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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex.html
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
+<html>
+<head><title>e-TeX reference site</title>
+</HEAD><BODY>
+<H1>The e-T<sub><big>E</big></sub>X Reference Site</H1>
+Welcome to the <a href="#etex-orthography">e-TeX<sup>1</sup></a>
+reference site: e-TeX V1.1 (the first production release) is now available for
+general access; please read the document describing the
+<a href="legal.html">legal status of e-TeX</a> before proceeding further.
+A brief description of the functionality provided by e-TeX may be found in the
+on-line <a href="etex_ref.html#NewFeatures">Reference Manual</a>.
+<p>
+The following resources are intended to be of use to e-TeX implementors, but
+may be of interest to anyone considering using e-TeX; they be accessed directly
+from the hyperlinks on this page, via
+<a href="ftp://vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/">ftp</a>
+(<code>ftp://vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/</code>), or via NFS using the pseudo-URL:
+<code>nfs://vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/disk36/export/anonymous/e-TeX</code>.
+<ul>
+<li><a href="etex_ref.html">
+ The e-TeX reference manual</a>, abridged version
+ (<code>etex_ref.html</code>)
+<li><a href="etex.ch">
+ The master e-TeX change file</a>
+ (<code>etex.ch</code>)
+<li><a href="etex_gen.tex">
+ Instructions for building e-TeX</a>
+ (<code>etex_gen.tex</code>)
+<li><a href="webmerge.tex">WebMerge</a>,
+ Peter Breitenlohner's program for merging changefiles
+ (<code>webmerge.tex</code>)
+<li><a href="xbmc10.mf">MetaFont source</a>,
+ needed for TeX--XeT logo
+ (<code>xbmc10.mf</code>)
+<li><a href="etex_gen.zip">A zip file</a>,
+ containing all of the above
+ (<code>etex_gen.zip</code>)
+</ul>
+
+The e-TeX team recommend that e-TeX be configured such that the command by
+which it is invoked be the same as the default name for the format to be used.
+Since it is expected that most sites will choose to install e-TeX so that it
+can be invoked with the command "etex", we provide a source file which can be
+used to build the "etex" format (an analogous "elatex" source file will be
+provided in due course, ideally in collaboration with the
+<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/CTAN/latex/latex3.html">LaTeX3 team</a>).
+A few adjunct source files, required or optionally used by the "etex" source
+file, are also supplied:
+<ul>
+<li><a href="src/etex.src">
+ The "etex" format source</a>
+ (<code>etex.src</code>)
+<li><a href="src/beta/etex.src">Beta-test "etex" format source</a>,
+ allows for single-read O/S's
+ (<code>etex.src</code>)
+<li><a href="src/etex_src.html">
+ The manual for the "etex" format source</a>
+ (<code>etex_src.html</code>)
+<li><a href="src/etexdefs.lib">e-TeX library file</a>
+ containing symbolic names for e-TeX's constants
+ (<code>etexdefs.lib</code>)
+<li><a href="src/examples/language.def">
+ Example language definition file</a>
+ (<code>language.def</code>)
+<li><a href="etex_src.zip">A zip file</a>,
+ containing all of the above
+ (<code>etex_src.zip</code>)
+</ul>
+
+A reference implementation, developed by
+<a href="mailto:spieler@linac.ikp.physik.th-darmstadt.de">Christian Spieler</a>
+for VAX/VMS and AXP/VMS, is also provided, to which
+<a href="mailto:knappen@vkpmzd.kph.uni-mainz.de">J&ouml;rg Knappen</a>
+has recently contributed a modified "weave" changefile and a RUNOFF file
+containing the source for a VMS HELP library for e-TeX:
+<ul>
+<li><a href="vms/makeetex.com">
+ DCL procedure for creating VMS e-TeX</a>
+ (<code>makeetex.com</code>)
+<li><a href="vms/makeetex.tex">TeX steering file</a>,
+ produces VMS e-TeX changefile from component changefiles
+ (<code>makeetex.tex</code>)
+<li><a href="vms/tex_vms.ch">
+ Christian Spieler's change file for VMS TeX</a>
+ (<code>tex_vms.ch</code>)
+<li><a href="vms/etex_vms.ech">
+ Christian Spieler's ancilliary change file for VMS e-TeX</a>
+ (<code>etex_vms.ech</code>)
+<li><a href="vms/etex_cli.cld">
+ The internal CLD file used by VMS e-TeX</a>
+ (<code>etex_cli.cld</code>)
+<li><a href="vms/weave.ch">
+ J&ouml;rg Knappen's modified "weave" changefile</a>
+ (<code>weave.ch</code>)
+<li><a href="vms/etex.rnh">
+ J&ouml;rg Knappen's RUNOFF source file for VMS HELP on e-TeX</a>
+ (<code>etex.rnh</code>)
+<li><a href="etex_vms.zip">
+ A zip file containing all of the above</a>
+ (<code>etex_vms.zip</code>)
+</ul>
+
+A further reference implementation (PubliC e-TeX, a.k.a. "pubtex" and "dos-tp")
+by <a href="mailto:peb@mppmu.mpg.de">Peter Breitenlohner</a>
+for MS/DOS is also available:
+<ul>
+<li><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/dos-tp/README">
+ the README file</a>
+ (<code>README</code>)
+<li><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/dos-tp/">
+ the directory root</a>
+ (<code>ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/dos-tp/</code>)
+</ul>
+
+An e-TeX implementation must be validated by performing the
+<a href="etrip.zip">e-TRIP</a> test
+(the e-TeX equivalent of Knuth's <a href="knuth/tripman.tex">TRIP</a> test).
+The components of the e-TRIP suite are as follows:
+<ul>
+<li><a href="trip/etripman.tex">Manual for the e-TRIP test</a>
+ <code>(etripman.tex)</code>
+<li><a href="trip/etrip.tex">Source file for the e-TRIP test</a>
+ <code>(etrip.tex)</code>
+<li><a href="trip/etrip.pl">Property-list file for the e-TRIP font</a>
+ <code>(etrip.pl)</code>
+<li><a href="trip/etripin.log">
+ Log file for the e-TRIP test format-creation run</a>
+ <code>(etripin.log)</code>
+<li><a href="trip/etrip.log">Log file for the e-TRIP test</a>
+ <code>(etrip.log)</code>
+<li><a href="trip/etrip.fot">
+ "Photo" (terminal log) file for the e-TRIP test</a>
+ <code>(etrip.fot)</code>
+<li><a href="etrip.zip">A ZIP file</a>,
+ containing all of the above
+ <code>(<code>etrip.zip</code>)</code>
+</ul>
+
+Finally we provide the definitive (Knuthian) TeX and Trip files:
+<ul>
+<li><a href="knuth/tripman.tex">Manual for the TRIP test</a>
+ <code>(tripman.tex)</code>
+<li><a href="knuth/trip.tex">Source file for the TRIP test</a>
+ <code>(trip.tex)</code>
+<li><a href="knuth/trip.pl">Property-list file for the TRIP font</a>
+ <code>(trip.pl)</code>
+<li><a href="knuth/tripin.log">
+ Log file for the TRIP test format-creation run</a>
+ <code>(tripin.log)</code>
+<li><a href="knuth/trip.log">Log file for the TRIP test</a>
+ <code>(trip.log)</code>
+<li><a href="knuth/trip.fot">
+ "Photo" (terminal log) file for the TRIP test</a>
+ <code>(trip.fot)</code>
+<li><a href="knuth/trip.typ">DVItype output for the TRIP test</a>
+ <code>(trip.typ)</code>
+<li><a href="knuth/tripos.tex">I/O file from the TRIP test</a>
+ <code>(tripos.tex)</code>
+<li><a href="knuth/tex.web">Source of TeX-the-program</a>
+ <code>(tex.web)</code>
+<li><a href="knuth/texbook.tex">Source of <em>The TeXbook</em></a>
+ <code>(texbook.tex)</code>
+<li><a href="knuth/glue.web">Fixed-point arithmetic for TeX</a>
+ <code>(glue.web)</code>
+<li><a href="knuth.zip">A zip file</a>,
+ containing all of the above
+ <code>(knuth.zip)</code>
+</ul>
+
+Any problems encountered when using e-TeX which cannot be replicated
+when using a TRIP-validated implementation of TeX should be reported to
+<a href="mailto:etex-support@vms.rhbnc.ac.uk">the e-TeX team</a>,
+and accompanied by sufficient information to enable the scenario
+to be reproduced at another site; the exact version and implementation
+of e-TeX should of course be specified.
+<hr>
+<h4><a name="etex-orthography">[1]</a>
+ The orthography of e-T<sub><big>E</big></sub>X
+</h4>
+The e-TeX team request that wherever e-TeX is referred to in text, it be
+represented by the use of its (e-)TeX logo (<code>$\varepsilon$-\TeX</code>),
+by the nearest HTML equivalent
+(<code>e-T&lt;sub&gt;&lt;big&gt;E&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;X</code>), or if
+all else fails, by the simple ASCII string "e-TeX". However, bearing in mind
+(a)&nbsp;<a
+href="ftp://ftp.dl.ac.uk/src/backupa/Documents/Standards/iso/9660/">
+the current
+ISO standard for CD-ROMs</a>
+(which precludes the use of a hyphen in filenames), and (b)&nbsp;the problems
+of moving files between case-sensitive (e.g.&nbsp;Unix) and case-insensitive
+(e.g.&nbsp;VMS, MS/DOS) operating systems, it is strongly recommended that
+wherever "e-TeX" occurs in the context of a filename, logical name, DCL symbol
+or analogous construct it be spelled (a)&nbsp;without the hyphen, and
+(b)&nbsp;entirely in lower case. It is further recommended that the component
+"etex" of such a name be separated from any subsequent component(s) by an
+underscore, unless this would (in the case of a filename) cause it
+to exceed the MS/DOS limit of 8+3 characters in which case the
+underscore should be omitted. Similar considerations may also
+be taken into account when constructing logical names, DCL symbols, etc,
+although the upper bound will then be system-dependent.
+<hr>
+Please notify any errors in this document to
+<a href="http://www.vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/~chaa006/">its creator</a>;<br>
+Last updated: 7-JUL-1997 17:23:32 /PT.<br>
+<FORM METHOD="POST" ACTION="http://www.webtechs.com/cgi-bin/html-check.pl">
+<INPUT NAME="recommended" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden">
+<INPUT NAME="level" VALUE="Wilbur" TYPE="hidden">
+<INPUT NAME="input" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden">
+<INPUT NAME="esis" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden">
+<INPUT NAME="render" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden">
+<a href="http://ugweb.cs.ualberta.ca/~gerald/validate
+ /?url=http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/">
+<img src="/www/logos/valid_html3_2.gif" alt="HTML 3.2 Checked!">
+</a>
+<INPUT NAME="URLs"
+ VALUE="http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/"
+ TYPE="hidden"
+>
+<INPUT TYPE="image" SRC="/www/logos/valid_html_wilbur.gif">
+</FORM>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_gen.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_gen.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..795aaf36884
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_gen.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+% etex_gen.tex --- How to generate e-TeX --- last modified 22 Oct 1996
+
+\font\eighttt= cmtt8
+\font\eightrm= cmr8
+\font\rtitlefont= cmr7 scaled\magstep5
+\font\ititlefont= cmmi7 scaled\magstep5
+\def\titlefont{\rtitlefont \textfont1=\ititlefont}
+\def\eTeX{$\varepsilon$-\TeX}
+\def\NTS{NTS}
+\let\mc=\eightrm
+\rm
+\let\mainfont=\tenrm
+
+\def\.#1{\hbox{\tt#1}}
+\def\\#1{\hbox{\it#1\/\hskip.05em}} % italic type for identifiers
+
+\parskip 2pt plus 1pt
+\baselineskip 12pt plus .25pt
+
+\output{\shipout\box255\global\advance\pageno by 1} % for the title page only
+\null
+\vfill
+\centerline{\titlefont How to generate \eTeX}
+\vskip 6pt
+\centerline{({\sl Version 1, October 1996\/})}
+\vskip 18pt
+\centerline{by The \NTS\ Team}
+\vskip 6pt
+\centerline{Peter Breitenlohner, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik, M\"unchen}
+\vskip 6pt
+\centerline{Philip Taylor, RHBNC, University of London}
+\vfill
+\centerline{\vbox{\hsize 4in
+\noindent Given an implementaion of \TeX82 for a particular system, this
+report describes how to generate a corresponding implementation of
+\eTeX.}}
+\vskip 24pt
+{\baselineskip 9pt
+\eightrm\noindent
+The preparation of this report was supported in part by DANTE,
+Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung \TeX\ e.V.\hfil\break
+`\TeX' is a trademark of the American Mathematical Society.
+
+}\pageno=0\eject
+
+\output{\shipout\vbox{ % for subsequent pages
+ \baselineskip0pt\lineskip0pt
+ \hbox to\hsize{\strut
+ \ifodd\pageno \hfil\eightrm\firstmark\hfil
+ \mainfont\the\pageno
+ \else\mainfont\the\pageno\hfil
+ \eightrm\firstmark\hfil\fi}
+ \vskip 10pt
+ \box255}
+ \global\advance\pageno by 1}
+\let\runninghead=\mark
+\outer\def\section#1.{\noindent{\bf#1.}\quad
+ \runninghead{\uppercase{#1} }\ignorespaces}
+
+\section Introduction.
+Let us first review the process of generating an implementation of
+\TeX82 for a particular system from the source files as, e.g., described
+in the \.{WEB} manual [1]. The system independent source file
+\.{tex.web} must remain unmodified. All changes to \.{tex.web}
+necessary for a particular operating system and\slash or compiler are to
+be collected in a system dependent change file, typically named
+\.{tex.ch}. Both files \.{tex.web} and \.{tex.ch} are effectively
+merged when input by the \.{WEB} system programs \.{WEAVE} and
+\.{TANGLE}. When \.{WEAVE} processes this merged input, a file
+\.{tex.tex} is produced. Further processing by \TeX\ yields a `pretty
+printed' version of the input together with an index.
+
+When \.{TANGLE} processes the merged input, a string pool file
+\.{tex.pool} and a Pascal file \.{tex.pas} (or similar) are produced.
+The Pascal file can then be further processed by a suitable compiler
+and\slash or language converter such as \.{web2c}, and eventually yields
+an executable program.
+
+There are actually three versions of the program: First there is
+\.{INITEX} with its capability to initialize all of \TeX's tables and to
+write them in compact form to a format file. Next there is the
+production version \.{VIRTEX} requiring a format file as input. Finally
+there is \.{TRIPTEX}, a version of \.{INITEX} with special values for
+some of \TeX's parameters, for the \.{TRIP} test [2] that should be used
+to validate a \TeX\ implementation. Depending on the capabilities of
+the compiler, these three versions of the program are generated from
+three slightly different change files or they are generated from one
+change file with different compiler options. They might even be one and
+the same executable program used with different run time options.
+
+\vskip 24pt plus 24pt
+\section Generating \eTeX.
+The process of generating \eTeX\ is essentially the same as that of
+generating \TeX\ as described above. Conceptually there is a system
+independent source file \.{etex.web} and a system dependent change file
+\.{etex.sys}. Processing these two files by \.{TANGLE} yields a string
+pool file \.{etex.pool} as well as a Pascal file \.{etex.pas}, whilst
+processing by \.{WEAVE} produces a \TeX\ source file, \.{etex.tex}.
+
+It may, however, be necessary to increase some of the constants defined
+in \.{TANGLE} and \.{WEAVE}. The following values should suffice in
+most cases:
+$$
+\vcenter{\halign{$#$\hfil\qquad&#\hfil\cr
+\\{max\_bytes}\times\\{ww}=100~000&\.{TANGLE} and \.{WEAVE}\cr
+\\{max\_texts}=2~500&\.{TANGLE} and \.{WEAVE}\cr
+\\{max\_toks}\times\\{zz}=180~000&\.{TANGLE}\cr
+\\{max\_names}=5~000&\.{TANGLE}\cr
+\\{max\_scraps}=3~000&\.{WEAVE}\cr
+\\{stack\_size}=300&\.{WEAVE}\cr
+}}
+$$
+
+The source file \.{etex.web} for \eTeX\ does not, however, exist as a
+physical file. It is the hypothetical file obtained by applying the
+changes in the actual source file \.{etex.ch} to \.{tex.web}. Thus
+\.{etex.web} inherits the bulk of code from \.{tex.web}, whilst the
+system independent source file \.{etex.ch} for \eTeX\ defines the
+differences between \.{etex.web} and \.{tex.web}. In order to generate
+an implementation of \eTeX\ two change files have to be applied to
+\.{tex.web}, one after the other (the actual file names may differ):
+$$
+\vcenter{\halign{#\hfil&\qquad\.{#}\hfil&\qquad#\hfil\cr
+0.&tex.web&system independent \.{WEB} source for \TeX\cr
+1.&etex.ch&system independent changes for \eTeX\cr
+2.&etex.sys&system dependent changes for \eTeX\cr
+}}
+$$
+
+The process of merging several change files into \.{tex.web} should
+certainly not be performed by hand. There are programs such as \.{TIE}
+and \.{PATCHWEB} that perform this process automatically. If no such
+program is available, a \TeX\ program \.{WEBMERGE} can be used.
+\.{WEBMERGE} reads \.{tex.web} and up to nine change files and produces
+a merged change file that can then be processed, together with
+\.{tex.web}, by \.{TANGLE} and \.{WEAVE}. [On systems such as VMS, use
+of \.{WEBMERGE} can leave a large number of temporary files
+lying around; this can be avoided by setting a version limit (e.g.~1) on any
+existing versions of those files, or by setting a version limit on the
+directory in which they will be created. On other systems, it will probably
+leave one large temporary file.]
+
+Every implementor of \eTeX\ is responsible for creating and maintaining
+a suitable \.{etex.sys} in the same way as every implementor of \TeX\
+is responsible for creating and maintaining \.{tex.ch}. Since the bulk
+of code in \.{etex.web} is identical to that in \.{tex.web} the bulk of
+the system dependent changes in \.{etex.sys} for a particular system
+will be identical to those in \.{tex.ch} for the same system. In the
+following we try to give some hints where \.{etex.sys} for a particular
+system might deviate from the corresponding \.{tex.ch}.
+
+First, it might be necessary to increase the size of \TeX's string pool
+in order to accommodate \eTeX's additional strings (message texts as
+well as multi-letter control sequences). If this turns out to be
+necessary for \eTeX\ it would certainly not be harmful to do it for
+\TeX\ as well. \TeX\ and \eTeX\ use three constants related to the
+string pool: \\{max\_strings} the maximal number of strings,
+\\{pool\_size} the maximal number of string characters, and
+\\{string\_vacancies} the minimal number of available string characters
+in addition to those occupied by strings from the pool file. It is,
+therefore, sufficient to increase \\{pool\_size} (or reduce
+\\{string\_vacancies}) by the number of \eTeX's additional string
+characters and to increase \\{max\_strings} by the number of \eTeX's
+additional strings. The later will, however, be unnecessary for most
+implementations as \\{max\_strings} is usually increased substantially
+beyond its standard value in order to accommodate large \TeX\ macro
+packages.
+
+For Version~1 of \eTeX, there are less than 100 additional strings with
+less that 1000 additional string characters. The precise numbers can be
+obtained by running \.{POOLTYPE} on \TeX's and \eTeX's pool files
+(\.{POOLTYPE} reports the total number of strings and string characters
+in a pool file).
+
+Next, \.{etex.sys} may contain a system dependent modification of the
+\\{eTeX\_banner} string. The modified \\{eTeX\_banner} string must
+contain `\.{e-TeX}' as well as the \eTeX\ version number. Note,
+however, that the \\{banner} string modified by \.{tex.ch} will not be
+referenced by \eTeX\ unless the implementor intentionally changes that
+aspect of \eTeX's functionality: therefore \.{etex.sys} can modify the
+\\{banner} string in the same way as does \.{tex.ch}.
