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-% $Id: faq-biblio.tex,v 1.15 2014/01/28 18:17:36 rf10 Exp rf10 $
-
-\section{Bibliographies and citations}
-
-\subsection{Creating bibliographies}
-
-\Question[Q-buildbib]{Creating a \BibTeX{} bibliography file}
-
-A \BibTeX{} bibliography file may reasonably be compared to a small
-database, the entries in which are references to literature that may
-be called up by citations in a document.
-
-Each entry in the bibliography has a \emph{type} and a unique
-\emph{key}. The bibliography is read, by \BibTeX{}, using the details
-specified in a \emph{bibliography style}. From the style, \BibTeX{}
-finds what entry types are permissible, what \emph{fields} each entry
-type has, and how to format the whole entry.
-
-The type specifies the type of document you're making reference to; it
-may run all the way from things like ``\environment{Book}'' and
-``\environment{Proceedings}'' (which may even contain other citations
-of type ``\environment{InBook}'' or ``\environment{InProceedings}'')
-through dissertation styles like ``\environment{PhdThesis}'' to
-otherwise-uncategorisable things such as ``\environment{Misc}''. The
-unique key is something you choose yourself: it's what you use when
-you want to \Qref*{cite an entry in the file}{Q-usebibtex}. People
-commonly create a key that combines the (primary) author's name and
-the year of publication, possibly with a marker to distinguish
-publications in the same year. So, for example, the Dyson, Eddington,
-Davidson paper about deflection of starlight appears in my
-experimental \extension{bib} file as \texttt{Dyson20.1}.
-
-So, noting the rules of the style, you have `simply' to write a
-bibliography database. Fortunately, there are several tools to help
-in this endeavour:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Most of the better \Qref*{\AllTeX{}-oriented editors}{Q-editors}
- have ``\BibTeX{} modes''.
-\item If you have an existing \environment{thebibliography}
- environment, the \ProgName{Perl} script \ProgName{tex2bib} will
- probably help.
-\item There are a number of \BibTeX{} bibliography management systems
- available, some of which permit a graphical user interface to the
- task. Sadly, none seems to be available with the ordinary \TeX{}
- distributions.
-
- Tools such as \ProgName{Xbibfile} (a graphical user interface),
- \ProgName{ebib} (a database application written to run `inside'
- \ProgName{emacs}) and
- \ProgName{btOOL} (a set of \ProgName{perl} tools for building
- \BibTeX{} database handlers) are available from \acro{CTAN}.
-
- Other systems, such as
- \href{http://refdb.sourceforge.net/}{\ProgName{RefDB}},
- \href{http://www.nongnu.org/biborb}{BibORB},
- \href{http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/}{\ProgName{BibDesk}},
- \href{http://pybliographer.org}{\ProgName{pybliographer}} and the
- \ProgName{Java}-based
- \href{http://freshmeat.net/projects/bibkeeper/}{\ProgName{Bibkeeper}}
- and \href{http://jabref.sourceforge.net}{\ProgName{JabRef}} (which
- claims to supersede \ProgName{Bibkeeper})
- are only available from their development sites.
-% review of web database offerings in textex_368
-\item Some commercial citation-management systems will export in
- \BibTeX{} format; an example is
- \href{http://www.endnote.com/}{EndNote}.
-\item Data from on-line citation databases may often be translated to
- \BibTeX{} format by utilities to be found on \acro{CTAN}. For
- example, the \ProgName{Perl} script \ProgName{isi2bibtex} will
- translate citations from \acro{ISI} ``Web of knowledge'' (a
- subscription service, available to \acro{UK} academics via
- \acro{BIDS}). UK academics may translate \acro{BIDS} downloads
- using \ProgName{bids.to.bibtex}
-\item \href{http://scholar.google.com}{Google Scholar} provides an
- ``Import into \BibTeX{}'' tab for each reference it finds for you:
- that tab gives you a page containing a \BibTeX{} entry for the
- reference.
-\end{itemize}
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[bids.to.bibtex]\CTANref{bidstobibtex}
-\item[btOOL]\CTANref{btOOL}
-\item[ebib]\CTANref{ebib}
-\item[isi2bibtex]\CTANref{isi2bibtex}
-\item[tex2bib]\CTANref{tex2bib}
-\item[tex2bib.readme]\CTANref{tex2bib-doc}
-\item[xbibfile]\CTANref{xbibfile}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-custbib]{Creating a bibliography style}
-
-It \emph{is} possible to write your own: the standard bibliography
-styles are distributed in a form with many comments, and there is a description
-of the language in the \bibtex{} distribution (see % ! line wrap
-\Qref[question]{BibTeX documentation}{Q-BibTeXing}).
-However, it must be admitted that the language in which \BibTeX{}
-styles are written is pretty obscure, and one would not recommend
-anyone who's not a confident programmer to write their own, though
-minor changes to an existing style may be within the grasp of many.
-
-If your style isn't too `far out', you can probably avoid programming
-it by using the facilities of the \Package{custom-bib} bundle. The bundle
-contains a file \File{makebst.tex}, which runs you through a text menu
-to produce a file of instructions, which you can then use to generate your
-own \extension{bst} file. This technique doesn't offer entirely new styles
-of document, but the \Package{custom-bib}'s ``master \BibTeX{}
-styles'' already offer significantly more than the \BibTeX{} standard set.
-
-An alternative, which is increasingly often recommended, to use
-\Qref*{\Package{biblatex}}{Q-biblatex}. \Package{Biblatex} offers
-many hooks for adjusting the format of the output of your `basic'
-\bibtex{} style, and a collection of `contributed' styles have also
-started to appear. Note.bowever There are not as many of
-\Package{biblatex}'s contributed styles as there are for \bibtex{},
-and there is no \Package{custom-biblatex}, both of which suggest that
-beginners' r\"ole models are hard to come by. As a result, beginners
-should probably resist the temptation to write their own contributed
-\package{biblatex} style.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[biblatex.sty]\CTANref{biblatex}
-\item[biblatex \nothtml{\normalfont}contributed styles]\CTANref{biblatex-contrib}
-\item[\nothtml{\normalfont}\BibTeX{} documentation]\CTANref{bibtex}
-\item[makebst.tex]Distributed with \CTANref{custom-bib}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-capbibtex]{Capitalisation in \BibTeX{}}
-
-The standard \BibTeX{} bibliography styles impose fixed ideas about
-the capitalisation of titles of things in the bibliography. While
-this is not unreasonable by \BibTeX{}'s lights (the rules come from
-the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}) it can be troublesome, since
-\BibTeX{} fails to recognise special uses (such as acronyms, chemical
-formulae, etc.).
