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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/tipa/tipaman2.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/tipa/tipaman2.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..fefe92702e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/tipa/tipaman2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1687 @@ +% tipaman2.tex +% Copyright 2002 FUKUI Rei +% +% This program may be distributed and/or modified under the +% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.2 +% of this license or (at your option) any later version. +% The latest version of this license is in +% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt +% and version 1.2 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX +% version 1999/12/01 or later. +% +% This program consists of all files listed in Manifest.txt. +% + +\appendix +\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Appendix} + +\begingroup +\raggedbottom + +\chapter{Annotated List of TIPA Symbols} + +For each symbol, a large scale image of the symbol is displayed with a +frame. Within the frame, horizontal lines that indicate +\verb|x_height| and baseline are also shown. At the top left corner of +a frame, a number indicating the octal code +of the symbol is shown. In the case of a symbol from +\texttt{tipx} fonts, the code number is underlined. + +Next, the following information is shown at the right of each symbol +in this order: (1) the name of the symbol, (2) explanation on its +usage with some examples (for non-IPA usages, an asterisk is put at the +beginning), (3) input method in typewriter style, and finally (4) +sources or references. + +Sometimes the input method is displayed in the form of \textit{Input1: + xxx, Input2: yyy\/}. In such cases \textit{Input1} indicates the one +used in the normal text environment and \textit{Input2}, the one used +in the IPA environment. + +The following abbreviations are used in the examples of usage and +explanations in the footnote. + +\vspace{1cm} + +\emph{ExtIPA} = \emph{ExtIPA Symbols for Disordered Speech} + +\emph{VoQS} = \emph{Voice Quality Symbols} + +\PSG{} = \emph{Phonetic Symbol Guide} \citep{PSG:II} + +\emph{Handbook} = \emph{Handbook of the International Phonetic + Association} \citep{Handbook} + +\emph{Principles} = \emph{Principles of the International Phonetic + Association} \citep{Principles} + +\emph{JIPA} = \emph{Journal of the International Phonetic Association} + +\emph{IE} Indo-European + +\emph{OHG} Old High German + +\emph{OCS} Old Church Slavic + + +\newpage +\section{Vowels and Consonants}\label{list:symbols} + +\begingroup +\setlength\parindent{0pt} + +\medskip + +\ipaitem{a}{Lower-case A}% + {open front unrounded vowel}% + {a}{}{\ipaall}{'141} + +\ipxitem{\textrhooka}{Right-hook A}% + {}% + {\tbs textrhooka}{}{\PSG}{'040} + +\ipaitem{\textturna}{Turned A}% + {near-open central vowel}% + {\tbs textturna}{5}{\ipaall}{'065} + +\ipaitem{\textscripta}{Script A}% + {open back unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textscripta}{A}{\ipaall}{'101} + +\ipaitem{\textturnscripta}{Turned script A}% + {open back rounded vowel}% + {\tbs textturnscripta}{6}{\ipaall}{'066} + +\ipxitem{\textinvscripta}{Inverted script A}% + {}% + {\tbs textinvscripta}{}{\PSG}{'041} + +\ipaitem{\ae}{Ash}% + {near-open front unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs ae}{}{\ipaall}{'346} + +\ipxitem{\textaolig}{A-O ligature }% + {}% + {\tbs textaolig}{}{\PSG}{'042} + +\ipaitem{\textsca}{Small capital A\footnotemark}% + {*open central unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textsca}{\tbs;A}{\PSG}{'300}% + \footnotetext{This symbol is fairly common among Chinese + phoneticians.} + +\ipxitem{\textlhookfour}{Left-hook four }% + {}% + {\tbs textlhookfour}{}{\PSG}{'043} + +\ipxitem{\textinvsca}{Inverted small capital A }% + {}% + {\tbs textinvsca}{}{\PSG}{'160} + +\ipxitem{\textscaolig}{Small capital A-O ligature }% + {}% + {\tbs textscaolig}{}{\PSG}{'161} + +\ipaitem{\textturnv}{Turned V\footnotemark}% + {open-mid back unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textturnv}{2}{\ipaall}{'062}% + \footnotetext{In a previous version of \PSG{} this symbol was + called `Inverted V' but it was apparently a mistake.} + +\ipxitem{\textscdelta}{Small capital delta }% + {}% + {\tbs textscdelta}{}{\PSG}{'162} + +\ipaitem{b}{Lower-case B}% + {voiced bilabial plosive}% + {b}{}{\ipaall}{'142} + +\ipaitem{\textcrb}{Crossed B}% + {}% + {\tbs textcrb}{}{\PSG}{'240} + +\ipaitem{\textbarb}{Barred B}% + {}% + {\tbs textbarb}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textsoftsign}{Soft sign}% + {*as in \emph{OCS} ogn\textsoftsign{} `fire'.}% + {\tbs textsoftsign}{}{\PSG}{'272} + +\ipaitem{\texthardsign}{Hard sign}% + {*as in \emph{OCS} grad\texthardsign{} `town'.}% + {\tbs texthardsign}{}{\PSG}{'273} + +\ipaitem{\texthtb}{Hooktop B}% + {voiced bilabial implosive}% + {\tbs texthtb}{\tbs!b}{\ipaall}{'341} + +\ipaitem{\textscb}{Small capital B}% + {voiced bilabial trill}% + {\tbs textscb}{\tbs;B}{\ipanew}{'340} + +\ipaitem{\textbeta}{Beta}% + {voiced bilabial fricative}% + {\tbs textbeta}{B}{\ipaall}{'102} + +\ipaitem{c}{Lower-case C}% + {voiceless palatal plosive}% + {c}{}{\ipaall}{'143} + +\ipaitem{\textbarc}{Barred C}% + {}% + {\tbs textbarc}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\v{c}}{Wedge C}% + {*equivalent to IPA \textipa{tS}}% + {\TD{v}{c}}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\c{c}}{C Cedilla}% + {voiceless palatal fricative}% + {\TD{c}{c}}{}{\ipaall}{'347} + +\ipaitem{\texthtc}{Hooktop C}% + {voiceless palatal implosive}% + {\tbs texthtc}{}{IPA '89}{'301} + +\ipaitem{\textctc}{Curly-tail C}% + {voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative}% + {\tbs textctc}{C}{\ipaall}{'103} + +\ipaitem{\textstretchc}{Stretched C\footnotemark}% + {postalveolar click}% + {\tbs textstretchc}{}{\ipaold}{'302}% + \footnotetext{The shape of this symbol differs according to the + sources. In \PSG{} and recent articles in \emph{JIPA}, it is + `stretched' toward both the ascender and descender regions and the + whole shape looks like a thick staple. In the old days, however, + it was stretched only toward the descender and the whole shape + looked more like a stretched c, as is shown in the next item + (original form).