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+% \iffalse meta-comment
+%
+% Copyright 1993-2019
+%
+% The LaTeX3 Project and any individual authors listed elsewhere
+% in this file.
+%
+% This file is part of the LaTeX base system.
+% -------------------------------------------
+%
+% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
+% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3c
+% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
+% The latest version of this license is in
+% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
+% and version 1.3c or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
+% version 2005/12/01 or later.
+%
+% This file has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
+%
+% The list of all files belonging to the LaTeX base distribution is
+% given in the file `manifest.txt'. See also `legal.txt' for additional
+% information.
+%
+% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution
+% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with
+% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
+%
+% \fi
+% Filename: fntguide.tex
+
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
+
+\documentclass{ltxguide}[1995/11/28]
+
+\title{\LaTeXe{} font selection}
+
+\author{\copyright~Copyright 1995--2019, \LaTeX3 Project Team.\\
+ All rights reserved.}
+
+\date{July 2019}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+
+\tableofcontents
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+This document describes the new font selection features of the \LaTeX{}
+Document Preparation System. It is intended for package writers who
+want to write font-loading packages similar to |times| or |latexsym|.
+
+This document is only a brief introduction to the new facilities and
+is intended for package writers who are familiar with \TeX{} fonts and
+\LaTeX{} packages. It is \emph{neither} a user-guide \emph{nor} a
+reference manual for fonts in \LaTeXe.
+
+\subsection{\LaTeXe~fonts}
+
+The most important difference between \LaTeX~2.09 and \LaTeXe{} is the
+way that fonts are selected. In \LaTeX~2.09, the Computer Modern fonts
+were built into the \LaTeX~format, and so customizing \LaTeX{} to use
+other fonts was a major effort.
+
+In \LaTeXe, very few fonts are built into the format, and there are
+commands to load new text and math fonts. Packages such as |times| or
+|latexsym| allow authors to access these fonts.
+This document describes how to write similar font-loading packages.
+
+The \LaTeXe{} font selection system was first released as the `New Font
+Selection Scheme' (NFSS) in 1989, and then in release~2 in 1993.
+\LaTeXe{} includes NFSS release~2 as standard.
+
+\subsection{Overview}
+
+This document contains an overview of the new font commands
+of \LaTeX.
+
+\begin{description}
+
+\item[Section~\ref{Sec:text}] describes the commands for selecting fonts
+ in classes and packages. It lists the five \LaTeX{} font
+ attributes, and lists the commands for selecting fonts. It also
+ describes how to customize the author commands such as |\textrm| and
+ |\textit| to suit your document design.
+
+\item[Section~\ref{Sec:math}] explains the commands for controlling
+ \LaTeX{} math fonts. It describes how to specify new math fonts and
+ new math symbols.
+
+\item[Section~\ref{Sec:install}] explains how to install new fonts into
+ \LaTeX. It shows how \LaTeX{} font attributes are turned into \TeX{}
+ font names, and how to specify your own fonts using font definition
+ files.
+
+\item[Section~\ref{Sec:encode}] discusses text font encodings.
+ It describes how to declare a new encoding and how to define
+ commands, such as |\AE| or |\"|, which have different definitions in
+ different encodings, depending on whether ligatures, etc.\ are
+ available in the encoding.
+
+\item[Section~\ref{Sec:misc}] covers font miscellanea. It describes how
+ \LaTeX{} performs font substitution, how to customize fonts that are
+ preloaded in the \LaTeX{} format, and the naming conventions used in
+ \LaTeX{} font selection.
+
+\end{description}
+
+\subsection{Further information}
+
+For a general introduction to \LaTeX, including the new features of
+\LaTeXe, you should read \emph{\LaTeXbook},
+Leslie Lamport, Addison Wesley, 2nd~ed, 1994.
+
+A more detailed description of the \LaTeX{} font selection scheme is to
+be found in \emph{\LaTeXcomp}, 2nd~ed, by Mittelbach and Goossens, Addison
+Wesley, 2004.
+
+The \LaTeX{} font selection scheme is based on \TeX, which is described
+by its developer in \emph{The \TeX book}, Donald E.~Knuth, Addison
+Wesley, 1986, revised in 1991 to include the features of \TeX~3.
+
+Sebastian Rahtz's |psnfss| software contains the software for using a
+large number of Type~1 fonts (including the Adobe Laser Writer 35 and
+the Monotype CD-ROM fonts) in \LaTeX. It should be available from the
+same source as your copy of \LaTeX.
+
+The |psnfss| software uses fonts generated by Alan Jeffrey's
+|fontinst| software. This can convert fonts from Adobe Font Metric
+format into a format readable by \LaTeX, including the generation of
+the font definition files described in Section~\ref{Sec:install}. The
+|fontinst| software should be available from the same source as your
+copy of \LaTeX.
+
+Whenever practical, \LaTeX{} uses the font naming scheme called
+`fontname'; this was described in \emph{Filenames for fonts},%
+\footnote{An up-to-date electronic version
+of this document can be found on any CTAN server, in the directory
+\texttt{info/fontname}.}
+\emph{TUGboat}~11(4),~1990.
+
+The class-writer's guide \emph{\clsguide} describes
+the new \LaTeX{} features for writers of document classes and packages
+and is kept in |clsguide.tex|. Configuring
+\LaTeX{} is covered by the guide \emph{\cfgguide} in
+\texttt{cfgguide.tex} whilst the philosophy behind our policy on
+modifying \LaTeX{} is described in \emph{\modguide} in
+\texttt{modguide.tex}.
+
+The documented source code (from the files used to produce
+the kernel format via |latex.ltx|) is now available as
+\emph{The \LaTeXe\ Sources}.
+This very large document also includes an index of \LaTeX{}
+commands. It can be typeset from the \LaTeX{} file |source2e.tex|
+in the |base| directory; this uses the class file |ltxdoc.cls|.
+
+For more information about \TeX{} and \LaTeX{}, please contact your
+local \TeX{} Users Group, or the international \TeX{} Users Group.
+Addresses and other details can be found at:
+\begin{quote}\small\label{addrs}
+ \texttt{http://www.tug.org/lugs.html}
+\end{quote}
+
+
+\section{Text fonts}
+\label{Sec:text}
+
+This section describes the commands available to class and package
+writers for specifying and selecting fonts.
+
+\subsection{Text font attributes}
+
+Every text font in \LaTeX{} has five \emph{attributes}:
+\begin{description}
+
+\item[encoding] This specifies the order that characters appear in the
+ font. The two most common text encodings used in \LaTeX{} are
+ Knuth's `\TeX{} text' encoding, and the `\TeX{} text extended'
+ encoding developed by the \TeX{} Users Group members during a \TeX{}
+ Conference at Cork in~1990 (hence its informal name `Cork encoding').
+
+\item[family] The name for a collection of fonts, usually grouped under
+ a common name by the font foundry. For example, `Adobe Times', `ITC
+ Garamond', and Knuth's `Computer Modern Roman' are all font families.
+
+\item[series] How heavy and/or expanded a font is. For example, `medium
+ weight', `narrow' and `bold extended' are all series.
+
+\item[shape] The form of the letters within a font family. For
+ example, `italic', `oblique' and `upright' (sometimes called
+ `roman') are all font shapes.
+
+\item[size] The design size of the font, for example `10pt'. If no
+ dimension is specified, `pt' is assumed.
+
+\end{description}
+The possible values for these attributes are given short acronyms by
+\LaTeX. The most common values for the font encoding are:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{minipage}{.7\linewidth}
+ \begin{tabular}{rl}
+ |OT1| & \TeX{} text \\
+ |T1| & \TeX{} extended text \\
+ |OML| & \TeX{} math italic \\
+ |OMS| & \TeX{} math symbols \\
+ |OMX| & \TeX{} math large symbols \\
+ |U| & Unknown \\
+ |L<xx>| & A local encoding
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+The `local' encodings are intended for font encodings which are only
+locally available, for example a font containing an organization's
+logo in various sizes.
