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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..15d269c4c8c --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex.html @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> +<html> +<head><title>e-TeX reference site</title> +</HEAD><BODY> +<H1>The e-T<sub><big>E</big></sub>X Reference Site</H1> +Welcome to the <a href="#etex-orthography">e-TeX<sup>1</sup></a> +reference site: e-TeX V1.1 (the first production release) is now available for +general access; please read the document describing the +<a href="legal.html">legal status of e-TeX</a> before proceeding further. +A brief description of the functionality provided by e-TeX may be found in the +on-line <a href="etex_ref.html#NewFeatures">Reference Manual</a>. +<p> +The following resources are intended to be of use to e-TeX implementors, but +may be of interest to anyone considering using e-TeX; they be accessed directly +from the hyperlinks on this page, via +<a href="ftp://vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/">ftp</a> +(<code>ftp://vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/</code>), or via NFS using the pseudo-URL: +<code>nfs://vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/disk36/export/anonymous/e-TeX</code>. +<ul> +<li><a href="etex_ref.html"> + The e-TeX reference manual</a>, abridged version + (<code>etex_ref.html</code>) +<li><a href="etex.ch"> + The master e-TeX change file</a> + (<code>etex.ch</code>) +<li><a href="etex_gen.tex"> + Instructions for building e-TeX</a> + (<code>etex_gen.tex</code>) +<li><a href="webmerge.tex">WebMerge</a>, + Peter Breitenlohner's program for merging changefiles + (<code>webmerge.tex</code>) +<li><a href="xbmc10.mf">MetaFont source</a>, + needed for TeX--XeT logo + (<code>xbmc10.mf</code>) +<li><a href="etex_gen.zip">A zip file</a>, + containing all of the above + (<code>etex_gen.zip</code>) +</ul> + +The e-TeX team recommend that e-TeX be configured such that the command by +which it is invoked be the same as the default name for the format to be used. +Since it is expected that most sites will choose to install e-TeX so that it +can be invoked with the command "etex", we provide a source file which can be +used to build the "etex" format (an analogous "elatex" source file will be +provided in due course, ideally in collaboration with the +<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/CTAN/latex/latex3.html">LaTeX3 team</a>). +A few adjunct source files, required or optionally used by the "etex" source +file, are also supplied: +<ul> +<li><a href="src/etex.src"> + The "etex" format source</a> + (<code>etex.src</code>) +<li><a href="src/beta/etex.src">Beta-test "etex" format source</a>, + allows for single-read O/S's + (<code>etex.src</code>) +<li><a href="src/etex_src.html"> + The manual for the "etex" format source</a> + (<code>etex_src.html</code>) +<li><a href="src/etexdefs.lib">e-TeX library file</a> + containing symbolic names for e-TeX's constants + (<code>etexdefs.lib</code>) +<li><a href="src/examples/language.def"> + Example language definition file</a> + (<code>language.def</code>) +<li><a href="etex_src.zip">A zip file</a>, + containing all of the above + (<code>etex_src.zip</code>) +</ul> + +A reference implementation, developed by +<a href="mailto:spieler@linac.ikp.physik.th-darmstadt.de">Christian Spieler</a> +for VAX/VMS and AXP/VMS, is also provided, to which +<a href="mailto:knappen@vkpmzd.kph.uni-mainz.de">Jörg Knappen</a> +has recently contributed a modified "weave" changefile and a RUNOFF file +containing the source for a VMS HELP library for e-TeX: +<ul> +<li><a href="vms/makeetex.com"> + DCL procedure for creating VMS e-TeX</a> + (<code>makeetex.com</code>) +<li><a href="vms/makeetex.tex">TeX steering file</a>, + produces VMS e-TeX changefile from component changefiles + (<code>makeetex.tex</code>) +<li><a href="vms/tex_vms.ch"> + Christian Spieler's change file for VMS TeX</a> + (<code>tex_vms.ch</code>) +<li><a href="vms/etex_vms.ech"> + Christian Spieler's ancilliary change file for VMS e-TeX</a> + (<code>etex_vms.ech</code>) +<li><a href="vms/etex_cli.cld"> + The internal CLD file used by VMS e-TeX</a> + (<code>etex_cli.cld</code>) +<li><a href="vms/weave.ch"> + Jörg Knappen's modified "weave" changefile</a> + (<code>weave.ch</code>) +<li><a href="vms/etex.rnh"> + Jörg Knappen's RUNOFF source file for VMS HELP on e-TeX</a> + (<code>etex.rnh</code>) +<li><a href="etex_vms.zip"> + A zip file containing all of the above</a> + (<code>etex_vms.zip</code>) +</ul> + +A further reference implementation (PubliC e-TeX, a.k.a. "pubtex" and "dos-tp") +by <a href="mailto:peb@mppmu.mpg.de">Peter Breitenlohner</a> +for MS/DOS is also available: +<ul> +<li><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/dos-tp/README"> + the README file</a> + (<code>README</code>) +<li><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/dos-tp/"> + the directory root</a> + (<code>ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/dos-tp/</code>) +</ul> + +An e-TeX implementation must be validated by performing the +<a href="etrip.zip">e-TRIP</a> test +(the e-TeX equivalent of Knuth's <a href="knuth/tripman.tex">TRIP</a> test). +The components of the e-TRIP suite are as follows: +<ul> +<li><a href="trip/etripman.tex">Manual for the e-TRIP test</a> + <code>(etripman.tex)</code> +<li><a href="trip/etrip.tex">Source file for the e-TRIP test</a> + <code>(etrip.tex)</code> +<li><a href="trip/etrip.pl">Property-list file for the e-TRIP font</a> + <code>(etrip.pl)</code> +<li><a href="trip/etripin.log"> + Log file for the e-TRIP test format-creation run</a> + <code>(etripin.log)</code> +<li><a href="trip/etrip.log">Log file for the e-TRIP test</a> + <code>(etrip.log)</code> +<li><a href="trip/etrip.fot"> + "Photo" (terminal log) file for the e-TRIP test</a> + <code>(etrip.fot)</code> +<li><a href="etrip.zip">A ZIP file</a>, + containing all of the above + <code>(<code>etrip.zip</code>)</code> +</ul> + +Finally we provide the definitive (Knuthian) TeX and Trip files: +<ul> +<li><a href="knuth/tripman.tex">Manual for the TRIP test</a> + <code>(tripman.tex)</code> +<li><a href="knuth/trip.tex">Source file for the TRIP test</a> + <code>(trip.tex)</code> +<li><a href="knuth/trip.pl">Property-list file for the TRIP font</a> + <code>(trip.pl)</code> +<li><a href="knuth/tripin.log"> + Log file for the TRIP test format-creation run</a> + <code>(tripin.log)</code> +<li><a href="knuth/trip.log">Log file for the TRIP test</a> + <code>(trip.log)</code> +<li><a href="knuth/trip.fot"> + "Photo" (terminal log) file for the TRIP test</a> + <code>(trip.fot)</code> +<li><a href="knuth/trip.typ">DVItype output for the TRIP test</a> + <code>(trip.typ)</code> +<li><a href="knuth/tripos.tex">I/O file from the TRIP test</a> + <code>(tripos.tex)</code> +<li><a href="knuth/tex.web">Source of TeX-the-program</a> + <code>(tex.web)</code> +<li><a href="knuth/texbook.tex">Source of <em>The TeXbook</em></a> + <code>(texbook.tex)</code> +<li><a href="knuth/glue.web">Fixed-point arithmetic for TeX</a> + <code>(glue.web)</code> +<li><a href="knuth.zip">A zip file</a>, + containing all of the above + <code>(knuth.zip)</code> +</ul> + +Any problems encountered when using e-TeX which cannot be replicated +when using a TRIP-validated implementation of TeX should be reported to +<a href="mailto:etex-support@vms.rhbnc.ac.uk">the e-TeX team</a>, +and accompanied by sufficient information to enable the scenario +to be reproduced at another site; the exact version and implementation +of e-TeX should of course be specified. +<hr> +<h4><a name="etex-orthography">[1]</a> + The orthography of e-T<sub><big>E</big></sub>X +</h4> +The e-TeX team request that wherever e-TeX is referred to in text, it be +represented by the use of its (e-)TeX logo (<code>$\varepsilon$-\TeX</code>), +by the nearest HTML equivalent +(<code>e-T<sub><big>E</big></sub>X</code>), or if +all else fails, by the simple ASCII string "e-TeX". However, bearing in mind +(a) <a +href="ftp://ftp.dl.ac.uk/src/backupa/Documents/Standards/iso/9660/"> +the current +ISO standard for CD-ROMs</a> +(which precludes the use of a hyphen in filenames), and (b) the problems +of moving files between case-sensitive (e.g. Unix) and case-insensitive +(e.g. VMS, MS/DOS) operating systems, it is strongly recommended that +wherever "e-TeX" occurs in the context of a filename, logical name, DCL symbol +or analogous construct it be spelled (a) without the hyphen, and +(b) entirely in lower case. It is further recommended that the component +"etex" of such a name be separated from any subsequent component(s) by an +underscore, unless this would (in the case of a filename) cause it +to exceed the MS/DOS limit of 8+3 characters in which case the +underscore should be omitted. Similar considerations may also +be taken into account when constructing logical names, DCL symbols, etc, +although the upper bound will then be system-dependent. +<hr> +Please notify any errors in this document to +<a href="http://www.vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/~chaa006/">its creator</a>;<br> +Last updated: 7-JUL-1997 17:23:32 /PT.<br> +<FORM METHOD="POST" ACTION="http://www.webtechs.com/cgi-bin/html-check.pl"> +<INPUT NAME="recommended" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden"> +<INPUT NAME="level" VALUE="Wilbur" TYPE="hidden"> +<INPUT NAME="input" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden"> +<INPUT NAME="esis" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden"> +<INPUT NAME="render" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden"> +<a href="http://ugweb.cs.ualberta.ca/~gerald/validate + /?url=http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/"> +<img src="/www/logos/valid_html3_2.gif" alt="HTML 3.2 Checked!"> +</a> +<INPUT NAME="URLs" + VALUE="http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/" + TYPE="hidden" +> +<INPUT TYPE="image" SRC="/www/logos/valid_html_wilbur.gif"> +</FORM> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_gen.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_gen.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..795aaf36884 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_gen.tex @@ -0,0 +1,286 @@ +% etex_gen.tex --- How to generate e-TeX --- last modified 22 Oct 1996 + +\font\eighttt= cmtt8 +\font\eightrm= cmr8 +\font\rtitlefont= cmr7 scaled\magstep5 +\font\ititlefont= cmmi7 scaled\magstep5 +\def\titlefont{\rtitlefont \textfont1=\ititlefont} +\def\eTeX{$\varepsilon$-\TeX} +\def\NTS{NTS} +\let\mc=\eightrm +\rm +\let\mainfont=\tenrm + +\def\.#1{\hbox{\tt#1}} +\def\\#1{\hbox{\it#1\/\hskip.05em}} % italic type for identifiers + +\parskip 2pt plus 1pt +\baselineskip 12pt plus .25pt + +\output{\shipout\box255\global\advance\pageno by 1} % for the title page only +\null +\vfill +\centerline{\titlefont How to generate \eTeX} +\vskip 6pt +\centerline{({\sl Version 1, October 1996\/})} +\vskip 18pt +\centerline{by The \NTS\ Team} +\vskip 6pt +\centerline{Peter Breitenlohner, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik, M\"unchen} +\vskip 6pt +\centerline{Philip Taylor, RHBNC, University of London} +\vfill +\centerline{\vbox{\hsize 4in +\noindent Given an implementaion of \TeX82 for a particular system, this +report describes how to generate a corresponding implementation of +\eTeX.}} +\vskip 24pt +{\baselineskip 9pt +\eightrm\noindent +The preparation of this report was supported in part by DANTE, +Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung \TeX\ e.V.\hfil\break +`\TeX' is a trademark of the American Mathematical Society. + +}\pageno=0\eject + +\output{\shipout\vbox{ % for subsequent pages + \baselineskip0pt\lineskip0pt + \hbox to\hsize{\strut + \ifodd\pageno \hfil\eightrm\firstmark\hfil + \mainfont\the\pageno + \else\mainfont\the\pageno\hfil + \eightrm\firstmark\hfil\fi} + \vskip 10pt + \box255} + \global\advance\pageno by 1} +\let\runninghead=\mark +\outer\def\section#1.{\noindent{\bf#1.}\quad + \runninghead{\uppercase{#1} }\ignorespaces} + +\section Introduction. +Let us first review the process of generating an implementation of +\TeX82 for a particular system from the source files as, e.g., described +in the \.{WEB} manual [1]. The system independent source file +\.{tex.web} must remain unmodified. All changes to \.{tex.web} +necessary for a particular operating system and\slash or compiler are to +be collected in a system dependent change file, typically named +\.{tex.ch}. Both files \.{tex.web} and \.{tex.ch} are effectively +merged when input by the \.{WEB} system programs \.{WEAVE} and +\.{TANGLE}. When \.{WEAVE} processes this merged input, a file +\.{tex.tex} is produced. Further processing by \TeX\ yields a `pretty +printed' version of the input together with an index. + +When \.{TANGLE} processes the merged input, a string pool file +\.{tex.pool} and a Pascal file \.{tex.pas} (or similar) are produced. +The Pascal file can then be further processed by a suitable compiler +and\slash or language converter such as \.{web2c}, and eventually yields +an executable program. + +There are actually three versions of the program: First there is +\.{INITEX} with its capability to initialize all of \TeX's tables and to +write them in compact form to a format file. Next there is the +production version \.{VIRTEX} requiring a format file as input. Finally +there is \.{TRIPTEX}, a version of \.{INITEX} with special values for +some of \TeX's parameters, for the \.{TRIP} test [2] that should be used +to validate a \TeX\ implementation. Depending on the capabilities of +the compiler, these three versions of the program are generated from +three slightly different change files or they are generated from one +change file with different compiler options. They might even be one and +the same executable program used with different run time options. + +\vskip 24pt plus 24pt +\section Generating \eTeX. +The process of generating \eTeX\ is essentially the same as that of +generating \TeX\ as described above. Conceptually there is a system +independent source file \.{etex.web} and a system dependent change file +\.{etex.sys}. Processing these two files by \.{TANGLE} yields a string +pool file \.{etex.pool} as well as a Pascal file \.{etex.pas}, whilst +processing by \.{WEAVE} produces a \TeX\ source file, \.{etex.tex}. + +It may, however, be necessary to increase some of the constants defined +in \.{TANGLE} and \.{WEAVE}. The following values should suffice in +most cases: +$$ +\vcenter{\halign{$#$\hfil\qquad&#\hfil\cr +\\{max\_bytes}\times\\{ww}=100~000&\.{TANGLE} and \.{WEAVE}\cr +\\{max\_texts}=2~500&\.{TANGLE} and \.{WEAVE}\cr +\\{max\_toks}\times\\{zz}=180~000&\.{TANGLE}\cr +\\{max\_names}=5~000&\.{TANGLE}\cr +\\{max\_scraps}=3~000&\.{WEAVE}\cr +\\{stack\_size}=300&\.{WEAVE}\cr +}} +$$ + +The source file \.{etex.web} for \eTeX\ does not, however, exist as a +physical file. It is the hypothetical file obtained by applying the +changes in the actual source file \.{etex.ch} to \.{tex.web}. Thus +\.{etex.web} inherits the bulk of code from \.{tex.web}, whilst the +system independent source file \.{etex.ch} for \eTeX\ defines the +differences between \.{etex.web} and \.{tex.web}. In order to generate +an implementation of \eTeX\ two change files have to be applied to +\.{tex.web}, one after the other (the actual file names may differ): +$$ +\vcenter{\halign{#\hfil&\qquad\.{#}\hfil&\qquad#\hfil\cr +0.&tex.web&system independent \.{WEB} source for \TeX\cr +1.&etex.ch&system independent changes for \eTeX\cr +2.&etex.sys&system dependent changes for \eTeX\cr +}} +$$ + +The process of merging several change files into \.{tex.web} should +certainly not be performed by hand. There are programs such as \.{TIE} +and \.{PATCHWEB} that perform this process automatically. If no such +program is available, a \TeX\ program \.{WEBMERGE} can be used. +\.{WEBMERGE} reads \.{tex.web} and up to nine change files and produces +a merged change file that can then be processed, together with +\.{tex.web}, by \.{TANGLE} and \.{WEAVE}. [On systems such as VMS, use +of \.{WEBMERGE} can leave a large number of temporary files +lying around; this can be avoided by setting a version limit (e.g.~1) on any +existing versions of those files, or by setting a version limit on the +directory in which they will be created. On other systems, it will probably +leave one large temporary file.] + +Every implementor of \eTeX\ is responsible for creating and maintaining +a suitable \.{etex.sys} in the same way as every implementor of \TeX\ +is responsible for creating and maintaining \.{tex.ch}. Since the bulk +of code in \.{etex.web} is identical to that in \.{tex.web} the bulk of +the system dependent changes in \.{etex.sys} for a particular system +will be identical to those in \.{tex.ch} for the same system. In the +following we try to give some hints where \.{etex.sys} for a particular +system might deviate from the corresponding \.{tex.ch}. + +First, it might be necessary to increase the size of \TeX's string pool +in order to accommodate \eTeX's additional strings (message texts as +well as multi-letter control sequences). If this turns out to be +necessary for \eTeX\ it would certainly not be harmful to do it for +\TeX\ as well. \TeX\ and \eTeX\ use three constants related to the +string pool: \\{max\_strings} the maximal number of strings, +\\{pool\_size} the maximal number of string characters, and +\\{string\_vacancies} the minimal number of available string characters +in addition to those occupied by strings from the pool file. It is, +therefore, sufficient to increase \\{pool\_size} (or reduce +\\{string\_vacancies}) by the number of \eTeX's additional string +characters and to increase \\{max\_strings} by the number of \eTeX's +additional strings. The later will, however, be unnecessary for most +implementations as \\{max\_strings} is usually increased substantially +beyond its standard value in order to accommodate large \TeX\ macro +packages. + +For Version~1 of \eTeX, there are less than 100 additional strings with +less that 1000 additional string characters. The precise numbers can be +obtained by running \.{POOLTYPE} on \TeX's and \eTeX's pool files +(\.{POOLTYPE} reports the total number of strings and string characters +in a pool file). + +Next, \.{etex.sys} may contain a system dependent modification of the +\\{eTeX\_banner} string. The modified \\{eTeX\_banner} string must +contain `\.{e-TeX}' as well as the \eTeX\ version number. Note, +however, that the \\{banner} string modified by \.{tex.ch} will not be +referenced by \eTeX\ unless the implementor intentionally changes that +aspect of \eTeX's functionality: therefore \.{etex.sys} can modify the +\\{banner} string in the same way as does \.{tex.ch}. + +Then, \.{etex.sys} might deviate from \.{tex.ch} in order to use a +different pool file name and\slash or format file extension (see below). + +Finally, \.{etex.sys} will necessarily deviate whenever \.{etex.ch} +and \.{tex.ch} try to change the same piece of \.{WEB} code or when the +system independent \eTeX\ changes from \.{etex.ch} and the system +dependent \TeX\ changes from \.{tex.ch} interfere in some other way. In +case of any such interference implementors must first of all determine +how to combine the respective changes from \.{etex.ch} and \.{tex.ch} +in order to obtain \eTeX's functionality for a particular system. +Obviously, this process cannot be automated since it requires human +insight. + +The \NTS\ team has tried to formulate \.{etex.ch} such that +interferences with system dependent change files \.{tex.ch} are +unlikely. Suggestions by implementors how any remaining such +interferences could be avoided by a reformulation of \.{etex.ch} will +be taken under serious consideration. Such interferences can be further +reduced by reformulating the system dependent change file \.{tex.ch} for +\TeX, e.g.\ by reducing the range of change entries from entire modules +to the pieces of code that are actually changed. + +Implementors might prefer to maintain the system dependent change file +\.{etex.sys} not as a physical file but as a hypothetical file defined +through its deviation from \.{tex.ch}. If there are no interferences of +the kind mentioned above, then the effect of applying the changes from +the hypothetical \.{etex.sys} to the hypothetical \.{etex.web} can be +achieved by applying 3 change files, one after the other, to \.{tex.web} +(using some tool such as \.{TIE}, \.{PATCHWEB}, or \.{WEBMERGE}): +$$ +\vcenter{\halign{#\hfil&\qquad\.{#}\hfil&\qquad#\hfil\cr +0.&tex.web&system independent \.{WEB} source for \TeX\cr +1.&etex.ch&system independent changes for \eTeX\cr +2.&tex.ch&system dependent changes for \TeX\cr +3.&tex.ech&additional system dependent changes for \eTeX\cr +}} +$$ +The third change file \.{tex.ech} will be rather short and contains just +the differences between \.{etex.sys} and \.{tex.ch}. It is recommended +that implementors try to remove all interferences between \.{etex.ch} +and \.{tex.ch} and use this method to generate \eTeX. + +As with \TeX\ there are three versions of \eTeX: \.{e-INITEX}, +\.{e-VIRTEX}, and \.{e-TRIPTEX}. Depending on the implementation they +will again be generated from the three slightly different versions of +\.{tex.ch} or with different compiler options or they may be one and the +same program used with different run time options. + +\vskip 24pt plus 24pt +\section \eTeX\ modes. +In order to ensure maximal compatibility with \TeX, \eTeX\ can run in +either compatibility mode or extended mode. The possibility of this +choice is, of course, an extended feature of \eTeX. Once \eTeX\ has +chosen compatibility mode it is, however, a legitimate implementation of +\TeX\ (assuming the \TeX\ implementation itself is legitimate). The +only differences between \eTeX\ in compatibility mode and \TeX\ are +those allowed by D.E.~Knuth [2] between different implementations of +\TeX. + +An \.{e-TRIP} test suite [3] defines the criteria by which a program can +qualify to use the name `\eTeX'. Part of the \.{e-TRIP} test consists +of the standard \.{TRIP} test for \.{e-TRIPTEX} in compatibility and +extended mode. + +\eTeX\ can therefore be used instead of \TeX\ without the necessity to +maintain both programs. For the case that both programs should +nevertheless co-exist on a system, it might be a good idea to name the +pool file for \eTeX\ \.{etex.pool} instead of \.{tex.pool} and to use +an extension other than \.{.fmt}, e.g., \.{.efmt} for \eTeX\ format +files. (Format files for \TeX\ and \eTeX\ are incompatible). All this +will require additional changes in the file \.{tex.ech}. + +When \.{INITEX} or \.{VIRTEX} start, they inspect the first non-blank +character from the command line or in response to the \.{**} prompt. +This may be an \.{\&} immediately followed by the name of a format file +to be loaded. Otherwise \.{VIRTEX} loads a default format, whereas +\.{INITEX} starts without loading a format. + +When \.{e-INITEX} or \.{e-VIRTEX} start, they inspect the first +non-blank character from the command line or in response to the \.{**} +prompt. This may again be an \.{\&} immediately followed by the name of +a format file to be loaded; otherwise \.{e-VIRTEX} loads a default +format. For \.{e-INITEX} the first non-blank character may be an \.{*} +immediately followed by what would normally be the input for \.{INITEX} +(without intervening blanks). \.{e-INITEX} enters extended mode in +response to the \.{*}, or compatibility mode otherwise. This mode is +recorded in format files produced by \.{e-INITEX} and entered again when +such a format is loaded (by either \.{e-INITEX} or \.{e-VIRTEX}). + +\vskip 24pt plus 24pt +\section References. +\item {[1]} +{\sl The \.{WEB} system of structured documentation\/}, +by Donald E.~Knuth,\hfil\break Stanford Computer Science Report~980. + +\item {[2]} +{\sl A torture test for \TeX\/}, +by Donald E.~Knuth, Stanford Computer Science Report~1027. + +\item {[3]} +{\sl A torture test for \eTeX\/}, +by The \NTS\ Team (Peter Breitenlohner and Bernd Raichle). + +\end diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..24e89cd84f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,3135 @@ +%PDF-1.3 +7 0 obj +<< +/Type /Encoding +/BaseEncoding /WinAnsiEncoding +/Differences [0 /Gamma /Delta /Theta /Lambda /Xi /Pi /Sigma /Upsilon /Phi /Psi /Omega +/ff /fi /fl /ffi /ffl /dotlessi 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131.79 0.01 TD[(n)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 5.98 0 TD[(.)]TJ/F1 11.96 Tf -335.71 -27.9 TD[(3.5)-1124(Expressions)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 0 -18.38 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.64 0 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.86 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 2.15 TD[(X)-470(in)27(tro)-27(duces)-470(the)-471(notion)-470(of)-471(expressions)-470(of)-471(t)27(yp)-27(e)-470(n)27(um)27(b)-26(er,)-505(dimen,)-505(glue,)-505(or)]TJ -19.04 -11.95 TD[(m)27(uglue,)-456(that)-433(can)-432(b)-28(e)-433(used)-432(whenev)26(er)-431(a)-433(quan)27(tit)28(y)-432(of)-432(that)-433(t)27(yp)-27(e)-433(is)-432(needed.)-742(Suc)26(h)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(expressions)-289(are)-289(ev)54(aluated)-288(b)27(y)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 125.22 0.01 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.64 -0.01 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.86 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 2.14 TD[(X's)-289(scanning)-290(mec)27(hanism;)-303(they)-289(are)-290(initiated)-289(b)27(y)]TJ -144.25 -11.95 TD[(one)-338(of)-339(the)-338(commands)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 96.29 0.01 TD[(\\numexpr)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 41.85 0 TD[(,)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.15 0 TD[(\\dimexpr)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 41.83 -0.01 TD[(,)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.16 0.01 TD[(\\glueexpr)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 47.07 -0.01 TD[(,)-340(or)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 18.41 0.01 TD[(\\muexpr)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 39.99 -0.01 TD[(\(determin-)]TJ -297.74 -11.95 TD[(ing)-301(the)-302(t)27(yp)-27(e)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 55.23 0.01 TD[(t)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.6 0 TD[(\))-301(and)-302(optionally)-301(terminated)-302(b)27(y)-301(one)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 154.49 0 TD[(\\relax)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 34.39 0 TD[(\(that)-301(will)-301(b)-28(e)-302(absorb)-28(ed)]TJ -247.72 -11.96 TD[(b)28(y)-398(the)-399(scanning)-399(mec)27(hanism\).)-640(An)-399(expression)-398(consists)-399(of)-399(one)-399(or)-399(more)-398(terms)-399(of)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(the)-366(same)-366(t)26(yp)-26(e)-367(to)-366(b)-28(e)-366(added)-366(or)-367(subtracted;)-383(a)-366(term)-366(of)-367(t)27(yp)-27(e)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 253.93 0 TD[(t)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.24 -0.01 TD[(consists)-366(of)-366(a)-367(factor)]TJ -261.16 -11.95 TD[(of)-341(that)-341(t)27(yp)-27(e,)-344(optionally)-342(m)27(ultiplied)-340(and/or)-342(divided)-342(b)27(y)-340(n)26(umeric)-340(factors;)-346(\214nally)-342(a)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(factor)-352(of)-353(t)27(yp)-27(e)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 62.88 0 TD[(t)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.11 0.01 TD[(is)-352(either)-353(a)-352(paren)26(thesized)-351(sub)-28(expression)-353(or)-353(a)-352(quan)26(tit)28(y)-352(\(n)27(um)28(b)-27(er,)]TJ -70 -11.96 TD[(etc.