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-% $Id: faq-wdidt.tex,v 1.24 2014/01/22 17:29:03 rf10 Exp $
-
-\section{Why does it \emph{do} that?}
-
-\subsection{Common errors}
-
-\Question[Q-crossref]{\LaTeX{} gets cross-references wrong}
-
-Sometimes, however many times you run \LaTeX{}, the cross-references
-are just wrong. A likely reason is that you have placed the label
-before the data for the label was set; if the label is recording a
-\csx{caption} command, the \csx{label} command must appear
-\emph{after} the \csx{caption} command, or be part of it. For example:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{figure}
- <the illustration itself>
- \caption{My figure}
- \label{myfig}
-\end{figure}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-is correct, as is
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{figure}
- <the illustration itself>
- \caption{My figure%
- \label{myfig}}
-\end{figure}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-whereas, in
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{figure}
- <the illustration itself>
- \label{myfig}
- \caption{My figure}
-\end{figure}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-the label will report the number of the section (or whatever) in which
-the surrounding text resides, or the like.
-
-You can, with the same malign effect, shield the \csx{caption} command
-from its associated \csx{label} command, by enclosing the caption in an
-environment of its own. This effect will be seen with:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{figure}
- <the illustration itself>
- \caption{A Figure}
-\end{figure}
-\label{myfig}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-where the \csx{label} definitely \emph{is} after the \csx{caption},
-but because the \environment{figure} environment closed before the
-\csx{label} command, the \csx{caption} is no longer ``visible''.
-
-In summary, the \csx{label} must be \emph{after} the command that
-defines it (e.g., \csx{caption}), and if the \csx{caption} is inside
-an environment, the \csx{label} must be in there too.
-\LastEdit{2012-02-07}
-
-\Question[Q-newlineargs]{Start of line goes awry}
-\keywords{asterisk square bracket start line}
-
-This answer concerns two sorts of problems: errors of the form
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-! Missing number, treated as zero.
-<to be read again>
- p
-<*> [perhaps]
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-and errors where a single asterisk at the start of a line mysteriously
-fails to appear in the typeset output.
-
-Both problems arise because \texttt{\bsbs } takes optional arguments. The
-command \texttt{\bsbs *} means ``break the line here, and inhibit page break
-following the line break''; the command \texttt{\bsbs [}\meta{dimen}\texttt{]}
-means ``break the line here and add \meta{dimen} extra vertical space
-afterwards''.
-
-The problem arises because \texttt{\bsbs } looks for the next
-non-blank thing; the test it uses ignores the end of the line in
-your input text, so that \texttt{\bsbs } comes to imagine that you
-were giving it a `modifier'.
-
-An obvious solution is to enclose the stuff at the start of the new
-line in braces, typing:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\ttfamily
- /* C-language comment\\
- {[perhaps]} this could be done better\\
- {*}/
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-This particular example could be coded (without any problems) in
-verbatim, but the behaviour does confuse people.
-
-The problem also appears in maths mode, in arrays and so on. In this
-case, large-scale bracketing of things is \emph{not} a good idea; the
-\TeX{} primitive \csx{relax} (which does nothing except to block
-searches of this nature) may be used. From another
-\Newsgroup{comp.text.tex} example:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{eqnarray}
- [a] &=& b \\
- \relax[a] &=& b
-\end{eqnarray}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-which is a usage this \acro{FAQ} would not recommend, anyway: refer
-to the \Qref*{reason not to use \environment{eqnarray}}{Q-eqnarray}.
-
-Note that the \Package{amsmath} package modifies the behaviour of
-\texttt{\bsbs } in maths. With \Package{amsmath}, the
-\environment{eqnarray} example doesn't need any special action
-(\csx{relax} or braces).
-\LastEdit{2012-09-02}
-
-\Question[Q-verbwithin]{Why doesn't verbatim work within\,\dots{}?}
-
-The \LaTeX{} verbatim commands work by changing category codes. Knuth
-says of this sort of thing ``Some care is needed to get the timing
-right\dots{}'', since once the category code has been assigned to a
-character, it doesn't change. So \csx{verb} and
-\cmdinvoke{begin}{verbatim} have to assume that they are getting the
-first look at the parameter text; if they aren't, \TeX{} has already
-assigned category codes so that the verbatim command doesn't have a
-chance. For example:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\verb+\error+
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-will work (typesetting `\csx{error}'), but if we define no more than a
-no-op macro,
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\newcommand{\unbrace}[1]{#1}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-which simply regurgitates its argument, and use it as:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\unbrace{\verb+\error+}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-the combinartion will not (it will attempt to execute \csx{error}).
-Other errors one
-may encounter are `\csx{verb} ended by end of line', or even the
-rather more helpful `\csx{verb} illegal in command argument'. The
-same sorts of thing happen with \cmdinvoke{begin}{verbatim} \dots{}
-\cmdinvoke{end}{verbatim}:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{quoteverbatim}
-\ifthenelse{\boolean{foo}}{%
-\begin{verbatim}
-foobar
-\end{verbatim}
-}{%
-\begin{verbatim}
-barfoo
-\end{verbatim}
-}
-\end{quoteverbatim}
-\end{quote}
-provokes errors like `File ended while scanning use of
-\csx{@xverbatim}', as \cmdinvoke{begin}{verbatim} fails to see its
-matching \cmdinvoke{end}{verbatim}.
-
-This is why the \LaTeX{} book insists that verbatim
-commands must not appear in the argument of any other command; they
-aren't just fragile, they're quite unusable in any ``normal'' command
-parameter,
-regardless of \Qref*{\csx{protect}ion}{Q-protect}. (The \csx{verb}
-command tries hard to detect if you're misusing it; unfortunately, it
-can't always do so, and the error message is therefore not reliable as an
-indication of problems.)
-
-The first question to ask yourself is: ``is \csx{verb} actually
-necessary?''.
-\begin{itemize}
-\item If \cmdinvoke{texttt}{\emph{your text}} produces the same result
- as \csx{verb}\texttt{+\emph{your text}+}, then there's no need of
- \csx{verb} in the first place.
-\item If you're using \csx{verb} to typeset a \acro{URL} or email
- address or the like, then the \csx{url} command from the
- \Package{url} will help: it doesn't suffer from all the problems of
- \csx{verb}, though it's still not robust; % ! line break
- ``\Qref*{typesetting \acro{URL}s}{Q-setURL}'' offers advice here.
-\item If you're putting \csx{verb} into the argument of a boxing
- command (such as \csx{fbox}), consider using the \environment{lrbox}
- environment:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\newsavebox{\mybox}
-...
-\begin{lrbox}{\mybox}
- \verb!VerbatimStuff!
-\end{lrbox}
-\fbox{\usebox{\mybox}}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\end{itemize}
-
-If you can't avoid verbatim, the \csx{cprotect} command (from the
-package \Package{cprotect}) might help. The package manages to make a
-macro read a verbatim argument in a ``sanitised'' way by the simple
-medium of prefixing the macro with \csx{cprotect}:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cprotect\section{Using \verb|verbatim|}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-The package \emph{does} work in this simple case, and deserves
-consideration in many others cases; the package documentation gives
-more details.
-
-Another way out is to use one of ``argument types'' of the
-\csx{NewDocumentCommand} command in the experimental \latex{}3 package
-\Package{xparse}:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\NewDocumentCommand\cmd{ m v m }{#1 `#2' #3}
-\cmd{Command }|\furble|{ isn't defined}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Which gives us:
-\begin{quote}
- Command \csx{furble} isn't defined
-\end{quote}
-The ``\texttt{m}'' tag argument specifies a normal mandatory argument,
-and the ``\texttt{v}'' specifies one of these verbatim arguments.
-As you see, it's implanting a \csx{verb}-style command argument in the
-argument sequence of an otherwise ``normal'' sort of command; that
-\begin{typesetversion}
- `\texttt{\char`\|}'
-\end{typesetversion}
-\begin{htmlversion}
- `\texttt{|}' % | balance for emacs text-colouring
-\end{htmlversion}
-may be any old character that doesn't
-conflict with the content of the argument.
-
-This is pretty neat (even if the verbatim is in an argument of its
-own) but the downside is that \Package{xparse} pulls in
-the experimental \latex{}3 programming environment
-(\Package{l3kernel}) which is pretty big.
-
-Other than the \Package{cprotect} package, there are four partial
-solutions to the problem:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Some packages have macros which are designed to be responsive
- to verbatim text in their arguments. For example,
- the \Package{fancyvrb} package defines a command
- \csx{VerbatimFootnotes}, which redefines the \csx{footnotetext}
- command, and hence also the behaviour of the \csx{footnote})
- command, in such a way that you can include \csx{verb} commands in
- its argument. This approach could in principle be extended to the
- arguments of other commands, but it can clash with other packages:
- for example, \csx{VerbatimFootnotes} interacts poorly with the
- \pkgoption{para} option of the \Package{footmisc} package.
-
- The \Class{memoir} class defines its \csx{footnote} command so that
- it will accept verbatim in its arguments, without any supporting package.
-\item The \Package{fancyvrb} package defines a command \csx{SaveVerb},
- with a corresponding \csx{UseVerb} command, that allow you to save
- and then to reuse the content of its argument; for details of this
- extremely powerful facility, see the package documentation.
-
- Rather simpler is the \Package{verbdef} package, whose \csx{verbdef}
- command defines a (robust) command which expands to the verbatim
- argument given; the \Package{newverbs} package provides a similar
- function as well as several related ones.
