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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/FAQ-en/archive-version/faq-install.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/FAQ-en/archive-version/faq-install.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b65ecb06130 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/FAQ-en/archive-version/faq-install.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1020 @@ +% $Id: faq-install.tex,v 1.16 2012/02/08 21:59:32 rf10 Exp rf10 $ + +\section{Installing \AllTeX{} files} + +\Question[Q-installthings]{Installing things on a \AllTeX{} system} +\AliasQuestion{Q-instpackages} + +Installing (or replacing) things on your \AllTeX{} system has the +potential to be rather complicated; the following questions attempt to +provide a step-by-step approach, starting from the point where you've +decided what it is that you want to install: +\begin{itemize} +\item You must \Qref*{find the file you need}{Q-install-find}; +\item If you are going to install a \LaTeX{} package, you may need to + \Qref*{unpack the distributed files}{Q-install-unpack}; +\item It may be necessary to % ! line break + \Qref*{generate some documentation to read}{Q-install-doc}; +\item You need to % ! line break + \Qref*{decide where to install the files}{Q-install-where}; +\item You must now \Qref*{install the files}{Q-inst-wlcf}; and + finally +\item You may need to \Qref*{tidy up}{Q-inst-tidy} after the installation. +\end{itemize} + +\Question[Q-install-find]{Finding packages to install} + +How did you learn about the package? + +If the information came from these \acro{FAQ}s, you should already +have a link to the file (there are lists of packages at the end of +each answer). +\begin{narrowversion} + Make a browser link from \URL{http://mirror.ctan.org/} and the text + in the package list; if the link returns a directory listing, you can + generally retrieve the whole directory by appending the link with + \extension{zip}~--- so, for example + \URL{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/doc.zip} for the \latex{} + documentation directory. +\end{narrowversion} +\begin{wideversion} + Click on one of the links associated with the package, and you can + get the package (which may be one file or several). +% need separate wording for pdfversion and htmlversion, here +\end{wideversion} + +If you heard about the file somewhere else, it's possible that the +source told you where to look; if not, try the \acro{CTAN} searching +facilities, such as \URL{http://www.tex.ac.uk/search/}. That (rather +simple) search engine can return data from a search of the CTAN +catalogue (which covers most useful packages), or data from a search +of the names of files on the archive. + +Packages come in a variety of different styles of distribution; the +very simplest will actually offer just \File{package.sty}~--- in this +case, just download the file and % ! line break +\Qref*{get on with installation}{Q-inst-wlcf}. + +You will regularly find that the file you want (e.g., \File{foo.sty}) +is distributed in a \LaTeX{} documented source file \File{foo.dtx}; +thus you should search just for \emph{foo}~--- \File{foo.sty} won't be +visible anywhere on the archive or in the catalogue. + +Since most packages are distributed in this +\extension{dtx}/\extension{ins} way, they usually occupy their own +directory on the archive. Even if that directory contains other +packages, you should download everything in the directory: as often as +not, packages grouped in this way depend on each other, so that you +really \emph{need} the other ones. + +Having acquired the package distribution, % ! line break +``\Qref*{unpacking \LaTeX{} packages}{Q-install-unpack}'' outlines +your next step. + +\Question[Q-install-unpack]{Unpacking \LaTeX{} packages} + +As discussed \Qref*{elsewhere}{Q-dtx}, the `ordinary' way to +distribute a \LaTeX{} package is as a pair of files \File{package.dtx} +and \File{package.ins}. If you've acquired such a pair, you simply +process \File{package.ins} with \LaTeX{}, and the files will appear, +ready for installation. + +Other sorts of provision should ordinarily be accompanied by a +\File{README} file, telling you what to do; we list a few example +configurations. + +Sometimes, a directory comes with a bunch of \extension{dtx} files, but +fewer (often only one) \extension{ins} files (\LaTeX{} itself comes +looking like this). If there is more than one \extension{ins} file, +and in the absence of any instruction in the \File{README} file, simply +process the \extension{ins} file(s) one by one. + +If you're missing the \File{package.ins} altogether, you need to play +around until something works. Some \extension{dtx} files are +``self-extracting''~--- they do without an \extension{ins} file, and once +you've processed the \File{package.dtx}, \File{package.sty} has +automagically appeared. Various other oddities may appear, but the +archivists aim to have \File{README} file in every package, which +should document anything out of the ordinary with the distribution. + +\Question[Q-install-doc]{Generating package documentation} + +We are faced with a range of ``normal'' provision, as well as several +oddities. One should note that documentation of many packages is +available on \acro{CTAN}, without the need of any further effort by +the user~--- such documentation can usually be browsed \emph{in situ}. + +However, if you find a package that does not offer documentation on +the archive, or if you need the documentation in some other format +than the archive