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-% \iffalse meta-comment
-%
-% Copyright 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
-% The LaTeX3 Project and any individual authors listed elsewhere
-% in this file.
-%
-% This file is part of the LaTeX base system.
-% -------------------------------------------
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-% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
-% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
-% The latest version of this license is in
-% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
-% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
-% version 2003/12/01 or later.
-%
-% This file has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
-%
-% The list of all files belonging to the LaTeX base distribution is
-% given in the file `manifest.txt'. See also `legal.txt' for additional
-% information.
-%
-% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution
-% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with
-% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
-%
-% \fi
-\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
-
-\documentclass{ltxguide}[1999/02/28]
-
-\title{Cyrillic languages support in \LaTeX}
-
-\author{\copyright~Copyright 1998--1999,\\ Vladimir Volovich,
- Werner Lemberg and \LaTeX3 Project Team.\\ All rights reserved.}
-
-\date{12 March 1999}
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\maketitle
-\tableofcontents
-
-\begin{abstract}
- This document contains basic information on the Cyrillic setup for
- \LaTeX{}: how to get the fonts, how to set them up, how to use
- the interface, its interaction with \babel{}, etc. This is only a first
- draft of the document and it will probably be modified in future; so
- please send in comments on it via the \texttt{latexbug} system
- (see below).
-\end{abstract}
-
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-Most Latin-based European languages were supported in \LaTeX{} by
-introducing the~|T1|~font encoding and by using the \textsf{fontenc}
-and \textsf{inputenc} packages; these use only standard \TeX{} means
-to support any \mbox{8-bit} input encoding and this one standard font
-encoding. The restriction to a single font encoding guarantees that
-multiple languages can happily coexist in one document (\eg
-hyphenation will be correct for all languages).
-
-Starting with the December~1998 Release, \LaTeX{} finally supports
-Cyrillic languages. This support is based on the new standard
-Cyrillic \TeX{} font encodings---|T2A|, |T2B|, |T2C|, and~|X2|. The
-first three of these satisfy some basic requirements for
-\LaTeX{}~|T*|~encodings, and thus can be used in multi-lingual documents
-with other languages based on standard font encodings.
-
-The reason why we need four different Cyrillic font encodings is that
-these font encodings support \emph{all} the Cyrillic languages that
-have been used during the twentieth century (see
-Section~\ref{fontencs})! The number of Cyrillic glyphs is large, so
-they cannot be represented with 128~character slots; the other (lower)
-128~slots are reserved for Latin letters and other invariant symbols
-that are needed for the encoding to be a conformant
-\LaTeX{}~\texttt{T}~encoding.
-
-There are some glyphs in the |T2*|~encodings which do not yet have
-associated characters in \emph{Unicode}, the world-wide character
-standard. Also, one more font encoding, |T2D|,~is planned for a
-forthcoming release of \LaTeX{}. A lot of Cyrillic input encodings
-are already supported (see Section~\ref{inputencs}), and additional
-encodings could be added easily.
-
-
-\subsection{Acknowledgments}
-\label{sec:acks}
-
-The work on |T2*|~encodings was carried out by the T2~Team, led by
-Alexander Berdnikov (other members are Mikhail Kolodin and Andrew
-Janishewskii). The LH~fonts were produced by Olga Lapko (with
-A.~Khodulev). The \textsf{T2} bundle and \textsf{ruhyphen} package
-were written by Werner Lemberg and Vladimir Volovich (except that the
-concrete hyphenation patterns which are part of \textsf{ruhyphen} came
-from individual authors). The support for the Ukrainian language was
-prepared by Andrij Shvaika.
-
-
-\section{Installation}
-
-The \textsf{fontenc} and \textsf{inputenc} packages are installed
-automatically in every base \LaTeX{} distribution.
-
-All the necessary extra files to use with these packages for Cyrillic
-are in the \textsf{cyrillic} bundle, which at present contains the
-following: four font encoding definition files (|t2aenc.def|,
-|t2benc.def|, |t2cenc.def|, |x2enc.def|); several input encoding
-definition files (all the other |*.def| files), and font definition
-files (|*.fd|).
-The installation of these is described here.
-
-\subsection{Fonts}
-
-The default font families in \LaTeX{} are the Computer Modern
-families, namely the CM~fonts (|OT1|~encoded) and the EC~fonts
-(|T1|~encoded). The LH~fonts, which are now available, provide
-Computer Modern fonts for all Cyrillic font encodings. They are
-designed to be compatible with the EC~fonts, and they provide the same
-font shapes and sizes; they are available at |CTAN:fonts/cyrillic/lh|
-(the latest version is 3.20). The installation instructions for the
-fonts are in the file |INSTALL| in the font distribution.
