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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<html >
+<head><title>19 Hierarchical Structures:
+Package, Environments, Scopes, and Text</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta name="generator" content="TeX4ht (http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/TeX4ht/mn.html)">
+<meta name="originator" content="TeX4ht (http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/TeX4ht/mn.html)">
+<!-- html -->
+<meta name="src" content="pgfmanual.tex">
+<meta name="date" content="2005-10-23 18:34:00">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="pgfmanual.css">
+</head><body
+>
+ <div class="crosslinks"><p class="noindent">[<a
+href="pgfmanualse20.html" >next</a>] [<a
+href="pgfmanualse18.html" >prev</a>] [<a
+href="pgfmanualse18.html#tailpgfmanualse18.html" >prev-tail</a>] [<a
+href="#tailpgfmanualse19.html">tail</a>] [<a
+href="pgfmanual.html#pgfmanualse19.html" >up</a>] </p></div>
+ <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19 </span> <a
+ id="x20-19200019"></a>Hierarchical Structures:
+<br class="newline">Package, Environments, Scopes, and Text</h3>
+<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent">
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19.1 </span> <a
+ id="x20-19300019.1"></a>Overview</h4>
+<!--l. 15--><p class="noindent"><span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;uses two kinds of hierarchical structuring: First, the package itself is structured hierarchically, consisting of
+different packages that are built on top of each other. Second, <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;allows you to structure your graphics
+hierarchically using environments and scopes.
+<!--l. 20--><p class="noindent">
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19.1.1 </span> <a
+ id="x20-19400019.1.1"></a>The Hierarchical Structure of the Package</h5>
+<!--l. 22--><p class="noindent">The <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;system consists of several layers:
+<!--l. 24--><p class="indent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="cmbx-10">System layer.</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">The lowest layer is called the <span
+class="cmti-10">system layer</span>, though it might also be called &#8220;driver layer&#8221;
+ or perhaps &#8220;backend layer.&#8221; Its job is to provide an abstraction of the details of which driver is used
+ to transform the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">.dvi</span></span></span> file. The system layer is implemented by the package <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfsys</span></span></span>, which will load
+ appropriate driver files as needed.
+ <!--l. 33--><p class="noindent">The system layer is documented in Part&nbsp;<a
+href="pgfmanual.html#x1-306000V">V<!--tex4ht:ref: part-system --></a>.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="cmbx-10">Basic layer.</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">The basic layer is loaded by the package <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgf</span></span></span>. Some applications do not need all of the
+ functionality of the basic layer, so it is possible to load only the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfcore</span></span></span> and some other packages
+ starting with <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfbase</span></span></span>.
+ <!--l. 40--><p class="noindent">The basic layer is documented in the present part.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="cmbx-10">Frontend layer.</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">The frontend layer is not loaded by a single packages. Rather, different packages, like
+ Ti<span
+class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;or <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">I</small><small
+class="small-caps">C</small><small
+class="small-caps">T</small>2<small
+class="small-caps">E</small></span>, are different frontends to the basic layer.
+ <!--l. 46--><p class="noindent">The Ti<span
+class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;frontend is documented in Part&nbsp;<a
+href="pgfmanual.html#x1-65000II">II<!--tex4ht:ref: part-tikz --></a>.</dd></dl>
+<!--l. 49--><p class="indent"> Each layer will automatically load the necessary files of the layers below it.
+<!--l. 52--><p class="indent"> In addition to the packages of these layers, there are also some library packages. These packages provide
+additional definitions of things like new arrow tips or new plot handlers.
+<!--l. 56--><p class="indent"> The library packages are documented in Part&nbsp;<a
+href="pgfmanual.html#x1-158000III">III<!--tex4ht:ref: part-libraries --></a>.
+<!--l. 61--><p class="noindent">
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19.1.2 </span> <a
+ id="x20-19500019.1.2"></a>The Hierarchical Structure of Graphics</h5>
+<!--l. 63--><p class="noindent">Graphics in <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;are typically structured hierarchically. Hierarchical structuring can be used to identify groups of
+graphical elements that are to be treated &#8220;in the same way.&#8221; For example, you might group together a number of
+paths, all of which are to be drawn in red. Then, when you decide later on that you like them to be drawn in, say,
+blue, all you have to do is to change the color once.
+<!--l. 71--><p class="indent"> The general mechanism underlying hierarchical structuring is known as <span
+class="cmti-10">scoping </span>in computer science. The idea is
+that all changes to the general &#8220;state&#8221; of the graphic that are done inside a scope are local to that
+scope. So, if you change the color inside a scope, this does not affect the color used outside the scope.
