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+% tipaman3.tex
+% Copyright 2002 FUKUI Rei
+%
+% This program may be distributed and/or modified under the
+% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.2
+% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
+% The latest version of this license is in
+% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
+% and version 1.2 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
+% version 1999/12/01 or later.
+%
+% This program consists of all files listed in Manifest.txt.
+%
+
+\begingroup
+\raggedbottom
+
+\chapter{Recent Changes}
+
+\section{Changes from Version 1.2 to 1.3}
+
+Some symbols included in the xipa and related font families have been
+modified.
+
+\section{Changes from Version 1.1 to 1.2}
+
+The following
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item The following symbols are added to the \texttt{tipx} fonts:
+
+ Varieties of glottal stop symbols and a new symbol:\\
+ \textglotstopvari\ (\texttt{\tbs textglotstopvari})\\
+ \textglotstopvarii\ (\texttt{\tbs textglotstopvarii})\\
+ \textglotstopvariii\ (\texttt{\tbs textglotstopvariii})\\
+ \textlfishhookrlig\ (\texttt{\tbs textlfishhookrlig})
+
+\item Symbol shapes of the \texttt{xipa} and \texttt{xipx} font
+ families slightly modified.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\section{Changes from Version 1.0 to 1.1}
+
+The following changes have been made since the first release of
+\tipa\footnote{The first release of \tipa{} has been known as
+ `beta0624'. I originally intended to change it to
+ something like `tipa-1.0' soon after the release but unfortunately
+ I didn't have the opportunity to do so.}.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item The following typefaces are newly added in Version
+ 1.1. Font description files (\texttt{*.fd}) modified accordingly.
+
+ Bold Extended Slanted Roman: \textbf{\textipa{[\textsl{""Ekspl@"neIS@n}]}}\\
+ Sans Serif Bold Extended: \textbf{\textsf{\textipa{[""Ekspl@"neIS@n]}}}\\
+ Sans Serif Slanted: \textsf{\textipa{[\textsl{""Ekspl@"neIS@n}]}}\\
+ Typewriter Text: \texttt{\textipa{[\textsl{""Ekspl@"neIS@n}]}}\\
+ Typewriter Text Slanted: \textsl{\texttt{\textipa{[\textsl{""Ekspl@"neIS@n}]}}}
+
+\item Many bugs fixed in the \MF\ source codes; modifications made for
+ almost every symbol. The \texttt{xipa} family of fonts now more closely
+ simulates Times Roman style.\footnote{%
+ I'm not fully satisfied with the result of this simulation and
+ further changes will be made in the next release. However, I have
+ no intention of simulating too closely in order to avoid any
+ possible copyright problems.}
+
+\item \texttt{t3enc.def} and \texttt{tipa.sty} modified.
+
+\item New series of fonts, \textbf{tipx} and \textbf{xipx} have been
+ created. These fonts are collections of symbols missing in the
+ previous version of \tipa{} and cover almost all the symbols that
+ appear in the second edition of \emph{PSG} (1996). (Remember that
+ \tipa{} was released in 1996 and at the time the second edition of
+ \emph{PSG} was not available.) Some of the symbols included in the
+ previous version of \tipa{} are now moved into \textbf{tipx} and
+ \textbf{xipx}. Thus the T3 encoding is slightly modified.
+
+ In order to use newly created fonts, add the following after the
+ declaration of \tipa{}.
+
+ \verb|\usepackage{tipx}|
+
+ For a list of newly created symbols, see next section.
+
+ The encoding of \texttt{tipx} and \texttt{xipx} still has no
+ definite name. The style file (\texttt{tipx.sty}) uses the
+ U encoding and new family names (tipx and xipx which are arbitrary).
+ In the future, it may be possible to use a new encoding name TS3
+ (I experimentally put \texttt{ts3enc.def} and \texttt{ts3*.fd} in
+ the \texttt{sty} directory of the package. Use
+ these files at your own risk, if the system doesn't complain.)
+
+\item Some new tone letter commands, \verb|\stone| and \verb|\rtone|.
+\item Manual updated.
+\item Manual for the \texttt{vowel.sty} completed.
+\item Some diacritic commands added.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Newly created symbols}\label{sec:newsymbols}
+
+The following two symbols are newly adopted in the \texttt{tipa}
+encoding (i.e., T3).
+
+\begin{quote}
+Hooktop right-tail D --- \texthtrtaild\\
+Left-hooktop long Y --- \textlhtlongy
+\end{quote}
+
+The following command was realized by a macro in the previous version
+but now is assigned a code of its own in the \texttt{tipa} encoding
+(i.e., T3).
