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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/musixtex/musixdoc/changing.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/musixtex/musixdoc/changing.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..eef0b1296f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/musixtex/musixdoc/changing.tex @@ -0,0 +1,426 @@ +\chapter{Changing Clefs, Keys and Meters} + +\section{Introduction}\label{contextintro} + +To define clefs, key signatures, or meters at the start of a piece, +or to change one or more of these attributes\footnote{In this section, +\ital{attribute} will refer to any clef, key signature, or meter.}~anywhere +else in a score, +\musixtex\ requires two steps. The first step is to \ital{set} the new values of +the attributes. +Most of the commands for this have the form \verb|\set|...~. They will be +described in the following subsections. + +But this alone will +not cause anything to be changed or printed. The second step is to activate the +change. This is done by issuing one of the +following commands (outside \verb|\notes|$\dots$\verb|\en|): +\verb|\startpiece|, \verb|\startextract|, \verb|\contpiece|, +\verb|\Contpiece|, +\verb|\alaligne|, \verb|\alapage|, \verb|\zalaligne|, \verb|\zalapage|, +\verb|\changecontext|, +\verb|\Changecontext|, \verb|\zchangecontext|, \verb|\changesignature|, +\verb|\changeclefs|, or \verb|\zchangeclefs|. Most of these perform +other functions as well, and some may be used even when no attributes +change. Features unrelated to changing attributes are detailed elsewhere. +The first eleven will activate all pending new attributes. +If more than one type is activated by a single command in this manner, +then regardless of the order +they were set, they will always appear in the following order: clef, key signature, +meter. +The last three commands in the above list obviously activate only +the specific type of attribute referred to in the name of the command. + +The macros \verb|\changecontext|, \verb|\Changecontext|, \verb|\zchangecontext| +will respectively insert a single, double, or invisible bar +line before printing the attributes. + +\section{Key Signatures} + +We've already seen in Section~\ref{whatspecify} how to set key +signatures for all instruments with \keyindex{generalsignature}, or for +specific instruments with \keyindex{setsign}. As just noted, these commands only +prepare for the insertion of the signatures into the score; it is +really \verb|\startpiece| that puts them in place at the beginning of the +score. + +The commands \verb|\generalsignature| and \verb|\setsign| also serve to set +new key signature(s) anywhere in score. The change can then be activated with one of +the eleven general commands listed above, or with \keyindex{changesignature} if +in the middle of a bar. +While neither \verb|\changesignature| nor \verb|\zchangecontext| prints a bar +line, the differences are that the latter increments the bar number counter and +inserts a horizontal space of \verb|\afterruleskip| after the new signature(s). +All of these options will repost signatures that have not been changed. + +Normally, changing a signature from flats to sharps or vice-versa, or +reducing the number of sharps or flats, will produce the appropriate set of +naturals to indicate what has been suppressed. This standard feature can be +temporarily inhibited by the command \keyindex{ignorenats} issued right before +the change-activating command. + +Here is an example showing various possibilities for changing key signatures. +Note the comments between the code lines. + +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +\instrumentnumber2\setstaffs22% +\setclef1{\bass}\generalsignature2% +\startextract +\Notes\qu K&\qu d|\qu e\en +% Signature change in a single instrument with two staves. +% Naturals appear by default, indicating cancelled sharps. +\setsign20\changesignature +\Notes\qu J&\qu d|\qu e\en +% When changing signature in the middle of a bar and no naturals +% are posted, the new signature can be confused with a simple accidental. +\setsign11\ignorenats\changesignature +\Notes\qu M&\qu d|\qu e\en +% New signatures after a double bar line +\generalsignature{-2}\Changecontext% +\Notes\qu K&\qu d|\qu e\en% +\Notes\qu K&\qu d|\qu e\en% +% New signatures after an invisible bar line. Note the +% difference in spacing compared with beat 3 of the prior measure +\generalsignature{1}\zchangecontext% +\Notes\qu K&\qu d|\qu e\en% +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} + +\begin{music} +\instrumentnumber2\setstaffs22% +\setclef1{\bass}\generalsignature2% +\startextract +\Notes\qu K&\qu d|\qu e\en +% Signature changing in a single instrument with 2 staves +% Naturals are allowed to shown there are no more sharps +\setsign20\changesignature +\Notes\qu J&\qu d|\qu e\en +% Signature changing in a single staff without naturals +% if there is no bar line, the signatures are confusing: +% it is not clear if they are for a single note or not +\setsign11\ignorenats\changesignature +\Notes\qu M&\qu d|\qu e\en +% New signatures after a double bar line +\generalsignature{-2}\Changecontext% +\Notes\qu K&\qu d|\qu e\en% +\Notes\qu K&\qu d|\qu e\en% +% New signatures after an invisible bar line +% see the difference in space comparing beat 2 +\generalsignature{1}\zchangecontext% +\Notes\qu K&\qu d|\qu e\en% +\endextract +\end{music} + + +\section{Clefs}\label{treblelowoct} + +Macros that define clefs have already been discussed in Section~\ref{whatspecify}. By way of review, here are all of the possible clefs +(applied to the lowest staff): +%avrb +\newcommand{\musicintextsign}[1]{\musicintext#1{\notes\en}} + +\begin{center}\vskip-1ex\footnotesize%\small +\begin{tabular}{||c|c|c|c|c||}\hline\hline +&&&&\\ +\verb+\setclef1\treble+&&&\verb+\setclef1\alto+&\\ +\verb+\setclef10+&\verb+\setclef11+&\verb+\setclef12+ +&\verb+\setclef13+&\verb+\setclef14+\\[-2ex]%\hline +\musicintextsign{\treble}&\musicintextsign1&\musicintextsign2 +&\musicintextsign{\alto}&\musicintextsign4\\[3ex]\hline +%\end{tabular} +&&&&\\ +%\begin{tabular}{ccccc} +&\verb+\setclef1\bass+&&\verb+\setclefsymbol1\empty+\footnotemark&\\ +\verb+\setclef15+&\verb+\setclef16+&\verb+\setclef17+ +&\verb+\setclef18+&\verb+\setclef19+\\[-2ex]%\hline +\musicintextsign5&\musicintextsign{\bass}&\musicintextsign7 +&\musicintextsign8&\musicintextsign9\\[3ex]\hline\hline +%This one uses \setclefsymbol1\empty : +%&\musicintextnoclef{\notes\qu h\en}&\musicintextsign9\\[3ex]\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +\footnotetext{Details of the macro {\tt\Bslash setclefsymbol} will be discussed later} +\end{center} +%avre + +Just as with key signatures, these commands only \ital{prepare} for clef changes. +To \ital{activate} them, any of the first eleven commands listed in Section~\ref{contextintro} could be used. However, one should keep in mind that +according to modern conventions, a clef change at a bar line is posted +before the bar line, while for example \verb|\changecontext| would post it +after the bar line. In part for this reason, we have the special command +\keyindex{changeclefs}. It can be used anywhere outside +\verb+\notes...