} + +\ipxitem{\textstretchcvar}{Stretched C (original form) }% + {}% + {\tbs textstretchcvar}{}{\cite{Hottentot}}{'044} + +\ipxitem{\textctstretchc}{Curly-tail stretched C }% + {}% + {\tbs textctstretchc}{}{\PSG}{'045} + +\ipxitem{\textctstretchcvar}{Curly-tail stretched C (original form) }% + {}% + {\tbs textctstretchcvar}{}{\cite{Hottentot}}{'046} + +\ipaitem{d}{Lower-case D}% + {voiced dental or alveolar plosive}% + {d}{}{\ipaall}{'144} + +\ipaitem{\textcrd}{Crossed D}% + {}% + {\tbs textcrd}{}{\PSG}{'241} + +\ipaitem{\textbard}{Barred D}% + {}% + {\tbs textbard}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipxitem{\textfrhookd}{Front-hook D }% + {}% + {\tbs textfrhookd}{}{\PSG}{'047} + +\ipxitem{\textfrhookdvar}{Front-hook D (Original)\footnotemark}% + {}% + {\tbs textfrhookdvar}{}{}{'050}% + \footnotetext{This shape is used by \cite{Jones:Phoneme}.} + +\ipaitem{\texthtd}{Hooktop D}% + {voiced dental or alveolar implosive}% + {\tbs texthtd}{\tbs!d}{\ipaall}{'342} + +\ipaitem{\textrtaild}{Right-tail D}% + {voiced retroflex plosive}% + {\tbs textrtaild}{\tbs:d}{\ipaall}{'343} + +\ipaitem{\texthtrtaild}{Hooktop right-tail D }% + {voiced retroflex implosive}% + {\tbs texthtrtaild}{}{\PSG, \Handbook}{'243} + +\ipaitem{\textctd}{Curly-tail D}% + {*voiced alveolo-palatal plosive}% + {\tbs textctd}{}{}{'242} + +\ipxitem{\textdblig}{D-B ligature }% + {}% + {\tbs textdblig}{}{\PSG}{'051} + +\ipaitem{\textdzlig}{D-Z ligature}% + {}% + {\tbs textdzlig}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textdctzlig}{D-Curly-tail Z ligature}% + {}% + {\tbs textdctzlig}{}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textdyoghlig}{D-Yogh ligature}% + {voiced postalveolar affricate}% + {\tbs textdyoghlig}{}{\ipaall}{'303} + +\ipaitem{\textctdctzlig}{Curly-tail D-Curly-tail Z ligature}% + {}% + {\tbs textctdctzlig}{}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\dh}{Eth}% + {voiced dental fricative}% + {\tbs dh}{D}{\ipaall}{'104} + +\ipaitem{e}{Lower-case E}% + {close-mid front unrounded vowel}% + {e}{}{\ipaall}{'145} + +\ipxitem{\textrhooke}{Right-hook E }% + {}% + {\tbs textrhooke}{}{\PSG}{'052} + +\ipaitem{\textschwa}{Schwa}% + {mid central vowel}% + {\tbs textschwa}{@}{\ipaall}{'100} + +\ipaitem{\textrhookschwa}{Right-hook schwa}% + {r-colored \textschwa}% + {\tbs textrhookschwa}{}{\ipaold}{'304} + +\ipaitem{\textreve}{Reversed E}% + {close-mid central unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textreve}{9}{\ipaall}{'071} + +\ipaitem{\textsce}{Small capital E}% + {}% + {\tbs textsce}{\tbs;E}{\PSG}{'244} + +\ipaitem{\textepsilon}{Epsilon}% + {open-mid front unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textepsilon}{E}{\ipaall}{'105} + +\ipxitem{\textrhookepsilon}{Right-hook epsilon }% + {}% + {\tbs textrhookepsilon}{}{\PSG}{'053} + +\ipaitem{\textcloseepsilon}{Closed epsilon\footnotemark}% + {(obsolete) open-mid central rounded vowel}% + {\tbs textcloseepsilon}{}{IPA '93}{'305}% + \footnotetext{In the 1993 version of IPA, this symbol was used as + the symbol for the open-mid central rounded vowel. However, in the + 1996 version, this symbol was replaced by Closed reversed epsilon, + i.e., \textcloserevepsilon. In fact, it was a typographical error, as + was anounced in \citet[p.\ 48]{IPA:Preview}.} + +\ipaitem{\textrevepsilon}{Reversed epsilon}% + {open-mid central unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textrevepsilon}{3}{\ipaall}{'063} + +\ipaitem{\textrhookrevepsilon}{Right-hook reversed epsilon}% + {r colored \textrevepsilon}% + {\tbs textrhookrevepsilon}{}{\PSG}{'307} + +\ipaitem{\textcloserevepsilon}{Closed reversed epsilon\footnotemark}% + {open-mid central rounded vowel}% + {\tbs textcloserevepsilon}{}{\Handbook}{'306}% + \footnotetext{See the footnote above.} + +\ipaitem{f}{Lower-case F}% + {voiceless labiodental fricative}% + {f}{}{\ipaall}{'146} + +\ipxitem{\textscf}{Small capital F }% + {}% + {\tbs textscf}{}{\PSG}{'163} + +\ipaitem{g}{Lower-case G}% + {voiced velar plosive}% + {\tbs textscriptg}{g}{\ipaall}{'147} + +\ipaitem{\textbarg}{Barred G}% + {}% + {\tbs textbarg}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textcrg}{Crossed G}% + {}% + {\tbs textcrg}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\texthtg}{Hooktop G}% + {voiced velar implosive}% + {\tbs texthtg}{\tbs!g}{\ipaall}{'344} + +\ipaitem{\textg}{Looptail G}% + {equivalent to \textscriptg}% + {g}{\tbs textg}{}{'245} + +\ipaitem{\textscg}{Small capital G}% + {voiced uvular plosive}% + {\tbs textscg}{\tbs;G}{\ipaall}{'345} + +\ipaitem{\texthtscg}{Hooktop small capital G}% + {voiced uvular implosive}% + {\tbs texthtscg}{\tbs!G}{\ipanew}{'311} + +\ipaitem{\textgamma}{Gamma}% + {voiced velar fricative}% + {\tbs textgamma}{G}{\ipaall}{'107} + +\ipxitem{\textgrgamma}{Greek gamma\footnotemark}% + {}% + {\tbs textgrgamma}{}{\PSG}{'054}% + \footnotetext{It is not my intention to include all the Greek letters + appearing in \PSG. The reason for including this symbol is to + assure typographical consistency with the next two symbols derived from + Greek gamma.} + +\ipxitem{\textfrtailgamma}{Front-tail gamma }% + {}% + {\tbs textfrtailgamma}{}{\PSG}{'055} + +\ipxitem{\textbktailgamma}{Back-tail gamma }% + {}% + {\tbs textbktailgamma}{}{\PSG}{'056} + +\ipaitem{\textbabygamma}{Baby gamma}% + {(obsolete) close-mid back unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textbabygamma}{}{\ipaold}{'310} + +\ipaitem{\textramshorns}{Ram's horns}% + {close-mid back unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textramshorns}{7}{\ipanew}{'067} + +\ipaitem{h}{Lower-case H}% + {voiceless glottal fricative}% + {h}{}{\ipaall}{'150} + +\ipaitem{\texthvlig}{H-V ligature}% + {*as in \emph{Gothic} \texthvlig{}as `what'.}% + {\tbs texthvlig}{}{\PSG}{'377} + +\ipaitem{\textcrh}{Crossed H\footnotemark}% + {voiceless pharyngeal fricative}% + {\tbs textcrh}{}{\ipaall}{'350}% + \footnotetext{In \Handbook, this symbol is called `Barred H'.