\))-444(of)-334(that)-333(t)27(yp)-27(e.)-444(Th)26(us,)-332(the)-333(conditional)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 10.47 -19.93 TD[(\\ifdim\\dimexpr)-524(\(2pt-5pt\)*\\numexpr)-525(3-3*13/5\\relax)-525(+)-525(34pt/2<\\wd20)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf -10.47 -19.92 TD[(is)-310(true)-309(if)-310(and)-310(only)-309(if)-310(the)-310(width)-310(of)-309(b)-28(o)27(x)-309(20)-310(exceeds)-309(32)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 224.25 0.01 TD[(pt)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 12.12 -0.01 TD[(.)-436(Note)-310(the)-309(use)-310(of)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 75.97 0 TD[(\\relax)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf -312.34 -11.95 TD[(to)-446(terminate)-445(the)-446(inner)-445(\(n)27(umeric\))-445(expression,)-473(the)-446(outer)-445(\(dimen\))-446(expression)-446(is)]TJ 0.01 -11.95 TD[(terminated)-318(automatically)-319(b)26(y)-318(the)-319(tok)27(en)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 171.17 -0.01 TD[(<)]TJ/F9 6.97 Tf 5.23 -1.49 TD[(12)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 11.61 1.49 TD[(that)-319(do)-28(es)-318(not)-319(\214t)-319(in)26(to)-318(the)-319(expression)]TJ -188.01 -11.96 TD[(syn)27(tax.)]TJ 14.94 -11.96 TD[(The)-446(arithmetic)-447(p)-28(erformed)-446(b)26(y)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 134.67 0 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.64 0 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.86 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 2.15 TD[(X's)-446(expressions)-446(do)-28(es)-447(not)-447(do)-446(m)26(uc)28(h)-446(that)]TJ -168.66 -11.96 TD[(could)-389(not)-389(b)-28(e)-389(done)-389(b)27(y)-389(T)]TJ 103.8 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X's)-388(arithmetic)-390(op)-27(erations)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 115.85 0.01 TD[(\\advance)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 41.84 0 TD[(,)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.78 -0.01 TD[(\\multiply)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 47.07 0 TD[(,)-402(and)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -320.88 -11.95 TD[(\\divide)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 36.61 0.01 TD[(,)-301(although)-293(there)-294(are)-293(some)-293(notable)-294(di\213erences:)-424(Eac)26(h)-292(factor)-293(is)-294(c)27(hec)28(k)27(ed)-292(to)]TJ -36.61 -11.96 TD[(b)-27(e)-258(in)-259(the)-258(allo)27(w)28(ed)-258(range,)-273(n)27(um)27(b)-26(ers)-259(m)27(ust)-257(b)-28(e)-258(less)-259(than)-258(2)]TJ/F9 6.97 Tf 225.41 3.61 TD[(31)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 11.02 -3.62 TD[(in)-258(absolute)-258(v)55(alue,)-273(dimen-)]TJ -236.44 -11.96 TD[(sions)-343(or)-343(glue)-344(comp)-27(onen)26(ts)-342(m)27(ust)-343(b)-27(e)-344(less)-343(than)-343(2)]TJ/F9 6.97 Tf 198.2 3.62 TD[(14)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 10.1 -3.62 TD[(pt)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 12.12 0 TD[(,)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 7.87 0.01 TD[(mu)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 12.13 0 TD[(,)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 7.87 0 TD[(fil)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 17.35 0 TD[(,)-345(etc.)-344(resp)-28(ectiv)27(ely)84(.)]TJ -265.64 -11.96 TD[(The)-257(arithmetic)-257(op)-28(erations)-257(are)-257(p)-28(erformed)-257(individually)82(,)-272(except)-257(for)-257(`scaling')-257(op)-28(era-)]TJ 0 -11.96 TD[(tions)-289(\(a)-290(m)27(ultiplication)-289(immediately)-290(follo)27(w)28(ed)-289(b)27(y)-289(a)-290(division\))-289(whic)27(h)-289(are)-290(p)-28(erformed)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(as)-411(one)-411(com)27(bined)-410(op)-27(eration)-411(with)-411(a)-411(64-bit)-411(pro)-28(duct)-411(as)-411(in)27(termediate)-410(v)55(alue.)-676(The)]TJ 0.01 -11.95 TD[(result)-301(of)-301(eac)26(h)-300(op)-28(eration)-302(is)-301(again)-302(c)27(hec)28(k)27(ed)-300(to)-302(b)-28(e)-301(in)-302(the)-302(allo)27(w)28(ed)-301(range.)-434(Finally)-301(the)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(results)-294(of)-295(divisions)-295(and)-295(scalings)-295(are)-294(rounded,)-303(whereas)-295(T)]TJ 238.27 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X's)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 17.11 0 TD[(\\divide)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 39.56 0.01 TD[(truncates.)]TJ -285.52 -11.96 TD[(The)-399(imp)-27(ortan)26(t)-398(new)-399(feature)-399(is,)-415(ho)27(w)28(ev)27(er,)-414(that)-399(the)-399(ev)55(aluation)-398(of)-399(expressions)]TJ -14.94 -11.95 TD[(do)-27(es)-354(not)-354(in)27(v)28(olv)28(e)-353(assignmen)27(ts)-353(and)-353(can)-354(therefore)-354(b)-27(e)-354(p)-28(erformed)-353(in)-354(circumstances)]TJ 169.37 -39.4 TD[(8)]TJ ET +endstream +endobj +80 0 obj +<< +/F4 19 0 R +/F10 37 0 R +/F8 31 0 R +/F5 22 0 R +/F1 10 0 R +/F9 34 0 R +>> +endobj +78 0 obj +<< +/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC] +/Font 80 0 R +>> +endobj +83 0 obj +<< +/Length 7606 +>> +stream + 0.00 g 0.00 G BT/F4 9.96 Tf 61.77 -62.76 TD[(where)-363(assignmen)27(ts)-362(are)-363(not)-363(allo)26(w)28(ed,)-370(e.g.,)-370(inside)-363(an)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 222.26 -0.01 TD[(\\edef)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 29.77 0 TD[(or)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 12.5 0 TD[(\\write)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 31.38 0.01 TD[(.)-534(This)-363(also)]TJ -295.91 -11.96 TD[(allo)27(ws)-332(the)-334(de\214nition)-333(of)-333(purely)-334(expandable)-333(lo)-28(op)-333(constructions:)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 10.46 -19.93 TD[(\\def\\foo#1#2{\\number#1)]TJ 10.47 -11.96 TD[(\\ifnum#1<#2,)]TJ 10.46 -11.95 TD[(\\expandafter\\foo)]TJ 0 -11.96 TD[(\\expandafter{\\number\\numexpr#1+1\\expandafter}%)]TJ 0 -11.96 TD[(\\expandafter{\\number#2\\expandafter}%)]TJ -10.46 -11.96 TD[(\\fi})]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf -20.92 -19.93 TD[(suc)27(h)-332(that,)-334(e.g.,)-333(`)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 70.63 0 TD[(\\foo{7}{13})]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 57.53 -0.01 TD[(')-333(expands)-334(in)27(to)-332(`)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 67.59 0.01 TD[(7,)-524(8,)-525(9,)-525(10,)-525(11,)-525(12,)-525(13)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 120.29 0 TD[('.)]TJ -301.09 -11.96 TD[(The)-464(commands)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 72.4 -0.01 TD[(\\gluestretch)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 67.39 0 TD[(and)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 20.68 0 TD[(\\glueshrink)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 62.15 0 TD[(are)-463(to)-464(b)-28(e)-464(follo)27(w)28(ed)-463(b)27(y)-463(a)]TJ -237.56 -11.95 TD[(glue)-413(sp)-28(eci\214cation)-414(and)-413(return)-414(the)-413(stretc)26(h)-412(or)-414(shrink)-414(comp)-27(onen)26(t)-412(of)-414(that)-414(glue)-413(as)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(dimensions)-249(\(with)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 77.59 0 TD[(fil)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 19.84 0 TD[(etc.)-249(replaced)-250(b)27(y)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 71.14 -0.01 TD[(pt)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 12.11 0.01 TD[(\),)-266(the)-250(commands)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 74.11 -0.01 TD[(\\gluestretchorder)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf -254.8 -11.95 TD[(and)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 19.48 -0.01 TD[(\\glueshrinkorder)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 87.12 0.01 TD[(return)-344(the)-345(order)-345(of)-345(in\214nit)27(y:)-467(0)-344(for)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 149.39 -0.01 TD[(pt)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 12.12 0 TD[(,)-347(1)-345(for)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 31.67 0.01 TD[(fil)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 17.36 -0.01 TD[(,)-347(2)-344(for)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -317.15 -11.95 TD[(fill)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 22.59 0.01 TD[(,)-333(and)-333(3)-334(for)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 50.67 -0.01 TD[(filll)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 27.82 0 TD[(.)]TJ -86.13 -11.95 TD[(The)-248(commands)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 68.11 0 TD[(\\gluetomu)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 49.54 0 TD[(and)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 18.53 0 TD[(\\mutoglue)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 49.55 0 TD[(con)27(v)28(ert)-248(glue)-248(in)26(to)-247(m)27(uglue)-248(and)-249(vice)]TJ -200.68 -11.95 TD[(v)27(ersa)-338(b)27(y)-338(simply)-339(equating)-339(1)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 118.81 0 TD[(pt)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 15.5 -0.01 TD[(with)-338(1)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 29.38 0.01 TD[(mu)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 12.12 0 TD[(,)-340(precisely)-339(what)-339(T)]TJ 77.48 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X)-338(do)-28(es)-338(\(in)-339(addition)]TJ -258.82 -11.95 TD[(to)-333(an)-333(error)-334(message\))-333(when)-333(the)-334(wrong)-333(kind)-333(of)-334(glue)-333(is)-333(used.)]TJ/F1 11.96 Tf 0.01 -27.88 TD[(3.6)-1124(Additional)-375(Registers)-375(and)-375(Marks)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf -0.01 -18.4 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.65 0 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.85 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 2.15 TD[(X)-244(increases)-245(the)-245(n)27(um)27(b)-26(er)-245(of)-245(T)]TJ 118.36 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X's)-244(coun)26(t,)-261(dimen,)-263(skip,)-263(m)27(uskip,)-261(b)-28(o)27(x,)-262(and)-245(tok)27(en)]TJ -142.93 -11.95 TD[(registers)-291(from)-291(256)-292(to)-292(32768.)-430(The)-292(additional)-292(registers,)-300(n)27(um)28(b)-27(ered)-291(256{32767,)-300(can)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(b)-27(e)-344(used)-344(exactly)-344(as)-343(the)-344(\214rst)-344(256,)-346(except)-344(that)-343(they)-344(can)-344(not)-344(b)-27(e)-344(used)-344(for)-343(insertion)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(classes.)]TJ 14.95 -11.96 TD[(As)-381(in)-382(T)]TJ 32.84 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 2.14 TD[(X,)-393(the)-382(\214rst)-382(256)-382(registers)-382(of)-382(eac)27(h)-381(kind)-382(are)-382(realized)-381(as)-382(static)-382(arra)27(ys)]TJ -53.33 -11.95 TD[(that)-427(are)-426(part)-427(of)-427(the)-427(`table)-427(of)-426(equiv)54(alen)28(ts';)-473(v)55(alues)-426(to)-427(b)-28(e)-426(restored)-427(when)-427(a)-427(sa)27(v)28(e)]TJ 0.01 -11.95 TD[(group)-353(ends)-354(are)-354(k)27(ept)-354(on)-354(the)-354(sa)27(v)28(e)-353(stac)27(k.)-506(The)-354(additional)-354(registers)-354(are)-354(realized)-354(as)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(sparse)-441(arra)26(ys)-441(built)-442(from)-441(T)]TJ 117.24 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X's)-441(main)-442(memory)-442(and)-442(are)-442(therefore)-442(less)-442(e\216cien)27(t.)]TJ -122.77 -11.96 TD[(They)-369(use)-369(a)-370(four-lev)27(el)-368(index)-370(structure)-369(and)-370(individual)-369(registers)-370(are)-369(presen)27(t)-369(only)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(when)-469(needed.)-852(V)82(alues)-469(to)-469(b)-28(e)-469(restored)-470(when)-469(a)-470(particular)-469(sa)27(v)28(e)-469(group)-469(ends)-470(are)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(k)27(ept)-333(in)-333(a)-334(link)27(ed)-332(list)-334(\(again)-334(built)-333(from)-334(main)-333(memory\))-334(with)-333(one)-334(sa)27(v)28(e)-333(stac)27(k)-332(en)26(try)]TJ 0.01 -11.96 TD[(p)-27(oin)27(ting)-333(to)-333(that)-333(list.)]TJ/F9 6.97 Tf 89.16 3.61 TD[(4)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf -74.21 -21.55 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.64 0 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.85 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X)-357(generalizes)-357(T)]TJ 66.7 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X's)-357(mark)-357(concept)-357(to)-357(mark)-358(classes)-357(0{32767,)-363(with)-357(mark)]TJ -106.21 -11.96 TD[(class)-333(0)-333(used)-333(for)-334(T)]TJ 75.19 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.14 TD[(X's)-332(marks.)]TJ -80.73 -11.95 TD[(The)-375(command)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 66.7 0 TD[(\\marks)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 35.11 0 TD[(follo)27(w)28(ed)-375(b)27(y)-374(a)-376(mark)-375(class)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 111.83 0 TD[(n)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.71 -0.01 TD[(and)-375(a)-376(mark)-375(text)-375(app)-28(ends)-375(a)]TJ -223.36 -11.95 TD[(mark)-387(no)-27(de)-388(to)-387(the)-387(curren)27(t)-386(list;)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 136.74 0 TD[(\\marks0)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 40.46 0.01 TD[(is)-387(synon)27(ymous)-387(with)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 90.62 0 TD[(\\mark)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 26.15 -0.01 TD[(.)-605(The)-387(page)]TJ -293.97 -11.95 TD[(builder)-408(and)-408(the)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 72.56 0.01 TD[(\\vsplit)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 40.67 0 TD[(command)-408(record)-409(information)-408(ab)-28(out)-408(the)-408(mark)-409(no)-27(des)]TJ -113.23 -11.96 TD[(found)-238(on)-239(the)-239(page)-239(or)-239(b)-28(o)27(x)-238(pro)-28(duced,)-258(separately)-239(for)-239(eac)27(h)-238(mark)-239(class.)-413(The)-239(informa-)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(tion)-259(for)-259(mark)-260(class)-259(0)-259(is)-259(k)26(ept)-258(in)-259(a)-259(small)-260(static)-259(arra)27(y)-258(as)-260(in)-259(T)]TJ 243.61 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 2.15 TD[(X,)-273(the)-260(information)-259(for)]TJ -249.15 -11.96 TD[(the)-344(additional)-343(mark)-344(classes)-343(is)-344(again)-344(k)27(ept)-342(in)-344(a)-343(sparse)-344(arra)27(y)-343(with)-343(en)26(tries)-342(presen)26(t)]TJ 0.01 -11.95 TD[(only)-333(when)-333(needed.)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(The)-367(command)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 66.54 -0.01 TD[(\\firstmarks)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 59.2 0 TD[(n)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.63 0.01 TD[(expands)-367(to)-367(the)-368(mark)-367(text)-367(for)-368(mark)-367(class)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 181.46 -0.01 TD[(n)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.64 0.01 TD[(\214rst)]TJ ET 0.40 w 61.77 -581.42 m 199.25 -581.42 l S BT/F12 5.98 Tf 72.86 -588.06 TD[(4)]TJ/F13 7.97 Tf 4.15 -2.81 TD[(With)-331(the)-332(e\213ect)-331(that)-331(the)-332(order)-331(of)-332(restoring)-331(\(or)-332(discarding\))-331(sa)28(v)30(ed)-330(v)58(alues)-331(ma)29(y)-331(b)-29(e)-332(somewhat)]TJ -15.24 -9.46 TD[(surprising.)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 169.37 -30.3 TD[(9)]TJ ET +endstream +endobj +84 0 obj +<< +/F4 19 0 R +/F10 37 0 R +/F1 10 0 R +/F8 31 0 R +/F9 34 0 R +/F12 42 0 R +/F13 45 0 R +>> +endobj +82 0 obj +<< +/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC] +/Font 84 0 R +>> +endobj +87 0 obj +<< +/Length 7132 +>> +stream + 0.00 g 0.00 G BT/F4 9.96 Tf 61.77 -62.76 TD[(encoun)27(tered)-330(on)-332(the)-332(most)-332(recen)27(t)-331(page,)-332(etc.,)-332(and)-332(again)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 234.1 -0.01 TD[(\\firstmarks0)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 66.06 0 TD[(is)-331(synon)27(y-)]TJ -300.17 -11.95 TD[(mous)-333(with)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 48.77 0 TD[(\\firstmark)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 52.3 -0.01 TD[(.)]TJ/F1 11.96 Tf -101.07 -27.81 TD[(3.7)-1124(Input)-375(Handling)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf -0.01 -18.38 TD[(The)-311(command)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 65.43 -0.01 TD[(\\readline)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 47.07 0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(n)27(um)28(b)-27(er)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 32.96 -0.01 TD[(i)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 5.54 0.01 TD[(to)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 12.12 -0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(con)27(trol)-332(sequence)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 71.49 0 TD[(i)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 6.97 0 TD[(de\214nes)-311(the)-311(con)27(trol)-310(se-)]TJ -249.31 -11.95 TD[(quence)-409(as)-411(parameterless)-410(macro)-410(whose)-410(replacemen)27(t)-409(text)-410(is)-410(the)-410(con)26(ten)28(ts)-409(of)-410(the)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(next)-333(line)-335(read)-334(from)-334(the)-334(designated)-334(\214le,)-335(as)-334(for)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 199.8 -0.01 TD[(\\read)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 26.14 0 TD[(.)-447(The)-334(di\213erence)-334(is)-334(that)-335(the)]TJ -225.95 -11.95 TD[(curren)27(t)-311(category)-313(co)-27(des)-313(are)-312(ignored)-312(and)-312(all)-313(c)27(haracters)-311(on)-312(that)-313(line)-312(\(including)-312(an)]TJ 0.01 -11.96 TD[(endline)-319(c)27(haracter\))-318(are)-320(con)27(v)28(erted)-319(to)-319(c)27(haracter)-319(tok)27(ens)-318(with)-320(category)-319(12)-320(\(`other'\),)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(except)-333(that)-334(the)-333(c)27(haracter)-333(co)-27(de)-334(32)-333(gets)-333(category)-334(10)-333(\(`space'\).)]TJ 14.95 -11.95 TD[(The)-285(command)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 64.91 -0.01 TD[(\\scantokens{...})]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 86.52 0 TD[(absorbs)-285(a)-285(list)-285(of)-285(unexpanded)-285(tok)27(ens,)-294(con-)]TJ -166.37 -11.95 TD[(v)27(erts)-342(it)-342(in)26(to)-341(a)-343(c)27(haracter)-342(string)-343(that)-342(is)-343(treated)-343(as)-343(if)-342(it)-343(w)27(ere)-342(an)-343(external)-343(\214le,)-345(and)]TJ 0 -11.96 TD[(starts)-314(to)-314(read)-314(from)-314(this)-314(`pseudo-\214le'.)-438(A)-314(rather)-314(similar)-313(e\213ect)-314(can)-314(b)-28(e)-314(ac)27(hiev)27(ed)-313(b)27(y)]TJ 0.01 -11.96 TD[(the)-332(commands)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 15.68 -19.56 TD[(\\toks0={...})]TJ 0.01 -11.96 TD[(\\immediate\\openout0=file)]TJ 0 -11.96 TD[(\\immediate\\write0{\\the\\toks0})]TJ -0.01 -11.95 TD[(\\immediate\\closeout0)]TJ 0.01 -11.95 TD[(\\input)-524(file)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf -15.7 -19.56 TD[(In)-421(particular)-422(ev)27(ery)-420(o)-28(ccurrence)-421(of)-422(the)-421(curren)27(t)-421(newline)-421(c)27(haracter)-421(is)-421(in)27(terpreted)]TJ 0.01 -11.95 TD[(as)-437(start)-438(of)-437(a)-438(new)-438(line,)-464(and)-438(input)-438(c)27(haracters)-437(will)-438(b)-27(e)-438(con)27(v)27(erted)-436(in)26(to)-436(tok)26(ens)-436(as)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(usual.)-625(The)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 52.83 0 TD[(\\scantokens)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 61.46 0 TD[(command)-393(is,)-409(ho)26(w)28(ev)28(er,)-408(expandable)-394(and)-393(do)-28(es)-394(not)-394(use)]TJ -114.28 -11.96 TD[(tok)28(en)-234(registers,)-254(write)-234(streams,)-255(or)-234(external)-235(\214les.)-411(F)82(urthermore)-233(the)-235(con)27(v)28(ersion)-234(from)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(T)]TJ 5.54 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.14 TD[(X's)-358(in)27(ternal)-357(ASCI)-28(I)-357(co)-28(des)-358(to)-358(external)-358(c)27(haracters)-357(and)-358(bac)27(k)-357(to)-358(ASCI)-28(I)-357(co)-28(des)-358(is)]TJ -11.06 -11.95 TD[(skipp)-27(ed.)-430(Finally)-291(the)-291(curren)27(t)-290(con)27(text)-289(\(tracebac)26(k\))-289(sho)27(wn,)-299(e.g.,)-299(as)-290(part)-291(of)-291(an)-290(error)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(message)-393(con)27(tin)28(ues)-393(b)-28(ey)27(ond)-393(an)-394(input)-393(line)-394(from)-394(a)-394(pseudo-\214le)-393(un)26(til)-392(an)-394(input)-394(line)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(from)-332(a)-334(real)-333(\214le)-333(\(or)-334(the)-333(terminal\))-333(is)-334(found.)]TJ 14.93 -11.95 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-235.52 -27.81 TD[(3.8)-1124(Breaking)-375(P)30(aragraphs)-374(in)30(to)-374(Lines)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf -0.01 -18.39 TD[(T)83(raditional)-440(t)26(yp)-26(esetting)-441(with)-441(lead)-441(t)27(yp)-27(e)-441(used)-441(to)-441(adjust)-441(\(stretc)27(h)-440(or)-441(shrink\))-441(the)]TJ 0.01 -11.96 TD[(in)28(terw)27(ord)-384(spaces)-386(in)-386(the)-385(last)-386(line)-386(of)-385(a)-386(paragraph)-386(b)27(y)-385(the)-386(same)-385(amoun)27(t)-385(as)-386(those)]TJ -0.01 -11.97 TD[(in)-421(the)-421(preceding)-421(line.)-708(With)-421(T)]TJ 133.73 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 2.15 TD[(X)-420(the)-422(last)-421(line)-421(is,)-443(ho)27(w)28(ev)27(er,)-442(usually)-421(t)27(yp)-27(eset)-421(at)]TJ -139.27 -11.95 TD[(its)-465(natural)-466(width)-465(due)-466(to)-465(in\214nitely)-466(stretc)27(hable)-465(par\214llskip)-465(glue.)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 286.22 0.01 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.65 0 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.86 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 2.14 TD[(X)-465(allo)26(ws)]TJ -305.25 -11.95 TD[(in)27(terp)-27(olation)-499(b)-28(et)27(w)27(een)-498(these)-500(t)27(w)27(o)-498(extremes)-500(b)27(y)-499(sp)-28(ecifying)-499(a)-500(suitable)-500(v)55(alue)-499(for)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 0 -11.96 TD[(\\lastlinefit)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 62.77 0.01 TD[(.)-569(F)83(or)-374(a)-375(v)55(alue)-374(of)-375(0)-375(or)-374(less,)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 116.35 0 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.64 -0.01 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.86 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.14 TD[(X)-374(b)-28(eha)27(v)28(es)-374(as)-375(T)]TJ 66.93 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X,)-385(v)55(alues)-374(from)-375(1)]TJ -270.61 -11.95 TD[(to)-302(1000)-302(indicate)-303(a)-302(glue)-302(adjustmen)26(t)-301(fraction)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 189.15 0 TD[(f)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 8.97 0.01 TD[(times)-302(1000,)-308(v)55(alues)-302(ab)-28(o)27(v)28(e)-301(1000)-303(are)]TJ -198.11 -11.96 TD[(in)28(terpreted)-333(as)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 63.48 0.01 TD[(f)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 8.71 -0.01 TD[(=)-277(1.)]TJ -57.26 -11.95 TD[(The)-333(new)-334(algorithm)-333(is)-333(used)-334(only)-333(if)]TJ -14.94 -11.95 TD[(1.)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 12.19 0 TD[(\\lastlinefit)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 66.08 -0.01 TD[(is)-333(p)-27(ositiv)26(e;)]TJ 88.61 -29.89 TD[(10)]TJ ET +endstream +endobj +88 0 obj +<< +/F4 19 0 R +/F10 37 0 R +/F1 10 0 R +/F5 22 0 R +/F8 31 0 R +>> +endobj +86 0 obj +<< +/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC] +/Font 88 0 R +>> +endobj +91 0 obj +<< +/Length 7377 +>> +stream + 0.00 g 0.00 G BT/F4 9.96 Tf 61.77 -62.76 TD[(2.)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 12.17 -0.01 TD[(\\parfillskip)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 66.09 0 TD[(has)-333(in\214nite)-333(stretc)26(habilit)28(y;)-332(and)]TJ -78.26 -11.95 TD[(3.)-444(the)-333(stretc)26(habilit)28(y)-332(of)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 101.37 0 TD[(\\leftskip)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 50.4 -0.01 TD[(plus)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 21.09 0 TD[(\\rightskip)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 55.62 0 TD[(is)-333(\214nite.)]TJ/F9 6.97 Tf 34.93 3.62 TD[(5)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf -263.39 -15.56 TD[(Th)28(us)-271(the)-271(last)-272(line)-271(of)-271(a)-272(paragraph)-271(w)26(ould)-270(normally)-271(b)-28(e)-272(t)27(yp)-27(eset)-271(at)-271(its)-272(natural)-271(width)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(and)-250(the)-249(stretc)26(habilit)28(y)-249(of)-249(par\214llskip)-250(glue)-250(w)27(ould)-249(b)-28(e)-249(used)-250(to)-250(ac)27(hiev)28(e)-249(the)-250(desired)-250(line)]TJ 0.01 -11.96 TD[(width.)-621(The)-393(algorithm)-392(pro)-28(ceeds)-392(as)-393(usual,)-407(considering)-393(all)-392(p)-28(ossible)-392(sequences)-393(of)]TJ -0.01 -11.96 TD[(feasible)-323(break)-323(p)-28(oin)27(ts)-323(and)-323(accum)27(ulating)-322(demerits)-324(for)-323(the)-323(stretc)26(hing)-322(or)-323(shrinking)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(of)-307(lines)-308(as)-307(w)27(ell)-307(as)-307(for)-308(visually)-307(incompatible)-308(lines.)-436(When)-307(a)-308(candidate)-307(for)-308(the)-307(last)]TJ 0 -11.96 TD[(line)-333(has)-333(b)-28(een)-333(reac)26(hed,)-332(the)-333(follo)26(wing)-332(conditions)-333(are)-334(tested:)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(4.)-759(the)-438(previous)-438(line)-438(w)27(as)-437(not)-438(`in\214nitely)-438(bad')-439(and)-438(w)27(as)-437(stretc)27(hed)-437(with)-438(p)-28(ositiv)27(e)]TJ 0.01 -11.96 TD[(\214nite)-333(stretc)27(habilit)28(y)-332(or)-334(w)27(as)-332(shrunk)-334(with)-333(p)-28(ositiv)27(e)-332(shrink)54(abilit)28(y;)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(5.)-444(the)-333(last)-333(line)-334(has)-333(in\214nite)-333(stretc)26(habilit)28(y)-332(en)27(tirely)-333(due)-333(to)-333(par\214llskip)-334(glue;)]TJ -0.01 -11.95 TD[(6.)-591(if)-383(the)-382(previous)-382(line)-382(w)26(as)-381(stretc)27(hed)-381(or)-383(shrunk)-382(the)-382(last)-383(line)-382(has)-382(p)-28(ositiv)27(e)-381(\214nite)]TJ 0.01 -11.96 TD[(stretc)27(habilit)28(y)-332(or)-333(shrink)54(abilit)28(y)-332(resp)-28(ectiv)27(ely)83(.)]TJ 0 -11.96 TD[(If)-348(all)-350(three)-349(conditions)-349(are)-350(satis\214ed,)-353(a)-349(glue)-350(adjustmen)27(t)-348(factor)-349(of)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 277.72 0.01 TD[(f)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.43 -0.01 TD[(times)-349(that)-350(of)]TJ -287.15 -11.95 TD[(the)-346(preceding)-347(line)-347(will)-347(b)-28(e)-347(applied)-347(to)-347(the)-347(relev)55(an)27(t)-346(stretc)27(h)-346(or)-347(shrink)-347(comp)-28(onen)27(ts)]TJ 0 -11.96 TD[(of)-310(all)-312(glue)-311(no)-28(des)-311(in)-311(the)-311(last)-311(line,)-316(and)-311(the)-311(corresp)-28(onding)-311(demerits)-312(are)-311(computed.)]TJ 0 -11.96 TD[(\(The)-332(last)-334(line)-333(will,)-333(ho)26(w)28(ev)28(er,)-332(not)-334(b)-27(e)-334(stretc)27(hed)-332(b)-28(ey)27(ond)-333(the)-333(desired)-333(line)-334(width.