+Likewise, when you change the line width in a scope, the line width outside is not changed, and so
+on.
+
+
+<!--l. 79--><p class="indent"> There are different ways of starting and ending scopes of graphic parameters. Unfortunately, these scopes are
+sometimes &#8220;in conflict&#8221; with each other and it is sometimes not immediately clear which scopes apply. In essence,
+the following scoping mechanisms are available:
+<!--l. 84--><p class="indent">
+ <ol type="1" class="enumerate1" >
+ <li class="enumerate" value="1"
+><a
+ id="x20-195002x1"></a>The &#8220;outermost&#8221; scope supported by <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;is the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> environment. All changes to the graphic
+ state done inside a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> are local to that picture.
+ <!--l. 90--><p class="noindent">In general, it is <span
+class="cmti-10">not </span>possible to set graphic parameters globally outside any <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> environments.
+ Thus, you can <span
+class="cmti-10">not </span>say <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfsetlinewidth{1pt}</span></span></span> at the beginning of your document to have a default
+ line width of one point. Rather, you have to (re)set all graphic parameters inside each <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span>.
+ (If this is too bothersome, try defining some macro that does the job for you.)
+ </li>
+ <li class="enumerate" value="2"
+><a
+ id="x20-195004x2"></a>Inside a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> you can use a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span> environment to keep changes of the graphic state
+ local to that environment.
+ <!--l. 101--><p class="noindent">The effect of commands that change the graphic state are local to the current <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span> but not
+ always to the current <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;group. Thus, if you open a <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;group (some text in curly braces) inside a
+ <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span>, and if you change, for example, the dash pattern, the effect of this changed dash pattern
+ will persist till the end of the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span>.
+ <!--l. 108--><p class="noindent">Unfortunately, this is not always the case. <span
+class="cmti-10">Some </span>graphic parameters only persist till the end of
+ the current <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;group. For example, when you use <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfsetarrows</span></span></span> to set the arrow tip inside a
+ <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;group, the effect lasts only till the end of the current <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;group.
+ </li>
+ <li class="enumerate" value="3"
+><a
+ id="x20-195006x3"></a>Some graphic parameters are not scoped by <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span> but &#8220;already&#8221; by <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;groups. For example,
+ the effect of coordinate transformation commands is always local to the current <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;group.
+ <!--l. 119--><p class="noindent">Since every <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span> automatically creates a <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;group, all graphic parameters that are local to
+ the current <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;group are also local to the current <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span>.
+ </li>
+ <li class="enumerate" value="4"
+><a
+ id="x20-195008x4"></a>Some graphic parameters can only be scoped using <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;groups, since in some situations it is not
+ possible to introduce a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span>. For example, a path always has to be completely constructed and
+ used in the same <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span>. However, we might wish to have different coordinate transformations
+ apply to different points on the path. In this case, we can use <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;groups to keep the effect local, but
+ we could not use <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span>.
+ </li>
+ <li class="enumerate" value="5"
+><a
+ id="x20-195010x5"></a>The <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgftext</span></span></span> command can be used to create a scope in which <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;&#8220;escapes back&#8221; to normal
+ <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;mode. The text passed to the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgftext</span></span></span> is &#8220;heavily guarded&#8221; against having any effect on the
+ scope in which it is used. For example, it is possibly to use another <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> environment inside
+ the argument of <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgftext</span></span></span>.</li></ol>
+<!--l. 140--><p class="indent"> Most of the complications can be avoided if you stick to the following rules:
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize">Give graphic commands only inside <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> environments.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Use <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span> to structure graphics.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Do not use <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;groups inside graphics, <span
+class="cmti-10">except </span>for keeping the effect of coordinate transformations
+ local.</li></ul>
+<!--l. 155--><p class="noindent">
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19.2 </span> <a
+ id="x20-19600019.2"></a>The Hierarchical Structure of the Package</h4>
+<!--l. 157--><p class="noindent">Before we come to the structuring commands provided by <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;to structure your graphics, let us first have a look at
+the structure of the package itself.