offers, you can usually generate the documentation +yourself from what you download from the archive. + +The standard mechanism, for \LaTeX{} packages, is simply to run +\LaTeX{} on the \File{package.dtx} file, as you would any ordinary +\LaTeX{} file (i.e., repeatedly until the warnings go away). + +A variant is that the unpacking process provides a file +\File{package.drv}; if such a thing appears, process it in preference +to the \File{package.dtx} (it seems that when the documented \LaTeX{} +source mechanism was first discussed, the \File{.drv} mechanism was +suggested, but it's not widely used nowadays). + +Sometimes, the \LaTeX{} run will complain that it can't find +\File{package.ind} (the code line index) and/or \File{package.gls} +(the list of change records, not as you might imagine, a glossary). +Both types of file are processed with special \ProgName{makeindex} +style files; appropriate commands are: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +makeindex -s gind package +makeindex -s gglo -o package.gls package.glo +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +This author finds that the second (the change record) is generally of +limited utility when reading package documentation; it is, however, +valuable if you're part of the package development team. If you don't +feel you need it, just leave out that step + +Another common (and reasonable) trick performed by package authors is +to provide a separate file \File{package-doc.tex} or even simply +\File{manual.tex}; if the file \File{package.dtx} doesn't help, simply +look around for such alternatives. The files are treated in the same +way as any ``ordinary'' \LaTeX{} file. + +\Question[Q-inst-wlcf]{Installing files ``where \AllTeX{} can find them''} +\AliasQuestion{Q-wherefiles} + +In the past, package documentation used always to tell you to put your +files ``where \LaTeX{} can find them''; this was always unhelpful~--- +if you knew where that \emph{was}, you didn't need telling, but if you +\emph{didn't} know, you were completely stuck. + +It was from this issue that the whole idea of the \acro{TDS} sprang; +``where to put'' questions now come down to ``where's the \acro{TDS} +tree?''. + +We therefore answer the question by considering: +\begin{itemize} +\item \Qref*{what tree to use}{Q-what-TDS}, and +\item \Qref*{where in the tree to put the files}{Q-install-where}. +\end{itemize} + +Once we know the answer to both questions, and we've created any +directories that are needed, we simply copy files to their rightful +location. + +This has done what the old requirement specified: \LaTeX{} (or +whatever) \emph{can} (in principle) find the files. However, in order +that the software \emph{will} find the files, we need to update an +index file. + +On a \miktex{} system, open the window + \texttt{Start}\arrowhyph{}% + \texttt{All Programs}\arrowhyph{}% + \texttt{\miktex{} \meta{version}}\arrowhyph{}% + \texttt{Settings}, +and click on \texttt{Refresh FNDB}. +The job may also be done in a command window, using the command: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +initexmf --update-fndb +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +The % ! line break +\href{http://docs.miktex.org/manual/initexmf.html}{\miktex{} documentation} +gives further details about \texttt{initexmf}. + +On a te\TeX{} or \texlive{}-based system, use the command +\texttt{texhash} (or if that's not available, \texttt{mktexlsr}~--- +they ought to be different names for the same program). + +Having done all this, the new package will be available for use. + +\Question[Q-what-TDS]{Which tree to use} + +In almost all cases, new material that you install should go into the +``local'' tree of your \AllTeX{} installation. (A discussion of +reasons \emph{not} to use the local tree appears below.) + +On a Unix(-alike) system, using te\TeX{} or \texlive{}, the root +directory will be named something like \path{/usr/share/texmf-local/} +or \path{/usr/local/share/texmf/} +You can ask such a system where it believes a local tree should be: +\begin{quote} + +\begin{verbatim} +kpsewhich -var-value TEXMFLOCAL +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +the output being the actual path, for example (on the workstation the +author is using today): +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +/usr/local/share/texmf +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + +In a \miktex{} installation, the location will in fact typically be +something you specified yourself when you installed \miktex{} in the +first place, but you may find you need to create one. The \miktex{} +``Settings'' window (% + \texttt{Start}\arrowhyph{}% + \texttt{Programs}\arrowhyph{}% + \texttt{\miktex{}}\arrowhyph{}% + \texttt{Settings}) +has a tab ``\texttt{Roots}''; that tab gives a list of current +\acro{TDS} roots (they're typically not called +\texttt{texmf}-anything). If there's not one there with +``\texttt{local}'' in its name, create an appropriate one (see below), +and register it using the window's +``\texttt{Add}'' button. + +The % ! line break +\href{http://docs.miktex.org/faq/maintenance.html}{\miktex{} \acro{FAQ}} +suggests that you should create % ! line break +``\texttt{C:\textbackslash Local TeX Files}'', which is good if you +manage your own machine, but often not even possible in corporate, or +similar, environments~--- in such situations, the user may have no +control over the hard disc of the computer, at all. + +So the real criterion is that your local tree should be somewhere that +\emph{you}, rather than the