\))]TJ 14.93 -11.96 TD[(When)-414(all)-414(p)-28(ossible)-414(candidates)-414(for)-414(the)-414(last)-415(line)-414(of)-414(the)-414(paragraph)-414(ha)27(v)28(e)-414(b)-27(een)]TJ -14.93 -11.96 TD[(examined,)-452(the)-429(one)-428(ha)26(ving)-427(few)26(est)-428(accum)27(ulated)-428(demerits)-428(is)-429(c)27(hosen.)-730(If)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 310.5 0 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.64 0 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.86 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.14 TD[(X's)]TJ -329.54 -11.95 TD[(mo)-27(di\214ed)-279(algorithm)-279(w)27(as)-278(applied)-278(to)-279(that)-279(last)-278(line,)-290(the)-279(actual)-279(stretc)27(hing)-277(or)-279(shrink-)]TJ 0 -11.96 TD[(ing)-333(is)-333(ac)27(hiev)27(ed)-332(b)27(y)-333(suitably)-333(mo)-28(difying)-333(the)-333(par\214llskip)-334(glue)-333(no)-28(de.)]TJ 14.94 -11.95 TD[(All)-329(computations)-330(describ)-28(ed)-329(so)-330(far)-329(are)-330(p)-27(erformed)-330(with)-330(mac)27(hine-indep)-27(enden)27(t)]TJ -14.94 -11.95 TD[(in)27(teger)-325(arithmetic.)-443(Note,)-327(ho)27(w)27(ev)28(er,)-327(that)-326(the)-326(actual)-327(stretc)27(hing)-325(requires)-327(mac)27(hine-)]TJ 0.01 -11.95 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TD[(b)-27(et)26(w)28(een)-332(an)27(y)-333(t)27(w)28(o)-333(lines,)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -92.23 -11.96 TD[(\\clubpenalty)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 66.08 -0.01 TD[(after)-333(the)-333(\214rst)-334(line)-333(of)-333(a)-334(\(partial\))-333(paragraph,)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -66.08 -11.95 TD[(\\widowpenalty)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 71.31 -0.01 TD[(b)-27(efore)-333(the)-334(last)-333(line)-333(of)-334(the)-333(paragraph,)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -71.32 -11.95 TD[(\\displaywidowpenalty)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 107.04 0.01 TD[(b)-27(efore)-246(the)-245(line)-245(immediately)-245(preceding)-245(a)-245(displa)27(y)27(ed)-244(equa-)]TJ -107.05 -11.96 TD[(tion,)-333(and)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 0.01 -11.96 TD[(\\brokenpenalty)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 76.54 0.01 TD[(after)-333(lines)-333(ending)-333(with)-334(a)-333(discretionary)-333(break.)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf -76.55 -11.96 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.64 0 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.86 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 2.14 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TD[(math)-361(no)-28(des)-362(suc)27(h)-361(that)-362(material)-362(originating)-362(from)-362(math)]TJ -107.68 -11.95 TD[(mo)-27(de)-429(is)-428(alw)26(a)28(ys)-427(enclosed)-429(b)-28(et)27(w)28(een)-428(prop)-27(erly)-429(paired)-428(math)-429(no)-28(des.)-730(Consequen)27(tly)]TJ 0 -11.95 TD[(T)]TJ 5.53 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 2.15 TD[(X-)]TJ/F11 9.96 Tf 10.8 0 TD[(-X)]TJ 11.04 -2.22 TD[(E)]TJ 5.62 2.21 TD[(T)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 12.53 -0.01 TD[(will)-458(nev)27(er)-457(attempt)-458(h)27(yphenation)-457(of)-458(`w)27(ords')-457(originating)-458(from)-458(math)]TJ -51.06 -11.95 TD[(mo)-27(de)-334(nor)-333(prev)27(en)28(t)-333(h)27(yphenation)-332(of)-334(w)27(ords)-332(originating)-334(from)-333(horizon)27(tal)-332(mo)-28(de.)]TJ 14.94 -11.95 TD[(The)-416(additional)-415(math)-416(no)-28(des)-416(in)27(tro)-27(duced)-415(b)26(y)-414(T)]TJ 195.69 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 2.15 TD[(X-)]TJ/F11 9.96 Tf 10.79 0.01 TD[(-X)]TJ 11.04 -2.22 TD[(E)]TJ 5.62 2.21 TD[(T)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 12.11 -0.01 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0 TD[(\\toks)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf -317.56 -11.96 TD[(registers)-373(instead)-374(of)-373(T)]TJ 91.92 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X's)-373(256.)-565(Th)27(us)-373(it)-374(allo)27(ws)-372(a)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 116.01 0 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 -0.01 TD[(15-bit)-333(n)27(um)28(b)-27(er)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 61.73 0 TD[(i)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.61 0.01 TD[(instead)-373(of)-373(an)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf -286.68 -11.96 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 -0.01 TD[(8-bit)-332(n)26(um)28(b)-27(er)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 56.75 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 6.31 -0.01 TD[(in)-243(almost)-244(all)-244(syn)27(tax)-243(constructions)-244(referring)-244(to)-244(these)-244(registers;)-274(the)]TJ -66.95 -11.95 TD[(only)-322(exception)-323(to)-322(this)-323(is)-322(the)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 124.55 -0.01 TD[(\\insert)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 39.83 0 TD[(command:)-439(insertion)-322(classes)-323(are)-322(restricted)]TJ -164.37 -11.96 TD[(to)-333(the)-333(range)-334(0{254)-333(in)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 96.34 0.01 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.64 0 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.86 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.54 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-187.04 -11.95 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.09 0 TD[(\\currentiflevel)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 81.77 -0.01 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.09 0.01 TD[(\\currentiftype)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 76.55 -0.01 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.1 0 TD[(\\currentifbranch)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf -176.6 -11.95 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.1 0 TD[(\\gluestretchorder)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 88.91 -0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(glue)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 17.7 0.01 TD[(i)-333(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 13.29 -0.01 TD[(\\glueshrinkorder)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 83.68 0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(glue)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 17.71 -0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -235.14 -11.95 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.1 -0.01 TD[(\\numexpr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 41.84 0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 -0.01 TD[(in)28(teger)-333(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 52.07 0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.76 -0.01 TD[(optional)-332(spaces)-334(and)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 88.66 0 TD[(\\relax)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 31.38 0 TD[(i)]TJ -254.93 -11.95 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0.01 TD[(p)-27(enalties)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 38.53 -0.01 TD[(i)-332(\200)165(!)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 26.56 0.01 TD[(\\interlinepenalties)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 102.7 -0.01 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.08 0.01 TD[(\\clubpenalties)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf -154.5 -11.96 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.09 0 TD[(\\widowpenalties)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 81.78 0 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.1 -0.01 TD[(\\displaywidowpenalties)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf -117.21 -11.95 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 -0.01 TD[(in)27(ternal)-332(dimen)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 63.4 0 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 26.57 0.01 TD[(whatev)27(er)]TJ/F3 9.96 Tf 42.65 -0.01 TD[(The)-333(T)]TJ 26.01 -2.14 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X)-99(b)-28(o)-28(ok)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 33.7 0 TD[(de\214nes)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf -178.49 -11.95 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.09 0 TD[(\\parshapeindent)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 78.45 -0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(n)27(um)28(b)-27(er)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 32.96 0 TD[(i)-333(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 13.29 0.01 TD[(\\parshapelength)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 78.45 -0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0 TD[(n)27(um)28(b)-27(er)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 32.97 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -249.96 -11.96 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.09 0 TD[(\\parshapedimen)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 73.23 0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(n)27(um)28(b)-27(er)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 32.96 -0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -116.15 -11.95 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.09 0 TD[(\\gluestretch)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 62.76 0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0 TD[(glue)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 17.71 -0.01 TD[(i)-333(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 13.28 0 TD[(\\glueshrink)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 57.53 0 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0.01 TD[(glue)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 17.7 0 TD[(i)]TJ -183.81 -11.96 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 5.13 0 TD[(\\fontcharht)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 57.53 0 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0.01 TD[(fon)28(t)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 17.15 -0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0.01 TD[(8-bit)-333(n)27(um)28(b)-27(er)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 56.76 -0.01 TD[(i)-236(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 11.34 0.01 TD[(\\fontcharwd)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 57.54 -0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(fon)27(t)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 17.16 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.74 0 TD[(8-bit)-333(n)26(um)28(b)-27(er)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 56.77 0 TD[(i)]TJ -302.62 -11.95 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 5.13 0 TD[(\\fontchardp)]TJ/F5 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-0.01 TD[(de\214nes)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 32.71 0.01 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.08 -0.01 TD[(\\mutoglue)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 47.07 0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0 TD[(m)27(uglue)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 31.28 -0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -290.65 -11.95 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.08 0 TD[(\\glueexpr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 47.08 0 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0 TD[(glue)-333(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 40.16 0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.76 0 TD[(optional)-333(spaces)-333(and)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 88.66 -0.01 TD[(\\relax)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 31.39 0 TD[(i)]TJ -248.24 -11.95 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(in)27(ternal)-332(m)27(uglue)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 68.1 0 TD[(i)-333(\200)165(!)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 26.58 -0.01 TD[(whatev)28(er)]TJ/F3 9.96 Tf 42.64 0.01 TD[(The)-333(T)]TJ 26.01 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X)-99(b)-28(o)-28(ok)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 33.7 0 TD[(de\214nes)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 32.71 0.01 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.09 0 TD[(\\gluetomu)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 47.07 0 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(glue)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 17.71 0 TD[(i)]TJ -290.65 -11.96 TD[(j)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 6.09 0 TD[(\\muexpr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 36.6 0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(m)27(uglue)-332(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 53.71 -0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.76 0 TD[(optional)-333(spaces)-333(and)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 88.66 0 TD[(\\relax)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 31.38 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf -251.33 -17.94 TD[(The)-333(additional)-334(p)-27(ossibilities)-334(for)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 136.36 -0.01 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0.01 TD[(in)27(teger)-332(parameter)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 77.29 0 TD[(i)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.2 0 TD[(are:)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -214.76 -11.96 TD[(\\TeXXeTstate)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 72.73 0.01 TD[(\(p)-28(ositiv)27(e)-332(if)-333(mixed-direction)-334(t)27(yp)-27(esetting)-333(is)-333(enabled\))]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -72.72 -11.96 TD[(\\tracingassigns)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 88.41 0 TD[(\(p)-28(ositiv)27(e)-332(if)-334(sho)27(wing)-332(assignmen)27(ts\))]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -88.41 -11.96 TD[(\\tracinggroups)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 83.19 0 TD[(\(p)-27(ositiv)27(e)-333(if)-333(sho)27(wing)-333(sa)27(v)28(e)-332(groups\))]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -83.19 -11.95 TD[(\\tracingifs)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 67.5 0.01 TD[(\(p)-27(ositiv)27(e)-333(if)-333(sho)27(wing)-333(conditionals\))]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -67.5 -11.96 TD[(\\tracingscantokens)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 104.11 -0.01 TD[(\(p)-28(ositiv)27(e)-507(if)-509(sho)27(wing)-508(the)-509(op)-28(ening)-508(and)-509(closing)-509(of)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -79.2 -11.95 TD[(\\scantokens)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 60.86 0 TD[(pseudo-\214les\))]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -85.76 -11.95 TD[(\\tracingnesting)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 88.41 0 TD[(\(p)-28(ositiv)27(e)-413(if)-414(sho)26(wing)-413(improp)-28(er)-414(nesting)-414(of)-415(groups)-414(and)]TJ -63.5 -11.96 TD[(conditionals)-332(within)-334(\214les\))]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -24.91 -11.95 TD[(\\predisplaydirection)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 114.56 -0.01 TD[(\(text)-333(direction)-333(preceding)-334(a)-333(displa)27(y\))]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -114.57 -11.95 TD[(\\lastlinefit)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 72.74 0.01 TD[(\(adjustmen)28(t)-333(ratio)-333(for)-333(last)-334(line)-333(of)-333(paragraph,)-334(times)-333(1000\))]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -72.73 -11.96 TD[(\\savingvdiscards)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 93.64 0 TD[(\(p)-27(ositiv)26(e)-241(if)-242(sa)26(ving)-241(items)-243(discarded)-242(from)-243(v)27(ertical)-241(lists\))]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -93.65 -11.96 TD[(\\savinghyphcodes)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 93.65 0.01 TD[(\(p)-28(ositiv)27(e)-388(if)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 51 -0.01 TD[(\\patterns)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 50.95 0 TD[(sa)27(v)28(es)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 25.85 0 TD[(\\lccode)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 40.5 0 TD[(v)55(alues)-389(as)-390(h)27(y-)]TJ -237.03 -11.95 TD[(phenation)-333(co)-28(des\))]TJ -49.81 -11.96 TD[(Note)-411(that)-411(the)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 65.15 -0.01 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.64 0.01 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.87 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.52 2.15 TD[(X)-412(state)-411(v)54(ariable)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 74.94 0.01 TD[(\\TeXXeTstate)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 66.86 0 TD[(\(the)-411(only)-412(one)-411(so)-412(far\))-411(is)-412(an)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf -225.99 -11.96 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 -0.01 TD[(in)27(teger)-332(parameter)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 77.29 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 -0.01 TD[(.)-673(That)-410(need)-410(not)-410(b)-27(e)-410(the)-410(case)-410(for)-410(all)-409(future)-410(state)-410(v)54(ariables;)]TJ -85.05 -11.95 TD[(it)-350(migh)27(t)-349(turn)-350(out)-350(that)-350(some)-350(future)-350(enhancemen)27(ts)-349(can)-350(b)-28(e)-350(enabled)-350(and)-350(disabled)]TJ 0 -11.96 TD[(only)-333(globally)82(,)-332(not)-333(sub)-56(ject)-333(to)-334(grouping.)]TJ 14.95 -11.96 TD[(The)-333(additional)-333(p)-28(ossibilities)-333(for)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 136.34 0 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 -0.01 TD[(tok)27(en)-332(parameter)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 71.46 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.2 0 TD[(are:)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf -208.91 -11.96 TD[(\\everyeof)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 57.03 -0.01 TD[(\(tok)27(ens)-332(to)-334(insert)-333(when)-333(an)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 114.72 0 TD[(\\input)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 34.69 0 TD[(\214le)-333(ends\))]TJ -216.4 -11.95 TD[(Here)-333(is)-333(the)-333(syn)26(tax)-332(for)]TJ/F8 9.96 Tf 97.85 -0.01 TD[(")]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 4.65 0.01 TD[(-T)]TJ 8.86 -2.15 TD[(E)]TJ 5.53 2.15 TD[(X's)-332(expressions:)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf -116.9 -17.93 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(in)28(teger)-333(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 52.08 0 TD[(i)-332(\200)165(!)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.43 0 TD[(in)27(teger)-332(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 53.47 0 TD[(i)]TJ -116.61 -11.95 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.96 0.01 TD[(in)27(teger)-332(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 52.08 -0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0 TD[(add)-333(or)-333(sub)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 46.57 0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0 TD[(in)27(teger)-332(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 53.46 0 TD[(i)]TJ -200.83 -11.96 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(in)27(teger)-332(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 53.47 0.01 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.44 -0.01 TD[(in)27(teger)-332(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 58.17 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -122.71 -11.96 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.96 0 TD[(in)27(teger)-332(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 53.47 -0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0.01 TD[(m)28(ul)-333(or)-333(div)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 45.54 -0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0.01 TD[(in)27(teger)-332(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 58.18 -0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -205.9 -11.95 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0 TD[(in)28(teger)-333(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 58.16 0 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.44 0.01 TD[(n)27(um)28(b)-27(er)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 32.97 -0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -102.2 -11.95 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.96 0 TD[(left)-333(paren)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 41.81 0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.76 0 TD[(in)28(teger)-333(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 52.08 -0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.74 0.01 TD[(righ)27(t)-332(paren)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 48.49 -0.01 TD[(i)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf -39.17 -41.84 TD[(17)]TJ ET +endstream +endobj +120 0 obj +<< +/F5 22 0 R +/F10 37 0 R +/F4 19 0 R +/F3 16 0 R +/F8 31 0 R +>> +endobj +118 0 obj +<< +/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC] +/Font 120 0 R +>> +endobj +123 0 obj +<< +/Length 11494 +>> +stream + 0.00 g 0.00 G BT/F5 9.96 Tf 76.71 -62.76 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 -0.01 TD[(dimen)-333(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 49.01 0 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.44 0 TD[(dimen)-333(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 50.39 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -110.47 -11.96 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.96 -0.01 TD[(dimen)-333(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 49.02 0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 -0.01 TD[(add)-333(or)-333(sub)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 46.57 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.76 0.01 TD[(dimen)-333(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 50.39 0 TD[(i)]TJ -194.69 -11.96 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 -0.01 TD[(dimen)-333(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 50.39 0.01 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.44 -0.01 TD[(dimen)-333(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 55.1 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -116.57 -11.96 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.96 0 TD[(dimen)-333(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 50.39 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0 TD[(m)27(ul)-332(or)-333(div)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 45.55 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0.01 TD[(in)27(teger)-332(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 58.17 0 TD[(i)]TJ -202.82 -11.96 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0 TD[(dimen)-333(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 55.1 0 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.45 0 TD[(dimen)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 26.56 0 TD[(i)]TJ -92.73 -11.96 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.96 0 TD[(left)-333(paren)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 41.81 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0 TD[(dimen)-333(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 49.02 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0 TD[(righ)28(t)-333(paren)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 48.48 0 TD[(i)]TJ -188.02 -11.96 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0 TD[(glue)-333(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 40.16 0 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.44 0.01 TD[(glue)-333(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 41.54 0 TD[(i)]TJ -92.76 -11.97 TD[(j)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.95 0.01 TD[(glue)-333(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 40.16 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0 TD[(add)-333(or)-334(sub)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 46.58 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0 TD[(glue)-333(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 41.55 0 TD[(i)]TJ -176.98 -11.96 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0.01 TD[(glue)-333(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 41.54 -0.01 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.44 0 TD[(glue)-333(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 46.25 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -98.85 -11.96 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.97 -0.01 TD[(glue)-332(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 41.53 0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0 TD[(m)27(ul)-332(or)-334(div)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 45.56 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.74 -0.01 TD[(in)27(teger)-332(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 58.17 0 TD[(i)]TJ -193.97 -11.95 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(glue)-333(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 46.24 0 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.44 0.01 TD[(glue)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 17.7 -0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -75.02 -11.95 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.96 0 TD[(left)-333(paren)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 41.82 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0 TD[(glue)-333(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 40.15 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0 TD[(righ)27(t)-332(paren)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 48.49 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -179.16 -11.96 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(m)28(uglue)-333(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 53.71 0 TD[(i)-332(\200)165(!)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.43 0 TD[(m)27(uglue)-332(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 55.11 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -119.89 -11.96 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.96 -0.01 TD[(m)27(uglue)-332(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 53.72 0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.75 0 TD[(add)-333(or)-333(sub)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 46.58 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.74 0 TD[(m)27(uglue)-332(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 55.1 0 TD[(i)]TJ -204.1 -11.96 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(m)28(uglue)-333(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 55.09 0.01 TD[(i)-333(\200)165(!)