+
+Then, \.{etex.sys} might deviate from \.{tex.ch} in order to use a
+different pool file name and\slash or format file extension (see below).
+
+Finally, \.{etex.sys} will necessarily deviate whenever \.{etex.ch}
+and \.{tex.ch} try to change the same piece of \.{WEB} code or when the
+system independent \eTeX\ changes from \.{etex.ch} and the system
+dependent \TeX\ changes from \.{tex.ch} interfere in some other way. In
+case of any such interference implementors must first of all determine
+how to combine the respective changes from \.{etex.ch} and \.{tex.ch}
+in order to obtain \eTeX's functionality for a particular system.
+Obviously, this process cannot be automated since it requires human
+insight.
+
+The \NTS\ team has tried to formulate \.{etex.ch} such that
+interferences with system dependent change files \.{tex.ch} are
+unlikely. Suggestions by implementors how any remaining such
+interferences could be avoided by a reformulation of \.{etex.ch} will
+be taken under serious consideration. Such interferences can be further
+reduced by reformulating the system dependent change file \.{tex.ch} for
+\TeX, e.g.\ by reducing the range of change entries from entire modules
+to the pieces of code that are actually changed.
+
+Implementors might prefer to maintain the system dependent change file
+\.{etex.sys} not as a physical file but as a hypothetical file defined
+through its deviation from \.{tex.ch}. If there are no interferences of
+the kind mentioned above, then the effect of applying the changes from
+the hypothetical \.{etex.sys} to the hypothetical \.{etex.web} can be
+achieved by applying 3 change files, one after the other, to \.{tex.web}
+(using some tool such as \.{TIE}, \.{PATCHWEB}, or \.{WEBMERGE}):
+$$
+\vcenter{\halign{#\hfil&\qquad\.{#}\hfil&\qquad#\hfil\cr
+0.&tex.web&system independent \.{WEB} source for \TeX\cr
+1.&etex.ch&system independent changes for \eTeX\cr
+2.&tex.ch&system dependent changes for \TeX\cr
+3.&tex.ech&additional system dependent changes for \eTeX\cr
+}}
+$$
+The third change file \.{tex.ech} will be rather short and contains just
+the differences between \.{etex.sys} and \.{tex.ch}. It is recommended
+that implementors try to remove all interferences between \.{etex.ch}
+and \.{tex.ch} and use this method to generate \eTeX.
+
+As with \TeX\ there are three versions of \eTeX: \.{e-INITEX},
+\.{e-VIRTEX}, and \.{e-TRIPTEX}. Depending on the implementation they
+will again be generated from the three slightly different versions of
+\.{tex.ch} or with different compiler options or they may be one and the
+same program used with different run time options.
+
+\vskip 24pt plus 24pt
+\section \eTeX\ modes.
+In order to ensure maximal compatibility with \TeX, \eTeX\ can run in
+either compatibility mode or extended mode. The possibility of this
+choice is, of course, an extended feature of \eTeX. Once \eTeX\ has
+chosen compatibility mode it is, however, a legitimate implementation of
+\TeX\ (assuming the \TeX\ implementation itself is legitimate). The
+only differences between \eTeX\ in compatibility mode and \TeX\ are
+those allowed by D.E.~Knuth [2] between different implementations of
+\TeX.
+
+An \.{e-TRIP} test suite [3] defines the criteria by which a program can
+qualify to use the name `\eTeX'. Part of the \.{e-TRIP} test consists
+of the standard \.{TRIP} test for \.{e-TRIPTEX} in compatibility and
+extended mode.
+
+\eTeX\ can therefore be used instead of \TeX\ without the necessity to
+maintain both programs. For the case that both programs should
+nevertheless co-exist on a system, it might be a good idea to name the
+pool file for \eTeX\ \.{etex.pool} instead of \.{tex.pool} and to use
+an extension other than \.{.fmt}, e.g., \.{.efmt} for \eTeX\ format
+files. (Format files for \TeX\ and \eTeX\ are incompatible). All this
+will require additional changes in the file \.{tex.ech}.
+
+When \.{INITEX} or \.{VIRTEX} start, they inspect the first non-blank
+character from the command line or in response to the \.{**} prompt.
+This may be an \.{\&} immediately followed by the name of a format file
+to be loaded. Otherwise \.{VIRTEX} loads a default format, whereas
+\.{INITEX} starts without loading a format.
+
+When \.{e-INITEX} or \.{e-VIRTEX} start, they inspect the first
+non-blank character from the command line or in response to the \.{**}
+prompt. This may again be an \.{\&} immediately followed by the name of
+a format file to be loaded; otherwise \.{e-VIRTEX} loads a default
+format. For \.{e-INITEX} the first non-blank character may be an \.{*}
+immediately followed by what would normally be the input for \.{INITEX}
+(without intervening blanks). \.{e-INITEX} enters extended mode in
+response to the \.{*}, or compatibility mode otherwise. This mode is
+recorded in format files produced by \.{e-INITEX} and entered again when
+such a format is loaded (by either \.{e-INITEX} or \.{e-VIRTEX}).
+
+\vskip 24pt plus 24pt
+\section References.
+\item {[1]}
+{\sl The \.{WEB} system of structured documentation\/},
+by Donald E.~Knuth,\hfil\break Stanford Computer Science Report~980.
+
+\item {[2]}
+{\sl A torture test for \TeX\/},
+by Donald E.~Knuth, Stanford Computer Science Report~1027.
+
+\item {[3]}
+{\sl A torture test for \eTeX\/},
+by The \NTS\ Team (Peter Breitenlohner and Bernd Raichle).
+
+\end
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.sty b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.sty
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..94d4245838c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.sty
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+% macros definitions for e-TeX manual
+
+\def\NTS{\leavevmode\hbox{$\cal N\kern-0.35em\lower0.5ex\hbox{$\cal T$}%
+ \kern-0.2emS$}}
+\def\eTeX{\leavevmode\hbox{$\varepsilon$}-\TeX}
+\def\TeXbook{{\sl The \TeX\/book\/}}
+
+\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{cmr}{bxrev}{n}{<-> xbmc10}{} % for right-to-left text
+\DeclareTextFontCommand{\revrm}{\fontseries{bxrev}\fontshape{n}\selectfont}
+
+\ifx\beginL\undefined % this is \TeX
+ \def\XeT{X\kern-.125em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\kern-.1667emT}
+ \def\TeXeT{\TeX-\hbox{\revrm{\XeT}}}
+ \def\TeXXeT{\TeX-\hbox{\revrm{-\XeT}}}
+\else
+ \ifx\eTeXversion\undefined % this is \TeXeT
+ \def\TeXeT{\TeX-\revrm{\beginR\TeX\endR}}
+ \def\TeXXeT{\TeX-\revrm{\beginR\TeX-\endR}}
+ \else % this is \eTeX
+ \def\TeXeT{\TeX-\revrm{\TeXXeTstate=1\beginR\TeX\endR}}
+ \def\TeXXeT{\TeX-\revrm{\TeXXeTstate=1\beginR\TeX-\endR}}
+ \fi
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+
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+\def\>{\/$\rangle$\egroup} % finish syntax quantity
+\def\cstok#1{\leavevmode\thinspace\hbox{\vrule\vtop{\vbox{\hrule\kern1pt
+ \hbox{\vphantom{\tt/}\thinspace{\tt#1}\thinspace}}
+ \kern1pt\hrule}\vrule}\thinspace} % control sequence token
+\def\[#1]{\thinspace{\tt#1}\thinspace} % keyword in syntax
+
+\newenvironment{paramlist}%
+ {\endgraf\parskip=0pt
+ \advance\leftskip by5em \parindent=-2.5em}%
+ {\endgraf}
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+ {\endgraf\nobreak\medskip
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+ \let\par=\endsyntaxline \obeylines}%
+ {\medbreak}
+
+\def\endsyntaxline{\futurelet\next\syntaxswitch}
+\def\syntaxswitch{\ifx\next\<\let\next=\syntaxrule
+ \else\ifx\next\end\let\next=\endgroup
+ \else\let\next=\continuerule\fi\fi \next}
+\def\continuerule{\hfil\break\indent\qquad}
+{\catcode`<=13 \catcode`>=13 \catcode`[=13
+ \global\let<=\< \global\let>=\> \global\let[=\[
+ \gdef\syntaxrule<{\endgraf\indent\<}}
+\def\is{\ $\longrightarrow$ }
+\def\alt{\ $\vert$ }
+\def\more{whatever \TeXbook\ defines}
+\def\ot#1{\|#1|$_{12}$} % an other token
+\def\cs#1{{\tt\char`\\#1}}
+
+\newenvironment{multilist}[2]%
+ {$$\setbox\z@=\hbox\bgroup % catch some funny things -> \mathord
+ \let\a=\empty
+ \let\b=\empty
+ \count@=\z@
+ \toks@={#2}%
+ \def\item##1\cr
+ {\ifnum \count@=\z@
+ \count@=#1%
+ \expandafter\def\expandafter\b\expandafter{\b\y{}}%
+ \fi
+ \advance\count@ by\m@ne
+ \expandafter\def\expandafter\a\expandafter{\a\x{##1}}}%
+ \ignorespaces}%
+ {\loop
+ \ifnum \count@>\z@
+ \expandafter\def\expandafter\a\expandafter{\a\expandafter\z\b\relax}%
+ \advance\count@ by\m@ne
+ \repeat
+ \def\x##1{\expandafter\y\b\relax{##1}}%
+ \def\y\y##1##2\relax##3%
+ {\ifx @##1@%
+ \def\b{##2\y{##3}}%
+ \else
+ \def\b{##2\y{##1&##3}}%
+ \fi}%
+ \def\z\y##1##2\relax{\def\b{##2\y{##1}}}%
+ \a
+ \def\x
+ {\expandafter\egroup\expandafter\halign\expandafter\bgroup
+ \expandafter&\the\toks@\cr}%
+ \def\y##1{\expandafter\def\expandafter\x\expandafter{\x##1\cr}}%
+ \b
+ \x\egroup $$}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7ce0d00110c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,1150 @@
+%&latex % english hyphenation
+
+\documentclass{article}
+
+\usepackage{etex_man}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\begin{center}
+%% {\LARGE Draft, \today}\\[6pt]
+{\huge\bf The \eTeX\ manual}\\[6pt]
+{\sl Version 2, February 1998\/}\\[18pt]
+by The \NTS\ Team\\[6pt]
+Peter Breitenlohner, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik, M\"unchen\\[18pt]
+\small\noindent
+The preparation of this report was supported in part by {\sc Dante},\\
+Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung \TeX\ e.V.\\
+`\TeX' is a trademark of the American Mathematical Society.
+\end{center}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+The \NTS\ project intends to develop an `New Typesetting System' (\NTS)
+that will eventually replace today's \TeX3. The \NTS\ program will
+include many features missing in \TeX, but there will also exist a mode
+of operation that is 100\% compatible with \TeX3. It will, necessarily,
+require quite some time to develop \NTS\ to maturity and make it widely
+available.
+
+Meanwhile \eTeX\ intends to fill the gap between \TeX3 and the future
+\NTS. It consists of a series of features extending the capabilities of
+\TeX3.%
+\footnote{The \TeX3 program; for the moment there are no plans to extend
+the software related to \TeX.}
+
+Since compatibility between \eTeX\ and \TeX3 has been a main concern,
+\eTeX\ has two modes of operation:\\
+(1)~In \TeX\ compatibility mode it fully deserves the name \TeX\ and
+there are neither extended features nor additional primitive commands.
+That means in particular that \eTeX\ passes the \|TRIP| test
+\cite{tripman} without any restriction. There are, however, a few
+minor modifications that would be legitimate in any implementation of
+\TeX.\\
+(2)~In extended mode there are additional primitive commands and the
+extended features of \eTeX\ are available.
+
+We have tried to make \eTeX\ as compatible with \TeX\ as possible
+even in extended mode. In a few cases there are, however, some subtle
+differences described in detail later on. Therefore the \eTeX\ features
+available in extended mode are grouped into two categories:\\
+(1)~Most of them have no semantic effect as long as none of the
+additional primitives are executed; these `extensions' are permanently
+enabled.\\
+(2)~The remaining optional \eTeX\ features (`enhancements') can be
+individually enabled and disabled; initially they are all disabled.
+For each enhancement there is a state variable \|\...state|; an
+enhancement is enabled or disabled by assigning a positive or
+non-positive value respectively to that state variable.
+
+For \eTeX\ Versions~1 and~2 there is just one enhancement: mixed
+direction typesetting (\TeXXeT) with the state variable \|\TeXXeTstate|.
+
+Version~1.1 of \eTeX\ was released in November 1996, Version~2.0 in
+February 1998.
+It is expected that there will be about one \eTeX\ version per year,
+where each later version adds new features. It would be desirable if
+these \eTeX\ versions were incorporated into many of the existing
+implementations of \TeX3 without much delay.
+
+With each \eTeX\ version there will be an \|e-TRIP| test \cite{etripman}
+in order to help to verify that a particular implementation deserves the
+name \eTeX\ in the same way as the \|TRIP| test \cite{tripman} helps to
+verify that an implementation deserves the name \TeX.
+
+\section{Generating \eTeX}
+
+\subsection{Generating the \eTeX\ Program}
+
+An implementation of \TeX\ consists of a WEB change file \|tex.ch|
+containing all system-dependent changes for a particular system. The
+WEB system program \|TANGLE| applies this change file to the
+system-independent file \|tex.web| defining the \TeX\ program in order to
+generate a \TeX\ Pascal file for that system \cite{webman}. Similarly
+an implementation of \eTeX\ consists of a system-dependent change file
+\|etex.sys| to be applied to the system-independent file \|e-tex.web|
+defining the \eTeX\ program. Since \eTeX\ differs from \TeX\ by a
+relatively small fraction of its code \|e-tex.web| does, however, not
+exist as a physical file; it is instead defined in terms of a
+system-independent change file \|e-tex.ch| to be applied to \|tex.web|.
+Similarly it should be possible to define the system-dependent change
+file \|etex.sys| for a particular system in terms of its deviations
+from the corresponding file \|tex.ch| \cite{etexgen}.
+
+\subsection{Generating Format Files for \eTeX}
+
+When (the INITEX or VIRTEX version of) the \TeX\ program is started, it
+analyzes the first non-blank input line from the command line or (with
+the \|**| prompt) from the terminal: The first non-blank character of
+that input line may be an \|&| followed immediately by the name of the
+format to
+be loaded; otherwise VIRTEX uses a default format whereas INITEX starts
+without loading a format file.
+
+For eINITEX (the INITEX version of \eTeX) there is an additional
+possibility: If the first non-blank input character is an \|*|
+(immediately followed what would be the first non-blank input character
+for INITEX), the program starts in extended mode without loading a
+format file. If the first non-blank character is neither \|&| nor \|*|
+then eINITEX starts without loading a format but in compatibility mode.
+Whenever a format file is loaded by eINITEX or eVIRTEX the mode
+(compatibility or extended) is inherited from the format.
+
+It is recommended that the input file \|etex.src| be used instead of
+\|plain.tex| when generating an \eTeX\ format in extended mode. That
+file will first read \|plain.tex| (without reading \|hyphen.tex|) and
+will then supply macro definitions supporting \eTeX\ features.
+
+\section{\eTeX\ Extensions}
+
+\subsection{Compatibility and Extended Mode}
+
+Once \eTeX\ has entered compatibility mode it behaves as any other
+implementation of \TeX. All of \eTeX's additional commands are absent;
+it is therefore impossible to access any of the extensions or
+enhancements. The ability of eINITEX to initially choose between
+compatibility and extended mode is, however, by itself a feature not
+present in any \TeX\ implementation.
+
+The remainder of this document is devoted to a detailed and mostly
+technical description of all aspects where \eTeX\ (in extended mode)
+behaves differently from \TeX. It will be assumed that the reader is
+familiar with \TeXbook\ \cite{texbook} describing \TeX's behaviour in
+quite some detail.
+
+All of \eTeX's extensions and enhancements available in extended mode are
+activated by either executing some new primitive command or by assigning
+a nonzero value to some new integer parameter or state variable. Since
+all these new variables are initially zero,%
+\footnote{To be precise all state variables are zero when eINITEX or eVIRTEX
+is started; integer parameters that are not state variables are zero when
+eINITEX is started without loading a format file or inherited from the
+format file otherwise.}
+\eTeX\ behaves as \TeX\ as long as none of \eTeX's new control sequences
+are used, with the following exceptions which should, however, have
+no effect on the typesetting of error-free \TeX\ documents (produced with
+error-free formats):\\
+(1) When \|\tracingcommands| has a value of~3 or more, or\\
+when \|\tracinglostchars| has a value of~2 or more, \eTeX\ will display
+additional information not available in \TeX.\\
+(2) When using a count, dimen, skip, muskip, box, or token register number
+in the range 256--32767, \eTeX\ will access one of its additional registers
+whereas \TeX\ will produce an error and use register number zero.
+
+\subsection{Optimization}
+
+When a value is assigned to an \<internal quantity> within a save group,
+the former value is restored when the group ends, provided the
+assignment was not global. This is achieved by saving the former value
+on \TeX's `save stack'. \eTeX\ refrains from creating such save stack
+entries when the old and new value are the same (`reassignments').
+
+\|\aftergroup| tokens are also kept on \TeX's save stack. When the
+current group ends, \TeX\ converts each \|\aftergroup| token into a
+token list and inserts this list as new `input level' into the input stack.
+\eTeX\ collects all \|\aftergroup| tokens from one group into one token
+list and thus conserves input levels.
+
+When a completed page is written to the DVI file (shipped out), \TeX\
+multiplies the relevant stretch or shrink components of glue nodes in a
+box by the glue expansion factor of that box and converts the product to
+DVI units. In order to avoid overflow each resulting value $x$ is
+artificially limited to the range $|x|\le10^9$.
+Consider the example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \shipout\vbox to100pt{
+ \hrule width10pt
+ \vskip 0pt plus1000fil
+ \vskip 0pt plus1000fil
+ \vskip 0pt plus-2000fil
+ \hrule
+ \vskip 0pt plus0.00005fil
+ }
+\end{verbatim}
+Here the three glues between the two rules add up to zero; when \TeX\
+converts each stretch component individually they will, however, add up
+to $10^9$ DVI units due to the truncation mentioned above. \eTeX, however,
+accumulates the relevant stretch or shrink components of consecutive
+glue nodes (possibly separated by insert, mark, adjust, kern, and
+penalty nodes) before converting them to DVI units. During this process
+glue nodes may be converted into equivalent kern nodes and some glue
+specifications may be recycled; this may affect the memory usage
+statistics displayed after the page has been shipped out.
+
+\subsection{Tracing and Diagnostics}
+
+When \|\tracingcommands| has a value of~3 or more, the commands
+following a prefix (\|\global|, etc.) are shown as well, e.g.:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \global\count0=0 => {\global}
+ {\count}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+When \|\tracinglostchars| has a value of~2 or more, missing characters
+are displayed on the terminal even if the value of \|\tracingonline| is
+0~or less.
+
+When \|\tracingscantokens| has a value of~1 or more, the opening and
+closing of pseudo-files (generated by \|\scantokens|) is recorded as for
+any other file, with `\verb*| |' as filename.