} + +\ipaitem{\texthth}{Hooktop H}% + {voiced glottal fricative}% + {\tbs texthth}{H}{\ipaall}{'110} + +\ipxitem{\textrtailhth}{Right-tail hooktop H }% + {}% + {\tbs textrtailhth}{}{\PSG}{'057} + +\ipxitem{\textheng}{Heng }% + {}% + {\tbs textheng}{}{\PSG}{'060} + +\ipaitem{\texththeng}{Hooktop heng}% + {simultaneous \textesh\ and x}% + {\tbs texththeng}{}{\ipaall}{'312} + +\ipaitem{\textturnh}{Turned H}% + {voiced labial-palatal approximant}% + {\tbs textturnh}{4}{\ipaall}{'064} + +\ipaitem{\textsch}{Small capital H}% + {voiceless epiglottal fricative}% + {\tbs textsch}{\tbs;H}{\ipanew}{'313} + +\ipaitem{i}{Lower-case I}% + {close front unrounded vowel}% + {i}{}{\ipaall}{'151} + +\ipaitem{\i}{Undotted I}% + {*used in Turkish orthography}% + {\tbs i}{}{\PSG}{'031} + +\ipaitem{\textbari}{Barred I}% + {close central unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textbari}{1}{\ipaall}{'061} + +\ipaitem{\textsci}{Small capital I}% + {near-close near-front unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textsci}{I}{\ipanew}{'111} + +\ipaitem{\textiota}{Iota}% + {(obsolete) near-close near-front unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textiota}{}{\ipaold}{'314} + +\ipxitem{\textlhti}{Left-hooktop I\footnotemark}% + {}% + {\tbs textlhti}{}{}{'061}% + \footnotetext{This symbol is sometimes found instead of + \textlhtlongi\ (next item) in textbooks of Chinese in Japan.} + +\ipaitem{\textlhtlongi}{Left-hooktop Long I\footnotemark}% + {}% + {\tbs textlhtlongi}{}{\PSG}{'246}% + \footnotetext{The two symbols \textlhtlongi{} and \textvibyi{} + are mainly used among Chinese linguists. These + symbols are based on ``det svenska landsm\aa{}lsalfabetet'' and + introduced to China by Bernhard Karlgren. The original shapes of + these symbols were in italic as was always the case with + ``det svenska landsm\aa{}lsalfabetet''. It seems that the Chinese + linguists who wanted to continue to use these symbols in IPA + changed their shapes upright. \PSG's descriptions to the origin of + these symbols are inaccurate.} + +\ipaitem{\textvibyi}{Viby I\footnotemark}% + {}% + {\tbs textvibyi}{}{\PSG}{'247}% + \footnotetext{I call this symbol `Viby I', based on the + following description by Bernhard Karlgren: ``Une voyelle tr\`es + analogue \`a \textvibyi{} se rencontre dans certains dial.\ su\'edois; + on l'appelle `i de Viby'.'' \citep[p.\ 295]{Karlgren}\label{vibyi}} + +\ipaitem{\textraisevibyi}{Raised Viby I}% + {}% + {\tbs textraisevibyi}{}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{j}{Lower-case J}% + {voiced palatal approximant}% + {j}{}{\ipaall}{'152} + +\ipaitem{\j}{Undotted J}% + {}% + {\tbs j}{}{}{'032} + +\ipaitem{\textctj}{Curly-tail J\footnotemark}% + {voiced palatal fricative}% + {\tbs textctj}{J}{\ipanew}{'112}% + \footnotetext{In the official IPA charts of '89 through '96, this symbol + has a dish serif on top of the stem, rather than the normal sloped + serif found in the letter j. I found no reason why it should have + a dish serif here, so I changed it to a normal sloped serif. + The official (?) IPA shape can be used by the \texttt{\tbs textctjvar} + command. (\textctjvar)} + +\ipxitem{\textctjvar}{Curly-tail J (a variety found in 1996 IPA) }% + {same as the above}% + {\tbs textctjvar}{}{\ipanew}{'062} + +\ipaitem{\v{\j}}{Wedge J}% + {*equivalent to IPA \textipa{dZ}}% + {\TD{v}{\tbs j}}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textbardotlessj}{Barred dotless J}% + {voiced palatal plosive}% + {\tbs textbardotlessj}{}{\ipanew}{'351} + +\ipaitem{\textObardotlessj}{Old barred dotless J}% + {voiced palatal plosive}% + {\tbs textObardotlessj}{}{\ipaold}{'315} + +\ipaitem{\texthtbardotlessj}{Hooktop barred dotless J\footnotemark}% + {voiced palatal implosive}% + {\tbs texthtbardotlessj}{\tbs!j}{\Handbook}{'352}% + \footnotetext{In \PSG{} the shape of this symbol slightly + differs. Here I followed the shape found in IPA '89--'96.} + +\ipxitem{\texthtbardotlessjvar}{Hooktop barred dotless J (a variety) }% + {same as the above}% + {\tbs texthtbardotlessjvar}{}{IPA '89--'93, \PSG}{'063} + +\ipaitem{\textscj}{Small capital J}% + {}% + {\tbs textscj}{\tbs;J}{\PSG}{'250} + +\ipaitem{k}{Lower-case K}% + {voiceless velar plosive}% + {k}{}{\ipaall}{'153} + +\ipaitem{\texthtk}{Hooktop K}% + {voiceless velar implosive}% + {\tbs texthtk}{}{IPA '89}{'316} + +\ipaitem{\textturnk}{Turned K}% + {}% + {\tbs textturnk}{\tbs*k}{\PSG}{'251} + +\ipxitem{\textsck}{Small capital K }% + {}% + {\tbs textsck}{}{\PSG}{'164} + +\ipxitem{\textturnsck}{Turned small capital K }% + {}% + {\tbs textturnsck}{}{\PSG}{'165} + +\ipaitem{l}{Lower-case L}% + {alveolar lateral approximant}% + {l}{}{\ipaall}{'154} + +\ipaitem{\textltilde}{L with tilde}% + {}% + {\tbs textltilde}{\tbs|\ttilde l}{\ipaall}{'353} + +\ipaitem{\textbarl}{Barred L}% + {}% + {\tbs textbarl}{}{\PSG}{'252} + +\ipaitem{\textbeltl}{Belted L}% + {voiceless dental or alveolar lateral fricative}% + {\tbs textbeltl}{}{\ipaall}{'354} + +\ipaitem{\textrtaill}{Right-tail L}% + {retroflex lateral approximant}% + {\tbs textrtaill}{\tbs:l}{\ipaall}{'355} + +\ipaitem{\textlyoghlig}{L-Yogh ligature}% + {voiced alveolar lateral fricative}% + {\tbs textlyoghlig}{}{\ipanew}{'320} + +\ipaitem{\textOlyoghlig}{Old L-Yogh ligature}% + {voiced alveolar lateral fricative}% + {\tbs textOlyoghlig}{}{\ipaold}{'255} + +\ipxitem{\textlfishhookrlig}{L-Fish-hook R ligature}% + {alveolar lateral flap}% + {\tbs textlfishhookrlig}{}{}{'111} + +\ipaitem{\textscl}{Small capital L}% + {velar lateral approximant}% + {\tbs textscl}{\tbs;L}{\ipanew}{'317} + +\ipxitem{\textrevscl}{Reversed small capital L }% + {}% + {\tbs textrevscl}{}{\PSG}{'166} + +\ipaitem{\textlambda}{Lambda}% + {}% + {\tbs textlambda}{}{\PSG}{'253} + +\ipaitem{\textcrlambda}{Crossed lambda}% + {}% + {\tbs textcrlambda}{}{\PSG}{'254} + +\ipaitem{m}{Lower-case M}% + {bilabial nasal}% + {m}{}{\ipaall}{'155} + +\ipaitem{\textltailm}{Left-tail M (at right)\footnotemark}% + {labiodental nasal}% + {\tbs textltailm}{M}{\ipaall}{'115}% + \footnotetext{\PSG\ calls this symbol `Meng'.