+
+There are far too many font families to list them all, but some common
+ones are:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{minipage}{.7\linewidth}
+ \begin{tabular}{rl}
+ |cmr| & Computer Modern Roman \\
+ |cmss| & Computer Modern Sans \\
+ |cmtt| & Computer Modern Typewriter \\
+ |cmm| & Computer Modern Math Italic \\
+ |cmsy| & Computer Modern Math Symbols \\
+ |cmex| & Computer Modern Math Extensions \\
+ |ptm| & Adobe Times \\
+ |phv| & Adobe Helvetica \\
+ |pcr| & Adobe Courier
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+\NEWdescription{2019/07/10}
+The font series is denoting a combination of the weight (boldness) and
+the width (amount of expansion). The standard supported for weights
+and widths are:
+\begin{center}
+%\begin{minipage}{.7\linewidth}
+ \begin{tabular}{rl}
+ |ul| & Ultra Light \\
+ |el| & Extra Light \\
+ |l| & Light \\
+ |sl| & Semi Light \\
+ |m| & Medium (normal)\\
+ |sb| & Semi Bold \\
+ |b| & Bold \\
+ |eb| & Extra Bold \\
+ |ub| & Ultra Bold \\
+ \end{tabular}
+\qquad
+ \begin{tabular}{rlr}
+ |uc| & Ultra Condensed & 50\% \\
+ |ec| & Extra Condensed & 62.5\% \\
+ |c| & Condensed & 75\% \\
+ |sc| & Semi Condensed & 87.5\% \\
+ |m| & Medium & 100\% \\
+ |sx| & Semi Expanded & 112.5\% \\
+ |x| & Expanded & 125\% \\
+ |ex| & Extra Expanded & 150\% \\
+ |ux| & Ultra Expanded & 200\% \\
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+These are concatenated to a single series value except that |m| is
+dropped unless both weight and width are medium in which case a single
+|m| is used.
+
+\newpage
+
+Examples for series values are then:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{minipage}{.7\linewidth}
+ \begin{tabular}{rl}
+ |m| & Medium weight and width \\
+ |b| & Bold weight, medium width \\
+ |bx| & Bold extended \\
+ |sb| & Semi-bold, medium width\\
+ |sbx| & Semi-bold extended\\
+ |c| & Medium weight, condensed width
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+\NEWdescription{2019/07/10}
+Note, that there are a large variety of names floating around like
+``regular'', ``black'', ``demi-bold'', ``thin'', ``heavy'' and many
+more. If at all possible they should be matched into the standard
+naming scheme to allow for sensible default substitutions if
+necessary, e.g., ``demi-bold'' is normally just another name for
+``semi-bold'', so should get |sb| assigned, etc.
+
+The most common values for the font shape are:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{minipage}{.7\linewidth}
+ \begin{tabular}{rl}
+ |n| & Normal (that is `upright' or `roman') \\
+ |it| & Italic \\
+ |sl| & Slanted (or `oblique') \\
+ |sc| & Caps and small caps
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+The font size is specified as a dimension, for example |10pt| or
+|1.5in| or |3mm|; if no unit is specified, |pt| is assumed. These five
+parameters specify every \LaTeX{} font, for example:
+\begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{@{}r@{\,}l@{\,}c@{\,}c@{\,}cc@{}r@{}}
+ \multicolumn{5}{@{}c}{\emph{\LaTeX{} specification}} &
+ \emph{Font} &
+ \emph{\TeX{} font name} \\
+ |OT1| & |cmr| & |m| & |n| & |10| &
+ Computer Modern Roman 10 point &
+ |cmr10| \\
+ |OT1| & |cmss| & |m| & |sl| & |1pc| &
+ Computer Modern Sans Oblique 1 pica &
+ |cmssi12| \\
+ |OML| & |cmm| & |m| & |it| & |10pt| &
+ Computer Modern Math Italic 10 point &
+ |cmmi10| \\
+ |T1| & |ptm| & |b| & |it| & |1in| &
+ Adobe Times Bold Italic 1 inch &
+ |ptmb8t at 1in|
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+These five parameters are displayed whenever \LaTeX{} gives an overfull
+box warning, for example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ Overfull \hbox (3.80855pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 314--318
+ []\OT1/cmr/m/n/10 Normally [] and [] will be iden-ti-cal,
+\end{verbatim}
+The author commands for fonts set the five attributes:
+\begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{rcl}
+ \emph{Author command} &
+ \emph{Attribute} &
+ \emph{Value in} |article| \emph{class} \\
+ |\textnormal{..}| or |\normalfont| & family & |cmr| \\
+ |\textrm{..}| or |\rmfamily| & family & |cmr| \\
+ |\textsf{..}| or |\sffamily| & family & |cmss| \\
+ |\texttt{..}| or |\ttfamily| & family & |cmtt| \\
+ |\textmd{..}| or |\mdseries| & series & |m| \\
+ |\textbf{..}| or |\bfseries| & series & |bx| \\
+ |\textup{..}| or |\upshape| & shape & |n| \\
+ |\textit{..}| or |\itshape| & shape & |it| \\
+ |\textsl{..}| or |\slshape| & shape & |sl| \\
+ |\textsc{..}| or |\scshape| & shape & |sc| \\
+ |\tiny| & size & |5pt| \\
+ |\scriptsize| & size & |7pt| \\
+ |\footnotesize| & size & |8pt| \\
+ |\small| & size & |9pt| \\
+ |\normalsize| & size & |10pt| \\
+ |\large| & size & |12pt| \\
+ |\Large| & size & |14.4pt| \\
+ |\LARGE| & size & |17.28pt| \\
+ |\huge| & size & |20.74pt| \\
+ |\Huge| & size & |24.88pt|
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+The values used by these commands are determined by the document class,
+using the parameters defined in Section~\ref{Sec:text.param}.
+
+Note that there are no author commands for selecting new encodings.
+These should be provided by packages, such as the |fontenc| package.
+
+This section does not explain how \LaTeX{} font specifications are
+turned into \TeX{} font names. This is described in
+Section~\ref{Sec:install}.
+
+\subsection{Selection commands}
+
+The low-level commands used to select a text font are as follows.
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\fontencoding| \arg{encoding} \\
+|\fontfamily| \arg{family}\\
+|\fontseries| \arg{series}\\
+|\fontshape| \arg{shape}\\
+|\fontsize| \arg{size} \arg{baselineskip}\\
+|\linespread| \arg{factor}
+\end{decl}
+
+\NEWdescription{1998/12/01}
+Each of the commands starting with |\font...| sets one of the font
+attributes; |\fontsize| also sets |\baselineskip|. The |\linespread|
+command prepares to multiply the current (or newly defined)
+|\baselineskip| with \m{factor} (e.g., spreads the lines apart for
+values greater one).
+
+The actual font in use is not altered by these commands, but the
+current attributes are used to determine which font and baseline skip
+to use after the next |\selectfont| command.
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\selectfont|
+\end{decl}
+Selects a text font, based on the current values of the font attributes.
+
+\emph{Warning}: There \emph{must} be a |\selectfont| command
+immediately after any settings of the font parameters by (some of)
+the six commands above, before any following text.
+For example, it is legal to say:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \fontfamily{ptm}\fontseries{b}\selectfont Some text.
+\end{verbatim}
+but it is \emph{not} legal to say:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \fontfamily{ptm} Some \fontseries{b}\selectfont text.
+\end{verbatim}
+You may get unexpected results if you put text between a
+|\font<parameter>| command (or |\linespread|) and a |\selectfont|.
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\usefont| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series} \arg{shape}
+\end{decl}
+A short hand for the equivalent |\font...| commands followed by a
+call to |\selectfont|.
+
+
+\subsection{Internals}
+
+The current values of the font attributes are held in internal macros.
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\f@encoding| \\
+ |\f@family| \\
+ |\f@series| \\
+ |\f@shape| \\
+ |\f@size| \\
+ |\f@baselineskip| \\
+ |\tf@size| \\
+ |\sf@size| \\
+ |\ssf@size|
+\end{decl}
+
+These hold the current values of the encoding, the family, the series,
+the shape, the size, the baseline skip, the main math size, the
+`script' math size and the `scriptscript' math size. The last three
+are accessible only within a formula; outside of math they may contain
+arbitrary values.
+
+For example, to set the size to 12 without
+changing the baseline skip:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \fontsize{12}{\f@baselineskip}
+\end{verbatim}
+However, you should \emph{never} alter the values of the internal
+commands directly; they must only be modified using the low-level
+commands like |\fontfamily|, |\fontseries|, etc. If you disobey this
+warning you might produce code that loops.
+
+\subsection{Parameters for author commands}
+\label{Sec:text.param}
+
+The parameter values set by author commands such as |\textrm| and
+|\rmfamily|, etc.\ are not hard-wired into \LaTeX; instead these
+commands use the values of a number of parameters set by the document
+class and packages. For example, |\rmdefault| is the name of the
+default family selected by |\textrm| and |\rmfamily|. Thus to set a
+document in Adobe Times, Helvetica and Courier, the document designer
+specifies:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}
+ \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv}
+ \renewcommand{\ttdefault}{pcr}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\encodingdefault| \\
+ |\familydefault| \\
+ |\seriesdefault| \\
+ |\shapedefault|
+\end{decl}
+The encoding, family, series and shape of the main body font. By
+default these are |OT1|, |\rmdefault|, |m| and |n|. Note that since
+the default family is |\rmdefault|, this means that changing
+|\rmdefault| will change the main body font of the document.