+
+
+<!--l. 161--><p class="noindent">
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19.2.1 </span> <a
+ id="x20-19700019.2.1"></a>The Main Package</h5>
+<!--l. 163--><p class="noindent">To use <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>, include the following package:
+<!--l. 165--><p class="indent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox167"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\usepackage{</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgf</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">} % </span><span class="LATEX"><span
+class="cmtt-10">L</span><span class="A"><span
+class="cmtt-10">A</span></span><span class="TEX"><span
+class="cmtt-10">T</span><span
+class="E"><span
+class="cmtt-10">E</span></span><span
+class="cmtt-10">X</span></span></span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-197001"></a>
+<a
+ id="dx20-197002"></a>
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox168"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\input </span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgf</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">.tex % plain </span><span class="TEX"><span
+class="cmtt-10">T</span><span
+class="E"><span
+class="cmtt-10">E</span></span><span
+class="cmtt-10">X</span></span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox169"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\input </span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgf</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">.tex % Con</span><span class="TEX"><span
+class="cmtt-10">T</span><span
+class="E"><span
+class="cmtt-10">E</span></span><span
+class="cmtt-10">X</span></span><span
+class="cmtt-10">t</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ <!--l. 166--><p class="noindent">This package loads the complete &#8220;basic layer&#8221; of <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>. That is, it will load all of the commands described
+ in the current part of this manual, but it will not load frontends like Ti<span
+class="cmti-10">k</span>Z.
+ <!--l. 170--><p class="noindent">In detail, this package will load the following packages, each of which can also be loaded individually:
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfsys</span></span></span>, which is the lowest layer of <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;and which is always needed. This file will read <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgf.cfg</span></span></span>
+ to discern which driver is to be used. See Section&nbsp;<a
+href="pgfmanualse32.html#x33-30800032.1">32.1<!--tex4ht:ref: section-pgfsys --></a> for details.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfcore</span></span></span>, which is the central core of <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;and which is always needed unless you intend to write
+ a new basic layer from scratch.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfbaseimage</span></span></span>, which provides commands for declaring and using images. An example is
+ <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfuseimage</span></span></span>.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfbaseshapes</span></span></span>, which provides commands for declaring and using shapes. An example is
+ <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfdeclareshape</span></span></span>.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfbaseplot</span></span></span>, which provides commands for plotting functions.</li></ul>
+ <!--l. 192--><p class="noindent">Including any of the last three packages will automatically load the first two. </dd></dl>
+<!--l. 196--><p class="indent"> In <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, the package takes two options:
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox170"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\usepackage[</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">draft</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">]{pgf}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-197003"></a>
+<a
+ id="dx20-197004"></a>
+ <!--l. 198--><p class="noindent">When this option is set, all images will be replaced by empty rectangles. This can speedup compilation.
+ </dd></dl>
+<!--l. 202--><p class="indent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox171"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\usepackage[</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">version=</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmitt-10">version</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">]{pgf}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-197005"></a>
+<a
+ id="dx20-197006"></a>
+ <!--l. 203--><p class="noindent">Indicates that the commands of version <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">version</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>need to be defined. If you set <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">version</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>to <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">0.65</span></span></span>,
+ then a large bunch of &#8220;compatibility commands&#8221; are loaded. If you set <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">version</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>to <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">0.96</span></span></span>, then these
+ compatibility commands will not be loaded.
+ <!--l. 208--><p class="noindent">If this option is not given at all, then the commands of all versions are defined. </dd></dl>
+
+
+<!--l. 213--><p class="noindent">
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19.2.2 </span> <a
+ id="x20-19800019.2.2"></a>The Core Package</h5>
+<!--l. 215--><p class="noindent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox172"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\usepackage{</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfcore</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">} % </span><span class="LATEX"><span
+class="cmtt-10">L</span><span class="A"><span
+class="cmtt-10">A</span></span><span class="TEX"><span
+class="cmtt-10">T</span><span
+class="E"><span
+class="cmtt-10">E</span></span><span
+class="cmtt-10">X</span></span></span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-198001"></a>
+<a
+ id="dx20-198002"></a>
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox173"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\input </span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfcore</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">.tex % plain </span><span class="TEX"><span
+class="cmtt-10">T</span><span
+class="E"><span
+class="cmtt-10">E</span></span><span
+class="cmtt-10">X</span></span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox174"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\input </span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfcore</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">.tex % Con</span><span class="TEX"><span
+class="cmtt-10">T</span><span
+class="E"><span
+class="cmtt-10">E</span></span><span
+class="cmtt-10">X</span></span><span
+class="cmtt-10">t</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ <!--l. 216--><p class="noindent">This package defines all of the basic layer&#8217;s commands, except for the commands defined in the
+ additional packages like <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfbaseplot</span></span></span>. Typically commands defined by the core include <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfusepath</span></span></span>
+ or <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfpoint</span></span></span>. The core is internally structured into several subpackages, but the subpackages cannot