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.45 0 TD[(m)27(uglue)-332(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 59.8 -0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -125.96 -11.95 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.96 -0.01 TD[(m)28(uglue)-333(term)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 55.09 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.76 0.01 TD[(m)28(ul)-333(or)-333(div)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 45.54 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.76 0 TD[(in)28(teger)-333(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 58.16 -0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -207.52 -11.95 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 -0.01 TD[(m)28(uglue)-333(factor)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 59.8 0.01 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.44 -0.01 TD[(m)27(uglue)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 31.27 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -102.15 -11.96 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.97 0.01 TD[(left)-333(paren)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 41.82 -0.01 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.74 0.01 TD[(m)27(uglue)-332(expr)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 53.71 0 TD[(ih)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 7.76 -0.01 TD[(righ)28(t)-333(paren)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 48.48 0.01 TD[(i)]TJ -192.72 -11.97 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 0.01 TD[(optional)-333(spaces)-333(and)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 88.67 0 TD[(\\relax)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 31.38 0 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.45 0 TD[(optional)-333(spaces)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 65.97 0 TD[(i)]TJ -197.09 -11.96 TD[(j)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.95 0 TD[(optional)-333(spaces)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 65.98 -0.01 TD[(i)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(\\relax)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf -103.05 -11.95 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.87 -0.01 TD[(add)-333(or)-333(sub)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 46.58 0 TD[(i)-333(\200)166(!)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.44 0 TD[(optional)-332(spaces)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 65.97 0 TD[(i)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 3.87 0.01 TD[(+)]TJ/F9 6.97 Tf 5.23 -1.5 TD[(12)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 11.75 1.49 TD[(j)-333(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 9.97 0 TD[(optional)-333(spaces)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 65.97 0 TD[(i)]TJ/F10 9.96 Tf 3.88 0.01 TD[(-)]TJ/F9 6.97 Tf 5.24 -1.5 TD[(12)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf -252.78 -10.46 TD[(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 3.88 0 TD[(div)-333(or)-333(m)27(ul)]TJ/F5 9.96 Tf 45.41 0 TD[(i)-333(\200)165(!)-332(h)]TJ/F4 9.96 Tf 30.45 0 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b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.sty new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..94d4245838c --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.sty @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +% macros definitions for e-TeX manual + +\def\NTS{\leavevmode\hbox{$\cal N\kern-0.35em\lower0.5ex\hbox{$\cal T$}% + \kern-0.2emS$}} +\def\eTeX{\leavevmode\hbox{$\varepsilon$}-\TeX} +\def\TeXbook{{\sl The \TeX\/book\/}} + +\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{cmr}{bxrev}{n}{<-> xbmc10}{} % for right-to-left text +\DeclareTextFontCommand{\revrm}{\fontseries{bxrev}\fontshape{n}\selectfont} + +\ifx\beginL\undefined % this is \TeX + \def\XeT{X\kern-.125em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\kern-.1667emT} + \def\TeXeT{\TeX-\hbox{\revrm{\XeT}}} + \def\TeXXeT{\TeX-\hbox{\revrm{-\XeT}}} +\else + \ifx\eTeXversion\undefined % this is \TeXeT + \def\TeXeT{\TeX-\revrm{\beginR\TeX\endR}} + \def\TeXXeT{\TeX-\revrm{\beginR\TeX-\endR}} + \else % this is \eTeX + \def\TeXeT{\TeX-\revrm{\TeXXeTstate=1\beginR\TeX\endR}} + \def\TeXXeT{\TeX-\revrm{\TeXXeTstate=1\beginR\TeX-\endR}} + \fi +\fi + +{\def~{|} \global\catcode`\|=\active \global\let|=~} +\def\|{\leavevmode\verb|} +\def\<{\leavevmode\hbox\bgroup\catcode`>=13$\langle$} % syntax quantity +\def\>{\/$\rangle$\egroup} % finish syntax quantity +\def\cstok#1{\leavevmode\thinspace\hbox{\vrule\vtop{\vbox{\hrule\kern1pt + \hbox{\vphantom{\tt/}\thinspace{\tt#1}\thinspace}} + \kern1pt\hrule}\vrule}\thinspace} % control sequence token +\def\[#1]{\thinspace{\tt#1}\thinspace} % keyword in syntax + +\newenvironment{paramlist}% + {\endgraf\parskip=0pt + \advance\leftskip by5em \parindent=-2.5em}% + {\endgraf} + +\newenvironment{syntax}% + {\endgraf\nobreak\medskip + \begingroup \catcode`<=13 \catcode`[=13 \let|=\|% + \let\par=\endsyntaxline \obeylines}% + {\medbreak} + +\def\endsyntaxline{\futurelet\next\syntaxswitch} +\def\syntaxswitch{\ifx\next\<\let\next=\syntaxrule + \else\ifx\next\end\let\next=\endgroup + \else\let\next=\continuerule\fi\fi \next} +\def\continuerule{\hfil\break\indent\qquad} +{\catcode`<=13 \catcode`>=13 \catcode`[=13 + \global\let<=\< \global\let>=\> \global\let[=\[ + \gdef\syntaxrule<{\endgraf\indent\<}} +\def\is{\ $\longrightarrow$ } +\def\alt{\ $\vert$ } +\def\more{whatever \TeXbook\ defines} +\def\ot#1{\|#1|$_{12}$} % an other token +\def\cs#1{{\tt\char`\\#1}} + +\newenvironment{multilist}[2]% + {$$\setbox\z@=\hbox\bgroup % catch some funny things -> \mathord + \let\a=\empty + \let\b=\empty + \count@=\z@ + \toks@={#2}% + \def\item##1\cr + {\ifnum \count@=\z@ + \count@=#1% + \expandafter\def\expandafter\b\expandafter{\b\y{}}% + \fi + \advance\count@ by\m@ne + \expandafter\def\expandafter\a\expandafter{\a\x{##1}}}% + \ignorespaces}% + {\loop + \ifnum \count@>\z@ + \expandafter\def\expandafter\a\expandafter{\a\expandafter\z\b\relax}% + \advance\count@ by\m@ne + \repeat + \def\x##1{\expandafter\y\b\relax{##1}}% + \def\y\y##1##2\relax##3% + {\ifx @##1@% + \def\b{##2\y{##3}}% + \else + \def\b{##2\y{##1&##3}}% + \fi}% + \def\z\y##1##2\relax{\def\b{##2\y{##1}}}% + \a + \def\x + {\expandafter\egroup\expandafter\halign\expandafter\bgroup + \expandafter&\the\toks@\cr}% + \def\y##1{\expandafter\def\expandafter\x\expandafter{\x##1\cr}}% + \b + \x\egroup $$} diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7ce0d00110c --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1150 @@ +%&latex % english hyphenation + +\documentclass{article} + +\usepackage{etex_man} + +\begin{document} + +\begin{center} +%% {\LARGE Draft, \today}\\[6pt] +{\huge\bf The \eTeX\ manual}\\[6pt] +{\sl Version 2, February 1998\/}\\[18pt] +by The \NTS\ Team\\[6pt] +Peter Breitenlohner, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik, M\"unchen\\[18pt] +\small\noindent +The preparation of this report was supported in part by {\sc Dante},\\ +Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung \TeX\ e.V.\\ +`\TeX' is a trademark of the American Mathematical Society. +\end{center} + +\section{Introduction} + +The \NTS\ project intends to develop an `New Typesetting System' (\NTS) +that will eventually replace today's \TeX3. The \NTS\ program will +include many features missing in \TeX, but there will also exist a mode +of operation that is 100\% compatible with \TeX3. It will, necessarily, +require quite some time to develop \NTS\ to maturity and make it widely +available. + +Meanwhile \eTeX\ intends to fill the gap between \TeX3 and the future +\NTS. It consists of a series of features extending the capabilities of +\TeX3.% +\footnote{The \TeX3 program; for the moment there are no plans to extend +the software related to \TeX.} + +Since compatibility between \eTeX\ and \TeX3 has been a main concern, +\eTeX\ has two modes of operation:\\ +(1)~In \TeX\ compatibility mode it fully deserves the name \TeX\ and +there are neither extended features nor additional primitive commands. +That means in particular that \eTeX\ passes the \|TRIP| test +\cite{tripman} without any restriction. There are, however, a few +minor modifications that would be legitimate in any implementation of +\TeX.\\ +(2)~In extended mode there are additional primitive commands and the +extended features of \eTeX\ are available. + +We have tried to make \eTeX\ as compatible with \TeX\ as possible +even in extended mode. In a few cases there are, however, some subtle +differences described in detail later on. Therefore the \eTeX\ features +available in extended mode are grouped into two categories:\\ +(1)~Most of them have no semantic effect as long as none of the +additional primitives are executed; these `extensions' are permanently +enabled.\\ +(2)~The remaining optional \eTeX\ features (`enhancements') can be +individually enabled and disabled; initially they are all disabled. +For each enhancement there is a state variable \|\...state|; an +enhancement is enabled or disabled by assigning a positive or +non-positive value respectively to that state variable. + +For \eTeX\ Versions~1 and~2 there is just one enhancement: mixed +direction typesetting (\TeXXeT) with the state variable \|\TeXXeTstate|. + +Version~1.1 of \eTeX\ was released in November 1996, Version~2.0 in +February 1998. +It is expected that there will be about one \eTeX\ version per year, +where each later version adds new features. It would be desirable if +these \eTeX\ versions were incorporated into many of the existing +implementations of \TeX3 without much delay. + +With each \eTeX\ version there will be an \|e-TRIP| test \cite{etripman} +in order to help to verify that a particular implementation deserves the +name \eTeX\ in the same way as the \|TRIP| test \cite{tripman} helps to +verify that an implementation deserves the name \TeX. + +\section{Generating \eTeX} + +\subsection{Generating the \eTeX\ Program} + +An implementation of \TeX\ consists of a WEB change file \|tex.ch| +containing all system-dependent changes for a particular system. The +WEB system program \|TANGLE| applies this change file to the +system-independent file \|tex.web| defining the \TeX\ program in order to +generate a \TeX\ Pascal file for that system \cite{webman}. Similarly +an implementation of \eTeX\ consists of a system-dependent change file +\|etex.sys| to be applied to the system-independent file \|e-tex.web| +defining the \eTeX\ program. Since \eTeX\ differs from \TeX\ by a +relatively small fraction of its code \|e-tex.web| does, however, not +exist as a physical file; it is instead defined in terms of a +system-independent change file \|e-tex.ch| to be applied to \|tex.web|. +Similarly it should be possible to define the system-dependent change +file \|etex.sys| for a particular system in terms of its deviations +from the corresponding file \|tex.ch| \cite{etexgen}. + +\subsection{Generating Format Files for \eTeX} + +When (the INITEX or VIRTEX version of) the \TeX\ program is started, it +analyzes the first non-blank input line from the command line or (with +the \|**| prompt) from the terminal: The first non-blank character of +that input line may be an \|&| followed immediately by the name of the +format to +be loaded; otherwise VIRTEX uses a default format whereas INITEX starts +without loading a format file. + +For eINITEX (the INITEX version of \eTeX) there is an additional +possibility: If the first non-blank input character is an \|*| +(immediately followed what would be the first non-blank input character +for INITEX), the program starts in extended mode without loading a +format file. If the first non-blank character is neither \|&| nor \|*| +then eINITEX starts without loading a format but in compatibility mode. +Whenever a format file is loaded by eINITEX or eVIRTEX the mode +(compatibility or extended) is inherited from the format. + +It is recommended that the input file \|etex.src| be used instead of +\|plain.tex| when generating an \eTeX\ format in extended mode. That +file will first read \|plain.tex| (without reading \|hyphen.tex|) and +will then supply macro definitions supporting \eTeX\ features. + +\section{\eTeX\ Extensions} + +\subsection{Compatibility and Extended Mode} + +Once \eTeX\ has entered compatibility mode it behaves as any other +implementation of \TeX. All of \eTeX's additional commands are absent; +it is therefore impossible to access any of the extensions or +enhancements. The ability of eINITEX to initially choose between +compatibility and extended mode is, however, by itself a feature not +present in any \TeX\ implementation. + +The remainder of this document is devoted to a detailed and mostly +technical description of all aspects where \eTeX\ (in extended mode) +behaves differently from \TeX. It will be assumed that the reader is +familiar with \TeXbook\ \cite{texbook} describing \TeX's behaviour in +quite some detail. + +All of \eTeX's extensions and enhancements available in extended mode are +activated by either executing some new primitive command or by assigning +a nonzero value to some new integer parameter or state variable. Since +all these new variables are initially zero,% +\footnote{To be precise all state variables are zero when eINITEX or eVIRTEX +is started; integer parameters that are not state variables are zero when +eINITEX is started without loading a format file or inherited from the +format file otherwise.} +\eTeX\ behaves as \TeX\ as long as none of \eTeX's new control sequences +are used, with the following exceptions which should, however, have +no effect on the typesetting of error-free \TeX\ documents (produced with +error-free formats):\\ +(1) When \|\tracingcommands| has a value of~3 or more, or\\ +when \|\tracinglostchars| has a value of~2 or more, \eTeX\ will display +additional information not available in \TeX.\\ +(2) When using a count, dimen, skip, muskip, box, or token register number +in the range 256--32767, \eTeX\ will access one of its additional registers +whereas \TeX\ will produce an error and use register number zero. + +\subsection{Optimization} + +When a value is assigned to an \<internal quantity> within a save group, +the former value is restored when the group ends, provided the +assignment was not global. This is achieved by saving the former value +on \TeX's `save stack'. \eTeX\ refrains from creating such save stack +entries when the old and new value are the same (`reassignments'). + +\|\aftergroup| tokens are also kept on \TeX's save stack. When the +current group ends, \TeX\ converts each \|\aftergroup| token into a +token list and inserts this list as new `input level' into the input stack. +\eTeX\ collects all \|\aftergroup| tokens from one group into one token +list and thus conserves input levels. + +When a completed page is written to the DVI file (shipped out), \TeX\ +multiplies the relevant stretch or shrink components of glue nodes in a +box by the glue expansion factor of that box and converts the product to +DVI units. In order to avoid overflow each resulting value $x$ is +artificially limited to the range $|x|\le10^9$. +Consider the example: +\begin{verbatim} + \shipout\vbox to100pt{ + \hrule width10pt + \vskip 0pt plus1000fil + \vskip 0pt plus1000fil + \vskip 0pt plus-2000fil + \hrule + \vskip 0pt plus0.00005fil + } +\end{verbatim} +Here the three glues between the two rules add up to zero; when \TeX\ +converts each stretch component individually they will, however, add up +to $10^9$ DVI units due to the truncation mentioned above. \eTeX, however, +accumulates the relevant stretch or shrink components of consecutive +glue nodes (possibly separated by insert, mark, adjust, kern, and +penalty nodes) before converting them to DVI units. During this process +glue nodes may be converted into equivalent kern nodes and some glue +specifications may be recycled; this may affect the memory usage +statistics displayed after the page has been shipped out. + +\subsection{Tracing and Diagnostics} + +When \|\tracingcommands| has a value of~3 or more, the commands +following a prefix (\|\global|, etc.) are shown as well, e.g.: +\begin{verbatim} + \global\count0=0 => {\global} + {\count} +\end{verbatim} + +When \|\tracinglostchars| has a value of~2 or more, missing characters +are displayed on the terminal even if the value of \|\tracingonline| is +0~or less. + +When \|\tracingscantokens| has a value of~1 or more, the opening and +closing of pseudo-files (generated by \|\scantokens|) is recorded as for +any other file, with `\verb*| |' as filename. + +When the program is compiled with the code for collecting statistics and +\|\tracingassigns| has a value of~1 or more, all assignments subject to +\TeX's grouping mechanism are traced, e.g.: +\begin{verbatim} + \def\foo{\relax} => {changing \foo=undefined} + {into \foo=macro:->\relax } + \global\count17=7 => {globally changing \count17=0} + {into \count17=7} + \count17=7 => {reassigning \count17=7} +\end{verbatim} + +When \|\tracingifs| has a value of~1 or more, all conditionals +(including \|\unless|, \|\or|, \|\else|, and \|\fi|) are traced, together +with the starting line and nesting level; the \|\showifs| command displays +the state of all currently active conditionals. Thus the input +\begin{verbatim} + \unless\iffalse + \iffalse + \else + \showifs + \fi + \fi +\end{verbatim} +might yield +\begin{verbatim} + {\unless\iffalse: (level 1) entered on line 1} + {\iffalse: (level 2) entered on line 2} + {\else: \iffalse (level 2) entered on line 2} + ### level 2: \iffalse\else entered on line 2 + ### level 1: \unless\iffalse entered on line 1 + {\fi: \iffalse (level 2) entered on line 2} + {\fi: \unless\iffalse (level 1) entered on line 1} +\end{verbatim} + +When \|\tracinggroups| has a value of~1 or more, the start and end of +each save group is traced, together with the starting line and grouping +level; the \|\showgroups| command displays the state of all currently +active save groups. Thus the input +\begin{verbatim} + \begingroup + { + \showgroups + } + \endgroup +\end{verbatim} +might yield +\begin{verbatim} + {entering semi simple group (level 1) at line 1} + {entering simple group (level 2) at line 2} + ### simple group (level 2) entered at line 1 ({) + ### semi simple group (level 1) entered at line 1 (\begingroup) + ### bottom level + {leaving simple group (level 2) entered at line 2} + {leaving semi simple group (level 1) entered at line 1} +\end{verbatim} + +Occasionally conditionals and/or save groups are not properly nested +with respect to \|\input| files. Although this might be perfectly +legitimate, such anomalies are mostly unintentional and may cause quite +obscure errors. When \|\tracingnesting| has a value of~1 or more, +these anomalies are shown; when \|\tracingnesting| has a value of~2 or more, +the current context (traceback) is shown as well. Thus the input +\begin{verbatim} + \newlinechar=`\^^J + \begingroup + \iftrue + \scantokens{% + \endgroup + ^^J\fi + ^^J\bgroup + ^^\tracingnesting=2 + ^^J\iffalse + ^^J\else + }% + \egroup + \fi +\end{verbatim} +might yield% +\footnote{The \cs{scantokens} command will be discussed later.} +\begin{verbatim} +Warning: end of semi simple group (level 1) entered at line 2 of + a different file +Warning: end of \iftrue entered on line 3 of a different file +Warning: end of file when simple group (level 1) entered at line + 3 is incomplete +Warning: end of file when \iffalse\else entered on line 5 is inc +omplete +l.7 \else + +l.11 } + % +\end{verbatim} + +The command \|\showtokens{|\<token list>\|}| displays the token list, and +allows the display of quantities that cannot be displayed by \|\show| or +\|\showthe|, e.g.: +\begin{verbatim} + \showtokens\expandafter{\jobname} + \showtokens\expandafter{\topmarks 27} +\end{verbatim} + +\subsection{Status Enquiries} + +A number of \TeX's internal quantities can be assigned values but +these values cannot be retrieved in \TeX. \eTeX\ introduces several new +primitives that allow the retrieval of information about its internal state. + +\noindent +\|\eTeXversion| returns \eTeX's (major) version number;\\ +\|\eTeXrevision| expands into a list of character tokens representing +the revision (minor version) number. Thus +\begin{verbatim} + \message{\number\eTeXversion\eTeXrevision} +\end{verbatim} +should write the complete version as shown when \eTeX\ is started. + +\noindent +When used as number, \|\interactionmode| returns one of the +values 0~(batchmode), 1~(nonstopmode), 2~(scrollmode), +or~3~(errorstopmode). Assigning one of these values to +\|\interactionmode| changes the current interaction mode accordingly; +such assignments are always global. + +\noindent +\|\currentgrouplevel| returns the current save group level;\\ +\|\currentgrouptype| returns a number representing the type of the +innermost group: +\begin{multilist}{2}{\hfil\qquad#:&\quad#\qquad\hfil} +\item 0&bottom level (no group)\cr +\item 1&simple group\cr +\item 2&hbox group\cr +\item 3&adjusted hbox group\cr +\item 4&vbox group\cr +\item 5&vtop group\cr +\item 6&align group\cr +\item 7&no align group\cr +\item 8&output group\cr +\item 9&math group\cr +\item 10&disc group\cr +\item 11&insert group\cr +\item 12&vcenter group\cr +\item 13&math choice group\cr +\item 14&semi simple group\cr +\item 15&math shift group\cr +\item 16&math left group\cr +\end{multilist} + +\noindent +\|\currentiflevel| returns the number of currently active +conditionals;\\ +\|\currentifbranch| indicates which branch of the innermost conditional +is taken: 1~`then branch', $-1$~`else branch', or 0~not yet decided;\\ +\|\currentiftype| returns 0~if there are no active conditionals, a +positive number indicating the type of the innermost active conditional, +or the negative of that number when the conditional was prefixed by +\|\unless|: +\begin{multilist}{3}{\hfil\qquad#:&\quad#\qquad\hfil} +\item 1&\cs{if}\cr +\item 2&\cs{ifcat}\cr +\item 3&\cs{ifnum}\cr +\item 4&\cs{ifdim}\cr +\item 5&\cs{ifodd}\cr +\item 6&\cs{ifvmode}\cr +\item 7&\cs{ifhmode}\cr +\item 8&\cs{ifmmode}\cr +\item 9&\cs{ifinner}\cr +\item 10&\cs{ifvoid}\cr +\item 11&\cs{ifhbox}\cr +\item 12&\cs{ifvbox}\cr +\item 13&\cs{ifx}\cr +\item 14&\cs{ifeof}\cr +\item 15&\cs{iftrue}\cr +\item 16&\cs{iffalse}\cr +\item 17&\cs{ifcase}\cr +\item 18&\cs{ifdefined}\cr +\item 19&\cs{ifcsname}\cr +\item 20&\cs{iffontchar}\cr +\end{multilist} + +\noindent +\|\lastnodetype| returns a number indicating the type of the last node, +if any, on the current (vertical, horizontal, or math) list: +\begin{multilist}{2}{\hfil\qquad#:&\quad#\qquad\hfil} +\item -1&none (empty list)\cr +\item 0&char node\cr +\item 1&hlist node\cr +\item 2&vlist node\cr +\item 3&rule node\cr +\item 4&ins node\cr +\item 5&mark node\cr +\item 6&adjust node\cr +\item 7&ligature node\cr +\item 8&disc node\cr +\item 9&whatsit node\cr +\item 10&math node\cr +\item 11&glue node\cr +\item 12&kern node\cr +\item 13&penalty node\cr +\item 14&unset node\cr +\item 15&math mode nodes\cr +\end{multilist} + +\noindent +The commands \|\fontcharht|, \|\fontcharwd|, \|\fontchardp|, and +\|\fontcharic| followed by a font specification and a character code, +return a dimension: the height, width, depth, or italic correction of the +character in the font, or \[0pt] if no such character exists; +the conditional \|\iffontchar| tests the existence of that character. + +\noindent +When used as number, \|\parshape| returns the number of lines of the current +parshape specification (or zero).\\ +\eTeX's \|\parshapeindent|, \|\parshapelength|, and \|\parshapedimen|, +followed by a number $n$ return the dimensions of the parshape +specification:\\ +\[0pt] for $n\le0$ or when no parshape is currently active, otherwise\\ +\|\parshapeindent|$\,n$ and \|\parshapedimen|$\,2n-1$ both return the +indentation of line $n$ (explicitly specified or implied by repeating the +last specification),\\ +\|\parshapelength|$\,n$ and \|\parshapedimen|$\,2n$ both return the length +of line $n$. + +\subsection{Expressions} + +\eTeX\ introduces the notion of expressions of type number, dimen, glue, or +muglue, that can be used whenever a quantity of that type is needed. Such +expressions are evaluated by \eTeX's scanning mechanism; they are initiated +by one of the commands \|\numexpr|, \|\dimexpr|, \|\glueexpr|, or \|\muexpr| +(determining the type~$t$) and optionally terminated by one \|\relax| (that +will be absorbed by the scanning mechanism). An expression consists of one +or more terms of the same type to be added or subtracted; a term of type~$t$ +consists of a factor of that type, optionally multiplied and\slash or +divided by numeric factors; finally a factor of type~$t$ is either a +parenthesized subexpression or a quantity (number, etc.) of that type. +Thus, the conditional +\begin{verbatim} + \ifdim\dimexpr (2pt-5pt)*\numexpr 3-3*13/5\relax + 34pt/2<\wd20 +\end{verbatim} +is true if and only if the width of box~20 exceeds 32\[pt]. Note the use of +\|\relax| to terminate the inner (numeric) expression, the outer (dimen) +expression is terminated automatically by the token \|<|$_{12}$ that does +not fit into the expression syntax. + +The arithmetic performed by \eTeX's expressions does not do much that could +not be done by \TeX's arithmetic operations \|\advance|, \|\multiply|, and +\|\divide|, although there are some notable differences: Each factor is +checked to be in the allowed range, numbers must be less than $2^{31}$ in +absolute value, dimensions or glue components must be less than +$2^{14}$\[pt], \[mu], \[fil], etc.\ respectively. The arithmetic operations +are performed individually, except for `scaling' operations (a +multiplication immediately followed by a division) which are performed as +one combined operation with a 64-bit product as intermediate value. The +result of each operation is again checked to be in the allowed range. +Finally the results of divisions and scalings are rounded, whereas \TeX's +\|\divide| truncates. + +The important new feature is, however, that the evaluation of expressions +does not involve assignments and can therefore be performed in +circumstances where assignments are not allowed, e.g., inside an \|\edef| or +\|\write|. This also allows the definition of purely expandable loop constructions: +\begin{verbatim} + \def\foo#1#2{\number#1 + \ifnum#1<#2, + \expandafter\foo + \expandafter{\number\numexpr#1+1\expandafter}% + \expandafter{\number#2\expandafter}% + \fi} +\end{verbatim} +such that, e.g., `\|\foo{7}{13}|' expands into `\|7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13|'. + +The commands \|\gluestretch| and \|\glueshrink| are to be followed by a glue +specification and return the stretch or shrink component of that glue as +dimensions (with \[fil] etc.\ replaced by \[pt]), the commands +\|\gluestretchorder| and \|\glueshrinkorder| return the order of infinity: +0~for \[pt], 1~for \[fil], 2~for \[fill], and 3~for \[filll]. + +The commands \|\gluetomu| and \|\mutoglue| convert glue into muglue +and vice versa by simply equating 1\[pt] with 1\[mu], precisely what \TeX\ +does (in addition to an error message) when the wrong kind of glue is used. + +\subsection{Additional Registers and Marks} + +\eTeX\ increases the number of \TeX's count, dimen, skip, muskip, box, and +token registers from 256 to 32768. The additional registers, numbered +256--32767, can be used exactly as the first 256, except that they can +not be used for insertion classes. + +As in \TeX, the first 256 registers of each kind are realized as static +arrays that are part of the `table of equivalents'; values to be restored +when a save group ends are kept on the save stack. The additional registers +are realized as sparse arrays built from \TeX's main memory and are +therefore less efficient. They use a four-level index structure and +individual registers are present only when needed. Values to be restored +when a particular save group ends are kept in a linked list (again built +from main memory) with one save stack entry pointing to that list.