-
-Other fonts, including Type~1 fonts, can also be used, provided that
-their encoding (for \TeX{}) is \mbox{|T2|-compatible}. Some
-ready-to-use packages supporting such fonts are also available, \eg at
-\URL{ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex} (they should soon be on \ctan). Currently,
-you will find two packages there: \textsf{PsCyr}, which contains some
-freely distributable Cyrillic Type~1 fonts with support for \LaTeX{};
-and \textsf{c1fonts}, which contains virtual fonts similar to the
-\textsf{AE}~fonts package using the BlueSky and BaKoMa fonts
-available from \ctan{} (see the |README| file in that package for
-detailed information). Further font packages are expected soon.
-
-\subsection{Hyphenation patterns}
-
-You can find a collection of hyphenation patterns for the Russian
-language in the \textsf{ruhyphen} package at
-|CTAN:language/hyphenation/ruhyphen|. These patterns support the
-|T2*|~encodings, as well as other popular font encodings used for
-Russian typesetting (including the Omega internal encoding).
-Patterns for other Cyrillic languages should be adapted to work with
-the |T2*|~encodings.
-
-\subsection{\babel{} support for Russian and Ukrainian}
-\label{bblrus}
-
-Version~3.6k of \babel{} includes support for the |T2*|~encodings and
-for typesetting both Russian and Ukrainian texts using the Cyrillic
-letters. The temporary fontencoding |LWN|, which was used in earlier
-releases of \babel{}, will be withdrawn in the near future and replaced
-by the |OT2| encoding.
-
-\subsection{Getting pre-built packages}
-
-Many of the major \TeX{} distributions, such as te\TeX{}, fp\TeX{} and
-\TeX{}live, contain (or soon will) everything that is needed,
-including the LH~fonts, \textsf{ruhyphen} and the latest version of
-\babel{}. We hope that all \TeX{} distributions will soon include all
-of these, so that the chances are that you will not need to install
-this by yourself (but it is not difficult).
-
-If you are using em\TeX, Mik\TeX, or fp\TeX, you
-can download the \textsf{ruemtex} package from
-\URL{ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex}.
-
-\section{Usage}
-
-Support for Cyrillic is based on these standard \LaTeX{} mechanisms:
-the \textsf{fontenc} and \textsf{inputenc} packages (and on \babel{}).
-Thus the basic principles for its use are similar to those for other
-European languages: you simply add, to your document preamble, lines
-like the following.
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage[T2A]{fontenc}
-\usepackage[koi8-r]{inputenc}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-Here you can put any desired input encoding instead of
-\mbox{\texttt{koi8-r}}: for example, it would be \texttt{cp866} if you are
-using a MS-DOS text editor with this Cyrillic code page to prepare your
-documents, or \texttt{cp1251} if you are a MS~Windows user with Cyrillic
-support. A full list of the available Cyrillic encodings can be found in
-Section~\ref{inputencs} and in the file |cyinpenc.dtx|.
-
-Documents are, naturally, not restricted to a single font encoding;
-this is essential for multi-lingual journals or documents. Such
-changes can be made by using the |\fontencoding| command as part of a
-font-change. However, it is best to access these font encodings via a
-higher-level interface.
-
-Since such changes are often closely related to other
-language-dependent settings, it is often sensible to use the \babel{}
-system, which provides further useful `localisation' and standardised
-multi-lingual interfaces (for further details, see
-Section~\ref{bblrus}). Then you can use lines like the following in
-your document:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage[koi8-r]{inputenc}
-\usepackage[russian]{babel}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-This will automatically choose the default font encoding for Russian,
-which is |T2A|, if available. Documentation of the complete set of
-font-encoding selection rules can be found in |cyrillic.dtx| which is
-part of |rusbabel|.
-
-These \LaTeX{} interfaces are very convenient because they make your
-documents completely portable, being based solely on standard \TeX{}
-features. This will mean that your documents can be processed on any
-\TeX{} system without any need for re-encoding to the `native'
-encoding used on each platform; this is because the encoding of the
-document is specified in the document itself.
-
-Moreover, if necessary, more than one input encoding can be used
-within a document; this could be useful if, for example, you need to
-combine articles prepared by authors on different machines. Each part
-of the document is then identified by a |\inputencoding| command,
-which can therefore only be used between paragraphs.