\en+ to activate a clef change and insert an amount of +horizontal space to accommodate the new clef symbol(s), without printing a +bar line. Sometimes no added +space is required, in which case \keyindex{zchangeclefs} should be used. + +Here are some examples of clef changes: + +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +\instrumentnumber2\setstaffs22% +\setclef1{\bass}\generalsignature2% +\startextract +% Change in one staff only, with added space +\setclef1\treble\changeclefs% +\Notes\qu k&\qu e|\cu{.d}\ccu{e}\en% +% Combined with signature change, also no extra space needed +% twice the same clef in staff 2 - with the help of a blank clef +\setclef28\zchangeclefs\setclef2\treble% +\setclef1\bass\zchangeclefs\setsign1{-2}\setsign2{-2}% +\ignorenats\changesignature% +\Notes\qu K&\cu{de}|\qu e\en% +% clef change before barline +\setclef1\treble\zchangeclefs\bar% +\Notes\qu k&\cu{de}|\qu e\en% +% clef change after barline +\setclef1\bass\bar\changeclefs% +\Notes\qu K&\cu{de}|\qu e\en% +% clef change after barline with changecontext +\setclef1\treble\changecontext% +\Notes\cu k&\cu d|\qu e\en% +% twice the same clef +\setclef18\zchangeclefs\setclef1\treble\changeclefs% +\Notes\cu k&\cu e |\en% +\zendextract +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} +\begin{music} +\instrumentnumber2\setstaffs22% +\setclef1{\bass}\generalsignature2% +\startextract +% Change in one staff only, with added space +\setclef1\treble\changeclefs% +\Notes\qu k&\qu e|\cu{.d}\ccu{e}\en% +% Combined with signature change, also no extra space needed +% twice the same clef in staff 2 - with the help of a blank clef +\setclef28\zchangeclefs\setclef2\treble% +\setclef1\bass\zchangeclefs\setsign1{-2}\setsign2{-2}% +\ignorenats\changesignature% +\Notes\qu K&\cu{de}|\qu e\en% +% clef change before barline +\setclef1\treble\zchangeclefs\bar% +\Notes\qu k&\cu{de}|\qu e\en% +% clef change after barline +\setclef1\bass\bar\changeclefs% +\Notes\qu K&\cu{de}|\qu e\en% +% clef change after barline with changecontext +\setclef1\treble\changecontext% +\Notes\cu k&\cu d|\qu e\en% +% twice the same clef +\setclef18\zchangeclefs\setclef1\treble\changeclefs% +\Notes\cu k&\cu e |\en% +\endextract +\end{music} + +\noindent Of course the examples in the last two bars are contrary +to accepted practice. + +Clef changes initiated with the \verb|\setclef| command have several features +in common. When activated after the beginning of the piece, the printed symbol +is smaller than the normal one used at the beginning of the piece. Also, +\musixtex\ automatically adjusts vertical positions of noteheads consistent +with the new clef. + +There is an additional group of macros for setting new clefs which does not share +either of these features. In other words, they will always print full sized symbols, and they +won't change the vertical positions of noteheads from what they would have been +before the new symbol was printed. We could call this process ``clef symbol substitution'', +because all it does is print a different symbol (or no symbol at all) in place of +the underlying clef which was set in the normal way. + +You'll need to use clef symbol substitution if you want to have a so-called +\index{octave clefs}\label{octclef}octave treble clef or octave bass +clef, i.e., one containing a numeral 8 above or +below the normal symbol. The syntax for setting upper +octaviation +is \keyindex{setbassclefsymbol}\onen\keyindex{bassoct}\\ +or \keyindex{settrebleclefsymbol}\onen\keyindex{trebleoct}; for lower octaviation +it is\\ \keyindex{setbassclefsymbol}\onen\keyindex{basslowoct} or +\keyindex{settrebleclefsymbol}\onen\keyindex{treblelowoct}. Because these sequences act to +\ital{replace} normal bass or treble clefs with a different symbol, they +require that the normal clefs be set first. For example + +\noindent\begin{minipage}{80mm} +\begin{music}\nostartrule + \parindent 19mm + \instrumentnumber{4} + \generalmeter{\empty} + \setclef1\bass \setclef2\bass \setclef3\treble \setclef4\treble + \setbassclefsymbol1\basslowoct + \setbassclefsymbol2\bassoct + \settrebleclefsymbol3\treblelowoct + \settrebleclefsymbol4\trebleoct +\startextract +\Notes\qu{`abcdefghi}&\qu{`abcdefghi}&\qu{abcdefghi}&\qu{abcdefghi}&\en +\zendextract +\end{music} +\end{minipage} +\begin{minipage}{50mm} +\begin{verbatim} +\parindent 19mm +\instrumentnumber{4} +\generalmeter{\empty} +\setclef1\bass \setclef2\bass +\setclef3\treble \setclef4\treble +\setbassclefsymbol1\basslowoct +\setbassclefsymbol2\bassoct +\settrebleclefsymbol3\treblelowoct +\settrebleclefsymbol4\trebleoct +\startextract +\Notes\qu{`abcdefghi}&\qu{`abcdefghi}% +&\qu{abcdefghi}&\qu{abcdefghi}&\en +\zendextract +\end{verbatim} +\end{minipage} + +\index{clefs (empty)} +Another application of clef symbol substitution is to cause no clef to be +printed, as for example might be desired in percussion music, This +can be accomplished with \keyindex{setclefsymbol}\onen\verb|\empty|, which +once activated would replace \ital{all} clef symbols in the first (lowest) +staff of instrument $n$ with blanks. + +Normal symbols for those clefs that have been substituted can be restored by +\keyindex{resetclefsymbols}. + +Four other small clef symbols are available: \verb|\smalltrebleoct|, +\verb|\smalltreblelowoct|, \verb|\smallbassoct|, and \verb|\smallbasslowoct|. +They look just like the corresponding normal-sized symbols, and are useful by +clef symbol substitution for clef changes after the beginning of a piece, as +demonstrated in the following example. + +The various clef symbol substitution commands can only be used to substitute for +\texttt{treble}, \texttt{alto}, or \texttt{bass} clefs. + +In the following example, (1) is two normal clef changes. At (2) the clef is first changed +back to treble and then the \verb|\treblelowoct| symbol is substituted by using +\verb|\settrebleclefsymbol|. +When changing the clef away from treble and then back as at (3), the substitution +symbol is still in force. At (4), \verb|\resetclefsymbols| cancels the symbol substitution. +If using \verb|\setclefsymbol| all available clefs are changed to the same symbol, as you can see +in the three clefs after (5) in comparison with (2). These also illustrate the use of the small +octave clef symbol. Obviously the second clef after (5) is +nonsense; \verb|\resetclefsymbols| puts matters in order at (6) and (7). + +\begin{music} +\instrumentnumber1\setclef1\bass +\startpiece +\notes\zchar{-5}{1}\qu H\en\setclef1\treble\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\bar +\notes\zchar{-5}{2}\qu J\en +\setclef1\treble\settrebleclefsymbol1\treblelowoct\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\bar +\notes\zchar{-5}{3}\qu I\en\setclef1\treble\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\bar +\notes\zchar{-5}{4}\qu J\en\resetclefsymbols\setclef1\treble\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\doublebar +\notes\zchar{-5}{5}\qu J\en +\setclef1\treble\setclefsymbol1\smalltreblelowoct\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\bar +\notes\qu I\en\setclef1\treble\changeclefs +\notes\zchar{-5}{6}\qu i\en\resetclefsymbols\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\bar +\notes\zchar{-5}{7}\qu J\en\setclef1\treble\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en +\endpiece +\end{music} + +\noindent This is the code: + +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +\begin{music}\nostartrule +\instrumentnumber1\setclef1\bass +\startpiece +\notes\zchar{-5}{1}\qu H\en\setclef1\treble\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\bar +\notes\zchar{-5}{2}\qu J\en +\setclef1\treble\settrebleclefsymbol1\treblelowoct\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\bar +\notes\zchar{-5}{3}\qu I\en\setclef1\treble\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\bar +\notes\zchar{-5}{4}\qu J\en\resetclefsymbols\setclef1\treble\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\doublebar +\notes\zchar{-5}{5}\qu J\en +\setclef1\treble\setclefsymbol1\smalltreblelowoct\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\bar +\notes\qu I\en\setclef1\treble\changeclefs +\notes\zchar{-5}{6}\qu i\en\resetclefsymbols\setclef1\bass\changeclefs\bar +\notes\zchar{-5}{7}\qu J\en\setclef1\treble\changeclefs +\notes\qu i\en +\endpiece +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} + +\section{Meter changes} + +As mentioned in Section~\ref{generalmeter}, a common \itxem{meter} for all +staves can be specified by \keyindex{generalmeter}\verb|{|$m$\verb|}|, +where $m$ denotes the meter. On the other hand, meter changes in specific +staves are implemented with +\keyindex{setmeter}\onen\verb|{{|$m1$\verb|}{|$m2$\verb|}{|$m3$\verb|}{|$m4$\verb|}}|, +where $n$ is the number of the instrument, $m1$ specifies the meter +of the first (lowest) staff, $m2$ the second staff, and so forth. (Only enter +as many $m$'s as necessary.) + +Since meter changes are meaningful only across bars, there is no special command to +activate a new meter; rather, they are activated with the general commands +\keyindex{changecontext}, etc., listed in Section~\ref{contextintro}. + +The next example shows a few methods to get a meter change, in all staves or +in a single staff. + +\begin{small} +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +\instrumentnumber2\setstaffs22% +\generalmeter{\meterfrac{4}{4}\meterfrac{2}{4}\meterfrac{1}{4}}% +\setclef1{\bass}\generalsignature2% +\startextract +\setmeter1{{\meterfrac{2}{4}}}% +\setmeter2{{\lower2pt\hbox{\meterfrac{\meterlargefont 2}{}}}% +{\meterfrac{3}{4}}}\changecontext +\Notes\qu K&\cu{de}|\qu e\en +% bar 11 +% Meters, clefs, and key signatures. +% All 3 clefs after bar (probably bad form) if no changeclefs +\setmeter1{{\meterfrac{2}{8}}}% +\setmeter2{{\meterfrac{3}{6}}{\meterfrac{3}{8}}}% +\setsign2{-1}% +% How to force showing the bass clef? +\setclef1\bass\setclef2{23}% +\Changecontext +\Notes\qu K&\cu{de}|\qu e\en +% bar 12 +% Meters, clefs, and key signatures, with clef before the bar. +% Maybe not best form if signatures are involved +\setmeter1{{\meterfrac{2}{4}}}% +\setmeter2{{\meterfrac{3}{8}}{\meterfrac{3}{6}}}% +\setsign2{-1}% +\setclef1\treble\zchangeclefs\changecontext +\Notes\qu k&\cu{de}|\qu e\en +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} +\end{small} +\begin{music} +\instrumentnumber2\setstaffs22% +\generalmeter{\meterfrac{4}{4}\meterfrac{2}{4}\meterfrac{1}{4}}% +\setclef1{\bass}\generalsignature2% +\startextract +\setmeter1{{\meterfrac{2}{4}}}% +% How big the '2' must be? +\setmeter2{{\lower2pt\hbox{\meterfrac{\meterlargefont 2}{}}}% +{\meterfrac{3}{4}}}\changecontext +\Notes\qu K&\cu{de}|\qu e\en +% bar 11 +% Meter Clefs and Key Signatures +% all 3 clefs after bar if no changeclefs +\setmeter1{{\meterfrac{2}{8}}}% +\setmeter2{{\meterfrac{3}{6}}{\meterfrac{3}{8}}}% +\setsign2{-1}% +% How to force showing the bass clef? +\setclef1\bass\setclef2{23}% +\Changecontext +\Notes\qu K&\cu{de}|\qu e\en +% bar 12 +% Meter Clefs Keys Signatures all 3 with clef before the bar +% probably not if signatures are involved +\setmeter1{{\meterfrac{2}{4}}}% +\setmeter2{{\meterfrac{3}{8}}{\meterfrac{3}{6}}}% +\setsign2{-1}% +\setclef1\treble\zchangeclefs\changecontext +\Notes\qu k&\cu{de}|\qu e\en +\endextract +\end{music} |