-\item In a similar vein, the \Package{verbatimbox} package makes it
- possible to put verbatim material in a box:
- \begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{verbbox}
-some exotic _&$ stuff
-\end{verbbox}
-\theverbbox
-\end{verbatim}
- \end{quote}
- the operation typesets exotic stuff into an anonymous box, and its
- contents may be retrieved using the command \csx{theverbbox}. It is
- clear that it's in the same mould as the \csx{verbdef} command
- mentioned above; the package defines other similar commands.
-\item The \Package{tcolorbox} package provides a similar facility
-\item If you have a single character that is giving trouble (in
- its absence you could simply use \csx{texttt}), consider using
- \csx{string}. \cmdinvoke{texttt}{my\csx{string}\_name}
- typesets the same as
- \csx{verb+my\_name+}, and will work in the argument of a command. It
- won't, however, work in a moving argument, and no amount of
- \Qref*{\csx{protect}ion}{Q-protect} will make it work in
- such a case.
-
- A robust alternative is:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\chardef\us=`\_
-...
-\section{... \texttt{my\us name}}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
- Such a definition is `naturally' robust; the construction
- ``\meta{back-tick}\csx{\meta{char}}'' may be used for any
- troublesome character (though it's plainly not necessary for things
- like percent signs for which \AllTeX{} already provides
- robust macros).
-
-\item One may also consider putting verbatim material in an external
- file; this is somewhat more tedious, but the file may be reused
- several times within a single document. The \Package{tcolorbox}
- permits this:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{tcbverbatimwrite}{<file name>}
-...
-\end{tcbverbatimwrite}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
- which (as one might guess) writes to the named file; load the saved
- contents using \cmdinvoke{input}{<file name>}
-
- A second environment puts your verbatim material in an (apparently)
- anonymous temporary file:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{tcbwritetemp}{<file name>}
-...
-\end{tcbverbatimwrite}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
- In this case, you use the anonymous file with the \csx{tcbusetemp}
- macro. (You can change the name used for the `anonymous' file, if
- its default proves troublesome.)
-
- The \Package{moreverb} package provides a \csx{verbatimwrite}
- command, which doesn't provide an anonynous file.
-
- Macros, to achieve the same effect, are outlined in the
- documentation of the \Package{verbatim} package; the macros use the
- facilities of the package, but the user has to write a mini-package
- actually to use them.
-\end{itemize}
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[cprotect.sty]\CTANref{cprotect}
-\item[fancyvrb.sty]\CTANref{fancyvrb}
-\item[l3kernel \nothtml{\rmfamily}bundle]\CTANref{l3kernel}
-\item[memoir.cls]\CTANref{memoir}
-\item[newverbs.sty]\CTANref{newverbs}
-\item[tcolorbox.sty]\CTANref{tcolorbox}
-\item[url.sty]\CTANref{url}
-\item[verbatim.sty]\CTANref{verbatim}
-\item[verbatimbox.sty]\CTANref{verbatimbox}
-\item[verbdef.sty]\CTANref{verbdef}
-\item[xparse.sty]Distributed as part of \CTANref{l3packages}[xparse]
-\end{ctanrefs}
-\LastEdit{2013-10-21}
-
-\Question[Q-noline]{``No line here to end''}
-
-The error
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-! LaTeX Error: There's no line here to end.
-
-See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-! LaTeX Error: There's no line here to end.
-
-See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion
-... for explanation.
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\end{quote}
-appears when you give \LaTeX{} a \texttt{\bsbs } command at a time
-when it's not expecting it; it is a \emph{line-breaking} command, and
-is confused if \latex{} isn't building a paragraph when you give the
-command. A common case is where you've decided you want the label of
-a list item to be on a line of its own, and written (for example):
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{description}
-\item[Very long label] \\
- Text...
-\end{description}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-% ridiculous coding for sanitize.pl -- careful!
-% \bsbs {} is actually a rather bad command to use in this case (even if
-% it worked), since it could force the `paragraph' that's made up of the
-% text of the item to terminate a line which has nothing on it but the
-% label. This could lead to an ``\texttt{Underfull }\csx{hbox}'' warning message
-% (usually with `infinite' badness of 10000); while this message doesn't
-% do any actual harm other than slowing down your \LaTeX{} run, any
-% message that doesn't convey any information distracts for no useful
-% purpose.
-
-The proper solution to the problem is to write a new sort of
-\environment{description} environment, that does just what you're after. (The
-\nothtml{\emph{\LaTeX{} Companion}~--- see }% ! line wrap, and next line
-\Qref[question]{\emph{\LaTeX{} Companion}}{Q-latex-books}\nothtml{~---}
-offers a rather wide selection of variants of these things.)
-
-A straightforward solution, which avoids the warning, is to write:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{description}
-\item[Very long label] \leavevmode \\
- Text...
-\end{description}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-which starts a paragraph before forcing a break. The
-\Package{expdlist} package provides the same functionality with its
-\csx{breaklabel} command, and \Package{mdwlist} provides it via its
-\csx{desclabelstyle} command.
-
-The other common occasion for the message is when you're using the
-\texttt{center} (or \environment{flushleft} or \environment{flushright})
-environment, and have decided you need extra separation between lines
-in the environment:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
- First (heading) line\\
- \\
- body of the centred text...
-\end{center}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-The solution here is plain: use the \texttt{\bsbs } command in the way it's
-supposed to be used, to provide more than just a single line break
-space. \texttt{\bsbs } takes an optional argument, which specifies
-how much extra space to add; the required effect in the text above can
-be had by saying:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
- First (heading) line\\[\baselineskip]
- body of the centred text...
-\end{center}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-
-You \emph{can} use \csx{leavevmode}, as above:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
- First (heading) line\\
- \leavevmode\\
- body of the centred text...
-\end{center}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-but that is just as tiresome to type as \texttt{\bsbs } with an optional
-argument, and can not be recommended.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[expdlist.sty]\CTANref{expdlist}
-\item[mdwlist.sty]Distributed as part of \CTANref{mdwtools}[mdwlist]
-\end{ctanrefs}
-\LastEdit{2014-01-13}
-
-% other instances: \[no]linebreak in vertical mode
-
-\Question[Q-vertspacefloat]{Extra vertical space in floats}
-
-A common complaint is that extra vertical space has crept into
-\environment{figure} or \environment{table} floating environments.
-More common still are users who post code that introduces this extra
-space, and \emph{haven't noticed the problem}!
-
-The trouble arises from the fact that the \environment{center}
-environment (and its siblings \environment{flushleft} and
-\environment{flushright}) are actually based on \LaTeX{}'s
-list-handling code; and lists always separate themselves from the
-material around them. Meanwhile, there are parameters provided to
-adjust the spacing between floating environments and their
-surroundings; so if we have:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{figure}
- \begin{center}
- \includegraphics{...}
- \caption{...}
- \end{center}
-\end{figure}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\nothtml{\noindent}or worse still:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{figure}
- \begin{center}
- \includegraphics{...}
- \end{center}
- \caption{...}
-\end{figure}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-unwarranted vertical space is going to appear.
-
-The solution is to let the float and the objects in it position
-themselves, and to use ``generic'' layout commands rather than their
-list-based encapsulations.
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{figure}
- \centering
- \includegraphics{...}
- \caption{...}
-\end{figure}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-(which even involves less typing).
-
-This alternative code will work with any \LaTeX{} package. It will
-not work with obsolete (pre-\LaTeXe{}) packages such as
-\Package{psfig} or \Package{epsf}~--- see % beware line break
-\Qref[question]{graphics inclusion}{Q-impgraph} for discussion of the
-genesis of \csx{includegraphics}.
-\LastEdit{2012-11-16}
-
-\Question[Q-centre-flt]{Why is my table/figure/\dots{} not centred?}
-
-You want a float whose contents are centred, but \latex{} ignores your
-\environment{center} environment. Most likely, you have written:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
- \begin{figure}
- ...
- \end{figure}
-\end{center}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-In this case, \latex{} has ``taken the \environment{figure} away'',
-and will typeset it at some location it fancies (it does the same with
-\environment{table}s) the only thing we can say (for sure) about the
-location is that it \emph{won't} be inside that \environment{center}
-environment. As a result, the \environment{center} environment is
-left with nothing to do~\dots{} except to % !line break
-\Qref*{make a mess of your vertical spacing}{Q-vertspacefloat}.
-
-The solution is the same as that outlined in % !line break
-\Qref*{the same answer}{Q-vertspacefloat}, noting that all control of
-an \environment{figure} or \environment{table} needs to be
-inside the environment. So the example's code should be converted to
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{figure}
- \centering
- ...
-\end{figure}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-(or something similar for a \environment{table}).
-\LastEdit*{2013-11-19}
-
-\Question[Q-2colfltorder]{Two-column float numbers out of order}
-
-When \LaTeX{} can't place a float immediately, it places it on one of
-several ``defer'' lists. If another float of the same type comes
-along, and the ``defer'' list for that type still has something in it,
-the later float has to wait for everything earlier in the list.
-
-Now, standard \LaTeX{} has different lists for single-column floats,
-and double-column floats; this means that single-column figures can
-overtake double-column figures (or vice-versa), and you observe later
-figures appear in the document before early ones. The same is true,
-of course, for tables, or for any user-defined float.
-
-The \LaTeX{} team recognise the problem, and provides a package
-(\Package{fixltx2e}) to deal with it. \Package{Fixltx2e} amalgamates
-the two defer lists, so that floats don't get out of order.
-
-For those who are still running an older \LaTeX{} distribution, the
-package \Package{fix2col} should serve. This package (also by a
-member of the \LaTeX{} team) was the basis of the relevant part of
-\Package{fixltx2e}. The functionality has also been included in
-\Package{dblfloatfix}, which also has code to place full-width floats
-at \Qref*{\texttt{[b]} placement}{Q-2colfloat}.