system, control. Restrictive systems often +provide a ``home directory'' for each user, mounted as a network +drive; this is a natural home for the user's local tree. Other (often +academic) environments assume the user is going to provide a memory +stick, and will assign it a defined drive letter~--- another good +candidate location. Note that the semantics of such a tree are +indistinguishable from those of a % ! line break +\Qref*{``home'' \acro{TEXMF} tree}{Q-privinst}. + +There are circumstances when you might not wish to use the `local' tree: +\begin{itemize} +\item if the package, or whatever, is ``personal'' (for example, + something commercial that has been licensed to you alone, or + something you're developing yourself), it should go in your + \Qref*{``home'' \acro{TEXMF} tree}{Q-privinst}; +\item if you \emph{know} that the package you are installing is a + replacement for the copy on the \acro{TEXMF} tree of your \AllTeX{} + distribution, you should replace the existing copy in the + \acro{TEXMF} tree. +\end{itemize} +The reason one would put things on a local tree is to avoid their +disappearance if the system is upgraded (or otherwise re-installed). + +The reason one might place upgrades the distribution's main tree is to +avoid confusion. Suppose you were to place the file on the local +tree, and then install a new version of the distribution~--- you might +have an effect like: +\begin{itemize} +\item distribution comes with package version \ensuremath{n}; +\item you install package version \ensuremath{n+1} on the local tree; and +\item the updated distribution provides package version \ensuremath{n+2}. +\end{itemize} +In such a situation, you will find yourself using version +\ensuremath{n+1} (from the local tree) \emph{after} the new +distribution has been installed. + +If you install in the local tree, the only way to avoid such problems +is to carefully purge the local tree when installing a new +distribution. This is tedious, if you're maintaining a large +installation. + +\Question[Q-install-where]{Where to install packages} + +We assume here that you have decided what tree to put your files in, +after reading % ! line break +``\Qref*{choosing a \acro{TDS} tree}{Q-what-TDS}''. We will therefore +write \texttt{\$TEXMF} for it, and you need to substitute the tree +you decided on. + +The basic idea is to imitate the directory structure in your +existing tree(s). Here are some examples of where various sorts of +files should go: +\begin{verbatim} +.sty, .cls or .fd: $TEXMF/tex/<format>/<package>/ +.mf: $TEXMF/fonts/source/<supplier>/<font>/ +.tfm: $TEXMF/fonts/tfm/<supplier>/<font>/ +.vf: $TEXMF/fonts/vf/<supplier>/<font>/ +.afm: $TEXMF/fonts/afm/<supplier>/<font>/ +.pfb: $TEXMF/fonts/type1/<supplier>/<font>/ +.ttf: $TEXMF/fonts/truetype/<supplier>/<font>/ +.otf: $TEXMF/fonts/opentype/<supplier>/<font>/ +.pool, .fmt, .base or .mem: $TEXMF/web2c +\end{verbatim} +and for modern systems (those distributed in 2005 or later, using \acro{TDS} +v1.1 layouts): +\begin{verbatim} +.map: $TEXMF/fonts/map/<syntax>/<bundle>/ +.enc: $TEXMF/fonts/enc/<syntax>/<bundle>/ +\end{verbatim} +(Map and encoding files went to directories under +\File{$TEXMF/dvips/}, %$ +in earlier distributions.) + +In the lists above \meta{format} identifies the format the macros +are designed for~--- it can be things such as \texttt{plain}, +\texttt{generic} (i.e., any format), \texttt{latex} or +\texttt{context} (or several less common formats). + +For fonts, \meta{font} refers to the font family (such as \texttt{cm} +for Knuth's Computer Modern, \texttt{times} for Adobe's Times Roman). +The supplier is usually obvious~--- the supplier +``public'' is commonly used for free fonts. + +The \meta{syntax} (for \extension{map} and \extension{enc} files) is a +categorisation based on the way the files are written; candidates are +names of programs such as \ProgName{dvips} or \ProgName{pdftex}. + +``Straight'' \AllTeX{} input can take other forms than the +\extension{sty}, \extension{cls} or \extension{fd} listed above, too +(apart from the `obvious' \extension{tex}). Examples are (the +obvious) \extension{tex}, \extension{lfd} for \Package{babel} language +definitions, \extension{sto} and \extension{clo} for package and class +options, \extension{cfg} for configuration information, +\extension{def} for variants (such as the types of devices +\Package{graphics} drives). The \File{README} of the package should +tell you of any others, though sometimes that information is printed +when the package's \Qref*{comments are stripped}{Q-install-unpack}. +All of these files should live together with the main package files. + +Note that \meta{font} may stand for a single font or an entire family: +for example, files for all of Knuth's Computer Modern fonts are to be +found in \texttt{.../public/cm}, with various prefixes as appropriate. + +The font ``supplier'' \emph{public} is a sort of hold-all for +``free fonts produced for use with \AllTeX{}'': as well as Knuth's +fonts, \emph{public}'s directory holds fonts designed by others +(originally, but no longer exclusively, in \MF{}). + +Documentation for each package should all go, undifferentiated, into a +directory on the \path{doc/} subtree of the \acro{TDS}. The layout of +the subtree is slightly different: \path{doc/latex} hosts all +\LaTeX{} documentation directories, but more fundamental things are +covered, e.g., by \path{doc/etex} or \path{doc/xetex}. + +\Question[Q-inst-tidy]{Tidying up after installation} + +There's not usually a lot to do after you've completed the