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\rmdefault| \\
+ |\sfdefault| \\
+ |\ttdefault|
+\end{decl}
+The families selected by |\textrm|, |\rmfamily|, |\textsf|,
+|\sffamily|, |\texttt| and |\ttfamily|. By default these are |cmr|,
+|cmss| and |cmtt|.
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\bfdefault| \\
+ |\mddefault|
+\end{decl}
+The series selected by |\textbf|, |\bfseries|, |\textmd| and
+|\mdseries|. By default these are |bx| and |m|.
+These values are suitable for the default families used. If other
+fonts are used as standard document fonts (for example, certain
+PostScript fonts) it might be necessary to adjust the value of
+|\bfdefault| to |b| since only a few such families have a `bold
+extended' series. An alternative (taken for the fonts provided by
+|psnfss|) is to define silent substitutions from |bx| series to |b|
+series with special |\DeclareFontShape| declarations and the |ssub|
+size function, see Section~\ref{sec:sizefunct}.
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\itdefault| \\
+ |\sldefault| \\
+ |\scdefault| \\
+ |\updefault|
+\end{decl}
+The shapes selected by |\textit|, |\itshape|, |\textsl|, |\slshape|,
+|\textsc|, |\scshape|, |\textup| and |\upshape|. By default these are
+|it|, |sl|, |sc| and |n|.
+
+Note that there are no parameters for the size commands. These should
+be defined directly in class files, for example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \renewcommand{\normalsize}{\fontsize{10}{12}\selectfont}
+\end{verbatim}
+More elaborate examples (setting additional parameters when the text
+size is changed) can be found in |classes.dtx| the source
+documentation for the classes |article|, |report|, and |book|.
+
+
+\subsection{Special font declaration commands}
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareFixedFont| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series}
+ \arg{shape} \arg{size}
+\end{decl}
+
+Declares command \m{cmd} to be a font switch which selects the font
+that is specified by the attributes \m{encoding}, \m{family},
+\m{series}, \m{shape}, and \m{size}.
+
+The font is selected without any adjustments to baselineskip and other
+surrounding conditions.
+
+This example makes |{\picturechar .}| select a small dot very quickly:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareFixedFont{\picturechar}{OT1}{cmr}{m}{n}{5}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareTextFontCommand| \arg{cmd} \arg{font-switches}
+\end{decl}
+
+Declares command \m{cmd} to be a font command with one argument.
+The current font attributes are locally modified by \m{font-switches}
+and then the argument of \m{cmd} is typeset in the resulting new font.
+
+Commands defined by |\DeclareTextFontCommand| automatically take care
+of any necessary italic correction (on either side).
+
+The following example shows how |\textrm| is defined by the kernel.
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textrm}{\rmfamily}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+To define a command that always typeset its argument in the italic
+shape of the main document font you could declare:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareTextFontCommand{\normalit}{\normalfont\itshape}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+This declaration can be used to change the meaning of a command; if
+\m{cmd} is already defined, a log that it has been redefined
+is put in the transcript file.
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareOldFontCommand| \arg{cmd} \arg{text-switch}
+ \arg{math-switch}
+\end{decl}
+
+Declares command \m{cmd} to be a font switch (i.e.~used with the
+syntax |{<cmd>...}|) having the definition \m{text-switch}
+when used in text and the definition \m{math-switch} when used in a
+formula.
+Math alphabet commands, like |\mathit|, when used within \m{math-switch}
+should not have an argument. Their use in this argument causes their
+semantics to change so that they here act as a font switch, as
+required by the usage of the \m{cmd}.
+
+This declaration is useful for setting up commands like |\rm| to behave
+as they did in \LaTeX~2.09. We strongly urge you \emph{not} to misuse
+this declaration to invent new font commands.
+
+The following example defines |\it| to produce the italic shape of the
+main document font if used in text and to switch to the font that would
+normally be produced by the math alphabet |\mathit| if used in a
+formula.
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+This declaration can be used to change the meaning of a command; if
+\m{cmd} is already defined, a log that it has been redefined
+is put in the transcript file.
+
+
+\section{Math fonts}
+\label{Sec:math}
+
+This section describes the commands available to class and package
+writers for specifying math fonts and math commands.
+
+\subsection{Math font attributes}
+
+The selection of fonts within math mode is quite different to that of
+text fonts.
+
+Some math fonts are selected explicitly by one-argument commands such
+as |\mathsf{max}| or |\mathbf{vec}|; such fonts are called \emph{math
+alphabets}. These math alphabet commands affect only the font used
+for letters and symbols of type |\mathalpha| (see
+Section~\ref{Sec:math.commands}); other symbols within the argument
+will be left unchanged. The predefined math alphabets are:
+\begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{ccc}
+ \emph{Alphabet} & \emph{Description} & \emph{Example} \\
+ |\mathnormal| & default & $abcXYZ$ \\
+ |\mathrm| & roman & $\mathrm{abcXYZ}$ \\
+ |\mathbf| & bold roman & $\mathbf{abcXYZ}$ \\
+ |\mathsf| & sans serif & $\mathsf{abcXYZ}$ \\
+ |\mathit| & text italic & $\mathit{abcXYZ}$ \\
+ |\mathtt| & typewriter & $\mathtt{abcXYZ}$ \\
+ |\mathcal| & calligraphic & $\mathcal{XYZ}$
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+Other math fonts are selected implicitly by \TeX{} for symbols, with
+commands such as |\oplus| (producing $\oplus$) or with straight
+characters like |>>| or |+|. Fonts containing such math symbols are
+called \emph{math symbol fonts}. The predefined math symbol fonts
+are:
+\begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{ccc}
+ \emph{Symbol font} & \emph{Description} & \emph{Example} \\
+ |operators| & symbols from |\mathrm| & $[\;+\;]$ \\
+ |letters| & symbols from |\mathnormal| & $<<\star>>$ \\
+ |symbols| & most \LaTeX{} symbols & $\leq*\geq$ \\
+ |largesymbols| & large symbols & $\sum\prod\int$
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+Some math fonts are both \emph{math alphabets} and \emph{math symbol
+fonts}, for example |\mathrm| and |operators| are the same font, and
+|\mathnormal| and |letters| are the same font.
+
+Math fonts in \LaTeX{} have the same five attributes as text fonts:
+encoding, family, series, shape and size. However, there are no
+commands that allow the attributes to be individually changed.
+Instead, the conversion from math fonts to these five attributes is
+controlled by the \emph{math version}. For example, the |normal| math
+version maps:
+\begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{rlc@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c}
+ \multicolumn{2}{c}{\emph{Math font}} &
+ \multicolumn{4}{c}{\emph{External font}} \\
+ \emph{Alphabets} & \emph{Symbol fonts} &
+ \multicolumn{4}{c}{\emph{Attributes}} \\
+ |\mathnormal| & |letters| & |OML| & |cmm| & |m| & |it| \\
+ |\mathrm| & |operators| & |OT1| & |cmr| & |m| & |n| \\
+ |\mathcal| & |symbols| & |OMS| & |cmsy| & |m| & |n| \\
+ & |largesymbols| & |OMX| & |cmex| & |m| & |n| \\
+ |\mathbf| & & |OT1| & |cmr| & |bx| & |n| \\
+ |\mathsf| & & |OT1| & |cmss| & |m| & |n| \\
+ |\mathit| & & |OT1| & |cmr| & |m| & |it| \\
+ |\mathtt| & & |OT1| & |cmtt| & |m| & |n|
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+The |bold| math version is similar except that it contains bold fonts.
+The command |\boldmath| selects the |bold| math version.
+
+Math versions can only be changed outside of math mode.
+
+The two predefined math versions are:
+\begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{rl}
+ |normal| & the default math version \\
+ |bold| & the bold math version
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+Packages may define new math alphabets, math symbol fonts, and math
+versions. This section describes the commands for writing such
+packages.
+
+\subsection{Selection commands}
+
+There are no commands for selecting symbol fonts. Instead, these are
+selected indirectly through symbol commands like |\oplus|.
+Section~\ref{Sec:math.commands} explains how to define symbol commands.
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\mathnormal{<math>}|\\
+ |\mathcal{<math>}|\\
+ |\mathrm{<math>}|\\
+ |\mathbf{<math>}|\\
+ |\mathsf{<math>}|\\
+ |\mathit{<math>}|\\
+ |\mathtt{<math>}|
+\end{decl}
+Each math alphabet is a command which can only be used inside math
+mode. For example, |$x + \mathsf{y} + \mathcal{Z}$| produces $x +
+\mathsf{y} + \mathcal{Z}$.