-
-Once you have loaded the package, no more remains to be done: the
-whole requirement is to patch the output routine; no extra commands
-are needed.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[dblfloatfix.sty]\CTANref{dblfloatfix}
-\item[fix2col.sty]\CTANref{fix2col}
-\item[fixltx2e.sty]Part of the \LaTeX{} distribution
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-tabacc]{Accents misbehave in \environment{tabbing}}
-
-So you are constructing a \environment{tabbing} environment, and you
-have the need of some diacriticised text~--- perhaps something as simple
-as \cmdinvoke{'}{e}~--- and the accent disappears because it has been
-interpreted as a \environment{tabbing} command, and everything goes
-wrong.
-
-This is really a rather ghastly feature of the \environment{tabbing}
-environment; in order to type accented characters you need to use the
-\csx{a} kludge: so \cmdinvoke{a'}{e} inside \environment{tabbing} for
-\cmdinvoke{'}{e} outside, and similarly \csx{a`} for \csx{`} and \csx{a=}
-for \csx{=}. This whole procedure is of course hideous and
-error-prone.
-
-The simplest alternative is to type in an encoding that has the
-diacriticised characters in it, and to use an appropriate encoding
-definition file in the \Package{inputenc} package. So for example,
-type:
-\begin{quote}
- \cmdinvoke{usepackage}[latin1]{inputenc}\\
- \texttt{...}\\
- \cmdinvoke{begin}{tabbing}\\
- \texttt{...}\\
- \texttt{...} \csx{>} \texttt{voil\`a} \csx{>} \texttt{...}
-\end{quote}
-for:
-\begin{quote}
- \dots{}\quad voil\`a\quad \dots{}
-\end{quote}
-and the internal mechanisms of the \Package{inputenc} package will put
-the right version of the accent command in there.
-
-A witty reversal of the r\^oles is introduced by the package
-\Package{Tabbing} (note the capital ``T''): it provides a
-\environment{Tabbing} environment which duplicates
-\environment{tabbing}, but all the single-character commands become
-complicated objects. So \environment{tabbing}'s \csx{>} becomes
-\csx{TAB>}, \csx{=} becomes \csx{TAB=}, and so on. The above trivial
-example would therefore become:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage{Tabbing}
-...
-\begin{Tabbing}
- ... ... \TAB> voil\`a \TAB> ...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[Tabbing.sty]\CTANref{Tabbing}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-alreadydef]{Package reports ``command already defined''}
-
-You load a pair of packages, and the second reports that one of the
-commands it defines is already present. For example, both the
-\Package{txfonts} and \Package{amsmath} define a command \csx{iint}
-(and \csx{iiint} and so on); so
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-...
-\usepackage{txfonts}
-\usepackage{amsmath}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-produces a string of error messages of the form:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-! LaTeX Error: Command \iint already defined.
- Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual.
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-! LaTeX Error: Command \iint already
- defined. Or name \end... illegal,
- see p.192 of the manual.
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\end{quote}
-As a general rule, things that \Package{amsmath} defines, it defines
-well; however, there is a good case for using the \Package{txfonts}
-version of \csx{iint}~--- the associated \FontName{tx} fonts have a
-double integral symbol that doesn't need to be ``faked'' in the way
-\Package{amsmath} does. In the case that you are loading several
-symbol packages, every one of which defines the same symbol, you are
-likely to experience the problem in a big way (\csx{euro} is a common
-victim).
-
-There are similar cases where one package redefines another's command,
-but no error occurs because the redefining package doesn't use
-\csx{newcommand}. Often, in such a case, you only notice the change
-because you assume the definition given by the first package. The
-\Package{amsmath}--\Package{txfonts} packages are just such a pair;
-\Package{txfonts} doesn't provoke errors.
-
-You may deal with the problem by saving and restoring the command.
-Macro programmers may care to do this for themselves; for the rest of
-us, there's the package \Package{savesym}. The sequence:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage{savesym}
-\usepackage{amsmath}
-\savesymbol{iint}
-\usepackage{txfonts}
-\restoresymbol{TXF}{iint}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-does the job; restoring the \Package{amsmath} version of the command,
-and making the \Package{txfonts} version of the command available as
-\csx{TXFiint}.
-
-Documentation of \Package{savesym} doesn't amount to much: the only
-commands are \csx{savesymbol} and \csx{restoresymbol}, as noted above.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[amsmath.sty]Part of \CTANref{amslatex}
-\item[savesym.sty]\CTANref{savesym}
-\item[txfonts.sty]Part of \CTANref{txfonts}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-zerochap]{Why are my sections numbered 0.1\,\dots{}?}
-
-This happens when your document is using the standard \Class{book} or
-\Class{report} class (or one similar), and you've got a \csx{section}
-before your first \csx{chapter}.
-
-What happens is, that the class numbers sections as % ! line break
-``\meta{chapter no}.\meta{section no}'', and until the first
-\csx{chapter} has appeared, the chapter number is 0. (If you
-use\csx{chapter*}, which doesn't number the chapter it produces, the
-problem still arises.)
-
-If you're doing this, it's possible that the \Class{article} class
-is for you; try it and see. Otherwise, put a \csx{chapter} before
-your sections, or do away with section numbering by using
-\csx{section*} instead. An alternative way of avoiding numbering is
-discussed in % ! line break
-``\Qref*{unnumbered sections in the table of contents}{Q-secnumdep}''.
-
-\Question[Q-breaklinks]{Link text doesn't break at end line}
-\keywords{hyperref overfull link}
-
-When using the \Package{hyperref} package, you make a block of text
-``active'' when you define a hyper-link (when the user clicks on
-that text, the reader program will divert to the \emph{target} of the
-link).
-
-The \Package{hyperref} package uses a \emph{driver} (in the same way
-as the \Package{graphics} package does), to determine how to implement
-all that hyper-stuff.
-
-If you use the driver for \ProgName{dvips} output (presumably you want
-to distill the resulting \PS{}), limitations in the way \ProgName{dvips}
-deals with the \csx{special} commands mean that \Package{hyperref}
-must prevent link anchors from breaking at the end of lines. Other
-drivers (notably those for \PDFTeX{} and for \ProgName{dvipdfm}) don't
-suffer from this problem.
-
-The problem may occur in a number of different circumstances. For a
-couple of them, there are work-arounds:
-
-First, if you have an \acro{URL} which is active (so that clicking on
-it will activate your web browser to ``go to'' the \acro{URL}). In
-this case \Package{hyperref} employs the \Package{url} package to
-split up the \acro{URL} (as described in % ! line break
-\Qref[question]{typesetting \acro{URL}s}{Q-setURL}), but the
-\ProgName{dvips} driver then suppresses the breaks. The way out is
-the \Package{breakurl} package, which modifies the \csx{url} command
-to produce several smaller pieces, between each of which a line break
-is permitted. Each group of pieces, that ends up together in one
-line, is converted to a single clickable link.
-
-Second, if you have a table of contents, list of figure or tables, or
-the like, \Package{hyperref} will ordinarily make the titles in the
-table of contents, or captions in the lists, active. If the title or
-caption is long, it will need to break within the table, but the
-\ProgName{dvips} driver will prevent that. In this case, load
-\Package{hyperref} with the option \pkgoption{linktocpage}, and only
-the page number will be made active.
-
-Otherwise, if you have a lengthy piece of text that you want active,
-you have at present no simple solution: you have to rewrite your text,
-or to use a different \acro{PDF} generation mechanism.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[breakurl.sty]\CTANref{breakurl}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-wrongpn]{Page number is wrong at start of page}
-
-This is a long story, whose sources are deep inside the workings of
-\TeX{} itself; it all derives from the \TeX{}'s striving to generate
-the best possible output.
-
-The page number is conventionally stored in \csx{count0}; \LaTeX{}
-users see this as the counter \texttt{page}, and may typeset its value
-using \csx{thepage}.
-
-The number (that is to say, \csx{count0}) is only updated when \TeX{}
-actually outputs a page. \TeX{} only even tries to do this when it
-detects a hint that it may be a good thing to do. From \TeX{}'s point
-of view, the end of a paragraph is a good time to consider outputting
-a page; it will output a page if it has \emph{more} than a page's
-worth of material to output. (Ensuring it always has something in
-hand makes some optimisations possible.) As a result, \csx{count0}
-(\csx{thepage}) is almost always wrong in the first paragraph of a
-page (the exception is where the page number has been ``forcibly''
-changed, either by changing its value directly, or by breaking the
-page where \TeX{} wouldn't necessarily have chosen to break).
-
-\LaTeX{} provides a safe way of referring to the page number, by using
-label references. So, rather than writing:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-Here is page \thepage{}.
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-you should write:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-Here is page \pageref{here}\label{here}.
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-(note: no space between the \csx{pageref} and the \csx{label}, since
-that could potentially end up as a page-break space itself, which
-rather defeats the purpose of the exercise!).
-
-\Question[Q-matchbrak]{My brackets don't match}
-
-\AllTeX{} has a low-level mechanism for matching braces in document
-text. This means you can type something like:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\section{All \emph{OK} now.}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-and know that the first brace (for the argument of \csx{section}) will
-be matched with the last brace, and the internal pair of braces (for
-the argument of \csx{emph}) will be matched with each other. It's all
-very simple.
-
-However, \LaTeX{} has a convention of enclosing optional arguments in
-brackets, as in:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\section[OK]{All \emph{OK} now.}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-These brackets are not matched by \TeX{} mechanisms, despite the
-superficial similarity of their use. As a result,
-straightforward-looking usages like:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\section[All [OK] now]{All \emph{OK} now.}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-aren't \acro{OK} at all~--- the optional argument comes to consist of
-``All [OK'', and \csx{section} takes the single character ``n'' (of
-the first ``now'') as its argument.