-
-Please note that you must always use the two standard \LaTeX{}
-commands, |\MakeUppercase| and |\MakeLowercase| to produce uppercase
-or lowercase text in your documents. This is because |\uppercase| and
-|\lowercase| will not work at all for Cyrillic (note that these latter
-two commands are not, and never have been, available for use directly
-in \LaTeX{} documents).
-
-
-\section{Font encodings for Cyrillic languages}
-\label{fontencs}
-
-The Cyrillic font encodings support the following languages. Note
-that some languages can be properly typeset with more than one
-encoding.
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\raggedright
-\item[|T2A|:]
- Abaza, Avar, Agul, Adyghei, Azerbaijani, Altai, Balkar, Bashkir,
- Bulgarian, Buryat, Byelorussian, Gagauz, Dargin, Dungan, Ingush,
- Kabardino-Cherkess, Kazakh, Kalmyk, Karakalpak, Karachaevskii,
- Karelian, Kirghiz, Komi-Zyrian, Komi-Permyak, Kumyk, Lak, Lezghin,
- Macedonian, Mari-Mountain, Mari-Valley, Moldavian, Mongolian,
- Mordvin-Moksha, Mordvin-Erzya, Nogai, Oroch, Osetin, Russian, Rutul,
- Serbian, Tabasaran, Tadzhik, Tatar, Tati, Teleut, Tofalar, Tuva,
- Turkmen, Udmurt, Uzbek, Ukrainian, Hanty-Obskii, Hanty-Surgut,
- Gipsi, Chechen, Chuvash, Crimean-Tatar.
-\item[|T2B|:]
- Abaza, Avar, Agul, Adyghei, Aleut, Altai, Balkar, Byelorussian,
- Bulgarian, Buryat, Gagauz, Dargin, Dolgan, Dungan, Ingush, Itelmen,
- Kabardino-Cherkess, Kalmyk, Karakalpak, Karachaevskii, Karelian,
- Ketskii, Kirghiz, Komi-Zyrian, Komi-Permyak, Koryak, Kumyk, Kurdian,
- Lak, Lezghin, Mansi, Mari-Valley, Moldavian, Mongolian,
- Mordvin-Moksha, Mordvin-Erzya, Nanai, Nganasan, Negidal, Nenets,
- Nivh, Nogai, Oroch, Russian, Rutul, Selkup, Tabasaran, Tadzhik,
- Tatar, Tati, Teleut, Tofalar, Tuva, Turkmen, Udyghei, Uigur, Ulch,
- Khakass, Hanty-Vahovskii, Hanty-Kazymskii, Hanty-Obskii,
- Hanty-Surgut, Hanty-Shurysharskii, Gipsi, Chechen, Chukcha, Shor,
- Evenk, Even, Enets, Eskimo, Yukagir, Crimean Tatar, Yakut.
-\item[|T2C|:]
- Abkhazian, Bulgarian, Gagauz, Karelian, Komi-Zyrian, Komi-Permyak,
- Kumyk, Mansi, Moldavian, Mordvin-Moksha, Mordvin-Erzya, Nanai,
- Orok (Uilta), Negidal, Nogai, Oroch, Russian, Saam, Old-Bulgarian,
- Old-Russian, Tati, Teleut, Hanty-Obskii, Hanty-Surgut, Evenk,
- Crimean Tatar.
-\end{itemize}
-
-The |X2|~encoding was designed to support all the above languages.
-Its name does not start with |T| because, for example, it contains no
-Latin letters (it is purely a Cyrillic glyph container); it therefore
-cannot be used in mixed-script documents along with the other |T*|
-encodings. Please consult Section~6.4 \textit{Naming conventions} of
-the file |fntguide.tex| in the base \LaTeX{} distribution for details
-of the differences between \LaTeX{} font encodings and how they are
-named.
-
-There are two other \LaTeX{} Cyrillic font encodings, |OT2| and |LCY|,
-that are not included in the base \LaTeX{} distribution. The first is
-a \mbox{7-bit} encoding (hence the |O|) developed by the AMS; it is
-useful for typesetting relatively small fragments of text in Cyrillic,
-using a Latin transliteration scheme. The other, |LCY|, is an
-\mbox{8-bit} Cyrillic encoding which is not compatible with the
-requirements for \LaTeX{} |T*|~encodings (hence the |L|); thus it is not
-suitable for typesetting multi-lingual documents, but it can be used in
-Plain \TeX{}-based macro packages because it is an extension of |OT1|.
-These two encodings are supported by \babel{} and by \textsf{ot2cyr}.
-
-
-\section{Input encodings}
-\label{inputencs}
-
-Several Cyrillic code-pages are widely used. Currently, \LaTeX{}
-contains support for 20~Cyrillic input encodings (some of which are
-variants of each other).