steps +above~--- indeed, if you're merely installed files direct from the +archive, or whatever, there will be precisely nothing left, by way of +debris. + +Things you might care to clean up are: +\begin{itemize} +\item the archive file, if you retrieved your data from the archive + as a \extension{zip} file, or the like; +\item the \extension{dtx} and \extension{ins} files, if you chose not + to install them with the documentation; and +\item the \extension{aux}, \extension{log}, \extension{idx}, etc., + from building the documentation. +\end{itemize} +A simple way of achieving all this is to download to a working +directory that was created for the purpose, and then to delete that +directory and all its contents after you've finished installing. + +\Question[Q-inst-scut]{Shortcuts to installing files} + +There are circumstances in which most of the fuss of installation can +be bypassed: +\begin{itemize} +\item If you are a \miktex{} user, the +\begin{hyperversion} + \Qref{\miktex{} package management system}{Q-inst-miktex*} + can usually help; +\end{hyperversion} +\begin{flatversion} + \miktex{} package management system can usually help + (\Qref{}{Q-inst-miktex*}); +\end{flatversion} +\item Similarly, if you are a \texlive{} user, the +\begin{hyperversion} + \Qref{\texlive{} manager}{Q-inst-texlive} + can usually help; +\end{hyperversion} +\begin{flatversion} + \texlive{} package management system can usually help + (\Qref{}{Q-inst-texlive}); +\end{flatversion} +\item The package you want may already exist as a \acro{ZIP} file +\begin{wideversion} + formatted for \Qref{direct installation}{Q-inst-tds-zip}. +\end{wideversion} +\begin{narrowversion} + formatted for direct installation (\Qref{}{Q-inst-tds-zip}). +\end{narrowversion} +\end{itemize} + +\Question[Q-inst-miktex*]{Installation using \miktex{} package manager} +\AliasQuestion{Q-inst-miktex} + +Packages for use with \miktex{} are maintained very efficiently by the +project managers (new packages and updates on \acro{CTAN} ordinarily +make their way to the \miktex{} package repository within a week). +Thus it makes sense for the \miktex{} user to take advantage of the +system rather than grinding through the steps of installation. + +\miktex{} maintains a database of packages it ``knows about'', +together with (coded) installation instructions that enable it to +install the packages with minimal user intervention; you can update +the database over the internet. + +If \miktex{} does know about a package you need installed, it's worth +using the system: +first, open the \miktex{} packages window: click on + \texttt{Start}\arrowhyph{}% + \texttt{Programs}\arrowhyph{}% + \texttt{MiKTeX}\arrowhyph{}% + \texttt{MiKTeX Options}, and select the + \texttt{Packages} tab. + +On the tab, there is an Explorer-style display of packages. +Right-click on the root of the tree, ``\texttt{MiKTeX Packages}'', +and select ``\texttt{Search}'': enter the name of the package you're +interested in, and press the ``\texttt{Search}'' button. If +\miktex{} knows about your package, it will open up the tree to show +you a tick box for your package: check that box. + +If you prefer a command-line utility, there's \ProgName{mpm}. Open a +command shell, and type: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +mpm --install=<package> +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +(which of course assumes you know the name by which \miktex{} refers to +your package). + +\Question[Q-inst-texlive]{Installation using \texlive{} manager} + +\texlive{} manager (\ProgName{tlmgr}) is, by default, a shell (or +Windows terminal window) command. There is voluminous documentation +about it from the command +\begin{quote} + \texttt{tldoc tlmgr} +\end{quote} +but basic operation is pretty straightforward. The manager needs to +know where to download stuff from; the canonical setup is +\begin{quote} +\begin{narrowversion} +\begin{verbatim} +tlmgr option repository \ + http://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet +\end{verbatim} +(line wrapped to fit in the narrow column) +\end{narrowversion} +\begin{wideversion} +\begin{verbatim} +tlmgr option repository http://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet +\end{verbatim} +\end{wideversion} +\end{quote} +which passes the decision to the mirror selector. You can (of course) +specify a particular archive or mirror that you ``trust'', or even a +local disc copy that you keep up-to-date (disc space and bandwidth are +so cheap nowadays, that a ``home mirror'' of \acro{CTAN} is a feasible +proposition). + +To update a single package, use: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +tlmgr update <package> +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + +To update everything you already have in your installation, use: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +tlmgr update --all +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + +\Question[Q-inst-tds-zip]{Installing using ready-built \acro{ZIP} files} + +Installing packages, as they (``traditionally'') appear on +\acro{CTAN}, involves: +\begin{itemize} +\item identifying where to put the various files on an \acro{TDS} + tree, +\item installing them, and +\item a few housekeeping operations. +\end{itemize} +Most people, for most packages, find the first two steps onerous, the +last being easy (unless it is forgotten!). + +Ready-built \acro{ZIP} files~--- also known as % ! line break +\Qref*{\acro{TDS}-\acro{ZIP} files}{Q-tds-zip}~--- are designed to lighten +the load of performing the first two steps of