatim} - - -\begin{decl} -|\SetMathAlphabet| \arg{math-alph} \arg{version}\\ - \null\hfill\arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series} \arg{shape} -\end{decl} - -Changes, or sets, the font for the math alphabet \m{math-alph} in math -version \m{version} to \m{encoding}\m{family}\m{series}\m{shape}. - -Checks that \m{math-alph} has been declared as a math alphabet, -\m{version} is a known math version and \m{encoding} is a known -encoding scheme. - - -This example defines |\baz| for the `normal' math version only: -\begin{verbatim} - \SetMathAlphabet{\baz}{normal}{OT1}{cmss}{m}{n} -\end{verbatim} - -Note that this declaration is not used for all math alphabets: -Section~\ref{sec:symalph} describes |\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet|, -which is used to set up math alphabets contained in fonts which have -been declared as symbol fonts. - - -\subsection{Declaring symbol fonts} -\label{sec:symalph} - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareSymbolFont| \arg{sym-font} \arg{encoding} \arg{family} - \arg{series} \arg{shape} -\end{decl} - -\NEWdescription{1997/12/01} -If this is the first declaration for \m{sym-font} then a new -symbol font with this name is created (i.e.~this identifier is assigned -to a new \TeX{} math group). - -The arguments \m{encoding} \m{family} \m{series} \m{shape} are used to -set, or reset. the default values for this symbol font in \emph{all} -math versions; if required, these must be further reset later for -a particular math version by a |\SetSymbolFont| command. - -Checks that \m{encoding} is a declared encoding scheme. - - -For example, the following sets up the first four standard math symbol -fonts: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareSymbolFont{operators}{OT1}{cmr}{m}{n} - \DeclareSymbolFont{letters}{OML}{cmm}{m}{it} - \DeclareSymbolFont{symbols}{OMS}{cmsy}{m}{n} - \DeclareSymbolFont{largesymbols}{OMX}{cmex}{m}{n} -\end{verbatim} - - -\begin{decl} -|\SetSymbolFont| \arg{sym-font} \arg{version}\\ - \null\hfill \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series} \arg{shape} -\end{decl} - -Changes the symbol font \m{sym-font} for math version \m{version} -to \m{encoding} \m{family} \m{series} \m{shape}. - -Checks that \m{sym-font} has been declared as a symbol font, -\m{version} is a known math version and \m{encoding} is a -declared encoding scheme. - - -For example, the following come from the set up of the `bold' -math version: -\begin{verbatim} - \SetSymbolFont{operators}{bold}{OT1}{cmr}{bx}{n} - \SetSymbolFont{letters}{bold}{OML}{cmm}{b}{it} -\end{verbatim} - - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet| \arg{math-alph} \arg{sym-font} -\end{decl} - -\NEWdescription{1997/12/01} -Allows the previously declared symbol font \m{sym-font} to be the -math alphabet with command \m{math-alph} in \emph{all} math versions. - -Checks that the command \m{math-alph} is either already a math alphabet -command or is undefined; and that \m{sym-font} is a symbol font. - - -Example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathrm}{operators} - \DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathcal}{symbols} -\end{verbatim} - -This declaration should be used in preference to -|\DeclareMathAlphabet| and |\SetMathAlphabet| when a math alphabet is -the same as a symbol font; this is because it makes better use of the -limited number (only 16) of \TeX's math groups. - -\NEWdescription{1997/12/01} -Note that, whereas a \TeX{} math group is allocated to each symbol font -when it is first declared, a math alphabet uses a \TeX{} math group -only when its command is used within a math formula. - - -\subsection{Declaring math symbols} -\label{Sec:math.commands} - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareMathSymbol| \arg{symbol} \arg{type} \arg{sym-font} - \arg{slot} -\end{decl} - -The \m{symbol} can be either a single character such as `|>>|', or a -macro name, such as |\sum|. - -Defines the \m{symbol} to be a math symbol of type -\m{type} in slot \m{slot} of symbol font \m{sym-font}. The -\m{type} can be given as a number or as a command: -\begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{ccc} - \emph{Type} & \emph{Meaning} & \emph{Example} \\ - |0| or |\mathord | & Ordinary & $\alpha$ \\ - |1| or |\mathop | & Large operator & $\sum$ \\ - |2| or |\mathbin | & Binary operation & $\times$ \\ - |3| or |\mathrel | & Relation & $\leq$ \\ - |4| or |\mathopen | & Opening & $\langle$ \\ - |5| or |\mathclose| & Closing & $\rangle$ \\ - |6| or |\mathpunct| & Punctuation & $;$ \\ - |7| or |\mathalpha| & Alphabet character & $A$ - \end{tabular} -\end{center} -Only symbols of type |\mathalpha| will be affected by math alphabet -commands: within the argument of a math alphabet command they will -produce the character in slot \m{slot} of that math alphabet's font. -Symbols of other types will always produce the same symbol -(within one math version). - -|\DeclareMathSymbol| allows a macro \m{symbol} to be redefined only if -it was previously defined to be a math symbol. It also checks that -the \m{sym-font} is a declared symbol