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diff --git a/Build/source/utils/xindy/doc/faq-4.html b/Build/source/utils/xindy/doc/faq-4.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..81052562f1d --- /dev/null +++ b/Build/source/utils/xindy/doc/faq-4.html @@ -0,0 +1,668 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> +<HTML> +<HEAD> + <META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="SGML-Tools 1.0.9"> + <TITLE>XINDY FAQ: Style Files</TITLE> + <LINK HREF="faq-3.html" REL=previous> + <LINK HREF="faq.html#toc4" REL=contents> +</HEAD> +<BODY> +Next +<A HREF="faq-3.html">Previous</A> +<A HREF="faq.html#toc4">Contents</A> +<HR> +<H2><A NAME="s4">4. Style Files</A></H2> + +<H2><A NAME="ss4.1">4.1 Eventually, I decided to write my first index style. How can I start?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>Congratulations! You have made a good decision, indeed. +<P>For a first impression, how a style file can be written from scratch +reference the <EM>tutorial</EM> that comes with this distribution. It is +written as a guided step-by-step practicing exercise and you can learn +the basic concepts quite easily. +<P>Afterwards, the best starting point is to make a copy of the template +file that contains all the necessary commands that are needed to make +a <CODE>makeindex</CODE>-like index. You can find it in the subdirectory +<CODE>markup/tex</CODE> of the module library. Starting from this template +you can remove or add commands as necessary. +<P>Additionally, consult the library of predefined <EM>index style +modules</EM> that comes with this distribution. Solutions for most of the +typical problems can be found there, such as a module for doing +case-insensitive sorting rules, or a typical TeX-like markup. Most +of the time is is enough to include some of these modules and add a +few additional commands. +<P>Maybe some of the examples coming with the <EM>test-suite</EM> are good +examples of how unusual index style files can be written. +<P>Thus, there are many ways to learn writing an index style file. But it +is very easy and after some experience you can process indexes your +friends will be jealous of. +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.2">4.2 How to write my first index style?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>Copy the file <CODE>tex/makeidx.xdy</CODE> from the library to your +local directory. It is documented in in a way that should make it easy +to fill in new commands or remove or modify others. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.3">4.3 How works the actual key feature of <CODE>makeindex</CODE> with <SF>xindy</SF>?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>The treatment of the actual key (usually denoted with <CODE>@</CODE>, the +at-sign) has changed with <SF>xindy</SF>. Specifying index entries with a +specific markup can be done in <CODE>makeindex</CODE> with the actual key. The +<CODE>makeindex-3</CODE> system and <SF>xindy</SF> offer the <EM>merge-</EM> and +<EM>sort-rules</EM> to transform a key into different representations, +limiting the need to specify an actual key. For example they support a +style of writing +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +\index{\bf{VIP}} +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>which can be transformed with a rule like +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(merge-rule "\bf{\(.*\)}" "\1" :again :bregexp) +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>which removes the macro definition for merging and sorting keywords, +but keeping the original definition for markup purposes. Therefore we +don't need any actual keys for all keywords written in boldface. +<P>The <CODE>makeindex</CODE> behaviour, that the two keywords +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +\index{VIP} +\index{VIP@\bf{VIP}} +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>are seen as two distinct index entries, can be simulated using the +following definition: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(merge-rule "\bf{\(.*\)}" "\1~e" :again :bregexp) +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>This rule tells <SF>xindy</SF> to remove the boldface macro for merging +and sorting purposes but defines the replacement to include the +special character <CODE>~e</CODE>, which is the last character in the +alphabet (ISO-Latin in our case). This makes <SF>xindy</SF> treat them as +different keywords and positions the boldface keyword right behind the +one without any markup. Thus we receive the following mapping: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +Keyword: Merged and sorted as: Appears in the index as: +VIP VIP VIP +\bf{VIP} VIP~e \bf{VIP} +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>With this new style of writing keywords and defining their markup, the +need to explicitly specifying the print key (aka. actual key) has +convinced us to remove the <CODE>makeindex</CODE> way of defining keywords. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.4">4.4 I want to process an index for my native language. What must I do?