-
-The solution is to enclose the letter or letters, whose capitalisation
-\BibTeX{} should not touch, in braces, as:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-title = {The {THE} operating system},
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Sometimes you find \BibTeX{} changing the case of a single letter
-inappropriately. No matter: the technique can be applied to single
-letters, as in:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-title = {Te{X}niques and tips},
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-If your document design specification requires a different style of
-capitalisation, you should acquire a bibliography style that doesn't
-enforce \BibTeX{}'s default rules. It is definitely \emph{not} a good
-idea to enclose an entire title in braces, as in
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-title = {{TeXniques and tips}},
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-though that does ensure that the capitalisation is not changed. Your
-\BibTeX{} database should be a general-purpose thing, not something
-tuned to the requirements of a particular document or bibliography
-style, or to the way you are thinking today~--- for example, on a
-future occasion, you might find yourself using a different \BibTeX{}
-style with different capitalisation rules.
-
-There's more on the subject in the
-% beware line wrap
-\Qref*{\BibTeX{} documentation}{Q-BibTeXing}.
-
-\Question[Q-bibaccent]{Accents in bibliographies}
-
-\BibTeX{} not only has a tendency (by default) to mess about with the
-% line wrap
-\Qref*{case of letters in your bibliography}{Q-capbibtex},
-also makes a hash of accent commands:
-``\texttt{ma}\csx{\textasciitilde}\texttt{nana}'' comes out as ``ma
-nana'' (!). The solution is similar that of the letter case problem:
-enclose the troublesome sequence in braces, as
-``\texttt{\{}\csx{\textasciitilde}\texttt{n\}}'', in this example.
-
-\Question[Q-bibstrtl]{`String too long' in \BibTeX{}}
-
-The \BibTeX{} diagnostic ``Warning--you've exceeded 1000, the
-\texttt{global-string-size}, for entry \texttt{foo}'' usually arises
-from a very large abstract or annotation included in the database.
-The diagnostic usually arises because of an infelicity in the coding of
-\File{abstract.bst}, or styles derived from it. (One doesn't
-ordinarily output annotations in other styles.)
-
-The solution is to make a copy of the style file (or get a clean copy
-from \acro{CTAN}~--- \CTANref{abstract-bst}), and rename it (e.g., on a
-long file-name system, to \File{abstract-long.bst}). Now edit it: find
-function \texttt{output.nonnull} and
-\begin{itemize}
-\item change its first line (line 60 in the version on \acro{CTAN})
- from
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{ 's :=
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-to
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-{ swap$
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Finally,
-\item delete the function's last line, which just says ``\texttt{s}
- (line 84 in the version on \acro{CTAN}).
-\end{itemize}
-Finally, change your \csx{bibliographystyle} command to refer to the
-name of the new file.
-
-This technique applies equally to any bibliography style: the same
-change can be made to any similar \texttt{output.nonnull} function.
-
-If you're reluctant to make this sort of change, the only way forward
-is to take the entry out of the database, so that you don't encounter
-\BibTeX{}'s limit, but you may need to retain the entry because it
-will be included in the typeset document. In such cases, put the body
-of the entry in a separate file:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@article{long.boring,
- author = "Fred Verbose",
- ...
- abstract = "{\input{abstracts/long.tex}}"
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-In this way, you arrange that all \BibTeX{} has to deal with is the
-file name, though it will tell \TeX{} (when appropriate) to include
-all the long text.
-
-\Question[Q-manyauthor]{\BibTeX{} doesn't understand lists of names}
-
-\BibTeX{} has a strict syntax for lists of authors' (or editors')
-names in the \BibTeX{} data file; if you write the list of names in a
-``natural''-seeming way, the chances are you will confuse \BibTeX{},
-and the output produced will be quite different from what you had
-hoped.
-
-Names should be expressed in one of the forms
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-First Last
-Last, First
-Last, Suffix, First
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-and lists of names should be separated with ``\texttt{and}''.
-For example:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-AUTHOR = {Fred Q. Bloggs, John P. Doe \&
- Another Idiot}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-falls foul of two of the above rules: a syntactically significant
-comma appears in an incorrect place, and `\csx{\&}' is being used as a
-name separator. The output of the above might be something like:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-John P. Doe \& Another Idiot Fred Q. Bloggs
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-John P. Doe \& Another Idiot
- Fred Q. Bloggs
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\end{quote}
-because ``John P. Doe \& Another Idiot has become the `first name',
-while ``Fred Q. Bloggs'' has become the `last name' of a single
-person. The example should have been written:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-AUTHOR = {Fred Q. Bloggs and
- John P. Doe and
- Another Idiot}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-AUTHOR = {Fred Q. Bloggs and John P. Doe and
- Another Idiot}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\end{quote}
-Some bibliography styles implement clever acrobatics with very long
-author lists. You can force truncation by using the pseudo-name
-``\texttt{others}'', which will usually translate to something like
-``\emph{et al}'' in the typeset output. So, if Mr.~Bloggs wanted to
-distract attention from his co-authors, he would write:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-AUTHOR = {Fred Q. Bloggs and others}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-
-\Question[Q-citeURL]{\acro{URL}s in \BibTeX{} bibliographies}
-
-There is no citation type for \acro{URL}s, \emph{per se}, in the
-standard \BibTeX{} styles, though Oren Patashnik (the author of
-\BibTeX{}) is believed to be considering developing one such for use
-with the long-awaited \BibTeX{} version~1.0.
-
-The actual information that need be available in a citation of an
-\acro{URL} is discussed at some length in the publicly available
-on-line
-\begin{narrowversion}
- extracts of \acro{ISO}~690--2, available via
- \URL{http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/standard/690-2e.htm};
- % checked 2004-01-15
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\href{http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/standard/690-2e.htm}{extracts of \acro{ISO}\nobreakspace690--2};
-\end{wideversion}
-the techniques below do \emph{not} satisfy all the requirements of
-\acro{ISO}~690--2, but they offer a solution that is at least
-available to users of today's tools.
-
-Until the new version of \BibTeX{} arrives, the simplest technique is
-to use the \texttt{howpublished} field of the standard styles' \texttt{@misc}
-function. Of course, the strictures
-about \Qref*{typesetting \acro{URL}s}{Q-setURL} still apply, so the
-entry will look like:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@misc{...,
- ...,
- howpublished = "\url{http://...}"
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-A possible alternative approach is to use \BibTeX{} styles other than
-the standard ones, that already have \acro{URL} entry types.
-Candidates are:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item The \Package{natbib} styles (\Package{plainnat},
- \Package{unsrtnat} and \Package{abbrevnat}), which are extensions of
- the standard styles, principally for use with \Package{natbib}
- itself. However, they've acquired \acro{URL}s and other ``modern''
- entries along the way. The same author's \Package{custom-bib} is
- also capable of generating styles that honour \acro{URL} entries.