font. - -Example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareMathSymbol{\alpha}{0}{letters}{"0B} - \DeclareMathSymbol{\lessdot}{\mathbin}{AMSb}{"0C} - \DeclareMathSymbol{\alphld}{\mathalpha}{AMSb}{"0C} -\end{verbatim} - -\begin{decl} - |\DeclareMathDelimiter| \arg{cmd} \arg{type} - \arg{sym-font-1} \arg{slot-1}\\ - \null\hfill \arg{sym-font-2} \arg{slot-2} -\end{decl} -Defines \m{cmd} to be a math delimiter where the small variant is in -slot \m{slot-1} of symbol font \m{sym-font-1} and the large -variant is in slot \m{slot-2} of symbol font \m{sym-font-2}. -Both symbol fonts must have been declared previously. - -Checks that \m{sym-font-i} are both declared symbol fonts. - -If \TeX{} is not looking for a delimiter, \m{cmd} is treated just as -if it had been defined with |\DeclareMathSymbol| using -\m{type}, \m{sym-font-1} and \m{slot-1}. In other words, if a -command is defined as a delimiter then this automatically defines it -as a math symbol. - -\NEWdescription{1998/06/01} -In case \m{cmd} is a single character such as `|[|', the same syntax is -used. Previously the \arg{type} argument was not present (and thus the -corresponding math symbol declaration had to be provided seperately). - -Example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareMathDelimiter{\langle}{\mathopen}{symbols}{"68} - {largesymbols}{"0A} - \DeclareMathDelimiter{(} {\mathopen}{operators}{"28} - {largesymbols}{"00} -\end{verbatim} - - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareMathAccent| \arg{cmd} \arg{type} \arg{sym-font} \arg{slot} -\end{decl} - -Defines \m{cmd} to act as a math accent. - -The accent character comes from slot \m{slot} in -\m{sym-font}. The \m{type} can be either -|\mathord| or |\mathalpha|; in the latter case the accent character -changes font when used in a math alphabet. - -Example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareMathAccent{\acute}{\mathalpha}{operators}{"13} - \DeclareMathAccent{\vec}{\mathord}{letters}{"7E} -\end{verbatim} - - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareMathRadical| \arg{cmd} - \arg{sym-font-1} \arg{slot-1}\\ - \null\hfill \arg{sym-font-2} \arg{slot-2} -\end{decl} - -Defines \m{cmd} to be a radical where the small variant is in -slot \m{slot-1} of symbol font \m{sym-font-1} and the -large variant is in slot \m{slot-2} of symbol font -\m{sym-font-2}. Both symbol fonts must have been declared -previously. - -Example (probably the only use for it!): -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareMathRadical{\sqrt}{symbols}{"70}{largesymbols}{"70} -\end{verbatim} - -\subsection{Declaring math sizes} - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareMathSizes| \arg{t-size} \arg{mt-size} \arg{s-size} - \arg{ss-size} -\end{decl} - -Declares that \m{mt-size} is the (main) math text size, \m{s-size} is -the `script' size and \m{ss-size} the `scriptscript' size to be used -in math, when \m{t-size} is the current text size. For text sizes for -which no such declaration is given the `script' and `scriptscript' -size will be calculated and then fonts are loaded for the calculated -sizes or the best approximation (this may result in a warning -message). - -Normally, \m{t-size} and \m{mt-size} will be identical; however, if, -for example, PostScript text fonts are mixed with bit-map math fonts -then you may not have available a \m{mt-size} for every \m{t-size}. - -Example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareMathSizes{13.82}{14.4}{10}{7} -\end{verbatim} - -\section{Font installation} -\label{Sec:install} - -This section explains how \LaTeX's font attributes are turned into -\TeX{} font specifications. - -\subsection{Font definition files} - -\NEWdescription{1997/12/01} -The description of how \LaTeX{} font attributes are turned into \TeX{} -fonts is usually kept in a \emph{font definition file} (|.fd|). The -file for family \m{family} in encoding \m{ENC} must be -called |<enc><family>.fd|: for example, |ot1cmr.fd| for Computer -Modern Roman with encoding |OT1| or |t1ptm.fd| for Adobe Times with -encoding |T1|. Note that encoding names are converted to lowercase -when used as part of file names. - -Whenever \LaTeX{} encounters an encoding/family combination that it -does not know (e.g.~if the document designer says -|\fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont|) then \LaTeX{} attempts to load the -appropriate |.fd| file. ``Not known'' means: there was no -|\DeclareFontFamily| declaration issued for this encoding/family -combination. If the |.fd| file could not be found, a warning is -issued and font substitutions are made. - -The declarations in the font definition file are responsible for -telling \LaTeX{} how to load fonts for that encoding/family -combination. - -\subsection{Font definition file commands} - -\emph{Note}: A font definition file should contain only commands -from this subsection. - -Note that these commands can also be used outside a font definition -file: they can be put in package or class files, or even in the -preamble of a document. - -\begin{decl} - |\ProvidesFile{<file-name>}[<release-info>]| -\end{decl} -The file should announce itself with a |\ProvidesFile| command, -as described in \emph{\clsguide}. For example: -\begin{verbatim} - \ProvidesFile{t1ptm.fd}[1994/06/01 Adobe Times font definitions] -\end{verbatim} - -Spaces within the arguments specific to font definition files are -ignored to avoid