+
+When the program is compiled with the code for collecting statistics and
+\|\tracingassigns| has a value of~1 or more, all assignments subject to
+\TeX's grouping mechanism are traced, e.g.:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \def\foo{\relax} => {changing \foo=undefined}
+ {into \foo=macro:->\relax }
+ \global\count17=7 => {globally changing \count17=0}
+ {into \count17=7}
+ \count17=7 => {reassigning \count17=7}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+When \|\tracingifs| has a value of~1 or more, all conditionals
+(including \|\unless|, \|\or|, \|\else|, and \|\fi|) are traced, together
+with the starting line and nesting level; the \|\showifs| command displays
+the state of all currently active conditionals. Thus the input
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \unless\iffalse
+ \iffalse
+ \else
+ \showifs
+ \fi
+ \fi
+\end{verbatim}
+might yield
+\begin{verbatim}
+ {\unless\iffalse: (level 1) entered on line 1}
+ {\iffalse: (level 2) entered on line 2}
+ {\else: \iffalse (level 2) entered on line 2}
+ ### level 2: \iffalse\else entered on line 2
+ ### level 1: \unless\iffalse entered on line 1
+ {\fi: \iffalse (level 2) entered on line 2}
+ {\fi: \unless\iffalse (level 1) entered on line 1}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+When \|\tracinggroups| has a value of~1 or more, the start and end of
+each save group is traced, together with the starting line and grouping
+level; the \|\showgroups| command displays the state of all currently
+active save groups. Thus the input
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \begingroup
+ {
+ \showgroups
+ }
+ \endgroup
+\end{verbatim}
+might yield
+\begin{verbatim}
+ {entering semi simple group (level 1) at line 1}
+ {entering simple group (level 2) at line 2}
+ ### simple group (level 2) entered at line 1 ({)
+ ### semi simple group (level 1) entered at line 1 (\begingroup)
+ ### bottom level
+ {leaving simple group (level 2) entered at line 2}
+ {leaving semi simple group (level 1) entered at line 1}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Occasionally conditionals and/or save groups are not properly nested
+with respect to \|\input| files. Although this might be perfectly
+legitimate, such anomalies are mostly unintentional and may cause quite
+obscure errors. When \|\tracingnesting| has a value of~1 or more,
+these anomalies are shown; when \|\tracingnesting| has a value of~2 or more,
+the current context (traceback) is shown as well. Thus the input
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \newlinechar=`\^^J
+ \begingroup
+ \iftrue
+ \scantokens{%
+ \endgroup
+ ^^J\fi
+ ^^J\bgroup
+ ^^\tracingnesting=2
+ ^^J\iffalse
+ ^^J\else
+ }%
+ \egroup
+ \fi
+\end{verbatim}
+might yield%
+\footnote{The \cs{scantokens} command will be discussed later.}
+\begin{verbatim}
+Warning: end of semi simple group (level 1) entered at line 2 of
+ a different file
+Warning: end of \iftrue entered on line 3 of a different file
+Warning: end of file when simple group (level 1) entered at line
+ 3 is incomplete
+Warning: end of file when \iffalse\else entered on line 5 is inc
+omplete
+l.7 \else
+
+l.11 }
+ %
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The command \|\showtokens{|\<token list>\|}| displays the token list, and
+allows the display of quantities that cannot be displayed by \|\show| or
+\|\showthe|, e.g.:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \showtokens\expandafter{\jobname}
+ \showtokens\expandafter{\topmarks 27}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\subsection{Status Enquiries}
+
+A number of \TeX's internal quantities can be assigned values but
+these values cannot be retrieved in \TeX. \eTeX\ introduces several new
+primitives that allow the retrieval of information about its internal state.
+
+\noindent
+\|\eTeXversion| returns \eTeX's (major) version number;\\
+\|\eTeXrevision| expands into a list of character tokens representing
+the revision (minor version) number. Thus
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \message{\number\eTeXversion\eTeXrevision}
+\end{verbatim}
+should write the complete version as shown when \eTeX\ is started.
+
+\noindent
+When used as number, \|\interactionmode| returns one of the
+values 0~(batchmode), 1~(nonstopmode), 2~(scrollmode),
+or~3~(errorstopmode). Assigning one of these values to
+\|\interactionmode| changes the current interaction mode accordingly;
+such assignments are always global.
+
+\noindent
+\|\currentgrouplevel| returns the current save group level;\\
+\|\currentgrouptype| returns a number representing the type of the
+innermost group:
+\begin{multilist}{2}{\hfil\qquad#:&\quad#\qquad\hfil}
+\item 0&bottom level (no group)\cr
+\item 1&simple group\cr
+\item 2&hbox group\cr
+\item 3&adjusted hbox group\cr
+\item 4&vbox group\cr
+\item 5&vtop group\cr
+\item 6&align group\cr
+\item 7&no align group\cr
+\item 8&output group\cr
+\item 9&math group\cr
+\item 10&disc group\cr
+\item 11&insert group\cr
+\item 12&vcenter group\cr
+\item 13&math choice group\cr
+\item 14&semi simple group\cr
+\item 15&math shift group\cr
+\item 16&math left group\cr
+\end{multilist}
+
+\noindent
+\|\currentiflevel| returns the number of currently active
+conditionals;\\
+\|\currentifbranch| indicates which branch of the innermost conditional
+is taken: 1~`then branch', $-1$~`else branch', or 0~not yet decided;\\
+\|\currentiftype| returns 0~if there are no active conditionals, a
+positive number indicating the type of the innermost active conditional,
+or the negative of that number when the conditional was prefixed by
+\|\unless|:
+\begin{multilist}{3}{\hfil\qquad#:&\quad#\qquad\hfil}
+\item 1&\cs{if}\cr
+\item 2&\cs{ifcat}\cr
+\item 3&\cs{ifnum}\cr
+\item 4&\cs{ifdim}\cr
+\item 5&\cs{ifodd}\cr
+\item 6&\cs{ifvmode}\cr
+\item 7&\cs{ifhmode}\cr
+\item 8&\cs{ifmmode}\cr
+\item 9&\cs{ifinner}\cr
+\item 10&\cs{ifvoid}\cr
+\item 11&\cs{ifhbox}\cr
+\item 12&\cs{ifvbox}\cr
+\item 13&\cs{ifx}\cr
+\item 14&\cs{ifeof}\cr
+\item 15&\cs{iftrue}\cr
+\item 16&\cs{iffalse}\cr
+\item 17&\cs{ifcase}\cr
+\item 18&\cs{ifdefined}\cr
+\item 19&\cs{ifcsname}\cr
+\item 20&\cs{iffontchar}\cr
+\end{multilist}
+
+\noindent
+\|\lastnodetype| returns a number indicating the type of the last node,
+if any, on the current (vertical, horizontal, or math) list:
+\begin{multilist}{2}{\hfil\qquad#:&\quad#\qquad\hfil}
+\item -1&none (empty list)\cr
+\item 0&char node\cr
+\item 1&hlist node\cr
+\item 2&vlist node\cr
+\item 3&rule node\cr
+\item 4&ins node\cr
+\item 5&mark node\cr
+\item 6&adjust node\cr
+\item 7&ligature node\cr
+\item 8&disc node\cr
+\item 9&whatsit node\cr
+\item 10&math node\cr
+\item 11&glue node\cr
+\item 12&kern node\cr
+\item 13&penalty node\cr
+\item 14&unset node\cr
+\item 15&math mode nodes\cr
+\end{multilist}
+
+\noindent
+The commands \|\fontcharht|, \|\fontcharwd|, \|\fontchardp|, and
+\|\fontcharic| followed by a font specification and a character code,
+return a dimension: the height, width, depth, or italic correction of the
+character in the font, or \[0pt] if no such character exists;
+the conditional \|\iffontchar| tests the existence of that character.
+
+\noindent
+When used as number, \|\parshape| returns the number of lines of the current
+parshape specification (or zero).\\
+\eTeX's \|\parshapeindent|, \|\parshapelength|, and \|\parshapedimen|,
+followed by a number $n$ return the dimensions of the parshape
+specification:\\
+\[0pt] for $n\le0$ or when no parshape is currently active, otherwise\\
+\|\parshapeindent|$\,n$ and \|\parshapedimen|$\,2n-1$ both return the
+indentation of line $n$ (explicitly specified or implied by repeating the
+last specification),\\
+\|\parshapelength|$\,n$ and \|\parshapedimen|$\,2n$ both return the length
+of line $n$.
+
+\subsection{Expressions}
+
+\eTeX\ introduces the notion of expressions of type number, dimen, glue, or
+muglue, that can be used whenever a quantity of that type is needed. Such
+expressions are evaluated by \eTeX's scanning mechanism; they are initiated
+by one of the commands \|\numexpr|, \|\dimexpr|, \|\glueexpr|, or \|\muexpr|
+(determining the type~$t$) and optionally terminated by one \|\relax| (that
+will be absorbed by the scanning mechanism). An expression consists of one
+or more terms of the same type to be added or subtracted; a term of type~$t$
+consists of a factor of that type, optionally multiplied and\slash or
+divided by numeric factors; finally a factor of type~$t$ is either a
+parenthesized subexpression or a quantity (number, etc.) of that type.
+Thus, the conditional
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \ifdim\dimexpr (2pt-5pt)*\numexpr 3-3*13/5\relax + 34pt/2<\wd20
+\end{verbatim}
+is true if and only if the width of box~20 exceeds 32\[pt]. Note the use of
+\|\relax| to terminate the inner (numeric) expression, the outer (dimen)
+expression is terminated automatically by the token \|<|$_{12}$ that does
+not fit into the expression syntax.
+
+The arithmetic performed by \eTeX's expressions does not do much that could
+not be done by \TeX's arithmetic operations \|\advance|, \|\multiply|, and
+\|\divide|, although there are some notable differences: Each factor is
+checked to be in the allowed range, numbers must be less than $2^{31}$ in
+absolute value, dimensions or glue components must be less than
+$2^{14}$\[pt], \[mu], \[fil], etc.\ respectively. The arithmetic operations
+are performed individually, except for `scaling' operations (a
+multiplication immediately followed by a division) which are performed as
+one combined operation with a 64-bit product as intermediate value. The
+result of each operation is again checked to be in the allowed range.
+Finally the results of divisions and scalings are rounded, whereas \TeX's
+\|\divide| truncates.
+
+The important new feature is, however, that the evaluation of expressions
+does not involve assignments and can therefore be performed in
+circumstances where assignments are not allowed, e.g., inside an \|\edef| or
+\|\write|. This also allows the definition of purely expandable loop constructions:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \def\foo#1#2{\number#1
+ \ifnum#1<#2,
+ \expandafter\foo
+ \expandafter{\number\numexpr#1+1\expandafter}%
+ \expandafter{\number#2\expandafter}%
+ \fi}
+\end{verbatim}
+such that, e.g., `\|\foo{7}{13}|' expands into `\|7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13|'.
+
+The commands \|\gluestretch| and \|\glueshrink| are to be followed by a glue
+specification and return the stretch or shrink component of that glue as
+dimensions (with \[fil] etc.\ replaced by \[pt]), the commands
+\|\gluestretchorder| and \|\glueshrinkorder| return the order of infinity:
+0~for \[pt], 1~for \[fil], 2~for \[fill], and 3~for \[filll].
+
+The commands \|\gluetomu| and \|\mutoglue| convert glue into muglue
+and vice versa by simply equating 1\[pt] with 1\[mu], precisely what \TeX\
+does (in addition to an error message) when the wrong kind of glue is used.
+
+\subsection{Additional Registers and Marks}
+
+\eTeX\ increases the number of \TeX's count, dimen, skip, muskip, box, and
+token registers from 256 to 32768. The additional registers, numbered
+256--32767, can be used exactly as the first 256, except that they can
+not be used for insertion classes.
+
+As in \TeX, the first 256 registers of each kind are realized as static
+arrays that are part of the `table of equivalents'; values to be restored
+when a save group ends are kept on the save stack. The additional registers
+are realized as sparse arrays built from \TeX's main memory and are
+therefore less efficient. They use a four-level index structure and
+individual registers are present only when needed. Values to be restored
+when a particular save group ends are kept in a linked list (again built
+from main memory) with one save stack entry pointing to that list.%
+\footnote{With the effect that the order of restoring (or discarding) saved
+values may be somewhat surprising.}
+
+\medskip
+\eTeX\ generalizes \TeX's mark concept to mark classes 0--32767, with mark
+class~0 used for \TeX's marks.\\
+The command \|\marks| followed by a mark class~$n$ and a mark text appends a
+mark node to the current list; \|\marks0| is synonymous with \|\mark|. The
+page builder and the \|\vsplit| command record information about the mark nodes
+found on the page or box produced, separately for each mark class. The
+information for mark class~0 is kept in a small static array as in \TeX, the
+information for the additional mark classes is again kept in a sparse array
+with entries present only when needed.\\
+The command \|\firstmarks|$\,n$ expands to the mark text for mark class~$n$
+first encountered on the most recent page, etc., and again \|\firstmarks0|
+is synonymous with \|\firstmark|.
+
+\subsection{Input Handling}
+
+The command \|\readline|\<number>\[to]\<control sequence> defines the
+control sequence as parameterless macro whose replacement text is the
+contents of the next line read from the designated file, as for \|\read|.
+The difference is that the current category codes are ignored and all
+characters on that line (including an endline character) are converted to
+character tokens with category 12 (`other'), except that the character
+code~32 gets category 10 (`space').
+
+The command \|\scantokens{...}| absorbs a list of unexpanded tokens,
+converts it into a character string that is treated as if it were an
+external file, and starts to read from this `pseudo-file'. A rather
+similar effect can be achieved by the commands
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \toks0={...}
+ \immediate\openout0=file
+ \immediate\write0{\the\toks0}
+ \immediate\closeout0
+ \input file
+\end{verbatim}
+In particular every occurrence of the current newline character is
+interpreted as start of a new line, and input characters will be converted
+into tokens as usual.
+The \|\scantokens| command is, however, expandable and does not use token
+registers, write streams, or external files. Furthermore the conversion from
+\TeX's internal ASCII codes to external characters and back to ASCII codes
+is skipped. Finally the current context (traceback) shown, e.g., as part
+of an error message continues beyond an input line from a pseudo-file until
+an input line from a real file (or the terminal) is found.
+
+When \eTeX's input mechanism attempts to read beyond the end of an \|\input|
+file or \|\scantokens| pseudo-file, and before checking for `runaway'
+conditions and closing the file, it will first read a list of tokens that
+has been predefined by the command \|\everyeof={|\<token list>\|}|.
+
+\subsection{Breaking Paragraphs into Lines}
+
+Traditional typesetting with lead type used to adjust (stretch or shrink)
+the interword spaces in the last line of a paragraph by the same amount as
+those in the preceding line. With \TeX\ the last line is, however, usually
+typeset at its natural width due to infinitely stretchable parfillskip glue.
+\eTeX\ allows interpolation between these two extremes by specifying a
+suitable value for \|\lastlinefit|. For a value of~0 or less, \eTeX\
+behaves as \TeX, values from~1 to 1000 indicate a glue adjustment fraction
+$f$ times 1000, values above 1000 are interpreted as $f=1$.
+
+The new algorithm is used only if\\
+1. \|\lastlinefit| is positive;\\
+2. \|\parfillskip| has infinite stretchability; and\\
+3. the stretchability of \|\leftskip| plus \|\rightskip| is finite.%
+\footnote{As usual for parameters influencing \TeX's line-breaking algorithm,
+the values current at the end of the (partial) paragraph are used.}\\
+Thus the last line of a paragraph would normally be typeset at its
+natural width and the stretchability of parfillskip glue would be used to
+achieve the desired line width. The algorithm proceeds as usual, considering
+all possible sequences of feasible break points and accumulating demerits for
+the stretching or shrinking of lines as well as for visually incompatible
+lines. When a candidate for the last line has been reached, the following
+conditions are tested:\\
+4. the previous line was not `infinitely bad' and was stretched with positive
+finite stretchability or was shrunk with positive shrinkability;\\
+5. the last line has infinite stretchability entirely due to parfillskip
+glue;\\
+6. if the previous line was stretched or shrunk the last line has
+positive finite stretchability or shrinkability respectively.\\
+If all three conditions are satisfied, a glue adjustment factor of $f$ times
+that of the preceding line will be applied to the relevant stretch or
+shrink components of all glue nodes in the last line, and the corresponding
+demerits are computed. (The last line will, however, not be stretched beyond
+the desired line width.)
+
+When all possible candidates for the last line of the paragraph have been
+examined, the one having fewest accumulated demerits is chosen. If \eTeX's
+modified algorithm was applied to that last line, the actual stretching or
+shrinking is achieved by suitably modifying the parfillskip glue node.
+
+All computations described so far are performed with machine-independent
+integer arithmetic. Note, however, that the actual stretching requires
+machine-dependent floating point arithmetic. Therefore, when a paragraph is
+interrupted by a displayed equation and the line preceding the display is
+subject to the adjustment just described, the display will in general be
+preceded by abovedisplayskip and not by abovedisplayshortskip glue.
+
+\medskip
+
+After breaking a paragraph into lines, \TeX\ computes the interline
+penalties by adding the values of:\\
+\|\interlinepenalty| between any two lines,\\
+\|\clubpenalty| after the first line of a (partial) paragraph,\\
+\|\widowpenalty| before the last line of the paragraph,\\
+\|\displaywidowpenalty| before the line immediately preceding a displayed
+equation, and\\
+\|\brokenpenalty| after lines ending with a discretionary break.\\
+\eTeX\ generalizes the concept of interline, club, widow, and display widow
+penalty by allowing their replacement by arrays of penalty values with the
+commands\\
+\|\interlinepenalties|,\\
+\|\clubpenalties|,\\
+\|\widowpenalties|, and\\
+\|\displaywidowpenalties|.\\
+Each of these commands is to be followed by an optional equal sign and a
+number $n$. If $n\le0$ the respective array is reset and \TeX's
+corresponding single value is used as usual; a positive value $n$
+declares an array of length $n$ and must be followed by $n$ penalty
+values. When one of these arrays has been set, its values are used
+instead of \TeX's corresponding single values as follows (repeating the
+last value when necessary):\\
+the $i^{\rm th}$ interline penalty value is used after line $i$ of the
+paragraph;\\
+the $i^{\rm th}$ club penalty value is used after line $i$ of a partial
+paragraph;\\
+the $i^{\rm th}$ widow penalty value is used after line $m-i$ of a
+paragraph without displayed equations or the last partial paragraph of
+length $m$;\\
+the $i^{\rm th}$ display widow penalty value is used after line $m-i$ of a
+partial paragraph of length $m$ that is followed by a displayed equation.
+
+When used after \|\the| or in situations where \TeX\ expects to see a
+number, the same four commands serve to retrieve the arrays of penalties.
+Specifying, e.g., \|\clubpenalties|\<number> with a number $n$, returns~0
+for $n<0$ or when the club penalty array has been reset, the length of the
+declared club penalty array for $n=0$, or the $n^{\rm th}$ club penalty
+value for $n>0$ (again repeating the last value when necessary).
+
+\subsection{Math Formulas}
+
+\TeX's \|\left|\<delimiter>\|...\right|\<delimiter> produces two delimiters
+with a common size adjusted to the height and depth of the enclosed material.
+In \eTeX\ this can be generalized by occurrences of \|\middle|\<delimiter>
+dividing the enclosed material into segments resulting in a sequence
+of delimiters with a common size adjusted to the maximal height and depth of
+all enclosed segments. The spacing between a segment and the delimiter to
+its left or right is as for \TeX's left or right delimiter respectively.
+
+\subsection{Hyphenation}
+
+\TeX\ uses the \|\lccode| values for two quite unrelated purposes:\\
+(1) when \|\lowercase| converts character tokens to their lower-case
+equivalents (in the same way as \|\uppercase| uses the \|\uccode| values);
+and\\
+(2) when hyphenation patterns or exceptions are read, and when words are
+hyphenated during the line-breaking algorithm.