-\item The \Package{babelbib} bundle, which offers % ! line break
- \Qref*{multilingual bibliographies}{Q-i18nbib}, similarly provides a
- set of standard-style equivalents that have \acro{URL} entries.
-\item More modern styles such as the \Package{harvard} package (if the
- citation styles are otherwise satisfactory for you).
- \Package{Harvard} bibliography styles all include a ``\texttt{url}''
- field in their specification; however, the typesetting offered is
- somewhat feeble (though it does recognise and use
- \ProgName{LaTeX2HTML} macros if they are available, to create
- hyperlinks).
-\end{itemize}
-You can also acquire new \BibTeX{} styles by use of Norman Gray's
-\Package{urlbst} system, which is based on a \ProgName{Perl} script
-that edits an existing \BibTeX{} style file to produce a new
-style. The new style thus generated has a \texttt{webpage} entry type, and
-also offers support for \texttt{url} and \texttt{lastchecked} fields
-in the other entry types. The \ProgName{Perl} script comes with a set
-of converted versions of the standard bibliography styles.
-
-Another possibility is that some conventionally-published paper,
-technical report (or even book) is also available on the Web. In such
-cases, a useful technique is something like:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@techreport{...,
- ...,
- note = "Also available as \url{http://...}"
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@techreport{...,
- ...,
- note = "Also available as
- \url{http://...}"
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\end{quote}
-There is good reason to use the \Package{url} or \Package{hyperref}
-packages in this context: \BibTeX{} has a habit of splitting
-lines it considers excessively long, and if there are no space
-characters for it to use as `natural' breakpoints, \BibTeX{} will
-insert a comment (`\texttt{\textpercent{}}') character~\dots{}\@ which
-is an acceptable character in an \acro{URL}. Any current version of
-either of the \Package{url} or \Package{hyperref} packages detects this
-``\texttt{\textpercent{}}--end-of-line'' structure in its argument, and
-removes it.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[babelbib \nothtml{\rmfamily}bundle]\CTANref{babelbib}
-\item[custom-bib \nothtml{\rmfamily}bundle]\CTANref{custom-bib}
-\item[harvard.sty]\CTANref{harvard}
-\item[hyperref.sty]\CTANref{hyperref}
-\item[natbib \nothtml{\rmfamily}styles]\CTANref{natbib}
-\item[url.sty]\CTANref{url}
-\item[urlbst]\CTANref{urlbst}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-bibplain]{Using \BibTeX{} with \plaintex{}}
-
-The file \File{btxmac.tex} (which is part of the \Eplain{} system)
-contains macros and documentation for using \BibTeX{} with
-\plaintex{}, either directly or with \Qref*{\Eplain{}}{Q-eplain}. See
-\Qref[question]{the use of \BibTeX{}}{Q-BibTeXing} for more
-information about \BibTeX{} itself.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[btxmac.tex]\CTANref{btxmactex}
-\item[eplain \nothtml{\rmfamily}system]\CTANref{eplain}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-makebib]{Reconstructing \extension{bib} files}
-
-Perhaps you've lost the \extension{bib} file you generated your document from,
-or have been sent a document without one. Or even, you've realised
-the error of building a substantial document without the benefit of
-\BibTeX{}\dots{}
-
-The \ProgName{Perl} script, \Package{tex2bib} makes a reasonable job
-of regenerating \extension{bib} files from \environment{thebibliography}
-environments, provided that the original (whether automatically or
-manually generated) doesn't deviate too far from the ``standard''
-styles.
-
-You are well-advised to check the output of the script. While it will
-not usually destroy information, it can quite reasonably mislabel it.
-
-Documentation of the script is to be found in the file \File{tex2bib.readme}
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[tex2bib]\CTANref{tex2bib}
-\item[tex2bib.readme]\CTANref{tex2bib-doc}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-bibprefixsort]{\BibTeX{} sorting and name prefixes}
-
-\BibTeX{} recognises a bewildering array of name prefixes (mostly
-those deriving from European language names); it ignores the prefixes
-when sorting the bibliography~--- you want ``Ludwig van Beethoven''
-sorted under ``Beethoven'', not under ``van''. (Lamport made a witty
-deliberate mistake with Beethoven's name, in the first edition of his
-\LaTeX{} manual.)
-
-However, a recurring issue is the desire to quote Lord Rayleigh's
-publications (``Lord'' isn't an acceptable prefix), or names from
-languages that weren't considered when \BibTeX{} was designed such as
-``al-Wakil'' (transcribed from the Arabic). What's needed is a
-separate ``sort key'', but \BibTeX{} only allows such a thing in
-citations of items that have no author or editor.
-
-The solution is to embed the sort key in the author's name, but to
-prevent it from being typeset. Patashnik recommends a command
-\csx{noopsort} (no-output-sortkey), which is defined and used as
-follows:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@PREAMBLE{ {\providecommand{\noopsort}[1]{}} }
-...
-@ARTICLE{Rayleigh1,
-AUTHOR = "{\noopsort{Rayleigh}}{Lord Rayleigh}",
-...
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@PREAMBLE{
- {\providecommand{\noopsort}[1]{}}
-}
-...
-@ARTICLE{Rayleigh1,
-AUTHOR =
- "\noopsort{Rayleigh}{Lord Rayleigh}",
-...
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\end{quote}
-Note that this \csx{noopsort} applies to the last name in this kind of
-construct, so an author with an Arabic name might be rendered:
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-...
-AUTHOR = "Ali {\noopsort{Hadiidii}}{al-Hadiidii}",
-...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\end{wideversion}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-...
-AUTHOR =
- "Ali {\noopsort{Hadiidii}}{al-Hadiidii}",
-...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\end{narrowversion}
-A further use might deal with word order games, as in the famous
-Vietnamese name:
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-...
-AUTHOR = "\noopsort{Thanh Han The}{Han The Thanh}",
-...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\end{wideversion}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-...
-AUTHOR =
- "\noopsort{Thanh Han The}{Han The Thanh}",
-...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\end{narrowversion}
-though that author seems well-acquainted with Western confusion about
-the significance of the parts of his name (even to the extent of
-missing out the accentuation, as above\dots{}).
-
-\Question[Q-bibtranscinit]{`Multi-letter' initials in \BibTeX{}}
-\keywords{compound initials, transcribed initials}
-
-If your bibliographic style uses initials~+ surname, you may encounter
-a problem with some transcribed names (for example, Russian ones).
-Consider the following example from the real world:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@article{epifanov1997,
- author = {Epifanov, S. Yu. and
- Vigasin, A. A.},
- title = ...
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@article{epifanov1997,
- author = {Epifanov, S. Yu. and Vigasin, A. A.},
- title = ...