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\mathversion{<version>}|
+\end{decl}
+This command selects a math version; it can only be used outside math
+mode. For example, |\boldmath| is defined to be |\mathversion{bold}|.
+
+\subsection{Declaring math versions}
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareMathVersion| \arg{version}
+\end{decl}
+
+Defines \m{version} to be a math version.
+
+The newly declared version is initialized with the defaults for all
+symbol fonts and math alphabets declared so far (see the commands
+|\DeclareSymbolFont| and |\DeclareMathAlphabet|).
+
+If used on an already existing version, an information message is
+written to the transcript file and all previous |\SetSymbolFont| or
+|\SetMathAlphabet| declarations for this version are overwritten by
+the math alphabet and symbol font defaults, i.e.~one ends up with a
+virgin math version.
+
+Example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareMathVersion{normal}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\subsection{Declaring math alphabets}
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareMathAlphabet| \arg{math-alph} \arg{encoding} \arg{family}
+ \arg{series} \arg{shape}
+\end{decl}
+
+\NEWdescription{1997/12/01}
+If this is the first declaration for \m{math-alph} then a new math
+alphabet with this as its command name is created.
+
+The arguments \m{encoding} \m{family} \m{series} \m{shape} are used to
+set, or reset, the default values for this math alphabet in all math
+versions; if required, these must be further reset later for a
+particular math version by a |\SetMathAlphabet| command.
+
+If \m{shape} is empty then this \m{math-alph} is declared to be invalid
+in all versions, unless it is set by a later |\SetMathAlphabet|
+command for a particular math version.
+
+Checks that the command \m{math-alph} is either already a math
+alphabet command or is undefined; and that \m{encoding} is a known
+encoding scheme, i.e., has been previously declared.
+
+
+In these examples, |\foo| is defined for all math versions but |\baz|,
+by default, is defined nowhere.
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareMathAlphabet{\foo}{OT1}{cmtt}{m}{n}
+ \DeclareMathAlphabet{\baz}{OT1}{}{}{}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\SetMathAlphabet| \arg{math-alph} \arg{version}\\
+ \null\hfill\arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series} \arg{shape}
+\end{decl}
+
+Changes, or sets, the font for the math alphabet \m{math-alph} in math
+version \m{version} to \m{encoding}\m{family}\m{series}\m{shape}.
+
+Checks that \m{math-alph} has been declared as a math alphabet,
+\m{version} is a known math version and \m{encoding} is a known
+encoding scheme.
+
+
+This example defines |\baz| for the `normal' math version only:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \SetMathAlphabet{\baz}{normal}{OT1}{cmss}{m}{n}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Note that this declaration is not used for all math alphabets:
+Section~\ref{sec:symalph} describes |\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet|,
+which is used to set up math alphabets contained in fonts which have
+been declared as symbol fonts.
+
+
+\subsection{Declaring symbol fonts}
+\label{sec:symalph}
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareSymbolFont| \arg{sym-font} \arg{encoding} \arg{family}
+ \arg{series} \arg{shape}
+\end{decl}
+
+\NEWdescription{1997/12/01}
+If this is the first declaration for \m{sym-font} then a new
+symbol font with this name is created (i.e.~this identifier is assigned
+to a new \TeX{} math group).
+
+The arguments \m{encoding} \m{family} \m{series} \m{shape} are used to
+set, or reset. the default values for this symbol font in \emph{all}
+math versions; if required, these must be further reset later for
+a particular math version by a |\SetSymbolFont| command.
+
+Checks that \m{encoding} is a declared encoding scheme.
+
+
+For example, the following sets up the first four standard math symbol
+fonts:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareSymbolFont{operators}{OT1}{cmr}{m}{n}
+ \DeclareSymbolFont{letters}{OML}{cmm}{m}{it}
+ \DeclareSymbolFont{symbols}{OMS}{cmsy}{m}{n}
+ \DeclareSymbolFont{largesymbols}{OMX}{cmex}{m}{n}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\SetSymbolFont| \arg{sym-font} \arg{version}\\
+ \null\hfill \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series} \arg{shape}
+\end{decl}
+
+Changes the symbol font \m{sym-font} for math version \m{version}
+to \m{encoding} \m{family} \m{series} \m{shape}.
+
+Checks that \m{sym-font} has been declared as a symbol font,
+\m{version} is a known math version and \m{encoding} is a
+declared encoding scheme.
+
+
+For example, the following come from the set up of the `bold'
+math version:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \SetSymbolFont{operators}{bold}{OT1}{cmr}{bx}{n}
+ \SetSymbolFont{letters}{bold}{OML}{cmm}{b}{it}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet| \arg{math-alph} \arg{sym-font}
+\end{decl}
+
+\NEWdescription{1997/12/01}
+Allows the previously declared symbol font \m{sym-font} to be the
+math alphabet with command \m{math-alph} in \emph{all} math versions.
+
+Checks that the command \m{math-alph} is either already a math alphabet
+command or is undefined; and that \m{sym-font} is a symbol font.
+
+
+Example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathrm}{operators}
+ \DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathcal}{symbols}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+This declaration should be used in preference to
+|\DeclareMathAlphabet| and |\SetMathAlphabet| when a math alphabet is
+the same as a symbol font; this is because it makes better use of the
+limited number (only 16) of \TeX's math groups.
+
+\NEWdescription{1997/12/01}
+Note that, whereas a \TeX{} math group is allocated to each symbol font
+when it is first declared, a math alphabet uses a \TeX{} math group
+only when its command is used within a math formula.
+
+
+\subsection{Declaring math symbols}
+\label{Sec:math.commands}
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareMathSymbol| \arg{symbol} \arg{type} \arg{sym-font}
+ \arg{slot}
+\end{decl}
+
+The \m{symbol} can be either a single character such as `|>>|', or a
+macro name, such as |\sum|.
+
+Defines the \m{symbol} to be a math symbol of type
+\m{type} in slot \m{slot} of symbol font \m{sym-font}. The
+\m{type} can be given as a number or as a command:
+\begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{ccc}
+ \emph{Type} & \emph{Meaning} & \emph{Example} \\
+ |0| or |\mathord | & Ordinary & $\alpha$ \\
+ |1| or |\mathop | & Large operator & $\sum$ \\
+ |2| or |\mathbin | & Binary operation & $\times$ \\
+ |3| or |\mathrel | & Relation & $\leq$ \\
+ |4| or |\mathopen | & Opening & $\langle$ \\
+ |5| or |\mathclose| & Closing & $\rangle$ \\
+ |6| or |\mathpunct| & Punctuation & $;$ \\
+ |7| or |\mathalpha| & Alphabet character & $A$
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+Only symbols of type |\mathalpha| will be affected by math alphabet
+commands: within the argument of a math alphabet command they will
+produce the character in slot \m{slot} of that math alphabet's font.
+Symbols of other types will always produce the same symbol
+(within one math version).
+
+|\DeclareMathSymbol| allows a macro \m{symbol} to be redefined only if
+it was previously defined to be a math symbol. It also checks that
+the \m{sym-font} is a declared symbol font.
+
+Example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareMathSymbol{\alpha}{0}{letters}{"0B}
+ \DeclareMathSymbol{\lessdot}{\mathbin}{AMSb}{"0C}
+ \DeclareMathSymbol{\alphld}{\mathalpha}{AMSb}{"0C}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\DeclareMathDelimiter| \arg{cmd} \arg{type}
+ \arg{sym-font-1} \arg{slot-1}\\
+ \null\hfill \arg{sym-font-2} \arg{slot-2}
+\end{decl}
+Defines \m{cmd} to be a math delimiter where the small variant is in
+slot \m{slot-1} of symbol font \m{sym-font-1} and the large
+variant is in slot \m{slot-2} of symbol font \m{sym-font-2}.
+Both symbol fonts must have been declared previously.
+
+Checks that \m{sym-font-i} are both declared symbol fonts.
+
+If \TeX{} is not looking for a delimiter, \m{cmd} is treated just as
+if it had been defined with |\DeclareMathSymbol| using
+\m{type}, \m{sym-font-1} and \m{slot-1}. In other words, if a
+command is defined as a delimiter then this automatically defines it
+as a math symbol.
+
+\NEWdescription{1998/06/01}
+In case \m{cmd} is a single character such as `|[|', the same syntax is
+used. Previously the \arg{type} argument was not present (and thus the
+corresponding math symbol declaration had to be provided separately).