installation: they +contain all the files that are to be installed for a given +package, in their ``correct'' locations in a % ! line break +\Qref*{\acro{TDS} tree}{Q-tds}. + +To install such a file on a Unix system (we assume that you'll install +into the local \acro{TEXMF} tree, at \texttt{\$TEXMFLOCAL}): +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +cd $TEXMFLOCAL +unzip $package.tds.zip +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + +On a Windows system that is modern enough that it has a built-in +\acro{ZIP} unpacker, simply double-click on the file, and browse to +where it's to be unpacked. (We trust that those using earlier +versions of Windows will already have experience of using +\ProgName{WinZIP} or the like.) + +Having unpacked the \extension{zip} archive, in most cases the only +remaining chore is to update the file indexes~--- as in % ! line break +\Qref*{normal installation instructions}{Q-inst-wlcf}. However, if +the package provides a font, you also need to enable the font's map, +which is discussed in % ! line break +``\Qref*{Installing a Type~1 font}{Q-instt1font}'' +\LastEdit{2012-02-08} + +\Question[Q-tempinst]{``Temporary'' installation of \AllTeX{} files} + +Operating systems and applications need to know where to find files: +many files that they need are ``just named''~--- the user doesn't +necessarily know \emph{where} they are, but knows to ask for them. +The commonest case, of course, is the commands whose names you type to +a shell (yes, even Windows' ``\MSDOS{} prompt'') are using a shell to read what +you type: many of the commands simply involve loading and executing a +file, and the \texttt{PATH} variable tells the shell where to find those files. + +Modern \TeX{} implementations come with a bunch of search paths +built in to them. In most circumstances these paths are adequate, but +one sometimes needs to extend them to pick up files in strange +places: for example, we may wish to try a new bundle of packages +before \Qref*{installing them `properly'}{Q-installthings}. To do +this, we need to change the relevant path as \TeX{} perceives it. +However, we don't want to throw away \TeX{}'s built-in path (all of a +sudden, \TeX{} won't know how to deal with all sorts of things). + +To \emph{extend} a \TeX{} path, we define an operating system +environment variable in `path format', but leaving a gap which \TeX{} +will fill with its built-in value for the path. The commonest case is +that we want to place our extension in front of the path, so that our +new things will be chosen in preference, so we leave our `gap to be +filled' at the end of the environment variable. The syntax is simple +(though it depends which shell you're actually using): so on a +Unix-like system, using the \ProgName{bash} shell, the job might be +done like: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +export TEXINPUTS=/tmp: +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +while in a Windows system, within a \MSDOS{} window, it would be: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +set TEXINPUTS=C:/temp; +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +In either case, we're asking \TeX{} to load files from the root disc +temporary files directory; in the Unix case, the ``empty slot'' is +designated by putting the path separator `|:|' on its own at the end +of the line, while in the Windows case, the technique is the same, but +the path separator is `|;|'. + +Note that in either sort of system, the change will only affect +instances of \TeX{} that are started from the shell where the +environment variable was set. If you run \TeX{} from another window, +it will use the original input path. To make a change of input path +that will ``stick'' for all windows, set the environment variable in +your login script or profile (or whatever) in a Unix system and log +out and in again, or in \File{autoexec.bat} in a Windows system, and +reboot the system. + +While all of the above has talked about where \TeX{} finds its macro +files, it's applicable to pretty much any sort of file any +\TeX{}-related program reads~--- there are lots of these paths, and of +their corresponding environment variables. In a +\ProgName{web2c}-based system, the copious annotations in the +\File{texmf.cnf} system configuration file help you to learn which +path names correspond to which type of file. + +\Question[Q-privinst]{``Private'' installations of files} + +It sometimes happens that you need a new version of some macro package +or font, but that the machine you use is maintained by someone who's +unwilling to update and won't give you privileges to do the job +yourself. A \Qref*{``temporary'' installation}{Q-tempinst} is +sometimes the correct approach, but if there's the slightest chance +that the installation will be needed on more than one project, +temporary installations aren't right. + +In circumstances where you have plenty of quota on backed-up media, or +adequate local scratch space, the correct approach is to create a +private installation of \AllTeX{} which includes the new stuff you +need; this is the ideal, but is not generally possible. + +So, since you can't install into the public \texttt{texmf} tree, you +have to install into a \File{texmf} tree of your own; fortunately, the +\acro{TDS} standard allows for this, and modern distributions allow +you to do it. The most modern distributions refer to the tree as +\texttt{\$TEXMFHOME}, but it used to be called \texttt{\$HOMETEXMF}; +so to check that your \TeX{} system does indeed support the mechanism +you should start with +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +kpsewhich -var-value TEXMFHOME +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +(for example). This will almost invariably return a pointer to a +subdirectory \File{texmf} of your home directory; the commonest +exception is Macintoshes, using Mac\TeX{}, where the diretory is +conventionally \File{Library/texmf} in your home directory. + +If you can confirm that the technique does indeed work, install your +new package (or whatever) in the \Qref*{correct place}{Q-install-where} +in a tree based on \File{$HOME/texmf}, %$ +and generate an index of that tree +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +texhash $HOME/texmf +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +(the argument specifies which tree you are indexing: it's necessary +since you don't, by hypothesis, have access to the main tree, and +\ProgName{texhash} without the argument would try to write the main +tree. + +There are two wrinkles to this simple formula: first, the installation +you're using may \emph{not} define a home TEXMF directory, and second, +there may be some obstruction to using \File{$HOME/texmf} %$ +as the +default name. In either case, a good solution is to have your own +\File{texmf.cnf}~--- an idea that sounds more frightening that it +actually is. The installation's existing file may be located with the +command: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +kpsewhich texmf.cnf +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +Take a copy of the file and put it into a directory of your own; this +could be any directory, but an obvious choice is the \File{web2c} +directory of the tree you want to create, i.e., +\File{$HOME/texmf/web2c} %$ +or the like. Make an environment variable to +point to this directory: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +TEXMFCNF=$HOME/texmf/web2c +export TEXMFCNF +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +(for a Bourne shell style system), or +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +setenv TEXMFCNF $HOME/texmf/web2c +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +(for a C-shell style system). Now edit the copy of \File{texmf.cnf} + +There will be a line in the existing file that defines the tree where +everything searches; the simplest form of the line is: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +TEXMF = !!$TEXMFMAIN +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +but, there are likely to be several alternative settings behind +comment markers (``\texttt{\textpercent}''), and the person who +installed your system may have left them there. Whatever, you need to +modify the line that's in effect: change the above to three lines: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +HOMETEXMF = $HOME/texmf +TEXMF = {$HOMETEXMF,!!$TEXMFMAIN} +% TEXMF = !!$TEXMFMAIN +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +the important point being that \texttt{\$HOMETEXMF} must come before +whatever was there before, inside the braces. For example, if the +original was +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +TEXMF = {!!$LOCALTEXMF,!!$TEXMFMAIN} +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +it should be converted to: +\begin{quote} +\begin{narrowversion} +\begin{verbatim} +HOMETEXMF = $HOME/texmf +TEXMF = {$HOMETEXMF,!!$LOCALTEXMF, + !!$TEXMFMAIN} +% TEXMF = {!!$LOCALTEXMF,!!$TEXMFMAIN} +\end{verbatim} +{\small Note that the \texttt{TEXMF} line is only wrapped to make it + fit in the column; there should be no line break or space between + the final comma on the line and the \texttt{!!} on the next line.\par +}% +\end{narrowversion} +\begin{wideversion} +\begin{verbatim} +HOMETEXMF = $HOME/texmf +TEXMF = {$HOMETEXMF,!!$LOCALTEXMF,!!$TEXMFMAIN} +% TEXMF = {!!$LOCALTEXMF,!!$TEXMFMAIN} +\end{verbatim} +\end{wideversion} +\end{quote} +(retaining the original, as a comment, is merely an aide-memoir in +case you need to make another change, later). The \texttt{!!} signs +tell the file-searching library that it should insist on a +\ProgName{texhash}-ed directory tree; if you can count on yourself +remembering to run \ProgName{texhash} on your new tree every time you +change it, then it's worth adding the marks to your tree: +\begin{quote} +\begin{narrowversion} +\begin{verbatim} +TEXMF = {!!$HOMETEXMF,!!$LOCALTEXMF, + !!$TEXMFMAIN} +\end{verbatim} +{\small Note that the line is only wrapped to make it + fit in the column; there should be no line break or space between + the final comma on the line and the \texttt{!!} on the next line.\par +}% +\end{narrowversion} +\begin{wideversion} +\begin{verbatim} +TEXMF = {!!$HOMETEXMF,!!$LOCALTEXMF,!!$TEXMFMAIN} +\end{verbatim} +\end{wideversion} +\end{quote} +as this will make \AllTeX{} find its files marginally faster. + +Having made all these changes, \AllTeX{} should ``just use'' files in +your new tree, in preference to anything in the main tree~--- you can +use it for updates to packages in the main tree, as well as for +installing new versions of things. +\LastEdit{2011-04-13} + +\Question[Q-instfont]{Installing a new font} + +Fonts are really ``just another package'', and so should be installed +in the same sort of way as packages. However, fonts tend to be more +complicated than the average package, and as a result it's sometimes +difficult to see the overall structure. + +Font files may appear in any of a large number of different formats; +each format has a different function in a \TeX{} system, and each is +stored in a directory its own sub-tree in the installation's +\acro{TDS} tree; all these sub-trees have the directory +\File{$TEXMF/fonts} %$ +as their root. A sequence of answers\nothtml{, below,} describes the +installation of fonts\latexhtml{.