} + +\ipxitem{\texthmlig}{H-M ligature }% + {}% + {\tbs texthmlig}{}{\PSG}{'064} + +\ipaitem{\textturnm}{Turned M}% + {close back unrounded vowel}% + {\tbs textturnm}{W}{\ipaall}{'127} + +\ipaitem{\textturnmrleg}{Turned M, right leg}% + {voiced velar approximant}% + {\tbs textturnmrleg}{}{IPA '79--'93}{'356} + +\ipxitem{\textscm}{Small capital M }% + {}% + {\tbs textscm}{}{\PSG}{'167} + +\ipaitem{n}{Lower-case N}% + {dental or alveolar nasal}% + {n}{}{\ipaall}{'156} + +\ipxitem{\textfrbarn}{Front-bar N\footnotemark}% + {}% + {\tbs textfrbarn}{}{\PSG}{'065}% + \footnotetext{This shape is based on \PSG\ (p.~119). However, its + original shape looks a little different. Here I simply followed + the shape found in \PSG\ because in its source \citep{Trager} the + shape of this symbol is unclear (typewritten, modified by handwriting).} + +\ipxitem{\textnrleg}{N, right leg\footnotemark}% + {}% + {\tbs textnrleg}{}{IPA '49}{'066}% + \footnotetext{In \PSG, this symbol is called `Long-Leg N'.} + +\ipaitem{\~n}{N with tilde}% + {}% + {\tbs\ttilde n}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textltailn}{Left-tail N (at left)}% + {palatal nasal}% + {\tbs textltailn}{}{\ipaall}{'361} + +\ipaitem{\ng}{Eng}% + {velar nasal}% + {\tbs ng}{N}{\ipaall}{'116} + +\ipaitem{\textrtailn}{Right-tail N}% + {retroflex nasal}% + {\tbs textrtailn}{\tbs:n}{\ipaall}{'357} + +\ipaitem{\textctn}{Curly-tail N}% + {*alveolo-palatal nasal}% + {\tbs textctn}{}{}{'256} + +\ipaitem{\textscn}{Small capital N}% + {uvular nasal}% + {\tbs textscn}{\tbs;N}{\ipaall}{'360} + +\ipaitem{o}{Lower-case O}% + {close-mid back rounded vowel}% + {o}{}{\ipaall}{'157} + +\ipxitem{\textfemale}{Female sign }% + {}% + {\tbs textfemale}{}{\PSG}{'067} + +\ipxitem{\textuncrfemale}{Uncrossed female sign }% + {}% + {\tbs textuncrfemale}{}{\PSG}{'070} + +\ipaitem{\textbullseye}{Bull's eye\footnotemark}% + {bilabial click}% + {\tbs textbullseye}{\tbs!o}{IPA '93, '96}{'362}% + \footnotetext{In \PSG\ this name is spelled `Bullseye'.} + +\ipxitem{\textObullseye}{Bull's eye (an old version) }% + {bilabial click}% + {\tbs textObullseye}{}{IPA '79, '89}{'071} + +\ipaitem{\textbaro}{Barred O}% + {close-mid central rounded vowel}% + {\tbs textbaro}{8}{\ipaall}{'070} + +\ipaitem{\o}{Slashed O}% + {close-mid front rounded vowel}% + {\tbs o}{}{\ipaall}{'370} + +\ipaitem{\oe}{O-E ligature}% + {open-mid front rounded vowel}% + {\tbs oe}{}{\ipaall}{'367} + +\ipaitem{\textscoelig}{Small capital O-E ligature}% + {open front rounded vowel}% + {\tbs textscoelig}{\tbs OE}{IPA '79--'96}{'327} + +\ipaitem{\textopeno}{Open O}% + {open-mid back rounded vowel}% + {\tbs textopeno}{O}{\ipaall}{'117} + +\ipxitem{\textrhookopeno}{Right-hook open O }% + {}% + {\tbs textrhookopeno}{}{\PSG}{'072} + +\ipaitem{\textturncelig}{Turned C (Open O)-E ligature}% + {}% + {\tbs textturncelig}{}{\PSG}{'257} + +\ipaitem{\textomega}{Omega}% + {}% + {\tbs textomega}{}{\PSG}{'260} + +\ipxitem{\textinvomega}{Inverted omega }% + {}% + {\tbs textinvomega}{}{\PSG}{'073} + +\ipaitem{\textcloseomega}{Closed omega}% + {(obsolete) near-close near-back rounded vowel}% + {\tbs textcloseomega}{}{\ipaold}{'321} + +\ipaitem{\textscomega}{Small capital omega}% + {}% + {\tbs textscomega}{}{\PSG}{'261} + +\ipaitem{p}{Lower-case P}% + {voiceless bilabial plosive}% + {p}{}{\ipaall}{'160} + +\ipaitem{\texthtp}{Hooktop P}% + {voiceless bilabial implosive}% + {\tbs texthtp}{}{IPA '89}{'322} + +\ipxitem{\textlhookp}{Left-hook P }% + {}% + {\tbs textlhookp}{}{\PSG}{'074} + +\ipxitem{\textscp}{Small capital P }% + {}% + {\tbs textscp}{}{\PSG}{'170} + +\ipaitem{\textwynn}{Wynn}% + {*labiovelar approximant}% + {\tbs textwynn}{}{Old English}{'337} + +\ipaitem{\textthorn}{Thorn}% + {*interdental fricative}% + {\tbs textthorn}{\tbs th}{Old English}{'376} + +\ipxitem{\textthornvari}{A variety of thorn (1) }% + {}% + {\tbs textthornvari}{}{\PSG}{'120} + +\ipxitem{\textthornvarii}{A variety of thorn (2) }% + {}% + {\tbs textthornvarii}{}{\PSG}{'121} + +\ipxitem{\textthornvariii}{A variety of thorn (3) }% + {}% + {\tbs textthornvariii}{}{\PSG}{'122} + +\ipxitem{\textthornvariv}{A variety of thorn (4) }% + {}% + {\tbs textthornvariv}{}{\PSG}{'123} + +\ipaitem{\textphi}{Phi}% + {voiceless bilabial fricative}% + {\tbs textphi}{F}{\ipaall}{'106} + +\ipaitem{q}{Lower-case Q}% + {voiceless uvular plosive}% + {q}{}{\ipaall}{'161} + +\ipaitem{\texthtq}{Hooktop Q}% + {voiceless uvular implosive}% + {\tbs texthtq}{}{IPA '89}{'323} + +\ipxitem{\textqplig}{Q-P ligature }% + {}% + {\tbs textqplig}{}{\PSG}{'075} + +\ipxitem{\textscq}{Small capital Q\footnotemark}% + {*voiceless pharyngeal plosive}% + {\tbs textscq}{\tbs;Q}{}{'171}% + \footnotetext{Suggested by Prof S. Tsuchida for Austronesian + languages in Taiwan. In \PSG{} `Female Sign' and `Uncrossed Female + Sign'(pp.~110--111) are noted for pharyngeal stops, as proposed by + Trager (1964). Also, I'm not sure about the difference between an + epiglottal plosive and a pharyngeal stop.} + +\ipaitem{r}{Lower-case R}% + {alveolar trill}% + {r}{}{\ipaall}{'162} + +\ipaitem{\textfishhookr}{Fish-hook R}% + {alveolar tap or flap}% + {\tbs textfishhookr}{R}{\ipaall}{'122} + +\ipaitem{\textlonglegr}{Long-leg R}% + {alveolar fricative trill}% + {\tbs textlonglegr}{}{\ipaold}{'324} + +\ipaitem{\textrtailr}{Right-tail R}% + {retroflex tap or flap}% + {\tbs textrtailr}{\tbs:r}{\ipaall}{'363} + +\ipaitem{\textturnr}{Turned R}% + {alveolar approximant}% + {\tbs textturnr}{\tbs*r}{\ipaall}{'364} + +\ipaitem{\textturnrrtail}{Turned R, right tail}% + {retroflex approximant}% + {\tbs textturnrrtail}{\tbs:R}{\ipaall}{'365} + +\ipaitem{\textturnlonglegr}{Turned long-leg R}% + {alveolar lateral flap}% + {\tbs textturnlonglegr}{}{\ipaall}{'325} + +\ipaitem{\textscr}{Small capital R}% + {uvular trill}% + {\tbs textscr}{\tbs;R}{\ipaall}{'366} + +\ipxitem{\textrevscr}{Reversed small capital R }% + {}% + {\tbs textrevscr}{}{\PSG}{'172} + +\ipaitem{\textinvscr}{Inverted small capital R}% + {voiced uvular fricative}% + {\tbs textinvscr}{K}{\ipaall}{'113} + +\ipaitem{s}{Lower-case S}% + {voiceless alveolar fricative}% + {s}{}{\ipaall}{'163} + +\ipaitem{\v{s}}{Wedge