+ be loaded individually since they are all &#8220;interrelated.&#8221; </dd></dl>
+<!--l. 225--><p class="noindent">
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19.2.3 </span> <a
+ id="x20-19900019.2.3"></a>The Optional Basic Layer Packages</h5>
+<!--l. 227--><p class="noindent">The <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgf</span></span></span> package automatically loads the following packages, but you can also load them individually (all of them
+automatically include the core):
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfbaseshapes</span></span></span> This package provides commands for drawing nodes and shapes. These commands are
+ explained in Section&nbsp;<a
+href="pgfmanualse25.html#x26-26000025">25<!--tex4ht:ref: section-shapes --></a>.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfbaseplot</span></span></span> This package provides commands for plotting function. The commands are explained in
+ Section&nbsp;<a
+href="pgfmanualse29.html#x30-29000029">29<!--tex4ht:ref: section-plots --></a>.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfbaseimage</span></span></span> This package provides commands for including (external) images. The commands are
+ explained in Section&nbsp;<a
+href="pgfmanualse27.html#x28-28100027">27<!--tex4ht:ref: section-images --></a>.</li></ul>
+<!--l. 249--><p class="noindent">
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19.3 </span> <a
+ id="x20-20000019.3"></a>The Hierarchical Structure of the Graphics</h4>
+<!--l. 251--><p class="noindent">
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19.3.1 </span> <a
+ id="x20-20100019.3.1"></a>The Main Environment</h5>
+<!--l. 254--><p class="noindent">Most, but not all, commands of the <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;package must be given within a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> environment. The only
+commands that (must) be given outside are commands having to do with including images (like <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfuseimage</span></span></span>) and
+with inserting complete shadings (like <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfuseshading</span></span></span>). However, just to keep life entertaining, the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfshadepath</span></span></span>
+command must be given <span
+class="cmti-10">inside </span>a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> environment.
+<!--l. 262--><p class="indent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox175"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\begin{</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfpicture</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox176"><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">environment contents</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+
+
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox177"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\end{</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfpicture</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-201001"></a>
+<a
+ id="dx20-201002"></a>
+ <!--l. 263--><p class="noindent">This environment will insert a <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;box containing the graphic drawn by the <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">environment contents</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span>
+ at the current position.
+ <!--l. 267--><p class="noindent"><span
+class="cmbx-10">The size of the bounding box. </span>The size of the box is determined in the following manner: While
+ <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;parses the <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">environment contents</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span>, it keeps track of a bounding box for the graphic. Essentially,
+ this bounding box is the smallest box that contains all coordinates mentioned in the graphics. Some
+ coordinates may be &#8220;mentioned&#8221; by <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;itself; for example, when you add circle to the current path,
+ the support points of the curve making up the circle are also &#8220;mentioned&#8221; despite the fact that you
+ will not &#8220;see&#8221; them in your code.
+ <!--l. 278--><p class="noindent">Once the <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">environment contents</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>has been parsed completely, a <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;box is created whose size is the
+ size of the computed bounding box and this box is inserted at the current position.
+ <!--l. 282--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-397-" ><colgroup id="TBL-397-1g"><col
+id="TBL-397-1"><col
+id="TBL-397-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-397-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-397-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;Hello <object data="pgfmanual-471.svg" width="9.01108pt" height="4.70554pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object> World!&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-397-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">Hello</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfpoint{2ex}{1ex}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;World!</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ <!--l. 289--><p class="noindent">Sometimes, you may need more fine-grained control over the size of the bounding box. For example, the
+ computed bounding box may be too large or you intensionally wish the box to be &#8220;too small.&#8221; In
+ these cases, you can use the command <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfusepath{use</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;as</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;bounding</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;box}</span></span></span>, as described in
+ Section&nbsp;<a
+href="pgfmanualse23.html#x24-25100023.5">23.5<!--tex4ht:ref: section-using-bb --></a>.
+ <!--l. 298--><p class="noindent"><span
+class="cmbx-10">The baseline of the bounding box. </span>When the box containing the graphic is inserted into the normal text,
+ the baseline of the graphic is normally at the bottom of the graphic. For this reason, the following two sets of
+ code lines have the same effect, despite the fact that the second graphic uses &#8220;higher&#8221; coordinates than the
+ first:
+ <!--l. 305--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-398-" ><colgroup id="TBL-398-1g"><col
+id="TBL-398-1"><col
+id="TBL-398-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-398-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-398-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;Rectangles <object data="pgfmanual-472.svg" width="9.01108pt" height="4.70554pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object> and<object data="pgfmanual-473.svg" width="9.01108pt" height="4.70554pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>. &nbsp; </td> <td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-398-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">Rectangles</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfpoint{2ex}{1ex}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;and</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpoint{0ex}{1ex}}{\pgfpoint{2ex}{1ex}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}.</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ <!--l. 315--><p class="noindent">You can change the baseline using the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfsetbaseline</span></span></span> command, see below.