% +\footnote{With the effect that the order of restoring (or discarding) saved +values may be somewhat surprising.} + +\medskip +\eTeX\ generalizes \TeX's mark concept to mark classes 0--32767, with mark +class~0 used for \TeX's marks.\\ +The command \|\marks| followed by a mark class~$n$ and a mark text appends a +mark node to the current list; \|\marks0| is synonymous with \|\mark|. The +page builder and the \|\vsplit| command record information about the mark nodes +found on the page or box produced, separately for each mark class. The +information for mark class~0 is kept in a small static array as in \TeX, the +information for the additional mark classes is again kept in a sparse array +with entries present only when needed.\\ +The command \|\firstmarks|$\,n$ expands to the mark text for mark class~$n$ +first encountered on the most recent page, etc., and again \|\firstmarks0| +is synonymous with \|\firstmark|. + +\subsection{Input Handling} + +The command \|\readline|\<number>\[to]\<control sequence> defines the +control sequence as parameterless macro whose replacement text is the +contents of the next line read from the designated file, as for \|\read|. +The difference is that the current category codes are ignored and all +characters on that line (including an endline character) are converted to +character tokens with category 12 (`other'), except that the character +code~32 gets category 10 (`space'). + +The command \|\scantokens{...}| absorbs a list of unexpanded tokens, +converts it into a character string that is treated as if it were an +external file, and starts to read from this `pseudo-file'. A rather +similar effect can be achieved by the commands +\begin{verbatim} + \toks0={...} + \immediate\openout0=file + \immediate\write0{\the\toks0} + \immediate\closeout0 + \input file +\end{verbatim} +In particular every occurrence of the current newline character is +interpreted as start of a new line, and input characters will be converted +into tokens as usual. +The \|\scantokens| command is, however, expandable and does not use token +registers, write streams, or external files. Furthermore the conversion from +\TeX's internal ASCII codes to external characters and back to ASCII codes +is skipped. Finally the current context (traceback) shown, e.g., as part +of an error message continues beyond an input line from a pseudo-file until +an input line from a real file (or the terminal) is found. + +When \eTeX's input mechanism attempts to read beyond the end of an \|\input| +file or \|\scantokens| pseudo-file, and before checking for `runaway' +conditions and closing the file, it will first read a list of tokens that +has been predefined by the command \|\everyeof={|\<token list>\|}|. + +\subsection{Breaking Paragraphs into Lines} + +Traditional typesetting with lead type used to adjust (stretch or shrink) +the interword spaces in the last line of a paragraph by the same amount as +those in the preceding line. With \TeX\ the last line is, however, usually +typeset at its natural width due to infinitely stretchable parfillskip glue. +\eTeX\ allows interpolation between these two extremes by specifying a +suitable value for \|\lastlinefit|. For a value of~0 or less, \eTeX\ +behaves as \TeX, values from~1 to 1000 indicate a glue adjustment fraction +$f$ times 1000, values above 1000 are interpreted as $f=1$. + +The new algorithm is used only if\\ +1. \|\lastlinefit| is positive;\\ +2. \|\parfillskip| has infinite stretchability; and\\ +3. the stretchability of \|\leftskip| plus \|\rightskip| is finite.% +\footnote{As usual for parameters influencing \TeX's line-breaking algorithm, +the values current at the end of the (partial) paragraph are used.}\\ +Thus the last line of a paragraph would normally be typeset at its +natural width and the stretchability of parfillskip glue would be used to +achieve the desired line width. The algorithm proceeds as usual, considering +all possible sequences of feasible break points and accumulating demerits for +the stretching or shrinking of lines as well as for visually incompatible +lines. When a candidate for the last line has been reached, the following +conditions are tested:\\ +4. the previous line was not `infinitely bad' and was stretched with positive +finite stretchability or was shrunk with positive shrinkability;\\ +5. the last line has infinite stretchability entirely due to parfillskip +glue;\\ +6. if the previous line was stretched or shrunk the last line has +positive finite stretchability or shrinkability respectively.\\ +If all three conditions are satisfied, a glue adjustment factor of $f$ times +that of the preceding line will be applied to the relevant stretch or +shrink components of all glue nodes in the last line, and the corresponding +demerits are computed. (The last line will, however, not be stretched beyond +the desired line width.) + +When all possible candidates for the last line of the paragraph have been +examined, the one having fewest accumulated demerits is chosen. If \eTeX's +modified algorithm was applied to that last line, the actual stretching or +shrinking is achieved by suitably modifying the parfillskip glue node. + +All computations described so far are performed with machine-independent +integer arithmetic. Note, however, that the actual stretching requires +machine-dependent floating point arithmetic. Therefore, when a paragraph is +interrupted by a displayed equation and the line preceding the display is +subject to the adjustment just described, the display will in general be +preceded by abovedisplayskip and not by abovedisplayshortskip glue. + +\medskip + +After breaking a paragraph into lines, \TeX\ computes the interline +penalties by adding the values of:\\ +\|\interlinepenalty| between any two lines,\\ +\|\clubpenalty| after the first line of a (partial) paragraph,\\ +\|\widowpenalty| before the last line of the paragraph,\\ +\|\displaywidowpenalty| before the line immediately preceding a displayed +equation, and\\ +\|\brokenpenalty| after lines ending with a discretionary break.\\ +\eTeX\ generalizes the concept of interline, club, widow, and display widow +penalty by allowing their replacement by arrays of penalty values with the +commands\\ +\|\interlinepenalties|,\\ +\|\clubpenalties|,\\ +\|\widowpenalties|, and\\ +\|\displaywidowpenalties|.\\ +Each of these commands is to be followed by an optional equal sign and a +number $n$. If $n\le0$ the respective array is reset and \TeX's +corresponding single value is used as usual; a positive value $n$ +declares an array of length $n$ and must be followed by $n$ penalty +values. When one of these arrays has been set, its values are used +instead of \TeX's corresponding single values as follows (repeating the +last value when necessary):\\ +the $i^{\rm th}$ interline penalty value is used after line $i$ of the +paragraph;\\ +the $i^{\rm th}$ club penalty value is used after line $i$ of a partial +paragraph;\\ +the $i^{\rm th}$ widow penalty value is used after line $m-i$ of a +paragraph without displayed equations or the last partial paragraph of +length $m$;\\ +the $i^{\rm th}$ display widow penalty value is used after line $m-i$ of a +partial paragraph of length $m$ that is followed by a displayed equation. + +When used after \|\the| or in situations where \TeX\ expects to see a +number, the same four commands serve to retrieve the arrays of penalties. +Specifying, e.g., \|\clubpenalties|\<number> with a number $n$, returns~0 +for $n<0$ or when the club penalty array has been reset, the length of the +declared club penalty array for $n=0$, or the $n^{\rm th}$ club penalty +value for $n>0$ (again repeating the last value when necessary). + +\subsection{Math Formulas} + +\TeX's \|\left|\<delimiter>\|...\right|\<delimiter> produces two delimiters +with a common size adjusted to the height and depth of the enclosed material. +In \eTeX\ this can be generalized by occurrences of \|\middle|\<delimiter> +dividing the enclosed material into segments resulting in a sequence +of delimiters with a common size adjusted to the maximal height and depth of +all enclosed segments. The spacing between a segment and the delimiter to +its left or right is as for \TeX's left or right delimiter respectively. + +\subsection{Hyphenation} + +\TeX\ uses the \|\lccode| values for two quite unrelated purposes:\\ +(1) when \|\lowercase| converts character tokens to their lower-case +equivalents (in the same way as \|\uppercase| uses the \|\uccode| values); +and\\ +(2) when hyphenation patterns or exceptions are read, and when words are +hyphenated during the line-breaking algorithm. + +\eTeX\ introduces the concept of (language-dependent) hyphenation codes that +are used instead of the \|\lccode| values for hyphenation purposes. In order +to explain the details of \eTeX's behaviour, we need some technical aspects +of hyphenation patterns. When INITEX starts without reading a format file, +the (initially empty) hyphenation patterns are in a form suitable for +inserting new patterns specified by \|\patterns| commands; when INITEX +attemps hyphenation or prepares to write a format file, they are compressed +into a more compact form suitable for finding hyphens. Only these compressed +patterns can be read from a format file (by INITEX or VIRTEX). + +In \eTeX\ the hyphenation patterns are supplemented by hyphenation codes. +When eINITEX starts without reading a format file both are initially empty; +when a \|\patterns| command is executed and \|\savinghyphcodes| has a positive +value, the current \|\lccode| values are saved as hyphenation codes for the +current language. These saved hyphenation codes are later compressed together +with the patterns and written to or read from a format file. When the +patterns have been compressed (always true for eVIRTEX) and hyphenation +codes have been saved for the current language, they are used +instead of the \|\lccode| values for hyphenation purposes (reading +hyphenation exceptions and hyphenating words). + +\subsection{Discarded Items} + +When \TeX's page builder transfers (vertical mode) material from the `recent +contributions' to the `page so far', it discards glue, kern, and penalty +nodes (discardable items) preceding the first box or rule on the page under +construction and inserts a topskip glue node immediately before that box or +rule. Note, however, that this topskip glue need not be the first node on +the page, it may be preceded by insertion, mark, and whatsit nodes. +Similarly when the \|\vsplit| command has split the first part off a vbox, +discardable items are discarded from the top of the remaining vbox and a +splittopskip glue node is inserted immediately before the first box or rule. + +When \eTeX's parameter \|\savingvdiscards| has been assigned a positive +value, these `discarded items' are saved in two lists and can +be recovered by the commands \|\pagediscards| and \|\splitdiscards| that +act like `unvboxing' hypothetical box registers containing a vbox with the +discarded items. + +The list of items discarded by the page builder is emptied at the end of +the output routine and by the \|\pagediscards| command; new items may +be added as long as the new `page so far' contains no box or rule. + +The list of items discarded by the \|\vsplit| command is emptied at the +start of a vsplit operation and by the \|\splitdiscards| command; new items +are added at the end of a vsplit operation. + +\subsection{Expandable Commands} + +Chapter~20 of \TeXbook\ gives complete lists of all expandable \TeX\ +commands and of all cases where expandable tokens are not expanded. +For \eTeX\ there are these additional conditionals: + +\begin{itemize} +\item +\|\ifdefined|\<token>\quad(test if token is defined) +\end{itemize} +\noindent +True if \<token> is defined; creates no new hash table entry. + +\begin{itemize} +\item +\|\ifcsname...\endcsname|\quad(test if control sequence is defined) +\end{itemize} +\noindent +True if the control sequence \|\csname...\endcsname| would be defined; +creates no new hash table entry. + +\begin{itemize} +\item +\|\iffontchar|\<font>\<8-bit number>\quad(test if char exists) +\end{itemize} +\noindent +True if \|\char|\<8-bit number> in \|\font|\<font> exists. + +These are \eTeX's additional expandable commands: + +\begin{itemize} +\item\|\unless|.\\ +The next (unexpanded) token must be a boolean conditional +(i.e., not \|\ifcase|); the truth value of that conditional is reversed. + +\item\|\eTeXrevision|.\\ +The expansion is a list of character tokens of category 12 (`other') +representing \eTeX's revision (minor version) number, e.g., `.0' or +`.1'. + +\item\|\topmarks|\<15-bit number>, +\|\firstmarks|\<15-bit number>,\\ +\|\botmarks|\<15-bit number>, +\|\splitfirstmarks|\<15-bit number>, and\\ +\|\splitbotmarks|\<15-bit number>.\\ +These commands generalize \TeX's \|\topmark| etc.\ to 32768 distinct +mark classes; the special case \|\topmarks0| is synonymous with +\|\topmark| etc. + +\item\|\unexpanded|\<general text>.\\ +The expansion is the token list \<balanced text>. + +\item\|\detokenize|\<general text>.\\ +The expansion is a list of character tokens representing the token list +\<balanced text>. As with the lists of character tokens produced by \TeX's +\|\the| and \eTeX's \|\readline|, these tokens have category 12 (`other'), +except that the character code~32 gets category 10 (`space'). + +\item\|\scantokens|\<general text>.\\ +The expansion is null; but \eTeX\ creates a pseudo-file containing the +characters representing the token list \<balanced text> and prepares to +read from this pseudo-file before looking at any more tokens from its +current source. + +\end{itemize} + +These are the additional \eTeX\ cases when expandable tokens are not +expanded: + +\begin{itemize} +\item +When \eTeX\ is reading the argument token for \|\ifdefined|. + +\item +When \eTeX\ is absorbing the token list for \|\unexpanded|, +\|\detokenize|, \|\scantokens|, or \|\showtokens|. + +\item +Protected macros (defined with the \|\protected| prefix) are not +expanded when building an expanded token list (for \|\edef|, \|\xdef|, +\|\message|,\\ +\|\errmessage|, \|\special|, \|\mark|, \|\marks| or when writing the +token list for \|\write| to a file) or when looking ahead in an +alignment for \|\noalign| or \|\omit|.% +\footnote{Whereas protected macros were introduced with \eTeX\ Version~1, +suppression of their expansion in alignments was introduced with Version~2.} + +\item +When building an expanded token list, the tokens resulting from the +expansion of \|\unexpanded| are not expanded further (this is the same +behaviour as is exhibited by the tokens resulting from the expansion of +\|\the|\<token variable> in both \TeX\ and \eTeX). + +\end{itemize} + +\section{\eTeX\ Enhancements} + +The execution of most new primitives related to enhancements is +disallowed when the corresponding enhancement is currently disabled and +will lead to an `\|Improper...|' error message. The offending command +may nevertheless already have had some effect such as, e.g., bringing +\eTeX\ into horizontal mode. + +\subsection{Mixed-Direction Typesetting} + +This feature supports mixed left-to-right and right-to-left typesetting +and introduces the four text-direction primitives \|\beginL|, \|\endL|, +\|\beginR|, and \|\endR|. The code is inspired by but different from +\TeXeT\ \cite{texet}. + +In order to avoid confusion with \TeXeT\ the present implementation of +mixed-direction typesetting is called \TeXXeT. It uses the same text-direction +primitives, but differs from \TeXeT\ in several important aspects:\\ +(1)~Right-to-left text is reversed explicitly by \eTeX\ and is written +to a normal DVI file without any \|begin_reflect| or \|end_reflect| +commands;\\ +(2)~a math node is (ab)used instead of a whatsit node to record the text-direction +primitives in order to minimize the influence on the line-breaking +algorithm for pure left-to-right text;\\ +(3)~right-to-left text interrupted by a displayed equation is +automatically resumed after that equation;\\ +(4)~display math material is always printed left-to-right, even in +constructions such as: +\begin{verbatim} + \hbox{\beginR\vbox{\noindent$$abc\eqno(123)$$}\endR} +\end{verbatim} + +\TeXXeT\ is enabled or disabled by assigning a positive or non-positive +value respectively to the \|\TeXXeTstate| state variable. As long as +\TeXXeT\ is disabled, \eTeX\ and \TeX3 build horizontal lists and +paragraphs in exactly the same way. Even \TeXXeT\ will, in general, +produce the same results as \TeX3 for pure left-to-right text. There +are, however, circumstances where some differences may arise. This is +best illustrated by an example: +\begin{verbatim} + \vbox{\noindent + $\hfil\break + \null\hfil\break + \null$\par +\end{verbatim} +Here \TeX\ will produce three lines containing the following nodes:\\ +1. mathon, hfil glue, break penalty, and rightskip glue;\\ +2. empty hbox, hfil glue, break penalty, and rightskip glue;\\ +3. empty hbox, mathoff, nobreak penalty, parfillskip glue, and rightskip + glue.\\ +These lines can be retrieved via: +\begin{verbatim} + \setbox3=\lastbox + \unskip\unpenalty + \setbox2=\lastbox + \unskip\unpenalty + \setbox1=\lastbox +\end{verbatim} +Later on these lines can be `unhboxed' as part of a new paragraph and +possibly their contents analyzed. As a consequence in \TeX\ (and \eTeX\ +in compatibility mode) there may be horizontal lists where mathon +and mathoff nodes are not properly paired. Therefore \TeX\ might +attempt hyphenation of `words' originating from math mode or prevent +hyphenation of words originating from horizontal mode. + +Math-mode material is always typeset left-to-right by \TeXXeT, even when +it is contained inside right-to-left text. Therefore \TeXXeT\ will +insert additional \|beginM| and \|endM| math nodes such that +material originating from math mode is always enclosed between properly +paired math nodes. Consequently \TeXXeT\ will never attempt hyphenation +of `words' originating from math mode nor prevent hyphenation of words +originating from horizontal mode. + +The additional math nodes introduced by \TeXXeT\ are, however, +transparent to operations such as \|\lastpenalty| that inspect or remove +the last node of a horizontal list.% +\footnote{This was not the case for some earlier \TeXXeT\ implementations.} + +When \TeXXeT\ is enabled or disabled during the construction of a box, +that box may contain text-direction directives or math nodes that are +not properly paired. Such unpaired nodes may cause warning messages +when the box is shipped out. It is, therefore, advisable that \TeXXeT\ +be enabled or disabled only in vertical mode. + +\section{Syntax Extensions for \eTeX} + +\subsection{Mode-Independent Commands} + +The syntax for \TeX's mode-independent commands, as described in the +first part of Chapter~24 of \TeXbook, is extended by modifications of +existing commands as well as by new commands. + +First, \eTeX\ has 32768 \|\count|, \|\dimen|, \|\skip|, \|\muskip|, +\|\box|, and \|\toks| registers instead of \TeX's 256. Thus it allows +a \<15-bit number> instead of an \<8-bit number> in almost all syntax +constructions referring to these registers; the only exception to this is +the \|\insert| command: insertion classes are restricted to the range +0--254 in \eTeX\ as they are in \TeX. + +Next, \eTeX\ extends the list of \TeX's internal quantities: +\begin{syntax} +<internal integer>\is\more \alt|\eTeXversion| + \alt|\interactionmode|\alt<penalties><number> + \alt|\lastnodetype|\alt|\currentgrouplevel|\alt|\currentgrouptype| + \alt|\currentiflevel|\alt|\currentiftype|\alt|\currentifbranch| + \alt|\gluestretchorder|<glue>\alt|\glueshrinkorder|<glue> + \alt|\numexpr|<integer expr><optional spaces and |\relax|> +<penalties>\is|\interlinepenalties|\alt|\clubpenalties| + \alt|\widowpenalties|\alt|\displaywidowpenalties| +<internal dimen>\is\more + \alt|\parshapeindent|<number>\alt|\parshapelength|<number> + \alt|\parshapedimen|<number> + \alt|\gluestretch|<glue>\alt|\glueshrink|<glue> + \alt|\fontcharht|<font><8-bit number>% + \alt|\fontcharwd|<font><8-bit number> + \alt|\fontchardp|<font><8-bit number>% + \alt|\fontcharic|<font><8-bit number> + \alt|\dimexpr|<dimen expr><optional spaces and |\relax|> +<internal glue>\is\more \alt|\mutoglue|<muglue> + \alt|\glueexpr|<glue expr><optional spaces and |\relax|> +<internal muglue>\is\more \alt|\gluetomu|<glue> + \alt|\muexpr|<muglue expr><optional spaces and |\relax|> +\end{syntax} + +The additional possibilities for \<integer parameter> are: +\begin{paramlist} +\|\TeXXeTstate|\quad(positive if mixed-direction typesetting is enabled) + +\|\tracingassigns|\quad(positive if showing assignments) + +\|\tracinggroups|\quad(positive if showing save groups) + +\|\tracingifs|\quad(positive if showing conditionals) + +\|\tracingscantokens|\quad(positive + if showing the opening and closing of \|\scantokens| pseudo-files) + +\|\tracingnesting|\quad(positive + if showing improper nesting of groups and conditionals within files) + +\|\predisplaydirection|\quad(text direction preceding a display) + +\|\lastlinefit|\quad(adjustment + ratio for last line of paragraph, times 1000) + +\|\savingvdiscards|\quad(positive + if saving items discarded from vertical lists) + +\|\savinghyphcodes|\quad(positive + if \|\patterns| saves \|\lccode| values as hyphenation codes) +\end{paramlist} +\noindent +Note that the \eTeX\ state variable \|\TeXXeTstate| (the only one so +far) is an \<integer parameter>. That need not be the case for all +future state variables; it might turn out that some future enhancements +can be enabled and disabled only globally, not subject to grouping. + +The additional possibilities for \<token parameter> are: +\begin{paramlist} +\|\everyeof|\quad(tokens to insert when an \|\input| file ends) +\end{paramlist} + +Here is the syntax for \eTeX's expressions: +\begin{syntax} +<integer expr>\is<integer term> + \alt<integer expr><add or sub><integer term> +<integer term>\is<integer factor> + \alt<integer term><mul or div><integer factor> +<integer factor>\is<number> + \alt<left paren><integer expr><right paren> +<dimen expr>\is<dimen term> + \alt<dimen expr><add or sub><dimen term> +<dimen term>\is<dimen factor> + \alt<dimen term><mul or div><integer factor> +<dimen factor>\is<dimen> + \alt<left paren><dimen expr><right paren> +<glue expr>\is<glue term> + \alt<glue expr><add or sub><glue term> +<glue term>\is<glue factor> + \alt<glue term><mul or div><integer factor> +<glue factor>\is<glue> + \alt<left paren><glue expr><right paren> +<muglue expr>\is<muglue term> + \alt<muglue expr><add or sub><muglue term> +<muglue term>\is<muglue factor> + \alt<muglue term><mul or div><integer factor> +<muglue factor>\is<muglue> + \alt<left paren><muglue expr><right paren> +<optional spaces and |\relax|>\is<optional spaces> + \alt<optional spaces>|\relax| +<add or sub>\is<optional spaces>\ot+\alt<optional spaces>\ot- +<div or mul>\is<optional spaces>\ot*\alt<optional spaces>\ot/ +<left paren>\is<optional spaces>\ot( +<right paren>\is<optional spaces>\ot) +\end{syntax} + +Next, \eTeX\ extends the syntax for assignments: +\begin{syntax} +<prefix>\is\more\alt|\protected| +<simple assignment>\is\more + \alt<penalties assignment> + \alt|\readline|<number>[to]<control sequence> +<penalties assignment>\is% + <penalties><equals><number><penalty values> +<interaction mode assignment>\is\more + \alt|\interactionmode|<equals><2-bit number> +\end{syntax} +\noindent +In a \<penalties assignment> for which the \<number> is $n$, the +\<penalty values> are \<empty> if $n\le0$, otherwise they consist of $n$ +consecutive occurrences of \<number>. + +Finally, the remaining mode-independent \eTeX\ commands: + +\begin{itemize} +\item +\|\showgroups|, \|\showifs|, \|\showtokens|\<general text>. +These commands are intended to help you figure out what \eTeX\ thinks it +is doing. +The \|\showtokens| command displays the token list \<balanced text>. + +\item +\|\marks|\<15-bit number>\<general text>. This command generalizes +\TeX's \|\mark| command to 32768 distinct mark classes; the special case +\|\marks0| is synonymous with \|\mark|. + +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Vertical-Mode Commands} + +The syntax for \TeX's vertical-mode commands, as described in the second +part of Chapter~24 of \TeXbook, is extended by \eTeX\ as follows: + +\begin{itemize} +\item +\|\pagediscards|, \|\splitdiscards|. +These two commands are similar to \|\unvbox|. +When \|\savingvdiscards| is positive, items discarded by the page +builder and by the \|\vsplit| command are collected in two special +lists. One of these special lists is appended to the current vertical +list (in the same way as \|\unvbox| appends the vertical list inside a +vbox) and becomes empty. + +\item +Here are the additional possibilities for \<horizontal command>: +\begin{syntax} +<horizontal command>\is\more + \alt|\beginL|\alt|\endL|\alt|\beginR|\alt|\endR| +\end{syntax} + +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Horizontal-Mode Commands} + +The syntax for \TeX's horizontal-mode commands, as described in +Chapter~25 of \TeXbook, is extended by \eTeX\ as follows: + +\begin{itemize} +\item +Here are the additional possibilities for \<vertical command>: +\begin{syntax} +<vertical command>\is\more + \alt|\pagediscards|\alt|\splitdiscards| +\end{syntax} + +\item +\|\beginL|, \|\endL|, \|\beginR|, \|\endR| (text-direction commands).\\ +The use of these commands is illegal when the \TeXXeT\ enhancement is +currently disabled; otherwise a \|beginL|, etc.\ text-direction node (a +new kind of math node) is appended to the current horizontal list. +These nodes delimit the beginning and end of hlist segments containing +left-to-right~(L) or right-to-left~(R) text. Before a paragraph is +broken into lines, \|endL| and \|endR| nodes are added to terminate any +unfinished L~or R~segments; when a paragraph is continued after display +math mode, any such unfinished segments are automatically resumed, +starting the new hlist with \|beginL| and \|beginR| nodes as necessary. + +\item +\|\marks|\<15-bit number>\<general text>. This command generalizes +\TeX's \|\mark| command to 32768 distinct mark classes; the special case +\|\marks0| is synonymous with \|\mark|. + +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Math-Mode Commands} + +The syntax for \TeX's math-mode commands, as described in Chapter~26 of +\TeXbook, is extended by \eTeX\ as follows: + +\begin{itemize} +\item +\|\left|\<delim>\<math mode material>\\ +\|\middle|\<delim>\<math mode material>\|...|\|\right|\<delim>\\ +(generalizing \TeX's +\|\left|\<delim>\<math mode material>\|\right|\<delim>).\\ +For each \<math mode material> \eTeX\ begins a new group, starting out +with a new math list (always in the same style) that begins with a left +boundary item containing everything processed so far. This group must +be terminated with either `\|\middle|' or `\|right|', at which time the +internal math list is completed with a new boundary item containing the +new delimiter. In the case of `\|\middle|', a new group is started +again, in the case of `\|\right|', \eTeX\ appends an Inner atom to the +current list; the nucleus of this atom contains the internal math list +just completed. + +\end{itemize} + +\begin{thebibliography}{9} + +\bibitem{tripman} +{\sl A torture test for \TeX\/}, +by Donald E.~Knuth, Stanford Computer Science Report~1027. + +\bibitem{etripman} +{\sl A torture test for \eTeX\/}, +by The \NTS\ Team (Peter Breitenlohner and Bernd Raichle). +Version~2, January 1998. + +\bibitem{webman} +{\sl The WEB system of structured documentation\/}, +by Donald E.