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\end{quote}
-Note that the ``Yu'' is the initial, not a complete name. However,
-\BibTeX{}'s algorithms will leave you with a citation~---
-slightly depending on the bibliographic style~--- that reads:
-``S. Y. Epifanov and A. A. Vigasin, \dots{}''. instead of the intended
-``S. Yu. Epifanov and A. A. Vigasin, \dots{}''.
-
-One solution is to replace each affected initial by a command that
-prints the correct combination. To keep your bibliography portable,
-you need to add that command to your bibliography with the
-\texttt{@preamble} directive:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@preamble{ {\providecommand{\BIBYu}{Yu} } }
-
-@article{epifanov1997,
- author = {Epifanov, S. {\BIBYu}. and
- Vigasin, A. A.},
- title = ...
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@preamble{ {\providecommand{\BIBYu}{Yu} } }
-
-@article{epifanov1997,
- author = {Epifanov, S. {\BIBYu}. and Vigasin, A. A.},
- title = ...
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{wideversion}
-\end{quote}
-If you have many such commands, you may want to put them in a separate
-file and \csx{input} that \LaTeX{} file in a \texttt{@preamble}
-directive.
-
-An alternative is to make the transcription look like an accent, from
-\BibTeX{}'s point of view. For this we need a control sequence that
-does nothing:
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@article{epifanov1997,
- author = {Epifanov, S. {\relax Yu}. and Vigasin, A. A.},
- title = ...
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\end{wideversion}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@article{epifanov1997,
- author = {Epifanov, S. {\relax Yu}. and
- Vigasin, A. A.},
- title = ...
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\end{narrowversion}
-Like the solution by generating extra commands, this involves tedious
-extra typing; which of the two techniques is preferable for a given
-bibliography will be determined by the names in it. It should be
-noted that a preamble that introduces lots of odd commands is usually
-undesirable if the bibliography is a shared one.
-
-``Compound'' initials (for single names made up of two or more words)
-may be treated in the same way, so one can enter Forster's rather
-complicated name as:
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@article{forster2006,
- author = {Forster, P.M. {\relax de F.} and Collins, M.},
- title = ...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\end{wideversion}
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-@article{forster2006,
- author = {Forster, P.M. {\relax de F.} and
- Collins, M.},
- title = ...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\end{narrowversion}
-The same trick can be played if you're entering whole names:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-...
- author = {Epifanov, Sasha {\relax Yu}ri and
-...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-(though no guarantee, that either of those names is right, is
-offered!)
-However, if you're typing the names in the ``natural'' (Western) way,
-with given names first, the trick:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-...
- author = {P.M. {\relax de F.} Forster and
-...
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-doesn't work~--- ``de F. Forster'' is treated as a compound family
-names.
-
-
-\subsection{Creating citations}
-
-\Question[Q-usebibtex]{``Normal'' use of \BibTeX{} from \LaTeX{}}
-
-To create a bibliography for your document, you need to perform a
-sequence of steps, some of which seem a bit odd. If you choose to use
-\BibTeX{}, the sequence is:
-
-First: you need a \BibTeX{} bibliography file (a \extension{bib}
-file)~--- see \Qref*[question]{``creating a \BibTeX{} file''}{Q-buildbib}.
-
-Second: you must write your \LaTeX{} document to include a declaration
-of the `style' of bibliography, citations, and a reference to the
-bibliography file mentioned above. So we may have a \LaTeX{}
-file containing:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bibliographystyle{plain}
-...
-Pooh is heroic~\cite{Milne:1926}.
-...
-Alice struggles~\cite{Carroll:1865}.
-...
-\bibliography{mybooks}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Note: we have bibliography style \Package{plain}, above, which is
-nearly the simplest of the lot: a sample text, showing the sorts of
-style choices available, can be found on Ken Turner's web site:
-\URL{http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/latex/showbst.html}
-
-Third: you must process the file.
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-latex myfile
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-As \LaTeX{} processes the file, the \csx{bibliographystyle} command
-writes a note of the style to the \extension{aux} file; each
-\csx{cite} command writes a note of the citation to the
-\extension{aux} file, and the \csx{bibliography} command writes a note
-of which \extension{bib} file is to be used, to the \extension{aux} file.
-
-Note that, at this stage, \LaTeX{} isn't ``resolving'' any of the
-citations: at every \csx{cite} command, \LaTeX{} will warn you of the
-undefined citation, and when the document finishes, there will be a
-further warning of undefined references.
-
-%Some bibliography styles are designed to work with particular
-%packages...
-
-Fourth: you must run \BibTeX{}:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-bibtex myfile
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Don't try to tell \BibTeX{} anything but the file name: say
-\texttt{bibtex myfile.aux} (because you know it's going to read the
-\extension{aux} file) and \BibTeX{} will blindly attempt to process
-\texttt{myfile.aux.aux}.
-
-\BibTeX{} will scan the \extension{aux} file; it will find which bibliography
-style it needs to use, and will ``compile'' that style; it will note
-the citations; it will find which bibliography files it needs, and
-will run through them matching citations to entries in the
-bibliography; and finally it will sort the entries that have been
-cited (if the bibliography style specifies that they should be
-sorted), and outputs the resulting details to a \extension{bbl} file.
-
-Fifth: you run \LaTeX{} again. It warns, again, that each citation is
-(still) undefined, but when it gets to the \csx{bibliography} command,
-it finds a \extension{bbl} file, and reads it. As it encounters each
-\csx{bibitem} command in the file, it notes a definition of the
-citation.
-
-Sixth: you run \LaTeX{} yet again. This time, it finds values for all
-the citations, in its \extension{aux} file. Other things being equal, you're
-done\dots{} until you change the file.
-
-If, while editing, you change any of the citations, or add new ones,
-you need to go through the process above from steps 3 (first run of
-\LaTeX{}) to 6, again, before the document is once again stable.
-These four mandatory runs of \LaTeX{} make processing a document with
-a bibliography even more tiresome than the normal two runs required to
-resolve labels.
-
-To summarise: processing to resolve citations requires: \LaTeX{};
-\BibTeX{}; \LaTeX{}; \LaTeX{}.
-
-\Question[Q-whatbst]{Choosing a bibliography style}
-
-A large proportion of people are satisfied with one of Patashnik's
-original ``standard'' styles, \Package{plain}, \Package{unsrt},
-\Package{abbrv} and \Package{alpha}. However, no style in that set
-supports the ``author-date'' citation style that is popular in many
-fields; but there are a very large number of contributed styles
-available, that \emph{do} support the format.
-
-(Note that author-date styles arose because the simple and clear
-citation style that \Package{plain} produces is so awkward in a
-traditional manuscript preparation scenario. However, \TeX{}-based
-document production does away with all those difficulties, leaving us
-free once again to use the simple option.)