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>What makes <CODE>makeindex</CODE> hardly usable in non-English speaking +countries is its lack of support of language specific alphabets and +sort orderings. For example, many roman languages such as Italian, +French, Portuguese or Spanish contain accented letters such as +À, Á, ñ. Other languages from northern Europe +have letters like Ä, Ø, æ or ß which often +can't even be processed by many index processors let alone sorting +them correctly into an index. +<P>Two problems must be solved when processing indexes with a new +languages: +<P> +<OL> +<LI> The <EM>sort ordering</EM> of the indexed terms must be specified +in an appropriate manner. This problem can be solved using the +so-called <EM>keyword mappings</EM>. +</LI> +<LI> The <EM>letter groups</EM> that partition the indexed terms into +separate sections must be specified.</LI> +</OL> +<P>The <SF>xindy</SF> system can be configured to process these alphabets by +defining <EM>sort</EM> and <EM>merge rules</EM> that allow expressing language +specific rules. +<P>The keyword mappings are as follows: The <EM>merge key</EM> is generated +from the <EM>main key</EM> with the so called <EM>merge mapping</EM>. The +merge mapping can be specified with the command <CODE>merge-rule</CODE>. The +<EM>sort key</EM> is derived from the merge key using the <EM>sort +mapping</EM> specified with the <CODE>sort-rule</CODE> command. The following +scheme shows this mapping process: +<P> +<FIGURE> +<EPS FILE="mappings.eps"> +<IMG SRC="mappings.gif"> +</FIGURE> +<P> +<P>The index style commands accomplishing this task are +<CODE>sort-rule</CODE> and <CODE>merge-rule</CODE>. One example of such a rule would +be +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(sort-rule "ä" "ae") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>defining that a word containing the umlaut-a will be sorted as if it +contained the letters <CODE>ae</CODE> instead. This is one form of how the +umlaut-a (ä) is sorted into german indexes. With an appropriate set of +rules on can express the complete rules of a specific language. +<P>An example of how an appropriate mapping for some of the Roman +languages could look like is: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(sort-rule "à" "a") +(sort-rule "á" "a") +(sort-rule "ã" "a") +(sort-rule "è" "e") +(sort-rule "é" "e") +(sort-rule "ç" "c") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>This makes the accented letters be sorted as their unaccented +counterparts, yielding the desired sort ordering. +<P>Sometimes it is necessary to specify keyword mappings that tell the +system to put something <EM>behind</EM> something else. For instance, we'd +like to map the character <EM>ö</EM> behind the letter <EM>o</EM>. No problem +if you use the special characters <CODE>~b</CODE> and <CODE>~e</CODE> which +are called the <EM>beginning</EM> and <EM>ending</EM> characters. The first +letter lexicographically precedes all other letters whereas the latter +one comes after all others. Our mapping problem can now be specified +as follows. +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(sort-rule "ö" "o~e") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>Now the <EM>ö</EM> is directly positioned after the <EM>o</EM> but before +<EM>p</EM>. +<P> +<P>See the manual for a detailed description of this feature. +Also be informed that the keyword mappings can be specified with +regular expressions. Rules of the form +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(merge-rule "[-$()]" "") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>are possible. This on removes all letters of the defined letter class. +Regular expression substitutions are possible as well. Refer to the +manual for an exact description. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.5">4.5 In my index the capitalized words appear after the lowercase words. Why?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>The default sort ordering sorts letters according to their ordinal +number in the ISO Latin alphabet. As a consequence the lowercase +letters appear before the uppercase letters. To sort them +case-insensitively use the command +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(require "lang/latin/caseisrt.xdy") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>This module defines the appropriate sort rules for the letters `A-Z' +for latin-based alphabets. If your language has more letters simply +add the missing ones into your style file. Have a look at the module +to see how to the sort rules are defined. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.6">4.6 In my index there are no letter groups, yet!