+ <!--l. 318--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-399-" ><colgroup id="TBL-399-1g"><col
+id="TBL-399-1"><col
+id="TBL-399-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-399-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-399-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;Rectangles <object data="pgfmanual-474.svg" width="9.01108pt" height="4.70554pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object> and<object data="pgfmanual-475.svg" width="9.01108pt" height="4.70554pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>. &nbsp; </td> <td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-399-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">Rectangles</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfpoint{2ex}{1ex}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfsetbaseline{0pt}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;and</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpoint{0ex}{1ex}}{\pgfpoint{2ex}{1ex}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfsetbaseline{0pt}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}.</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ <!--l. 331--><p class="noindent"><span
+class="cmbx-10">Including text and images in a picture. </span>You cannot directly include text and images in a
+ picture. Thus, you should <span
+class="cmti-10">not </span>simply write some text in a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> or use a command like
+ <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\includegraphics</span></span></span> or even <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfimage</span></span></span>. In all these cases, you need to place the text inside a
+ <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgftext</span></span></span> command. This will &#8220;escape back&#8221; to normal <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;mode, see Section&nbsp;<a
+href="#x20-20300019.3.3">19.3.3<!--tex4ht:ref: section-text-command --></a> for details.
+ </dd></dl>
+<!--l. 340--><p class="indent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox178"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfpicture</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+
+
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox179"><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">environment contents</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox180"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\endpgfpicture</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-201003"></a>
+<a
+ id="dx20-201004"></a>
+ <!--l. 341--><p class="noindent">The plain <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;version of the environment. Note that in this version, also, a <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;group is created
+ around the environment. </dd></dl>
+<!--l. 346--><p class="indent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox181"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfsetbaseline</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">{</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">dimension</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-201005"></a>
+ <!--l. 347--><p class="noindent">This command specifies a <span
+class="cmmi-10">y</span>-coordinate of the picture that should be used as the baseline of the
+ whole picture. When a <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;picture has been typeset completely, <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;must decide at which height the
+ baseline of the picture should lie. Normally, the baseline is set to the <span
+class="cmmi-10">y</span>-coordinate of the bottom of the
+ picture, but it is often desirable to use another height.
+ <!--l. 354--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-400-" ><colgroup id="TBL-400-1g"><col
+id="TBL-400-1"><col
+id="TBL-400-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-400-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-400-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;Text <object data="pgfmanual-476.svg" width="9.01108pt" height="9.01108pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>, <object data="pgfmanual-477.svg" width="9.01108pt" height="9.01108pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>, <object data="pgfmanual-478.svg" width="9.01108pt" height="9.01108pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>, <object data="pgfmanual-479.svg" width="9.01108pt" height="9.01108pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>. &nbsp; </td> <td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-400-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">Text</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\tikz{\pgfpathcircle{\pgfpointorigin}{1ex}\pgfusepath{stroke}},</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\tikz{\pgfsetbaseline{0pt}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathcircle{\pgfpointorigin}{1ex}\pgfusepath{stroke}},</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\tikz{\pgfsetbaseline{.5ex}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathcircle{\pgfpointorigin}{1ex}\pgfusepath{stroke}},</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\tikz{\pgfsetbaseline{-1ex}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathcircle{\pgfpointorigin}{1ex}\pgfusepath{stroke}}.</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ </dd></dl>
+<!--l. 365--><p class="noindent">
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19.3.2 </span> <a
+ id="x20-20200019.3.2"></a>Graphic Scope Environments</h5>
+<!--l. 367--><p class="noindent">Inside a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> environment you can substructure your picture using the following environment:
+<!--l. 370--><p class="indent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox182"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\begin{</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfscope</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox183"><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">environment contents</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox184"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\end{</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfscope</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-202001"></a>
+<a
+ id="dx20-202002"></a>
+ <!--l. 371--><p class="noindent">All changes to the graphic state done inside this environment are local to the environment. The graphic state
+ includes the following:
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize">The line width.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">The stroke and fill colors.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">The dash pattern.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">The line join and cap.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">The miter limit.
+
+
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">The canvas transformation matrix.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">The clipping path.</li></ul>
+ <!--l. 389--><p class="noindent">Other parameters may also influence how graphics are rendered, but they are <span
+class="cmti-10">not </span>part of the graphic state.
+ For example, the arrow tip kind is not part of the graphic state and the effect of commands setting the arrow
+ tip kind are local to the current <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;group, not to the current <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span>. However, since <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span>
+ starts and ends a <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;group automatically, a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span> can be used to limit the effect of, say, commands
+ that set the arrow tip kind.