-
-Fortunately, \TeX{}'s scanning mechanisms helps us by accepting the
-syntax ``\texttt{\{]\}}'' to `hide' the closing bracket from the
-scanning mechanism that \LaTeX{} uses. In practice, the commonest way
-to use this facility is:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\section[All {[OK]} now]{All \emph{OK} now.}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-since bracing the bracket on its own ``looks odd''.
-
-\LaTeX{} has another argument syntax, even less regular, where the
-argument is enclosed in parentheses, as in:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\put(1,2){foo}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-(a picture environment command).
-
-This mechanism is also prone to problems with matching closing
-parentheses, but the issue seldom arises since such arguments rarely
-contain text. If it were to arise, the same solution (enclosing the
-confused characters in braces) would solve the problem.
-
-\Question[Q-pdf-fig-chars]{Characters disappear from figures in \PDFTeX{}}
-
-You have a \acro{PDF} figure, which you want to use in your
-\PDFLaTeX{} document. When you compile the document, \PDFTeX{}
-complains about ``missing glyphs'', and some (or all) of the labelling
-text or symbols in the original figure is no longer visible.
-
-What has happened is:
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item Your figure file (say \File{fig.pdf}) has a font \File{font.pfb}
- embedded in it.
-\item \PDFTeX{} notes that it has \File{font.pfb} on disc, and loads
- that in place of the copy in \File{fig.pdf}.
-\item It turns out that the copy in \File{fig.pdf} has glyphs that
- aren't in \File{font.pfb} on disc, so that you get errors while
- compiling and you see that characters are missing when you view the
- output. (\PDFTeX{} can't know that the fonts are different, since
- they have the same name.)
-\end{enumerate}
-Which is all very undesirable.
-
-\PDFTeX{} does this to keep file sizes down: suppose you have a
-document that loads figures \File{fig1.pdf} and \File{fig2.pdf}; both
-of those use font \File{font.pfb}. If \PDFTeX{} takes no action,
-there will be \emph{two} copies of \File{font.pfb} in the output.
-(If your document also uses the font, there could be three copies.)
-
-A real case is the \acro{URW} font \File{NimbusRomNo9L-Regu} (a clone
-of Times Roman), which is available in a version with Cyrillic
-letters, while the version in \TeX{} distributions doesn't have those
-letters. Both versions, as distributed, have the same name.
-
-The simple (``quick and dirty'') solution is to add the command
-\begin{quote}
- \csx{pdfinclusioncopyfonts}\texttt{=1}
-\end{quote}
-to the preamble of your document.
-
-The ``real'' solution is that one or other font should be renamed. In
-either case, this would require that you reconfigure some program's
-(\TeX{}'s or your drawing package's) font tables~--- inevitably a
-tiresome job.
-
-\Question[Q-emptynum]{I asked for ``empty'', but the page is numbered}
-
-If you use \cmdinvoke{pagestyle}{empty} and you find some pages are
-numbered anyway, you are probably encountering one of the style
-decisions built into the standard \LaTeX{} classes: that certain
-special pages should always appear with \cmdinvoke{pagestyle}{plain},
-with a page number at the centre of the page foot. The special pages
-in question are those (in \Class{article} class) containing a
-\csx{maketitle}, or (in \Class{book} and \Class{report} classes)
-\csx{chapter} or \csx{part} commands.
-
-The simple solution is to reissue the page style \emph{after} the
-command, with effect for a single page, as, for example (in
-\Class{article}):
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\maketitle
-\thispagestyle{empty}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-or (in \Class{book} or \Class{report})
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\chapter{foo bar}
-\thispagestyle{empty}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-A similar technique doesn't work for a \Class{book} or \Class{report}
-\csx{part} command pages. For that, and for other detail, take look
-at ``\Qref*{getting rid of page numbers}{Q-nopageno}''.
-
-\subsection{Common misunderstandings}
-
-\Question[Q-include]{What's going on in my \csx{include} commands?}
-
-The original \LaTeX{} provided the \csx{include} command to address the
-problem of long documents: with the relatively slow computers of the
-time, the companion \csx{includeonly} facility was a boon. With the
-vast increase in computer speed, \csx{includeonly} is less valuable
-(though it still has its place in some very large projects).
-Nevertheless, the facility is retained in current \LaTeX{}, and causes
-some confusion to those who misunderstand it.
-
-In order for \csx{includeonly} to work, \csx{include} makes a separate
-\extension{aux} file for each included file, and makes a `checkpoint' of
-important parameters (such as page, figure, table and footnote
-numbers). As a direct result, it \emph{must} clear the current page
-both before and after the \csx{include} command. (The requirement
-derives from the difficulties of % ! line break
-\begin{hyperversion}
- \Qref*{observing page numbers}{Q-wrongpn}.)
-\end{hyperversion}
-\begin{flatversion}
- observing page numbers~--- see \Qref{}{Q-wrongpn}.)
-\end{flatversion}
-What's more, this mechanism doesn't work if a \csx{include} command
-appears in a file that was \csx{include}d itself: \LaTeX{} diagnoses
-this as an error.
-
-So, we can now answer the two commonest questions about \csx{include}:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Why does \LaTeX{} throw a page before and after \csx{include}
- commands?
-
- Answer: because it has to. If you don't like it, replace the
- \csx{include} command with \csx{input}~--- you won't be able to use
- \csx{includeonly} any more, but you probably don't need it anyway, so
- don't worry.
-\begin{htmlversion}
-
-\end{htmlversion}
-\item Why can't I nest \csx{include}d files?~--- I always used to be
- able to under \LaTeXo{}.
-
- Answer: in fact, you couldn't, even under \LaTeXo{}, but the failure
- wasn't diagnosed. However, since you were happy with the behaviour
- under \LaTeXo{}, replace the \csx{include} commands with \csx{input}
- commands (with \csx{clearpage} as appropriate).
-\end{itemize}
-
-
-\Question[Q-paraparam]{Why does it ignore paragraph parameters?}
-
-When \TeX{} is laying out text, it doesn't work from word to word, or
-from line to line; the smallest complete unit it formats is the
-paragraph. The paragraph is laid down in a buffer, as it appears, and
-isn't touched further until the end-paragraph marker is processed.
-It's at this point that the paragraph parameters have effect; and it's
-because of this sequence that one often makes mistakes that lead to
-the paragraph parameters not doing what one would have hoped (or
-expected).
-
-Consider the following sequence of \LaTeX{}:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\raggedright % declaration for ragged text
-Here's text to be ranged left in our output,
-but it's the only such paragraph, so we now
-end the group.}
-
-Here's more that needn't be ragged...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\TeX{} will open a group, and impose the ragged-setting parameters within
-that group; it will then save a couple of sentences of text and
-close the group (thus restoring the previous value of the
-parameters that \csx{raggedright} set). Then \TeX{} encounters a blank
-line, which it knows to treat as a \csx{par} token, so it typesets the
-two sentences; but because the enclosing group has now been closed,
-the parameter settings have been lost, and the paragraph will be
-typeset normally.
-
-The solution is simple: close the paragraph inside the group, so that
-the setting parameters remain in place. An appropriate way of doing
-that is to replace the last three lines above with:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-end the group.\par}
-Here's more that needn't be ragged...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-In this way, the paragraph is completed while \csx{raggedright}'s
-parameters are still in force within the enclosing group.
-
-Another alternative is to define an environment that does the
-appropriate job for you. For the above example, \LaTeX{} already
-defines an appropriate one:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{flushleft}
-Here's text to be ranged left...
-\end{flushleft}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-
-In fact, there are a number of parameters for which \TeX{} only
-maintains one value per paragraph. A tiresome one is the set of upper
-case/lower case translations, which (oddly enough) constrains
-hyphenation of mutilingual texts. Another that regularly creates
-confusion is \Qref*{\csx{baselineskip}}{Q-baselinepar}.
-
-\Question[Q-casechange]{Case-changing oddities}
-
-\TeX{} provides two primitive commands \csx{uppercase} and
-\csx{lowercase} to change the case of text; they're not much used, but
-are capable creating confusion.
-
-The two commands do not expand the text that is their parameter~---
-the result of \cmdinvoke{uppercase}{abc} is `\texttt{ABC}', but
-\cmdinvoke{uppercase}{\csx{abc}} is always `\csx{abc}', whatever the
-meaning of \csx{abc}. The commands are simply interpreting a table of
-equivalences between upper- and lowercase characters.
-They have (for example) no mathematical sense, and
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\uppercase{About $y=f(x)$}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-will produce
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-ABOUT $Y=F(X)$
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-which is probably not what is wanted.
-
-In addition, \csx{uppercase} and \csx{lowercase} do not deal very well
-with non-American characters, for example
-\cmdinvoke{uppercase}{\csx{ae}} is the same as \csx{ae}.
-
-\LaTeX{} provides commands \csx{MakeUppercase} and \csx{MakeLowercase}
-which fixes the latter problem. These commands are used in the
-standard classes to produce upper case running heads for chapters
-and sections.
-
-Unfortunately \csx{MakeUppercase} and \csx{MakeLowercase} do not solve
-the other problems with \csx{uppercase}, so for example a section
-title containing \cmdinvoke{begin}{tabular} \dots{}
-\cmdinvoke{end}{tabular} will produce a running head containing
-\cmdinvoke{begin}{TABULAR}. The simplest solution to this problem is
-using a user-defined command, for example:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\newcommand{\mytable}{\begin{tabular}...
- \end{tabular}}
-\section{A section title \protect\mytable{}
- with a table}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Note that \csx{mytable} has to be protected, otherwise it will be
-expanded and made upper case; you can achieve the same result by
-declaring it with \csx{DeclareRobustCommand}, in which case the
-\csx{protect} won't be necessary.