S}% + {*equivalent to IPA \textesh}% + {\TD{v}{s}}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textrtails}{Right-tail S (at left)}% + {voiceless retroflex fricative}% + {\tbs textrtails}{\tbs:s}{\ipaall}{'371} + +\ipaitem{\textesh}{Esh}% + {voiceless postalveolar fricative}% + {\tbs textesh}{S}{\ipaall}{'123} + +\ipaitem{\textdoublebaresh}{Double-barred esh}% + {}% + {\tbs textdoublebaresh}{}{\cite{Hottentot}, \PSG}{Macro} + +\ipxitem{\textlooptoprevesh}{Reversed esh with top loop }% + {}% + {\tbs textlooptoprevesh}{}{IPA '49}{'076} + +\ipaitem{\textctesh}{Curly-tail esh}% + {palatalized \textesh}% + {\tbs textctesh}{}{\ipaold}{'262} + +\ipaitem{t}{Lower-case T}% + {voiceless dental or alveolar plosive}% + {t}{}{\ipaall}{'164} + +\ipxitem{\textfrhookt}{Front-hook T }% + {}% + {\tbs textfrhookt}{}{\PSG}{'077} + +\ipaitem{\textlhookt}{Left-hook T}% + {palatalized t}% + {\tbs textlhookt}{}{\PSG}{'263} + +\ipaitem{\textrtailt}{Right-tail T}% + {voiceless retroflex plosive}% + {\tbs textrtailt}{\tbs:t}{\ipaall}{'372} + +\ipaitem{\texthtt}{Hooktop T}% + {voiceless dental or alveolar implosive}% + {\tbs texthtt}{}{IPA '89}{'326} + +\ipaitem{\textturnt}{Turned T}% + {dental click}% + {\tbs textturnt}{\tbs*t}{\ipaold}{'330} + +\ipxitem{\textctturnt}{Curly-tail turned T }% + {}% + {\tbs textctturnt}{}{\cite{Hottentot}, \PSG}{'100} + +\ipaitem{\textctt}{Curly-tail T}% + {*voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive}% + {\tbs textctt}{}{}{'264} + +\ipaitem{\texttctclig}{T-Curly-tail C ligature}% + {}% + {\tbs texttctclig}{}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textcttctclig}{Curly-tail T-Curly-tail C ligature}% + {}% + {\tbs textcttctclig}{}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\texttslig}{T-S ligature}% + {}% + {\tbs texttslig}{}{\ipaold}{'265} + +\ipaitem{\textteshlig}{T-Esh ligature}% + {voiceless postalveolar affricate}% + {\tbs textteshlig}{}{\ipaall}{'331} + +\ipaitem{\texttheta}{Theta}% + {voiceless dental fricative}% + {\tbs texttheta}{T}{\ipaall}{'124} + +\ipaitem{u}{Lower-case U}% + {close back rounded vowel}% + {u}{}{\ipaall}{'165} + +\ipaitem{\textbaru}{Barred U}% + {close central rounded vowel}% + {\tbs textbaru}{0}{\ipaall}{'060} + +\ipaitem{\textupsilon}{Upsilon}% + {near-close near-back rounded vowel}% + {\tbs textupsilon}{U}{\ipanew}{'125} + +\ipaitem{\textscu}{Small capital U}% + {*equivalent to IPA \textupsilon}% + {\tbs textscu}{\tbs;U}{\ipaall}{'366} + +\ipxitem{\textturnscu}{Turned small capital U }% + {}% + {\tbs textturnscu}{}{\PSG}{'173} + +\ipaitem{v}{Lower-case V}% + {voiced labiodental fricative}% + {v}{}{\ipaall}{'166} + +\ipaitem{\textscriptv}{Script V\footnotemark}% + {voiced labiodental approximant}% + {\tbs textscriptv}{V}{\ipaall}{'126}% + \footnotetext{In \Handbook, this symbols is called `Cursive V'.} + +\ipaitem{w}{Lower-case W}% + {voiced labio-velar approximant}% + {w}{}{\ipaall}{'167} + +\ipaitem{\textturnw}{Turned W}% + {voiceless labio-velar fricative}% + {\tbs textturnw}{\tbs*w}{\ipaall}{'373} + +\ipaitem{x}{Lower-case X}% + {voiceless velar fricative}% + {x}{}{\ipaall}{'170} + +\ipaitem{\textchi}{Chi}% + {voiceless uvular fricative}% + {\tbs textchi}{X}{\ipaall}{'130} + +\ipaitem{y}{Lower-case Y}% + {close front rounded vowel}% + {y}{}{\ipaall}{'171} + +\ipaitem{\textturny}{Turned Y}% + {palatal lateral approximant}% + {\tbs textturny}{L}{\ipaall}{'114} + +\ipaitem{\textscy}{Small capital Y}% + {near-close near-front rounded vowel}% + {\tbs textscy}{Y}{\ipaall}{'131} + +\ipaitem{\textlhtlongy}{Left-hooktop long Y\footnotemark\ }% + {}% + {\tbs textlhtlongy}{}{\PSG}{'266}% + \footnotetext{See explanations in footnote~\ref{vibyi}.} + +\ipaitem{\textvibyy}{Viby Y\footnotemark}% + {}% + {\tbs textvibyy}{}{\PSG}{'267}% + \footnotetext{See explanations in footnote~\ref{vibyi}.} + +\ipaitem{z}{Lower-case Z}% + {voiced alveolar fricative}% + {z}{}{\ipaall}{'172} + +\ipaitem{\textcommatailz}{Comma-tail Z}% + {*as in \emph{OHG} \"e\textcommatailz\textcommatailz an `to eat'.}% + {\tbs textcommatailz}{}{OHG, \PSG}{'336} + +\ipaitem{\v{z}}{Wedge Z}% + {*equivalent to IPA \textyogh}% + {\TD{v}{z}}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textctz}{Curly-tail Z}% + {voiced alveolo-palatal fricative}% + {\tbs textctz}{}{\ipaall}{'375} + +\ipaitem{\textrtailz}{Right-tail Z}% + {voiced retroflex fricative}% + {\tbs textrtailz}{\tbs:z}{\ipaall}{'374} + +\ipaitem{\textcrtwo}{Crossed two}% + {}% + {\tbs textcrtwo}{}{IPA '49}{Macro} + +\ipxitem{\textturntwo}{Turned two }% + {}% + {\tbs textturntwo}{}{IPA '49}{'101} + +\ipaitem{\textyogh}{Yogh\footnotemark}% + {voiced postalveolar fricative}% + {\tbs textyogh}{Z}{\ipaall}{'132}% + \footnotetext{In \Handbook, this symbols is called `Ezh'.} + +\ipxitem{\textbenttailyogh}{Bent-tail yogh }% + {}% + {\tbs textbenttailyogh}{}{IPA '49}{'102} + +\ipaitem{\textctyogh}{Curly-tail yogh}% + {palatalized \textyogh}% + {\tbs textctyogh}{}{\ipaold}{'270} + +\ipaitem{\textrevyogh}{Reversed yogh}% + {}% + {\tbs textrevyogh}{}{\PSG}{'271} + +\ipxitem{\textturnthree}{Turned three }% + {}% + {\tbs textturnthree}{}{IPA '49}{'103} + +\ipaitem{\textglotstop}{Glottal stop}% + {glottal plosive}% + {\tbs textglotstop}{P}{\ipaall}{'120} + +\ipxitem{\textglotstopvari}{A variety of glottal stop (1) }% + {}% + {\tbs textglotstopvari}{}{\PSG}{'124} + +\ipxitem{\textglotstopvarii}{A variety of glottal stop (2) }% + {}% + {\tbs textglotstopvarii}{}{\PSG}{'125} + +\ipxitem{\textglotstopvariii}{A variety of glottal stop (3) }% + {}% + {\tbs textglotstopvariii}{}{\PSG}{'126} + +\ipaitem{\textraiseglotstop}{Superscript glottal stop}% + {}% + {\tbs textraiseglotstop}{}{}{'274} + +\ipaitem{\textbarglotstop}{Barred glottal stop}% + {epiglottal plosive}% + {\tbs textbarglotstop}{}{\ipanew}{'334} + +\ipaitem{\textinvglotstop}{Inverted glottal stop}% + {alveolar lateral click}% + {\tbs textinvglotstop}{}{\ipaold}{'333} + +\ipaitem{\textcrinvglotstop}{Crossed inverted glottal stop}% + {}% + {\tbs textcrinvglotstop}{}{IPA '49}{Macro} + +\ipxitem{\textctinvglotstop}{Curly-tail inverted glottal stop }% + {}% + {\tbs