+
+\eTeX\ introduces the concept of (language-dependent) hyphenation codes that
+are used instead of the \|\lccode| values for hyphenation purposes. In order
+to explain the details of \eTeX's behaviour, we need some technical aspects
+of hyphenation patterns. When INITEX starts without reading a format file,
+the (initially empty) hyphenation patterns are in a form suitable for
+inserting new patterns specified by \|\patterns| commands; when INITEX
+attemps hyphenation or prepares to write a format file, they are compressed
+into a more compact form suitable for finding hyphens. Only these compressed
+patterns can be read from a format file (by INITEX or VIRTEX).
+
+In \eTeX\ the hyphenation patterns are supplemented by hyphenation codes.
+When eINITEX starts without reading a format file both are initially empty;
+when a \|\patterns| command is executed and \|\savinghyphcodes| has a positive
+value, the current \|\lccode| values are saved as hyphenation codes for the
+current language. These saved hyphenation codes are later compressed together
+with the patterns and written to or read from a format file. When the
+patterns have been compressed (always true for eVIRTEX) and hyphenation
+codes have been saved for the current language, they are used
+instead of the \|\lccode| values for hyphenation purposes (reading
+hyphenation exceptions and hyphenating words).
+
+\subsection{Discarded Items}
+
+When \TeX's page builder transfers (vertical mode) material from the `recent
+contributions' to the `page so far', it discards glue, kern, and penalty
+nodes (discardable items) preceding the first box or rule on the page under
+construction and inserts a topskip glue node immediately before that box or
+rule. Note, however, that this topskip glue need not be the first node on
+the page, it may be preceded by insertion, mark, and whatsit nodes.
+Similarly when the \|\vsplit| command has split the first part off a vbox,
+discardable items are discarded from the top of the remaining vbox and a
+splittopskip glue node is inserted immediately before the first box or rule.
+
+When \eTeX's parameter \|\savingvdiscards| has been assigned a positive
+value, these `discarded items' are saved in two lists and can
+be recovered by the commands \|\pagediscards| and \|\splitdiscards| that
+act like `unvboxing' hypothetical box registers containing a vbox with the
+discarded items.
+
+The list of items discarded by the page builder is emptied at the end of
+the output routine and by the \|\pagediscards| command; new items may
+be added as long as the new `page so far' contains no box or rule.
+
+The list of items discarded by the \|\vsplit| command is emptied at the
+start of a vsplit operation and by the \|\splitdiscards| command; new items
+are added at the end of a vsplit operation.
+
+\subsection{Expandable Commands}
+
+Chapter~20 of \TeXbook\ gives complete lists of all expandable \TeX\
+commands and of all cases where expandable tokens are not expanded.
+For \eTeX\ there are these additional conditionals:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+\|\ifdefined|\<token>\quad(test if token is defined)
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent
+True if \<token> is defined; creates no new hash table entry.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+\|\ifcsname...\endcsname|\quad(test if control sequence is defined)
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent
+True if the control sequence \|\csname...\endcsname| would be defined;
+creates no new hash table entry.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+\|\iffontchar|\<font>\<8-bit number>\quad(test if char exists)
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent
+True if \|\char|\<8-bit number> in \|\font|\<font> exists.
+
+These are \eTeX's additional expandable commands:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item\|\unless|.\\
+The next (unexpanded) token must be a boolean conditional
+(i.e., not \|\ifcase|); the truth value of that conditional is reversed.
+
+\item\|\eTeXrevision|.\\
+The expansion is a list of character tokens of category 12 (`other')
+representing \eTeX's revision (minor version) number, e.g., `.0' or
+`.1'.
+
+\item\|\topmarks|\<15-bit number>,
+\|\firstmarks|\<15-bit number>,\\
+\|\botmarks|\<15-bit number>,
+\|\splitfirstmarks|\<15-bit number>, and\\
+\|\splitbotmarks|\<15-bit number>.\\
+These commands generalize \TeX's \|\topmark| etc.\ to 32768 distinct
+mark classes; the special case \|\topmarks0| is synonymous with
+\|\topmark| etc.
+
+\item\|\unexpanded|\<general text>.\\
+The expansion is the token list \<balanced text>.
+
+\item\|\detokenize|\<general text>.\\
+The expansion is a list of character tokens representing the token list
+\<balanced text>. As with the lists of character tokens produced by \TeX's
+\|\the| and \eTeX's \|\readline|, these tokens have category 12 (`other'),
+except that the character code~32 gets category 10 (`space').
+
+\item\|\scantokens|\<general text>.\\
+The expansion is null; but \eTeX\ creates a pseudo-file containing the
+characters representing the token list \<balanced text> and prepares to
+read from this pseudo-file before looking at any more tokens from its
+current source.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+These are the additional \eTeX\ cases when expandable tokens are not
+expanded:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+When \eTeX\ is reading the argument token for \|\ifdefined|.
+
+\item
+When \eTeX\ is absorbing the token list for \|\unexpanded|,
+\|\detokenize|, \|\scantokens|, or \|\showtokens|.
+
+\item
+Protected macros (defined with the \|\protected| prefix) are not
+expanded when building an expanded token list (for \|\edef|, \|\xdef|,
+\|\message|,\\
+\|\errmessage|, \|\special|, \|\mark|, \|\marks| or when writing the
+token list for \|\write| to a file) or when looking ahead in an
+alignment for \|\noalign| or \|\omit|.%
+\footnote{Whereas protected macros were introduced with \eTeX\ Version~1,
+suppression of their expansion in alignments was introduced with Version~2.}
+
+\item
+When building an expanded token list, the tokens resulting from the
+expansion of \|\unexpanded| are not expanded further (this is the same
+behaviour as is exhibited by the tokens resulting from the expansion of
+\|\the|\<token variable> in both \TeX\ and \eTeX).
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+\section{\eTeX\ Enhancements}
+
+The execution of most new primitives related to enhancements is
+disallowed when the corresponding enhancement is currently disabled and
+will lead to an `\|Improper...|' error message. The offending command
+may nevertheless already have had some effect such as, e.g., bringing
+\eTeX\ into horizontal mode.
+
+\subsection{Mixed-Direction Typesetting}
+
+This feature supports mixed left-to-right and right-to-left typesetting
+and introduces the four text-direction primitives \|\beginL|, \|\endL|,
+\|\beginR|, and \|\endR|. The code is inspired by but different from
+\TeXeT\ \cite{texet}.
+
+In order to avoid confusion with \TeXeT\ the present implementation of
+mixed-direction typesetting is called \TeXXeT. It uses the same text-direction
+primitives, but differs from \TeXeT\ in several important aspects:\\
+(1)~Right-to-left text is reversed explicitly by \eTeX\ and is written
+to a normal DVI file without any \|begin_reflect| or \|end_reflect|
+commands;\\
+(2)~a math node is (ab)used instead of a whatsit node to record the text-direction
+primitives in order to minimize the influence on the line-breaking
+algorithm for pure left-to-right text;\\
+(3)~right-to-left text interrupted by a displayed equation is
+automatically resumed after that equation;\\
+(4)~display math material is always printed left-to-right, even in
+constructions such as:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \hbox{\beginR\vbox{\noindent$$abc\eqno(123)$$}\endR}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\TeXXeT\ is enabled or disabled by assigning a positive or non-positive
+value respectively to the \|\TeXXeTstate| state variable. As long as
+\TeXXeT\ is disabled, \eTeX\ and \TeX3 build horizontal lists and
+paragraphs in exactly the same way. Even \TeXXeT\ will, in general,
+produce the same results as \TeX3 for pure left-to-right text. There
+are, however, circumstances where some differences may arise. This is
+best illustrated by an example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \vbox{\noindent
+ $\hfil\break
+ \null\hfil\break
+ \null$\par
+\end{verbatim}
+Here \TeX\ will produce three lines containing the following nodes:\\
+1. mathon, hfil glue, break penalty, and rightskip glue;\\
+2. empty hbox, hfil glue, break penalty, and rightskip glue;\\
+3. empty hbox, mathoff, nobreak penalty, parfillskip glue, and rightskip
+ glue.\\
+These lines can be retrieved via:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \setbox3=\lastbox
+ \unskip\unpenalty
+ \setbox2=\lastbox
+ \unskip\unpenalty
+ \setbox1=\lastbox
+\end{verbatim}
+Later on these lines can be `unhboxed' as part of a new paragraph and
+possibly their contents analyzed. As a consequence in \TeX\ (and \eTeX\
+in compatibility mode) there may be horizontal lists where mathon
+and mathoff nodes are not properly paired. Therefore \TeX\ might
+attempt hyphenation of `words' originating from math mode or prevent
+hyphenation of words originating from horizontal mode.
+
+Math-mode material is always typeset left-to-right by \TeXXeT, even when
+it is contained inside right-to-left text. Therefore \TeXXeT\ will
+insert additional \|beginM| and \|endM| math nodes such that
+material originating from math mode is always enclosed between properly
+paired math nodes. Consequently \TeXXeT\ will never attempt hyphenation
+of `words' originating from math mode nor prevent hyphenation of words
+originating from horizontal mode.
+
+The additional math nodes introduced by \TeXXeT\ are, however,
+transparent to operations such as \|\lastpenalty| that inspect or remove
+the last node of a horizontal list.%
+\footnote{This was not the case for some earlier \TeXXeT\ implementations.}
+
+When \TeXXeT\ is enabled or disabled during the construction of a box,
+that box may contain text-direction directives or math nodes that are
+not properly paired. Such unpaired nodes may cause warning messages
+when the box is shipped out. It is, therefore, advisable that \TeXXeT\
+be enabled or disabled only in vertical mode.
+
+\section{Syntax Extensions for \eTeX}
+
+\subsection{Mode-Independent Commands}
+
+The syntax for \TeX's mode-independent commands, as described in the
+first part of Chapter~24 of \TeXbook, is extended by modifications of
+existing commands as well as by new commands.
+
+First, \eTeX\ has 32768 \|\count|, \|\dimen|, \|\skip|, \|\muskip|,
+\|\box|, and \|\toks| registers instead of \TeX's 256. Thus it allows
+a \<15-bit number> instead of an \<8-bit number> in almost all syntax
+constructions referring to these registers; the only exception to this is
+the \|\insert| command: insertion classes are restricted to the range
+0--254 in \eTeX\ as they are in \TeX.
+
+Next, \eTeX\ extends the list of \TeX's internal quantities:
+\begin{syntax}
+<internal integer>\is\more \alt|\eTeXversion|
+ \alt|\interactionmode|\alt<penalties><number>
+ \alt|\lastnodetype|\alt|\currentgrouplevel|\alt|\currentgrouptype|
+ \alt|\currentiflevel|\alt|\currentiftype|\alt|\currentifbranch|
+ \alt|\gluestretchorder|<glue>\alt|\glueshrinkorder|<glue>
+ \alt|\numexpr|<integer expr><optional spaces and |\relax|>
+<penalties>\is|\interlinepenalties|\alt|\clubpenalties|
+ \alt|\widowpenalties|\alt|\displaywidowpenalties|
+<internal dimen>\is\more
+ \alt|\parshapeindent|<number>\alt|\parshapelength|<number>
+ \alt|\parshapedimen|<number>
+ \alt|\gluestretch|<glue>\alt|\glueshrink|<glue>
+ \alt|\fontcharht|<font><8-bit number>%
+ \alt|\fontcharwd|<font><8-bit number>
+ \alt|\fontchardp|<font><8-bit number>%
+ \alt|\fontcharic|<font><8-bit number>
+ \alt|\dimexpr|<dimen expr><optional spaces and |\relax|>
+<internal glue>\is\more \alt|\mutoglue|<muglue>
+ \alt|\glueexpr|<glue expr><optional spaces and |\relax|>
+<internal muglue>\is\more \alt|\gluetomu|<glue>
+ \alt|\muexpr|<muglue expr><optional spaces and |\relax|>
+\end{syntax}
+
+The additional possibilities for \<integer parameter> are:
+\begin{paramlist}
+\|\TeXXeTstate|\quad(positive if mixed-direction typesetting is enabled)
+
+\|\tracingassigns|\quad(positive if showing assignments)
+
+\|\tracinggroups|\quad(positive if showing save groups)
+
+\|\tracingifs|\quad(positive if showing conditionals)
+
+\|\tracingscantokens|\quad(positive
+ if showing the opening and closing of \|\scantokens| pseudo-files)
+
+\|\tracingnesting|\quad(positive
+ if showing improper nesting of groups and conditionals within files)
+
+\|\predisplaydirection|\quad(text direction preceding a display)
+
+\|\lastlinefit|\quad(adjustment
+ ratio for last line of paragraph, times 1000)
+
+\|\savingvdiscards|\quad(positive
+ if saving items discarded from vertical lists)
+
+\|\savinghyphcodes|\quad(positive
+ if \|\patterns| saves \|\lccode| values as hyphenation codes)
+\end{paramlist}
+\noindent
+Note that the \eTeX\ state variable \|\TeXXeTstate| (the only one so
+far) is an \<integer parameter>. That need not be the case for all
+future state variables; it might turn out that some future enhancements
+can be enabled and disabled only globally, not subject to grouping.
+
+The additional possibilities for \<token parameter> are:
+\begin{paramlist}
+\|\everyeof|\quad(tokens to insert when an \|\input| file ends)
+\end{paramlist}
+
+Here is the syntax for \eTeX's expressions:
+\begin{syntax}
+<integer expr>\is<integer term>
+ \alt<integer expr><add or sub><integer term>
+<integer term>\is<integer factor>
+ \alt<integer term><mul or div><integer factor>
+<integer factor>\is<number>
+ \alt<left paren><integer expr><right paren>
+<dimen expr>\is<dimen term>
+ \alt<dimen expr><add or sub><dimen term>
+<dimen term>\is<dimen factor>
+ \alt<dimen term><mul or div><integer factor>
+<dimen factor>\is<dimen>
+ \alt<left paren><dimen expr><right paren>
+<glue expr>\is<glue term>
+ \alt<glue expr><add or sub><glue term>
+<glue term>\is<glue factor>
+ \alt<glue term><mul or div><integer factor>
+<glue factor>\is<glue>
+ \alt<left paren><glue expr><right paren>
+<muglue expr>\is<muglue term>
+ \alt<muglue expr><add or sub><muglue term>
+<muglue term>\is<muglue factor>
+ \alt<muglue term><mul or div><integer factor>
+<muglue factor>\is<muglue>
+ \alt<left paren><muglue expr><right paren>
+<optional spaces and |\relax|>\is<optional spaces>
+ \alt<optional spaces>|\relax|
+<add or sub>\is<optional spaces>\ot+\alt<optional spaces>\ot-
+<div or mul>\is<optional spaces>\ot*\alt<optional spaces>\ot/
+<left paren>\is<optional spaces>\ot(
+<right paren>\is<optional spaces>\ot)
+\end{syntax}
+
+Next, \eTeX\ extends the syntax for assignments:
+\begin{syntax}
+<prefix>\is\more\alt|\protected|
+<simple assignment>\is\more
+ \alt<penalties assignment>
+ \alt|\readline|<number>[to]<control sequence>
+<penalties assignment>\is%
+ <penalties><equals><number><penalty values>
+<interaction mode assignment>\is\more
+ \alt|\interactionmode|<equals><2-bit number>
+\end{syntax}
+\noindent
+In a \<penalties assignment> for which the \<number> is $n$, the
+\<penalty values> are \<empty> if $n\le0$, otherwise they consist of $n$
+consecutive occurrences of \<number>.
+
+Finally, the remaining mode-independent \eTeX\ commands:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+\|\showgroups|, \|\showifs|, \|\showtokens|\<general text>.
+These commands are intended to help you figure out what \eTeX\ thinks it
+is doing.
+The \|\showtokens| command displays the token list \<balanced text>.
+
+\item
+\|\marks|\<15-bit number>\<general text>. This command generalizes
+\TeX's \|\mark| command to 32768 distinct mark classes; the special case
+\|\marks0| is synonymous with \|\mark|.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Vertical-Mode Commands}
+
+The syntax for \TeX's vertical-mode commands, as described in the second
+part of Chapter~24 of \TeXbook, is extended by \eTeX\ as follows:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+\|\pagediscards|, \|\splitdiscards|.
+These two commands are similar to \|\unvbox|.
+When \|\savingvdiscards| is positive, items discarded by the page
+builder and by the \|\vsplit| command are collected in two special
+lists. One of these special lists is appended to the current vertical
+list (in the same way as \|\unvbox| appends the vertical list inside a
+vbox) and becomes empty.
+
+\item
+Here are the additional possibilities for \<horizontal command>:
+\begin{syntax}
+<horizontal command>\is\more
+ \alt|\beginL|\alt|\endL|\alt|\beginR|\alt|\endR|
+\end{syntax}
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Horizontal-Mode Commands}
+
+The syntax for \TeX's horizontal-mode commands, as described in
+Chapter~25 of \TeXbook, is extended by \eTeX\ as follows:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+Here are the additional possibilities for \<vertical command>:
+\begin{syntax}
+<vertical command>\is\more
+ \alt|\pagediscards|\alt|\splitdiscards|
+\end{syntax}
+
+\item
+\|\beginL|, \|\endL|, \|\beginR|, \|\endR| (text-direction commands).\\
+The use of these commands is illegal when the \TeXXeT\ enhancement is
+currently disabled; otherwise a \|beginL|, etc.\ text-direction node (a
+new kind of math node) is appended to the current horizontal list.
+These nodes delimit the beginning and end of hlist segments containing
+left-to-right~(L) or right-to-left~(R) text. Before a paragraph is
+broken into lines, \|endL| and \|endR| nodes are added to terminate any
+unfinished L~or R~segments; when a paragraph is continued after display
+math mode, any such unfinished segments are automatically resumed,
+starting the new hlist with \|beginL| and \|beginR| nodes as necessary.
+
+\item
+\|\marks|\<15-bit number>\<general text>. This command generalizes
+\TeX's \|\mark| command to 32768 distinct mark classes; the special case
+\|\marks0| is synonymous with \|\mark|.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Math-Mode Commands}
+
+The syntax for \TeX's math-mode commands, as described in Chapter~26 of
+\TeXbook, is extended by \eTeX\ as follows:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+\|\left|\<delim>\<math mode material>\\
+\|\middle|\<delim>\<math mode material>\|...|\|\right|\<delim>\\
+(generalizing \TeX's
+\|\left|\<delim>\<math mode material>\|\right|\<delim>).\\
+For each \<math mode material> \eTeX\ begins a new group, starting out
+with a new math list (always in the same style) that begins with a left
+boundary item containing everything processed so far. This group must
+be terminated with either `\|\middle|' or `\|right|', at which time the
+internal math list is completed with a new boundary item containing the
+new delimiter. In the case of `\|\middle|', a new group is started
+again, in the case of `\|\right|', \eTeX\ appends an Inner atom to the
+current list; the nucleus of this atom contains the internal math list
+just completed.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{9}
+
+\bibitem{tripman}
+{\sl A torture test for \TeX\/},
+by Donald E.~Knuth, Stanford Computer Science Report~1027.
+
+\bibitem{etripman}
+{\sl A torture test for \eTeX\/},
+by The \NTS\ Team (Peter Breitenlohner and Bernd Raichle).
+Version~2, January 1998.
+
+\bibitem{webman}
+{\sl The WEB system of structured documentation\/},
+by Donald E.~Knuth,\hfil\break Stanford Computer Science Report~980.
+
+\bibitem{etexgen}
+{\sl How to generate \eTeX\/},
+by The \NTS\ Team (Peter Breitenlohner and Phil Taylor).
+Version~2, January 1998.
+
+\bibitem{texbook}
+\TeXbook\ (Computers and Typesetting, Vol.~A),
+by Donald E.~Knuth,
+Addison Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.