-
-David Carlisle's \Package{textcase} package
-addresses many of these problems in a transparent way. It defines
-commands \csx{MakeTextUppercase} and \csx{MakeTextLowercase} which do
-upper- or lowercase, with the fancier features of the \LaTeX{}
-standard \csx{Make*}-commands but without the problems
-mentioned above. Load the package with
-\cmdinvoke{usepackage}[overload]{textcase}, and it will redefine the \LaTeX{}
-commands (\emph{not} the \TeX{} primitive commands \csx{uppercase} and
-\csx{lowercase}), so that section headings and the like don't produce
-broken page headings.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[textcase.sty]\CTANref{textcase}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-splitfoot]{Why does \LaTeX{} split footnotes across pages?}
-
-\LaTeX{} splits footnotes when it can think of nothing better to do.
-Typically, when this happens, the footnote mark is at the bottom of
-the page, and the complete footnote would overfill the page. \LaTeX{}
-could try to salvage this problem by making the page short of both the
-footnote and the line with the footnote mark, but its priorities told
-it that splitting the footnote would be preferable.
-
-As always, the best solution is to change your text so that the
-problem doesn't occur in the first place. Consider whether the text
-that bears the footnote could move earlier in the current page, or on
-to the next page.
-
-If this isn't possible, you might want to change \LaTeX{}'s perception
-of its priorities: they're controlled by
-\csx{interfootnotelinepenalty}~--- the larger it is, the less willing
-\LaTeX{} is to split footnotes.
-
-Setting
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\interfootnotelinepenalty=10000
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-inhibits split footnotes altogether, which will cause `\texttt{Underfull}
-\csx{vbox}' messages unless you also specify \csx{raggedbottom}. The
-default value of the penalty is \texttt{100}, which is rather mild.
-
-An alternative technique is to juggle with the actual size of the
-pages. \csx{enlargethispage} changes the size of the current page by
-its argument (for example, you might say
-\cmdinvoke{enlargethispage}{\csx{baselineskip}} to add a single line
-to the page, but you can use any ordinary \TeX{} length such as
-\texttt{15mm} or \texttt{-20pt} as argument). Reducing the size of
-the current page could force the offending text to the next page;
-increasing the size of the page may allow the footnote to be included
-in its entirety. It may be necessary to change the size of more than
-one page.
-
-The \Package{fnbreak} package detects (and generates warnings about)
-split footnotes.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[fnbreak.sty]\CTANref{fnbreak}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-marginparside]{Getting \csx{marginpar} on the right side}
-
-In an ideal world, marginal notes would be in ``analogous'' places on
-every page: notes on an even-side page would be in the left margin,
-while those on an odd-side page would be in the right margin. A
-moment's thought shows that a marginal note on the left needs to be
-typeset differently from a marginal note on the right. The \LaTeX{}
-\csx{marginpar} command therefore takes two arguments in a
-\texttt{twoside} documents: % beware line break
-\cmdinvoke*{marginpar}[left text]{right text}. \LaTeX{} uses the
-``obvious'' test to
-get the \csx{marginpar}s in the correct margin, but a booby-trap arises
-because \TeX{} runs its page maker asynchronously. If a
-\csx{marginpar} is processed while page \ensuremath{n} is being built, but
-doesn't get used until page \ensuremath{n}+1, then the \csx{marginpar} will turn
-up on the wrong side of the page. This is an instance of a general
-problem: see
-% beware line break
-``\Qref*{finding if you're on an odd or an even page}{Q-oddpage}''.
-
-The solution to the problem is for \LaTeX{} to `remember' which side
-of the page each \csx{marginpar} \emph{should} be on. The
-\Package{mparhack} package does this, using label-like marks stored in
-the \extension{aux} file; the \Class{memoir} class does likewise.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[memoir.cls]\CTANref{memoir}
-\item[mparhack.sty]\CTANref{mparhack}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-misschar]{Where have my characters gone?}
-
-You've typed some apparently reasonable text and processed it, but the
-result contains no sign of some of the characters you typed. A likely
-reason is that the font you selected just doesn't have a
-representation for the character in question.
-
-For example, if I type ``that will be \pounds{}44.00'' into an ordinary
-\AllTeX{} document, or if I select the font \texttt{rsfs10} (which contains
-uppercase letters only) and type pretty much anything, the \pounds{}
-sign, or any lowercase letters or digits will not appear in the
-output. There's no actual error message, either: you have to read the
-log file, where you'll find cryptic little messages like
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-Missing character: There is no ^^a3 in font cmr10!
-Missing character: There is no 3 in font rsfs10!
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-Missing character:
- There is no ^^a3 in font cmr10!
-Missing character:
- There is no 3 in font rsfs10!
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\end{quote}
-(the former demonstrating my \TeX{}'s unwillingness to deal in characters
-which have the eighth bit set, while the \texttt{rsfs10} example shows that
-\TeX{} will log the actual character in error, if it thinks it's
-possible).
-
-Somewhat more understandable are the diagnostics you may get from
-\Package{dvips} when using the \acro{OT}1 and \acro{T}1 versions of
-fonts that were supplied in Adobe standard encoding:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-dvips: Warning: missing glyph `Delta'
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-The process that generates the metrics for using the fonts generates
-an instruction to \Package{dvips} to produce these diagnostics, so
-that their non-appearance in the printed output is less surprising
-than it might be. Quite a few glyphs provided in Knuth's text
-encodings and in the Cork encoding are not available in the Adobe
-fonts. In these cases, there \emph{is} a typeset sign of the
-character: \ProgName{dvips} produces a black rectangle of whatever
-size the concocted font file has specified.
-
-\Question[Q-rerun]{``Rerun'' messages won't go away}
-
-The \LaTeX{} message ``Rerun to get crossreferences right'' is
-supposed to warn the user that the job needs to be processed again,
-since labels seem to have changed since the previous run. (\LaTeX{}
-compares the labels it has created this time round with what it found
-from the previous run when it started; it does this comparison at
-\cmdinvoke{end}{document}.)
-
-Sometimes, the message won't go away: however often you reprocess your
-document, \LaTeX{} still tells you that ``Label(s) may have
-changed''. This can sometimes be caused by a broken package: both
-\Package{footmisc} (with the \pkgoption{perpage} option) and \Package{hyperref}
-have been known to give trouble, in the past: if you are using either,
-check you have the latest version, and upgrade if possible.
-
-However, there \emph{is} a rare occasion when this error can happen
-as a result of pathological structure of the document itself. Suppose
-you have pages numbered in roman, and you add a reference to a label
-on page ``ix'' (9). The presence of the reference pushes the thing
-referred to onto page ``x'' (10), but since that's a shorter reference
-the label moves back to page ``ix'' at the next run. Such a sequence
-can obviously not terminate.
-
-The only solution to this problem is to make a small change to your
-document (something as small as adding or deleting a comma will often
-be enough).
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[footmisc.sty]\CTANref{footmisc}
-\item[hyperref.sty]\CTANref{hyperref}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-xspace]{Commands gobble following space}
-
-People are forever surprised that simple commands gobble the space
-after them: this is just the way it is. The effect arises from the
-way \TeX{} works, and Lamport describes a solution (place a pair of braces
-after a command's invocation) in the description of \LaTeX{} syntax.
-Thus the requirement is in effect part of the definition of \LaTeX{}.
-
-These \acro{FAQ}s,
-for example, is written in \latex{} for production of a web site. The
-HTML code is generated by a script that \emph{requires} a pair of
-braces, to make a null argument, as in:
-\begin{quote}
- \cmdinvoke{fred}{\relax} % the \relax prevents {} being gobbled
- % in html production (sigh)
- % (we needn't tell them about _that_ ;-)
-\end{quote}
-for almost all macro invocations, regardless
-of whether the following space is required: however, these \acro{FAQ}s
-should not itself be regarded as a model of \latex{} style.
-
-Many users find all those braces become very tedious very
-quickly, and would really rather not type them all.
-
-An alternative structure, that doesn't violate the design of \LaTeX{},
-is to say \csx{fred}\csx{ }~--- the \csx{ } command is ``self
-terminating'' (like \texttt{\bsbs }) and you don't need braces after
-\emph{it}. Thus one can reduce to one the number of extra characters
-one needs to type.
-
-If even that one character is too many, the package \Package{xspace}
-defines a command \csx{xspace} that guesses whether there should have
-been a space after it, and if so introduces that space. So
-% beware line wrap
-``\texttt{fred\csx{xspace} jim}'' produces ``fred jim'', while
-``\texttt{fred\csx{xspace}.\@ jim}'' produces ``fred. jim''. Which
-usage would of course be completely pointless; but you can incorporate
-\csx{xspace} in your own macros:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage{xspace}
-...
-\newcommand{\restenergy}{\ensuremath{mc^2}\xspace}
-...
-and we find \restenergy available to us...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage{xspace}
-...
-\newcommand{\restenergy}%
- {\ensuremath{mc^2}\xspace}
-...
-and we find \restenergy available to us...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\end{quote}
-The \csx{xspace} command must be the last thing in your macro
-definition (as in the example); it's not completely foolproof, but it
-copes with most obvious situations in running text.
-
-The \Package{xspace} package doesn't save you anything if you use it in
-a macro that appears only once or twice within your document, and it
-is not totally foolproof. (The original author of the package wrote
-it because he had been bitten by lost spaces. He no longer recommends
-its use, simply because of the possibility of error.)