surplus spaces in the document. If a real space is -necessary use |\space|. -\NEWdescription{2004/02/10}However, note that this is only true if the -declaration is made at top level! If used within the definition of -another command, within |\AtBeginDocument|, option code or in similar -places, then spaces within the argument will remain and may result in -incorrect table entries. - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareFontFamily| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{loading-settings} -\end{decl} - -Declares a font family \m{family} to be available in encoding scheme -\m{encoding}. - -The \m{loading-settings} are executed immediately after loading any -font with this encoding and family. - -Checks that \m{encoding} was previously declared. - -This example refers to the Computer Modern Typewriter font family in -the Cork encoding: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareFontFamily{T1}{cmtt}{\hyphenchar\font=-1} -\end{verbatim} - -Each |.fd| file should contain exactly one |\DeclareFontFamily| -command, and it should be for the appropriate encoding/family -combination. - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareFontShape| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series} - \arg{shape}\\ - \null\hfill \arg{loading-info} \arg{loading-settings} -\end{decl} - -Declares a font shape combination; here \m{loading-info} contains the -information that combines sizes with external fonts. The syntax is -complex and is described in Section~\ref{sec:loadinfo} below. - -The \m{loading-settings} are executed after loading any font with this -font shape. They are executed immediately after the -`loading-settings' which were declared by |\DeclareFontFamily| and so -they can be used to overwrite the settings made at the family level. - -Checks that the combination \m{encoding}\m{family} was previously -declared via |\DeclareFontFamily|. - -Example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{cmr}{m}{sl}{% - <<5-8>> sub * cmr/m/n - <<8>> cmsl8 - <<9>> cmsl9 - <<10>> <<10.95>> cmsl10 - <<12>> <<14.4>> <<17.28>> <<20.74>> <<24.88>> cmsl12 - }{} -\end{verbatim} -The file can contain any number of |\DeclareFontShape| commands, -which should be for the appropriate \m{encoding} and \m{family}. - -\NEWfeature{1996/06/01} -The font family declarations for the |OT1|-encoded fonts now all -contain: -\begin{verbatim} - \hyphenchar\font=`\- -\end{verbatim} -This enables the use of an alternative |\hyphenchar| in other encodings -whilst maintaining the correct value for all fonts. - -\subsection{Font file loading information} -\label{sec:loadinfo} - -The information which tells \LaTeX{} exactly which font ({\tt .tfm}) -files to load is contained in the \m{loading-info} part of a -|\DeclareFontShape| declaration. This part consists of one or more -\m{fontshape-decl}s, each of which has the following form: - -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{r@{ $::=$ }l} - \m{fontshape-decl} & \m{size-infos} \m{font-info} \\ - \m{size-infos} & \m{size-infos} \m{size-info} $\mid$ - \m{size-info} \\ - \m{size-info} & ``|<<|'' \m{number-or-range} ``|>>|'' \\ - \m{font-info} & $[$ \m{size-function} ``|*|'' $]$ - $[$ ``|[|'' \m{optarg} ``|]|'' $]$ \m{fontarg} \\ -\end{tabular} -\end{center} -The \m{number-or-range} denotes the size or size-range -for which this entry applies. - -If it contains a hyphen it is a -range: lower bound on the left (if missing, zero implied), upper bound -on the right (if missing, $\infty$ implied). For ranges, the -upper bound is \emph{not} included in the range and the lower bound is. - -Examples: -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{lll} - |<<10>>| & simple size& 10pt only\\ - |<<-8>>| & range& all sizes less than 8pt\\ - |<<8-14.4>>| & range& all sizes greater than or equal to 8pt\\ - & & \ but less than 14.4pt\\ - |<<14.4->>| & range& all sizes greater than or equal 14.4pt -\end{tabular} -\end{center} -If more than one \m{size-info} entry follows without any -intervening \m{font-info}, they all share the next \m{font-info}. - -The \m{size-function}, if present, handles the use of \m{font-info}. -If not present, the `empty' \m{size-function} is assumed. - -All the \m{size-info}s are inspected in the order in which they appear -in the font shape declaration. If a \m{size-info} matches the -requested size, its \m{size-function} is executed. If |\external@font| -is non-empty afterwards this process stops, otherwise the next -\m{size-info} is inspected. (See also |\DeclareSizeFunction|.) - -If this process does not lead to a non-empty |\external@font|, -\LaTeX{} tries the nearest simple size. If the entry contains only -ranges an error is returned. - - -\subsection{Size functions} -\label{sec:sizefunct} - - -\LaTeX{} provides the following size functions, whose `inputs' are -\m{fontarg} and \m{optarg} (when present). - -\begin{description} -\item[`' (empty)] -Load the external font \m{fontarg} at the user-requested size. If -\m{optarg} is present, it is used as the scale-factor. - -\item[s] -Like the empty function but without terminal warnings, only -loggings. - -\item[gen] -Generates the external font from \m{fontarg} followed by -the user-requested size, e.g.