-
-Fortunately, help is at hand, on the Web, with this problem:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item a sample text, showing the sorts of style choices available, can
- be found on
-\begin{narrowversion}
- Ken Turner's web site:
- \URL{http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/latex/showbst.html};
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
- % ! line break
- \href{http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/latex/showbst.html}{Ken Turner's web site};
-\end{wideversion}
-\item an excellent survey, that lists a huge variety of styles,
- sorted into their nominal topics as well as providing a good range
- of examples, is the Reed College % ! line break
-\begin{narrowversion}
- ``Choosing a \BibTeX{} style''
- (\URL{http://web.reed.edu/cis/help/LaTeX/bibtexstyles.html}).
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
- % ! line break
- ``\href{http://web.reed.edu/cis/help/LaTeX/bibtexstyles.html}{Choosing a \BibTeX{} style}''.
-\end{wideversion}
-\end{itemize}
-
-Of course, these pages don't cover everything; the problem the
-inquisitive user faces, in fact, is to find what the various available
-styles actually do. This is best achieved (if the links above don't
-help) by using \Package{xampl.bib} from the \BibTeX{} documentation
-distribution: one can get a pretty good feel for any style one has to
-hand using this ``standard'' bibliography. For style
-\Package{my-style.bst}, the simple \LaTeX{} document:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\documentclass{article}
-\begin{document}
-\bibliographystyle{my-style}
-\nocite{*}
-\bibliography{xampl}
-\end{document}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-will produce a representative sample of the citations the style will
-produce. (Because \Package{xampl.bib} is so extreme in some of its
-``examples'', the \BibTeX{} run will also give you an interesting
-selection of \BibTeX{}'s error messages\dots{})
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[xampl.bib]\CTANref{xampl-bib}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-chapbib]{Separate bibliographies per chapter?}
-
-A separate bibliography for each `chapter' of a document can be provided
-with the package \Package{chapterbib} (which comes with a bunch of
-other good bibliographic things). The package allows you a
-different bibliography for each \csx{include}d file (i.e., despite the
-package's name, the availability of bibliographies is related to the
-component source files of the document rather than to the chapters that
-logically structure the document).
-
-The package \Package{bibunits} ties bibliographies to logical units
-within the document: the package will deal with chapters and sections
-(as defined by \LaTeX{} itself) and also defines a \environment{bibunit}
-environment so that users can select their own structuring.
-
-\Qref*{The \Package{biblatex} package}{Q-biblatex}, with
-\ProgName{biber}, provides a similar facility; enclose the text for
-which you want a local bibliography in a \environment{refsection}
-environment, and place a \csx{printbibliography} command as the last
-thing in that environment:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{refsection}
-\chapter{First chapter}
-\section{Foo}
-Some text \cite{this}
-with citations \cite{that}.
-\printbibliography
-\end{refsection}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Then process with \latex{} (of whatever flavour) and use
-\ProgName{biber} to process the bibliography output. Note that
-\csx{printbibliography} can take an optional argument
-\pkgoption{heading=bib title} to provide the bibliography with a
-(sub)section title.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[biber]\CTANref{biber}
-\item[biblatex]\CTANref{biblatex}
-\item[bibunits.sty]\CTANref{bibunits}
-\item[chapterbib.sty]distributed as part of \CTANref{cite}[chapterbib]
-\end{ctanrefs}
-\LastEdit{2013-01-04}
-
-\Question[Q-multbib]{Multiple bibliographies?}
-
-If you're thinking of multiple bibliographies tied to some part of
-your document (such as the chapters within the document), please see
-\Qref[question]{bibliographies per chapter}{Q-chapbib}.
-
-For more than one bibliography, there are three options.
-
-The \Package{multibbl} package offers a very simple interface: you use
-a command \csx{newbibliography} to define a bibliography ``tag''. The package
-redefines the other bibliography commands so that each time you use any one
-of them, you give it the tag for the bibliography where you want the
-citations to appear. The \csx{bibliography} command itself also takes
-a further extra argument that says what title to use for the resulting
-section or chapter (i.e., it patches
-\nothtml{\csx{refname} and \csx{bibname}~---}
-\Qref{\csx{refname} and \csx{bibname}}{Q-fixnam}\nothtml{~---} in a
-\Package{babel}-safe way). So one might write:
-\begin{narrowversion}
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage{multibbl}
-\newbibliography{bk}
-\bibliographystyle{bk}{alpha}
-\newbibliography{art}
-\bibliographystyle{art}{plain}
-...
-\cite[pp.~23--25]{bk}{milne:pooh-corner}
-...
-\cite{art}{einstein:1905}
-...
-\bibliography{bk}{book-bib}%
- {References to books}
-\bibliography{art}{art-bib}%
- {References to articles}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\end{narrowversion}
-\begin{wideversion}
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage{multibbl}
-\newbibliography{bk}
-\bibliographystyle{bk}{alpha}
-\newbibliography{art}
-\bibliographystyle{art}{plain}
-...
-\cite[pp.~23--25]{bk}{milne:pooh-corner}
-...
-\cite{art}{einstein:1905}
-...
-\bibliography{bk}{book-bib}{References to books}
-\bibliography{art}{art-bib}{References to articles}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\end{wideversion}
-(Note that the optional argument of \csx{cite} appears \emph{before} the
-new tag argument, and that the \csx{bibliography} commands may list
-more than one \extension{bib} file~--- indeed all \csx{bibliography} commands
-may list the same set of files.)
-
-The \csx{bibliography} data goes into files whose names are
-\meta{tag-name}\emph{.aux}, so you will need to run
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-bibtex bk
-bibtex art
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-after the first run of \LaTeX{}, to get the citations in the correct
-place.
-
-The \Package{multibib} package allows you to define a series of
-``additional topics'', each of which comes with its own series of
-bibliography commands. So one might write:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage{multibib}
-\newcites{bk,art}%
- {References from books,%
- References from articles}
-\bibliographystylebk{alpha}
-\bibliographystyleart{plain}
-...
-\citebk[pp.~23--25]{milne:pooh-corner}
-...
-\citeart{einstein:1905}
-...
-\bibliographybk{book-bib}
-\bibliographyart{art-bib}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Again, as for \Package{multibbl}, any \csx{bibliography...} command may
-scan any list of \extension{bib} files.
-
-\BibTeX{} processing with \Package{multibib} is much like that with
-\Package{multibbl}; with the above example, one needs:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-bibtex bk
-bibtex art
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Note that, unlike \Package{multibbl}, \Package{multibib} allows a
-simple, unmodified bibliography (as well as the ``topic'' ones).
-
-The \Package{bibtopic} package allows you separately to cite several
-different bibliographies. At the appropriate place in your document,
-you put a sequence of \environment{btSect} environments (each of which
-specifies a bibliography database to scan) to typeset the separate
-bibliographies. Thus, one might have a file \File{diss.tex} containing:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage{bibtopic}
-\bibliographystyle{alpha}
-...