-
-In any case, be
-careful with usage of \csx{xspace}~--- it changes your input syntax,
-which can be confusing, notably to a collaborating author
-(particularly if you create some commands which use it and some which
-don't). No command built into \LaTeX{} or into any
-``standard'' class or package will use \csx{xspace}.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[xspace.sty]Distributed as part of \CTANref{2etools}[xspace]
-\end{ctanrefs}
-\LastEdit{2013-11-26}
-
-\Question[Q-overfull]{\AllTeX{} makes overfull lines}
-
-When \TeX{} is building a paragraph, it can make several attempts to
-get the line-breaking right; on each attempt it runs the same
-algorithm, but gives it different parameters. You can affect the way
-\TeX{}'s line breaking works by adjusting the parameters: this answer
-deals with the ``tolerance'' and stretchability parameters. The other
-vital `parameter' is the set of hyphenations to be applied: see
-``\Qref*[question]{my words aren't being hyphenated}{Q-nohyph}''
-(and the questions it references) for advice.
-
-If you're getting an undesired ``overfull box'', what has happened is
-that \TeX{} has given up: the parameters you gave it don't allow it to
-produce a result that \emph{doesn't} overfill. In this circumstance,
-Knuth decided the best thing to do was to produce a warning, and to
-allow the user to solve the problem. (The alternative, silently to go
-beyond the envelope of ``good taste'' defined for this run of \TeX{},
-would be distasteful to any discerning typographer.) The user can
-almost always address the problem by rewriting the text that's
-provoking the problem~--- but that's not always possible, and in some
-cases it's impossible to solve the problem without adjusting the
-parameters. This answer discusses the approaches one might take to
-resolution of the problem, on the assumption that you've got the
-hyphenation correct.
-
-The simplest case is where a `small' word fails to break at the end of
-a line; pushing the entire word to a new line isn't going to make much
-difference, but it might make things just bad enough that \TeX{} won't
-do it by default. In such a case on can \emph{try} the \LaTeX{}
-\csx{linebreak} command: it may solve the problem, and if it does, it
-will save an awful lot of fiddling. Otherwise, one needs to adjust
-parameters: to do that we need to recap the details of \TeX{}'s line
-breaking mechanisms.
-
-\TeX{}'s first attempt at breaking lines is performed without even
-trying hyphenation: \TeX{} sets its ``tolerance'' of line breaking
-oddities to the internal value \csx{pretolerance}, and sees what
-happens. If it can't get an acceptable break, \TeX{} adds the
-hyphenation points allowed by the current patterns, and tries again
-using the internal \csx{tolerance} value. If this pass also fails, and
-the internal \csx{emergencystretch} value is positive, \TeX{} will try
-a pass that allows \csx{emergencystretch} worth of extra stretchability
-to the spaces in each line.
-
-In principle, therefore, there are three parameters (other than
-hyphenation) that you can change: \csx{pretolerance}, \csx{tolerance}
-and \csx{emergencystretch}. Both the \texttt{tolerance} values are
-simple numbers, and should be set by \TeX{} primitive count
-assignment~--- for example
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\pretolerance=150
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-For both, an ``infinite'' tolerance is represented by the value
-\texttt{10}\nothtml{\,}\texttt{000}, but infinite tolerance is rarely
-appropriate, since it can lead to very bad line breaks indeed.
-
-\csx{emergencystretch} is a \TeX{}-internal `dimen' register, and can
-be set as normal for dimens in \plaintex{}; in \LaTeX{}, use
-\csx{setlength}~--- for example:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\setlength{\emergencystretch}{3em}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-
-The choice of method has time implications~--- each of the
-passes takes time, so adding a pass (by changing
-\csx{emergencystretch}) is less desirable than suppressing one (by
-changing \csx{pretolerance}). However, it's unusual nowadays to find a
-computer that's slow enough that the extra passes are really
-troublesome.
-
-In practice, \csx{pretolerance} is rarely used other than to manipulate
-the use of hyphenation; \plaintex{} and \LaTeX{} both set its value
-to \texttt{100}. To suppress the first scan of paragraphs, set
-\csx{pretolerance} to \texttt{-1}.
-
-\csx{tolerance} is often a good method for adjusting spacing;
-\plaintex{} and \LaTeX{} both set its value to \texttt{200}. \LaTeX{}'s
-\csx{sloppy} command sets it to \texttt{9999}, as does the
-\environment{sloppypar} environment. This value is the largest
-available, this side of infinity, and can allow pretty poor-looking
-breaks (this author rarely uses \csx{sloppy} ``bare'', though he does
-occasionally use \environment{sloppypar}~--- that way, the change of
-\csx{tolerance} is confined to the environment). More satisfactory is
-to make small changes to \csx{tolerance}, incrementally, and then to look to
-see how the change affects the result; very small increases can often
-do what's necessary. Remember that \csx{tolerance} is a paragraph
-parameter, so you need to ensure it's actually applied~--- see
-``\Qref*[question]{ignoring paragraph parameters}{Q-paraparam}''.
-\LaTeX{} users could use an environment like:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\newenvironment{tolerant}[1]{%
- \par\tolerance=#1\relax
-}{%
- \par
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-enclosing entire paragraphs (or set of paragraphs) in it.
-
-The value of \csx{emergencystretch} is added to the assumed
-stretchability of each line of a paragraph, in a further run of the
-paragraph formatter in case that the paragraph can't be made to look
-right any other way. (The extra scan happens if
-\csx{emergencystretch\textgreater0pt}~--- if it's zero or negative, no gain
-could be had from rerunning the paragraph setter.) The example above
-set it to \texttt{3em}; the Computer Modern fonts ordinarily fit three
-space skips to the \texttt{em}, so the change would allow anything up
-to the equivalent of nine extra spaces in each line. In a line with
-lots of spaces, this could be reasonable, but with (say) only three
-spaces on the line, each could stretch to four times its natural
-width. It is therefore clear that \csx{emergencystretch} needs to be
-treated with a degree of caution.
-
-More subtle (but more tricky to manage) are the microtypographic
-extensions provided by \PDFTeX{}. Since \PDFTeX{} is the default
-`engine' for \LaTeX{} and \CONTeXT{} work in all distributions,
-nowadays, the extensions are available to all. There are two
-extensions, margin kerning and font expansion; margin kerning only
-affects the visual effect of the typeset page, and has little effect
-on the ability of the paragraph setter to ``get things right''.
-Font expansion works like a subtler version of the trick that
-\csx{emergencystretch} plays: \PDFTeX{} `knows' that your current font
-may be stretched (or shrunk) to a certain extent, and will do that
-``on the fly'' to optimise the setting of a paragraph. This is a
-powerful tool in the armoury of the typesetter.
-
-As mentioned above, the microtypographic extensions are tricky beasts
-to control; however, the \Package{microtype} package relieves the user
-of the tedious work of specifying how to perform margin adjustments
-and how much to scale each font~\dots{}\@ for the fonts the package
-knows about; it's a good tool, and users who can take on the
-specification of adjustments for yet more fonts are always welcome.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[microtype.sty]\CTANref{microtype}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-exscale]{Maths symbols don't scale up}
-
-By default, the ``large'' maths symbols stay at the same size
-regardless of the font size of the text of the document. There's good
-reason for this: the \FontName{cmex} fonts aren't really designed to
-scale, so that \TeX{}'s maths placement algorithms don't perform as
-well as they might when the fonts are scaled.
-
-However, this behaviour confounds user expectations, and can lead to
-slightly odd-looking documents. If you want the fonts to scale,
-despite the warning above, use the \Package{exscale} package~--- just
-loading it is enough.
-%%
-%% (Note: if you are using bitmap versions of the \FontName{cmex} fonts,
-%% you will find extra bitmaps are generated. The extended sizes are not
-%% ordinarily generated for any other purpose.)
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[exscale.sty]Part of the \LaTeX{} distribution.
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-linespread]{Why doesn't \csx{linespread} work?}
-
-The command \cmdinvoke*{linespread}{factor} is supposed to multiply
-the current \csx{baselineskip} by \meta{factor}; but, to all
-appearances, it doesn't.
-
-In fact, the command is equivalent to
-\cmdinvoke{renewcommand}{\csx{baselinestretch}}{factor}: written that
-way, it somehow feels less surprising that the effect isn't immediate.
-The \csx{baselinestretch} factor is only used when a font is selected;
-a mere change of \csx{baselinestretch} doesn't change the font, any
-more than does the command
-\cmdinvoke*{fontsize}{size}{baselineskip}~--- you have to follow
-either command with \csx{selectfont}. So:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fontsize{10}{12}%
-\selectfont
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-or:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\linespread{1.2}%
-\selectfont
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Of course, a package such as \Package{setspace}, whose job is to
-manage the baseline, will deal with all this stuff~--- see
-``\Qref*[question]{managing double-spaced documents}{Q-linespace}''. If
-you want to avoid \Package{setspace}, beware the behaviour of
-linespread changes within a paragraph: read % ! line break
-``\Qref*[question]{\csx{baselineskip} is a paragraph parameter}{Q-baselinepar}''.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[setspace.sty]\CTANref{setspace}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-baselinepar]{Only one \csx{baselineskip} per paragraph}
-
-The \csx{baselineskip}, which determines the space between lines, is
-not (as one might hope) a property of a line, but of a paragraph. As
-a result, in a \texttt{10pt} (nominal) document (with a default
-\csx{baselineskip} of \texttt{12pt}), a single character with a larger
-size, as:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\Huge A}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-will be squashed into the paragraph: \TeX{} will make sure it doesn't
-scrape up against the line above, but won't give it ``room to
-breathe'', as it does the text at standard size; that is, its size
-(\texttt{24.88pt}) is taken account of, but its \csx{baselineskip}
-(\texttt{30pt}) isn't. This problem may be solved by a \emph{strut}:
-the name comes from movable metal typography, and refers to a spacer
-that held the boxes (that contained the metal character shapes) apart.