textctinvglotstop}{}{\cite{Hottentot}, \PSG}{'104} + +\ipxitem{\textturnglotstop}{Turned glottal stop (PSG 1996:211) }% + {}% + {\tbs textturnglotstop}{}{\PSG}{'105} + +\ipaitem{\textrevglotstop}{Reversed glottal stop}% + {voiced pharyngeal fricative}% + {\tbs textrevglotstop}{Q}{\ipaall}{'121} + +\ipaitem{\textbarrevglotstop}{Barred reversed glottal stop}% + {voiced epiglottal fricative}% + {\tbs textbarrevglotstop}{}{\ipanew}{'335} + +\ipaitem{\textpipe}{Pipe}% + {dental click}% + {\tbs textpipe}{|}{\ipanew}{'174} + +\ipxitem{\textpipevar}{Pipe (a variety with no descender) }% + {dental click}% + {\tbs textpipevar}{}{\PSG}{'106} + +\ipaitem{\textdoublebarpipe}{Double-barred pipe}% + {palatoalveolar click}% + {\tbs textdoublebarpipe}{}{\ipanew}{'175} + +\ipxitem{\textdoublebarpipevar}{Double-barred pipe (a variety with no descender) }% + {same as the above}% + {\tbs textdoublebarpipevar}{}{\PSG}{'110} + +\ipaitem{\textdoublebarslash}{Double-barred slash}% + {*a variant of \textdoublebarpipe}% + {\tbs textdoublebarslash}{}{\PSG}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textdoublepipe}{Double pipe}% + {alveolar lateral click}% + {\tbs textdoublepipe}{||}{\ipanew}{'177} + +\ipxitem{\textdoublepipevar}{Double pipe (a variety with no descender) }% + {same as the above}% + {\tbs textdoublepipevar}{}{\PSG}{'107} + +\ipaitem{!}{Exclamation point}% + {(post)alveolar click}% + {!}{}{\ipanew}{'041} + + +\section{Suprasegmentals} + +\ipaitem{\textprimstress}{Vertical stroke (Superior)}% + {primary stress}% + {\tbs textprimstress}{"}{\ipaall}{'042} + +\ipaitem{\textsecstress}{Vertical stroke (Inferior)}% + {secondary stress}% + {\tbs textsecstress}{""}{\ipaall}{'177} + +\ipaitem{\textlengthmark}{Length mark}% + {long}% + {\tbs textlengthmark}{:}{\ipaall}{'072} + +\ipaitem{\texthalflength}{Half-length mark}% + {half-long}% + {\tbs texthalflength}{;}{\ipaall}{'073} + +\ipaitem{\textvertline}{Vertical line}% + {minor (foot) group}% + {\tbs textvertline}{}{\ipanew}{'222} + +\ipaitem{\textdoublevertline}{Double vertical line}% + {major (intonation) group}% + {\tbs textdoublevertline}{}{\ipanew}{'223} + +\ipaitem{\textbottomtiebar{ }}{Bottom tie bar}% + {linking (absence of a break)}% + {\tbs textbottomtiebar}{\tbs t*\TT{}}{\ipanew}{'074} + \label{bottomtiebar} + +\ipaitem{\textdownstep}{Down arrow\footnotemark}% + {downstep}% + {\tbs textdownstep}{}{\ipanew}{'224}% + \footnotetext{The shapes of \tbs\texttt{textdownstep} and + \tbs\texttt{textupstep} differ according to sources. Here I followed + the shapes found in the recent IPA charts.} + +\ipaitem{\textupstep}{Up arrow}% + {upstep}% + {\tbs textupstep}{}{\ipanew}{'225} + +\ipaitem{\textglobfall}{Downward diagonal arrow}% + {global fall}% + {\tbs textglobfall}{}{\ipanew}{'226} + +\ipaitem{\textglobrise}{Upward diagonal arrow}% + {global rise}% + {\tbs textglobrise}{}{\ipanew}{'227} + +\ipxitem{\textspleftarrow}{Superscript left arrow }% + {}% + {\tbs textspleftarrow}{}{\PSG, p.~243}{'005} + +\ipxitem{\textdownfullarrow}{Down full arrow }% + {ingressive airflow}% + {\tbs textdownfullarrow}{}{ExtIPA, \Handbook}{'007} + +\ipxitem{\textupfullarrow}{Up full arrow }% + {egressive airflow}% + {\tbs textupfullarrow}{}{ExtIPA, \Handbook}{'010} + +\ipxitem{\textsubrightarrow}{Subscript right arrow }% + {sliding articulation}% + {\tbs textsubrightarrow}{}{ExtIPA}{'011} + +\ipxitem{\textsubdoublearrow}{Subscript double arrow }% + {labial spreading}% + {\tbs textsubdoublearrow}{}{ExtIPA}{'012} + + +\subsection{Tone letters} + +The tones illustrated here are only a representative sample of what is +possible. For more details see section~\ref{sec:tone}. + +\bigskip + +\ipaitem{\tone{55}}{Extra high tone}% + {}% + {\TD{tone}{55}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\tone{44}}{High tone}% + {}% + {\TD{tone}{44}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\tone{33}}{Mid tone}% + {}% + {\TD{tone}{33}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\tone{22}}{Low tone}% + {}% + {\TD{tone}{22}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\tone{11}}{Extra low tone}% + {}% + {\TD{tone}{11}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\tone{51}}{Falling tone}% + {}% + {\TD{tone}{51}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\tone{15}}{Rising tone}% + {}% + {\TD{tone}{15}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\tone{45}}{High rising tone}% + {}% + {\TD{tone}{45}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\tone{12}}{Low rising tone}% + {}% + {\TD{tone}{12}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\tone{454}}{High rising falling tone}% + {}% + {\TD{tone}{454}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro} + + +\subsection{Diacritical Tone Marks} + +Some symbols included in the next section are also used as diacritical +tone marks. + +\bigskip + +\ipaitem{\texthighrise{a}}{Macron plus acute accent}% + {high rising tone}% + {\TD{texthighrise}{a}}{}{\ipanew}{'230} + +\ipaitem{\textlowrise{a}}{Grave accent plus macron}% + {low rising tone}% + {\TD{textlowrise}{a}}{}{\ipanew}{'231} + +\ipaitem{\textrisefall{a}}{Grave plus acute plus grave accent}% + {rising-falling tone}% + {\TD{textrisefall}{a}}{}{\ipanew}{'232} + +\ipaitem{\textfallrise{a}}{Acute plus grave plus acute accent}% + {falling-rising tone}% + {\TD{textfallrise}{a}}{}{}{'233} + + +\section{Accents and Diacritics}\label{list:diacritics} + +\ipaitem{\`e}{Grave accent}% + {low tone}% + {\tbs`e}{}{\ipaall}{'000} + +\ipaitem{\'e}{Acute accent}% + {high tone}% + {\tbs'e}{}{\ipaall}{'001} + +\ipaitem{\^e}{Circumflex accent}% + {falling tone}% + {\tbs\tcircum e}{}{\ipaall}{'002} + +\ipaitem{\~e}{Tilde}% + {nasalized}% + {\tbs\ttilde e}{}{\ipaall}{'003} + +\ipaitem{\"e}{Umlaut}% + {centralized}% + {\tbs"e}{}{\ipaall}{'004} + +\ipaitem{\H{e}}{Double acute accent}% + {extra high tone}% + {\TD{H}{e}}{}{\ipanew}{'005} + +\ipaitem{\r{e}}{Ring}% + {}% + {\TD{r}{e}}{}{}{'006} + +\ipaitem{\v{e}}{Wedge}% + {rising tone}% + {\TD{v}{e}}{}{\ipaall}{'007} + +\ipaitem{\u{e}}{Breve}% + {extra short}% + {\TD{u}{e}}{}{\ipaall}{'010} + +\ipaitem{\=e}{Macron}% + {mid tone}% + {\tbs=e}{}{}{'011} + +\ipaitem{\.e}{Dot}% + {}% + {\tbs.e}{}{}{'012} + +\ipaitem{\c{e}}{Cedilla}% + {}% + {\TD{c}{e}}{}{}{'013} + +\ipaitem{\textpolhook{e}}{Polish hook (Ogonek accent)}% + {}% + {\TD{textpolhook}{e}}{\TD{k}{e}}{}{'014} + +\ipxitem{\textrevpolhook{o}}{Reversed Polish hook }% + {}% + {\TD{textrevpolhook}{o}}{}{\PSG, p.