~|<<8>> <<9>> <<10>> gen * cmtt| - -\item[sgen] -Like the `gen' function but without terminal warnings, only loggings. - -\item[genb] -\NEWfeature{1995/12/01} -Generates the external font from \m{fontarg} followed by -the user-requested size, using the conventions of the `ec' fonts. -e.g.~|<<10.98>> genb * dctt| produces |dctt1098|. - -\item[sgenb] -\NEWfeature{1995/12/01} -Like the `genb' function but without terminal warnings, only loggings. - -\item[sub] -Tries to load a font from a different font shape declaration given by -\m{fontarg} in the form \m{family}|/|\m{series}|/|\m{shape}. - -\item[ssub] -Silent variant of `sub', only loggings. - -\item[subf] -Like the empty function but issues a warning that it has to substitute -the external font \m{fontarg} because the desired font shape was not -available in the requested size. - -\item[ssubf] -Silent variant of `subf', only loggings. - -\item[fixed] -Load font \m{fontarg} as is, disregarding the user-requested size. -If present, \m{optarg} gives the ``at \ldots pt'' size to be used. - -\item[sfixed] -Silent variant of `fixed', only loggings. - -\end{description} - -Examples for the use of most of the above size functions can be found -in the file |cmfonts.fdd|---the source for the standard |.fd| files -describing the Computer Modern fonts by Donald Knuth. - - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareSizeFunction| \arg{name} \arg{code} -\end{decl} - -Declares a size-function \m{name} for use in |\DeclareFontShape| -commands. The interface is still under development but there should be -no real need to a define new size functions. - -The \m{code} is executed when the size or size-range in -|\DeclareFontShape| matches the user-requested size. - -The arguments of the size-function are automatically parsed and placed -into |\mandatory@arg| and |\optional@arg| for use in \m{code}. Also -available, of course, is |\f@size|, which is the user-requested size. - -To signal success \m{code} must define the command |\external@font| -to contain the external name and any scaling options (if present) for -the font to be loaded. - -This example sets up the `empty' size function (simplified): -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareSizeFunction{} - {\edef\external@font{\mandatory@arg\space at\f@size} -\end{verbatim} - - -\section{Encodings} -\label{Sec:encode} - -This section explains how to declare and use new font encodings and -how to declare commands for use with particular encodings. - -\subsection{The \textsf{fontenc} package} - -Users can select new font encodings using the |fontenc| package. The -|fontenc| package has options for encodings; the last option becomes -the default encoding. For example, to use the |OT2| (Washington -University Cyrillic encoding) and |T1| encodings, with |T1| as the -default, an author types: -\begin{verbatim} - \usepackage[OT2,T1]{fontenc} -\end{verbatim} - -\NEWdescription{1997/12/01} -For each font encoding \m{ENC} given as an option, this package loads -the \emph{encoding definition} (|<enc>enc.def|, with an all -lower-case name) file; it also sets |\encodingdefault| to be the last -encoding in the option list. - -The declarations in the encoding definition file |<enc>enc.def| for -encoding \m{ENC} are responsible for declaring this encoding and -telling \LaTeX{} how to produce characters in this encoding; this file -should contain nothing else (see Section~\ref{Sec:encode.def}. - -The standard \LaTeX{} format declares the |OT1| and |T1| text -encodings by inputting the files |ot1enc.def| and |t1enc.def|; it also -sets up various defaults which require that |OT1|-encoded fonts are -available. -Other encoding set-ups might be added to the distribution at a -later stage. - -Thus the example above loads the files |ot2enc.def| and |t1enc.def| -and sets |\encodingdefault| to |T1|. - -\emph{Warning}: If you wish to use |T1|-encoded fonts other than the `cmr' -family then you may need to load the package (e.g.~\texttt{times}) -that selects the fonts \emph{before} loading \texttt{fontenc} (this -prevents the system from attempting to load any |T1|-encoded fonts from -the `cmr' family). - -\subsection{Encoding definition file commands} -\label{Sec:encode.def} - -\emph{Note}: An encoding definition file should contain only commands -from this subsection. - -\NEWdescription{1997/12/01} -As with the font definition file commands, it is also possible -(although normally not necessary) to use these declarations directly -within a class or package file. - -\emph{Warning}: Some aspects of the contents of font definition files -are still under development. Therefore, the current versions of the -files |ot1enc.def| and |t1enc.def| are temporary versions and should -not be used as models for producing further such files. For further -information you should read the documentation in |ltoutenc.dtx|. - -\begin{decl} - |\ProvidesFile{<file-name>}[<release-info>]| -\end{decl} -The file should announce itself with a |\ProvidesFile| -command, described in \emph{\clsguide}. For example: -\begin{verbatim} - \ProvidesFile{ot2enc.def} - [1994/06/01 Washington University Cyrillic encoding] -\end{verbatim} - - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareFontEncoding| \arg{encoding} \arg{text-settings} - \arg{math-settings} -\end{decl} - -Declares a