-Every time you change font size, \LaTeX{} redefines the command
-\csx{strut} to provide the equivalent of a metal-type strut for the
-size chosen. So for the example above, we would type
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-Paragraph text ...
- {\Huge A\strut}
- ... paragraph continues ...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-This technique \emph{only} works for such very short intrusions; if
-you need several lines, you should convert your intrusion into a
-\environment{quote} environment, since it's not possible to provide a
-\csx{strut} command for every line of the intrusion, in a sensible
-way, so proceed by:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{quote}
- \Huge A LENGTHY TEXT ...
- SHOUTING AT THE READER!
-\end{quote}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-
-The contrary case:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-Paragraph text ...
-{\footnotesize Extended interjection ...
- ... into the paragraph.}
- ... paragraph continues ...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-will look wrong, since the \texttt{8pt} interjection will
-end up set on the \texttt{12pt} \csx{baselineskip} of the paragraph,
-rather than its preferred \texttt{8.5pt}. A \csx{strut} here is no
-help: there is no such thing as a ``negative strut'', that draws lines
-together, so once more, one falls back on the \environment{quote} to
-separate the interjection:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-Paragraph text ...
-\begin{quote}
- \footnotesize Extended interjection ...
- ... into the paragraph.
-\end{quote}
-... paragraph continues ...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-
-The same effect is at work when we have something like:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-Paragraph text ...
- ... paragraph body ends.
-{\footnotesize Comment on the paragraph.}
-
-Next paragraph starts...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-which will set the body of the first paragraph on the constricted
-\csx{baselineskip} of the \csx{footnotesize} comment. Solve this
-problem by ending the initial paragraph before starting the comment:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-Paragraph text ...
- ... paragraph body ends.
-\par\nothtml{\noindent}
-{\footnotesize Comment on the paragraph.}
-
-Next paragraph starts...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-(We suggest \csx{noindent} to make the comment look as if it is part
-of the paragraph it discusses; omit \csx{noindent} if that is inappropriate.)
-
-A variation of the previous issue arises from a paragraph whose size
-is different from those around it:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\Large (Extended) IMPORTANT DETAILS ...}
-
-Main body of text...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Again, the problem is solved by ending the paragraph in the same group
-as the text with a different size:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\Large (Extended) IMPORTANT DETAILS ...\par}
-
-Main body of text...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-
-\Question[Q-tocloftwrong]{Numbers too large in table of contents, etc.}
-
-\keywords{memoir table-of-contents spacing}
-\LaTeX{} constructs the table of contents, list of figures, tables,
-and similar tables, on the basis of a layout specified in the class.
-As a result, they do \emph{not} react to the sizes of things in them,
-as they would if a \environment{tabular} environment (or something
-similar) was used.
-
-This arrangement can provoke problems, most commonly with deep section
-nesting or very large page numbers: the numbers in question just don't
-fit in the space allowed for them in the class.
-
-A separate answer discusses % ! line break
-\nothtml{re-designing the tables ---} % ! line break
-\Qref{re-designing the tables}{Q-tocloft}\nothtml{ ---}
-and techniques from that answer may be employed to make the numbers
-fit:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\setlength\cftsectionnumwidth{4em}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-
-The same command may be employed in documents typeset with the
-\Class{memoir} package (by the same author as \Package{tocloft}).
-
-\Class{Memoir} has another mechanism for the job:
-\cmdinvoke{cftsetindents}{\meta{kind}}{indent}{numwidth}. Here
-\emph{kind} is \texttt{chapter}, \texttt{section}, or whatever; the
-\emph{indent} specifies the `margin' before the entry starts; and the
-\emph{width} is of the box into which the number is typeset (so needs
-to be wide enough for the largest number, with the necessary spacing
-to separate it from what comes after it in the line.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[memoir.cls]\CTANref{memoir}
-\item[tocloft.sty]\CTANref{tocloft}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-\LastEdit{2013-08-20}
-
-\Question[Q-gutter]{Why is the inside margin so narrow?}
-
-If you give the standard classes the \pkgoption{twoside} option, the
-class sets the margins narrow on the left of odd-numbered pages, and
-on the right of even-numbered pages. This is often thought to look
-odd, but it is quite right.
-
-The idea is that the typographic urge for symmetry should also apply
-to margins: if you lay an even numbered page to the left of an
-odd-numbered one, you will see that you've three equal chunks of
-un-printed paper: the left margin of the even page, the right margin
-of the odd page, and the two abutting margins together.
-
-This is all very fine in the abstract, but in practical book(let)
-production it only works ``sometimes''.
-
-If your booklet is produced on double-width paper and stapled, the
-effect will be good; if your book(let) is produced using a so-called
-``perfect'' binding, the effect will again be good.
-
-However, almost any ``quality'' book-binder will need some of your
-paper to grab hold of, and a book bound in such a way won't exhibit
-the treasured symmetry unless you've done something about the margin
-settings.
-
-The packages recommended in % ! line break
-``\Qref*{setting up margins}{Q-marginpkgs}'' mostly have provision for
-a ``binding offset'' or a ``binding correction''~--- search for
-``binding'' in the manuals (\Package{vmargin} doesn't help, here).
-
-If you're doing the job by hand (see % ! line break
-\Qref[question]{manual margin setup}{Q-marginmanual}), the trick is to
-calculate your page and margin dimensions as normal, and then:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item subtract the binding offset from \csx{evensidemargin}, and
-\item add the binding offset to \csx{oddsidemargin}.
-\end{itemize}
-which can be achieved by:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-offset}
-\addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{offset}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-(substituting something sensible like ``\texttt{5mm}'' for
-``\texttt{offset}'', above).
-
-The above may not be the best you can do: you may well choose to
-change the \csx{textwidth} in the presence of the binding offset; but
-the changes do work for constant \csx{textwidth}.
-
-\subsection{Why shouldn't I?}
-
-\Question[Q-t1enc]{Why use \Package{fontenc} rather than \Package{t1enc}?}
-
-In the very earliest days of \LaTeXe{}, the only way to use the
-\acro{T}1 encoding was \Package{t1enc}; with the summer 1994
-``production'' release, the \Package{fontenc} package appeared, and
-provided comprehensive support for use of the encoding.
-
-Nevertheless, the \Package{t1enc} package remains (as part of the
-\LaTeXo{} compatibility code), but it does very little: it merely
-selects font encoding \acro{T}1, and leaves to the user the business
-of generating the character codes required.
-
-Generating such character codes could be a simple matter, \emph{if}
-the \acro{T}1 encoding matched any widely-supported encoding standard,
-since in that case, one might expect one's keyboard to generate the
-character codes. However, the \acro{T}1 encoding is a mix of several
-standard encodings, and includes code points in areas of the table
-which standard encodings specifically exclude, so no \acro{T}1
-keyboards have been (or ever will be) manufactured.
-
-By contrast, the \Package{fontenc} package generates the \acro{T}1
-code points from ordinary \LaTeX{} commands (e.g., it generates the
-\texttt{\'e} character codepoint from the command \csx{'}\texttt{e}).
-So, unless you have program-generated \acro{T}1 input (which is almost
-inconceivable), use \cmdinvoke{usepackage}[T1]{fontenc} rather than
-\cmdinvoke{usepackage}{t1enc}.
-
-\Question[Q-why-inp-font]{Why bother with \Package{inputenc} and \Package{fontenc}?}
-
-The standard input encoding for Western Europe (pending the arrival of
-Unicode) is \acro{ISO}~8859--1 (commonly known by the standard's
-subtitle `Latin-1'). Latin-1 is remarkably close, in the codepoints
-it covers, to the \AllTeX{} \acro{T}1 encoding.
-
-In this circumstance, why should one bother with \Package{inputenc}
-and \Package{fontenc}? Since they're pretty exactly mirroring each
-other, one could do away with both, and use just \Package{t1enc},
-despite its \Qref*{shortcomings}{Q-t1enc}.
-
-One doesn't do this for a variety of small reasons:
-\begin{description}
-\item[Confusion] You've been happily working in this mode, and for
- some reason find you're to switch to writing in German: the effect
- of using ``\texttt{\ss }'' is somewhat startling, since \acro{T}1
- and Latin-1 treat the codepoint differently.
-\item[Compatibility] You find yourself needing to work with a
- colleague in Eastern Europe: their keyboard is likely to be set to
- produce Latin-2, so that the simple mapping doesn't work.
-\item[Traditional \LaTeX{}] You lapse and write something like
- \cmdinvoke{'}{e} rather than typing \texttt{\'e}; only \Package{fontenc}
- has the means to convert this \LaTeX{} sequence into the \acro{T}1
- character, so an \csx{accent} primitive slips through into the
- output, and hyphenation is in danger.
-\end{description}
-The \Package{inputenc}--\Package{fontenc} combination seems slow and
-cumbersome, but it's safe.
-
-\Question[Q-eqnarray]{Why not use \environment{eqnarray}?}
-
-The environment \environment{eqnarray} is attractive for the
-occasional user of mathematics in \LaTeX{} documents: it seems to
-allow aligned systems of equations. Indeed it \emph{does} supply such
-things, but it makes a serious mess of spacing. In the system:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{eqnarray}
- a & = & b + c \\
- x & = & y - z
-\end{eqnarray}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-the spacing around the ``='' signs is \emph{not} that defined in the
-metrics for the font from which the glyph comes~--- it's
-\csx{arraycolsep}, which may be set to some very odd value for reasons
-associated with real arrays elsewhere in the document.