+
+\bibitem{texet}
+
+{\sl Mixing right-to-left texts with left-to-right texts\/},
+by Donald~E. Knuth and Pierre MacKay,
+{\sl TUGboat\/} {\bf 8}, 14--25, 1987.
+
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\end{document}
+
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+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+ <TITLE>The e-TeX Short Reference Manual</TITLE>
+ <META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Mozilla/3.0Gold (Win95; I) [Netscape]">
+</HEAD>
+<BODY>
+
+
+<CENTER><P>The e-TeX Short Reference Manual<//P></CENTER>
+
+<CENTER><P>NTS team<BR>
+October 1996</CENTER>
+
+<P>Derived from a paper originally presented as:
+
+<CENTER><P>Philip Taylor, "e-TeX: a 100%-compatible successor to TeX"<BR>
+(Following humbly in the footsteps of the Grand Wizard) </CENTER>
+
+<P>in: Proceedings of the Ninth European TeX Conference EuroTeX'95, September
+4-8, 1995, Arnhem, The Netherlands, pp. 359-370.
+
+<P>
+<HR>
+
+<H2>Table of Contents</H2>
+
+<OL>
+<LI><A HREF="#Introduction">Introduction</A> </LI>
+
+<LI><A HREF="#Installation">Installation</A> </LI>
+
+<LI><A HREF="#NewFeatures">The new features</A> </LI>
+
+</OL>
+
+<P>
+<HR>
+
+<H2>Table of new commands</H2>
+
+<UL>
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#beginL">\beginL</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#beginR">\beginR</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#botmarks">\botmarks</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#detokenize">\detokenize</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#endL">\endL</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#endR">\endR</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#eTeXrevision">\eTeXrevision</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#eTeXversion">\eTeXversion</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#everyeof">\everyeof</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#firstmarks">\firstmarks</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#currentgrouplevel">\currentgrouplevel</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#currentgrouptype">\currentgrouptype</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#ifcsname">\ifcsname</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#ifdefined">\ifdefined</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#interactionmode">\interactionmode</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#lastnodetype">\lastnodetype</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#marks">\marks</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#middle">\middle</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#predisplaydirection">\predisplaydirection</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#protected">\protected</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#readline">\readline</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#showgroups">\showgroups</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#showtokens">\showtokens</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#splitfirstmarks">\splitfirstmarks</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#splitbotmarks">\splitbotmarks</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#TeXXeTstate">\TeXXeTstate</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#topmarks">\topmarks</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingassigns">\tracingassigns</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><A HREF="#AdditionalTracingInformation"><TT>\tracingcommands</TT></A> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracinggroups">\tracinggroups</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingifs">\tracingifs</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingscantokens">\tracingscantokens</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#unexpanded">\unexpanded</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#unless">\unless</A></TT> </LI>
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+<HR><A NAME="Introduction"></A>
+
+<H1>1 Introduction</H1>
+
+<P>e-TeX is the first concrete result of an international research &amp;
+development project, the <I>NTS</I> Project, which was established under
+the &aelig;gis of DANTE e.V. during 1992. The aims of the project are to perpetuate
+and develop the spirit and philosophy of TeX, whilst respecting Knuth's
+wish that TeX should remain frozen.
+
+<P>The group were very concerned that unless there existed some evolutionary
+flexibility within which TeX could react to changing needs and environments,
+it might all too soon become eclipsed by more modern yet less sophisticated
+systems. Accordingly they agreed to investigate a possible successor or
+successors to TeX, successors which would enshrine and encapsulate all
+that was best in TeX whilst being freed from the evolutionary constraints
+which Knuth had placed on TeX itself. To avoid any suggestion that it was
+TeX which the group sought to develop against Knuth's wishes, a working
+title of <I>NTS</I> (for New Typesetting System) was chosen for the project.
+
+
+<P>During the initial meetings of the <I>NTS</I> group, it became clear
+that there were two possible approaches to developments based on TeX: an
+evolutionary path which would simply continue where Knuth had left off,
+and which would use as its basis the source code of TeX itself (i.e. <TT><A HREF="#TeX.Web">TeX.Web</A></TT>);
+the other a revolutionary path which would be based on a completely new
+implementation of TeX, using a modern rapid-prototyping language which
+could allow individual components of the system to be modified or replaced
+in a simple and straightforward manner. The group agreed that the latter
+(revolutionary) approach had much greater potential, but were aware that
+the re-implementation would be non-trivial, and would require external
+funding to bring it to fruition in finite time; accordingly they agreed
+to concentrate their initial efforts on the former (evolutionary) path,
+and set to work to specify and implement a direct derivative of TeX which
+became known as e-TeX (the <I>e</I> of e-TeX may be read as <I>extended</I>,
+<I>enhanced</I>, <I>evolutionary</I> or <I>European</I> at will(!), and
+is also an acknowledgement of the parallel developments which have lead
+the LaTeX&nbsp;3 team to modify their initial goal and to release an interim
+LaTeX, LaTeX2e, which is directly derived from the LaTeX sources.
+
+<P>The group took as the starting point for the development of e-TeX the
+many contributions which had been made on <TT><A HREF="#NTS-L">NTS-L</A></TT>
+(the open mailing list on which discussions pertinent to e-TeX &amp; <I>NTS</I>
+take place), together with the extremely interesting list of ideas which
+Knuth gives at the end of <TT><A HREF="#TeX82.Bug">TeX82.Bug</A></TT>,
+and which he describes as <I>`Possibly nice ideas that will not be implemented'</I>
+(and which he contrasts with <I>`Bad ideas that will not be implemented'</I>!).
+Individual members of the group also contributed ideas of their own which
+had not necessarily been discussed publicly. All proposals were then subjected
+to a rigorous vetting procedure to ensure that they conformed to the e-TeX
+philosophy, which may be summarised as follows:
+
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P>e-TeX will in all ways demonstrate its affinity to, and derivation from,
+Knuth's TeX; it will be implemented as a change-file to <TT><A HREF="#TeX.Web">TeX.Web</A></TT>,
+and will not exploit features which could only be achieved by using a particular
+implementation, operating system or language; it will be capable of being
+used successfully on a machine as small as an 80286-based PC or similar.
+
+
+<P>At format-generation time, a user will have the option of generating
+either a TeX-compatible format or an e-TeX format; if the TeX-compatible
+format is subsequently used in conjunction with e-TeX, the result will
+be <A NAME="TripCompatible"></A><I>Trip-compatible</I> (i.e. indistinguishable
+from TeX proper). If an e-TeX format is generated and used in conjunction
+with e-TeX, then provided that none of the new e-TeX primitives are used,
+the results will be identical to those which would be produced using TeX
+proper. If an e-TeX format is used in conjunction with e-TeX and if one
+or more of the new e-TeX primitives are used, then those portions of the
+document which are affected by the new primitive(s) may be processed in
+a manner unique to e-TeX; other portions of the document will be processed
+in a manner identical to that of TeX proper. Only if an e-TeX format is
+used in conjunction with e-TeX and if an explicit assignment is made to
+one of the <A NAME="EnhancedMode"></A><I>enhanced-mode</I> variables to
+enable that particular enhanced mode will e-TeX behave in a manner which
+may be distinguishable from that of TeX even if no other reference to an
+e-TeX primitive occurs anywhere in the document. (These modes of operation
+are referred to as <A NAME="CompatibilityMode"></A><I>compatibility-mode</I>,
+<A NAME="ExtendedMode"></A><I>extended-mode</I> and <I>enhanced-mode</I>
+respectively.)
+
+<P>All new e-TeX primitives will be syntactically identical to existing
+TeX primitives: that is, they will be either <I>control-words</I> or <I>control-symbols</I>
+within a normal category code r&eacute;gime. Where an analogous primitive exists
+within TeX, the corresponding e-TeX primitive(s) will occupy the same syntactic
+niche. Every effort will be made to ensure that new e-TeX primitives fit
+into the existing set of TeX datatypes; no new datatype will be introduced
+unless it is absolutely essential.
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+
+<P>In brief, this implies that e-TeX will follow the principle of least
+surprise: an existing TeX user, on using e-TeX for the first time, should
+not be surprised by e-TeX's behaviour, and should be able to take advantage
+of new e-TeX features without having either to unlearn some aspects of
+TeX or to learn some new e-TeX philosophy.
+
+<P>
+<HR><A NAME="Installation"></A>
+
+<H1>2 Installation</H1>
+
+<P>It is intended that e-TeX be available ready-compiled for those systems
+for which pre-compiled binaries are the norm (e.g. MS-DOS, VMS, ...); for
+other systems such as Unix(TM), e-TeX is supplied as a change-file which
+will need to be applied to <TT><A HREF="#TeX.Web">TeX.Web</A></TT> in the
+normal way. However, since there will already be an implementation-specific
+change-file for the system of interest, some means will be required of
+merging <TT><A HREF="#TeX.Web">TeX.Web</A></TT> with not one but (at least)
+two change-files; possibilities include <I><A HREF="#PatchWeb">PatchWeb</A></I>,
+<I><A HREF="#Tie">Tie</A></I>, etc., but if none of these are available
+then <I><A HREF="#WebMerge">WebMerge</A></I>, a TeX script, is supplied
+and can be used as a slower but satisfactory alternative. In practice,
+two or three change-files will be needed: the e-TeX system-independent
+change-file, the TeX system-dependent change-file, and perhaps a small
+e-TeX system-dependent change-file. The system-independent e-TeX change-file
+is supplied as part of the e-TeX kit, and sample system-dependent e-TeX
+change-files are also supplied which may be used as a guide to those places
+at which system-dependent interactions are to be expected: an experienced
+implementor should have little difficulty in modifying one of these to
+produce an e-TeX system-dependent change-file for the system of interest.
+Once e-TeX has been tangled and woven, it should be compiled and linked
+in the normal way.
+
+<P>Once a working binary (or binaries, for those systems which have separate
+executables for <TT>IniTeX</TT> and <TT>VirTeX</TT>) has been acquired
+or produced, the next step will be to generate a suitable format file or
+files. Whilst e-TeX can be used in conjunction with <TT><A
+HREF="src/plain.tex">Plain.TeX</A></TT> to produce a Plain <I>e-format</I>,
+it is better to use the supplied <TT><A HREF="#etex.src">etex.src</A></TT> file
+which supplements the e-TeX primitives with additional useful control
+sequences.
+
+<P>When generating the format file, and regardless of the format source
+used, one fundamental decision must be made: is e-TeX to generate a <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility
+mode</A></I> format, or an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>
+format? If the former, <I>all</I> e-TeX <A NAME="extension"></A>extensions
+and <A NAME="enhancement"></A>enhancements will be disabled, the format
+will contain only the TeX-defined set of primitives, and any subsequent
+use of the format in conjunction with e-TeX will result in completely TeX-compatible
+behaviour and semantics, including compatibility at the level of the <A HREF="#Trip">Trip</A>
+test. If the latter option, however, is selected, then all extensions present
+in e-TeX will automatically be activated, and the format file will contain
+not only the TeX-defined set of primitives but also those defined by e-TeX
+itself; any subsequent use of such a format in conjunction with e-TeX will
+result in e-TeX operating in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>;
+documents which contains no references to any of the e-TeX-defined primitives
+will continue to generate results identical to those which would have been
+produced were the document processed by TeX, but compatibility at the <A HREF="#Trip">Trip</A>-test
+level can no longer be accomplished, and of course any document which makes
+reference to an e-TeX primitive will generate results which could not have
+been accomplished using TeX. It should be noted that neither a <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility
+mode</A></I> format nor an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>
+format may be used in conjunction with TeX itself; they are only suitable
+for use in conjunction with e-TeX, since formats are not in general portable.
+Finally it should be emphasised that even if an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended
+mode</A></I> format is generated, any document processed using such a format
+but not referencing any e-TeX-defined primitive will produce results identical
+to those which would have been produced had the same document been processed
+using TeX; only if the document makes an explicit assignment to one of
+the <I><A HREF="#EnhancedMode">enhanced mode</A></I> state variables (<TT><A
+HREF="#TeXXeTstate">\TeXXeTstate</A></TT> is the only instance of these in V1
+of e-TeX) will compatibility with TeX be compromised: e-TeX is then said to be
+operating in <I><A HREF="#EnhancedMode">enhanced mode</A></I> rather than <I><A
+HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>.
+
+
+<P>The choice between generating a <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility
+mode</A></I> format and an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>
+format is made at the point of specifying the format source file: assuming
+that the operating system supports command-line entry with parameters,
+then a normal TeX format-generation command would probably resemble:
+
+<PRE> initex plain \dump
+</PRE>
+
+<P>or if the more verbose interactive form is preferred:
+
+<PRE> initex
+ **plain
+ *\dump
+</PRE>
+
+<P>With e-TeX, exactly the same command will achieve exactly the same effect,
+and the format generated will be a <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility-mode</A></I>
+format; thus assuming that the Ini-version of e-TeX is invoked with the
+command <TT>einitex</TT>, the following will both generate <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility-mode</A></I>
+formats:
+
+<PRE> einitex plain \dump
+</PRE>
+
+<P>and
+
+<PRE> einitex
+ **plain
+ *\dump
+</PRE>
+
+<P>In order to generate an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>
+format, the file-specification for the format source file must be preceded
+by an asterisk (<TT>*</TT>); whilst this may seem an inelegant mechanism,
+it has the great advantage that it avoids almost all system dependencies
+(Graphical user interface (GUI) systems excepted, of course), and the asterisk
+as a component element of a filename is a very remote possibility (most
+filing systems reserve the asterisk as a `wild card' character, which can
+therefore not form a part of a real file name <I>per se</I>). Thus to generate
+an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I> Plain format, the following
+dialogue may be used:
+
+<PRE> einitex *plain \dump
+</PRE>
+
+<P>or
+
+<PRE> einitex
+ ***plain
+ *\dump
+</PRE>
+
+<P>and to generate an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>
+<TT>etex.src</TT> format, the following instead:
+
+<PRE> einitex *etex.src \dump
+</PRE>
+
+<P>or
+
+<PRE> einitex
+ ***etex.src
+ *\dump
+</PRE>
+
+<P>Once suitable formats have been generated, they can then be used in
+conjunction both with <I>e-IniTeX</I> and <I>e-VirTeX</I> without further
+formality: in particular, no asterisk is needed (nor should be used!) if
+a format is specified, since the format implicitly defines (depending as
+its mode of generation) in which mode (compatibilty or extended) e-TeX
+will operate. Thus, for example, if a <TT>plain</TT> format had been generated
+in <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility mode</A></I>, and an <TT>etex</TT>
+format had been generated in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>,
+then both:
+
+<pRE> einitex &amp;Plain
+</PRE>
+
+<P>and
+
+<pRE> evirtex &amp;plain
+</PRE>
+
+<P>will cause e-TeX to process any subsequent commands in <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility
+mode</A></I>. On the other hand, both
+
+<PRE> einitex &amp;etex
+</PRE>
+
+<P>and
+
+<PRE> eVirTeX &amp;etex
+</PRE>
+
+<P>will cause e-TeX to process any subsequent commands in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended
+mode</A></I>, <B>but only because the <TT>etex</TT> format was generated
+in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I></B>: it is not the
+<B>name</B> of the format, nor is it the contents of the <B>source</B>
+of the format, which determine the mode of operation -- it is the <B>mode
+of operation</B> which was used when the format was generated. Any format
+generated in <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility mode</A></I>
+will cause e-TeX to operate in <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility
+mode</A></I> whenever it is used, whilst the equivalent format, built from
+the same source but generated in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode,</A></I>
+will cause e-TeX to operate in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>
+whenever it is used.
+
+<P>Although e-TeX is completely TeX-compatible, and there is therefore
+no real reason why any system should need both TeX and e-TeX, it is anticipated
+that until complete confidence exists in the compatibility of e-TeX many
+sites and users will prefer to retain instances of each. For this reason
+it is intended that change-files and binaries should ensure that both TeX
+and e-TeX can happily co-exist on any system by a careful choice of name-spaces.
+In the case of the reference VMS&nbsp;implementation, for example, this
+is accomplished by using the prefix &quot;etex_&quot; for each logical
+name which defines the e-TeX environment, in contrast to the prefix &quot;tex_&quot;
+which defines the analogous TeX environment; the &quot;etex_*&quot; logical
+names are defined as search lists which first reference an e-TeX specific
+location followed by the analogous location for TeX.
+
+<P>
+<HR><A NAME="NewFeatures"></A>
+
+<H1>3 The new features</H1>
+
+<P>Bearing in mind the contraints outlined in the introduction, the group
+identified 35 new primitives which they believed would give
+added functionality to e-TeX without compromising its compatibility with
+TeX; of the 35 new primitives, 29 are extensions (which by definition
+do not affect the semantics of existing TeX documents), whilst just six
+(all concerned with the implementation of <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A>)
+are associated with an enhancement. In addition to the new primitives,
+additional functionality was added to some existing primitives, and TeX's
+behaviour in some unusual boundary conditions was made more robust (this
+last has been subsumed in the most recent version of TeX, so this is no
+longer e-TeX-specific).
+
+<P>The new features are listed and briefly described below, clustered together
+to indicate related functionality.
+The technical terms used below to
+describe syntax entities as defined in <I><TT><A
+HREF="knuth/texbook.tex">The
+TeXbook.</A></TT></I>
+
+<H2>3.1 Additional control over expansion</H2>
+
+<UL>
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#protected">\protected</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#detokenize">\detokenize</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#unexpanded">\unexpanded</A></TT> </LI>
+</UL>
+
+<DL>
+<DT><A NAME="protected"></A><TT>\protected</TT> </DT>
+
+<DD>is a prefix, analogous to <TT>\long</TT>, <TT>\outer</TT>, and <TT>\global</TT>;
+it associates with the macro being defined an attribute which inhibits
+expansion of the macro in expansion-only contexts (for example, within
+the parameter text of a <TT>\write</TT> or <TT>\edef</TT>); if, however,
+the parser or command processor (TeX's `oesophagus' and `stomach', in
+Knuth's alimentary paradigm) is currently demanding a <I>command</I>, then
+the <TT>\protected</TT> macro will expand in the normal way. This behaviour
+is identical to that displayed by the explicit expansion of a token-list
+register through the use of <TT>\the</TT>; the same model is used elsewhere
+in e-TeX to achieve a consistent paradigm for <I>partial expansion</I>.
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="detokenize"></A><TT>\detokenize</TT>, </DT>
+
+<DD>when followed by a <I>&lt;general text&gt;</I>, expands to yield a
+sequence of character tokens of <TT>\catcode</TT> 10 (<I>space</I>) or
+12 (<I>other</I>) corresponding to a decomposition of the tokens of the
+<I>&lt;balanced text&gt;</I> of the unexpanded <I>&lt;general text&gt;&gt;</I>;
+c.f. <TT>\showtokens</TT>. The effect is rather as if <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT>
+(q.v.) were applied to the <I>&lt;general text&gt;</I> within a r&eacute;gime
+in which only <TT>\catcodes</TT> 10 and 12 existed. Note that in order
+to preserve the boundaries between <I>control words</I> and any following
+<I>letter</I>, a <I>space</I> is yielded after each control word including
+the last. </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="unexpanded"></A><TT>\unexpanded</TT>, </DT>
+
+<DD>when followed by a <I>&lt;general text&gt;</I>, expands to yield the
+<I>&lt;balanced text&gt;</I> of the unexpanded <I>&lt;general text&gt;</I>.