~Knuth,\hfil\break Stanford Computer Science Report~980. + +\bibitem{etexgen} +{\sl How to generate \eTeX\/}, +by The \NTS\ Team (Peter Breitenlohner and Phil Taylor). +Version~2, January 1998. + +\bibitem{texbook} +\TeXbook\ (Computers and Typesetting, Vol.~A), +by Donald E.~Knuth, +Addison Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986. + +\bibitem{texet} + +{\sl Mixing right-to-left texts with left-to-right texts\/}, +by Donald~E. Knuth and Pierre MacKay, +{\sl TUGboat\/} {\bf 8}, 14--25, 1987. + +\end{thebibliography} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_ref.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_ref.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2adbbb00d76 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_ref.html @@ -0,0 +1,917 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> +<HTML> +<HEAD> + <TITLE>The e-TeX Short Reference Manual</TITLE> + <META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Mozilla/3.0Gold (Win95; I) [Netscape]"> +</HEAD> +<BODY> + + +<CENTER><P>The e-TeX Short Reference Manual<//P></CENTER> + +<CENTER><P>NTS team<BR> +October 1996</CENTER> + +<P>Derived from a paper originally presented as: + +<CENTER><P>Philip Taylor, "e-TeX: a 100%-compatible successor to TeX"<BR> +(Following humbly in the footsteps of the Grand Wizard) </CENTER> + +<P>in: Proceedings of the Ninth European TeX Conference EuroTeX'95, September +4-8, 1995, Arnhem, The Netherlands, pp. 359-370. + +<P> +<HR> + +<H2>Table of Contents</H2> + +<OL> +<LI><A HREF="#Introduction">Introduction</A> </LI> + +<LI><A HREF="#Installation">Installation</A> </LI> + +<LI><A HREF="#NewFeatures">The new features</A> </LI> + +</OL> + +<P> +<HR> + +<H2>Table of new commands</H2> + +<UL> +<LI><TT><A HREF="#beginL">\beginL</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#beginR">\beginR</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#botmarks">\botmarks</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#detokenize">\detokenize</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#endL">\endL</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#endR">\endR</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#eTeXrevision">\eTeXrevision</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#eTeXversion">\eTeXversion</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#everyeof">\everyeof</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#firstmarks">\firstmarks</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#currentgrouplevel">\currentgrouplevel</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#currentgrouptype">\currentgrouptype</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#ifcsname">\ifcsname</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#ifdefined">\ifdefined</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#interactionmode">\interactionmode</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#lastnodetype">\lastnodetype</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#marks">\marks</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#middle">\middle</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#predisplaydirection">\predisplaydirection</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#protected">\protected</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#readline">\readline</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#showgroups">\showgroups</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#showtokens">\showtokens</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#splitfirstmarks">\splitfirstmarks</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#splitbotmarks">\splitbotmarks</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#TeXXeTstate">\TeXXeTstate</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#topmarks">\topmarks</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingassigns">\tracingassigns</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><A HREF="#AdditionalTracingInformation"><TT>\tracingcommands</TT></A> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracinggroups">\tracinggroups</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingifs">\tracingifs</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingscantokens">\tracingscantokens</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#unexpanded">\unexpanded</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#unless">\unless</A></TT> </LI> +</UL> + +<P> +<HR><A NAME="Introduction"></A> + +<H1>1 Introduction</H1> + +<P>e-TeX is the first concrete result of an international research & +development project, the <I>NTS</I> Project, which was established under +the ægis of DANTE e.V. during 1992. The aims of the project are to perpetuate +and develop the spirit and philosophy of TeX, whilst respecting Knuth's +wish that TeX should remain frozen. + +<P>The group were very concerned that unless there existed some evolutionary +flexibility within which TeX could react to changing needs and environments, +it might all too soon become eclipsed by more modern yet less sophisticated +systems. Accordingly they agreed to investigate a possible successor or +successors to TeX, successors which would enshrine and encapsulate all +that was best in TeX whilst being freed from the evolutionary constraints +which Knuth had placed on TeX itself. To avoid any suggestion that it was +TeX which the group sought to develop against Knuth's wishes, a working +title of <I>NTS</I> (for New Typesetting System) was chosen for the project. + + +<P>During the initial meetings of the <I>NTS</I> group, it became clear +that there were two possible approaches to developments based on TeX: an +evolutionary path which would simply continue where Knuth had left off, +and which would use as its basis the source code of TeX itself (i.e. <TT><A HREF="#TeX.Web">TeX.Web</A></TT>); +the other a revolutionary path which would be based on a completely new +implementation of TeX, using a modern rapid-prototyping language which +could allow individual components of the system to be modified or replaced +in a simple and straightforward manner. The group agreed that the latter +(revolutionary) approach had much greater potential, but were aware that +the re-implementation would be non-trivial, and would require external +funding to bring it to fruition in finite time; accordingly they agreed +to concentrate their initial efforts on the former (evolutionary) path, +and set to work to specify and implement a direct derivative of TeX which +became known as e-TeX (the <I>e</I> of e-TeX may be read as <I>extended</I>, +<I>enhanced</I>, <I>evolutionary</I> or <I>European</I> at will(!), and +is also an acknowledgement of the parallel developments which have lead +the LaTeX 3 team to modify their initial goal and to release an interim +LaTeX, LaTeX2e, which is directly derived from the LaTeX sources. + +<P>The group took as the starting point for the development of e-TeX the +many contributions which had been made on <TT><A HREF="#NTS-L">NTS-L</A></TT> +(the open mailing list on which discussions pertinent to e-TeX & <I>NTS</I> +take place), together with the extremely interesting list of ideas which +Knuth gives at the end of <TT><A HREF="#TeX82.Bug">TeX82.Bug</A></TT>, +and which he describes as <I>`Possibly nice ideas that will not be implemented'</I> +(and which he contrasts with <I>`Bad ideas that will not be implemented'</I>!). +Individual members of the group also contributed ideas of their own which +had not necessarily been discussed publicly. All proposals were then subjected +to a rigorous vetting procedure to ensure that they conformed to the e-TeX +philosophy, which may be summarised as follows: + +<BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>e-TeX will in all ways demonstrate its affinity to, and derivation from, +Knuth's TeX; it will be implemented as a change-file to <TT><A HREF="#TeX.Web">TeX.Web</A></TT>, +and will not exploit features which could only be achieved by using a particular +implementation, operating system or language; it will be capable of being +used successfully on a machine as small as an 80286-based PC or similar. + + +<P>At format-generation time, a user will have the option of generating +either a TeX-compatible format or an e-TeX format; if the TeX-compatible +format is subsequently used in conjunction with e-TeX, the result will +be <A NAME="TripCompatible"></A><I>Trip-compatible</I> (i.e. indistinguishable +from TeX proper). If an e-TeX format is generated and used in conjunction +with e-TeX, then provided that none of the new e-TeX primitives are used, +the results will be identical to those which would be produced using TeX +proper. If an e-TeX format is used in conjunction with e-TeX and if one +or more of the new e-TeX primitives are used, then those portions of the +document which are affected by the new primitive(s) may be processed in +a manner unique to e-TeX; other portions of the document will be processed +in a manner identical to that of TeX proper. Only if an e-TeX format is +used in conjunction with e-TeX and if an explicit assignment is made to +one of the <A NAME="EnhancedMode"></A><I>enhanced-mode</I> variables to +enable that particular enhanced mode will e-TeX behave in a manner which +may be distinguishable from that of TeX even if no other reference to an +e-TeX primitive occurs anywhere in the document. (These modes of operation +are referred to as <A NAME="CompatibilityMode"></A><I>compatibility-mode</I>, +<A NAME="ExtendedMode"></A><I>extended-mode</I> and <I>enhanced-mode</I> +respectively.) + +<P>All new e-TeX primitives will be syntactically identical to existing +TeX primitives: that is, they will be either <I>control-words</I> or <I>control-symbols</I> +within a normal category code régime. Where an analogous primitive exists +within TeX, the corresponding e-TeX primitive(s) will occupy the same syntactic +niche. Every effort will be made to ensure that new e-TeX primitives fit +into the existing set of TeX datatypes; no new datatype will be introduced +unless it is absolutely essential. +</BLOCKQUOTE> + +<P>In brief, this implies that e-TeX will follow the principle of least +surprise: an existing TeX user, on using e-TeX for the first time, should +not be surprised by e-TeX's behaviour, and should be able to take advantage +of new e-TeX features without having either to unlearn some aspects of +TeX or to learn some new e-TeX philosophy. + +<P> +<HR><A NAME="Installation"></A> + +<H1>2 Installation</H1> + +<P>It is intended that e-TeX be available ready-compiled for those systems +for which pre-compiled binaries are the norm (e.g. MS-DOS, VMS, ...); for +other systems such as Unix(TM), e-TeX is supplied as a change-file which +will need to be applied to <TT><A HREF="#TeX.Web">TeX.Web</A></TT> in the +normal way. However, since there will already be an implementation-specific +change-file for the system of interest, some means will be required of +merging <TT><A HREF="#TeX.Web">TeX.Web</A></TT> with not one but (at least) +two change-files; possibilities include <I><A HREF="#PatchWeb">PatchWeb</A></I>, +<I><A HREF="#Tie">Tie</A></I>, etc., but if none of these are available +then <I><A HREF="#WebMerge">WebMerge</A></I>, a TeX script, is supplied +and can be used as a slower but satisfactory alternative. In practice, +two or three change-files will be needed: the e-TeX system-independent +change-file, the TeX system-dependent change-file, and perhaps a small +e-TeX system-dependent change-file. The system-independent e-TeX change-file +is supplied as part of the e-TeX kit, and sample system-dependent e-TeX +change-files are also supplied which may be used as a guide to those places +at which system-dependent interactions are to be expected: an experienced +implementor should have little difficulty in modifying one of these to +produce an e-TeX system-dependent change-file for the system of interest. +Once e-TeX has been tangled and woven, it should be compiled and linked +in the normal way. + +<P>Once a working binary (or binaries, for those systems which have separate +executables for <TT>IniTeX</TT> and <TT>VirTeX</TT>) has been acquired +or produced, the next step will be to generate a suitable format file or +files. Whilst e-TeX can be used in conjunction with <TT><A +HREF="src/plain.tex">Plain.TeX</A></TT> to produce a Plain <I>e-format</I>, +it is better to use the supplied <TT><A HREF="#etex.src">etex.src</A></TT> file +which supplements the e-TeX primitives with additional useful control +sequences. + +<P>When generating the format file, and regardless of the format source +used, one fundamental decision must be made: is e-TeX to generate a <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility +mode</A></I> format, or an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I> +format? If the former, <I>all</I> e-TeX <A NAME="extension"></A>extensions +and <A NAME="enhancement"></A>enhancements will be disabled, the format +will contain only the TeX-defined set of primitives, and any subsequent +use of the format in conjunction with e-TeX will result in completely TeX-compatible +behaviour and semantics, including compatibility at the level of the <A HREF="#Trip">Trip</A> +test. If the latter option, however, is selected, then all extensions present +in e-TeX will automatically be activated, and the format file will contain +not only the TeX-defined set of primitives but also those defined by e-TeX +itself; any subsequent use of such a format in conjunction with e-TeX will +result in e-TeX operating in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>; +documents which contains no references to any of the e-TeX-defined primitives +will continue to generate results identical to those which would have been +produced were the document processed by TeX, but compatibility at the <A HREF="#Trip">Trip</A>-test +level can no longer be accomplished, and of course any document which makes +reference to an e-TeX primitive will generate results which could not have +been accomplished using TeX. It should be noted that neither a <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility +mode</A></I> format nor an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I> +format may be used in conjunction with TeX itself; they are only suitable +for use in conjunction with e-TeX, since formats are not in general portable. +Finally it should be emphasised that even if an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended +mode</A></I> format is generated, any document processed using such a format +but not referencing any e-TeX-defined primitive will produce results identical +to those which would have been produced had the same document been processed +using TeX; only if the document makes an explicit assignment to one of +the <I><A HREF="#EnhancedMode">enhanced mode</A></I> state variables (<TT><A +HREF="#TeXXeTstate">\TeXXeTstate</A></TT> is the only instance of these in V1 +of e-TeX) will compatibility with TeX be compromised: e-TeX is then said to be +operating in <I><A HREF="#EnhancedMode">enhanced mode</A></I> rather than <I><A +HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>. + + +<P>The choice between generating a <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility +mode</A></I> format and an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I> +format is made at the point of specifying the format source file: assuming +that the operating system supports command-line entry with parameters, +then a normal TeX format-generation command would probably resemble: + +<PRE> initex plain \dump +</PRE> + +<P>or if the more verbose interactive form is preferred: + +<PRE> initex + **plain + *\dump +</PRE> + +<P>With e-TeX, exactly the same command will achieve exactly the same effect, +and the format generated will be a <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility-mode</A></I> +format; thus assuming that the Ini-version of e-TeX is invoked with the +command <TT>einitex</TT>, the following will both generate <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility-mode</A></I> +formats: + +<PRE> einitex plain \dump +</PRE> + +<P>and + +<PRE> einitex + **plain + *\dump +</PRE> + +<P>In order to generate an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I> +format, the file-specification for the format source file must be preceded +by an asterisk (<TT>*</TT>); whilst this may seem an inelegant mechanism, +it has the great advantage that it avoids almost all system dependencies +(Graphical user interface (GUI) systems excepted, of course), and the asterisk +as a component element of a filename is a very remote possibility (most +filing systems reserve the asterisk as a `wild card' character, which can +therefore not form a part of a real file name <I>per se</I>). Thus to generate +an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I> Plain format, the following +dialogue may be used: + +<PRE> einitex *plain \dump +</PRE> + +<P>or + +<PRE> einitex + ***plain + *\dump +</PRE> + +<P>and to generate an <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I> +<TT>etex.src</TT> format, the following instead: + +<PRE> einitex *etex.src \dump +</PRE> + +<P>or + +<PRE> einitex + ***etex.src + *\dump +</PRE> + +<P>Once suitable formats have been generated, they can then be used in +conjunction both with <I>e-IniTeX</I> and <I>e-VirTeX</I> without further +formality: in particular, no asterisk is needed (nor should be used!) if +a format is specified, since the format implicitly defines (depending as +its mode of generation) in which mode (compatibilty or extended) e-TeX +will operate. Thus, for example, if a <TT>plain</TT> format had been generated +in <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility mode</A></I>, and an <TT>etex</TT> +format had been generated in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I>, +then both: + +<pRE> einitex &Plain +</PRE> + +<P>and + +<pRE> evirtex &plain +</PRE> + +<P>will cause e-TeX to process any subsequent commands in <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility +mode</A></I>. On the other hand, both + +<PRE> einitex &etex +</PRE> + +<P>and + +<PRE> eVirTeX &etex +</PRE> + +<P>will cause e-TeX to process any subsequent commands in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended +mode</A></I>, <B>but only because the <TT>etex</TT> format was generated +in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I></B>: it is not the +<B>name</B> of the format, nor is it the contents of the <B>source</B> +of the format, which determine the mode of operation -- it is the <B>mode +of operation</B> which was used when the format was generated. Any format +generated in <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility mode</A></I> +will cause e-TeX to operate in <I><A HREF="#CompatibilityMode">compatibility +mode</A></I> whenever it is used, whilst the equivalent format, built from +the same source but generated in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode,</A></I> +will cause e-TeX to operate in <I><A HREF="#ExtendedMode">extended mode</A></I> +whenever it is used. + +<P>Although e-TeX is completely TeX-compatible, and there is therefore +no real reason why any system should need both TeX and e-TeX, it is anticipated +that until complete confidence exists in the compatibility of e-TeX many +sites and users will prefer to retain instances of each. For this reason +it is intended that change-files and binaries should ensure that both TeX +and e-TeX can happily co-exist on any system by a careful choice of name-spaces. +In the case of the reference VMS implementation, for example, this +is accomplished by using the prefix "etex_" for each logical +name which defines the e-TeX environment, in contrast to the prefix "tex_" +which defines the analogous TeX environment; the "etex_*" logical +names are defined as search lists which first reference an e-TeX specific +location followed by the analogous location for TeX. + +<P> +<HR><A NAME="NewFeatures"></A> + +<H1>3 The new features</H1> + +<P>Bearing in mind the contraints outlined in the introduction, the group +identified 35 new primitives which they believed would give +added functionality to e-TeX without compromising its compatibility with +TeX; of the 35 new primitives, 29 are extensions (which by definition +do not affect the semantics of existing TeX documents), whilst just six +(all concerned with the implementation of <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A>) +are associated with an enhancement. In addition to the new primitives, +additional functionality was added to some existing primitives, and TeX's +behaviour in some unusual boundary conditions was made more robust (this +last has been subsumed in the most recent version of TeX, so this is no +longer e-TeX-specific). + +<P>The new features are listed and briefly described below, clustered together +to indicate related functionality. +The technical terms used below to +describe syntax entities as defined in <I><TT><A +HREF="knuth/texbook.tex">The +TeXbook.</A></TT></I> + +<H2>3.1 Additional control over expansion</H2> + +<UL> +<LI><TT><A HREF="#protected">\protected</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#detokenize">\detokenize</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#unexpanded">\unexpanded</A></TT> </LI> +</UL> + +<DL> +<DT><A NAME="protected"></A><TT>\protected</TT> </DT> + +<DD>is a prefix, analogous to <TT>\long</TT>, <TT>\outer</TT>, and <TT>\global</TT>; +it associates with the macro being defined an attribute which inhibits +expansion of the macro in expansion-only contexts (for example, within +the parameter text of a <TT>\write</TT> or <TT>\edef</TT>); if, however, +the parser or command processor (TeX's `oesophagus' and `stomach', in +Knuth's alimentary paradigm) is currently demanding a <I>command</I>, then +the <TT>\protected</TT> macro will expand in the normal way. This behaviour +is identical to that displayed by the explicit expansion of a token-list +register through the use of <TT>\the</TT>; the same model is used elsewhere +in e-TeX to achieve a consistent paradigm for <I>partial expansion</I>. +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="detokenize"></A><TT>\detokenize</TT>, </DT> + +<DD>when followed by a <I><general text></I>, expands to yield a +sequence of character tokens of <TT>\catcode</TT> 10 (<I>space</I>) or +12 (<I>other</I>) corresponding to a decomposition of the tokens of the +<I><balanced text></I> of the unexpanded <I><general text>></I>; +c.f. <TT>\showtokens</TT>. The effect is rather as if <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT> +(q.v.) were applied to the <I><general text></I> within a régime +in which only <TT>\catcodes</TT> 10 and 12 existed. Note that in order +to preserve the boundaries between <I>control words</I> and any following +<I>letter</I>, a <I>space</I> is yielded after each control word including +the last. </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="unexpanded"></A><TT>\unexpanded</TT>, </DT> + +<DD>when followed by a <I><general text></I>, expands to yield the +<I><balanced text></I> of the unexpanded <I><general text></I>. +No further expansion will occur if e-TeX is currently performing a <TT>\write</TT>, +<TT>\edef</TT>, etc., but further expansion will occur if the parser or +command processor is currently demanding a <I>command</I>. The effect is +as if the <I><general text></I> were assigned to a token list register, +and the latter were then partially expanded using <TT>\the</TT>, but no +assignment actually takes place; thus <TT>\unexpanded</TT> can be used +in expansion-only contexts. </DD> +</DL> + +<H2>3.2 Provision for re-scanning already read text</H2> + +<UL> +<LI><TT><A HREF="#readline">\readline</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT> </LI> +</UL> + +<DL> +<DT><A NAME="readline"></A><TT>\readline</TT> </DT> + +<DD>is analogous to <TT>\read</TT>, but treats each character as if it +were currently of <TT>\catcode</TT> 10 (<I>space</I>) or 12 (<I>other</I>); +the text thus read is therefore suitable for being scanned and re-scanned +(using <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT>, q.v.) under different +<TT>\catcode</TT> régimes. </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="scantokens"></A><TT>\scantokens</TT>, </DT> + +<DD>when followed by a <I><general text></I>, decomposes the <I><balanced +text></I> of the <I><general text></I> into the corresponding +sequence of characters as if the <I><balanced text></I> were written +unexpanded to a file; it then uses TeX's <TT>\input</TT> mechanism to re-process +these characters under the current <TT>\catcode</TT> régime. As the <TT>\input</TT> +mechanism is used, even hex notation (<TT>^^xy</TT>) will be re-interpreted. +Parentheses and a single space representing the <I>pseudo-file</I> will +be displayed if <TT><A HREF="#tracingscantokens">\tracingscantokens</A></TT> +(q.v.) is positive and non-zero. </DD> +</DL> + +<H2>3.3 Environmental enquiries</H2> + +<UL> +<LI><TT><A HREF="#eTeXrevision">\eTeXrevision</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#eTeXversion">\eTeXversion</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#currentgrouplevel">\currentgrouplevel</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#currentgrouptype">\currentgrouptype</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#ifcsname">\ifcsname</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#ifdefined">\ifdefined</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#lastnodetype">\lastnodetype</A></TT> </LI> +</UL> + +<DL> +<DT><A NAME="eTeXrevision"></A><TT>\eTeXrevision</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>an primitive which expands to yield a sequence of character tokens +of <TT>\catcode</TT> 12 (<I>other</I>; these represent the minor component +of the combined version/revision number. Pre-release versions will be characterised +by an initial <I>minus</I> sign (<TT>-</TT>), whilst post-release versions +will be implicitly positive; both will contain an explicit leading decimal +point, which will follow any minus sign present. </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="eTeXversion"></A><TT>\eTeXversion</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>an internal read-only integer representing the major component of the +combined version/revision number. </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="currentgrouplevel"></A><TT>\currentgrouplevel</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>an internal read-only integer which returns the current group level +(i.e. depth of nesting). </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="currentgrouptype"></A><TT>\currentgrouptype</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>an internal read-only integer which returns the type of the innermost +group as an integer in the range 0..16. Textual definitions of these types +may be provided through an associated macro library, but it is intended +that these definitions shall be easily replaceable by national language +versions in environments within which English language texts are sub-optimal. +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="ifcsname"></A><TT>\ifcsname</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>similar in effect to the sequence <TT>\unless</TT> <TT>\expandafter</TT> +<TT>\ifx</TT> <TT>\expandafter</TT> <TT>\relax</TT> <TT>\csname</TT> but +avoids the side-effect of the <I>cs-name</I> being ascribed the value <TT>\relax</TT>, +and also does not rely on <TT>\relax</TT> having its canonical meaning. +No hash-table entry is used if <I>cs-name</I> does not exist. (<TT><A HREF="#unless">\unless</A></TT> +is explained below.) </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="ifdefined"></A><TT>\ifdefined</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>similar in effect to <TT><A HREF="#unless">\unless</A></TT> <TT>\ifx</TT> +<TT>\undefined</TT>, but does not require <TT>\undefined</TT> to actually +be undefined, since no explicit comparison is made with any particular +control sequence. </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="lastnodetype"></A><TT>\lastnodetype</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>an internal read-only integer which returns the type of the last node +on the current list as an integer in the range -1..15+ (only values -1..15 +are defined in the first release, but future releases may define additional +values). Textual definitions of these types may be provided through an +associated macro library. </DD> +</DL> + +<H2>3.4 Generalisation of the <TT>\mark</TT> concept: a class of <TT>\marks</TT></H2> + +<UL> +<LI><TT><A HREF="#marks">\marks</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#botmarks">\botmarks</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#firstmarks">\firstmarks</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#topmarks">\topmarks</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#splitfirstmarks">\splitfirstmarks</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#splitbotmarks">\splitbotmarks</A></TT> </LI> +</UL> + +<DL> +<DT><A NAME="marks"></A><TT>\marks</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>this is one of Knuth's `possibly good ideas', listed at the end of <TT><A +HREF="#TeX82.Bug">TeX82.Bug</A></TT>; whereas TeX has only one <TT>\mark</TT>, +which has to be over-loaded if more than one class of information is to be +saved (e.g. over-loading is necessary if separate information for recto and +verso pages is to be maintained), e-TeX has a whole class of <TT>\marks</TT> +(256, in the first release); thus rather than writing <TT>\mark</TT> +<I><general text></I> as in TeX, in e-TeX one writes <TT>\marks</TT> +<I>8-bit number</I> <I><general text></I>. For example, +<TT>\marks 0</TT> could be used to retain information for the verso page, +whilst <TT>\marks 1</TT> could retain information for the recto. There are +equivalent classes for the five <TT>\marks</TT> variables <A +NAME="botmarks"></A><TT>\botmarks</TT>, <A +NAME="firstmarks"></A><TT>\firstmarks</TT>, <A +NAME="topmarks"></A><TT>\topmarks</TT>, <A +NAME="splitfirstmarks"></A><TT>\splitfirstmarks</TT> and <A +NAME="splitbotmarks"></A><TT>\splitbotmarks</TT>. It should be noted that +<TT>\marks 0</TT> and <TT>\mark</TT> are in fact identical, as are +<TT>\topmarks 0</TT> and \<TT>topmark</TT>, \<TT>botmarks 0</TT> and +<TT>\botmark</TT> and so on.