-\cite[pp.~23--25]{milne:pooh-corner}
-...
-\cite{einstein:1905}
-...
-\begin{btSect}{book-bib}
-\section{References from books}
-\btPrintCited
-\end{btSect}
-\begin{btSect}[plain]{art-bib}
-\section{References from articles}
-\btPrintCited
-\end{btSect}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Note the different way of specifying a bibliographystyle: if you want
-a different style for a particular bibliography, you may give it as an
-optional argument to the \environment{btSect} environment.
-
-Processing with \BibTeX{}, in this case, uses \extension{aux} files whose names
-are derived from the name of the base document. So in this example
-you need to say:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-bibtex diss1
-bibtex diss2
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-
-There is also a command \csx{btPrintNotCited}, which gives the rest of
-the content of the database (if nothing has been cited from the
-database, this is equivalent to \LaTeX{} standard \cmdinvoke{nocite}{*}).
-
-However, the \emph{real} difference from \Package{multibbl} and
-\Package{multibib} is that selection of what appears in each
-bibliography section is determined in \Package{bibtopic} by what's in
-the \extension{bib} files.
-
-An entirely different approach is taken by the \Package{splitbib}
-package. You provide a \environment{category} environment, in the
-preamble of your document, for each category you want a separate
-citation list for. In each environment, you list the \csx{cite} keys
-that you want listed in each category. The \csx{bibliography} command
-(or, more precisely, the \environment{thebibliography} environment it
-uses) will sort the keys as requested. (Keys not mentioned in a
-\environment{category} appear in a ``misc'' category created in the
-sorting process.) A code example appears in the package documentation
-(a \acro{PDF} file in the \acro{CTAN} directory,
-\begin{htmlversion}
- which you can browse to, from the link, below).
-\end{htmlversion}
-\htmlignore
- see the file list, below).
-\endhtmlignore
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[bibtopic.sty]\CTANref{bibtopic}
-\item[multibbl.sty]\CTANref{multibbl}
-\item[multibib.sty]\CTANref{multibib}
-\item[splitbib.sty]\CTANref{splitbib}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-
-\Question[Q-bibinline]{Putting bibliography entries in text}
-
-This is a common requirement for journals and other publications in
-the humanities. Sometimes the requirement is for the entry to appear
-in the running text of the document, while other styles require that
-the entry appear in a footnote.
-
-Options for entries in running text are
-\begin{itemize}
-\item The package \Package{bibentry}, which puts slight restrictions
- on the format of entry that your \extension{bst} file generates, but is
- otherwise undemanding of the bibliography style.
-\item The package \Package{inlinebib}, which requires that you use its
- \File{inlinebib.bst}. \Package{Inlinebib} was actually designed for
- footnote citations: its \emph{expected} use is that you place a
- citation inline as the argument of a \csx{footnote} command.
-\item The package \Package{jurabib}, which was originally designed for
- German law documents, and has comprehensive facilities for the
- manipulation of citations. The package comes with four bibliography
- styles that you may use: \File{jurabib.bst}, \File{jhuman.bst} and
- two Chicago-like ones.
-\end{itemize}
-
-Options for entries in footnotes are
-\begin{itemize}
-\item The package \Package{footbib}, and
-\item Packages \Package{jurabib} and \Package{inlinebib}, again.
-\end{itemize}
-Note that \Package{jurabib} does the job using \LaTeX{}'s standard
-footnotes, whereas \Package{footbib} creates its own sequence of
-footnotes. Therefore, in a document which has other footnotes, it may
-be advisable to use \Package{jurabib} (or of course
-\Package{inlinebib}), to avoid confusion of footnotes and
-foot-citations.
-
-The \Package{usebib} package offers a `toolbox', which allows the user
-to place exactly what is needed, in the text (that is, rather than a
-full citation). The package's command, that does the actual
-typesetting, is \cmdinvoke{usebibdata}{\meta{key}}{\meta{field}}; it
-typesets the \emph{field} item from the entry \emph{key} in the
-bibliography; the user then formats the entry as desired~--- obviously
-one could construct one's own bibliography, altogether, from this
-command, but it would quickly become tedious.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[bibentry.sty]\emph{Distributed with} \CTANref{natbib}
-\item[footbib.sty]\CTANref{footbib}
-\item[inlinebib.sty]\CTANref{inlinebib}
-\item[jurabib.sty]\CTANref{jurabib}
-\item[usebib.sty]\CTANref{usebib}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-\LastEdit{2012-03-23}
-
-\Question[Q-citesort]{Sorting and compressing citations}
-
-If you give \LaTeX{}
-\cmdinvoke{cite}{fred,joe,harry,min}, its default commands could give
-something like ``[2,6,4,3]'';
-this looks awful. One can of course get the things in order by
-rearranging the keys in the \csx{cite} command, but who wants to do
-that sort of thing for no more improvement than ``[2,3,4,6]''?
-
-The \Package{cite} package sorts the numbers and detects consecutive
-sequences, so creating ``[2--4,6]''. The \Package{natbib} package,
-with the \pkgoption{numbers} and \pkgoption{sort\&compress} options, will
-do the same when working with its own numeric bibliography styles
-(\File{plainnat.bst} and \File{unsrtnat.bst}).
-
-The package \Package{biblatex} has a built-in style
-\Package{numeric-comp} for its bibliographies.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[biblatex.sty]\CTANref{biblatex}
-\item[cite.sty]\CTANref{cite}
-\item[hypernat.sty]\CTANref{hypernat}
-\item[hyperref.sty]\CTANref{hyperref}
-\item[plainnat.bst]Distributed with \CTANref{natbib}
-\item[unsrtnat.bst]Distributed with \CTANref{natbib}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-\LastEdit{2012-02-10}
-
-\Question[Q-mcite]{Multiple citations}
-
-A convention sometimes used in physics journals is to ``collapse'' a group of
-related citations into a single entry in the bibliography. \BibTeX{},
-by default, can't cope with this arrangement, but the \Package{mcite}
-and \Package{mciteplus} packages deal with the problem.
-
-\Package{mcite} overloads the \csx{cite} command to recognise a
-``\texttt{*}'' at the start of a key, so that citations of the form
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cite{paper1,*paper2}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-appear in the document as a single citation, and appear arranged
-appropriately in the bibliography itself. You're not limited to
-collapsing just two references. You can mix ``collapsed'' references
-with ``ordinary'' ones, as in
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cite{paper0,paper1,*paper2,paper3}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-Which will appear in the document as 3~citations ``[4,7,11]''
-(say)~--- citation `4' will refer to paper~0, `7' will refer to a
-combined entry for paper~1 and paper~2, and `11' will refer to
-paper~3.