+No further expansion will occur if e-TeX is currently performing a <TT>\write</TT>,
+<TT>\edef</TT>, etc., but further expansion will occur if the parser or
+command processor is currently demanding a <I>command</I>. The effect is
+as if the <I>&lt;general text&gt;</I> were assigned to a token list register,
+and the latter were then partially expanded using <TT>\the</TT>, but no
+assignment actually takes place; thus <TT>\unexpanded</TT> can be used
+in expansion-only contexts. </DD>
+</DL>
+
+<H2>3.2 Provision for re-scanning already read text</H2>
+
+<UL>
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#readline">\readline</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT> </LI>
+</UL>
+
+<DL>
+<DT><A NAME="readline"></A><TT>\readline</TT> </DT>
+
+<DD>is analogous to <TT>\read</TT>, but treats each character as if it
+were currently of <TT>\catcode</TT> 10 (<I>space</I>) or 12 (<I>other</I>);
+the text thus read is therefore suitable for being scanned and re-scanned
+(using <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT>, q.v.) under different
+<TT>\catcode</TT> r&eacute;gimes. </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="scantokens"></A><TT>\scantokens</TT>, </DT>
+
+<DD>when followed by a <I>&lt;general text&gt;</I>, decomposes the <I>&lt;balanced
+text&gt;</I> of the <I>&lt;general text&gt;</I> into the corresponding
+sequence of characters as if the <I>&lt;balanced text&gt;</I> were written
+unexpanded to a file; it then uses TeX's <TT>\input</TT> mechanism to re-process
+these characters under the current <TT>\catcode</TT> r&eacute;gime. As the <TT>\input</TT>
+mechanism is used, even hex notation (<TT>^^xy</TT>) will be re-interpreted.
+Parentheses and a single space representing the <I>pseudo-file</I> will
+be displayed if <TT><A HREF="#tracingscantokens">\tracingscantokens</A></TT>
+(q.v.) is positive and non-zero. </DD>
+</DL>
+
+<H2>3.3 Environmental enquiries</H2>
+
+<UL>
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#eTeXrevision">\eTeXrevision</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#eTeXversion">\eTeXversion</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#currentgrouplevel">\currentgrouplevel</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#currentgrouptype">\currentgrouptype</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#ifcsname">\ifcsname</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#ifdefined">\ifdefined</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#lastnodetype">\lastnodetype</A></TT> </LI>
+</UL>
+
+<DL>
+<DT><A NAME="eTeXrevision"></A><TT>\eTeXrevision</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>an primitive which expands to yield a sequence of character tokens
+of <TT>\catcode</TT> 12 (<I>other</I>; these represent the minor component
+of the combined version/revision number. Pre-release versions will be characterised
+by an initial <I>minus</I> sign (<TT>-</TT>), whilst post-release versions
+will be implicitly positive; both will contain an explicit leading decimal
+point, which will follow any minus sign present. </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="eTeXversion"></A><TT>\eTeXversion</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>an internal read-only integer representing the major component of the
+combined version/revision number. </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="currentgrouplevel"></A><TT>\currentgrouplevel</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>an internal read-only integer which returns the current group level
+(i.e. depth of nesting). </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="currentgrouptype"></A><TT>\currentgrouptype</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>an internal read-only integer which returns the type of the innermost
+group as an integer in the range 0..16. Textual definitions of these types
+may be provided through an associated macro library, but it is intended
+that these definitions shall be easily replaceable by national language
+versions in environments within which English language texts are sub-optimal.
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="ifcsname"></A><TT>\ifcsname</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>similar in effect to the sequence <TT>\unless</TT> <TT>\expandafter</TT>
+<TT>\ifx</TT> <TT>\expandafter</TT> <TT>\relax</TT> <TT>\csname</TT> but
+avoids the side-effect of the <I>cs-name</I> being ascribed the value <TT>\relax</TT>,
+and also does not rely on <TT>\relax</TT> having its canonical meaning.
+No hash-table entry is used if <I>cs-name</I> does not exist. (<TT><A HREF="#unless">\unless</A></TT>
+is explained below.) </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="ifdefined"></A><TT>\ifdefined</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>similar in effect to <TT><A HREF="#unless">\unless</A></TT> <TT>\ifx</TT>
+<TT>\undefined</TT>, but does not require <TT>\undefined</TT> to actually
+be undefined, since no explicit comparison is made with any particular
+control sequence. </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="lastnodetype"></A><TT>\lastnodetype</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>an internal read-only integer which returns the type of the last node
+on the current list as an integer in the range -1..15+ (only values -1..15
+are defined in the first release, but future releases may define additional
+values). Textual definitions of these types may be provided through an
+associated macro library. </DD>
+</DL>
+
+<H2>3.4 Generalisation of the <TT>\mark</TT> concept: a class of <TT>\marks</TT></H2>
+
+<UL>
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#marks">\marks</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#botmarks">\botmarks</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#firstmarks">\firstmarks</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#topmarks">\topmarks</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#splitfirstmarks">\splitfirstmarks</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#splitbotmarks">\splitbotmarks</A></TT> </LI>
+</UL>
+
+<DL>
+<DT><A NAME="marks"></A><TT>\marks</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>this is one of Knuth's `possibly good ideas', listed at the end of <TT><A
+HREF="#TeX82.Bug">TeX82.Bug</A></TT>; whereas TeX has only one <TT>\mark</TT>,
+which has to be over-loaded if more than one class of information is to be
+saved (e.g. over-loading is necessary if separate information for recto and
+verso pages is to be maintained), e-TeX has a whole class of <TT>\marks</TT>
+(256, in the first release); thus rather than writing <TT>\mark</TT>
+<I>&lt;general text&gt;</I> as in TeX, in e-TeX one writes <TT>\marks</TT>
+<I>8-bit number</I> <I>&lt;general text&gt;</I>. For example,
+<TT>\marks&nbsp;0</TT> could be used to retain information for the verso page,
+whilst <TT>\marks 1</TT> could retain information for the recto. There are
+equivalent classes for the five <TT>\marks</TT> variables <A
+NAME="botmarks"></A><TT>\botmarks</TT>, <A
+NAME="firstmarks"></A><TT>\firstmarks</TT>, <A
+NAME="topmarks"></A><TT>\topmarks</TT>, <A
+NAME="splitfirstmarks"></A><TT>\splitfirstmarks</TT> and <A
+NAME="splitbotmarks"></A><TT>\splitbotmarks</TT>. It should be noted that
+<TT>\marks&nbsp;0</TT> and <TT>\mark</TT> are in fact identical, as are
+<TT>\topmarks&nbsp;0</TT> and \<TT>topmark</TT>, \<TT>botmarks&nbsp;0</TT> and
+<TT>\botmark</TT> and so on.</DD>
+</DL>
+
+<H2>3.5 Bi-directional typesetting: the <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A>
+primitives</H2>
+
+<UL>
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#TeXXeTstate">\TeXXeTstate</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#beginL">\beginL</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#beginR">\beginR</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#endL">\endL</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#endR">\endR</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#predisplaydirection">\predisplaydirection</A></TT> </LI>
+</UL>
+
+<P><A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> was developed by Peter Breitenlohner
+based on the original <!--A HREF="TeX-XeT-TODO"-->TeX-XeT<!--/A--> of Donald Knuth
+and Pierre MacKay; whereas <!--A HREF="#TeX-XeT"-->TeX-XeT<!--/A--> generated non-standard
+<I>DVI</I> files, <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> generates perfectly
+normal <I>DVI</I> files which can therefore be processed by standard <I>DVI</I>
+drivers (assuming, of course, that the necessary fonts are available).
+Both systems permit the direction of typesetting (conventionally left-to-right
+in Western documents) to be reversed for part or all of a document, which
+is particularly useful when setting languages such as Hebrew or Arabic.
+
+
+<DL>
+<DT><A NAME="beginL"></A><TT>\beginL</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>indicates the start of a region (e.g. a section of text, or a pre-constructed
+<I>box</I>) which should be set left-to-right; </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="beginR"></A><TT>\beginR</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>indicates the start of a region which should be set right-to-left;
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="endL"></A><TT>\endL</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>indicates the end of a region which should be set left-to-right; </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="endR"></A><TT>\endR</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>indicates the end of a region which should be set right-to-left; </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="TeXXeTstate"></A><TT>\TeXXeTstate</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>an internal read/write integer, its value is zero or negative to indicate
+that <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> features are not to be used; a positive
+value indicates that they may be used. As the internal data structures
+built by <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> differ from those built by TeX,
+and as the typesetting of a document by <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A>
+may therefore differ from that performed by TeX, <TT>\TeXXeTstate</TT>
+defaults to zero, and even if set positive during format creation will
+be re-set to zero before the format is dumped. Explicit user action therefore
+is required to enable <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> semantics, and <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A>
+is therefore classed as an <I><A HREF="#enhancement">enhancement</A></I>,
+not simply an <I><A HREF="#extension">extension</A></I>. </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="predisplaydirection"></A><TT>\predisplaydirection</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>an internal read/write integer, initialised by e-TeX to indicate the
+direction of the last partial paragraph before a display; it is used to
+control the placement of elements such as equation numbers, and can be
+explictly set to affect this placement. </DD>
+</DL>
+
+<H2>3.6 Additional debugging features</H2>
+
+<UL>
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#interactionmode">\interactionmode</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#showgroups">\showgroups</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#showtokens">\showtokens</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingassigns">\tracingassigns</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracinggroups">\tracinggroups</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingifs">\tracingifs</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingscantokens">\tracingscantokens</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><A HREF="#AdditionalTracingInformation">Additional detail for <TT>\tracingcommands</TT></A>
+</LI>
+</UL>
+
+<DL>
+<DT><A NAME="interactionmode"></A><TT>\interactionmode</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>whereas in TeX there exist only explicit commands such as <TT>\scrollmode</TT>,
+<TT>\errorstopmode</TT>, etc., in e-TeX read/write access is provided via
+<TT>\interactionmode</TT> (an internal integer); assigning a numeric value
+sets the associated mode, whilst the current mode may be ascertained by
+interrogating its value. Symbolic definitions of these values may be provided
+through an associated macro library. </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="showgroups"></A><TT>\showgroups</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD><I>(e-)TeX</I> has many different classes of <I>group</I>, which should
+normally be properly balanced and nested; if a nesting or imbalance error
+occurs, it can be <I>very</I> difficult to track down the source of the
+problem. <TT>\showgroups</TT> causes e-TeX to display the level and type
+of all active groups from the point within which it was called. </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="showtokens"></A><TT>\showtokens</TT>, </DT>
+
+<DD>when followed by a <I>&lt;general text&gt;</I>, displays a sequence
+of characters corresponding to the decomposition of the <I>&lt;balanced
+text&gt;</I> of the unexpanded <I>&lt;general text&gt;</I>; c.f. <TT><A HREF="#detokenize">\detokenize</A></TT>.
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="tracingassigns"></A><TT>\tracingassigns</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD><TT>\tracingassigns</TT>
+(an internal read/write integer) causes e-TeX to display the
+contents of registers <em>before</em> an assignment, as well
+as after the assignment,
+while set to a positive non-zero value. In standard TeX,
+only the value <em>after</em> the assignment can be displayed
+during a trace.
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="tracinggroups"></A><TT>\tracinggroups</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>a further aid to debugging runaway-group problems, <TT>\tracinggroups</TT>
+(an internal read/write integer) causes e-TeX to trace entry and exit to
+every group while set to a positive non-zero value. </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="tracingifs"></A><TT>\tracingifs</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD> <tt>\tracingifs</tt> is an aid to debugging the expansion of conditionals.
+If it is set to a positive non-zero value, e-TeX traces the flow of
+control through conditional statements.</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="tracingscantokens"></A><TT>\tracingscantokens</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>an internal read/write integer, assigning it a positive non-zero value
+will cause an open-parenthesis and space to be displayed whenever <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT>
+is invoked; the matching close-parenthesis will be recorded when the scan
+is complete. If a traceback occurs during the expansion of <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT>,
+the first displayed line number will reflect the logical line number of
+the pseudo-file created from the parameter to <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT>;
+thus enabling <TT>\tracingscantokens</TT> can assist in identifying why
+an seemingly irrational line number is shewn as the source of error (the
+traceback always continues until the line number of the actual source file
+is displayed). </DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="AdditionalTracingInformation"></A>Additional tracing information:
+</DT>
+
+<DD>If <TT>\tracingcommands</TT> is greater than 2, additional information
+is displayed (the maximum value defined in standard TeX is 2). </DD>
+</DL>
+
+<H2>3.7 Miscellaneous primitives</H2>
+
+<UL>
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#everyeof">\everyeof</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#middle">\middle</A></TT> </LI>
+
+<LI><TT><A HREF="#unless">\unless</A></TT> </LI>
+</UL>
+
+<DL>
+<DT><A NAME="everyeof"></A><TT>\everyeof</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>this is another of Knuth's `possibly good ideas', listed at the end of
+<TT><A HREF="#TeX82.Bug">TeX82.Bug</A></TT>; analogous to the other
+<TT>\every...</TT> primitives, it takes as parameter a <I>&lt;balanced
+text&gt;</I>, the tokens of which are inserted when the end of a file (either
+real or virtual, if <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT> is used) is
+reached. This allows <TT>\input</TT> statements to be used within the
+replacement text of <TT>\edef</TT>s, and allows totally arbitrary files to be
+<TT>\input</TT> within an e-TeX conditional, since the necessary <TT>\fi</TT>
+can be inserted before e-TeX complains that it has fallen off the end of the
+file. It should be noted that the <code>\everyeof</code> tokens are <em>not</em>
+inserted if the end-of-file is forced through the use of <code>\endinput</code>.
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="middle"></A><TT>\middle</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>analogous to TeX's <TT>\left</TT> and <TT>\right</TT>, <TT>\middle</TT>
+specifies that the following delimiter is to serve both as a right and
+left delimiter; it will be set with spacing appropriate to a right delimiter
+w.r.t. the preceding atom(s), and with spacing appropriate to a left delimiter
+w.r.t. the succeeding atom(s). A particularly nice
+<a href="http://vzdmzi.zdv.uni-mainz.de/~knappen/jk006.html">example</a>
+of its use
+has kindly been provided by
+<a href="mailto:knappen@vkpmzd.kph.uni-mainz.de">J&ouml;rg Knappen</a></DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="unless"></A><TT>\unless</TT>: </DT>
+
+<DD>TeX has, by design, a rather sparse set of conditional primitives:
+<TT>\ifeof</TT>, <TT>\ifodd</TT>, <TT>\ifvoid</TT>, etc., have no complementary
+counterparts. Whilst this normally poses no problems since each accepts
+both a <TT>\then</TT> (implicit) and an <TT>\else</TT> (explicit) part,
+they fall down when used as the final <TT>\if...</TT> of a <TT>\loop ...
+\if ... \repeat</TT> construct, since no <TT>\else</TT> is allowed after
+the final <TT>\if...</TT>. <TT>\unless</TT> allows the sense of all Boolean
+conditionals to be inverted, and thus (for example) <TT>\unless</TT>
+<TT>\ifeof</TT> yields <I>true</I> iff end-of-file has <I>not</I> yet been
+reached.
+<a href="mailto:dak@neuroinformatik.ruhr-uni-bochum.de"">David Kastrup</a> has
+correctly pointed out that a similar effect can be achieved by macro
+programming, but the solution is not sufficiently general to allow it to be
+used unchanged in all contexts in which the new <tt>\unless</tt> primitive can
+be used.</DD>
+</DL>
+
+<HR>
+
+<H2>References:</H2>
+
+<DL>
+<DT><A NAME="TeX.Web"></A><B><TT>TeX.Web</TT></B> </DT>
+
+<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex/tex.web">tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex/tex.web</A>
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="TeX82.Bug"></A><B><TT>TeX82.Bug</TT></B> </DT>
+
+<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/knuth/errata/tex82.bug">tex-archive/systems/knuth/errata/tex82.bug</A>
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="Trip"></A><B><TT>Trip</TT> test</B> </DT>
+
+<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex/tripman.tex">tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex/tripman.tex</A>
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="Plain.TeX"></A><B><TT>Plain.TeX</TT></B> </DT>
+
+<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/knuth/lib/plain.tex">tex-archive/systems/knuth/lib/plain.tex</A>
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="TeX--XeT"></A><B>TeX--XeT</B> </DT>
+
+<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex--xet/">tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex--xet</A>
+</DD>
+
+<dt><a name="etex.src"></a><b><tt>etex.src</tt></b></dt>
+
+<dd><a href="src/etex.src">etex.src</a></dd>
+
+<DT><A NAME="NTS-L"></A><B>Discussion List <TT>NTS-L</TT></B> </DT>
+
+<DD>Subscribe with e-mail to the Listserver program
+<A HREF="mailto:listserv@vm.urz.uni-heidelberg.de">
+listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de</A>
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="Tie"></A><B>Tie</B> (written in C) </DT>
+
+<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/web/tie/">tex-archive/web/tie</A>
+</DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="WebMerge"></A><B>WebMerge</B> (written in TeX) </DT>
+
+<DD><a href="webmerge.tex">webmerge.tex</a></DD>
+
+<DT><A NAME="PatchWeb"></A><B>PatchWeb</B> (for PC, bundled with "dos-tp") </DT>
+
+<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/dos-tp/">tex-archive/systems/msdos/dos-tp/</A>
+</DD>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+<HR>
+
+<ADDRESS>The NTS team</ADDRESS>
+
+<hr>
+Put on the WWW by Bernd Raichle, member of the NTS group;<br>
+subsequently updated by Philip Taylor,
+with corrections by Peter Breitenlohner.<br>
+last updated: 30-JUL-1997 19:31:47 (PT)<br>
+<FORM METHOD="POST" ACTION="http://www.webtechs.com/cgi-bin/html-check.pl">
+<INPUT NAME="recommended" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden">
+<INPUT NAME="level" VALUE="Wilbur" TYPE="hidden">
+<INPUT NAME="input" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden">
+<INPUT NAME="esis" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden">
+<INPUT NAME="render" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden">
+<a href="http://ugweb.cs.ualberta.ca/~gerald/validate
+ /?url=http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/etex_ref.html">
+<img src="/www/logos/invalid_html3_2.gif" alt="HTML 3.2 Checked!">
+</a>
+<INPUT NAME="URLs"
+ VALUE="http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/etex_ref.html"
+ TYPE="hidden"
+>
+<INPUT TYPE="image" SRC="/www/logos/invalid_html_wilbur.gif">
+</FORM>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_src.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_src.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e4e031adae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_src.html
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+<html>
+<head><title>The "etex.src" file and its adjuncts: V2.0</title>
+</HEAD><BODY>
+<H1>The e-T<sub><big>E</big></sub>X format source file
+<code>"etex.src" (V2.0)</code></H1>
+<p>
+The primary e-TeX format source file, <code>"etex.src"</code>, is in principle
+merely a wrapper for <code>"plain.tex"</code>, providing modified definitions
+for some Plain TeX commands (at present, just
+one:&nbsp;<code>\tracingall</code>), improving and generalising
+the register allocation mechanism, and adding new commands
+<p>
+In so doing, we have taken the opportunity to
+(a)&nbsp;provide intrinsic support for multiple-language
+typesetting (by deferring the processing of patterns and exceptions until a
+rudimentary language-handling environment has been defined),
+(b)&nbsp;provide a local as well as a global register allocation mechanism,
+(c)&nbsp;provide for the allocation of blocks of registers as well as single
+ registers,
+(d)&nbsp;provide a means of allocating and accessing <em>vectors</em>
+ (monodimensional arrays) of registers, and finally
+(e)&nbsp;provide a simple but effective module-handling system, to allow e-TeX
+ancilliary source files to be structured as libraries rather than as flat
+linear text files.
+<p>
+As the new commands and other features are not documented elsewhere,
+a brief explanation of their syntax and semantics is provided here.