+ <!--l. 397--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-401-" ><colgroup id="TBL-401-1g"><col
+id="TBL-401-1"><col
+id="TBL-401-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-401-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-401-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-480.svg" width="35.64433pt" height="10.61108pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-401-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{pgfscope}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfsetlinewidth{2pt}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfpoint{2ex}{2ex}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpoint{3ex}{0ex}}{\pgfpoint{2ex}{2ex}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\end{pgfscope}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpoint{6ex}{0ex}}{\pgfpoint{2ex}{2ex}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ <!--l. 413--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-402-" ><colgroup id="TBL-402-1g"><col
+id="TBL-402-1"><col
+id="TBL-402-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-402-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-402-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-481.svg" width="34.84433pt" height="9.01108pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-402-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{pgfscope}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfsetarrows{-to}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfpointorigin}\pgfpathlineto{\pgfpoint{2ex}{2ex}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfpoint{3ex}{0ex}}\pgfpathlineto{\pgfpoint{5ex}{2ex}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\end{pgfscope}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfpoint{6ex}{0ex}}\pgfpathlineto{\pgfpoint{8ex}{2ex}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ <!--l. 429--><p class="noindent">At the start of the scope, the current path must be empty, that is, you cannot open a scope while constructing
+ a path.
+ <!--l. 432--><p class="noindent">It is usually a good idea <span
+class="cmti-10">not </span>to introduce <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;groups inside a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span> environment. </dd></dl>
+<!--l. 436--><p class="indent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox185"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfscope</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox186"><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">environment contents</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox187"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\endpgfscope</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-202003"></a>
+<a
+ id="dx20-202004"></a>
+ <!--l. 437--><p class="noindent">Plain <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;version of the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span> environment. </dd></dl>
+<!--l. 441--><p class="indent"> The following scopes also encapsulate certain properties of the graphic state. However, they are typically not
+used directly by the user.
+<!--l. 445--><p class="indent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox188"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\begin{</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfinterruptpath</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+
+
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox189"><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">environment contents</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox190"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\end{</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfinterruptpath</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-202005"></a>
+<a
+ id="dx20-202006"></a>
+ <!--l. 446--><p class="noindent">This environment can be used to temporarily interrupt the construction of the current path. The effect
+ will be that the path currently under construction will be &#8220;stored away&#8221; and restored at the end of
+ the environment. Inside the environment you can construct a new path and do something with it.
+ <!--l. 452--><p class="noindent">An example application of this environment is the arrow tip caching. Suppose you ask <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;to use a
+ specific arrow tip kind. When the arrow tip needs to be rendered for the first time, <span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;will &#8220;cache&#8221;
+ the path that makes up the arrow tip. To do so, it interrupts the current path construction and then
+ protocols the path of the arrow tip. The <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfinterruptpath}</span></span></span> environment is used to ensure that this
+ does not interfere with the path to which the arrow tips should be attached.
+ <!--l. 461--><p class="noindent">This command does <span
+class="cmti-10">not </span>install a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfscope}</span></span></span>. In particular, it does not call any <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfsys@</span></span></span> commands
+ at all, which would, indeed, be dangerous in the middle of a path construction. </dd></dl>
+<!--l. 466--><p class="indent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox191"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\begin{</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfinterruptpicture</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox192"><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">environment contents</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox193"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\end{</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">pgfinterruptpicture</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-202007"></a>
+<a
+ id="dx20-202008"></a>
+ <!--l. 467--><p class="noindent">This environment can be used to temporarily interrupt a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span>. However, the environment is
+ intended only to be used at the beginning and end of a box that is (later) inserted into a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span>
+ using <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgfqbox</span></span></span>. You cannot use this environment directly inside a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span>.
+ <!--l. 473--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-403-" ><colgroup id="TBL-403-1g"><col
+id="TBL-403-1"><col
+id="TBL-403-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-403-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-403-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-483.svg" width="0.4pt" height="28.85274pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object> &nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-403-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfpoint{0cm}{0cm}}</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">%</span><span
+class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">&nbsp;In</span><span
+class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">&nbsp;the</span><span
+class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">&nbsp;middle</span><span
+class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">&nbsp;of</span><span
+class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">&nbsp;path,</span><span
+class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">&nbsp;now</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\newbox\mybox</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\setbox\mybox=\hbox{</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{pgfinterruptpicture}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;Sub-\begin{pgfpicture}</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">%</span><span
+class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">&nbsp;a</span><span
+class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">&nbsp;subpicture</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfpoint{1cm}{0cm}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathlineto{\pgfpoint{1cm}{1cm}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\end{pgfpicture}-picture.</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\end{pgfinterruptpicture}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfqbox{\mybox}</span><span
+class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">%</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathlineto{\pgfpoint{0cm}{1cm}}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}\hskip3.9cm</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ </dd></dl>
+<!--l. 494--><p class="noindent">
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">19.3.3 </span> <a
+ id="x20-20300019.3.3"></a>Inserting Text and Images</h5>
+<!--l. 498--><p class="noindent">Often, you may wish to add normal <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;text at a certain point inside a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span>. You cannot do so
+&#8220;directly,&#8221; that is, you cannot simply write this text inside the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> environment. Rather, you must pass
+the text as an argument to the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgftext</span></span></span> command.