new encoding scheme \m{encoding}. - -The \m{text-settings} are -declarations which are executed every time |\selectfont| changes the -encoding to be \m{encoding}. - -The \m{math-settings} are similar but are for math alphabets. They -are executed whenever a math alphabet with this encoding is -called. - -\NEWfeature{1998/12/01} -It also saves the value of \m{encoding} in the macro -|\LastDeclaredEncoding|. - -Example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareFontEncoding{OT1}{}{} -\end{verbatim} - -Some author commands need to change their definition depending on -which encoding is currently in use. For example, in the |OT1| -encoding, the letter `\AE' is in slot |"1D|, whereas in the |T1| -encoding it is in slot |"C6|. So the definition of |\AE| has to -change depending on whether the current encoding is |OT1| or |T1|. -The following commands allow this to happen. - -\begin{decl} - |\DeclareTextCommand| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} - \oarg{num} \oarg{default} \arg{definition} -\end{decl} -This command is like |\newcommand|, except that it defines a -command which is specific to one encoding. For example, the -definition of |\k| in the |T1| encoding is: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareTextCommand{\k}{T1}[1] - {\oalign{\null#1\crcr\hidewidth\char12}} -\end{verbatim} -|\DeclareTextCommand| takes the same optional arguments as -|\newcommand|. - -The resulting command is -robust, even if the code in \m{definition} is fragile. - -It does not produce an error if the command has already -been defined but logs the redefinition in the transcript file. - -\begin{decl}[1994/12/01] - |\ProvideTextCommand| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} - \oarg{num} \oarg{default} \arg{definition} -\end{decl} -This command is the same as |\DeclareTextCommand|, except that -if \m{cmd} is already defined in encoding \m{encoding}, then the -definition is ignored. - -\begin{decl} - |\DeclareTextSymbol| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \arg{slot} -\end{decl} -This command defines a text symbol with slot \m{slot} in the -encoding. For example, the definition of |\ss| in the |OT1| encoding -is: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareTextSymbol{\ss}{OT1}{25} -\end{verbatim} -It does not produce an error if the command has already -been defined but logs the redefinition in the transcript file. - -\begin{decl} - |\DeclareTextAccent| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \arg{slot} -\end{decl} -This command declares a text accent, with the accent taken from slot -\m{slot} in the encoding. For example, the definition of |\"| in -the |OT1| encoding is: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareTextAccent{\"}{OT1}{127} -\end{verbatim} -It does not produce an error if the command has already -been defined but logs the redefinition in the transcript file. - -\begin{decl} - |\DeclareTextComposite| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \arg{letter} - \arg{slot} -\end{decl} -This command declares that the composite letter formed from applying -\m{cmd} to \m{letter} is defined to be simply slot \m{slot} in the -encoding. The \m{letter} should be a single letter (such as |a|) or -a single command (such as |\i|). - - -For example, the definition of |\'{a}| -in the |T1| encoding could be declared like this: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareTextComposite{\'}{T1}{a}{225} -\end{verbatim} - -The \m{cmd} will normally have been previously declared -for this encoding, either by using -|\DeclareTextAccent|, or as a one-argument |\DeclareTextCommand|. - -\begin{decl}[1994/12/01] - |\DeclareTextCompositeCommand| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \arg{letter} - \arg{definition} -\end{decl} -This is a more general form of |\DeclareTextComposite|, which allows -for an arbitrary \m{definition}, not just a \m{slot}. The main use -for this is to allow accents on |i| to act like accents on |\i|, for -example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i} -\end{verbatim} -It has the same restrictions as |\DeclareTextComposite|. - - -\begin{decl}[1998/12/01] - |\LastDeclaredEncoding| -\end{decl} -This holds the name of the last encoding declared via -|\DeclareFontEncoding| (this should also be the currently most -efficient encoding). It can be used in the \m{encoding} argument -of the above declarations in place of explicitly mentioning the -encoding, e.g. -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{} - \DeclareTextAccent{\`}{\LastDeclaredEncoding}{0} - \DeclareTextAccent{\'}{\LastDeclaredEncoding}{1} -\end{verbatim} -This can be useful in cases where encoding files sharing common code -are generated from one source. - - -\subsection{Default definitions} - -\NEWdescription{1997/12/01} -The declarations used in encoding definition files define -encoding-specific commands but they do not allow those commands to be -used without explicitly changing the encoding. For some commands, -such as symbols, this is not enough. For example, the~|OMS| encoding -contains the symbol~`\S', but we need to be able to use the -command~|\S| whatever the current encoding may be, without explicitly -selecting the encoding~|OMS|. - -\NEWdescription{1997/12/01} -To allow