}{:} +\begin{htmlversion} +follow the list through the ``next question'' links at the bottom of +this answer to view them all. +\end{htmlversion} +Other answers discuss specific font families~--- for example, +% ! line break +``\Qref*{using the concrete fonts}{Q-concrete}''. + +\Question[Q-instmffont]{Installing a font provided as \MF{} source} + +Installing Metafont fonts is (by comparison with other sorts of font) rather +pleasingly simple. Nowadays, they are mostly distributed just as the +\MF{} source, since modern \TeX{} distributions are able to produce +everything the user needs ``on the fly''; however, if the distribution +\emph{does} include \acro{TFM} files, install them too, since they +save a little time and don't occupy much disc space. Always distrust +distributions of \acro{PK} font bitmap files: there's no way of +learning from them what printer they were generated for, and naming +schemes under different operating systems are another source of +confusion. + +``\Qref*{Where to install files}{Q-install-where}'' +specifies where the files should go. + +Further confusion is introduced by font families whose authors devise rules +for automatic generation of \MF{} sources for generating fonts at +particular sizes; the installation has to know about the rules, as +otherwise it cannot generate font files. No general advice is +available, but most such font families are now obsolescent. + +\Question[Q-instprinterfont]{`Installing' a \PS{} printer built-in font} + +There is a ``standard'' set of fonts that has appeared in every \PS{} +printer since the second generation of the type. These fonts +(8~families of four text fonts each, and three special-purpose fonts) +are of course widely used, because of their simple availability. The +set consists of: +\begin{itemize} +\item \FontName{Times} family (4 fonts) +\item \FontName{Palatino} family (4 fonts) +\item \FontName{New} \FontName{Century} \FontName{Schoolbook} family (4 fonts) +\item \FontName{Bookman} family (4 fonts) +\item \FontName{Helvetica} family (4 fonts) +\item \FontName{Avant} \FontName{Garde} (4 fonts) +\item \FontName{Courier} family (4 fonts) +\item \FontName{Utopia} family (4 fonts) +\item Zapf \FontName{Chancery} (1 font) +\item Zapf \FontName{Dingbats} (1 font) +\item \FontName{Symbol} (1 font) +\end{itemize} +All these fonts are supported, for \LaTeX{} users, by the +\Package{psnfss} set of metrics and support files in the file +\File{lw35nfss.zip} on \acro{CTAN}. Almost any remotely modern \TeX{} +system will have some version of \Package{psnfss} installed, but +users should note that the most recent version has much improved +coverage of maths with \FontName{Times} (see package +\Package{mathptmx}) and with \FontName{Palatino} (see package +\Package{mathpazo}, as well as a more reliable set of font metrics. + +The archive \File{lw35nfss.zip} is laid out according to the +\acro{TDS}, so in principle, installation consists simply of +``unzipping'' the file at the root of a \path{texmf} tree. + +Documentation of the \Package{psnfss} bundle is provided in +\File{psnfss2e.pdf} in the distribution. +\begin{ctanrefs} +\item[mathpazo.sty]Part of the \Package{psnfss} bundle +\item[mathptmx.sty]Part of the \Package{psnfss} bundle +\item[psnfss \nothtml{\rmfamily}bundle]\CTANref{psnfss} +\end{ctanrefs} + +\Question[Q-prept1font]{Preparing a Type~1 font} + +The process of installing a Type~1 font set is rather convoluted, and +we will deal with it in two chunks: first (in the present answer) +preparing the font for installation, and second % ! line break +\Qref*{installing a Type~1 font}{Q-instt1font}). + +Many fonts are supplied in \AllTeX{} ready form: such fonts need no +preparation, and may be installed immediately. + +However, if you purchase a font from a Type foundry (either direct or +via one of the web stores), you are likely to need to `prepare' it for +use with \AllTeX{}. The rest of this answer discusses this preparation. +\begin{itemize} +\item Acquire the font. A very small set of Type~1 fonts is installed + in most \PS{} printers you will encounter. For those few (whose use + is covered by the basic \acro{PSNFSS} package), you don't need the + Type~1 font itself, to be able to print using the font. + + For all the myriad other Type~1 fonts, to be able to print using + the font you need the Type~1 file itself. Some of these are + available for free (they've either been donated to the public + domain, or were developed as part of a free software project), but + the vast majority are commercial products, requiring you to spend + real money. +\item Acquire the fonts' \acro{AFM} files. \acro{AFM} files contain + information from the font foundry, about the sizes of the characters + in the font, and how they fit together. One measure of the quality + of a font-supplier is that they provide the \acro{AFM} files by + default: if the files are not available, you are unlikely to be able + to use the font with \AllTeX{}. +\item Rename the \acro{AFM} files and the Type~1 files to match the + \Qref*{Berry font naming scheme}{Q-fontname}. +\item Generate \TeX{} metric files from the \acro{AFM} files. The + commonest tool for this task is \Package{fontinst}; the package + documentation helps, but other guides are available (see below). + The simplest possible script to pass to \Package{fontinst} is: + \begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +\latinfamily{xyz}{} +\bye +\end{verbatim} + \end{quote} + where \texttt{xyz} is the Berry name of the font family. This + simple script is adequate for most purposes: its output covers the + font family in both \acro{T}1 and \acro{OT}1 font encodings. Nevertheless, + with fancier fonts, more elaborate things are possible with + \Package{fontinst}: see its documentation for details. + + \Package{Fontinst} also generates map files, and \LaTeX{} font + definition (\extension{fd}) files. +\end{itemize} +Having traversed this list, you have a set of font files ready for +installation. +\begin{ctanrefs} +\item[fontinst.sty]\CTANref{fontinst} +\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Type 1 installation guide]\CTANref{T1instguide} +\end{ctanrefs} + + +\Question[Q-instt1font]{Installing a Type~1 font} + +Once you have a prepared Type~1 font, either direct from \acro{CTAN} +or the like, or having \Qref*{`prepared' it yourself}{Q-prept1font}, +you can get on with installation. + +The procedure is merely an extension of that for packages, etc., so +much of what follows will be familiar: +\begin{itemize} +\item Install the files, in your local \texttt{texmf} tree (the advice + about installing non-standard things applies here, too). The + following list gives reasonable destinations for the various files + related to a font family \meta{fname}: +\begin{narrowversion} +\begin{verbatim} +.pfb, +.pfa .../fonts/type1/<foundry>/<fname> +.tfm .../fonts/tfm/<foundry>/<fname> +.vf .../fonts/vf/<foundry>/<fname> +.sty, +.fd .../tex/latex/<fname> +.map .../fonts/map/dvips/<foundry> +\end{verbatim} +\end{narrowversion} +\begin{wideversion} +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +.pfb, +.pfa .../fonts/type1/<foundry>/<fname> +.tfm .../fonts/tfm/<foundry>/<fname> +.vf .../fonts/vf/<foundry>/<fname> +.sty, +.fd .../tex/latex/<fname> +.map .../fonts/map/dvips/<foundry> +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +\end{wideversion} + but if you are lucky, you will be starting from a distribution from + \acro{CTAN} and there is a corresponding \extension{tds.zip} file: + using this \acro{TDS}-file saves the bother of deciding where to put + your files in the \acro{TDS} tree. +\item Regenerate the file indexes (as described in + \Qref[question]{package installation}{Q-inst-wlcf}). +\item Update the \ProgName{dvips}, \PDFTeX{} and other maps: + \begin{itemize} + \item On any current \texlive{}-based system, or a te\TeX{} v3.0 + system, execute the command +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +updmap-sys --enable Map <fname>.map +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + as root. (If you \emph{can} use \ProgName{updmap-sys}~--- do; if + not~--- presumably because your \alltex{} system was set up by + someone else~--- you have to fall back on plain \ProgName{updmap}, + but be aware that it's a potent source of confusion, setting up + map sets that might be changed behind your back.) + \item On a current \miktex{} system, update the system file + \File{updmap.cfg}, using the shell command +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +initexmf --edit-config-file updmap +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + adding a line at the end: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +Map <fname>.map +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + for each font family \meta{fname} you are adding to the system. + Now generate revised maps with the shell command +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +initexmf --mkmaps +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + This, and other matters, are described in \miktex{} % beware line break + \href{http://docs.miktex.org/manual/advanced.html}{``advanced'' documentation}. + \end{itemize} +\end{itemize} +Both processes (preparing and installing a font) are very well (and +thoroughly) described in Philipp Lehman's guide to font installation, +which may be found on \acro{CTAN}. +\begin{ctanrefs} +\item[fontinst.sty]\CTANref{fontinst} +\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Type 1 installation guide]\CTANref{T1instguide} +\end{ctanrefs} + +\Question[Q-inst1cm]{Installing the Type~1 versions of the CM~fonts} + +This is a specialised case of \Qref*{installing a font}{Q-instfont}, +but it is almost never necessary~--- it's inconceivable that any (even +remotely) recent system will \emph{not} have the fonts already +installed. You can confirm this (near-inevitable) fact by trying the +fonts. On a system that uses \ProgName{dvips} (almost all do), try +the sequence: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +latex sample2e +dvips -o sample2e.ps sample2e +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +at a ``command prompt'' (\ProgName{shell}, in a Unix-style system, +``\acro{DOS} box'' in a Windows system). + +If the command works at all, the console output of the command will +include a sequence of Type~1 font file names, listed as +\texttt{<\emph{path}/cmr10.pfb>} and so on; this is \ProgName{dvips} +telling you it's copying information from the Type~1 font, and you +need do no more. + +If the test has failed, you need to install your own set of the fonts; +the distribution (including all the fonts the \acro{AMS} designed and +produced themselves) is now described as \Package{amsfonts}. The +bundle contains metric and map files~--- all you need to +\Qref*{install the fonts}{Q-instt1font}. +\begin{ctanrefs} +\item[AMS and CM fonts, in Type 1 format]\CTANref{amsfonts} +\end{ctanrefs} + + |