+
+
+<!--l. 503--><p class="indent"> You must <span
+class="cmti-10">also </span>use the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgftext</span></span></span> command to insert an image or a shading into a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span>.
+<!--l. 506--><p class="indent">
+ <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="colorbox" id="colorbox194"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\pgftext</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">[</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">options</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">]</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">{</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">text</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span
+class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd
+class="description">
+<a
+ id="dx20-203001"></a>
+ <!--l. 507--><p class="noindent">This command will typeset <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">text</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>in normal <span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;mode and insert the resulting box into the
+ <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span>. The bounding box of the graphic will be updated so that all of the text box is inside.
+ Be default, the text box is centered at the origin, but this can be changed either by giving appropriate
+ <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">options</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>or by applying an appropriate coordinate transformation beforehand.
+ <!--l. 514--><p class="noindent">The <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">text</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>may contain verbatim text. (In other words, the <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">text</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>&#8220;argument&#8221; is not a normal argument,
+ but is put in a box and some <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">\aftergroup</span></span></span> hackery is used to find the end of the box.)
+ <!--l. 519--><p class="noindent"><span
+class="cmcsc-10"><small
+class="small-caps">P</small><small
+class="small-caps">G</small><small
+class="small-caps">F</small></span>&#8217;s current (high-level) coordinate transformation is synchronized with the canvas transformation
+ matrix temporarily when the text box is inserted. The effect is that if there is currently a high-level
+ rotation of, say, 30 degrees, the <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">text</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>will also be rotated by thirty degrees. If you do not want this
+ effect, you have to (possibly temporarily) reset the high-level transformation matrix.
+ <!--l. 527--><p class="noindent">The following <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">options</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>may be given as conveniences:
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize"><span
+class="cmtt-10">left</span><a
+ id="dx20-203002"></a><a
+ id="dx20-203003"></a> causes the text box to be placed such that its left border is on the origin.
+ <!--l. 531--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-404-" ><colgroup id="TBL-404-1g"><col
+id="TBL-404-1"><col
+id="TBL-404-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-404-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-404-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-484.svg" width="57.10547pt" height="28.65271pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-404-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\tikz{\draw[help</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;lines]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(-1,-.5)</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;grid</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,.5);</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[left]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{lovely}}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span
+class="cmtt-10">right</span><a
+ id="dx20-203004"></a><a
+ id="dx20-203005"></a> causes the text box to be placed such that its right border is on the origin.
+ <!--l. 537--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-405-" ><colgroup id="TBL-405-1g"><col
+id="TBL-405-1"><col
+id="TBL-405-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-405-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-405-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-485.svg" width="57.10547pt" height="28.65271pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-405-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\tikz{\draw[help</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;lines]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(-1,-.5)</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;grid</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,.5);</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[right]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{lovely}}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span
+class="cmtt-10">top</span><a
+ id="dx20-203006"></a><a
+ id="dx20-203007"></a> causes the text box to be placed such that its top is on the origin. This option can be used together
+ with the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">left</span></span></span> or <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">right</span></span></span> option.
+ <!--l. 545--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-406-" ><colgroup id="TBL-406-1g"><col
+id="TBL-406-1"><col
+id="TBL-406-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-406-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-406-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-486.svg" width="57.10547pt" height="28.65271pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-406-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\tikz{\draw[help</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;lines]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(-1,-.5)</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;grid</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,.5);</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[top]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{lovely}}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ <!--l. 549--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-407-" ><colgroup id="TBL-407-1g"><col
+id="TBL-407-1"><col
+id="TBL-407-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-407-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-407-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-487.svg" width="57.10547pt" height="28.65271pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-407-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\tikz{\draw[help</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;lines]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(-1,-.5)</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;grid</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,.5);</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[top,right]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{lovely}}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span
+class="cmtt-10">bottom</span><a
+ id="dx20-203008"></a><a
+ id="dx20-203009"></a> causes the text box to be placed such that its bottom is on the origin.