this, \LaTeX{} has commands that declare default definitions -for commands; these defaults are used when the command is not defined -in the current encoding. For example, the default encoding for~|\S| -is~|OMS|, and so in an encoding (such as |OT1|) which does not -contain~|\S|, the~|OMS| encoding is selected in order to access this -glyph. But in an encoding (such as~|T1|) which does contain~|\S|, the -glyph in that encoding is used. The standard \LaTeXe{} format sets -up several such defaults using the following encodings: |OT1|,~|OMS| -and~|OML|. - -\emph{Warning}: These commands should \emph{not} occur in encoding -definition files, since those files should declare only commands for use -when that encoding has been selected. They should instead be placed -in packages; they must, of course, always refer to encodings that are -known to be available. - -\begin{decl}[1994/12/01] - |\DeclareTextCommandDefault| \arg{cmd} \arg{definition} -\end{decl} -This command allows an encoding-specific command to be given a default -definition. For example, the default definition for |\copyright| is -defined be be a circled `c' with: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareTextCommandDefault{\copyright}{\textcircled{c}} -\end{verbatim} -\begin{decl}[1994/12/01] - |\DeclareTextAccentDefault| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \\ - |\DeclareTextSymbolDefault| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} -\end{decl} -These commands allow an encoding-specific command to be given a -default encoding. For example, the default encoding for |\"| and -|\ae| is set to be |OT1| by: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareTextAccentDefault{\"}{OT1} - \DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\ae}{OT1} -\end{verbatim} -Note that |\DeclareTextAccentDefault| can be used on any one-argument -encoding-specific command, not just those defined with -|\DeclareTextAccent|. Similarly, |\DeclareTextSymbolDefault| can be -used on any encoding-specific command with no arguments, not just -those defined with |\DeclareTextSymbol|. - -For more examples of these definitions, see |ltoutenc.dtx|. - -\begin{decl}[1994/12/01] - |\ProvideTextCommandDefault| \arg{cmd} \arg{definition} -\end{decl} -This command is the same as |\DeclareTextCommandDefault|, except that -if the command already has a default definition, then the definition -is ignored. This is useful to give `faked' definitions of symbols -which may be given `real' definitions by other packages. For example, -a package might give a fake definition of |\textonequarter| by saying: -\begin{verbatim} - \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\textonequarter}{$\m@th\frac14$} -\end{verbatim} - - \subsection{Encoding defaults} - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareFontEncodingDefaults| \arg{text-settings} \arg{math-settings} -\end{decl} - -Declares \m{text-settings} and \m{math-settings} for all encoding -schemes. These are executed before the encoding scheme dependent ones -are executed so that one can use the defaults for the major cases and -overwrite them if necessary using |\DeclareFontEncoding|. - -If |\relax| is used as an argument, the current setting of this default -is left unchanged. - -This example is used by amsfonts.sty for accent positioning; it changes -only the math settings: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareFontEncodingDefaults{\relax}{\def\accentclass@{7}} -\end{verbatim} - - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareFontSubstitution| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series} - \arg{shape} -\end{decl} - -Declares the default values for font substitution which will be used -when a font with encoding \m{encoding} -should be loaded but no font can be found with the current -attributes. - -These substitutions are local to the encoding scheme because the -encoding scheme is never substituted! They are tried in the order -\m{shape} then \m{series} and finally \m{family}. - -If no defaults are set up for an encoding, the values given by -|\DeclareErrorFont| are used. - -The font specification for -\m{encoding}\m{family}\m{series}\m{shape} -must have been defined by |\DeclareFontShape| -before the |\begin{document}| is reached. - -Example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareFontSubstitution{T1}{cmr}{m}{n} -\end{verbatim} - -\subsection{Case changing} -\label{sec:case} - -\begin{decl} - |\MakeUppercase| \arg{text} \\ - |\MakeLowercase| \arg{text} -\end{decl} - -\NEWfeature{1995/06/01} -\TeX{} provides the two primitives |\uppercase| and |\lowercase| for -changing the case of text. Unfortunately, these \TeX{} primitives do -not change the case of characters accessed by commands like |\ae| or -|\aa|. To overcome this problem, \LaTeX{} provides these two commands. - -In the long run, we would like to use all-caps fonts rather than any -command like |\MakeUppercase| but this is not possible at the moment -because such fonts do not exist. - -For further details, see \texttt{clsguide.tex}. - -\NEWdescription{1999/04/23} -In order that upper/lower-casing will work reasonably well, and in -order to provide any correct hyphenation, \LaTeXe{} \emph{must} use, -throughout a document, the same fixed table for changing case. The -table used is designed for the font encoding |T1|; this works well -with the standard \TeX{} fonts for all Latin alphabets but will cause -problems when using other alphabets. As an experiment, it has now -been extended for use with some Cyrillic encodings. - - -\section{Miscellanea} -\label{Sec:misc} - -This section covers the remaining font commands in \LaTeX{} and some -other issues. - -\subsection{Font substitution} - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclareErrorFont| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series} - \arg{shape} \arg{size} -\end{decl} - -Declares \m{encoding}\m{family}\m{series}\m{shape} to be the font shape -used in cases where the standard substitution mechanism fails -(i.e.