-
-\begin{itemize}
-
-\item |cp855| --- the standard \mbox{MS-DOS} Cyrillic code-page.
-
-\item |cp866| --- the standard \mbox{MS-DOS} Russian code-page.
- Several code-pages very similar to this are also supported
- (the differences are all in the range 242--254).
- \begin{itemize}
- \item |cp866av| -- the `Cyrillic Alternative' code-page (an
- alternative variant of cp866);
- \item |cp866mav| -- the `Modified Alternative Variant';
- \item |cp866nav| -- the `New Alternative Variant';
- \item |cp866tat| -- an experimental Tatarian code-page.
- \end{itemize}
-
-\item |cp1251| --- the standard MS Windows Cyrillic code-page.
-
-\item \mbox{\texttt{koi8-r}} --- a standard Cyrillic code-page widely
- used in UNIX-like systems for Russian language support that is
- specified in RFC~1489. The situation with \mbox{\texttt{koi8-r}} is
- somewhat similar to that for |cp866|: there are several similar
- code-pages which coincide for all Russian letters but add some other
- Cyrillic letters. The following are supported:
- \begin{itemize}
- \item \mbox{\texttt{koi8-u}} -- for Ukrainian;
- \item \mbox{\texttt{koi8-ru}} -- this is described in a draft RFC
- document specifying a widely used character set for mail and news
- exchange in the Ukrainian internet community, as well as for
- presenting WWW information resources in the Ukrainian language;
- \item |isoir111| -- the \mbox{ISO-IR-111 ECMA} Cyrillic Code Page.
- \end{itemize}
-
-\item |iso88595| --- the \mbox{ISO 8859-5} Cyrillic code-page (also called
- \mbox{ISO-IR-144}).
-
-\item |maccyr| --- the Apple Macintosh Cyrillic code-page (also known
- as Microsoft cp10007) and |macukr|, the Apple Macintosh Ukrainian
- code-page, very similar to the Cyrillic code-page.
-
-\item The Mongolian code-pages: |ctt| |dbk| |mnk| |mos| |ncc| |mls|.
- These code-pages were taken from Oliver Corff's `Mon\TeX' package
- (available at |CTAN:language/mongolian/montex|). Since the |T2*|
- encodings support the Mongolian Cyrillic script, it is convenient to
- have support for Mongolian input encodings as well. Pointers to
- documentation for these code-pages will be much appreciated.
-
-\end{itemize}
-
-
-\section{Reporting bugs}
-
-In case you find a bug and want to report it, please follow the
-guidelines given in the file |bugs.txt| in the base \LaTeX{}
-distributions. Note that there is a category specifically for
-reporting any bugs that occur only when using Cyrillic fonts or
-support packages.
-
-
-\section{Miscellanea in the \textsf{T2} bundle}
-\label{t2m}
-
-The \textsf{T2}~bundle at |CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/supported/t2|
-contains some other useful files, including support for Plain
-\TeX{}-based macro packages, support for Bib\TeX{} and MakeIndex (see
-also the \textsf{xindy} program and package---highly recommended for
-making indices with Cyrillic), support for the \textsf{fontinst}
-package, mapping tables relating these Cyrillic font encodings (and
-input encodings) to the Unicode character names and slots (these are
-in the subdirectory |enc-maps|), and more!
-
-To produce documented source listings of the \textsf{T2}~package, run
-\LaTeX{} on the |*.dtx| and |*.fdd| files therein.
-
-When typesetting Cyrillic texts, there is a tradition of using
-Cyrillic letters (in some situations) within math formul\ae, in
-exactly the same way as most of the world uses Latin letters.
-By default this does not work, because symbols declared with
-|\DeclareTextSymbol| may not be used in math.
-
-If you need within math to `transparently' typeset glyphs declared in
-font encoding definition files, then you could try using the
-experimental \textsf{mathtext} package, which is also in the
-\textsf{T2}~bundle. Note that this package uses up at least one
-additional math alphabet per font encoding. For this and other
-reasons, The \LaTeX3 Project Team considers that this experimental
-extension to \LaTeX{}'s glyph-handling mechanisms should be used with
-caution; but please try it out and send us your opinions and ideas.
-Note that it is not included in the core of \LaTeX{} because both the
-coding and the interfaces are likely to change at some point in the
-future.
-
-Finally, here are some pointers to further information:
-
-\begin{quote}
- \URL{http://www.cemi.rssi.ru/cyrtug}\\
- \URL{http://xtalk.price.ru/tex}
-\end{quote}
-
-\end{document}