+
+Example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareMathDelimiter{\langle}{\mathopen}{symbols}{"68}
+ {largesymbols}{"0A}
+ \DeclareMathDelimiter{(} {\mathopen}{operators}{"28}
+ {largesymbols}{"00}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareMathAccent| \arg{cmd} \arg{type} \arg{sym-font} \arg{slot}
+\end{decl}
+
+Defines \m{cmd} to act as a math accent.
+
+The accent character comes from slot \m{slot} in
+\m{sym-font}. The \m{type} can be either
+|\mathord| or |\mathalpha|; in the latter case the accent character
+changes font when used in a math alphabet.
+
+Example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareMathAccent{\acute}{\mathalpha}{operators}{"13}
+ \DeclareMathAccent{\vec}{\mathord}{letters}{"7E}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareMathRadical| \arg{cmd}
+ \arg{sym-font-1} \arg{slot-1}\\
+ \null\hfill \arg{sym-font-2} \arg{slot-2}
+\end{decl}
+
+Defines \m{cmd} to be a radical where the small variant is in
+slot \m{slot-1} of symbol font \m{sym-font-1} and the
+large variant is in slot \m{slot-2} of symbol font
+\m{sym-font-2}. Both symbol fonts must have been declared
+previously.
+
+Example (probably the only use for it!):
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareMathRadical{\sqrt}{symbols}{"70}{largesymbols}{"70}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\subsection{Declaring math sizes}
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareMathSizes| \arg{t-size} \arg{mt-size} \arg{s-size}
+ \arg{ss-size}
+\end{decl}
+
+Declares that \m{mt-size} is the (main) math text size, \m{s-size} is
+the `script' size and \m{ss-size} the `scriptscript' size to be used
+in math, when \m{t-size} is the current text size. For text sizes for
+which no such declaration is given the `script' and `scriptscript'
+size will be calculated and then fonts are loaded for the calculated
+sizes or the best approximation (this may result in a warning
+message).
+
+Normally, \m{t-size} and \m{mt-size} will be identical; however, if,
+for example, PostScript text fonts are mixed with bit-map math fonts
+then you may not have available a \m{mt-size} for every \m{t-size}.
+
+Example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareMathSizes{13.82}{14.4}{10}{7}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\section{Font installation}
+\label{Sec:install}
+
+This section explains how \LaTeX's font attributes are turned into
+\TeX{} font specifications.
+
+\subsection{Font definition files}
+
+\NEWdescription{1997/12/01}
+The description of how \LaTeX{} font attributes are turned into \TeX{}
+fonts is usually kept in a \emph{font definition file} (|.fd|). The
+file for family \m{family} in encoding \m{ENC} must be
+called |<enc><family>.fd|: for example, |ot1cmr.fd| for Computer
+Modern Roman with encoding |OT1| or |t1ptm.fd| for Adobe Times with
+encoding |T1|. Note that encoding names are converted to lowercase
+when used as part of file names.
+
+Whenever \LaTeX{} encounters an encoding/family combination that it
+does not know (e.g.~if the document designer says
+|\fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont|) then \LaTeX{} attempts to load the
+appropriate |.fd| file. ``Not known'' means: there was no
+|\DeclareFontFamily| declaration issued for this encoding/family
+combination. If the |.fd| file could not be found, a warning is
+issued and font substitutions are made.
+
+The declarations in the font definition file are responsible for
+telling \LaTeX{} how to load fonts for that encoding/family
+combination.
+
+\subsection{Font definition file commands}
+
+\emph{Note}: A font definition file should contain only commands
+from this subsection.
+
+Note that these commands can also be used outside a font definition
+file: they can be put in package or class files, or even in the
+preamble of a document.
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\ProvidesFile{<file-name>}[<release-info>]|
+\end{decl}
+The file should announce itself with a |\ProvidesFile| command,
+as described in \emph{\clsguide}. For example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \ProvidesFile{t1ptm.fd}[1994/06/01 Adobe Times font definitions]
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Spaces within the arguments specific to font definition files are
+ignored to avoid surplus spaces in the document. If a real space is
+necessary use |\space|.
+\NEWdescription{2004/02/10}However, note that this is only true if the
+declaration is made at top level! If used within the definition of
+another command, within |\AtBeginDocument|, option code or in similar
+places, then spaces within the argument will remain and may result in
+incorrect table entries.
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareFontFamily| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{loading-settings}
+\end{decl}
+
+Declares a font family \m{family} to be available in encoding scheme
+\m{encoding}.
+
+The \m{loading-settings} are executed immediately after loading any
+font with this encoding and family.
+
+Checks that \m{encoding} was previously declared.
+
+This example refers to the Computer Modern Typewriter font family in
+the Cork encoding:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareFontFamily{T1}{cmtt}{\hyphenchar\font=-1}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Each |.fd| file should contain exactly one |\DeclareFontFamily|
+command, and it should be for the appropriate encoding/family
+combination.
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareFontShape| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series}
+ \arg{shape}\\
+ \null\hfill \arg{loading-info} \arg{loading-settings}
+\end{decl}
+
+Declares a font shape combination; here \m{loading-info} contains the
+information that combines sizes with external fonts. The syntax is
+complex and is described in Section~\ref{sec:loadinfo} below.
+
+The \m{loading-settings} are executed after loading any font with this
+font shape. They are executed immediately after the
+`loading-settings' which were declared by |\DeclareFontFamily| and so
+they can be used to overwrite the settings made at the family level.
+
+Checks that the combination \m{encoding}\m{family} was previously
+declared via |\DeclareFontFamily|.
+
+Example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{cmr}{m}{sl}{%
+ <<5-8>> sub * cmr/m/n
+ <<8>> cmsl8
+ <<9>> cmsl9
+ <<10>> <<10.95>> cmsl10
+ <<12>> <<14.4>> <<17.28>> <<20.74>> <<24.88>> cmsl12
+ }{}
+\end{verbatim}
+The file can contain any number of |\DeclareFontShape| commands,
+which should be for the appropriate \m{encoding} and \m{family}.
+
+\NEWfeature{1996/06/01}
+The font family declarations for the |OT1|-encoded fonts now all
+contain:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \hyphenchar\font=`\-
+\end{verbatim}
+This enables the use of an alternative |\hyphenchar| in other encodings
+whilst maintaining the correct value for all fonts.
+
+\subsection{Font file loading information}
+\label{sec:loadinfo}
+
+The information which tells \LaTeX{} exactly which font (\texttt{.tfm})
+files to load is contained in the \m{loading-info} part of a
+|\DeclareFontShape| declaration. This part consists of one or more
+\m{fontshape-decl}s, each of which has the following form:
+
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{r@{ $::=$ }l}
+ \m{fontshape-decl} & \m{size-infos} \m{font-info} \\
+ \m{size-infos} & \m{size-infos} \m{size-info} $\mid$
+ \m{size-info} \\
+ \m{size-info} & ``|<<|'' \m{number-or-range} ``|>>|'' \\
+ \m{font-info} & $[$ \m{size-function} ``|*|'' $]$
+ $[$ ``|[|'' \m{optarg} ``|]|'' $]$ \m{fontarg} \\
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+The \m{number-or-range} denotes the size or size-range
+for which this entry applies.
+
+If it contains a hyphen it is a
+range: lower bound on the left (if missing, zero implied), upper bound
+on the right (if missing, $\infty$ implied). For ranges, the
+upper bound is \emph{not} included in the range and the lower bound is.
+
+Examples:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{lll}
+ |<<10>>| & simple size& 10pt only\\
+ |<<-8>>| & range& all sizes less than 8pt\\
+ |<<8-14.4>>| & range& all sizes greater than or equal to 8pt\\
+ & & \ but less than 14.4pt\\
+ |<<14.4->>| & range& all sizes greater than or equal 14.4pt
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+If more than one \m{size-info} entry follows without any
+intervening \m{font-info}, they all share the next \m{font-info}.
+
+The \m{size-function}, if present, handles the use of \m{font-info}.
+If not present, the `empty' \m{size-function} is assumed.
+
+All the \m{size-info}s are inspected in the order in which they appear
+in the font shape declaration. If a \m{size-info} matches the
+requested size, its \m{size-function} is executed. If |\external@font|
+is non-empty afterwards this process stops, otherwise the next
+\m{size-info} is inspected. (See also |\DeclareSizeFunction|.)
+
+If this process does not lead to a non-empty |\external@font|,
+\LaTeX{} tries the nearest simple size. If the entry contains only
+ranges an error is returned.
+
+
+\subsection{Size functions}
+\label{sec:sizefunct}
+
+
+\LaTeX{} provides the following size functions, whose `inputs' are
+\m{fontarg} and \m{optarg} (when present).