+
+\begin{quote}
+Crossed lambda --- \textcrlambda
+\end{quote}
+
+The following symbols are (mostly) newly created symbols in the
+\texttt{tipx} fonts. (Note that some are moved from the \texttt{tipa}
+because of the encoding change.)
+
+\begin{quote}
+Right-hook A --- \textrhooka\\
+Left-hook four --- \textlhookfour\\
+Inverted script A --- \textinvscripta\\
+A-O ligature --- \textaolig\\
+Inverted small capital A --- \textinvsca\\
+Small capital A-O ligature --- \textscaolig\\
+Stretched C (original form) --- \textstretchcvar\\
+Curly-tail stretched C --- \textctstretchc\\
+Curly-tail stretched C (original form) --- \textctstretchcvar\\
+Front-hook D --- \textfrhookd\\
+Front-hook D (Original) --- \textfrhookdvar\\
+D-B ligature --- \textdblig\\
+Small capital delta --- \textscdelta\\
+Right-hook E --- \textrhooke\\
+Right-hook epsilon --- \textrhookepsilon\\
+Small capital F --- \textscf\\
+Greek gamma --- \textgrgamma\\
+Front-tail gamma --- \textfrtailgamma\\
+Back-tail gamma --- \textbktailgamma\\
+Right-tail hooktop H --- \textrtailhth\\
+Heng --- \textheng\\
+Curly-tail J (a variety found in 1996 IPA) --- \textctjvar\\
+Hooktop barred dotless J (a variety) --- \texthtbardotlessjvar\\
+Small capital K --- \textsck\\
+Turned small capital K --- \textturnsck\\
+Reversed small capital L --- \textrevscl\\
+H-M ligature --- \texthmlig\\
+Small capital M --- \textscm\\
+Front-bar N --- \textfrbarn\\
+Right leg N --- \textnrleg\\
+Bull's eye (an old version) --- \textObullseye\\
+Female sign --- \textfemale\\
+Uncrossed female sign --- \textuncrfemale\\
+Right-hook open O --- \textrhookopeno\\
+Inverted omega --- \textinvomega\\
+Left-hook P --- \textlhookp\\
+Small capital P --- \textscp\\
+A variety of thorn (1) --- \textthornvari\\
+A variety of thorn (2) --- \textthornvarii\\
+A variety of thorn (3) --- \textthornvariii\\
+A variety of thorn (4) --- \textthornvariv\\
+Q-P ligature --- \textqplig\\
+Reversed small capital R --- \textrevscr\\
+Reversed esh with top loop --- \textlooptoprevesh\\
+Front-hook T --- \textfrhookt\\
+Curly-tail turned T --- \textctturnt\\
+Turned small capital U --- \textturnscu\\
+Turned two --- \textturntwo\\
+Bent-tail yogh --- \textbenttailyogh\\
+Turned three --- \textturnthree\\
+Curly-tail inverted glottal stop --- \textctinvglotstop\\
+Turned glottal stop (PSG 1996:211) --- \textturnglotstop\\
+Pipe (a variety with no descender) --- \textpipevar\\
+Double pipe (a variety with no descender) --- \textdoublepipevar\\
+Double-barred pipe (a variety with no descender) --- \textdoublebarpipevar\\
+Superscript left arrow --- \textspleftarrow\\
+Down full arrow --- \textdownfullarrow\\
+Up full arrow --- \textupfullarrow\\
+Subscript right arrow --- \textsubrightarrow\\
+Subscript double arrow --- \textsubdoublearrow\\
+Reversed Polish hook --- an accent command e.g., \textrevpolhook{o}\\
+Retracting sign (a variety) --- \textretractingvar\\
+Right hook (long) --- \textrthooklong\\
+Palatalization hook (long) --- \textpalhooklong\\
+Palatalization hook (a variety) --- \textpalhookvar
+\end{quote}
+
+\subsection{Symbol shape changes}
+
+Shapes of the following symbols have been modified from the first
+version to the present.