~would loop). For the standard mechanism see the command -|\DeclareFontSubstitution| above. - -The font specification for -\m{encoding}\m{family}\m{series}\m{shape} -must have been defined by |\DeclareFontShape| -before the |\begin{document}| is reached. - -Example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareErrorFont{OT1}{cmr}{m}{n}{10} -\end{verbatim} - - -\begin{decl} -|\fontsubfuzz| -\end{decl} - -This parameter is used to decide whether or not to produce a terminal -warning if a font size substitution takes place. If the difference -between the requested and the chosen size is less than |\fontsubfuzz| -the warning is only written to the transcript file. The default value -is |0.4pt|. This can be redefined with |\renewcommand|, for example: -\begin{verbatim} - \renewcommand{\fontsubfuzz}{0pt} % always warn -\end{verbatim} - -\subsection{Preloading} - -\begin{decl} -|\DeclarePreloadSizes| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series} - \arg{shape} -\arg{size-list} -\end{decl} - - -Specifies the fonts that should be preloaded by the format. These -commands should be put in a |preload.cfg| file, which is read in when -the \LaTeX{} format is being built. -Read |preload.dtx| for more information on how to built such a -configuration file. - -Example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclarePreloadSizes{OT1}{cmr}{m}{sl}{10,10.95,12} -\end{verbatim} - - -\subsection{Accented characters} - -\NEWdescription{1996/06/01} -Accented characters in \LaTeX{} can be produced using commands such as -|\"a| etc. The precise effect of such commands depends on the font -encoding being used. When using a font encoding that contains the -accented characters as individual glyphs (such as the |T1| encoding, -in the case of |\"a|) words that contain such accented characters can -be automatically hyphenated. For font encodings that do not contain -the requested individual glyph (such as the |OT1| encoding) such a -command invokes typesetting instructions that produce the accented -character as a combination of character glyphs and diacritical marks -in the font. In most cases this involves a call to the \TeX{} -primitive |\accent|. Glyphs constructed as composites in this way -inhibit hyphenation of the current word; this is one reason why the -|T1| encoding is preferable to the original \TeX{} font encoding -|OT1|. - -It is important to understand that commands like |\"a| in \LaTeXe{} -represent just a name for a single glyph (in this case `umlaut a') and -contain no information about how to typeset that glyph---thus it does -\emph{not} mean `put two dots on top of the character a'. The -decision as to what typesetting routine to use will depend on the -encoding of the current font and so this decision is taken at the last -minute. Indeed, it is possible that the same input will be typeset in -more than one way in the same document; for example, text in section -headings may also appear in table of contents and in running heads; and -each of these may use a font with a different encoding. - -For this reason the notation |\"a| is \emph{not} equivalent to: -\begin{verbatim} - \newcommand \chara {a} \"\chara -\end{verbatim} -In the latter case, \LaTeX{} does not expand the macro |\chara| but -simply compares the notation (the string |\"\chara|) to its list of -known composite notations in the current encoding; when it fails to -find |\"\chara| it does the best it can and invokes the typesetting -instructions that put the umlaut accent on top of the expansion of -|\chara|. Thus, even if the font actually contains `\"a' as an -individual glyph, it will not be used. - -The low-level accent commands in \LaTeX{} are defined in such a way -that it is possible to combine a diacritical mark from one font with a -glyph from another font; for example, |\"\textparagraph| will produce -\"\textparagraph. The umlaut here -is taken from the |OT1| encoded font |cmr10| whilst the paragraph sign -is from the |OMS| encoded font |cmsy10|. (This example may be -typographically silly but better ones would involve font encodings -like |OT2| (Cyrillic) that might not be available at every -site.) - -There are, however, restrictions on the font-changing commands that -will work within the argument to such an accent command. These are -\TeX{}nical in the sense that they follow from the way that \TeX{}'s -|\accent| primitive works, allowing only a special class of commands -between the accent and the accented character. - -The following are examples of commands that will not work correctly as -the accent will appear above a space: the font commands with text -arguments (|\textbf{...