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[`' (empty)]
+Load the external font \m{fontarg} at the user-requested size. If
+\m{optarg} is present, it is used as the scale-factor.
+
+\item[s]
+Like the empty function but without terminal warnings, only
+loggings.
+
+\item[gen]
+Generates the external font from \m{fontarg} followed by
+the user-requested size, e.g.~|<<8>> <<9>> <<10>> gen * cmtt|
+
+\item[sgen]
+Like the `gen' function but without terminal warnings, only loggings.
+
+\item[genb]
+\NEWfeature{1995/12/01}
+Generates the external font from \m{fontarg} followed by
+the user-requested size, using the conventions of the `ec' fonts.
+e.g.~|<<10.98>> genb * dctt| produces |dctt1098|.
+
+\item[sgenb]
+\NEWfeature{1995/12/01}
+Like the `genb' function but without terminal warnings, only loggings.
+
+\item[sub]
+Tries to load a font from a different font shape declaration given by
+\m{fontarg} in the form \m{family}|/|\m{series}|/|\m{shape}.
+
+\item[ssub]
+Silent variant of `sub', only loggings.
+
+\item[subf]
+Like the empty function but issues a warning that it has to substitute
+the external font \m{fontarg} because the desired font shape was not
+available in the requested size.
+
+\item[ssubf]
+Silent variant of `subf', only loggings.
+
+\item[fixed]
+Load font \m{fontarg} as is, disregarding the user-requested size.
+If present, \m{optarg} gives the ``at \ldots pt'' size to be used.
+
+\item[sfixed]
+Silent variant of `fixed', only loggings.
+
+\end{description}
+
+Examples for the use of most of the above size functions can be found
+in the file |cmfonts.fdd|---the source for the standard |.fd| files
+describing the Computer Modern fonts by Donald Knuth.
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareSizeFunction| \arg{name} \arg{code}
+\end{decl}
+
+Declares a size-function \m{name} for use in |\DeclareFontShape|
+commands. The interface is still under development but there should be
+no real need to a define new size functions.
+
+The \m{code} is executed when the size or size-range in
+|\DeclareFontShape| matches the user-requested size.
+
+The arguments of the size-function are automatically parsed and placed
+into |\mandatory@arg| and |\optional@arg| for use in \m{code}. Also
+available, of course, is |\f@size|, which is the user-requested size.
+
+To signal success \m{code} must define the command |\external@font|
+to contain the external name and any scaling options (if present) for
+the font to be loaded.
+
+This example sets up the `empty' size function (simplified):
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareSizeFunction{}
+ {\edef\external@font{\mandatory@arg\space at\f@size}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\section{Encodings}
+\label{Sec:encode}
+
+This section explains how to declare and use new font encodings and
+how to declare commands for use with particular encodings.
+
+\subsection{The \textsf{fontenc} package}
+
+Users can select new font encodings using the |fontenc| package. The
+|fontenc| package has options for encodings; the last option becomes
+the default encoding. For example, to use the |OT2| (Washington
+University Cyrillic encoding) and |T1| encodings, with |T1| as the
+default, an author types:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \usepackage[OT2,T1]{fontenc}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\NEWdescription{1997/12/01}
+For each font encoding \m{ENC} given as an option, this package loads
+the \emph{encoding definition} (|<enc>enc.def|, with an all
+lower-case name) file; it also sets |\encodingdefault| to be the last
+encoding in the option list.
+
+The declarations in the encoding definition file |<enc>enc.def| for
+encoding \m{ENC} are responsible for declaring this encoding and
+telling \LaTeX{} how to produce characters in this encoding; this file
+should contain nothing else (see Section~\ref{Sec:encode.def}.
+
+The standard \LaTeX{} format declares the |OT1| and |T1| text
+encodings by inputting the files |ot1enc.def| and |t1enc.def|; it also
+sets up various defaults which require that |OT1|-encoded fonts are
+available.
+Other encoding set-ups might be added to the distribution at a
+later stage.
+
+Thus the example above loads the files |ot2enc.def| and |t1enc.def|
+and sets |\encodingdefault| to |T1|.
+
+\emph{Warning}: If you wish to use |T1|-encoded fonts other than the `cmr'
+family then you may need to load the package (e.g.~\texttt{times})
+that selects the fonts \emph{before} loading \texttt{fontenc} (this
+prevents the system from attempting to load any |T1|-encoded fonts from
+the `cmr' family).
+
+
+
+\subsection{Encoding definition file commands}
+\label{Sec:encode.def}
+
+\emph{Note}: An encoding definition file should contain only commands
+from this subsection.
+
+\NEWdescription{2019/07/10}
+As an exception it may also contain a |\DeclareFontsubstitution|
+declaration (described in \ref{sec:encoding-defaults}) to specify how
+font substitution for this encoding should be handled. In that case
+it is important that the values used point to a font that is guaranteed
+to be available on all \LaTeX{} installations.\footnote{If the font
+ encoding file is made available as part of a CTAN bundle, that could
+ be a font that is provided together with that bundle, but it should
+ not point to font which requires further installation steps and
+ therefore may or may not be installed.}
+
+
+\NEWdescription{1997/12/01}
+As with the font definition file commands, it is also possible
+(although normally not necessary) to use these declarations directly
+within a class or package file.
+
+\emph{Warning}: Some aspects of the contents of font definition files
+are still under development. Therefore, the current versions of the
+files |ot1enc.def| and |t1enc.def| are temporary versions and should
+not be used as models for producing further such files. For further
+information you should read the documentation in |ltoutenc.dtx|.
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\ProvidesFile{<file-name>}[<release-info>]|
+\end{decl}
+The file should announce itself with a |\ProvidesFile|
+command, described in \emph{\clsguide}. For example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \ProvidesFile{ot2enc.def}
+ [1994/06/01 Washington University Cyrillic encoding]
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareFontEncoding| \arg{encoding} \arg{text-settings}
+ \arg{math-settings}
+\end{decl}
+
+Declares a new encoding scheme \m{encoding}.
+
+The \m{text-settings} are
+declarations which are executed every time |\selectfont| changes the
+encoding to be \m{encoding}.
+
+The \m{math-settings} are similar but are for math alphabets. They
+are executed whenever a math alphabet with this encoding is
+called.
+
+\NEWfeature{1998/12/01}
+It also saves the value of \m{encoding} in the macro
+|\LastDeclaredEncoding|.
+
+Example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareFontEncoding{OT1}{}{}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Some author commands need to change their definition depending on
+which encoding is currently in use. For example, in the |OT1|
+encoding, the letter `\AE' is in slot |"1D|, whereas in the |T1|
+encoding it is in slot |"C6|. So the definition of |\AE| has to
+change depending on whether the current encoding is |OT1| or |T1|.
+The following commands allow this to happen.
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\DeclareTextCommand| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding}
+ \oarg{num} \oarg{default} \arg{definition}
+\end{decl}
+This command is like |\newcommand|, except that it defines a
+command which is specific to one encoding. For example, the
+definition of |\k| in the |T1| encoding is:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareTextCommand{\k}{T1}[1]
+ {\oalign{\null#1\crcr\hidewidth\char12}}
+\end{verbatim}
+|\DeclareTextCommand| takes the same optional arguments as
+|\newcommand|.
+
+The resulting command is
+robust, even if the code in \m{definition} is fragile.
+
+It does not produce an error if the command has already
+been defined but logs the redefinition in the transcript file.
+
+\begin{decl}[1994/12/01]
+ |\ProvideTextCommand| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding}
+ \oarg{num} \oarg{default} \arg{definition}
+\end{decl}
+This command is the same as |\DeclareTextCommand|, except that
+if \m{cmd} is already defined in encoding \m{encoding}, then the
+definition is ignored.
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\DeclareTextSymbol| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \arg{slot}
+\end{decl}
+This command defines a text symbol with slot \m{slot} in the
+encoding. For example, the definition of |\ss| in the |OT1| encoding
+is:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareTextSymbol{\ss}{OT1}{25}
+\end{verbatim}
+It does not produce an error if the command has already
+been defined but logs the redefinition in the transcript file.
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\DeclareTextAccent| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \arg{slot}
+\end{decl}
+This command declares a text accent, with the accent taken from slot
+\m{slot} in the encoding. For example, the definition of |\"| in
+the |OT1| encoding is:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareTextAccent{\"}{OT1}{127}
+\end{verbatim}
+It does not produce an error if the command has already
+been defined but logs the redefinition in the transcript file.