+<p>
+<dl>
+<dt><code>\tracingall</code></dt>
+<dd>The definition is augmented to enable tracing for the new e-TeX
+ tracing primitives <code>\tracingassigns</code>,
+ <code>\tracinggroups</code>, <code>\tracingifs</code>,
+ <code>\tracingnesting</code>
+ and <code>\tracingscantokens</code>; the numeric value assigned
+ to the TeX primitives <code>\tracingcommands</code> and
+ <code>\tracinglostchars</code> is increased
+ as e-TeX will report additional detail in these circumstances.
+ <p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt><code>\eTeX</code></dt>
+<dd>A simple implementation of the e-TeX logo; a more sophisticated version,
+ capable of being used in maths sub/superscripts for example, may find
+ its way into <code>etexdefs.lib</code> in due course.
+ <p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt><code>\loggingall</code></dt>
+<dd>This command is equivalent to the sequence <code>\tracingall</code>
+ <code>\tracingonline = 0 </code>.
+ <p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt><code>\tracingnone</code></dt>
+<dd>This command restores the initial state of the various
+ <code>\tracing...</code> primitives following use of
+ <code>\tracingall</code> or <code>\loggingall</code>.
+ <p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt><code>\newmarks</code></dt>
+<dd>As e-TeX provides 2<sup>15</sup> <code>\marks</code> rather than the single
+ <code>\mark</code> of TeX, an allocator mechanism is required; we
+ believe that <code>\marks</code> are closer to
+ <code>\box</code>es than to (say) <code>\count</code>s or
+ <code>\dimen</code>s and so have provided an analogous allocation
+ mechanism, in that <code>\newmarks</code>&nbsp&lt;<code><em>control
+ sequence or active character</em></code>&gt; assigns a <em>numeric
+ value</em> to the parameter rather than making it a synonym for an
+ actual <code>\mark</code>; this numeric value can then be used to access
+ individual <code>\marks</code>, <code>\topmarks</code>,
+ <code>\splitbotmarks</code>,&nbsp;etc., as in
+<pre>
+ \newmarks \rectomarks
+ . . .
+ \marks \rectomarks {This may form part of the recto running head}
+ . . .
+ \leftline {\topmarks \rectomarks}
+</pre>
+ It should be noted that as <code>\marks 0</code> is synonymous with
+ <code>\mark</code>, <code>\newmarks</code> will never allocate that
+ particular value.
+ <br><em><strong>Note:</strong></em>
+ This command was called <code>\newmark</code> in V1.1; the alternative
+ spelling has been retained for compatibility, although it is now classed
+ as deprecated.
+ <p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>
+<code>\globbox</code>,
+<code>\globcount</code>,
+<code>\globdimen</code>,
+<code>\globmarks</code>,
+<code>\globmuskip</code>,
+<code>\globskip</code>,
+<code>\globtoks</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Analogous to TeX's <code>\newbox</code> (etc), these commands globally allocate
+registers from e-TeX's extended register pool (i.e.&nbsp;from the register
+range from 2<sup>0</sup> (for \marks) or from 2<sup>8</sup>
+(for all other classes) to 2<sup>15</sup>-1). Registers are globally
+allocated from the lower end of the range.
+<p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>\locbox</code>,
+<code>\loccount</code>,
+<code>\locdimen</code>,
+<code>\locmarks</code>,
+<code>\locmuskip</code>,
+<code>\locskip</code>,
+<code>\loctoks</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Analogous to <code>\globbox</code> (etc), these commands locally allocate
+registers from e-TeX's extended register pool (i.e.&nbsp;from the register
+range from 2<sup>0</sup> (for \marks) or from 2<sup>8</sup>
+(for all other classes) to 2<sup>15</sup>-1). Registers are locally
+allocated from the upper end of the range.
+<p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>\globboxblk</code>,
+<code>\globcountblk</code>,
+<code>\globdimenblk</code>,
+<code>\globmarksblk</code>,
+<code>\globmuskipblk</code>,
+<code>\globskipblk</code>,
+<code>\globtoksblk</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+These commands extend <code>\globbox</code> (etc) by globally allocating
+contiguous blocks of registers from e-TeX's extended register pool.
+The syntax used is:
+<pre>
+ \glob(whatever)blk &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>n</em>
+</pre>
+where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As
+<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be
+expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token.
+The &lt;control sequence or active character&gt; will be
+<code>\mathchardef</code>'d to the ordinal of the lowest register allocated.
+<p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>\locboxblk</code>,
+<code>\loccountblk</code>,
+<code>\locdimenblk</code>,
+<code>\locmarksblk</code>,
+<code>\locmuskipblk</code>,
+<code>\locskipblk</code>,
+<code>\loctoksblk</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+These commands extend <code>\locbox</code> (etc) by locally allocating
+contiguous blocks of registers from e-TeX's extended register pool.
+The syntax used is:
+<pre>
+ \loc(whatever)blk &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>n</em>
+</pre>
+where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As
+<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be
+expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token.
+The &lt;control sequence or active character&gt; will be
+<code>\mathchardef</code>'d to the ordinal of the lowest register allocated.
+<p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>\globcountvector</code>,
+<code>\globdimenvector</code>,
+<code>\globmuskipvector</code>,
+<code>\globskipvector</code>,
+<code>\globtoksvector</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An extension to <code>\globcountblk</code> (etc), these commands use
+e-TeX's arithmetic expression capabilities to globally allocate
+vectors of boxes (etc) from e-TeX's extended register pool.
+The syntax used is:
+<pre>
+ \glob(whatever)vector &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>n</em>
+</pre>
+where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As
+<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be
+expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. Once the
+vector has been defined, element <em>m</em> can be accessed in both left-
+and right-hand contexts as
+<pre>
+ &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>m</em>
+</pre>
+where 0 &lt;= <em>m</em> &lt; <em>n</em>. As with <em>n</em>, <em>m</em>
+must be expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token.
+<p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>\globboxvector</code>,
+<code>\globmarksvector</code>,
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Analogous to but subtly different from the above, these commands use
+e-TeX's arithmetic expression capabilities to globally allocate
+vectors of boxes (etc) from e-TeX's extended register pool.
+The syntax used is:
+<pre>
+ \glob(box-or-marks)vector &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>n</em>
+</pre>
+where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As
+<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be
+expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. Once the
+vector has been defined, element <em>m</em> can be accessed in left-hand
+contexts as
+<pre>
+ &lt;box-or-marks-referencer&gt; &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>m</em>
+</pre>
+and in right-hand contexts as
+<pre>
+ &lt;box-or-marks-dereferencer&gt; &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>m</em>
+</pre>
+where 0 &lt;= <em>m</em> &lt; <em>n</em>. As with <em>n</em>, <em>m</em>
+must be expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token.
+<p>
+The significance of <code>&lt;box-or-marks-(de)referencer&gt;</code> is that
+boxes and marks are unlike other registers in that there exists a whole family
+of (de)referencers, one of which must be used in order to access
+the particular element required. For boxes, the sole referencer is
+<code>\setbox</code>, whilst the possible dereferencers include
+<code>\box</code>,
+<code>\copy,</code>
+<code>\unhbox,</code>
+<code>\unvbox,</code>,
+<code>\unhcopy</code> and
+<code>\unvcopy</code>.
+For marks, the sole referencer is
+<code>\marks</code>, whilst the possible dereferencers include
+<code>\topmarks</code>,
+<code>\firstmarks</code>,
+<code>\botmarks</code>,
+<code>\splitfirstmarks</code> and
+<code>\splitbotmarks</code>.
+<p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>\loccountvector</code>,
+<code>\locdimenvector</code>,
+<code>\locmuskipvector</code>,
+<code>\locskipvector</code>,
+<code>\loctoksvector</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An extension to <code>\loccountblk</code> (etc), these commands use
+e-TeX's arithmetic expression capabilities to locally allocate
+vectors of boxes (etc) from e-TeX's extended register pool.
+The syntax used is:
+<pre>
+ \loc(whatever)vector &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>n</em>
+</pre>
+where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As
+<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be
+expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. Once the
+vector has been defined, element <em>m</em> can be accessed in both left-
+and right-hand contexts as
+<pre>
+ &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>m</em>
+</pre>
+where 0 &lt;= <em>m</em> &lt; <em>n</em>. As with <em>n</em>, <em>m</em>
+must be expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token.
+<p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\locboxvector</code>,
+<code>\locmarksvector</code>,
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Analogous to but subtly different from the above, these commands use
+e-TeX's arithmetic expression capabilities to locally allocate
+vectors of boxes (etc) from e-TeX's extended register pool.
+The syntax used is:
+<pre>
+ \loc(box-or-marks)vector &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>n</em>
+</pre>
+where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As
+<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be
+expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. Once the
+vector has been defined, element <em>m</em> can be accessed in left-hand
+contexts as
+<pre>
+ &lt;box-or-marks-referencer&gt; &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>m</em>
+</pre>
+and in right-hand contexts as
+<pre>
+ &lt;box-or-marks-dereferencer&gt; &lt;control sequence or active char&gt; <em>m</em>
+</pre>
+where 0 &lt;= <em>m</em> &lt; <em>n</em>. As with <em>n</em>, <em>m</em>
+must be expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token.
+<p>
+The significance of <code>&lt;box-or-marks-(de)referencer&gt;</code> is that
+boxes and marks are unlike other registers in that there exists a whole family
+of (de)referencers, one of which must be used in order to access
+the particular element required. For boxes, the sole referencer is
+<code>\setbox</code>, whilst the possible dereferencers include
+<code>\box</code>,
+<code>\copy,</code>
+<code>\unhbox,</code>
+<code>\unvbox,</code>,
+<code>\unhcopy</code> and
+<code>\unvcopy</code>.
+For marks, the sole referencer is
+<code>\marks</code>, whilst the possible dereferencers include
+<code>\topmarks</code>,
+<code>\firstmarks</code>,
+<code>\botmarks</code>,
+<code>\splitfirstmarks</code> and
+<code>\splitbotmarks</code>.
+<p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\reserveinserts</code></dt>
+<dd>As there are now so many registers available, there is a risk that a macro
+package may allocate so many that there are none of the first 255
+left for use by insertions (which cannot use the extended register set).
+<code>\reserveinserts</code> <em>n</em> allows a package writer or user to
+reserve an additional <em>n</em> insertions above and beyond those already
+allocated. The syntax used is:
+<pre>
+ \reserveinserts <em>n</em>
+</pre>
+<em>n</em> must be expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token.
+<p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt><code>\load</code></dt>
+<dd>Although (Plain) TeX provides facilities for either
+ <code>\input</code>ting a complete file or for <code>\read</code>ing a
+ file line-by-line, it makes no provision for any intermediate level of
+ file access. In e-TeX, we provide facilities for
+ <code>\input</code>ting one or more named <em>modules</em> from a
+ suitably structured library file. The syntax used is:
+<pre>
+ \load &lt;<em>module</em>&gt;[, &lt;<em>module</em>&gt;...] from &lt;<em>file</em>&gt;
+</pre>
+ whilst the library file itself should be structured as:
+<pre>
+ %% e-TeXlib Vx.y
+ \module {&lt;<em>name</em>&gt;}
+ . . .
+ \endmodule
+
+ \module {&lt;<em>name</em>&gt;}
+ . . .
+ \endmodule
+
+ etc.
+</pre>
+ The %% header is required, and the actual values in
+ <code>Vx.y</code> must correspond to the current version/revision
+ of e-TeX; for the current release, the header must therefore
+ be:
+<pre>
+ %% e-TeXlib V2.0
+</pre>
+ If a library file is changed during the lifetime of the system, it
+ is <em>recommended</em> (but not required) that this amendment be
+ recorded in a <em>cycle number</em> appended to the header;
+ a <em>cycle number</em> is of the form <code>;</code><em>digit[s]</em>,
+ and thus a valid header for the current release of e-TeX might be
+ any of:
+<pre>
+ %% e-TeXlib V2.0
+ %% e-TeXlib V2.0;1
+ %% e-TeXlib V2.0;247
+</pre>
+ etc. The necessity for a perfect match between the library header
+ and the current version/revision of e-TeX may be relaxed in a future
+ release if it transpires that no changes in the structure of user
+ libraries are required for compatibility with future versions of e-TeX.
+ <p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Modules in the standard library (<code>etexdefs.lib</code>)</dt>
+<dd>
+e-TeX is distributed with a standard library which provides mnemonic
+names for the various values which can be returned by the new primitives.
+The library contains four modules:
+<code>grouptypes</code>,
+<code>nodetypes</code>,
+<code>interactionmodes</code> and
+<code>iftypes</code>. The standard format source, <code>etex.src</code>,
+loads <code>interactionmodes</code> by default; the others can be loaded
+using the appropriate one of the following:
+<pre>
+ \load grouptypes from etexdefs.lib
+ \load nodetypes from etexdefs.lib
+ \load iftypes from etexdefs.lib
+</pre>
+Once the relevant module has been loaded, the numeric values
+associated with each of the possible types/modes can be retrieved
+using one of the following commands with one of the parameters shewn:
+<pre>
+ \grouptypes
+ {simple}
+ {hbox}
+ {adjustedhbox}
+ {vbox}
+ {vtop}
+ {align}
+ {noalign}
+ {output}
+ {math}
+ {disc}
+ {insert}
+ {vcenter}
+ {mathchoice}
+ {semisimple}
+ {mathshift}
+ {mathleft}
+
+ \nodetypes
+ {char}
+ {hlist}
+ {vlist}
+ {rule}
+ {ins}
+ {mark}
+ {adjust}
+ {ligature}
+ {disc}
+ {whatsit}
+ {math}
+ {glue}
+ {kern}
+ {penalty}
+ {unset}
+ {maths}
+
+ \conditionaltypes
+ {charif}
+ {catif}
+ {numif}
+ {dimif}
+ {oddif}
+ {vmodeif}
+ {hmodeif}
+ {mmodeif}
+ {innerif}
+ {voidif}
+ {hboxif}
+ {vboxif}
+ {xif}
+ {eofif}
+ {trueif}
+ {falseif}
+ {caseif}
+ {definedif}
+ {csnameif}
+ {fontcharif}
+
+ \interactionmodes
+ {batch}
+ {nonstop}
+ {scroll}
+ {errorstop}
+</pre>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Multiple language typesetting</dt>
+<dd>When TeX gained <code>\language</code> and
+ <code>\setlanguage</code> primitives with the advent of TeX 3.0, no
+ change was made to the Plain TeX source code to really exploit these
+ features with the single exception of the <code>\newlanguage</code>
+ command. In "<code>etex.src</code>", we defer the loading of
+ <em>patterns</em> and <em>hyphenation exceptions</em> until a
+ rudimentary language handling environment has been defined. We now
+ assume that the user (or rather the format-creator) will,
+ if required, modify the file
+ called "<code>language.def</code>" by adding the
+ various languages to be supported by the format. Each entry apart from
+ the last in "<code>language.def</code>" is of the form:
+<pre>
+ \addlanguage {&lt;<em>language</em>&gt;}
+ {&lt;<em>patterns file</em>&gt;}
+ {&lt;<em>exceptions file</em>&gt;}
+ {&lt;<em>left hyphen min</em>&gt;}
+ {&lt;<em>right hyphen min</em>&gt;} %%% shewn wrapped for clarity
+</pre>
+ The first line <em><strong>must</strong></em> be:
+<pre>
+ \addlanguage {USenglish}{hyphen.tex}{}{2}{3}
+</pre>
+ whilst the last must be
+<pre>
+ \uselanguage {USenglish}
+</pre>
+ to ensure that legacy documents not explicitly specifying a language
+ process in a manner identical to TeX (that is, using American English
+ patterns, exceptions and left- and right-hyphen minima).
+ In the absence of a suitable <code>language.def</code>
+ file, the default fallback mode (USenglish, with the canonical patterns,
+ exceptions and left- and right-hyphen minima for TeX) will be used.
+ Within the user document, <code>\uselanguage {&lt;<em>some
+ language</em>&gt;}</code> should be used to switch languages, which
+ will have the effect of loading appropriate patterns, exceptions, and
+ left- and right hyphen minima. To allow the use of more powerful
+ language-handling environments (e.g.&nbsp;<a
+ href="http://homepage.cistron.nl/~jlbraams/babel.html">Babel</a>),
+ the <code>\uselanguage</code> command finishes by testing whether the
+ putative control sequence <code>\uselanguage@hook</code> is defined; if
+ it is, then it is expanded, passing as parameter the name of the
+ language to be used. It should be noted that <code>\uselanguage</code>
+ is automatically invoked during the expansion of
+ <code>\addlanguage</code> <em>prior</em> to the reading of patterns;
+ a further hook, <code>\addlanguage@hook</code>, is invoked in an
+ identical manner <em>after</em> the reading of patterns and exceptions
+ so as to allow (for example) category-codes to be changed for the
+ duration of the pattern- and exception-loading régime. This code is
+ still classed as experimental, and if it transpires that a superior
+ mechanism would improve the interface to
+ <a href="http://homepage.cistron.nl/~jlbraams/babel.html">Babel</a>
+ or <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/CTAN/latex/">LaTeX</a>, it may be
+ enhanced in the future.
+ <p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+The e-TeX format source "etex.src" is a product of
+<a href="/e-TeX/NTS-Group.Html">the NTS group</a>.
+<hr>
+<p>
+Please notify any errors in this document to <a
+href="http://www.vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/~chaa006/">its creator</a>;<br>
+Last updated and
+<a href="http://validator.w3.org/check?url=http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/v2/src/etex_src.html">
+validated
+</a>
+ 24-MAR-1998 19:45:12
+/PT<br>
+<img src="/logos/vh40.gif" alt="W3C HTML 4.0 validated.">
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/legal.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/legal.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..986bb351b63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/legal.html
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
+<html>
+<head><title>e-TeX legal status</title>
+</HEAD><BODY>
+<H1>The legal status of e-T<sub><big>E</big></sub>X </H1>
+When <a href="http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/">Professor Donald
+E.&nbsp;Knuth</A> released TeX to the world, he did so in a simple and
+straightforward way which allowed users everywhere to benefit from his work
+whilst protecting them from pirated and illegal versions. He did so without
+pages of legalese, using simple language and in terms that are readily
+understood <p>
+In creating e-TeX, we have followed his example: we
+release
+e-TeX to the world under exactly the same conditions as Don
+released TeX. The name e-TeX is a trademark of the
+<a href="nts-group.html">NTS group</a>,
+as are its typeset and HTML logos. No package may describe
+itself as "e-TeX" unless (a)&nbsp;it is generated using the official
+source files from the e-TeX reference site, together with such
+system-dependent changes as are necessary and permitted in order
+for it to run on a specific system, and (b)&nbsp;it has been validated
+for conformity using the <a href="etrip.zip">e-TRIP</a> test.
+<p>
+No changes shall be made by anyone other than a member of the
+NTS group to any of the files which form a part of the e-TeX
+distribution. If, for whatever reason, someone other than
+a member of the NTS group wishes to change such a file, then
+he or she shall (a) add a comment indicating the reason for,
+and nature of the change, together with the date and the name
+of the person making the change, and (b) shall save the changed
+file under a different name, so that there shall exist no
+risk of confusion between the changed file and the authoritative
+official version.
+<p>
+Although it is <em>preferred</em> that e-TeX be distributed in
+source form, it is recognised that there are systems for which
+binary distributions are the norm. It is therefore
+<em>required</em> that any binary distribution of e-TeX be
+accompanied by a clear statement that the definitive sources
+for e-TeX are available free-of-charge at the
+<a href="http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/">e-TeX reference site</a>.
+<p>
+With the exception of anything specifically referred to above,
+all components of the system known as "e-TeX" are
+released under exactly the same terms and conditions as the
+system known as "TeX".
+<p>
+Enjoy!