-
-The user is far better served by the \AMSLaTeX{} bundle, which
-provides an \environment{align} environment, which is designed with
-the needs of mathematicians in mind (as opposed to the convenience of
-\LaTeX{} programmers). For this simple case (\environment{align} and
-other \AMSLaTeX{} alignment environments are capable of far greater
-things), code as:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{align}
- a & = b + c \\
- x & = y - z
-\end{align}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-The matter is discussed in more detail in a % ! line break
-\href{http://tug.org/pracjourn/2006-4/madsen/madsen.pdf}{Prac\TeX{} journal paper}
-by Lars Madsen; Stefan Kottwitz offers a % ! line break
-\href{http://texblog.net/latex-archive/maths/eqnarray-align-environment/}{\tex{} blog entry}
-which includes screen shots of the output, convincingly demonstrating
-the problem.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[AMSLaTeX]\CTANref{amslatex}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-dolldoll]{Why use \csx{[}\,\dots{}\csx{]} in place of \texttt{\$\$}\,\dots{}\,\texttt{\$\$}?}
-
-\LaTeX{} defines inline- and display-maths commands, apparently
-duplicating the \TeX{} primitive maths sequences which surround maths
-commands with single (or pairs of) dollar signs.
-
-In fact, \LaTeX{}'s inline maths grouping, % !line break
-\csx{(}\texttt{ ... }\csx{)}, has (almost) exactly the same effect as the
-\TeX{} primitive version \texttt{\$ ... \$}. (The exception:
-the \LaTeX{} version checks to ensure you don't put \csx{(} and
-\csx{)} the wrong way round; this does occasionally detect errors\dots{}.)
-
-Since this is the case, one often finds \LaTeX{} users, who have some
-experience of using \plaintex{}, merely assuming that \LaTeX{}'s
-display maths grouping \csx{[}\texttt{ ... }\csx{]} may be replaced by
-the \TeX{} primitive display maths \texttt{\$\$ ... \$\$}.
-
-Unfortunately, the assumption is wrong: some \LaTeX{} code needs to
-patch display maths, it can only do so by patching \csx{[} and \csx{]}
-(or their equivalents). Most obviously, the class option \pkgoption{fleqn}
-simply does not work for equations coded using % ! line break
-\texttt{\$\$ ... \$\$}, whether you're using the standard classes
-alone, or using package \Package{amsmath}. Also, the \csx{[} and
-\csx{]} construct has code for rationalising vertical spacing in some
-extreme cases; that code is not provided \texttt{\$\$ ... \$\$}, so if
-you use the \plaintex{} version, you may occasionally observe
-inconsistent vertical spacing. Similar behaviour can bite if you are
-writing a \emph{proof}; placing the ``\acro{QED} symbol'' doesn't work
-if it is in \texttt{\$\$}-displayed maths.
-
-There are more subtle effects (especially with package
-\Package{amsmath}), and the simple rule is ``use % ! line break
-\csx{[}\texttt{ ... }\csx{]} (at least) whenever displayed maths is
-needed in \LaTeX{}''.
-
-(Note that the sequence \csx{[}\texttt{ ... }\csx{]} is duplicated by
-the \environment{displaymath} environment, which can be said to ``look
-nicer'', and actually \emph{describes} what's being done.)
-\LastEdit{2013-06-05}
-
-\Question[Q-2letterfontcmd]{What's wrong with \csx{bf}, \csx{it}, etc.?}
-
-The font-selection commands of \LaTeXo{} were \csx{rm}, \csx{sf},
-\csx{tt}, \csx{it}, \csx{sl}, \csx{em} and \csx{bf}; they were modal
-commands, so you used them as:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\bf Fred} was {\it here\/}.
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-with the font change enclosed in a group, so as to limit its effect;
-note the italic correction command \csx{/} that was necessary at the
-end of a section in italics.
-
-At the release of \LaTeXe{} in summer 1994, these simple commands were
-deprecated, but recognising that their use is deeply embedded in the
-brains of \LaTeX{} users, the commands themselves remain in \LaTeX{},
-\emph{with their \LaTeXo{} semantics}. Those semantics were part of
-the reason they were deprecated: each \csx{\emph{xx}} overrides
-any other font settings, keeping only the size. So, for example,
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\bf\it Here we are again\/}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-ignores \csx{bf} and produces text in italic, medium weight (and the
-italic correction has a real effect), whereas
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\it\bf happy as can be\/}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-ignores \csx{it} and produces upright text at bold weight (and the
-italic correction has nothing to do). The same holds if you mix
-\LaTeXe{} font selections with the old style commands:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\textbf{\tt all good friends}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-ignores the \csx{textbf} that encloses the text, and produces
-typewriter text at medium weight.
-
-So why are these commands deprecated?~--- it is because of confusions
-such as that in the last example. The alternative (\LaTeXe{})
-commands are discussed in the rest of this answer.
-
-\LaTeXe{}'s font commands come in two forms: modal commands and
-text-block commands. The default set of modal commands offers weights
-\csx{mdseries} and \csx{bfseries}, shapes \csx{upshape},
-\csx{itshape}, \csx{scshape} and \csx{slshape}, and families
-\csx{rmfamily}, \csx{sffamily} and \csx{ttfamily}. A font selection
-requires a family, a shape and a series (as well as a size, of
-course). A few examples
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\bfseries\ttfamily
- and jolly good company!}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\bfseries\ttfamily and jolly good company!}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\end{quote}
-produces bold typewriter text (but note the lack of a % ! line break, big time
-\begin{narrowversion} % non hyper version
- bold typewriter font~--- \Qref{}{Q-bold-extras}~---
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
- \Qref{bold typewriter font}{Q-bold-extras}
-\end{wideversion}
-in the default Computer Modern fonts), or
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\slshape\sffamily
- Never mind the weather\/}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\slshape\sffamily Never mind the weather\/}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\end{quote}
-(note the italic correction needed on slanted fonts, too).
-
-\LaTeXe{}'s text block commands take the first two letters of the
-modal commands, and form a \csx{text}\emph{\texttt{xx}} command from
-them. Thus \csx{bfseries} becomes \cmdinvoke*{textbf}{text},
-\csx{itshape} becomes \cmdinvoke*{textit}{text}, and \csx{ttfamily}
-becomes \cmdinvoke*{texttt}{text}. Block commands may be nested, as:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\textit{\textbf{Never mind the rain}}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-to produce bold italic text (note that the block commands supply
-italic corrections where necessary), and they be nested with the
-\LaTeXe{} modal commands, too:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\texttt{\bfseries
- So long as we're together}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\texttt{\bfseries So long as we're together}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\end{quote}
-for bold typewriter, or
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\slshape\textbf{%
- Whoops! she goes again}\/}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\slshape \textbf{Whoops! she goes again}\/}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\end{quote}
-for a bold slanted instance of the current family (note the italic
-correction applied at the end of the modal command group, again).
-
-The new commands (as noted above) override commands of the same type.
-In almost all cases, this merely excludes ludicrous ideas such as
-``upright slanted'' fonts, or ``teletype roman'' fonts. There are a
-couple of immediate oddities, though. The first is the conflict
-between \csx{itshape} (or \csx{slshape}) and \csx{scshape}: while many
-claim that an italic small-caps font is typographically unsound, such
-fonts do exist. Daniel Taupin's \Package{smallcap} package enables
-use of the instances in the \Qref*{\acro{EC} fonts}{Q-ECfonts}, and
-similar techniques could be brought to bear on many other font sets.
-The second is the conflict between \csx{upshape} and \csx{itshape}:
-Knuth actually offers an upright-italic font which \LaTeX{} uses for
-the ``\pounds{}'' symbol in the default font set. The combination is
-sufficiently weird that, while there's a defined font shape, no
-default \LaTeX{} commands exist; to use the shape, the (eccentric) user
-needs \LaTeX{}'s simplest font selection commands:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\fontshape{ui}\selectfont
- Tra la la, di dee}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{\fontshape{ui}\selectfont Tra la la, di dee}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\end{quote}
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[smallcap.sty]\CTANref{smallcap}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-newfont*]{What's wrong with \csx{newfont}?}
-
-If all else fails, you \emph{can} specify a font using the \LaTeX{}
-\csx{newfont} command. The font so specified doesn't fit into the
-\LaTeX{} font selection mechanism, but the technique can be tempting
-under several circumstances. The command is merely the thinnest of
-wrappers around the \csx{font} primitive, and doesn't really fit with
-\LaTeX{} at all. A simple, but really rather funny, example of the
-problems it poses, may be seen in:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\documentclass[10pt]{article}
-\begin{document}
-\newfont{\myfont}{cmr17 scaled 2000}
-\myfont
-\LaTeX
-\end{document}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-(the reader is encouraged to try this). The ``A'' of \csx{LaTeX} pretty
-much disappears: \LaTeX{} chooses the size on the ``A'' according to
-\emph{its} idea of the font size (10pt), but positions it according to
-the dimensions of ``\csx{myfont}'', which is more than three times
-that size.
-
-Another ``\csx{myfont}'' example arises from an entirely different
-source. The mini-document:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\documentclass{article}
-\begin{document}
-\newfont{\myfont}{ecrm1000}
-{\myfont voil\`a}
-\end{document}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-gives you ``German low double quotes'' (under the ``a'') in place of
-the grave accent. This happens because \FontName{ecrm1000} is in a
-different \Qref*{font encoding}{Q-whatenc} than \LaTeX{} is
-expecting~--- if you use the \LaTeX{} \Package{fontenc} package to
-select the \acro{EC} fonts, all these tiresome encoding issues are
-solved for you, behind the scenes.
-
-There does however remain a circumstance when you will be tempted to
-use \csx{newfont}~--- viz., to get a font size that doesn't fall into
-the Knuth standard set of sizes: \LaTeX{} (by default) won't allow you
-to use such a size. Don't despair: see the answer % ! line break
-``\Qref*{arbitrary font sizes}{Q-fontsize}''.
-
-