-
-You need to make a small change to the bibliography style
-(\extension{bst}) file you use; the \Package{mcite} package
-documentation tells you how to do that.
-
-Most recent versions of \Class{REVTeX} (version 4.1 and later), in
-conjunction with recent versions of \Package{natbib}, already contain
-support for combined citations and so no longer even need
-\Package{mciteplus} (but \Package{mciteplus} is more general and will
-work with many other class and package combinations).
-
-The \Package{mciteplus} package adresses many of the infelicites of
-\Package{mcite}. Again, `ordinary' \extension{bst} files will not
-work with \Package{mciteplus}, but the package documentation explains
-how to patch an existing \BibTeX{} style.
-
-The \Package{collref} package takes a rather different approach to the
-problem, and will work with most (if not all) \BibTeX{} packages.
-\Package{Collref} spots common subsets of the references, so if it
-sees a sequence
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cite{paper0,paper1,paper2,paper3}
-...
-\cite{some_other_paper,paper1,paper2,and_another}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-it will collect \texttt{paper1} and \texttt{paper2} as a multiple reference.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[collref.sty]\CTANref{collref}
-\item[mcite.sty]\CTANref{mcite}
-\item[mciteplus.sty]\CTANref{mciteplus}
-\item[natbib.sty]\CTANref{natbib}
-\item[revtex 4.1]\CTANref{revtex4-1}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-\LastEdit{2010-07-07}
-
-\Question[Q-backref]{References from the bibliography to the citation}
-
-A link (or at least a page reference), from the bibliography to the
-citing command, is often useful in large documents.
-
-Two packages support this requirement, \Package{backref} and
-\Package{citeref}. \Package{Backref} is part of the
-\Package{hyperref} bundle, and supports hyperlinks back to the citing
-command.
-
-\Package{Citeref} is the older, and seems to rely on rather simpler
-(and therefore possibly more stable) code; it produces a list of page
-references, only. It doesn't interact well with other citation
-packages (for example, \Package{cite}), which probably reflects its
-antiquity (it's derived from a \LaTeXo{} package).
-
-Neither collapses
-lists of pages (``\texttt{5, 6, 7}'' comes out as such, rather than as
-``\texttt{5--7}''), but neither package repeats the reference to a page that
-holds multiple citations. (The failure to collapse lists is of course
-forgiveable in the case of the \Package{hyperref}-related
-\Package{backref}, since the concept of multiple hyperlinks from the
-same anchor is less than appealing.)
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[backref.sty]Distributed with \CTANref{hyperref}
-\item[citeref.sty]\CTANref{citeref}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-sortbib]{Sorting lists of citations}
-
-\BibTeX{} has a sorting function, and most \BibTeX{} styles sort the
-citation list they produce; most people find this desirable.
-
-However, it is perfectly possible to write a
-\environment{thebibliography} environment that \emph{looks} as if it
-came from \BibTeX{}, and many people do so (in order to save time in
-the short term).
-
-The problem arises when \environment{thebibliography}-writers decide
-their citations need to be sorted. A common misapprehension is to
-insert \cmdinvoke{bibliographystyle}{alpha} (or similar) and expect
-the typeset output to be sorted in some magical way. \BibTeX{}
-doesn't work that way!~--- if you write \environment{thebibliography},
-you get to sort its contents. \BibTeX{} will only sort the contents
-of a \environment{thebibliography} environment when it creates it, to
-be inserted from a \extension{bbl} file by a \csx{bibliography} command.
-
-\Question[Q-compactbib]{Reducing spacing in the bibliography}
-
-Bibliographies are, in fact, implemented as lists, so all the
-confusion about \Qref*{reducing list item spacing}{Q-complist} also
-applies to bibliographies.
-
-If the \Package{natbib} package `works' for you (it may not if you are using
-some special-purpose bibliography style), the solution is relatively
-simple~--- add
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage{natbib}
-\setlength{\bibsep}{0.0pt}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-to the preamble of your document.
-
-The \Package{compactbib} package has a similar effect. Its primary
-purpose is to produce two bibliographies, and it seems to preclude use
-of \BibTeX{} (though the package documentation, in the package file
-itself, isn't particularly clear).
-
-Otherwise, one is into unseemly hacking of something or other. The
-\Package{mdwlist} package actually does the job, but it doesn't work
-here, because it makes a different-named list, while the name
-``\environment{thebibliography}'' is built into \LaTeX{} and
-\BibTeX{}. Therefore, we need to % ! line break
-\Qref*{patch the underlying macro}{Q-patch}:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\let\oldbibliography\thebibliography
-\renewcommand{\thebibliography}[1]{%
- \oldbibliography{#1}%
- \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-The \Package{savetrees} package performs such a patch, among a
-plethora of space-saving measures: you can, in principle, suppress all
-its other actions, and have it provide you a compressed bibliography
-\emph{only}.
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[compactbib.sty]\CTANref{compactbib}
-\item[mdwlist.sty]Distributed as part of \CTANref{mdwtools}[mdwlist]
-\item[natbib.sty]\CTANref{natbib}
-\item[savetrees.sty]\CTANref{savetrees}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-bibtocorder]{Table of contents rearranges ``\Package{unsrt}'' ordering}
-
-If you're using the \Package{unsrt} bibliography style, you're
-expecting that your bibliography will \emph{not} be sorted, but that
-the entries will appear in the order that they first appeared in your
-document.
-
-However, if you're unfortunate enough to need a citation in a section
-title, and you also have a table of contents, the citations that now
-appear in the table of contents will upset the ``natural'' ordering
-produced by the \Package{unsrt} style. Similarly, if you have
-citations in captions, and have a list of figures (or tables).
-
-There's a pretty simple ``manual'' method for dealing with the
-problem~--- when you have the document stable:
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item Delete the \extension{aux} file, and any of \extension{toc},
- \extension{lof}, \extension{lot} files.
-\item Run \LaTeX{}.
-\item Run \BibTeX{} for the last time.
-\item Run \LaTeX{} often enough that things are stable again.
-\end{enumerate}
-Which is indeed simple, but it's going to get tedious when you've
-found errors in your ``stable'' version, often enough.
-
-The package \Package{notoccite} avoids the kerfuffle, and suppresses
-citations while in the table of contents, or lists of figures, tables
-(or other floating things: the code is quite general).
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[notoccite.sty]\CTANref{notoccite}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-i18nbib]{Non-english bibliographies}
-
-Like so much of early \AllTeX{} software, \BibTeX{}'s assumptions were
-firmly rooted in what its author knew well, viz., academic papers in
-English (particularly those with a mathematical bent). \BibTeX{}'s
-standard styles all address exactly that problem, leaving the user who
-writes in another language (or who deal with citations in the style of
-other disciplines than maths) to strike out into contributed software.