+<hr>
+Release date: 11th November 1996
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/nts-group.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/nts-group.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f5da0833981
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/nts-group.html
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
+<html>
+<head><title>The NTS Group</title>
+</HEAD><BODY>
+<H1>The <em>N<sub><big>T</big></sub>S</em> Group</H1>
+The NTS group was created under the ægis of
+<a href="http://www.dante.de/Welcome_english.html">
+<strong>D</strong><small><b>ANTE</b></small>&nbsp;e.<small>V</small></A>
+at Hamburg in
+1992. Its brief was "to perpetuate and develop the spirit and philosophy of
+TeX, whilst respecting Knuth's wish that TeX should remain frozen".
+<p>
+The group is currently composed of the following members:
+<ul>
+<li><a href="mailto:joachim.lammarsch@urz.uni-heidelberg.de">
+ Joachim Lammarsch</a>, managing director;
+<li><a href="http://www.vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/~chaa006/">Philip Taylor</a>,
+ technical director;
+<li><a href="mailto:peb@mppmu.mpg.de">Peter Breitenlohner</a>,
+ head of e-TeX development;
+<li><a href="http://www.fi.muni.cz/~zlatuska/">Jiri Zlatuska</a>,
+ head of NTS development;
+<li>
+<a href="http://www.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/ifi/is/Personen/raichle.html">
+ Bernd Raichle</a>, 2-i/c, e-TeX & NTS projects;
+<li><a href="mailto:sowa@clio.rz.uni-duesseldorf.de">Friedhelm Sowa</a>,
+ graphics and user interfaces.
+</ul>
+The group's primary activity at this time is the development of
+<a href="http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/">e-TeX</a>; in abeyance, awaiting
+adequate funding, is the much longer-term project "NTS" from which the group
+takes its name.
+<p>
+The group gratefully acknowledges the contribution made by
+previous members including, but not restricted to,
+Rainer Schöpf and Joachim Schrod.
+The group also gratefully acknowledges the support (both
+financial and otherwise) given by the members of
+<strong>D</strong><small><b>ANTE</b></small>&nbsp;e.<small>V</small>.
+to the work of the project.
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/webmerge.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/webmerge.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a55ac3e9301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/webmerge.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+% This is webmerge.tex
+% Copyright (C) 1995,96 by the NTS team; all rights are reserved.
+%
+\def\fileversion{V 1.1}
+\def\filedate{29 Mar 96}
+%
+% In order to generate e-TeX several change files have to be applied
+% (one after the other) to tex.web. This can be done efficiently with
+% programs such as PATCHWEB or TIE. If neither of these is available
+% the present program WEBMERGE can be used to merge several change
+% files into one change file that can then be used with TANGLE.
+%
+% If the web file or one of the change files contains tab of form feed
+% characters there is, however, a problem that can't be solved in a
+% satisfactory way. This should not be a real problem since the
+% original tex.web and etex.ch don't contain these characters and there
+% is no real good reason why the system-dependent change files should
+% (except may be that some editors insist on converting sequences of
+% space characters into tabs).
+%
+% The problem is due to the fact that (an unmodified) TeX cannot write
+% tabs or form feeds to the output file. Therefore WEBMERGE offers two
+% alternatives: if \ifallowtabs is false (by default) then tab and form
+% feed characters are invalid and lead to error messages; if this
+% happens one may use the command
+% \allowtabstrue
+% to allow tab and form feed as valid input characters. If they are
+% written to the output file they will appear as '^^I' and '^^L'. This
+% must then be changed manually with a suitable editor before the output
+% from WEBMERGE can be used as input for TANGLE.
+%
+% Typically three change files are required to generate e-TeX, e.g.,
+% 1. etex.ch (system independent changes for e-TeX)
+% 2. tex.ch (system dependent changes for TeX)
+% 3. tex.ech (additional system dependent changes for e-TeX)
+% The sequence commands (to be used with plain TeX)
+% \input webmerge
+% \webfile{tex.web} % web file
+% \changefile{etex.ch} % 1. change file
+% \changefile{tex.ch} % 2. change file
+% \changefile{tex.ech} % 3. change file
+% \outfile{etex.ch} % output file, start processing
+% creates a combined change file `etex.ch'.
+% Webmerge uses a temporary file with default name `tmp.tmp',
+% the command
+% \tempfile{<temp name>}
+% can be used to change that name.
+%
+% Webmerge is slow, therefore PATCHWEB or TIE should be used whenever
+% possible. The program checks for correct change files and gives error
+% messages similar to those of TANGLE and WEAVE. The error recovery is,
+% however, rather limited.
+%
+% In case of problems please contact:
+% Peter Breitenlohner peb@mppmu.mpg.de
+
+% We make @ signs act like letters, temporarily.
+\catcode`\@=11
+
+\newif\ifallowtabs % initially false
+\def\allowtabs{\catcode`\^^I=12 \catcode`\^^L=12 }
+\def\forbidtabs{\catcode`\^^I=15 \catcode`\^^L=15 }
+
+\toksdef\toks@ii=2
+
+% First we redefine plain.tex's \loop to allow the construction
+% \loop ... \if... \else ... \repeat
+%
+\def\@iterate{\@body \expandafter\@iterate\fi}
+%
+% and to allow nested loops such as
+% \loop{... \loop ... \if... \repeat ... \if...}\repeat
+% where the braces do not imply grouping
+%
+\def\loop#1\repeat{%
+ \toks@\expandafter{\@body}%
+ \toks@ii\expandafter{\@@body}%
+ \edef\@@body{\def\noexpand\@body{\the\toks@}%
+ \def\noexpand\@@body{\the\toks@ii}}%
+ \def\@body{#1}\@iterate \@@body}
+\let\@body=\empty
+\let\@@body=\empty
+
+%
+\def\@msg{\immediate\write\sixt@@n}
+\@msg{*** webmerge \fileversion\space <\filedate> ***}
+%
+% Conceptually the web file (web_0) is combined with the first change
+% file, ch_1, in order to produce a ficticious web file web_1. Then
+% web_1 is combined with ch_2 in order to produce web_2 etc.
+
+% The logic of merging is that of TANGLE and WEAVE.
+% With several change files there may, however, be changes on top of
+% changes, i.e., a line changed by one change file may be changed again
+% by another change file.
+
+% The program below uses quite a few control sequences, many of them
+% constructed dynamically.
+% The most important ones are \<i>read (<i>=0,1,...) used to obtain the
+% next line from web_<i>. For reasons of efficiency they are \let to
+% either \<i>w (changing=false), \<i>c (changing=true), of \<i>e (file
+% has ended).
+% \<i>g is used to obtain the next line from ch_<i> and test for
+% @x/@y/@z,
+% \<i>prime (prime the change buffer) scans for the next @x from ch_<i>,
+% and \<i>match discards matching lines from web_<i-1> and ch_<i> until
+% an @y is found.
+
+\def\tempfile#1{\def\t@n{#1}}
+\def\t@n{tmp.tmp} % default tempfile name
+\newread\t@r % read tempfile
+\newwrite\t@w % write tempfile
+\def\t@o{\immediate\write\t@w} % write to tempfile
+\newwrite\o@w % write output file
+\def\o@o{\immediate\write\o@w} % write to outfile
+
+\newcount\@nch % number of change files
+\newcount\@num % number of active changes
+\newcount\@res % result from @x/@y/@z test
+\begingroup % \@pct expands to `% '
+ \lccode`\1=`\%
+ \lowercase{\endgroup \def\@pct{1 }}
+%
+
+% We need macros to define read streams, count registers, and control
+% sequences dynamically (inside \edef)
+
+\def\@nrd#1{\ifx#1\relax \csname newread\endcsname#1\fi}
+\def\@nct#1{\ifx#1\relax \csname newcount\endcsname#1\else #1\z@ \fi}
+\def\@cs#1{\csname#1\endcsname}
+\def\@csi#1{\csname\@i#1\endcsname}
+\def\@dcs#1{\expandafter\def\csname#1\endcsname}
+\def\@ecsi#1{\expandafter\edef\csname\@i#1\endcsname}
+\def\@ncsi#1{\expandafter\noexpand\csname\@i#1\endcsname}
+\def\@read{\expandafter\noexpand\csname\@ii read\endcsname}
+\def\@ifx{\noexpand\ifx}
+\def\@ifnum{\noexpand\ifnum}
+\def\@ifeof{\noexpand\ifeof\@csi r}
+\def\@else{\noexpand\else}
+\def\@fi{\noexpand\fi}
+\def\@loop{\noexpand\loop}
+\def\@repeat{\noexpand\repeat}
+\def\@expa{\noexpand\expandafter\noexpand}
+\def\@expai#1{\expandafter\@expa\csname\@i#1\endcsname}
+
+\def\webfile#1{% define webfile
+ \ifnum\@nch=\m@ne \@nch\z@ \@dcs{0n}{#1}%
+ \else \@msg{\string\webfile{#1} ignored (out of order)}%
+ \fi}
+\def\changefile#1{% define a changefile
+ \ifnum\@nch<\z@
+ \@msg{\string\changefile{#1} ignored (missing \string\webfile)}%
+ \else \ifnum\@nch>8 \@msg{\string\changefile{#1} ignored (too many)}%
+ \else \advance\@nch\@ne \@dcs{\number\@nch n}{#1}%
+ \fi \fi}
+\def\outfile#1{% define outfile and process
+ \ifnum\@nch<\@ne
+ \@msg{\string\outfile{#1} ignored (missing \string\changefile)}%
+ \else \def\o@n{#1}\@init \@merge \@done
+ \fi}
+\def\@init{% initialize
+ \@msg{}\@msg{webmerge \fileversion\space <\filedate>}%
+ \immediate\openout\o@w=\o@n
+ \o@o{\@pct This is \o@n, a WEB change file produced by webmerge.tex}%
+ \begingroup
+ \def\do##1{\catcode`##1=12 }\dospecials
+ \ifallowtabs \allowtabs \else \forbidtabs \fi
+ \endlinechar=\m@ne
+ \count@\z@
+ \loop \edef\@i{\number\count@}\@@init
+ \ifnum\count@<\@nch \advance\count@\@ne \let\@ii\@i
+ \repeat
+ \o@o{}%
+ \@msg{out=\o@n, merging ...}}
+%
+% Here now is the quite complicated macro \@@init
+% its main purpose is to dynamically construct
+% the macro \<i>read that returns the next line of web_<i> in \@web
+% as well as various auxiliary macros \<i>...
+%
+\def\@@init{% initialize input file <i>
+ \edef\x{% define \read streams and \count registers
+ \noexpand\@nrd\@ncsi r% \newread\<i>r
+ \noexpand\@nct\@ncsi l% \newcount\<i>l (line number)
+ \noexpand\@nct\@ncsi s% \newcount\<i>s (status)
+ }\x \@csi l\z@ \@csi s\z@ % \<i>l=0 \<i>s=0
+ \openin\@csi r\@csi n % \openin\<i>r=\<i>n
+ \@msg{\ifeof\@csi runable to open input file
+ \else \ifnum\@i=\z@ web\else change \@i\fi =\fi \@csi n}%
+ \ifnum\count@=\z@ % <i>=0 for web file
+ \let\@web\relax
+%%
+%% \def\0w{% return web_0 line (file not yet ended)
+%% \read\0r to\@web \0s=0 % read from web_0, mark as unchanged
+%% \ifeof\0r \0e \else \advance\0l by 1 \fi}
+%%
+ \@ecsi w{% return web_0 line (file not yet ended)
+ \read\@csi rto\@web \@csi s\z@
+ \@ifeof \@ncsi e\@else \advance\@csi l\@ne \@fi}%
+%%
+%% \def\0e{% return web_0 line (file has ended)
+%% \let\0read=\0e \let\@web=\relax}
+%%
+ \@ecsi e{% return web_0 line (file has ended)
+ \let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi e\let\@web\relax}%
+%%
+%% \ifeof\0r \0e \else \let\0read=\0w
+%%
+ \ifeof\@csi r\@csi e%
+ \else \edef\x{\let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi w}\x
+ \fi
+ \o@o{\@pct to be applied to \@csi n}%
+ \o@o{\@pct combining the changes (one after the other) from}%
+ \else % <i>=1,2,3,... for change files
+ \o@o{\@pct \@i. \@csi n}%
+%%
+%% \def\<i>g#1{% read change file and test for @x/@y/@z
+%% \ifeof\<i>r \let\<i>x=\relax \@res=#1
+%% \else \@res=0 \read\<i>r to\<i>x
+%% \advance\<i>l by 1 \expandafter\@test\<i>x ab\@#1<i>
+%% \fi}
+%%
+ \@ecsi g##1{% read change file and test for @x/@y/@z
+ \@ifeof \let\@ncsi x\relax \@res##1%
+ \@else \@res\z@ \read\@csi rto\@ncsi x%
+ \advance\@csi l\@ne \@expa\@test\@ncsi xab\noexpand\@##1\@i
+ \@fi}%
+%%
+%% \def\<i>w{% return web_i line (changing is false)
+%% \<i-1>read % get web_<i-1> line
+%% \ifx\@web\<i>x % test for match
+%% \expandafter\<i>match % match lines from web_i-i and ch_i
+%% \fi} % else return web_<i-1> line
+%%
+ \@ecsi w{% return web_i line (changing is false)
+ \@read \@ifx\@web\@ncsi x\@expai{match}\@fi}%
+%%
+%% \def\<i>c{% return web_i line (changing is true)
+%% \<i>g 3 % get ch_i line and test for @z
+%% \ifnum\@res=3 % @z found
+%% \@echg <i> % deactivate a change
+%% \<i>prime % prime the change buffer
+%% \expandafter\<i>read % read again, now from web_<i-1>
+%% \else \@mod\<i>x % return ch_i line, mark as changed (\0s=1)
+%% \fi}
+%%
+ \@ecsi c{% return web_i line (changing is true)
+ \@ncsi g\thr@@
+ \@ifnum\@res=\thr@@
+ \noexpand\@echg\@i \@ncsi{prime}\@expai{read}%
+ \@else \noexpand\@mod\@ncsi x%
+ \@fi}%
+%%
+%% \def\<i>e{% return web_i line (change file has ended)
+%% \<i-1>read} % return web_<i-1> line
+%%
+ \@ecsi e{% return web_i line (change file has ended)
+ \@read}%
+%%
+%% \def\<i>prime{% prime the change buffer
+%% \loop
+%% \<i>g 1 % get ch_i line and test for @x
+%% \ifnum\@res=1 \else \repeat % repeat until found
+%% \loop
+%% \<i>g 0 % get ch_i line
+%% \ifx\<i>x\empty \repeat % repeat until not blank line
+%% \ifx\<x>\relax \let\<i>read=\<i>e % change file has ended
+%% \else \let\<i>read=\<i>w %
+%%
+ \@ecsi{prime}{% prime the change buffer
+ \@loop \@ncsi g\@ne \@ifnum\@res=\@ne \@else \@repeat
+ \@loop \@ncsi g\z@ \@ifx\@ncsi x\noexpand\empty \@repeat
+ \@ifx\@ncsi x\relax \let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi e%
+ \@else \let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi w%
+ \@fi}%
+%%
+%% \def\<i>match{% match lines from web_<i-1> and ch_<i>
+%% \ifx\@web\relax % web_<i-1> and ch_<i> have ended
+%% \let\<i>read=\<i>e \<i> % indicate web_<i> has ended
+%% \else \@bchg % activate a change
+%% \loop \@chg % write a matching line to output (maybe)
+%% \<i>g 2 % get ch_i line and test for @y
+%% \ifnum\@res=2 \@endm <i> % end of match found
+%% \else \<i-1>read % get web_<i-1> line
+%% \ifx\@web\relax % test for end of web file
+%% \@err <i>{Web file ended during change}
+%% \fi
+%% \ifx\@web\<i>x % test for matching lines
+%% \else \advance\<i>s by 1 \fi % count mismatches
+%% \repeat
+%% \let\<i>read=\<i>c % now changing is true
+%% \fi
+%% \<i>read} % get next web_<i> line again
+%%
+ \@ecsi{match}{% match lines from web_<i-1> and ch_<i>
+ \@ifx\@web\relax
+ \let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi e%
+ \@else \noexpand\@bchg
+ \@loop \noexpand\@chg \@ncsi g\tw@
+ \@ifnum\@res=\tw@ \noexpand\@endm\@i%
+ \@else \@read
+ \@ifx\@web\relax
+ \noexpand\@err\@i{Web file ended during change}%
+ \@fi
+ \@ifx\@web\@ncsi x\@else \advance\@csi s\@ne \@fi
+ \@repeat
+ \let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi c%
+ \@fi
+ \@ncsi{read}}%
+%%
+%% \<i>prime % prime the change buffer
+%%
+ \@csi{prime}% prime the change buffer
+ \fi}
+\def\@done{%terminate
+ \count@\z@
+ \loop \edef\@i{\number\count@}%
+ \ifnum\count@=\z@ \else % change file
+ \ifeof\@csi r\else \@@err{Change file entry didn't match}\fi
+ \fi
+ \closein\@csi r% close input file <i>
+ \ifnum\count@<\@nch \advance\count@\@ne
+ \repeat
+ \endgroup
+ \immediate\closeout\o@w
+ \@nch\m@ne % prepare for next \webfile
+ \@msg{... done}\@msg{}}
+
+\catcode`\0=11 % for \0s
+\def\@merge{% process
+ \@num\z@
+ \expandafter\loop\csname\number\@nch read\endcsname % read web_<n>
+ \ifnum\0s=\@ne \t@o{\@web}\fi
+ \ifx\@web\relax
+ \else
+ \repeat}
+\def\@chg{\ifnum\0s=\z@ \o@o{\@web}\fi}
+\def\@mod{\0s\@ne \let\@web}
+\catcode`\0=12
+
+\def\@err#1{\def\@i{#1}\@@err}
+\def\@@err#1{\@msg{! #1}%
+ \@msg{ ... change file \@i\space (\@csi n) line \the\@csi l}}
+
+\def\@test#1#2#3\@{\if#1@ \csname set@#2\endcsname \fi \@eat}
+\def\@eat#1#2{}
+\def\set@x{\@res\@ne \expandafter\@xyz}
+\def\set@y{\@res\tw@ \expandafter\@xyz}
+\def\set@z{\@res\thr@@ \expandafter\@xyz}
+\let\set@X=\set@x
+\let\set@Y=\set@y
+\let\set@Z=\set@z
+\def\@xyz\@eat#1#2{%
+ \ifnum#1=\@res
+ \else \@err#2{Extra \@@xyz{\@res} ignored (expecting \@@xyz#1)}%
+ \@res\z@
+ \fi}
+\def\@@xyz#1{@\ifcase#1\or x\or y\or z\fi}
+
+\def\@endm#1{%
+ \ifnum\csname#1s\endcsname>\z@
+ \@err#1{Hmm... \the\@csi s of the preceding lines failed to match}%
+ \fi
+ \csname#1s\endcsname\z@}
+
+\def\@bchg{% activate a change
+ \ifnum\@num=\z@ % first change activated, start writing to temp
+ \immediate\openout\t@w=\t@n\space
+ \o@o{@x l.\number\csname 0l\endcsname}
+ \fi
+ \advance\@num\@ne}
+\def\@echg#1{% deactivate a change
+ \expandafter\ifx\csname#1x\endcsname\relax
+ \@err#1{Change file ended during change}%
+ \fi
+ \advance\@num\m@ne
+ \ifnum\@num=\z@ % last change deactivated
+ \t@o{@z}%
+ \immediate\closeout\t@w % close temp file
+ \openin\t@r=\t@n\space
+ \o@o{@y}
+ \loop \read\t@r to\t@x \o@o{\t@x}% copy temp to output
+ \ifeof\t@r \closein\t@r
+ \else
+ \repeat
+ \fi}
+
+\@nch=\m@ne
+
+\catcode`\@=12 % at signs are no longer letters
+
+\endinput