</DD> +</DL> + +<H2>3.5 Bi-directional typesetting: the <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> +primitives</H2> + +<UL> +<LI><TT><A HREF="#TeXXeTstate">\TeXXeTstate</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#beginL">\beginL</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#beginR">\beginR</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#endL">\endL</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#endR">\endR</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#predisplaydirection">\predisplaydirection</A></TT> </LI> +</UL> + +<P><A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> was developed by Peter Breitenlohner +based on the original <!--A HREF="TeX-XeT-TODO"-->TeX-XeT<!--/A--> of Donald Knuth +and Pierre MacKay; whereas <!--A HREF="#TeX-XeT"-->TeX-XeT<!--/A--> generated non-standard +<I>DVI</I> files, <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> generates perfectly +normal <I>DVI</I> files which can therefore be processed by standard <I>DVI</I> +drivers (assuming, of course, that the necessary fonts are available). +Both systems permit the direction of typesetting (conventionally left-to-right +in Western documents) to be reversed for part or all of a document, which +is particularly useful when setting languages such as Hebrew or Arabic. + + +<DL> +<DT><A NAME="beginL"></A><TT>\beginL</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>indicates the start of a region (e.g. a section of text, or a pre-constructed +<I>box</I>) which should be set left-to-right; </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="beginR"></A><TT>\beginR</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>indicates the start of a region which should be set right-to-left; +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="endL"></A><TT>\endL</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>indicates the end of a region which should be set left-to-right; </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="endR"></A><TT>\endR</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>indicates the end of a region which should be set right-to-left; </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="TeXXeTstate"></A><TT>\TeXXeTstate</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>an internal read/write integer, its value is zero or negative to indicate +that <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> features are not to be used; a positive +value indicates that they may be used. As the internal data structures +built by <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> differ from those built by TeX, +and as the typesetting of a document by <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> +may therefore differ from that performed by TeX, <TT>\TeXXeTstate</TT> +defaults to zero, and even if set positive during format creation will +be re-set to zero before the format is dumped. Explicit user action therefore +is required to enable <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> semantics, and <A HREF="#TeX--XeT">TeX--XeT</A> +is therefore classed as an <I><A HREF="#enhancement">enhancement</A></I>, +not simply an <I><A HREF="#extension">extension</A></I>. </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="predisplaydirection"></A><TT>\predisplaydirection</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>an internal read/write integer, initialised by e-TeX to indicate the +direction of the last partial paragraph before a display; it is used to +control the placement of elements such as equation numbers, and can be +explictly set to affect this placement. </DD> +</DL> + +<H2>3.6 Additional debugging features</H2> + +<UL> +<LI><TT><A HREF="#interactionmode">\interactionmode</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#showgroups">\showgroups</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#showtokens">\showtokens</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingassigns">\tracingassigns</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracinggroups">\tracinggroups</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingifs">\tracingifs</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#tracingscantokens">\tracingscantokens</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><A HREF="#AdditionalTracingInformation">Additional detail for <TT>\tracingcommands</TT></A> +</LI> +</UL> + +<DL> +<DT><A NAME="interactionmode"></A><TT>\interactionmode</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>whereas in TeX there exist only explicit commands such as <TT>\scrollmode</TT>, +<TT>\errorstopmode</TT>, etc., in e-TeX read/write access is provided via +<TT>\interactionmode</TT> (an internal integer); assigning a numeric value +sets the associated mode, whilst the current mode may be ascertained by +interrogating its value. Symbolic definitions of these values may be provided +through an associated macro library. </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="showgroups"></A><TT>\showgroups</TT>: </DT> + +<DD><I>(e-)TeX</I> has many different classes of <I>group</I>, which should +normally be properly balanced and nested; if a nesting or imbalance error +occurs, it can be <I>very</I> difficult to track down the source of the +problem. <TT>\showgroups</TT> causes e-TeX to display the level and type +of all active groups from the point within which it was called. </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="showtokens"></A><TT>\showtokens</TT>, </DT> + +<DD>when followed by a <I><general text></I>, displays a sequence +of characters corresponding to the decomposition of the <I><balanced +text></I> of the unexpanded <I><general text></I>; c.f. <TT><A HREF="#detokenize">\detokenize</A></TT>. +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="tracingassigns"></A><TT>\tracingassigns</TT>: </DT> + +<DD><TT>\tracingassigns</TT> +(an internal read/write integer) causes e-TeX to display the +contents of registers <em>before</em> an assignment, as well +as after the assignment, +while set to a positive non-zero value. In standard TeX, +only the value <em>after</em> the assignment can be displayed +during a trace. +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="tracinggroups"></A><TT>\tracinggroups</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>a further aid to debugging runaway-group problems, <TT>\tracinggroups</TT> +(an internal read/write integer) causes e-TeX to trace entry and exit to +every group while set to a positive non-zero value. </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="tracingifs"></A><TT>\tracingifs</TT>: </DT> + +<DD> <tt>\tracingifs</tt> is an aid to debugging the expansion of conditionals. +If it is set to a positive non-zero value, e-TeX traces the flow of +control through conditional statements.</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="tracingscantokens"></A><TT>\tracingscantokens</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>an internal read/write integer, assigning it a positive non-zero value +will cause an open-parenthesis and space to be displayed whenever <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT> +is invoked; the matching close-parenthesis will be recorded when the scan +is complete. If a traceback occurs during the expansion of <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT>, +the first displayed line number will reflect the logical line number of +the pseudo-file created from the parameter to <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT>; +thus enabling <TT>\tracingscantokens</TT> can assist in identifying why +an seemingly irrational line number is shewn as the source of error (the +traceback always continues until the line number of the actual source file +is displayed). </DD> + +<DT><A NAME="AdditionalTracingInformation"></A>Additional tracing information: +</DT> + +<DD>If <TT>\tracingcommands</TT> is greater than 2, additional information +is displayed (the maximum value defined in standard TeX is 2). </DD> +</DL> + +<H2>3.7 Miscellaneous primitives</H2> + +<UL> +<LI><TT><A HREF="#everyeof">\everyeof</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#middle">\middle</A></TT> </LI> + +<LI><TT><A HREF="#unless">\unless</A></TT> </LI> +</UL> + +<DL> +<DT><A NAME="everyeof"></A><TT>\everyeof</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>this is another of Knuth's `possibly good ideas', listed at the end of +<TT><A HREF="#TeX82.Bug">TeX82.Bug</A></TT>; analogous to the other +<TT>\every...</TT> primitives, it takes as parameter a <I><balanced +text></I>, the tokens of which are inserted when the end of a file (either +real or virtual, if <TT><A HREF="#scantokens">\scantokens</A></TT> is used) is +reached. This allows <TT>\input</TT> statements to be used within the +replacement text of <TT>\edef</TT>s, and allows totally arbitrary files to be +<TT>\input</TT> within an e-TeX conditional, since the necessary <TT>\fi</TT> +can be inserted before e-TeX complains that it has fallen off the end of the +file. It should be noted that the <code>\everyeof</code> tokens are <em>not</em> +inserted if the end-of-file is forced through the use of <code>\endinput</code>. +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="middle"></A><TT>\middle</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>analogous to TeX's <TT>\left</TT> and <TT>\right</TT>, <TT>\middle</TT> +specifies that the following delimiter is to serve both as a right and +left delimiter; it will be set with spacing appropriate to a right delimiter +w.r.t. the preceding atom(s), and with spacing appropriate to a left delimiter +w.r.t. the succeeding atom(s). A particularly nice +<a href="http://vzdmzi.zdv.uni-mainz.de/~knappen/jk006.html">example</a> +of its use +has kindly been provided by +<a href="mailto:knappen@vkpmzd.kph.uni-mainz.de">Jörg Knappen</a></DD> + +<DT><A NAME="unless"></A><TT>\unless</TT>: </DT> + +<DD>TeX has, by design, a rather sparse set of conditional primitives: +<TT>\ifeof</TT>, <TT>\ifodd</TT>, <TT>\ifvoid</TT>, etc., have no complementary +counterparts. Whilst this normally poses no problems since each accepts +both a <TT>\then</TT> (implicit) and an <TT>\else</TT> (explicit) part, +they fall down when used as the final <TT>\if...</TT> of a <TT>\loop ... +\if ... \repeat</TT> construct, since no <TT>\else</TT> is allowed after +the final <TT>\if...</TT>. <TT>\unless</TT> allows the sense of all Boolean +conditionals to be inverted, and thus (for example) <TT>\unless</TT> +<TT>\ifeof</TT> yields <I>true</I> iff end-of-file has <I>not</I> yet been +reached. +<a href="mailto:dak@neuroinformatik.ruhr-uni-bochum.de"">David Kastrup</a> has +correctly pointed out that a similar effect can be achieved by macro +programming, but the solution is not sufficiently general to allow it to be +used unchanged in all contexts in which the new <tt>\unless</tt> primitive can +be used.</DD> +</DL> + +<HR> + +<H2>References:</H2> + +<DL> +<DT><A NAME="TeX.Web"></A><B><TT>TeX.Web</TT></B> </DT> + +<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex/tex.web">tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex/tex.web</A> +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="TeX82.Bug"></A><B><TT>TeX82.Bug</TT></B> </DT> + +<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/knuth/errata/tex82.bug">tex-archive/systems/knuth/errata/tex82.bug</A> +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="Trip"></A><B><TT>Trip</TT> test</B> </DT> + +<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex/tripman.tex">tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex/tripman.tex</A> +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="Plain.TeX"></A><B><TT>Plain.TeX</TT></B> </DT> + +<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/knuth/lib/plain.tex">tex-archive/systems/knuth/lib/plain.tex</A> +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="TeX--XeT"></A><B>TeX--XeT</B> </DT> + +<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex--xet/">tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex--xet</A> +</DD> + +<dt><a name="etex.src"></a><b><tt>etex.src</tt></b></dt> + +<dd><a href="src/etex.src">etex.src</a></dd> + +<DT><A NAME="NTS-L"></A><B>Discussion List <TT>NTS-L</TT></B> </DT> + +<DD>Subscribe with e-mail to the Listserver program +<A HREF="mailto:listserv@vm.urz.uni-heidelberg.de"> +listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de</A> +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="Tie"></A><B>Tie</B> (written in C) </DT> + +<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/web/tie/">tex-archive/web/tie</A> +</DD> + +<DT><A NAME="WebMerge"></A><B>WebMerge</B> (written in TeX) </DT> + +<DD><a href="webmerge.tex">webmerge.tex</a></DD> + +<DT><A NAME="PatchWeb"></A><B>PatchWeb</B> (for PC, bundled with "dos-tp") </DT> + +<DD>CTAN: <A HREF="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/dos-tp/">tex-archive/systems/msdos/dos-tp/</A> +</DD> +</DL> + +<P> +<HR> + +<ADDRESS>The NTS team</ADDRESS> + +<hr> +Put on the WWW by Bernd Raichle, member of the NTS group;<br> +subsequently updated by Philip Taylor, +with corrections by Peter Breitenlohner.<br> +last updated: 30-JUL-1997 19:31:47 (PT)<br> +<FORM METHOD="POST" ACTION="http://www.webtechs.com/cgi-bin/html-check.pl"> +<INPUT NAME="recommended" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden"> +<INPUT NAME="level" VALUE="Wilbur" TYPE="hidden"> +<INPUT NAME="input" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden"> +<INPUT NAME="esis" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden"> +<INPUT NAME="render" VALUE="0" TYPE="hidden"> +<a href="http://ugweb.cs.ualberta.ca/~gerald/validate + /?url=http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/etex_ref.html"> +<img src="/www/logos/invalid_html3_2.gif" alt="HTML 3.2 Checked!"> +</a> +<INPUT NAME="URLs" + VALUE="http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/etex_ref.html" + TYPE="hidden" +> +<INPUT TYPE="image" SRC="/www/logos/invalid_html_wilbur.gif"> +</FORM> +</BODY> +</HTML> diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_src.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_src.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e4e031adae2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_src.html @@ -0,0 +1,540 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> +<html> +<head><title>The "etex.src" file and its adjuncts: V2.0</title> +</HEAD><BODY> +<H1>The e-T<sub><big>E</big></sub>X format source file +<code>"etex.src" (V2.0)</code></H1> +<p> +The primary e-TeX format source file, <code>"etex.src"</code>, is in principle +merely a wrapper for <code>"plain.tex"</code>, providing modified definitions +for some Plain TeX commands (at present, just +one: <code>\tracingall</code>), improving and generalising +the register allocation mechanism, and adding new commands +<p> +In so doing, we have taken the opportunity to +(a) provide intrinsic support for multiple-language +typesetting (by deferring the processing of patterns and exceptions until a +rudimentary language-handling environment has been defined), +(b) provide a local as well as a global register allocation mechanism, +(c) provide for the allocation of blocks of registers as well as single + registers, +(d) provide a means of allocating and accessing <em>vectors</em> + (monodimensional arrays) of registers, and finally +(e) provide a simple but effective module-handling system, to allow e-TeX +ancilliary source files to be structured as libraries rather than as flat +linear text files. +<p> +As the new commands and other features are not documented elsewhere, +a brief explanation of their syntax and semantics is provided here. +<p> +<dl> +<dt><code>\tracingall</code></dt> +<dd>The definition is augmented to enable tracing for the new e-TeX + tracing primitives <code>\tracingassigns</code>, + <code>\tracinggroups</code>, <code>\tracingifs</code>, + <code>\tracingnesting</code> + and <code>\tracingscantokens</code>; the numeric value assigned + to the TeX primitives <code>\tracingcommands</code> and + <code>\tracinglostchars</code> is increased + as e-TeX will report additional detail in these circumstances. + <p> +</dd> + +<dt><code>\eTeX</code></dt> +<dd>A simple implementation of the e-TeX logo; a more sophisticated version, + capable of being used in maths sub/superscripts for example, may find + its way into <code>etexdefs.lib</code> in due course. + <p> +</dd> + +<dt><code>\loggingall</code></dt> +<dd>This command is equivalent to the sequence <code>\tracingall</code> + <code>\tracingonline = 0 </code>. + <p> +</dd> + +<dt><code>\tracingnone</code></dt> +<dd>This command restores the initial state of the various + <code>\tracing...</code> primitives following use of + <code>\tracingall</code> or <code>\loggingall</code>. + <p> +</dd> + +<dt><code>\newmarks</code></dt> +<dd>As e-TeX provides 2<sup>15</sup> <code>\marks</code> rather than the single + <code>\mark</code> of TeX, an allocator mechanism is required; we + believe that <code>\marks</code> are closer to + <code>\box</code>es than to (say) <code>\count</code>s or + <code>\dimen</code>s and so have provided an analogous allocation + mechanism, in that <code>\newmarks</code> <<code><em>control + sequence or active character</em></code>> assigns a <em>numeric + value</em> to the parameter rather than making it a synonym for an + actual <code>\mark</code>; this numeric value can then be used to access + individual <code>\marks</code>, <code>\topmarks</code>, + <code>\splitbotmarks</code>, etc., as in +<pre> + \newmarks \rectomarks + . . . + \marks \rectomarks {This may form part of the recto running head} + . . . + \leftline {\topmarks \rectomarks} +</pre> + It should be noted that as <code>\marks 0</code> is synonymous with + <code>\mark</code>, <code>\newmarks</code> will never allocate that + particular value. + <br><em><strong>Note:</strong></em> + This command was called <code>\newmark</code> in V1.1; the alternative + spelling has been retained for compatibility, although it is now classed + as deprecated. + <p> +</dd> + +<dt> +<code>\globbox</code>, +<code>\globcount</code>, +<code>\globdimen</code>, +<code>\globmarks</code>, +<code>\globmuskip</code>, +<code>\globskip</code>, +<code>\globtoks</code> +</dt> +<dd> +Analogous to TeX's <code>\newbox</code> (etc), these commands globally allocate +registers from e-TeX's extended register pool (i.e. from the register +range from 2<sup>0</sup> (for \marks) or from 2<sup>8</sup> +(for all other classes) to 2<sup>15</sup>-1). Registers are globally +allocated from the lower end of the range. +<p> +</dd> +<dt> +<code>\locbox</code>, +<code>\loccount</code>, +<code>\locdimen</code>, +<code>\locmarks</code>, +<code>\locmuskip</code>, +<code>\locskip</code>, +<code>\loctoks</code> +</dt> +<dd> +Analogous to <code>\globbox</code> (etc), these commands locally allocate +registers from e-TeX's extended register pool (i.e. from the register +range from 2<sup>0</sup> (for \marks) or from 2<sup>8</sup> +(for all other classes) to 2<sup>15</sup>-1). Registers are locally +allocated from the upper end of the range. +<p> +</dd> +<dt> +<code>\globboxblk</code>, +<code>\globcountblk</code>, +<code>\globdimenblk</code>, +<code>\globmarksblk</code>, +<code>\globmuskipblk</code>, +<code>\globskipblk</code>, +<code>\globtoksblk</code> +</dt> +<dd> +These commands extend <code>\globbox</code> (etc) by globally allocating +contiguous blocks of registers from e-TeX's extended register pool. +The syntax used is: +<pre> + \glob(whatever)blk <control sequence or active char> <em>n</em> +</pre> +where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As +<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be +expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. +The <control sequence or active character> will be +<code>\mathchardef</code>'d to the ordinal of the lowest register allocated. +<p> +</dd> +<dt> +<code>\locboxblk</code>, +<code>\loccountblk</code>, +<code>\locdimenblk</code>, +<code>\locmarksblk</code>, +<code>\locmuskipblk</code>, +<code>\locskipblk</code>, +<code>\loctoksblk</code> +</dt> +<dd> +These commands extend <code>\locbox</code> (etc) by locally allocating +contiguous blocks of registers from e-TeX's extended register pool. +The syntax used is: +<pre> + \loc(whatever)blk <control sequence or active char> <em>n</em> +</pre> +where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As +<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be +expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. +The <control sequence or active character> will be +<code>\mathchardef</code>'d to the ordinal of the lowest register allocated. +<p> +</dd> +<dt> +<code>\globcountvector</code>, +<code>\globdimenvector</code>, +<code>\globmuskipvector</code>, +<code>\globskipvector</code>, +<code>\globtoksvector</code> +</dt> +<dd> +An extension to <code>\globcountblk</code> (etc), these commands use +e-TeX's arithmetic expression capabilities to globally allocate +vectors of boxes (etc) from e-TeX's extended register pool. +The syntax used is: +<pre> + \glob(whatever)vector <control sequence or active char> <em>n</em> +</pre> +where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As +<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be +expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. Once the +vector has been defined, element <em>m</em> can be accessed in both left- +and right-hand contexts as +<pre> + <control sequence or active char> <em>m</em> +</pre> +where 0 <= <em>m</em> < <em>n</em>. As with <em>n</em>, <em>m</em> +must be expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. +<p> +</dd> +<dt> +<code>\globboxvector</code>, +<code>\globmarksvector</code>, +</dt> +<dd> +Analogous to but subtly different from the above, these commands use +e-TeX's arithmetic expression capabilities to globally allocate +vectors of boxes (etc) from e-TeX's extended register pool. +The syntax used is: +<pre> + \glob(box-or-marks)vector <control sequence or active char> <em>n</em> +</pre> +where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As +<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be +expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. Once the +vector has been defined, element <em>m</em> can be accessed in left-hand +contexts as +<pre> + <box-or-marks-referencer> <control sequence or active char> <em>m</em> +</pre> +and in right-hand contexts as +<pre> + <box-or-marks-dereferencer> <control sequence or active char> <em>m</em> +</pre> +where 0 <= <em>m</em> < <em>n</em>. As with <em>n</em>, <em>m</em> +must be expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. +<p> +The significance of <code><box-or-marks-(de)referencer></code> is that +boxes and marks are unlike other registers in that there exists a whole family +of (de)referencers, one of which must be used in order to access +the particular element required. For boxes, the sole referencer is +<code>\setbox</code>, whilst the possible dereferencers include +<code>\box</code>, +<code>\copy,</code> +<code>\unhbox,</code> +<code>\unvbox,</code>, +<code>\unhcopy</code> and +<code>\unvcopy</code>. +For marks, the sole referencer is +<code>\marks</code>, whilst the possible dereferencers include +<code>\topmarks</code>, +<code>\firstmarks</code>, +<code>\botmarks</code>, +<code>\splitfirstmarks</code> and +<code>\splitbotmarks</code>. +<p> +</dd> +<dt> +<code>\loccountvector</code>, +<code>\locdimenvector</code>, +<code>\locmuskipvector</code>, +<code>\locskipvector</code>, +<code>\loctoksvector</code> +</dt> +<dd> +An extension to <code>\loccountblk</code> (etc), these commands use +e-TeX's arithmetic expression capabilities to locally allocate +vectors of boxes (etc) from e-TeX's extended register pool. +The syntax used is: +<pre> + \loc(whatever)vector <control sequence or active char> <em>n</em> +</pre> +where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As +<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be +expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. Once the +vector has been defined, element <em>m</em> can be accessed in both left- +and right-hand contexts as +<pre> + <control sequence or active char> <em>m</em> +</pre> +where 0 <= <em>m</em> < <em>n</em>. As with <em>n</em>, <em>m</em> +must be expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. +<p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\locboxvector</code>, +<code>\locmarksvector</code>, +</dt> +<dd> +Analogous to but subtly different from the above, these commands use +e-TeX's arithmetic expression capabilities to locally allocate +vectors of boxes (etc) from e-TeX's extended register pool. +The syntax used is: +<pre> + \loc(box-or-marks)vector <control