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\DeclareTextComposite| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \arg{letter}
+ \arg{slot}
+\end{decl}
+This command declares that the composite letter formed from applying
+\m{cmd} to \m{letter} is defined to be simply slot \m{slot} in the
+encoding. The \m{letter} should be a single letter (such as |a|) or
+a single command (such as |\i|).
+
+
+For example, the definition of |\'{a}|
+in the |T1| encoding could be declared like this:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareTextComposite{\'}{T1}{a}{225}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The \m{cmd} will normally have been previously declared
+for this encoding, either by using
+|\DeclareTextAccent|, or as a one-argument |\DeclareTextCommand|.
+
+\begin{decl}[1994/12/01]
+ |\DeclareTextCompositeCommand| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \arg{letter}
+ \arg{definition}
+\end{decl}
+This is a more general form of |\DeclareTextComposite|, which allows
+for an arbitrary \m{definition}, not just a \m{slot}. The main use
+for this is to allow accents on |i| to act like accents on |\i|, for
+example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i}
+\end{verbatim}
+It has the same restrictions as |\DeclareTextComposite|.
+
+
+\begin{decl}[1998/12/01]
+ |\LastDeclaredEncoding|
+\end{decl}
+This holds the name of the last encoding declared via
+|\DeclareFontEncoding| (this should also be the currently most
+efficient encoding). It can be used in the \m{encoding} argument
+of the above declarations in place of explicitly mentioning the
+encoding, e.g.
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{}
+ \DeclareTextAccent{\`}{\LastDeclaredEncoding}{0}
+ \DeclareTextAccent{\'}{\LastDeclaredEncoding}{1}
+\end{verbatim}
+This can be useful in cases where encoding files sharing common code
+are generated from one source.
+
+
+\subsection{Default definitions}
+
+\NEWdescription{1997/12/01}
+The declarations used in encoding definition files define
+encoding-specific commands but they do not allow those commands to be
+used without explicitly changing the encoding. For some commands,
+such as symbols, this is not enough. For example, the~|OMS| encoding
+contains the symbol~`\S', but we need to be able to use the
+command~|\S| whatever the current encoding may be, without explicitly
+selecting the encoding~|OMS|.
+
+\NEWdescription{1997/12/01}
+To allow this, \LaTeX{} has commands that declare default definitions
+for commands; these defaults are used when the command is not defined
+in the current encoding. For example, the default encoding for~|\S|
+is~|OMS|, and so in an encoding (such as |OT1|) which does not
+contain~|\S|, the~|OMS| encoding is selected in order to access this
+glyph. But in an encoding (such as~|T1|) which does contain~|\S|, the
+glyph in that encoding is used. The standard \LaTeXe{} format sets
+up several such defaults using the following encodings: |OT1|,~|OMS|
+and~|OML|.
+
+\emph{Warning}: These commands should \emph{not} occur in encoding
+definition files, since those files should declare only commands for use
+when that encoding has been selected. They should instead be placed
+in packages; they must, of course, always refer to encodings that are
+known to be available.
+
+\begin{decl}[1994/12/01]
+ |\DeclareTextCommandDefault| \arg{cmd} \arg{definition}
+\end{decl}
+This command allows an encoding-specific command to be given a default
+definition. For example, the default definition for |\copyright| is
+defined be be a circled `c' with:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareTextCommandDefault{\copyright}{\textcircled{c}}
+\end{verbatim}
+\begin{decl}[1994/12/01]
+ |\DeclareTextAccentDefault| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding} \\
+ |\DeclareTextSymbolDefault| \arg{cmd} \arg{encoding}
+\end{decl}
+These commands allow an encoding-specific command to be given a
+default encoding. For example, the default encoding for |\"| and
+|\ae| is set to be |OT1| by:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareTextAccentDefault{\"}{OT1}
+ \DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\ae}{OT1}
+\end{verbatim}
+Note that |\DeclareTextAccentDefault| can be used on any one-argument
+encoding-specific command, not just those defined with
+|\DeclareTextAccent|. Similarly, |\DeclareTextSymbolDefault| can be
+used on any encoding-specific command with no arguments, not just
+those defined with |\DeclareTextSymbol|.
+
+For more examples of these definitions, see |ltoutenc.dtx|.
+
+\begin{decl}[1994/12/01]
+ |\ProvideTextCommandDefault| \arg{cmd} \arg{definition}
+\end{decl}
+This command is the same as |\DeclareTextCommandDefault|, except that
+if the command already has a default definition, then the definition
+is ignored. This is useful to give `faked' definitions of symbols
+which may be given `real' definitions by other packages. For example,
+a package might give a fake definition of |\textonequarter| by saying:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\textonequarter}{$\m@th\frac14$}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \subsection{Encoding defaults} \label{sec:encoding-defaults}
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareFontEncodingDefaults| \arg{text-settings} \arg{math-settings}
+\end{decl}
+
+Declares \m{text-settings} and \m{math-settings} for all encoding
+schemes. These are executed before the encoding scheme dependent ones
+are executed so that one can use the defaults for the major cases and
+overwrite them if necessary using |\DeclareFontEncoding|.
+
+If |\relax| is used as an argument, the current setting of this default
+is left unchanged.
+
+This example is used by amsfonts.sty for accent positioning; it changes
+only the math settings:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareFontEncodingDefaults{\relax}{\def\accentclass@{7}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareFontSubstitution| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series}
+ \arg{shape}
+\end{decl}
+
+Declares the default values for font substitution which will be used
+when a font with encoding \m{encoding}
+should be loaded but no font can be found with the current
+attributes.
+
+These substitutions are local to the encoding scheme because the
+encoding scheme is never substituted! They are tried in the order
+\m{shape} then \m{series} and finally \m{family}.
+
+\NEWdescription{2019/07/10}
+This declaration is normally done in an encoding definition file
+(see~\ref{Sec:encode.def}), but can also be used in a class file or
+the document preamble to alter the default for a specific encoding.
+
+If no defaults are set up for an encoding, the values given by
+|\DeclareErrorFont| are used.
+
+The font specification for
+\m{encoding}\m{family}\m{series}\m{shape}
+must have been defined by |\DeclareFontShape|
+before the |\begin{document}| is reached.
+
+Example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareFontSubstitution{T1}{cmr}{m}{n}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\subsection{Case changing}
+\label{sec:case}
+
+\begin{decl}
+ |\MakeUppercase| \arg{text} \\
+ |\MakeLowercase| \arg{text}
+\end{decl}
+
+\NEWfeature{1995/06/01}
+\TeX{} provides the two primitives |\uppercase| and |\lowercase| for
+changing the case of text. Unfortunately, these \TeX{} primitives do
+not change the case of characters accessed by commands like |\ae| or
+|\aa|. To overcome this problem, \LaTeX{} provides these two commands.
+
+In the long run, we would like to use all-caps fonts rather than any
+command like |\MakeUppercase| but this is not possible at the moment
+because such fonts do not exist.
+
+For further details, see \texttt{clsguide.tex}.
+
+\NEWdescription{1999/04/23}
+In order that upper/lower-casing will work reasonably well, and in
+order to provide any correct hyphenation, \LaTeXe{} \emph{must} use,
+throughout a document, the same fixed table for changing case. The
+table used is designed for the font encoding |T1|; this works well
+with the standard \TeX{} fonts for all Latin alphabets but will cause
+problems when using other alphabets. As an experiment, it has now
+been extended for use with some Cyrillic encodings.
+
+
+\section{Miscellanea}
+\label{Sec:misc}
+
+This section covers the remaining font commands in \LaTeX{} and some
+other issues.
+
+\subsection{Font substitution}
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclareErrorFont| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series}
+ \arg{shape} \arg{size}
+\end{decl}
+
+Declares \m{encoding}\m{family}\m{series}\m{shape} to be the font shape
+used in cases where the standard substitution mechanism fails
+(i.e.~would loop). For the standard mechanism see the command
+|\DeclareFontSubstitution| above.
+
+The font specification for
+\m{encoding}\m{family}\m{series}\m{shape}
+must have been defined by |\DeclareFontShape|
+before the |\begin{document}| is reached.
+
+Example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareErrorFont{OT1}{cmr}{m}{n}{10}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\NEWdescription{2019/07/10}
+This declaration is a system wide fallback and it should normally not
+be changed, in particular it does not belong into font encoding
+definition files but rather into the \LaTeX{} format. It is normally
+set up in \texttt{fonttext.cfg}. Adjustments on a per encoding base
+should be made through |\DeclareFontSubstitution| instead!