~129}{'000} + +\ipaitem{\textdoublegrave{e}}{Double grave accent}% + {extra low tone}% + {\TD{textdoublegrave}{e}}{\tbs H*e}{\ipanew}{'015} + +\ipaitem{\textsubgrave{e}}{Subscript grave accent}% + {low falling tone}% + {\TD{textsubgrave}{e}}{\tbs`*e}{\ipaold}{'016} + +\ipaitem{\textsubacute{e}}{Subscript acute accent}% + {low rising tone}% + {\TD{textsubacute}{e}}{\tbs'*e}{\ipaold}{'017} + +\ipaitem{\textsubcircum{e}}{Subscript circumflex accent}% + {}% + {\TD{textsubcircum}{e}}{\tbs\tcircum*e}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textroundcap{g}}{Round cap}% + {}% + {\TD{textroundcap}{g}}{\tbs|c\TT{g}}{}{'020} + +\ipaitem{\textacutemacron{a}}{Acute accent with macron}% + {}% + {\tbs textacutemacron\TT{a}}{\tbs'=a}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textgravemacron{a}}{Grave accent with macron}% + {}% + {\tbs textgravemacron\TT{a}}{}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textvbaraccent{a}}{Vertical bar accent}% + {}% + {\tbs textvbaraccent\TT{a}}{}{}{'234} + +\ipaitem{\textdoublevbaraccent{a}}{Double vertical bar accent}% + {}% + {\tbs textdoublevbaraccent\TT{a}}{}{}{'235} + +\ipaitem{\textgravedot{e}}{Grave dot accent}% + {}% + {\TD{textgravedot}{e}}{\tbs`.e}{}{'236} + +\ipaitem{\textdotacute{e}}{Dot acute accent}% + {}% + {\TD{textdotacute}{e}}{\tbs'.e}{}{'237} + +\ipaitem{\textcircumdot{a}}{Circumflex dot accent}% + {}% + {\TD{textcircumdot}{a}}{\tbs\tcircum.a}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\texttildedot{a}}{Tilde dot accent}% + {}% + {\TD{texttildedot}{a}}{\tbs \ttilde.a}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textbrevemacron{a}}{Breve macron accent}% + {}% + {\TD{textbrevemacron}{a}}{\tbs u=a}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textringmacron{a}}{Ring macron accent}% + {}% + {\TD{textringmacron}{a}}{\tbs r=a}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textacutewedge{s}}{Acute wedge accent}% + {}% + {\TD{textacutewedge}{s}}{\tbs v's}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textdotbreve{a}}{Dot breve accent}% + {}% + {\TD{textdotbreve}{a}}{}{}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\textsubbridge{t}}{Subscript bridge}% + {dental}% + {\TD{textsubbridge}{t}}{\tbs|[t}{\ipaall}{'021} + +\ipaitem{\textinvsubbridge{d}}{Inverted subscript bridge}% + {apical}% + {\TD{textinvsubbridge}{d}}{\tbs|]t}{\ipanew}{'022} + +\ipaitem{\textsubsquare{n}}{Subscript square}% + {laminal}% + {\TD{textsubsquare}{n}}{}{\ipanew}{'023} + +\ipaitem{\textsubrhalfring{o}}{Subscript right half-ring\footnotemark}% + {more rounded}% + {\TD{textsubrhalfring}{o}}{\tbs|)o}{\ipaall}{'024}% + \footnotetext{Diacritics {\tt\tbs textsubrhalfring} and + {\tt\tbs textsublhalfring} can be placed after a symbol by inputting, + for example, {\tt[e\tbs textsubrhalfring\tbi\tbii]} + \textipa{[e\textsubrhalfring{}]}.} + +\ipaitem{\textsublhalfring{o}}{Subscript left half-ring}% + {less rounded}% + {\TD{textsublhalfring}{o}}{\tbs|(o}{\ipaall}{'025} + +\ipaitem{\textsubw{k}}{Subscript W}% + {labialized}% + {\TD{textsubw}{k}}{\tbs|w\TT{k}}{IPA '79}{'026} + +\ipaitem{\textoverw{g}}{Over W}% + {*labialized}% + {\TD{textoverw}{g}}{}{}{'026} + +\ipaitem{\textseagull{t}}{Subscript seagull}% + {linguolabial}% + {\TD{textseagull}{t}}{\tbs|m\TT{t}}{\ipanew}{'027} + +\ipaitem{\textovercross{e}}{Over-cross}% + {mid-centralized}% + {\TD{textovercross}{e}}{\tbs|x\TT{e}}{\ipaall}{'030} + +\ipaitem{\textsubplus{\textopeno}}{Subscript plus\footnotemark}% + {advanced}% + {\TD{textsubplus}{\tbs textopeno}}{\tbs|+O}{\ipaall}{'033}% + \footnotetext{The diacritics such as + {\tt\tbs textsubplus}, {\tt\tbs textraising}, {\tt\tbs textlowering} + {\tt\tbs textadvancing} and {\tt\tbs textretracting} + can be placed after a symbol by inputting + {\tt[e\tbs textsubplus\tbi\tbii]} \textipa{[e\textsubplus{}]}, + for example. } + +\ipaitem{\textraising{\textepsilon}}{Raising sign}% + {raised}% + {\TD{textraising}{\tbs textepsilon}}{\tbs|'E}{\ipaall}{'034} + +\ipaitem{\textlowering{e}}{Lowering sign}% + {lowered}% + {\TD{textlowering}{e}}{\tbs|`e}{\ipaall}{'035} + +\ipaitem{\textadvancing{u}}{Advancing sign}% + {advanced tongue root}% + {\TD{textadvancing}{u}}{\tbs|<u}{\ipaall}{'036} + +\ipaitem{\textretracting{\textschwa}}{Retracting sign}% + {retracted tongue root}% + {\TD{textretracting}{\tbs textschwa}}{\tbs|>@}{\ipaall}{'037} + +\ipaitem{\textsubtilde{e}}{Subscript tilde}% + {creaky voiced}% + {\TD{textsubtilde}{e}}{\tbs\ttilde*e}{\ipanew}{'003} + +\ipaitem{\textsubumlaut{e}}{Subscript umlaut}% + {breathy voiced}% + {\TD{textsubumlaut}{e}}{\tbs"*e}{IPA '79, '89, '93}{'004} + +\ipaitem{\textsubring{u}}{Subscript ring}% + {voiceless}% + {\TD{textsubring}{u}}{\tbs r*u}{\ipaall}{'006} + +\ipaitem{\textsubwedge{e}}{Subscript wedge}% + {voiced}% + {\TD{textsubwedge}{e}}{\tbs v*e}{\ipaall}{'007} + +\ipaitem{\textsubbar{e}}{Subscript bar}% + {retracted}% + {\TD{textsubbar}{e}}{\tbs=*e}{\ipaall}{'011} + +\ipaitem{\textsubdot{e}}{Subscript dot}% + {*retroflex}% + {\TD{textsubdot}{e}}{\tbs.*e}{}{'012} + +\ipaitem{\textsubarch{e}}{Subscript arch}% + {non-syllabic}% + {\TD{textsubarch}{e}}{}{}{'020} + +\ipaitem{\textsyllabic{m}}{Syllabicity mark}% + {syllabic}% + {\TD{textsyllabic}{m}}{\TD{s}{m}}{\ipaall}{'042} + +\ipaitem{\textsuperimposetilde{t}}{Superimposed tilde}% + {velarized or pharyngealized}% + {\TD{textsuperimposetilde}% + {t}}{\tbs|\ttilde\TT{t}}{\ipaall}{'046} + +\ipaitem{t\textcorner}{Corner}% + {no audible release}% + {t\tbs textcorner}{}{\ipanew}{'136} + +\ipaitem{t\textopencorner}{Open corner}% + {*release/burst}% + {t\tbs textopencorner}{}{}{'137} + +\ipaitem{\textschwa\textrhoticity}{Rhoticity}% + {rhoticity}% + {\tbs textschwa\tbs textrhoticity}{}{\ipanew}{'176} + +\ipaitem{b\textceltpal}{Celtic palatalization mark}% + {*as in \emph{Irish} b\textceltpal an `woman'.