+
+\begin{center}\tabcolsep.2em
+\begin{tabular}{llccl}
+Name & Macro name & New & Old & Old symbol name\\
+\hline
+Pipe & \Tt{textpipe} & \textpipe
+ & \textpipevar & \Tt{textpipevar}\\
+Double pipe & \Tt{textdoublepipe} & \textdoublepipe
+ & \textdoublepipevar & \Tt{textdoublepipevar}\\
+Double-barred pipe & \Tt{textdoublebarpipe}& \textdoublebarpipe
+ & \textdoublebarpipevar & \Tt{textdoublebarpipevar}\\
+Down arrow & \Tt{textdownstep} & \textdownstep
+ & \textdownfullarrow & \Tt{textdownfullarrow}\\
+Up arrow & \Tt{textupstep} & \textupstep
+ & \textupfullarrow & \Tt{textupfullarrow}\\
+Bull's eye & \Tt{textbullseye} & \textbullseye
+ & \textObullseye & \Tt{textObullseye}\\
+Hooktop barred & \Tt{texthtbardotlessj}& \texthtbardotlessj
+ & \texthtbardotlessjvar & \Tt{texthtbardotlessjvar}\\
+dotless J \\
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+For each symbol, the old shape is preserved in the \texttt{tipx} fonts
+and can be accessed by a new name (in most cases \texttt{var} or
+\texttt{O} is attached) indicated at the rightmost column of the above
+table.
+
+
+\clearemptydoublepage
+\chapter{Symbols not included in TIPA}
+
+Although the present version of \tipa{} includes almost all the
+symbols found in \PSG\ and \Handbook, there are still some symbols not
+included or defined in \tipa{}.
+
+Some such symbols can be realized by writing appropriate
+macros, while some others cannot be realized without resorting to
+the Metafont.
+
+This section discusses these problems by classifying such symbols into
+three categories, as shown below.
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\itemsep0pt
+\item Symbols that can be realized by \TeX{}'s macro level and/or by using
+ symbols from other fonts.
+\item Symbols that can be imitated by \TeX{}'s macro level and/or by using
+ symbols from other fonts (but may not look quite satisfactory).
+\item Symbols that cannot be realized at all, without creating a new
+ font.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+With the addition of the \tipx{} fonts, symbols that belong to the
+third category are virtually non-existent now.
+
+As for the symbols that belong to the first and second categories,
+\tipa{} provides a variety of macros and parts of symbols that can be
+used to compose a desired symbol if you can write an appropriate
+macro for it.
+
+The following table shows symbols that belong to the first category.
+For each symbol, an example of input method and its output is also
+given. Note that barred or crossed symbols can be easily made by
+\tipa{}'s \verb|\ipabar| macro.
+
+\def\SecLine{\>}
+
+\medskip
+\begin{tabbing}
+\iftimes
+x \=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \= \kill
+\else
+x \=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \= \kill
+\fi
+\> Barred small capital I
+ \SecLine \verb|\ipabar{\textsci}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{}| \>
+ \ipabar{\textsci}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{} \\
+\> Barred J
+ \SecLine \verb|\ipabar{j}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{}| \>
+ \ipabar{j}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{} \\
+\> Crossed K
+ \SecLine \verb|\ipabar{k}{1.2ex}{.6}{}{.4}| \>
+ \ipabar{k}{1.2ex}{.6}{}{.4} \\
+\> Barred open O
+ \SecLine \verb|\ipabar{\textopeno}{.5ex}{.6}{.4}{}| \>
+ \ipabar{\textopeno}{.5ex}{.5}{.5}{} \\
+\> Barred small capital omega
+ \SecLine \verb|\ipabar{\textscomega}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{}| \>
+ \ipabar{\textscomega}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{} \\
+\> Barred P
+ \SecLine \verb|\ipabar{p}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{}| \>
+ \ipabar{p}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{} \\
+\> Half-barred U
+ \SecLine \verb|\ipabar{u}{.5ex}{.5}{}{.5}| \>
+ \ipabar{u}{.5ex}{.5}{}{.5} \\
+\> Barred small capital U
+ \SecLine \verb|\ipabar{\textscu}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{}| \>
+ \ipabar{\textscu}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{} \\
+\iftimes