sequence or active char> <em>n</em> +</pre> +where <em>n</em> specifies the length of the desired block. As +<em>n</em> is parsed as an undelimited parameter, it must be +expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. Once the +vector has been defined, element <em>m</em> can be accessed in left-hand +contexts as +<pre> + <box-or-marks-referencer> <control sequence or active char> <em>m</em> +</pre> +and in right-hand contexts as +<pre> + <box-or-marks-dereferencer> <control sequence or active char> <em>m</em> +</pre> +where 0 <= <em>m</em> < <em>n</em>. As with <em>n</em>, <em>m</em> +must be expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. +<p> +The significance of <code><box-or-marks-(de)referencer></code> is that +boxes and marks are unlike other registers in that there exists a whole family +of (de)referencers, one of which must be used in order to access +the particular element required. For boxes, the sole referencer is +<code>\setbox</code>, whilst the possible dereferencers include +<code>\box</code>, +<code>\copy,</code> +<code>\unhbox,</code> +<code>\unvbox,</code>, +<code>\unhcopy</code> and +<code>\unvcopy</code>. +For marks, the sole referencer is +<code>\marks</code>, whilst the possible dereferencers include +<code>\topmarks</code>, +<code>\firstmarks</code>, +<code>\botmarks</code>, +<code>\splitfirstmarks</code> and +<code>\splitbotmarks</code>. +<p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\reserveinserts</code></dt> +<dd>As there are now so many registers available, there is a risk that a macro +package may allocate so many that there are none of the first 255 +left for use by insertions (which cannot use the extended register set). +<code>\reserveinserts</code> <em>n</em> allows a package writer or user to +reserve an additional <em>n</em> insertions above and beyond those already +allocated. The syntax used is: +<pre> + \reserveinserts <em>n</em> +</pre> +<em>n</em> must be expressed as a balanced text if it exceeds a single token. +<p> +</dd> + +<dt><code>\load</code></dt> +<dd>Although (Plain) TeX provides facilities for either + <code>\input</code>ting a complete file or for <code>\read</code>ing a + file line-by-line, it makes no provision for any intermediate level of + file access. In e-TeX, we provide facilities for + <code>\input</code>ting one or more named <em>modules</em> from a + suitably structured library file. The syntax used is: +<pre> + \load <<em>module</em>>[, <<em>module</em>>...] from <<em>file</em>> +</pre> + whilst the library file itself should be structured as: +<pre> + %% e-TeXlib Vx.y + \module {<<em>name</em>>} + . . . + \endmodule + + \module {<<em>name</em>>} + . . . + \endmodule + + etc. +</pre> + The %% header is required, and the actual values in + <code>Vx.y</code> must correspond to the current version/revision + of e-TeX; for the current release, the header must therefore + be: +<pre> + %% e-TeXlib V2.0 +</pre> + If a library file is changed during the lifetime of the system, it + is <em>recommended</em> (but not required) that this amendment be + recorded in a <em>cycle number</em> appended to the header; + a <em>cycle number</em> is of the form <code>;</code><em>digit[s]</em>, + and thus a valid header for the current release of e-TeX might be + any of: +<pre> + %% e-TeXlib V2.0 + %% e-TeXlib V2.0;1 + %% e-TeXlib V2.0;247 +</pre> + etc. The necessity for a perfect match between the library header + and the current version/revision of e-TeX may be relaxed in a future + release if it transpires that no changes in the structure of user + libraries are required for compatibility with future versions of e-TeX. + <p> +</dd> + +<dt>Modules in the standard library (<code>etexdefs.lib</code>)</dt> +<dd> +e-TeX is distributed with a standard library which provides mnemonic +names for the various values which can be returned by the new primitives. +The library contains four modules: +<code>grouptypes</code>, +<code>nodetypes</code>, +<code>interactionmodes</code> and +<code>iftypes</code>. The standard format source, <code>etex.src</code>, +loads <code>interactionmodes</code> by default; the others can be loaded +using the appropriate one of the following: +<pre> + \load grouptypes from etexdefs.lib + \load nodetypes from etexdefs.lib + \load iftypes from etexdefs.lib +</pre> +Once the relevant module has been loaded, the numeric values +associated with each of the possible types/modes can be retrieved +using one of the following commands with one of the parameters shewn: +<pre> + \grouptypes + {simple} + {hbox} + {adjustedhbox} + {vbox} + {vtop} + {align} + {noalign} + {output} + {math} + {disc} + {insert} + {vcenter} + {mathchoice} + {semisimple} + {mathshift} + {mathleft} + + \nodetypes + {char} + {hlist} + {vlist} + {rule} + {ins} + {mark} + {adjust} + {ligature} + {disc} + {whatsit} + {math} + {glue} + {kern} + {penalty} + {unset} + {maths} + + \conditionaltypes + {charif} + {catif} + {numif} + {dimif} + {oddif} + {vmodeif} + {hmodeif} + {mmodeif} + {innerif} + {voidif} + {hboxif} + {vboxif} + {xif} + {eofif} + {trueif} + {falseif} + {caseif} + {definedif} + {csnameif} + {fontcharif} + + \interactionmodes + {batch} + {nonstop} + {scroll} + {errorstop} +</pre> +</dd> + +<dt>Multiple language typesetting</dt> +<dd>When TeX gained <code>\language</code> and + <code>\setlanguage</code> primitives with the advent of TeX 3.0, no + change was made to the Plain TeX source code to really exploit these + features with the single exception of the <code>\newlanguage</code> + command. In "<code>etex.src</code>", we defer the loading of + <em>patterns</em> and <em>hyphenation exceptions</em> until a + rudimentary language handling environment has been defined. We now + assume that the user (or rather the format-creator) will, + if required, modify the file + called "<code>language.def</code>" by adding the + various languages to be supported by the format. Each entry apart from + the last in "<code>language.def</code>" is of the form: +<pre> + \addlanguage {<<em>language</em>>} + {<<em>patterns file</em>>} + {<<em>exceptions file</em>>} + {<<em>left hyphen min</em>>} + {<<em>right hyphen min</em>>} %%% shewn wrapped for clarity +</pre> + The first line <em><strong>must</strong></em> be: +<pre> + \addlanguage {USenglish}{hyphen.tex}{}{2}{3} +</pre> + whilst the last must be +<pre> + \uselanguage {USenglish} +</pre> + to ensure that legacy documents not explicitly specifying a language + process in a manner identical to TeX (that is, using American English + patterns, exceptions and left- and right-hyphen minima). + In the absence of a suitable <code>language.def</code> + file, the default fallback mode (USenglish, with the canonical patterns, + exceptions and left- and right-hyphen minima for TeX) will be used. + Within the user document, <code>\uselanguage {<<em>some + language</em>>}</code> should be used to switch languages, which + will have the effect of loading appropriate patterns, exceptions, and + left- and right hyphen minima. To allow the use of more powerful + language-handling environments (e.g. <a + href="http://homepage.cistron.nl/~jlbraams/babel.html">Babel</a>), + the <code>\uselanguage</code> command finishes by testing whether the + putative control sequence <code>\uselanguage@hook</code> is defined; if + it is, then it is expanded, passing as parameter the name of the + language to be used. It should be noted that <code>\uselanguage</code> + is automatically invoked during the expansion of + <code>\addlanguage</code> <em>prior</em> to the reading of patterns; + a further hook, <code>\addlanguage@hook</code>, is invoked in an + identical manner <em>after</em> the reading of patterns and exceptions + so as to allow (for example) category-codes to be changed for the + duration of the pattern- and exception-loading régime. This code is + still classed as experimental, and if it transpires that a superior + mechanism would improve the interface to + <a href="http://homepage.cistron.nl/~jlbraams/babel.html">Babel</a> + or <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/CTAN/latex/">LaTeX</a>, it may be + enhanced in the future. + <p> +</dd> +</dl> +<p> +The e-TeX format source "etex.src" is a product of +<a href="/e-TeX/NTS-Group.Html">the NTS group</a>. +<hr> +<p> +Please notify any errors in this document to <a +href="http://www.vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/~chaa006/">its creator</a>;<br> +Last updated and +<a href="http://validator.w3.org/check?url=http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/v2/src/etex_src.html"> +validated +</a> + 24-MAR-1998 19:45:12 +/PT<br> +<img src="/logos/vh40.gif" alt="W3C HTML 4.0 validated."> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/legal.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/legal.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..986bb351b63 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/legal.html @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> +<html> +<head><title>e-TeX legal status</title> +</HEAD><BODY> +<H1>The legal status of e-T<sub><big>E</big></sub>X </H1> +When <a href="http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/">Professor Donald +E. Knuth</A> released TeX to the world, he did so in a simple and +straightforward way which allowed users everywhere to benefit from his work +whilst protecting them from pirated and illegal versions. He did so without +pages of legalese, using simple language and in terms that are readily +understood <p> +In creating e-TeX, we have followed his example: we +release +e-TeX to the world under exactly the same conditions as Don +released TeX. The name e-TeX is a trademark of the +<a href="nts-group.html">NTS group</a>, +as are its typeset and HTML logos. No package may describe +itself as "e-TeX" unless (a) it is generated using the official +source files from the e-TeX reference site, together with such +system-dependent changes as are necessary and permitted in order +for it to run on a specific system, and (b) it has been validated +for conformity using the <a href="etrip.zip">e-TRIP</a> test. +<p> +No changes shall be made by anyone other than a member of the +NTS group to any of the files which form a part of the e-TeX +distribution. If, for whatever reason, someone other than +a member of the NTS group wishes to change such a file, then +he or she shall (a) add a comment indicating the reason for, +and nature of the change, together with the date and the name +of the person making the change, and (b) shall save the changed +file under a different name, so that there shall exist no +risk of confusion between the changed file and the authoritative +official version. +<p> +Although it is <em>preferred</em> that e-TeX be distributed in +source form, it is recognised that there are systems for which +binary distributions are the norm. It is therefore +<em>required</em> that any binary distribution of e-TeX be +accompanied by a clear statement that the definitive sources +for e-TeX are available free-of-charge at the +<a href="http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/">e-TeX reference site</a>. +<p> +With the exception of anything specifically referred to above, +all components of the system known as "e-TeX" are +released under exactly the same terms and conditions as the +system known as "TeX". +<p> +Enjoy! +<hr> +Release date: 11th November 1996 +</body> +</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/nts-group.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/nts-group.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f5da0833981 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/nts-group.html @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> +<html> +<head><title>The NTS Group</title> +</HEAD><BODY> +<H1>The <em>N<sub><big>T</big></sub>S</em> Group</H1> +The NTS group was created under the ægis of +<a href="http://www.dante.de/Welcome_english.html"> +<strong>D</strong><small><b>ANTE</b></small> e.<small>V</small></A> +at Hamburg in +1992. Its brief was "to perpetuate and develop the spirit and philosophy of +TeX, whilst respecting Knuth's wish that TeX should remain frozen". +<p> +The group is currently composed of the following members: +<ul> +<li><a href="mailto:joachim.lammarsch@urz.uni-heidelberg.de"> + Joachim Lammarsch</a>, managing director; +<li><a href="http://www.vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/~chaa006/">Philip Taylor</a>, + technical director; +<li><a href="mailto:peb@mppmu.mpg.de">Peter Breitenlohner</a>, + head of e-TeX development; +<li><a href="http://www.fi.muni.cz/~zlatuska/">Jiri Zlatuska</a>, + head of NTS development; +<li> +<a href="http://www.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/ifi/is/Personen/raichle.html"> + Bernd Raichle</a>, 2-i/c, e-TeX & NTS projects; +<li><a href="mailto:sowa@clio.rz.uni-duesseldorf.de">Friedhelm Sowa</a>, + graphics and user interfaces. +</ul> +The group's primary activity at this time is the development of +<a href="http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/e-TeX/">e-TeX</a>; in abeyance, awaiting +adequate funding, is the much longer-term project "NTS" from which the group +takes its name. +<p> +The group gratefully acknowledges the contribution made by +previous members including, but not restricted to, +Rainer Schöpf and Joachim Schrod. +The group also gratefully acknowledges the support (both +financial and otherwise) given by the members of +<strong>D</strong><small><b>ANTE</b></small> e.<small>V</small>. +to the work of the project. +</body> +</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/webmerge.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/webmerge.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a55ac3e9301 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/webmerge.tex @@ -0,0 +1,392 @@ +% This is webmerge.tex +% Copyright (C) 1995,96 by the NTS team; all rights are reserved. +% +\def\fileversion{V 1.1} +\def\filedate{29 Mar 96} +% +% In order to generate e-TeX several change files have to be applied +% (one after the other) to tex.web. This can be done efficiently with +% programs such as PATCHWEB or TIE. If neither of these is available +% the present program WEBMERGE can be used to merge several change +% files into one change file that can then be used with TANGLE. +% +% If the web file or one of the change files contains tab of form feed +% characters there is, however, a problem that can't be solved in a +% satisfactory way. This should not be a real problem since the +% original tex.web and etex.ch don't contain these characters and there +% is no real good reason why the system-dependent change files should +% (except may be that some editors insist on converting sequences of +% space characters into tabs). +% +% The problem is due to the fact that (an unmodified) TeX cannot write +% tabs or form feeds to the output file. Therefore WEBMERGE offers two +% alternatives: if \ifallowtabs is false (by default) then tab and form +% feed characters are invalid and lead to error messages; if this +% happens one may use the command +% \allowtabstrue +% to allow tab and form feed as valid input characters. If they are +% written to the output file they will appear as '^^I' and '^^L'. This +% must then be changed manually with a suitable editor before the output +% from WEBMERGE can be used as input for TANGLE. +% +% Typically three change files are required to generate e-TeX, e.g., +% 1. etex.ch (system independent changes for e-TeX) +% 2. tex.ch (system dependent changes for TeX) +% 3. tex.ech (additional system dependent changes for e-TeX) +% The sequence commands (to be used with plain TeX) +% \input webmerge +% \webfile{tex.web} % web file +% \changefile{etex.ch} % 1. change file +% \changefile{tex.ch} % 2. change file +% \changefile{tex.ech} % 3. change file +% \outfile{etex.ch} % output file, start processing +% creates a combined change file `etex.ch'. +% Webmerge uses a temporary file with default name `tmp.tmp', +% the command +% \tempfile{<temp name>} +% can be used to change that name. +% +% Webmerge is slow, therefore PATCHWEB or TIE should be used whenever +% possible. The program checks for correct change files and gives error +% messages similar to those of TANGLE and WEAVE. The error recovery is, +% however, rather limited. +% +% In case of problems please contact: +% Peter Breitenlohner peb@mppmu.mpg.de + +% We make @ signs act like letters, temporarily. +\catcode`\@=11 + +\newif\ifallowtabs % initially false +\def\allowtabs{\catcode`\^^I=12 \catcode`\^^L=12 } +\def\forbidtabs{\catcode`\^^I=15 \catcode`\^^L=15 } + +\toksdef\toks@ii=2 + +% First we redefine plain.tex's \loop to allow the construction +% \loop ... \if... \else ... \repeat +% +\def\@iterate{\@body \expandafter\@iterate\fi} +% +% and to allow nested loops such as +% \loop{... \loop ... \if... \repeat ... \if...}\repeat +% where the braces do not imply grouping +% +\def\loop#1\repeat{% + \toks@\expandafter{\@body}% + \toks@ii\expandafter{\@@body}% + \edef\@@body{\def\noexpand\@body{\the\toks@}% + \def\noexpand\@@body{\the\toks@ii}}% + \def\@body{#1}\@iterate \@@body} +\let\@body=\empty +\let\@@body=\empty + +% +\def\@msg{\immediate\write\sixt@@n} +\@msg{*** webmerge \fileversion\space <\filedate> ***} +% +% Conceptually the web file (web_0) is combined with the first change +% file, ch_1, in order to produce a ficticious web file web_1. Then +% web_1 is combined with ch_2 in order to produce web_2 etc. + +% The logic of merging is that of TANGLE and WEAVE. +% With several change files there may, however, be changes on top of +% changes, i.e., a line changed by one change file may be changed again +% by another change file. + +% The program below uses quite a few control sequences, many of them +% constructed dynamically. +% The most important ones are \<i>read (<i>=0,1,...) used to obtain the +% next line from web_<i>. For reasons of efficiency they are \let to +% either \<i>w (changing=false), \<i>c (changing=true), of \<i>e (file +% has ended). +% \<i>g is used to obtain the next line from ch_<i> and test for +% @x/@y/@z, +% \<i>prime (prime the change buffer) scans for the next @x from ch_<i>, +% and \<i>match discards matching lines from web_<i-1> and ch_<i> until +% an @y is found. + +\def\tempfile#1{\def\t@n{#1}} +\def\t@n{tmp.tmp} % default tempfile name +\newread\t@r % read tempfile +\newwrite\t@w % write tempfile +\def\t@o{\immediate\write\t@w} % write to tempfile +\newwrite\o@w % write output file +\def\o@o{\immediate\write\o@w} % write to outfile + +\newcount\@nch % number of change files +\newcount\@num % number of active changes +\newcount\@res % result from @x/@y/@z test +\begingroup % \@pct expands to `% ' + \lccode`\1=`\% + \lowercase{\endgroup \def\@pct{1 }} +% + +% We need macros to define read streams, count registers, and control +% sequences dynamically (inside \edef) + +\def\@nrd#1{\ifx#1\relax \csname newread\endcsname#1\fi} +\def\@nct#1{\ifx#1\relax \csname newcount\endcsname#1\else #1\z@ \fi} +\def\@cs#1{\csname#1\endcsname} +\def\@csi#1{\csname\@i#1\endcsname} +\def\@dcs#1{\expandafter\def\csname#1\endcsname} +\def\@ecsi#1{\expandafter\edef\csname\@i#1\endcsname} +\def\@ncsi#1{\expandafter\noexpand\csname\@i#1\endcsname} +\def\@read{\expandafter\noexpand\csname\@ii read\endcsname} +\def\@ifx{\noexpand\ifx} +\def\@ifnum{\noexpand\ifnum} +\def\@ifeof{\noexpand\ifeof\@csi r} +\def\@else{\noexpand\else} +\def\@fi{\noexpand\fi} +\def\@loop{\noexpand\loop} +\def\@repeat{\noexpand\repeat} +\def\@expa{\noexpand\expandafter\noexpand} +\def\@expai#1{\expandafter\@expa\csname\@i#1\endcsname} + +\def\webfile#1{% define webfile + \ifnum\@nch=\m@ne \@nch\z@ \@dcs{0n}{#1}% + \else \@msg{\string\webfile{#1} ignored (out of order)}% + \fi} +\def\changefile#1{% define a changefile + \ifnum\@nch<\z@ + \@msg{\string\changefile{#1} ignored (missing \string\webfile)}% + \else \ifnum\@nch>8 \@msg{\string\changefile{#1} ignored (too many)}% + \else \advance\@nch\@ne \@dcs{\number\@nch n}{#1}% + \fi \fi} +\def\outfile#1{% define outfile and process + \ifnum\@nch<\@ne + \@msg{\string\outfile{#1} ignored (missing \string\changefile)}% + \else \def\o@n{#1}\@init \@merge \@done + \fi} +\def\@init{% initialize + \@msg{}\@msg{webmerge \fileversion\space <\filedate>}% + \immediate\openout\o@w=\o@n + \o@o{\@pct This is \o@n, a WEB change file produced by webmerge.tex}% + \begingroup + \def\do##1{\catcode`##1=12 }\dospecials + \ifallowtabs \allowtabs \else \forbidtabs \fi + \endlinechar=\m@ne + \count@\z@ + \loop \edef\@i{\number\count@}\@@init + \ifnum\count@<\@nch \advance\count@\@ne \let\@ii\@i + \repeat + \o@o{}% + \@msg{out=\o@n, merging ...}} +% +% Here now is the quite complicated macro \@@init +% its main purpose is to dynamically construct +% the macro \<i>read that returns the next line of web_<i> in \@web +% as well as various auxiliary macros \<i>... +% +\def\@@init{% initialize input file <i> + \edef\x{% define \read streams and \count registers + \noexpand\@nrd\@ncsi r% \newread\<i>r + \noexpand\@nct\@ncsi l% \newcount\<i>l (line number) + \noexpand\@nct\@ncsi s% \newcount\<i>s (status) + }\x \@csi l\z@ \@csi s\z@ % \<i>l=0 \<i>s=0 + \openin\@csi r\@csi n % \openin\<i>r=\<i>n + \@msg{\ifeof\@csi runable to open input file + \else \ifnum\@i=\z@ web\else change \@i\fi =\fi \@csi n}% + \ifnum\count@=\z@ % <i>=0 for web file + \let\@web\relax +%% +%% \def\0w{% return web_0 line (file not yet ended) +%% \read\0r to\@web \0s=0 % read from web_0, mark as unchanged +%% \ifeof\0r \0e \else \advance\0l by 1 \fi} +%% + \@ecsi w{% return web_0 line (file not yet ended) + \read\@csi rto\@web \@csi s\z@ + \@ifeof \@ncsi e\@else \advance\@csi l\@ne \@fi}% +%% +%% \def\0e{% return web_0 line (file has ended) +%% \let\0read=\0e \let\@web=\relax} +%% + \@ecsi e{% return web_0 line (file has ended) + \let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi e\let\@web\relax}% +%% +%% \ifeof\0r \0e \else \let\0read=\0w +%% + \ifeof\@csi r\@csi e% + \else \edef\x{\let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi w}\x + \fi + \o@o{\@pct to be applied to \@csi n}% + \o@o{\@pct combining the changes (one after the other) from}% + \else % <i>=1,2,3,... for change files + \o@o{\@pct \@i. \@csi n}% +%% +%% \def\<i>g#1{% read change file and test for @x/@y/@z +%% \ifeof\<i>r \let\<i>x=\relax \@res=#1 +%% \else \@res=0 \read\<i>r to\<i>x +%% \advance\<i>l by 1 \expandafter\@test\<i>x ab\@#1<i> +%% \fi} +%% + \@ecsi g##1{% read change file and test for @x/@y/@z + \@ifeof \let\@ncsi x\relax \@res##1% + \@else \@res\z@ \read\@csi rto\@ncsi x% + \advance\@csi l\@ne \@expa\@test\@ncsi xab\noexpand\@##1\@i + \@fi}% +%% +%% \def\<i>w{% return web_i line (changing is false) +%% \<i-1>read % get web_<i-1> line +%% \ifx\@web\<i>x % test for match +%% \expandafter\<i>match % match lines from web_i-i and ch_i +%% \fi} % else return web_<i-1> line +%% + \@ecsi w{% return web_i line (changing is false) + \@read \@ifx\@web\@ncsi x\@expai{match}\@fi}% +%% +%% \def\<i>c{% return web_i line (changing is true) +%% \<i>g 3 % get ch_i line and test for @z +%% \ifnum\@res=3 % @z found +%% \@echg <i> % deactivate a change +%% \<i>prime % prime the change buffer +%% \expandafter\<i>read % read again, now from web_<i-1> +%% \else \@mod\<i>x % return ch_i line, mark as changed (\0s=1) +%% \fi} +%% + \@ecsi c{% return web_i line (changing is true) + \@ncsi g\thr@@ + \@ifnum\@res=\thr@@ + \noexpand\@echg\@i \@ncsi{prime}\@expai{read}% + \@else \noexpand\@mod\@ncsi x% + \@fi}% +%% +%% \def\<i>e{% return web_i line (change file has ended) +%% \<i-1>read} % return web_<i-1> line +%% + \@ecsi e{% return web_i line (change file has ended) + \@read}% +%% +%% \def\<i>prime{% prime the change buffer +%% \loop +%% \<i>g 1 % get ch_i line and test for @x +%% \ifnum\@res=1 \else \repeat % repeat until found +%% \loop +%% \<i>g 0 % get ch_i line +%% \ifx\<i>x\empty \repeat % repeat until not blank line +%% \ifx\<x>\relax \let\<i>read=\<i>e % change file has ended +%% \else \let\<i>read=\<i>w % +%% + \@ecsi{prime}{% prime the change buffer + \@loop \@ncsi g\@ne \@ifnum\@res=\@ne \@else \@repeat + \@loop \@ncsi g\z@ \@ifx\@ncsi x\noexpand\empty \@repeat + \@ifx\@ncsi x\relax \let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi e% + \@else \let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi w% + \@fi}% +%% +%% \def\<i>match{% match lines from web_<i-1> and ch_<i> +%% \ifx\@web\relax % web_<i-1> and ch_<i> have ended +%% \let\<i>read=\<i>e \<i> % indicate web_<i> has ended +%% \else \@bchg % activate a change +%% \loop \@chg % write a matching line to output (maybe) +%% \<i>g 2 % get ch_i line and test for @y +%% \ifnum\@res=2 \@endm <i> % end of match found +%% \else \<i-1>read % get web_<i-1> line +%% \ifx\@web\relax % test for end of web file +%% \@err <i>{Web file ended during change} +%% \fi +%% \ifx\@web\<i>x % test for matching lines +%% \else \advance\<i>s by 1 \fi % count mismatches +%% \repeat +%% \let\<i>read=\<i>c % now changing is true +%% \fi +%% \<i>read} % get next web_<i> line again +%% + \@ecsi{match}{% match lines from web_<i-1> and ch_<i> + \@ifx\@web\relax + \let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi e% + \@else \noexpand\@bchg + \@loop \noexpand\@chg \@ncsi g\tw@ + \@ifnum\@res=\tw@ \noexpand\@endm\@i% + \@else \@read + \@ifx\@web\relax + \noexpand\@err\@i{Web file ended during change}% + \@fi + \@ifx\@web\@ncsi x\@else \advance\@csi s\@ne \@fi + \@repeat + \let\@ncsi{read}\@ncsi c% + \@fi + \@ncsi{read}}% +%% +%% \<i>prime % prime the change buffer +%% + \@csi{prime}% prime the change buffer + \fi} +\def\@done{%terminate + \count@\z@ + \loop \edef\@i{\number\count@}% + \ifnum\count@=\z@ \else % change file + \ifeof\@csi r\else \@@err{Change file entry didn't match}\fi + \fi + \closein\@csi r% close input file <i> + \ifnum\count@<\@nch \advance\count@\@ne + \repeat + \endgroup + \immediate\closeout\o@w + \@nch\m@ne % prepare for next \webfile + \@msg{... done}\@msg{}} + +\catcode`\0=11 % for \0s +\def\@merge{% process + \@num\z@ + \expandafter\loop\csname\number\@nch read\endcsname % read web_<n> + \ifnum\0s=\@ne \t@o{\@web}\fi + \ifx\@web\relax + \else + \repeat} +\def\@chg{\ifnum\0s=\z@ \o@o{\@web}\fi} +\def\@mod{\0s\@ne \let\@web} +\catcode`\0=12 + +\def\@err#1{\def\@i{#1}\@@err} +\def\@@err#1{\@msg{! #1}% + \@msg{ ... change file \@i\space (\@csi n) line \the\@csi l}} + +\def\@test#1#2#3\@{\if#1@ \csname set@#2\endcsname \fi \@eat} +\def\@eat#1#2{} +\def\set@x{\@res\@ne \expandafter\@xyz} +\def\set@y{\@res\tw@ \expandafter\@xyz} +\def\set@z{\@res\thr@@ \expandafter\@xyz} +\let\set@X=\set@x +\let\set@Y=\set@y +\let\set@Z=\set@z +\def\@xyz\@eat#1#2{% + \ifnum#1=\@res + \else \@err#2{Extra \@@xyz{\@res} ignored (expecting \@@xyz#1)}% + \@res\z@ + \fi} +\def\@@xyz#1{@\ifcase#1\or x\or y\or z\fi} + +\def\@endm#1{% + \ifnum\csname#1s\endcsname>\z@ + \@err#1{Hmm... \the\@csi s of the preceding lines failed to match}% + \fi + \csname#1s\endcsname\z@} + +\def\@bchg{% activate a change + \ifnum\@num=\z@ % first change activated, start writing to temp + \immediate\openout\t@w=\t@n\space + \o@o{@x l.\number\csname 0l\endcsname} + \fi + \advance\@num\@ne} +\def\@echg#1{% deactivate a change + \expandafter\ifx\csname#1x\endcsname\relax + \@err#1{Change file ended during change}% + \fi + \advance\@num\m@ne + \ifnum\@num=\z@ % last change deactivated + \t@o{@z}% + \immediate\closeout\t@w % close temp file + \openin\t@r=\t@n\space + \o@o{@y} + \loop \read\t@r to\t@x \o@o{\t@x}% copy temp to output + \ifeof\t@r \closein\t@r + \else + \repeat + \fi} + +\@nch=\m@ne + +\catcode`\@=12 % at signs are no longer letters + +\endinput |