+
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\fontsubfuzz|
+\end{decl}
+
+This parameter is used to decide whether or not to produce a terminal
+warning if a font size substitution takes place. If the difference
+between the requested and the chosen size is less than |\fontsubfuzz|
+the warning is only written to the transcript file. The default value
+is |0.4pt|. This can be redefined with |\renewcommand|, for example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \renewcommand{\fontsubfuzz}{0pt} % always warn
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\subsection{Preloading}
+
+\begin{decl}
+|\DeclarePreloadSizes| \arg{encoding} \arg{family} \arg{series}
+ \arg{shape}
+\arg{size-list}
+\end{decl}
+
+
+Specifies the fonts that should be preloaded by the format. These
+commands should be put in a |preload.cfg| file, which is read in when
+the \LaTeX{} format is being built.
+Read |preload.dtx| for more information on how to built such a
+configuration file.
+
+Example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclarePreloadSizes{OT1}{cmr}{m}{sl}{10,10.95,12}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\NEWdescription{2019/07/10}
+Preloading is really an artifact of the days when loading fonts while
+processing a document contributed substantially to the processing
+time. These days it is usually best not to use this mechanism any more.
+
+\subsection{Accented characters}
+
+\NEWdescription{1996/06/01}
+Accented characters in \LaTeX{} can be produced using commands such as
+|\"a| etc. The precise effect of such commands depends on the font
+encoding being used. When using a font encoding that contains the
+accented characters as individual glyphs (such as the |T1| encoding,
+in the case of |\"a|) words that contain such accented characters can
+be automatically hyphenated. For font encodings that do not contain
+the requested individual glyph (such as the |OT1| encoding) such a
+command invokes typesetting instructions that produce the accented
+character as a combination of character glyphs and diacritical marks
+in the font. In most cases this involves a call to the \TeX{}
+primitive |\accent|. Glyphs constructed as composites in this way
+inhibit hyphenation of the current word; this is one reason why the
+|T1| encoding is preferable to the original \TeX{} font encoding
+|OT1|.
+
+It is important to understand that commands like |\"a| in \LaTeXe{}
+represent just a name for a single glyph (in this case `umlaut a') and
+contain no information about how to typeset that glyph---thus it does
+\emph{not} mean `put two dots on top of the character a'. The
+decision as to what typesetting routine to use will depend on the
+encoding of the current font and so this decision is taken at the last
+minute. Indeed, it is possible that the same input will be typeset in
+more than one way in the same document; for example, text in section
+headings may also appear in table of contents and in running heads; and
+each of these may use a font with a different encoding.
+
+For this reason the notation |\"a| is \emph{not} equivalent to:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \newcommand \chara {a} \"\chara
+\end{verbatim}
+In the latter case, \LaTeX{} does not expand the macro |\chara| but
+simply compares the notation (the string |\"\chara|) to its list of
+known composite notations in the current encoding; when it fails to
+find |\"\chara| it does the best it can and invokes the typesetting
+instructions that put the umlaut accent on top of the expansion of
+|\chara|. Thus, even if the font actually contains `\"a' as an
+individual glyph, it will not be used.
+
+The low-level accent commands in \LaTeX{} are defined in such a way
+that it is possible to combine a diacritical mark from one font with a
+glyph from another font; for example, |\"\textparagraph| will produce
+\"\textparagraph. The umlaut here
+is taken from the |OT1| encoded font |cmr10| whilst the paragraph sign
+is from the |OMS| encoded font |cmsy10|. (This example may be
+typographically silly but better ones would involve font encodings
+like |OT2| (Cyrillic) that might not be available at every
+site.)
+
+There are, however, restrictions on the font-changing commands that
+will work within the argument to such an accent command. These are
+\TeX{}nical in the sense that they follow from the way that \TeX{}'s
+|\accent| primitive works, allowing only a special class of commands
+between the accent and the accented character.
+
+The following are examples of commands that will not work correctly as
+the accent will appear above a space: the font commands with text
+arguments (|\textbf{...}| and friends); all the font size declarations
+(|\fontsize| and |\Large|, etc.); |\usefont| and declarations that
+depend on it, such as |\normalfont|; box commands (e.g.~|\mbox{...}|).
+
+The lower-level font declarations that set the attributes family,
+series and shape (such as |\fontshape{sl}\selectfont|) will produce
+correct typesetting, as will the default declarations such as
+|\bfseries|.
+
+
+\subsection{Naming conventions}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+Math alphabet commands all start with |\math...|: examples are
+|\mathbf|, |\mathcal|, etc.
+
+\item
+The text font changing commands with arguments all start with
+|\text...|: e.g.~|\textbf| and |\textrm|. The exception to this is
+|\emph|, since it occurs very commonly in author documents and so
+deserves a shorter name.
+
+\item
+Names for encoding schemes are strings of up to three letters (all
+upper case) plus digits.
+
+The \LaTeX3 project reserves the use of encodings starting with the
+following letters: |T| (standard 256-long text encodings), |TS|
+(symbols that are designed to extend a corresponding |T| encoding),
+|X| (text encodings that do not conform to the strict requirements for
+|T| encodings), |M| (standard 256-long math encodings), |S| (other
+symbol encodings), |A| (other special applications), |OT| (standard
+128-long text encodings) and |OM| (standard 128-long math encodings).
+
+Please do not use the above starting letters for non-portable
+encodings. If new standard encodings emerge then we shall add them in
+a later release of \LaTeX.
+
+Encoding schemes which are local to a site or a system should start
+with |L|, experimental encodings intended for wide distribution will
+start with |E|, whilst |U| is for Unknown or Unclassified encodings.
+
+\item
+Font family names should contain up to five lower case letters.
+Where possible, these should conform to the \emph{Filenames for fonts}
+font naming scheme.
+
+\item
+Font series names should contain up to four lower case letters.
+
+\item
+Font shapes should contain up to two letters lower case.
+
+\item
+Names for symbol fonts are built from lower and upper case letters
+with no restriction.
+\end{itemize}
+
+Whenever possible, you should use the series and shape names suggested
+in \emph{\LaTeXcomp} since this will make it easier to combine new
+fonts with existing fonts.
+
+\NEWdescription{1994/12/01}
+ Where possible, text symbols should be named as |\text| followed by
+ the Adobe glyph name: for example |\textonequarter| or
+ |\textsterling|. Similarly, math symbols should be named as
+ |\math| followed by the glyph name, for example |\mathonequarter|
+ or |\mathsterling|. Commands which can be used in text or math can
+ then be defined using |\ifmmode|, for example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \DeclareRobustCommand{\pounds}{%
+ \ifmmode \mathsterling \else \textsterling \fi
+ }
+\end{verbatim}
+ Note that commands defined in this way must be robust, in case they
+ get put into a section title or other moving argument.
+
+\section{If you need to know more \ldots}
+
+\NEWdescription{1996/06/01}
+The |tracefnt| package provides for tracing the actions concerned with
+loading, substituting and using fonts.
+The package accepts the following options:
+\begin{description}
+\item[errorshow] Write all information about font changes, etc.\ but
+ only to the transcript file unless an error occurs. This means that
+ information about font substitution will not be shown on the
+ terminal.
+
+\item[warningshow] Show all font warnings on the terminal. This
+ setting corresponds to the default behavior when this
+ \texttt{tracefnt} package is \emph{not} used!
+
+\item[infoshow] Show all font warnings and all font info messages
+ (that are normally only written to the transcript file) also on the
+ terminal. This is the default when this \texttt{tracefnt} package is
+ loaded.
+
+\item[debugshow] In addition to what is shown by \texttt{infoshow},
+ show also changes of math fonts (as far as possible): beware, this
+ option can produce a large amount of output.
+
+\item[loading] Show the names of external font files when they are
+ loaded. This option shows only `newly loaded' fonts, not those
+ already preloaded in the format or the class file before this
+ \texttt{tracefnt} package becomes active.
+
+\item[pausing]
+ Turn all font warnings into errors so that \LaTeX{} will stop.
+\end{description}
+
+\emph{Warning}: The actions of this package can change the layout of a
+document and even, in rare cases, produce clearly wrong output, so
+it should not be used in the final formatting of `real documents'.
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{1}
+
+\bibitem{A-W:MG2004}
+Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens.
+\newblock {\em The {\LaTeX} Companion second edition}.
+\newblock With Johannes Braams, David Carlisle, and Chris Rowley.
+\newblock Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 2004.
+
+\bibitem{tub:DKn89}
+Donald~E. Knuth.
+\newblock Typesetting concrete mathematics.
+\newblock {\em {TUG}boat}, 10(1):31--36, April 1989.
+
+\bibitem{A-W:LLa94}
+Leslie Lamport.
+\newblock {\em {\LaTeX:} A Document Preparation System}.
+\newblock Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1994.
+
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\end{document}
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