</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>Letter groups for latin based alphabets can be defined with the command +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(require "lang/latin/letgroup.xdy") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>If your language needs additional letter groups you can insert them +into the previously defined letter group with inserting definitions of +the following form: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(define-letter-group "ly" :after "l" :before "m") +(define-letter-group "ny" :after "n" :before "o") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>This adds two more letter groups to the latin alphabet. Group <EM>ly</EM> +is inserted between <EM>l</EM> and <EM>m</EM>, and <EM>ny</EM> is inserted between +<EM>n</EM> and <EM>o</EM>. This is how two additional letters of the Hungarian +alphabet can be inserted. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.7">4.7 How can I get rid of any formatting information in the keyword?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>Assume you have index entries containing arbitrary formatting +information. For example you write your index entries in TeX in the +following form: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +\index{\bf{In boldface please}} +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>To avoid specifying for each index entry the print key separately as +can be done with the following command +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +\index{In boldface please@\bf{In boldface please}} +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>you can instead define a rule doing this task for you: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(merge-rule "\\bf *{(.*)}" "\1" :eregexp :again) +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>This extended regular expression matches all strings that are +surrounded by this formatting command and in the <EM>merge phase</EM> the +formatting command is simply stripped off. Thus, you don't need to +write an explicit print key anymore. +<P>If for some reason the same word appears more than once in the index, +each time having another markup tag as in the following example +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +index +{\tt index} +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>you must be warned that a rule like +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(merge-rule "{\\tt *(.*)}" "\1" :eregexp :again) +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>is probably not correct. In this case the above strings are both +mapped into the string <CODE>index</CODE> thus joining their location +references into one index entry. This happens because the result of +the merge mapping is used as the equality citerium which views both +keywords as equal. To avoid this you should specify instead +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(merge-rule "{\\tt *(.*)}" "\1~e" :eregexp :again) +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>With the additional meta character <CODE>~e</CODE> the substitution of the +second key word is placed <EM>after</EM> the first one making them +different index entries. If the second keyword should appear first, +use <CODE>~b</CODE> instead. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.8">4.8 In my index the word <EM>-foo</EM> appears before <EM>bar</EM>. What must I do?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>Especially for hierarchical indexes sometimes the result is not as +expected due to special characters appearing in the keyword. In the +following example the word `card' should appear before `-eyed' since +the hyphen should not count as an ordinary character by means of +sorting. +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> + green + -eyed 12 + card 15 +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>This is especially problematic if the list of words on the second +level is very long. To make the hyphen be simply ignored during the +sorting process you should specify the following command in the index +style: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> + (sort-rule "-" "") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>This makes `-eyed' be sorted as `eyed' thus making it appear +<EM>after</EM> `card' as desired. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.9">4.9 I want to use letter ordering instead of word ordering in my index.</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>According to the <EM>Chicago Manual of Style</EM> there exist two +different schemes of sorting word lists. In <EM>word ordering</EM> +a blank precedes any letter in the alphabet, whereas in <EM>letter +ordering</EM> it does not count at all. The following example borrowed +from the <CODE>makeindex</CODE> man-page illustrates the difference: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> + Word Order: Letter Order: + sea lion seal + seal sea lion +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>By default, <SF>xindy</SF> uses word ordering. To use letter ordering +include the appropriate module with the following command: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(require "ord/letorder.xdy") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>It actually defines the following command: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(sort-rule " " "") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>This simply removes all blanks from the keyword resulting in the +desired behaviour. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.10">4.10 My document does not have page numbers, but a different scheme. What must I do?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>The ability to deal with user-definable location structures is one of +the most important new features of <SF>xindy</SF>. Many documents have a +document structure that is not based on page numbers. Typical examples +are manuals or appendices that come with a +<EM>chapter/page-per-chapter</EM> numbering scheme, URLs, Bible verses, +etc. One can even imagine the Greek alphabet as possibly appearing in +a location reference. In our analysis we have found many interesting +examples of location references that made us to develop the concept of +<EM>location classes</EM>. +<P>A location class is defined by a sequence of alphabets. An alphabet +can be the set of arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, ...) or the roman numerals +(i, ii, iii, ...). These are built-in alphabets in <SF>xindy</SF>. +Addtionally, one can define more alphabets in the index style with a +command like +<P> +<PRE> + (define-alphabet "weekdays" + ("mon" "tue" "wed" "thu" "fri" "sat" "sun")) +</PRE> +<P>Based on alphabets one can now compose a location class as follows: +<P> +<PRE> + (define-location-class "weekday-hours" + ("weekday" :sep ":" "arabic-numbers")) +</PRE> +<P>This class description indicates that all location refernces matching +this template are viewed as correct instances of this class. Here +<CODE>:sep</CODE> makes the dot serving as a <EM>separation string</EM> separation +the alphabets from each other. Example instances of this class are: +<P> +<PRE> +mon:23, thu:45, sun:17 +</PRE> +<P>For more detailed information consult the description of the command +<CODE>define-location-class</CODE> in the reference manual. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.11">4.11 I don't want to have ranges in my index. What can I do?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>By default, <SF>xindy</SF> joins three successive location references into a +<EM>range</EM>. Ranges are used as an abbrevation for a long sequence of +location references. For exmaple the sequence +<P> +<PRE> +12, 13, 14, 15, 16 +</PRE> +<P>would be shorter represented as +<P> +<PRE> +12-16 +</PRE> +<P>If you don't want to have ranges, simply define your location class in +the form +<P> +<PRE> + (define-location-class ... :min-range-length none) +</PRE> +<P>The argument <CODE>:min-range-length none</CODE> avoids forming of ranges. +Arbitrary numbers instead of <CODE>none</CODE> define the minimum length of a +sequence of location references that are needed to form a range. +<SF>xindy</SF>s default value is 2. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.12">4.12 I want to markup ranges of different length differently. How do I accomplish this?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>A common way of tagging ranges is as follows: a range of length 1 is +printed with the starting page number and the suffix `f.', those of +length 2 with suffix `ff.', and all others in the form `<EM>X--Y</EM>'. +<P>Assume we want to do this for the location class <EM>pagenums</EM> we can +specify the markup as follows: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(markup-range :class "pagenums" :close "f." :length 1 :ignore-end) +(markup-range :class "pagenums" :close "ff." :length 2 :ignore-end) +(markup-range :class "pagenums" :sep "--") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>The first command indicates that a range <EM>(X,Y)</EM> of length 1 should +be printed in the form <EM>Xf.</EM>, a range of length 2 as <EM>Xff.</EM> and +all others in the form <EM>X--Y</EM>. The switch <CODE>:ignore-end</CODE> causes +the end of range location reference Y to be suppressed in the +resulting output. +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.13">4.13 I need to suppress some of the markup tags. How can I do this?</A> +</H2> + +<P>Sometimes it is necessary to hide some of the parts of the index. If +you have a text formatter that allows comments or macros that possibly +expand to nothing, just define appropriate markup that makes things +invisible to the formatter. For example, with TeX you can define a +macro like this +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +\def\ignore#1{} +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>If you additionally define markup like this +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(markup-index :open "\ignore{" :close "}") +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>you can throw away the complete index if you like, which would be a +real pity! +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.14">4.14 Whats it all about those cross references?