+ <!--l. 556--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-408-" ><colgroup id="TBL-408-1g"><col
+id="TBL-408-1"><col
+id="TBL-408-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-408-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-408-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-488.svg" width="57.10547pt" height="28.65271pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-408-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\tikz{\draw[help</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;lines]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(-1,-.5)</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;grid</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,.5);</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[bottom]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{lovely}}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ <!--l. 560--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-409-" ><colgroup id="TBL-409-1g"><col
+id="TBL-409-1"><col
+id="TBL-409-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-409-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-409-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-489.svg" width="57.10547pt" height="28.65271pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-409-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\tikz{\draw[help</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;lines]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(-1,-.5)</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;grid</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,.5);</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[bottom,right]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{lovely}}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+
+
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span
+class="cmtt-10">base</span><a
+ id="dx20-203010"></a><a
+ id="dx20-203011"></a> causes the text box to be placed such that its baseline is on the origin.
+ <!--l. 567--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-410-" ><colgroup id="TBL-410-1g"><col
+id="TBL-410-1"><col
+id="TBL-410-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-410-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-410-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-490.svg" width="57.10547pt" height="28.65271pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-410-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\tikz{\draw[help</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;lines]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(-1,-.5)</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;grid</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,.5);</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[base]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{lovely}}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ <!--l. 571--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-411-" ><colgroup id="TBL-411-1g"><col
+id="TBL-411-1"><col
+id="TBL-411-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-411-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-411-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-491.svg" width="57.10547pt" height="28.65271pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-411-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\tikz{\draw[help</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;lines]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(-1,-.5)</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;grid</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,.5);</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[base,right]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{lovely}}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span
+class="cmtt-10">at</span><a
+ id="dx20-203012"></a><a
+ id="dx20-203013"></a><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">=</span></span></span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">point</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>Translates the origin (that is, the point where the text is shown) to <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">point</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span>.
+ <!--l. 578--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-412-" ><colgroup id="TBL-412-1g"><col
+id="TBL-412-1"><col
+id="TBL-412-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-412-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-412-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-492.svg" width="69.50551pt" height="28.65271pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-412-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\tikz{\draw[help</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;lines]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(-1,-.5)</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;grid</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,.5);</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[base,at={\pgfpoint{1cm}{0cm}}]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{lovely}}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span
+class="cmtt-10">x</span><a
+ id="dx20-203014"></a><a
+ id="dx20-203015"></a><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">=</span></span></span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">dimension</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>Translates the origin by <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">dimension</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>along the <span
+class="cmmi-10">x</span>-axis.
+ <!--l. 584--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-413-" ><colgroup id="TBL-413-1g"><col
+id="TBL-413-1"><col
+id="TBL-413-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-413-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-413-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-493.svg" width="69.50551pt" height="28.65271pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-413-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\tikz{\draw[help</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;lines]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(-1,-.5)</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;grid</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,.5);</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[base,x=1cm,y=-0.5cm]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{lovely}}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span
+class="cmtt-10">y</span><a
+ id="dx20-203016"></a><a
+ id="dx20-203017"></a><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">=</span></span></span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">dimension</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>works like the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">x</span></span></span> option.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span
+class="cmtt-10">rotate</span><a
+ id="dx20-203018"></a><a
+ id="dx20-203019"></a><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
+class="cmtt-10">=</span></span></span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">degree</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>Rotates the coordinate system by <span
+class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span
+class="cmti-10">degree</span><span
+class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span>. This will also rotate the text
+ box.
+ <!--l. 593--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
+frame="void" id="TBL-414-" ><colgroup id="TBL-414-1g"><col
+id="TBL-414-1"><col
+id="TBL-414-2"></colgroup><tr
+ valign="baseline" id="TBL-414-1-"><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-414-1-1"
+class="td11"> &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-494.svg" width="66.85864pt" height="33.1188pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp; </td><td align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-414-1-2"
+class="td11"> <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">\tikz{\draw[help</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;lines]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(-1,-.5)</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;grid</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,.5);</span>
+<br><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[base,x=1cm,y=-0.5cm,rotate=30]</span><span
+class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{lovely}}</span></div> </td></tr></table> </td>
+</tr></table></div>
+ </li></ul>
+ </dd></dl>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="crosslinks"><p class="noindent">[<a
+href="pgfmanualse20.html" >next</a>] [<a
+href="pgfmanualse18.html" >prev</a>] [<a
+href="pgfmanualse18.html#tailpgfmanualse18.html" >prev-tail</a>] [<a
+href="pgfmanualse19.html" >front</a>] [<a
+href="pgfmanual.html#pgfmanualse19.html" >up</a>] </p></div>
+<!--l. 8--><p class="indent"> <a
+ id="tailpgfmanualse19.html"></a>
+</body></html>