-
-For the user whose language is not English, there are several
-alternatives. Possibly most straightforward is to switch to using
-\Package{biblatex}, which can produce a bibliography appropriate to
-several languages. However, \Package{biblatex} is large and has
-correspondingly large documentation (though it is well-written and
-pleasingly typeset), so its adoption takes time.
-
-Otherwise, the simplest procedure is to provide translations of
-\BibTeX{} styles into the
-required language: the solitary \Package{finplain.bst} does that for
-Finnish; others one can find are for Danish (\Package{dk-bib}), French
-(\Package{bib-fr}), German (\Package{bibgerm}), Norwegian
-(\Package{norbib}) and Swedish (\Package{swebib}) bundles (of which
-the \Package{bib-fr} set is the most extensive). The \Package{spain}
-style implements a traditional Spanish citation style.
-
-These static approaches solve the problem, for the languages that have
-been covered by them. Unfortunately, with such an approach, a lot of
-work is needed for every language involved. Two routes to a solution
-of the ``general'' problem are available~--- that offered by
-\Package{babelbib}, and the % ! line break
-\Qref*{\Package{custom-bib} mechanism for generating styles}{Q-custbib}.
-
-\Package{Babelbib} (which is a development of the ideas of the
-\Package{bibgerm} package) co-operates with \Package{babel} to control
-the language of presentation of citations (potentially at the level of
-individual items). The package has a built-in set of languages it
-`knows about', but the documentation includes instructions on defining
-commands for other languages. \Package{Babelbib} comes with its own
-set of bibliography styles, which could be a restriction if there
-wasn't also a link from \Package{custom-bib}.
-
-The \Package{makebst} menu of \Package{custom-bib} allows you to
-choose a language for the \BibTeX{} style you're generating (there are
-14 languages to choose; it looks as if \Package{spain.bst}, mentioned
-above, was generated this way). If, however, you opt not to specify a
-language, you are asked whether you want the style to interact with
-\Package{babelbib}; if you do so, you're getting the best of both
-worlds~--- formatting freedom from \Package{custom-bib} and linguistic
-freedom via the extensibility of \Package{babelbib}
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[babelbib.sty]\CTANref{babelbib}
-\item[bib-fr \nothtml{\rmfamily\upshape}bundle]\CTANref{bib-fr}
-\item[bibgerm \nothtml{\rmfamily\upshape}bundle]\CTANref{bibgerm}
-\item[biblatex.sty]\CTANref{biblatex}
-\item[custom-bib \nothtml{\rmfamily\upshape}bundle]\CTANref{custom-bib}
-\item[finplain.bst]\CTANref{finplain}
-\item[norbib \nothtml{\rmfamily\upshape}bundle]\CTANref{norbib}
-\item[spain]\CTANref{spain}
-\item[swebib \nothtml{\rmfamily\upshape}bundle]\CTANref{swebib}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-\LastEdit{2012-03-23}
-
-\Question[Q-formbiblabel]{Format of numbers in the bibliography}
-
-By default, \LaTeX{} makes entries in the bibliography look like:
-\begin{quote}
- [1] Doe, Joe et al. Some journal. 2004.\\ {}
- [2] Doe, Jane et al. Some journal. 2003.
-\end{quote}
-while many documents need something like:
-\begin{quote}
- 1. Doe, Joe et al. Some journal. 2004.\\
- 2. Doe, Jane et al. Some journal. 2003.
-\end{quote}
-
-This sort of change may be achieved by many of the ``general''
-citation packages; for example, in \Package{natbib}, it's as simple as:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\renewcommand{\bibnumfmt}[1]{#1.}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-but if you're not using such a package, the following internal
-\LaTeX{} commands, in the preamble of your document, will do the job:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{verbatim}
-\makeatletter
-\renewcommand*{\@biblabel}[1]{\hfill#1.}
-\makeatother
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{quote}
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[natbib.sty]\CTANref{natbib}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\subsection{Manipulating whole bibliographies}
-
-\Question[Q-nocite*]{Listing all your \BibTeX{} entries}
-
-\LaTeX{} and \BibTeX{} co-operate to offer special treatment of this
-requirement. The command \cmdinvoke{nocite}{*} is specially treated,
-and causes \BibTeX{} to generate bibliography entries for every entry
-in each \extension{bib} file listed in your \csx{bibliography} statement, so
-that after a \LaTeX{}--\BibTeX{}--\LaTeX{} sequence, you have a
-document with the whole thing listed.
-
-Note that \LaTeX{} \emph{doesn't} produce
-% beware line breaks
-``\texttt{Citation ... undefined}'' or
-``\texttt{There were undefined references}'' warnings in respect of
-\cmdinvoke{nocite}{*}. This isn't a problem if you're running
-\LaTeX{} ``by hand'' (you \emph{know} exactly how many times you have
-to run things), but the lack might confuse automatic processors that
-scan the log file to determine whether another run is necessary.
-
-A couple of packages are available, that aim to reduce the impact of
-\cmdinvoke{nocite}{*} of a large citation database. \Package{Biblist}
-was written for use under \LaTeXo{}, but seems to work well enough;
-\Package{listbib} is more modern. Both provide their own
-\extension{bst} files. (The impact of large databases was significant
-in the old days of \LaTeX{} systems with very little free memory; this
-problem is less significant now than it once was.)
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[biblist.sty]\CTANref{biblist}
-\item[listbib.sty]\CTANref{listbib}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-
-\Question[Q-htmlbib]{Making \acro{HTML} of your Bibliography}
-
-A neat solution is offered by the \Package{noTeX} bibliography style.
-This style produces a \extension{bbl} file which is in fact a series of
-\acro{HTML} `\texttt{P}' elements of class \texttt{noTeX}, and which
-may therefore be included in an \acro{HTML} file. Provision is made
-for customising your bibliography so that its content when processed by
-\Package{noTeX} is different from that presented when it is processed
-in the ordinary way by \AllTeX{}.
-
-A thorough solution is offered by \Package{bib2xhtml}; using it, you
-make use of one of its modified versions of many common \BibTeX{}
-styles, and post-process the output so produced using a
-\ProgName{perl} script.
-
-A more conventional translator is the \ProgName{awk} script
-\ProgName{bbl2html}, which translates the \extension{bbl} file you've generated:
-a sample of the script's output may be viewed on the web, at
-\URL{http://rikblok.cjb.net/lib/refs.html}
-\begin{ctanrefs}
-\item[bbl2html.awk]\CTANref{bbl2html}
-\item[bib2xhtml]\CTANref{bib2xhtml}
-\item[noTeX.bst]\CTANref{noTeX}
-\end{ctanrefs}
-