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>Cross references are references pointing to an item in the index +itself. Typical examples are: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +foo-bar <EM>see</EM> baz +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>With <CODE>makeindex</CODE> cross references could be specified with the +encapsulation mechanism. This has completely been removed in <SF>xindy</SF> +and we have made cross references real first-class objects. +<P>In <SF>xindy</SF> one can declare different cross reference classes, whose +purpose is (a) to make all instances of a certain class appear next to +each other, and (b) to specify appropriate markup with them. +<P>@begin-comment +One very interesting feature is the ability to <EM>check</EM> the validity +of cross-references. +@end-comment +<P><CODE>tex2xindy</CODE> recognises all index entries of the form +<P> +<PRE> + \index{...|\macro{where}} +</PRE> +<P>as cross references. Here <CODE>macro</CODE> stands for an arbitrary macro +name and <CODE>where</CODE> is interpreted as the target keyword of the cross +references. +<P>If you want to use these cross references with <SF>xindy</SF>; add the +following line to your style file. +<P> +<PRE> + (define-crossref-class "macro") +</PRE> +<P>Additionally, you can assign specific markup to cross references using +the <CODE>markup-crossref</CODE>-commands. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.15">4.15 The keyword mappings don't work as expected!</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>Sometimes the keyword mappings don't work as expected. Especially in +cases with several regular expressions one might get confused about +what rule matches exactly when. We have incorporated a detailed +logging mechanism that lets one step by step follow the rules that +accomplish the keyword mapping. +<P>When running <SF>xindy</SF> you can turn on this feature with the command +line option `<CODE>-L</CODE>'. This option followed by one of the numbers 1, +2, or 3 turns on the appropriate debugging level. Turning on level 2 +or 3 and specifying a log-file with the command line option `<CODE>-l</CODE>' +a trace of the mappings is recorded in the log-file. A sample output +looks like the following: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +Mappings: (add (merge-rule :eregexp `^\\bf{(.*)}' `\1' :again)). +Mappings: (add (merge-rule :eregexp `^\\"([AEOUaeou])' `\1')). + ... +Mappings: (compare `\"A\"a' :eregexp `^\\bf{(.*)}') +Mappings: (compare `\"A\"a' :eregexp `^\\"([AEOUaeou])') match! +Mappings: (compare `\"a' :eregexp `^\\bf{(.*)}') +Mappings: (compare `\"a' :eregexp `^\\"([AEOUaeou])') match! +Mappings: (merge-mapping `\"A\"a') -> `Aa'. +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>This trace shows that initially two regular expression mappings have +been added to the rule set. The second section shows how the keyword +`<CODE>\"A\"a</CODE>' is compared to these rules and substitutions are +applied as matches are found. In the last line the result of the +keyword mapping is reported. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.16">4.16 I'm totally confused by the markup scheme!</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>A very important feature is the ability to <EM>trace</EM> all markup tags +<SF>xindy</SF> emits in the markup phase. Simply use the command line +switch <CODE>-t</CODE> or insert the command +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +(markup-trace :on) +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>into the index style. This informs <SF>xindy</SF> to emit additional +pseudo markup that can be used to understand and debug the +markup phase. An example output might look like the following: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +<INDEX:OPEN> + <LETTER-GROUP-LIST:OPEN> + <LETTER-GROUP:OPEN ["a"]> + <INDEXENTRY-LIST:OPEN [0]> + <INDEXENTRY:OPEN [0]> + <KEYWORD-LIST:OPEN [0]> + <KEYWORD:OPEN [0]> + ... +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>The symbolic tags directly lead one to the command that is responsible +for the definition of that markup tag. For example, the tag +<CODE>LETTER-GROUP-LIST:OPEN</CODE> indicates that the command +<CODE>markup-letter-group-list</CODE> is responsible for replacing this +symbolic tag by a real one. +Give it a try if you find yourself confused by your own markup +specification. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="ss4.17">4.17 What editor should I use when writing xindy style files?</A> +</H2> + +<P> +<P>Use <CODE>Emacs</CODE> or <CODE>XEmacs</CODE>. Turn on the Lisp-mode with +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +M-x lisp-mode +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>and you can properly indent commands using <CODE>M-q</CODE>. To enter this +mode automatically add the following lines to the end of the style +file: +<P> +<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> +<PRE> +^L +;; Local Variables: +;; mode: lisp +;; End: +</PRE> +</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P>The <CODE>^L</CODE> (Control-L) can be entered with <CODE>C-q C-l</CODE>. +<P> +<P> +<P> +<HR> +Next +<A HREF="faq-3.html">Previous</A> +<A HREF="faq.html#toc4">Contents</A> +</BODY> +</HTML> |