+\> Double slash
+ \SecLine \verb|/\kern-.1em/| \>
+ /\kern-.1em/ \\
+\> Triple slash
+ \SecLine \verb|/\kern-.1em/\kern-.1em/| \>
+ /\kern-.1em/\kern-.1em/
+\else
+\> Double slash
+ \SecLine \verb|/\kern-.25em/| \>
+ /\kern-.25em/ \\
+\> Triple slash
+ \SecLine \verb|/\kern-.25em/\kern-.25em/| \>
+ /\kern-.25em/\kern-.25em/
+\fi
+\end{tabbing}
+
+The next definitions attach a tiny `left hook' (which shows
+palatalization) to a symbol. For example:
+
+\iftimes
+\newcommand\textlhookb{{\tipaencoding
+ b\hspace{-.1em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhookvar}}}
+\newcommand\textlhookm{{\tipaencoding
+ m\hspace{-.1em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhook}}}
+\begin{verbatim}
+ % Left-hook B
+ \newcommand\textlhookb{{\tipaencoding
+ b\hspace{-.1em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhookvar}}}
+ % Left-hook M
+ \newcommand\textlhookm{{\tipaencoding
+ m\hspace{-.1em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhook}}}
+\end{verbatim}
+\else
+\newcommand\textlhookb{{\tipaencoding
+ b\hspace{-.15em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhookvar}}}
+\newcommand\textlhookm{{\tipaencoding
+ m\hspace{-.15em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhook}}}
+\begin{verbatim}
+ % Left-hook B
+ \newcommand\textlhookb{{\tipaencoding
+ b\hspace{-.15em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhookvar}}}
+ % Left-hook M
+ \newcommand\textlhookm{{\tipaencoding
+ m\hspace{-.15em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhook}}}
+\end{verbatim}
+\fi
+
+The former example uses a left-hook called \Tt{textpalhookvar},
+(\KK\textpalhookvar\KK) and the latter uses a hook called \Tt{textpalhook},
+(\KK\textpalhook\KK).
+
+\begin{quote}
+ Left-hook B --- \textlhookb \\
+ Left-hook M --- \textlhookm
+\end{quote}
+
+Symbols that belong to the second category are shown below. Note that
+slashed symbols can be in fact easily made by a macro. For example, a
+slashed b i.e., \ipaclap{\textipa{b}}{\textipa{/}} can be made by
+\verb|\ipaclap{\textipa{b}}{\textipa{/}}|. The reason why slashed
+symbols are not included in \tipa{} is as follows: first, a simple
+overlapping of a symbol and a slash does not always result in a good
+shape, and secondly, it doesn't seem significant to devise fine-tuned
+macros for symbols which were created essentially for typewriters.
+
+\medskip
+\begin{tabbing}
+xxxx \=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \= \kill
+\> Slashed B \>
+ \ipaclap{\textipa{b}}{\textipa{/}} \\
+\> Slashed C \>
+ \ipaclap{\textipa{c}}{\textipa{/}} \\
+\> Slashed D \>
+ \ipaclap{\textipa{d}}{\textipa{/}} \\
+\> Slashed U \>
+ \ipaclap{\textipa{u}}{\textipa{/}} \\
+\> Slashed W \>
+ \ipaclap{\textipa{w}}{\textipa{/}}
+\end{tabbing}
+
+\endgroup
+
+\clearemptydoublepage
+\chapter{FAQ}
+
+\newcount\FAQcnt \FAQcnt=0
+
+\newcommand\QandA[2]{{\par\bigskip\parindent0pt
+ \global\advance\FAQcnt 1
+ \hangindent2em\hangafter1 \textbf{Q\the\FAQcnt:} #1\par\medskip
+ \hangindent2em\hangafter1 \textbf{A\the\FAQcnt:} #2\par\medskip}}
+
+\newcommand\NextPar{\par\hangindent2em\hangafter0\relax}
+
+\QandA {I have installed all the \tipa{} fonts. But the system can't
+ find them. What's wrong?}{Please don't forget to run the command
+ \texttt{mktexlsr} after the installation. Also, try to run the
+ command:\par\begin{quote}\texttt{kpsewhich tipa10.mf}\end{quote}
+ \NextPar If the system shows nothing in return, you must have
+ installed them in a wrong place.}
+
+\QandA {I'm using shortcut letters but there are still many symbols
+ which have no shortcut letters. What can I do? Do I have to use all
+ these long names?}{You are free to define shorter names. \LaTeX's
+ \texttt{\tbs newcommand} is a safe way to do this. For example:
+
+ \begin{quote}
+ \texttt{\tbs newcommand\tbi\tbs vef\tbii\tbi\tbs textbarrevglotstop\tbii}
+ \end{quote}
+
+ \vspace{-5mm}
+ \begin{tipaexample}
+ \yitem \texttt{[\tbs vef] is a voiced epiglottal fricative.}
+ \yitem \textipa{\let\vef\textbarrevglotstop [\vef]} is a
+ voiced epiglottal fricative.