}% + {b\tbs textceltpal}{}{}{'040} + +\ipaitem{k\textlptr}{Left pointer}% + {}% + {k\tbs textlptr}{}{}{'275} + +\ipaitem{k\textrptr}{Right pointer}% + {}% + {k\tbs textrptr}{}{}{'276} + +\ipxitem{p\textrectangle}{Rectangle\footnotemark}% + {*equivalent to IPA \textcorner\ (Corner)}% + {p\tbs textrectangle}{}{}{'004}% + \footnotetext{This symbol is used among Japanese linguists as a + diacritical symbol indicating no audible release (IPA \textcorner), + because the symbol \textcorner{} is used to indicate pitch accent in + Japanese.} + +\ipxitem{\textretractingvar}{Retracting sign (a variety) }% + {}% + {\tbs textretractingvar}{}{IPA '49}{'006} + +\ipaitem{\texttoptiebar{gb}}{Top tie bar}% + {affricates and double articulations}% + {\TD{texttoptiebar}{gb}}{\TD{t}{gb}}{}{'076} + +\hspace*{2em}\emph{See} page~\pageref{bottomtiebar} for `Bottom tie bar'. +\par\bigskip + +\ipaitem{'}{Apostrophe}% + {ejective}% + {'}{}{\ipaall}{'047} + +\ipaitem{\textrevapostrophe}{Reversed apostrophe}% + {(obsolete) week aspiration}% + {\tbs textrevapostrophe}{}{\ipaold}{'134} + +\ipaitem{.}{Period}% + {syllable break as in [\textturnr{}i.\ae{}kt]}% + {.}{}{\ipanew}{'056} + +\ipaitem{\texthooktop}{Hooktop}% + {}% + {\tbs texthooktop}{}{}{'043} + +\ipaitem{\textrthook}{Right hook}% + {}% + {\tbs textrthook}{}{}{'044} + +\ipxitem{\textrthooklong}{Right hook (long) }% + {}% + {\tbs textrthooklong}{}{}{'001} + +\ipaitem{\textpalhook}{Palatalization hook}% + {}% + {\tbs textpalhook}{}{}{'045} + +\ipxitem{\textpalhooklong}{Palatalization hook (long) }% + {}% + {\tbs textpalhooklong}{}{}{'002} + +\ipxitem{\textpalhookvar}{Palatalization hook (a variety) }% + {}% + {\tbs textpalhookvar}{}{}{'003} + +\ipaitem{p\super{h}}{Superscript H}% + {aspirated}% + {p\TD{textsuperscript}{h}}{p\tbs super h}{\ipaall}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{k\super{w}}{Superscript W}% + {labialized}% + {k\TD{textsuperscript}{w}}{k\tbs super w}{\ipaall}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{t\super{j}}{Superscript J}% + {palatalized}% + {t\TD{textsuperscript}{j}}{t\tbs super j}{\ipaall}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{t\super{\textgamma}}{Superscript gamma}% + {velarized}% + {t\TD{textsuperscript}{\tbs textgamma}}{t\tbs super G}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{d\super{\textrevglotstop}}{Superscript reversed glottal stop}% + {pharyngealized}% + {d\TD{textsuperscript}{\tbs textrevglotstop}}{d\tbs super Q}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{d\super{n}}{Superscript N}% + {nasal release}% + {d\TD{textsuperscript}{n}}{d\tbs super n}{\ipanew}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{d\super{l}}{Superscript L}% + {lateral release}% + {d\TD{textsuperscript}{l}}{d\tbs super l}{\ipanew}{Macro} + + + +\section{Diacritics for ExtIPA, VoQS} + +In order to use diacritics listed in this section, it is necessary to +specify the option `\texttt{extra}' at the preamble (See the section +entitled ``Other options'' on section~\ref{sec:otheroptions}). Note +also that some of the diacritics are defined by using symbols from +fonts other than \tipa{} so that they may not look quite satisfactory +and/or may not be slanted (e.g. \verb|\whistle{s}| \whistle{s}). + +\bigskip + +\ipxitem{\spreadlips{s}}{Subscript double arrow}% + {*labial spreading}% + {\TD{spreadlips}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{'011} + +\ipaitem{\overbridge{v}}{Overbridge}% + {*dentolabial}% + {\TD{overbridge}{v}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\bibridge{n}}{Bibridge}% + {*interdental/bidental}% + {\TD{bibridge}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\subdoublebar{t}}{Subscript double bar}% + {*alveolar}% + {\TD{subdoublebar}{t}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\subdoublevert{f}}{Subscript double vertical line}% + {*strong articulation}% + {\TD{subdoublevert}{f}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\subcorner{v}}{Subscript corner}% + {*weak articulation}% + {\TD{subcorner}{v}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\whistle{s}}{Up arrow}% + {*whistled articulation}% + {\TD{whistle}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipxitem{\sliding{Ts}}{Subscript right arrow}% + {*sliding articulation}% + {\TD{sliding}{\TD{textipa}{Ts}}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{'012} + +\ipaitem{\crtilde{m}}{Crossed tilde}% + {*denasal}% + {\TD{crtilde}{m}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\dottedtilde{a}}{Dotted tilde}% + {*nasal escape}% + {\TD{dottedtilde}{a}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\doubletilde{s}}{Double tilde}% + {*velopharyngeal friction}% + {\TD{doubletilde}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\partvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis plus ring}% + {*partial voiceless}% + {\TD{partvoiceless}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\inipartvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis plus ring}% + {*initial partial voiceless}% + {\TD{inipartvoiceless}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\finpartvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis plus ring}% + {*final partial voiceless}% + {\TD{finpartvoiceless}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\partvoice{s}}{Parenthesis plus subwedge}% + {*partial voicing}% + {\TD{partvoice}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\inipartvoice{s}}{Parenthesis plus subwedge}% + {*initial partial voicing}% + {\TD{inipartvoice}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\finpartvoice{s}}{Parenthesis plus subwedge}% + {*final partial voicing}% + {\TD{finpartvoice}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro} + +\ipaitem{\sublptr{\*J}}{Subscript left pointer}% + {*right offset jaw voice}% + {\TD{sublptr}{J}}{}{VoQS '94}{'275} + +\ipaitem{\subrptr{\*J}}{Subscript right pointer}% + {*left offset jaw voice}% + {\TD{subrptr}{J}}{}{VoQS '94}{'276} + +\endgroup % end of \setlength\parindent{0pt} + +\endgroup % end of \raggedbottom + +\endinput + +%%% Local Variables: +%%% mode: latex +%%% TeX-master: "tipaman" +%%% End: |