}| and friends); all the font size declarations -(|\fontsize| and |\Large|, etc.); |\usefont| and declarations that -depend on it, such as |\normalfont|; box commands (e.g.~|\mbox{...}|). - -The lower-level font declarations that set the attributes family, -series and shape (such as |\fontshape{sl}\selectfont|) will produce -correct typesetting, as will the default declarations such as -|\bfseries|. - - -\subsection{Naming conventions} - -\begin{itemize} -\item -Math alphabet commands all start with |\math...|: examples are -|\mathbf|, |\mathcal|, etc. - -\item -The text font changing commands with arguments all start with -|\text...|: e.g.~|\textbf| and |\textrm|. The exception to this is -|\emph|, since it occurs very commonly in author documents and so -deserves a shorter name. - -\item -Names for encoding schemes are strings of up to three letters (all -upper case) plus digits. - -The \LaTeX3 project reserves the use of encodings starting with the -following letters: |T| (standard 256-long text encodings), |TS| -(symbols that are designed to extend a corresponding |T| encoding), -|X| (text encodings that do not conform to the strict requirements for -|T| encodings), |M| (standard 256-long math encodings), |S| (other -symbol encodings), |A| (other special applications), |OT| (standard -128-long text encodings) and |OM| (standard 128-long math encodings). - -Please do not use the above starting letters for non-portable -encodings. If new standard encodings emerge then we shall add them in -a later release of \LaTeX. - -Encoding schemes which are local to a site or a system should start -with |L|, experimental encodings intended for wide distribution will -start with |E|, whilst |U| is for Unknown or Unclassified encodings.. - -\item -Font family names should contain up to five lower case letters. -Where possible, these should conform to the \emph{Filenames for fonts} -font naming scheme. - -\item -Font series names should contain up to four lower case letters. - -\item -Font shapes should contain up to two letters lower case. - -\item -Names for symbol fonts are built from lower and upper case letters -with no restriction. -\end{itemize} - -Whenever possible, you should use the series and shape names suggested -in \emph{\LaTeXcomp} since this will make it easier to combine new -fonts with existing fonts. - -\NEWdescription{1994/12/01} - Where possible, text symbols should be named as |\text| followed by - the Adobe glyph name: for example |\textonequarter| or - |\textsterling|. Similarly, math symbols should be named as - |\math| followed by the glyph name, for example |\mathonequarter| - or |\mathsterling|. Commands which can be used in text or math can - then be defined using |\ifmmode|, for example: -\begin{verbatim} - \DeclareRobustCommand{\pounds}{% - \ifmmode \mathsterling \else \textsterling \fi - } -\end{verbatim} - Note that commands defined in this way must be robust, in case they - get put into a section title or other moving argument. - -\section{If you need to know more \ldots} - -\NEWdescription{1996/06/01} -The |tracefnt| package provides for tracing the actions concerned with -loading, substituting and using fonts. -The package accepts the following options: -\begin{description} -\item[errorshow] Write all information about font changes, etc.\ but - only to the transcript file unless an error occurs. This means that - information about font substitution will not be shown on the - terminal. - -\item[warningshow] Show all font warnings on the terminal. This - setting corresponds to the default behaviour when this - \texttt{tracefnt} package is \emph{not} used! - -\item[infoshow] Show all font warnings and all font info messages - (that are normally only written to the transcript file) also on the - terminal. This is the default when this \texttt{tracefnt} package is - loaded. - -\item[debugshow] In addition to what is shown by \texttt{infoshow}, - show also changes of math fonts (as far as possible): beware, this - option can produce a large amount of output. - -\item[loading] Show the names of external font files when they are - loaded. This option shows only `newly loaded' fonts, not those - already preloaded in the format or the class file before this - \texttt{tracefnt} package becomes active. - -\item[pausing] - Turn all font warnings into errors so that \LaTeX{} will stop. -\end{description} - -\emph{Warning}: The actions of this package can change the layout of a -document and even, in rare cases, produce clearly wrong output, so -it should not be used in the final formatting of `real documents'. - -\begin{thebibliography}{1} - -\bibitem{A-W:GMS94} -Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin. -\newblock {\em The {\LaTeX} Companion}. -\newblock Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994. - -\bibitem{tub:DKn89} -Donald~E. Knuth. -\newblock Typesetting concrete mathematics. -\newblock {\em {TUG}boat}, 10(1):31--36, April 1989. - -\bibitem{A-W:LLa94} -Leslie Lamport. -\newblock {\em {\LaTeX:} A Document Preparation System}. -\newblock Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1994. - -\end{thebibliography} - -\end{document} |