+ \end{tipaexample}}
+
+\QandA {I want to use the \LaTeX\ command \texttt{\tbs |} in the IPA
+ environment. But I don't want to specify the \texttt{safe}
+ option. Is it possible?}{Use a command called \texttt{\tbs Vert}
+ instead of \texttt{\tbs |}. It has the same meaning. Other possibly
+ dangerous commands such as \texttt{\tbs:}, \texttt{\tbs:} and
+ \texttt{\tbs!} have a similar substitute command. For more
+ details, see page~\pageref{unsafemode}.}
+
+\QandA {I can't input Eng (\texttt{\tbs ng})
+ properly. Why?}{Use \texttt{\tbs textipa\tbi N\tbii}. Technically
+ speaking, this is a matter of priority among the \texttt{OT1},
+ \texttt{T1} and \texttt{T3} encodings. But may be called a bug. I'll
+ work out this problem in the next release.}
+
+\QandA {How can I input \emph{capital letters}, I mean real capital
+ letters, not small capitals, within the IPA environment?}{Use the
+ command \texttt{\tbs*}. For example:
+
+ \begin{tipaexample}
+ \yitem \texttt{\tbs textipa\tbi["pI\tbs *Di]\tbii}
+ \yitem \textipa{["pI\*Di]}
+ \end{tipaexample}\NextPar This command is explained in
+ section~\ref{sec:specialmacros}.}
+
+\QandA {How can I output an accent or diacritic symbol alone? For
+ example, I want to print the umlaut symbol alone, in order to
+ explain the usage of this symbol.}{Try to add an empty argument
+ to the umlaut command.
+
+ \begin{tipaexample}
+ \yitem \texttt{\tbs texipa\tbi[\tbs"\tbi\tbii]\tbii}
+ \yitem \textipa{[\"{}]}
+ \end{tipaexample}}
+
+\QandA {Are there only a limited number of tone letters?}
+ {Absolutely not! Please read section \ref{sec:tone} carefully.}
+
+\QandA {How to create a PDF file?} {You can find a few examples in
+ section \ref{sec:pdf}.}
+
+\QandA {I have succeeded in creating a PDF document. But \tipa{} fonts
+ don't look good (jaggy). What's wrong?}{Type1 fonts are not
+ embedded in your document and pk fonts are used instead. Install
+ Type1 font files and/or map file correctly.}
+
+\QandA {I have succeeded in creating a PDF document with Type1 fonts
+ embedded. But some symbols are missing. Why?}{In some versions of
+ \texttt{dvips}, the character shifting switch is turned on by
+ default. In order to prevent this, try to invoke \texttt{dvips} in
+ the following way.\par
+ \begin{quote}\texttt{dvips -Ppdf -G0} \textsl{filename}\end{quote}}
+
+\QandA {I find no description on hyphenation of phonetic texts in this
+ manual.}{I haven't seen any description on hyphenation in \Handbook\
+ nor in \emph{Principles}. }
+
+\QandA {Why is italic font not included in \tipa? Slanted fonts can be
+ used as substitutes. But I want real italic fonts.}{It isn't
+ difficult to create italic shapes for a limited number of symbols
+ such as Schwa, Turned script A, and so on. However, creating a whole
+ set of IPA symbols in italic is quite a different story. It is
+ difficult to distinguish, for example, Lower-case A and Script A in
+ italic. In the IPA's \emph{Principles}, it is recommended
+ that the IPA symbols should be roman, excluding italic shapes in
+ some of the examples. Another point that should be made is that
+ there exist several systems of phonetic symbols in which all the
+ symbols appear in italic. These are the ones mainly used in
+ Scandinavian countries, and the problem is, there is no one-to-one
+ correspondences between such systems and the IPA. Aside from the
+ strictly phonetic use of symbols, however, there is a practical need
+ for italic versions of symbols such as italic Schwa. Therefore, it
+ may be helpful to create a new auxiliary font containing limited
+ number of italic symbols.}
+
+\QandA {Which is the first name of the author of \tipa? I'm confused.}
+ {Rei is his first name.}
+
+\QandA {I can't send e-mail to the author.}
+ {I recently changed my e-mail address.
+
+ \begin{quote}\texttt{fkr@l.u-tokyo.ac.jp}\end{quote}}
+
+
+\vspace{\stretch{2}}
+
+\betacomment
+\thetacomment
+
+\endinput
+
+%%% Local Variables:
+%%% mode: latex
+%%% TeX-master: "tipaman"
+%%% End: