diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | Build/source/texk/web2c/Makefile.in | 9 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/ChangeLog | 7 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/am/synctex.am | 10 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/synctex_main.c | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/tests/LM-Volume-manuscript.tex | 1015 |
5 files changed, 1032 insertions, 15 deletions
diff --git a/Build/source/texk/web2c/Makefile.in b/Build/source/texk/web2c/Makefile.in index 52f3b03c4c3..8631e2a5aa8 100644 --- a/Build/source/texk/web2c/Makefile.in +++ b/Build/source/texk/web2c/Makefile.in @@ -1227,8 +1227,8 @@ EXTRA_DIST = PROJECTS cftests config.h cpascal.h help.h tangle.web \ alephdir/aleph.version alephdir/eomega.ech alephdir/etex.ch \ alephdir/omega.ch0 alephdir/omega.ch1 alephdir/omega.ch2 \ alephdir/omxml.ch alephdir/aleph.mk synctexdir/ChangeLog \ - synctexdir/INSTALL synctexdir/Makefile synctexdir/Makefile.in \ - synctexdir/README.txt synctexdir/synctex_parser_readme.txt \ + synctexdir/INSTALL synctexdir/README.txt \ + synctexdir/synctex_parser_readme.txt \ synctexdir/synctex_parser_version.txt synctexdir/tests \ synctexdir/synctex-common.h synctexdir/synctex-convert.sh \ synctexdir/synctex.c synctexdir/synctex.defines \ @@ -1239,7 +1239,8 @@ EXTRA_DIST = PROJECTS cftests config.h cpascal.h help.h tangle.web \ synctexdir/synctex-e-mem.ch1 synctexdir/synctex-e-rec.ch0 \ synctexdir/synctex-e-rec.ch1 synctexdir/synctex-pdf-rec.ch2 \ synctexdir/synctex-xe-mem.ch2 synctexdir/synctex-xe-rec.ch2 \ - synctexdir/synctex-xe-rec.ch3 libmd5/md5.test fmtutil.in \ + synctexdir/synctex-xe-rec.ch3 synctexdir/Makefile \ + synctexdir/Makefile.in libmd5/md5.test fmtutil.in \ Makefile.in.orig configure.in.orig metapost.mk DISTCLEANFILES = $(EXTRA_LIBRARIES) tangle.c tangle.h tangle.p \ tangle-web2c stamp-tangle tangleboot.c tangleboot.h ctangle.c \ @@ -2040,7 +2041,7 @@ synctex_DEPENDENCIES = $(ZLIB_DEPEND) @XETEX_SYNCTEX_TRUE@ synctexdir/synctex-common.h \ @XETEX_SYNCTEX_TRUE@ synctexdir/synctex-xetex.h -@XETEX_SYNCTEX_FALSE@synctex_convert_xetex = && echo "warning: SyncTeX for e-TeX is NOT enabled" +@XETEX_SYNCTEX_FALSE@synctex_convert_xetex = && echo "warning: SyncTeX for XeTeX is NOT enabled" @XETEX_SYNCTEX_TRUE@synctex_convert_xetex = && $(SHELL) $(srcdir)/synctexdir/synctex-convert.sh xetex libmd5_a_CPPFLAGS = -I$(srcdir)/libmd5 libmd5_a_SOURCES = libmd5/md5.c libmd5/md5.h diff --git a/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/ChangeLog b/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/ChangeLog index 9741299e4cc..c31415b14ce 100644 --- a/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/ChangeLog +++ b/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/ChangeLog @@ -1,8 +1,13 @@ +2009-07-09 Peter Breitenlohner <peb@mppmu.mpg.de> + + * synctex_main.c: make 'synctex help update' work as advertised. + * tests/LM-Volume-manuscript.tex: Mac -> native line ends. + 2009-07-08 Peter Breitenlohner <peb@mppmu.mpg.de> * am/synctex.am: distribute new files. * synctex_parser_local.h: add newline at end of file. - * synctex_parser_readme.txt: Mac -> native line end. + * synctex_parser_readme.txt: Mac -> native line ends. 2009-07-08 Jerome Laurens <jerome.laurens@u-bourgogne.fr> diff --git a/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/am/synctex.am b/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/am/synctex.am index d8fc6eb9e4c..3eab195d4fd 100644 --- a/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/am/synctex.am +++ b/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/am/synctex.am @@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ dist_man_MANS += synctexdir/man1/synctex.1 synctexdir/man5/synctex.5 EXTRA_DIST += \ synctexdir/ChangeLog \ synctexdir/INSTALL \ - synctexdir/Makefile \ - synctexdir/Makefile.in \ synctexdir/README.txt \ synctexdir/synctex_parser_readme.txt \ synctexdir/synctex_parser_version.txt \ @@ -197,7 +195,7 @@ synctex_convert_xetex = && $(SHELL) $(srcdir)/synctexdir/synctex-convert.sh xete else !XETEX_SYNCTEX -synctex_convert_xetex = && echo "warning: SyncTeX for e-TeX is NOT enabled" +synctex_convert_xetex = && echo "warning: SyncTeX for XeTeX is NOT enabled" endif !XETEX_SYNCTEX @@ -209,3 +207,9 @@ EXTRA_DIST += \ synctexdir/synctex-xe-rec.ch2 \ synctexdir/synctex-xe-rec.ch3 +## Not used +## +EXTRA_DIST += \ + synctexdir/Makefile \ + synctexdir/Makefile.in + diff --git a/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/synctex_main.c b/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/synctex_main.c index dbdb4272fb6..fdcece591a8 100644 --- a/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/synctex_main.c +++ b/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/synctex_main.c @@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]); void synctex_help(char * error,...); void synctex_help_view(char * error,...); void synctex_help_edit(char * error,...); +void synctex_help_update(char * error,...); int synctex_view(int argc, char *argv[]); int synctex_edit(int argc, char *argv[]); @@ -110,6 +111,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) } else if(0==strcmp("edit",argv[arg_index])) { synctex_help_edit(NULL); return 0; + } else if(0==strcmp("update",argv[arg_index])) { + synctex_help_update(NULL); + return 0; } } synctex_help(NULL); @@ -752,7 +756,7 @@ void synctex_help_update(char * error,...) { "\n" "usage: synctex update -o output [-d directory] [-m number] [-x dimension] [-y dimension]\n" "\n" - "-o output is the full or relative path of an existing file,.\n" + "-o output is the full or relative path of an existing file,\n" " either the real synctex file you wish to update\n" " or a related file: foo.tex, foo.pdf, foo.dvi...\n" "-d directory is the directory containing the synctex file, in case it is different from the directory of the output.\n" diff --git a/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/tests/LM-Volume-manuscript.tex b/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/tests/LM-Volume-manuscript.tex index ba4ddbd48fd..2853bd550e2 100644 --- a/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/tests/LM-Volume-manuscript.tex +++ b/Build/source/texk/web2c/synctexdir/tests/LM-Volume-manuscript.tex @@ -1,6 +1,1009 @@ -\documentclass[ a4paper, oneside]{amsart}
%\listfiles
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\RequirePackage{bm}
\RequirePackage{amssymb}
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#1% style overrides
\@topsep \thm@preskip % used by thm head
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%New counts
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\itemno=0
%Labels
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%Index
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\RequirePackage{upref}
\RequirePackage{amsthm}
%\usepackage{amsfonts}
%\usepackage{amsintx}
\RequirePackage{enumerate}%\begin{enumerate}[(i)]
%%\usepackage{showkeys}
\setlength{\textwidth}{4.7in}%JDG
\setlength{\textheight}{7.5in}
\usepackage{germanquotes}
\theoremstyle{plain}
\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{prop}[thm]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{cor}[thm]{Corollary}
\theoremstyle{definition}
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\newtheorem{example}[thm]{Example}
\newtheorem{ex}[thm]{Exercise}
\swapnumbers
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%\renewcommand{\qed}{q.e.d.}
\usepackage{xr-hyper} -\usepackage{url}
\usepackage[hyperindex=true, pdfauthor= Claus\ Gerhardt, pdftitle= LM-Volume, bookmarks=true, extension= pdf, colorlinks=true, plainpages=false,hyperfootnotes=true, debug=false, pagebackref]{hyperref}
\newcommand{\anl}{\htmladdnormallink}
%\listfiles
\begin{document}
%\larger[1]
\title{Estimates for the volume of a Lorentzian manifold}
% author one information
\author{Claus Gerhardt}
\address{Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at, Institut f\"ur Angewandte Mathematik,
Im Neuenheimer Feld 294, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany}
%\curraddr{}
\email{gerhardt@math.uni-heidelberg.de}
\urladdr{\url{http://www.math.uni-heidelberg.de/studinfo/gerhardt/}}
%\thanks{}
% author two information
%\author{}
%\address{}
%\curraddr{}
%\email{}
%\thanks{}
%
\subjclass[2000]{35J60, 53C21, 53C44, 53C50, 58J05}
\keywords{Lorentzian manifold, volume estimates, cosmological spacetime, general relativity, constant mean curvature, CMC hypersurface}
\date{April 18, 2002}
%
% at present the "communicated by" line appears only in ERA and PROC
%\commby{}
%\dedicatory{}
\begin{abstract} We prove new estimates for the volume of a Lorentzian
mani\-fold and show especially that cosmological spacetimes with crushing
singularities have finite volume.
\end{abstract}
\maketitle
\thispagestyle{empty}
\setcounter{section}{-1}
\section{Introduction}
\cvb
Let $N$ be a $(n+1)$-dimensional Lorentzian manifold and suppose that $N$ can be
decomposed in the form
\begin{equation}\lae{0.1}
N=N_0\uu N_-\uu N_+,
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd where $N_0$ has finite volume and $N_-$ resp. $N_+$ represent the critical
past resp. future Cauchy developments with not necessarily a priori bounded
volume. We assume that $N_+$ is the future Cauchy development of a Cauchy
hypersurface $M_1$, and $N_-$ the past Cauchy development of a hypersurface
$M_2$, or, more precisely, we assume the existence of a time function $x^0$,
such that
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
N_+&={x^0}^{-1}([t_1,T_+)),&\qq M_1=\{x^0=t_1\}&,\\
N_-&={x^0}^{-1}((T_-,t_2]),&\qq M_2=\{x^0=t_2\}&,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd and that the Lorentz metric can be expressed as
\begin{equation}\lae{0.3}
d\bar s^2=e^{2\psi}\{-{dx^0}^2+\s_{ij}(x^0,x)dx^idx^j\},
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd where $x=(x^i)$ are local coordinates for the space-like hypersurface $M_1$
if $N_+$ is considered resp. $M_2$ in case of $N_-$.
The coordinate system $(x^\al)_{0\le\al\le n}$ is supposed to be future
directed, i.e. the \tit{past} directed unit normal $(\nu^\al)$ of the level sets
\begin{equation}
M(t)=\{x^0=t\}
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd is of the form
\begin{equation}\lae{0.5}
(\nu^\al)=-e^{-\psi}(1,0,\ldots,0).
\end{equation}
\cvm
If we assume the mean curvature of the slices $M(t)$ with respect to the past
directed normal---cf. \ci[Section 2]{cg8} for a more detailed explanation of our
conventions---is strictly bounded away from zero, then, the following volume
estimates can be proved
\bt\lat{0.1}
Suppose there exists a positive constant $\e_0$ such that
\begin{align}
H(t)&\ge \e_0&\A\,t_1\le t< T_+&,\lae{0.6}\\
\intertext{and}
H(t)&\le-\e_0&\A\,T_-<t\le t_2&,\lae{0.7}
\end{align}
\cvm
\nd then
\begin{align}
\abs{N_+}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\abs{M(t_1)},\\
\intertext{and}
\abs{N_-}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\abs{M(t_2}.
\end{align}
These estimates also hold locally, i.e. if $E_i\su M(t_i)$, $i=1,2$, are measurable
subsets and $E_1^+,E_2^-$ the corresponding future resp. past directed
cylinders, then,
\begin{align}
\abs{E_1^+}&\le\frac1{\e_0}\abs{E_1},\lae{0.10}\\
\intertext{and}
\abs{E_2^-}&\le\frac1{\e_0}\abs{E_2}.
\end{align}
\et
\cvb
\section{Proof of \rt{0.1}}\las{1}
\cvb
In the following we shall only prove the estimate for $N_+$, since the other case
$N_-$ can easily be considered as a future development by reversing the time
direction.
\cvm
Let $x=x(\xi)$ be an embedding of a space-like hypersurface and $(\nu^\al)$ be
the past directed normal. Then, we have the Gau{\ss} formula
\begin{equation}
x^\al_{ij}=h_{ij}\nu^\al.
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd where $(h_{ij})$ is the second fundamental form, and the Weingarten equation
\begin{equation}
\nu^\al_i=h^k_ix^\al_k.
\end{equation}
\cvm
We emphasize that covariant derivatives, indicated simply by indices, are
always \tit{full} tensors.
\cvm
The slices $M(t)$ can be viewed as special embeddings of the form
\begin{equation}
x(t)=(t,x^i),
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd where $(x^i)$ are coordinates of the \tit{initial} slice $M(t_1)$. Hence, the
slices $M(t)$ can be considered as the solution of the evolution problem
\begin{equation}\lae{1.4}
\dot x=-e^\psi \nu, \qq t_1\le t<T_+,
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd with initial hypersurface $M(t_1)$, in view of \re{0.5}.
\cvm From the equation \re{1.4} we can immediately derive evolution equations
for the geometric quantities $g_{ij}, h_{ij}, \nu$, and $H=g^{ij}h_{ij}$ of $M(t)$, cf.
e.g.
\ci[Section 4]{cg4}, where the corresponding evolution equations are derived in
Riemannian space.
\cvm
For our purpose, we are only interested in the evolution equation for the metric,
and we deduce
\begin{equation}
\dot g_{ij}=\spd{\dot x_i}{x_j}+\spd{x_i}{\dot x_j}=- 2e^\psi h_{ij},
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd in view of the Weingarten equation.
\cvm
Let $g=\det(g_{ij})$, then,
\begin{equation}\lae{1.6}
\dot g= g g^{ij}\dot g_{ij}=-2e^\psi H g,
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd and thus, the volume of $M(t), \abs{M(t)}$, evolves according to
\begin{equation}\lae{1.7}
\frac d{dt} \abs{M(t)}=\int_{M(t_1)}\frac d{dt}\sqrt g=-\int_{M(t)}e^\psi H,
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd where we shall assume without loss of generality that $\abs{M(t_1}$ is finite,
otherwise, we replace $M(t_1)$ by an arbitrary measurable subset of $M(t_1)$
with finite volume.
\cvm
Now, let $T\in [t_1, T_+)$ be arbitrary and denote by $Q(t_1,T)$ the
cylinder
\begin{equation}\lae{1.8}
Q(t_1,T)=\set{(x^0,x)}{t_1\le x^0\le T},
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd then,
\begin{equation}\lae{1.9}
\abs{Q(t_1,T)}=\int_{t_1}^T\int_Me^\psi,
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd where we omit the volume elements, and where, $M=M(x^0)$.
\cvm
By assumption, the mean curvature $H$ of the slices is bounded from below by
$\e_0$, and we conclude further, with the help of \re{1.7},
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\abs{Q(t_1,T)}&\le\frac 1{\e_0} \int_{t_1}^T\int_Me^\psi H\\
&=\frac1{\e_0}\{\abs{M(t_1)}-\abs{M(T)}\}\\
&\le \frac1{\e_0}\abs{M(t_1)}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
\cvm
Letting $T$ tend to $T_+$ gives the estimate for $\abs {N_+}$.
\cvm
To prove the estimate \re{0.10}, we simply replace $M(t_1)$ by $E_1$.
\cvb
If we relax the conditions \re{0.6} and \re{0.7} to include the case $\e_0=0$, a
volume estimate is still possible. -
-\cvm
\bt
If the assumptions of \rt{0.1} are valid with $\e_0=0$, and if in addition the
length of any future directed curve starting from $M(t_1)$ is bounded by a
constant $\ga_1$ and the length of any past directed curve starting from $M(t_2)$
is bounded by a constant $\ga_2$, then,
\begin{align}
\abs{N_+}&\le \ga_1\abs{M(t_1)}\\
\intertext{and}
\abs{N_-}&\le \ga_2\abs{M(t_2)}.
\end{align}
\et -
-\cvm
\bp
As before, we only consider the estimate for $N_+$.
\cvm
From \re{1.6} we infer that the volume element of the slices $M(t)$ is decreasing
in $t$, and hence,
\begin{equation}\lae{1.13}
\sqrt{g(t)}\le \sqrt{g(t_1)}\qq\A\,t_1\le t.
\end{equation}
\cvm
Furthermore, for fixed $x\in M(t_1)$ and $t>t_1$
\begin{equation}\lae{1.14}
\int_{t_1}^te^\psi\le \ga_1
\end{equation}
because the left-hand side is the length of the future directed curve
\begin{equation}
\ga(\tau)=(\tau,x)\qq t_1\le\tau\le t.
\end{equation}
\cvm
Let us now look at the cylinder $Q(t_1,T)$ as in \re{1.8} and \re{1.9}. We have
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\abs{Q(t_1,T)}&=\int_{t_1}^T\int_{M(t_1)}e^\psi\sqrt{g(t,x)}\le
\int_{t_1}^T\int_{M(t_1)}e^\psi\sqrt{g(t_1,x)}\\[\cma]
&\le \ga_1\int_{M(t_1)}\sqrt{g(t_1,x)}=\ga_1\abs{M(t_1)}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
by applying Fubini's theorem and the estimates \re{1.13} and \re{1.14}.
\ep
\cvb
\section{Cosmological spacetimes}\las{2}
\cvb
A cosmological spacetime is a globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifold $N$ with
compact Cauchy hypersurface $\so$, that satisfies the timelike convergence
condition, i.e.
\begin{equation}
\bar R_{\al\bet}\nu^\al\nu^\bet\ge 0 \qq \A\,\spd\nu\nu=-1.
\end{equation}
\cvm
If there exist crushing singularities, see \ci{es} or \ci{cg1} for a definition, then,
we proved in
\ci{cg1} that
$N$ can be foliated by spacelike hypersurfaces $M(\tau)$ of constant mean
curvature $\tau$, $-\un<\tau<\un$,
\begin{equation}
N=\uuu_{0\ne\tau\in \R[]}M(\tau)\uu{\msc C}_0,
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd where $\msc C_0$ consists either of a single maximal slice or of a whole
continuum of maximal slices in which case the metric is stationary in $\msc
C_0$. But in any case $\msc C_0$ is a compact subset of $N$.
\cvm
In the complement of $\msc C_0$ the mean curvature function $\tau$ is a regular
function with non-vanishing gradient that can be used as a new time function, cf.
\ci{cg6} for a simple proof.
\cvm
Thus, the Lorentz metric can be expressed in Gaussian coordinates $(x^\al)$ with
$x^0=\tau$ as in \re{0.3}. We choose arbitrary $\tau_2<0<\tau_1$ and de\-fine
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
N_0&=\set{(\tau,x)}{\tau_2\le\tau \le \tau_1},\\
N_-&=\set{(\tau,x)}{-\un<\tau \le \tau_2},\\
N_+&=\set{(\tau,x)}{\tau_1\le \tau<\un}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
\cvm
Then, $N_0$ is compact, and the volumes of $N_-, N_+$ can be estimated by
\begin{align}
\abs{N_+}&\le \frac1{\tau_1}\abs{M(\tau_1)},\\
\intertext{and}
\abs{N_-}&\le \frac1{\abs{\tau_2}}\abs{M(\tau_2)}.
\end{align}
\cvm
Hence, we have proved
\bt
A cosmological spacetime $N$ with crushing singularities has finite volume.
\et
\cvb
\br
Let $N$ be a spacetime with compact Cauchy hypersurface and suppose that a
subset
$N_-\su N$ is foliated by constant mean curvature slices $M(\tau)$ such that
\begin{equation}
N_-=\uuu_{0<\tau\le \tau_2}M(\tau)
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd and suppose furthermore, that $x^0=\tau$ is a time function---which will be
the case if the timelike convergence condition is satisfied---so that the metric
can be represented in Gaussian coordinates $(x^\al)$ with $x^0=\tau$.
\cvm
Consider the cylinder $Q(\tau,\tau_2)=\{\tau\le x^0\le \tau_2\}$ for some
fixed $\tau$. Then,
\begin{equation}
\abs{Q(\tau,\tau_2)}=\int_\tau^{\tau_2}\int_Me^\psi=\int_\tau
^{\tau_2}H^{-1}\int_MH e^\psi,
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd and we obtain in view of \re{1.7}
\begin{equation}
\tau^{-1}_2\{\abs {M(\tau)}-\abs{M(\tau_2)}\}\le\abs{Q(\tau,\tau_2)},
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd and conclude further
\begin{equation}
\lim_{\tau\ra 0}\msp[2]\abs{M(\tau)}\le \tau_2\abs{N_-}+\abs{M(\tau_2)},
\end{equation}
\nd i.e.
\begin{equation}
\lim_{\tau\ra 0}\msp[2]\abs{M(\tau)}=\un\im \abs{N_-}=\un.
\end{equation}
\er
\cvb
\section{The Riemannian case}
\cvb
Suppose that $N$ is a Riemannian manifold that is decomposed as in \re{0.1} with
metric
\begin{equation}
d\bar s^2=e^{2\psi}\{{dx^0}^2+\s_{ij}(x^0,x)dx^idx^j\}.
\end{equation}
\cvm
The Gau{\ss} formula and the Weingarten equation for a hypersurface now have
the form
\begin{align}
x^\al_{ij}&=-h_{ij}\nu^\al,\\
\intertext{and}
\nu^\al_i&=h^k_ix^\al_k.
\end{align}
\cvm
As default normal vector---if such a choice is possible---we choose the outward
normal, which, in case of the coordinate slices $M(t)=\{x^0=t\}$ is given by
\begin{equation}
(\nu^\al)=e^{-\psi}(1,0,\ldots,0).
\end{equation}
\cvm
Thus, the coordinate slices are solutions of the evolution problem
\begin{equation}
\dot x=e^\psi \nu,
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd and, therefore,
\begin{equation}
\dot g_{ij}=2e^\psi h_{ij},
\end{equation}
\cvm
\nd i.e. we have the opposite sign compared to the Lorentzian case leading to
\begin{equation}
\frac d{dt}\abs{M(t)}=\int_Me^\psi H.
\end{equation}
\cvm
The arguments in \rs{1} now yield
\bt
\tup{(i)} Suppose there exists a positive constant $\e_0$ such that the mean
curvature $H(t)$ of the slices $M(t)$ is estimated by
\begin{align}
H(t)&\ge \e_0&\A\,t_1\le t< T_+&,\\
\intertext{and}
H(t)&\le-\e_0&\A\,T_-<t\le t_2&,
\end{align}
\cvm
\nd then
\begin{align}
\abs{N_+}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\lim_{t\ra T_+}\abs{M(t)},\\
\intertext{and}
\abs{N_-}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\lim_{t\ra T_-}\abs{M(t}.
\end{align}
\cvm
\tup{(ii)} On the other hand, if the mean curvature $H$ is negative in $N_+$ and
positive in $N_-$, then, we obtain the same estimates as \rt{0.1}, namely,
\begin{align}
\abs{N_+}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\abs{M(t_1)},\\
\intertext{and}
\abs{N_-}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\abs{M(t_2)}.
\end{align}
\et
\cvb
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bib{es}
D. Eardley \& L. Smarr, \emph{Time functions in numerical relativity: marginally
bound dust collapse}, Phys. Rev. D \tbf{19} (1979) 2239\nbdd2259.
\bib{cg1}
C. Gerhardt, \emph{H-surfaces in Lorentzian manifolds}, Commun. Math. Phys.
\tbf{89} (1983) 523\nbdd{553}.
\bib{cg4}
\bysame, \emph{Hypersurfaces of prescribed Weingarten curvature}, Math. Z.
\tbf{224} (1997) 167\nbdd{194}.
\url{http://www.math.uni-heidelberg.de/studinfo/gerhardt/MZ224,97.pdf}
\bib{cg6}
\bysame, \emph{On the foliation of space-time by constant mean curvature
hypersurfaces}, preprint,
\url{http://www.math.uni-heidelberg.de/studinfo/gerhardt/Foliation.pdf}
\bib{cg8}
\bysame, \emph{Hypersurfaces of
prescribed curvature in Lorentzian manifolds}, Indiana Univ. Math. J. \tbf{49}
(2000) 1125\nbdd1153.
\url{http://www.math.uni-heidelberg.de/studinfo/gerhardt/GaussLorentz.pdf}]
\bib{HE}
S. W. Hawking \& G. F. R. Ellis, \emph{The large scale structure of space-time},
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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+\newtheorem{ex}[thm]{Exercise} + +\swapnumbers +\theoremstyle{remark} +\newtheorem{case}{Case} + +\numberwithin{equation}{section} + +%\renewcommand{\qed}{q.e.d.} + +\usepackage{xr-hyper} +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage[hyperindex=true, pdfauthor= Claus\ Gerhardt, pdftitle= LM-Volume, bookmarks=true, extension= pdf, colorlinks=true, plainpages=false,hyperfootnotes=true, debug=false, pagebackref]{hyperref} + +\newcommand{\anl}{\htmladdnormallink} + +%\listfiles +\begin{document} +%\larger[1] +\title{Estimates for the volume of a Lorentzian manifold} + +% author one information +\author{Claus Gerhardt} +\address{Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at, Institut f\"ur Angewandte Mathematik, +Im Neuenheimer Feld 294, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany} +%\curraddr{} +\email{gerhardt@math.uni-heidelberg.de} +\urladdr{\url{http://www.math.uni-heidelberg.de/studinfo/gerhardt/}} +%\thanks{} + +% author two information +%\author{} +%\address{} +%\curraddr{} +%\email{} +%\thanks{} +% +\subjclass[2000]{35J60, 53C21, 53C44, 53C50, 58J05} +\keywords{Lorentzian manifold, volume estimates, cosmological spacetime, general relativity, constant mean curvature, CMC hypersurface} +\date{April 18, 2002} +% +% at present the "communicated by" line appears only in ERA and PROC +%\commby{} + +%\dedicatory{} + +\begin{abstract} We prove new estimates for the volume of a Lorentzian +mani\-fold and show especially that cosmological spacetimes with crushing +singularities have finite volume. +\end{abstract} +\maketitle +\thispagestyle{empty} + +\setcounter{section}{-1} +\section{Introduction} + +\cvb +Let $N$ be a $(n+1)$-dimensional Lorentzian manifold and suppose that $N$ can be +decomposed in the form + +\begin{equation}\lae{0.1} +N=N_0\uu N_-\uu N_+, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd where $N_0$ has finite volume and $N_-$ resp. $N_+$ represent the critical +past resp. future Cauchy developments with not necessarily a priori bounded +volume. We assume that $N_+$ is the future Cauchy development of a Cauchy +hypersurface $M_1$, and $N_-$ the past Cauchy development of a hypersurface +$M_2$, or, more precisely, we assume the existence of a time function $x^0$, +such that + +\begin{equation} +\begin{aligned} +N_+&={x^0}^{-1}([t_1,T_+)),&\qq M_1=\{x^0=t_1\}&,\\ +N_-&={x^0}^{-1}((T_-,t_2]),&\qq M_2=\{x^0=t_2\}&, +\end{aligned} +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd and that the Lorentz metric can be expressed as + +\begin{equation}\lae{0.3} +d\bar s^2=e^{2\psi}\{-{dx^0}^2+\s_{ij}(x^0,x)dx^idx^j\}, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd where $x=(x^i)$ are local coordinates for the space-like hypersurface $M_1$ +if $N_+$ is considered resp. $M_2$ in case of $N_-$. + +The coordinate system $(x^\al)_{0\le\al\le n}$ is supposed to be future +directed, i.e. the \tit{past} directed unit normal $(\nu^\al)$ of the level sets + +\begin{equation} +M(t)=\{x^0=t\} +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd is of the form + +\begin{equation}\lae{0.5} +(\nu^\al)=-e^{-\psi}(1,0,\ldots,0). +\end{equation} + +\cvm +If we assume the mean curvature of the slices $M(t)$ with respect to the past +directed normal---cf. \ci[Section 2]{cg8} for a more detailed explanation of our +conventions---is strictly bounded away from zero, then, the following volume +estimates can be proved + +\bt\lat{0.1} +Suppose there exists a positive constant $\e_0$ such that + + +\begin{align} +H(t)&\ge \e_0&\A\,t_1\le t< T_+&,\lae{0.6}\\ +\intertext{and} +H(t)&\le-\e_0&\A\,T_-<t\le t_2&,\lae{0.7} +\end{align} + +\cvm +\nd then + +\begin{align} +\abs{N_+}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\abs{M(t_1)},\\ +\intertext{and} +\abs{N_-}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\abs{M(t_2}. +\end{align} + +These estimates also hold locally, i.e. if $E_i\su M(t_i)$, $i=1,2$, are measurable +subsets and $E_1^+,E_2^-$ the corresponding future resp. past directed +cylinders, then, + +\begin{align} +\abs{E_1^+}&\le\frac1{\e_0}\abs{E_1},\lae{0.10}\\ +\intertext{and} +\abs{E_2^-}&\le\frac1{\e_0}\abs{E_2}. +\end{align} +\et + +\cvb +\section{Proof of \rt{0.1}}\las{1} + +\cvb +In the following we shall only prove the estimate for $N_+$, since the other case +$N_-$ can easily be considered as a future development by reversing the time +direction. + +\cvm +Let $x=x(\xi)$ be an embedding of a space-like hypersurface and $(\nu^\al)$ be +the past directed normal. Then, we have the Gau{\ss} formula + +\begin{equation} +x^\al_{ij}=h_{ij}\nu^\al. +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd where $(h_{ij})$ is the second fundamental form, and the Weingarten equation + +\begin{equation} +\nu^\al_i=h^k_ix^\al_k. +\end{equation} + + +\cvm +We emphasize that covariant derivatives, indicated simply by indices, are +always \tit{full} tensors. + +\cvm +The slices $M(t)$ can be viewed as special embeddings of the form + +\begin{equation} +x(t)=(t,x^i), +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd where $(x^i)$ are coordinates of the \tit{initial} slice $M(t_1)$. Hence, the +slices $M(t)$ can be considered as the solution of the evolution problem + +\begin{equation}\lae{1.4} +\dot x=-e^\psi \nu, \qq t_1\le t<T_+, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd with initial hypersurface $M(t_1)$, in view of \re{0.5}. + +\cvm From the equation \re{1.4} we can immediately derive evolution equations +for the geometric quantities $g_{ij}, h_{ij}, \nu$, and $H=g^{ij}h_{ij}$ of $M(t)$, cf. +e.g. +\ci[Section 4]{cg4}, where the corresponding evolution equations are derived in +Riemannian space. + +\cvm +For our purpose, we are only interested in the evolution equation for the metric, +and we deduce + +\begin{equation} +\dot g_{ij}=\spd{\dot x_i}{x_j}+\spd{x_i}{\dot x_j}=- 2e^\psi h_{ij}, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd in view of the Weingarten equation. + +\cvm +Let $g=\det(g_{ij})$, then, + +\begin{equation}\lae{1.6} +\dot g= g g^{ij}\dot g_{ij}=-2e^\psi H g, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd and thus, the volume of $M(t), \abs{M(t)}$, evolves according to + +\begin{equation}\lae{1.7} +\frac d{dt} \abs{M(t)}=\int_{M(t_1)}\frac d{dt}\sqrt g=-\int_{M(t)}e^\psi H, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd where we shall assume without loss of generality that $\abs{M(t_1}$ is finite, +otherwise, we replace $M(t_1)$ by an arbitrary measurable subset of $M(t_1)$ +with finite volume. + +\cvm +Now, let $T\in [t_1, T_+)$ be arbitrary and denote by $Q(t_1,T)$ the +cylinder + +\begin{equation}\lae{1.8} +Q(t_1,T)=\set{(x^0,x)}{t_1\le x^0\le T}, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd then, + +\begin{equation}\lae{1.9} +\abs{Q(t_1,T)}=\int_{t_1}^T\int_Me^\psi, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd where we omit the volume elements, and where, $M=M(x^0)$. + +\cvm +By assumption, the mean curvature $H$ of the slices is bounded from below by +$\e_0$, and we conclude further, with the help of \re{1.7}, + +\begin{equation} +\begin{aligned} +\abs{Q(t_1,T)}&\le\frac 1{\e_0} \int_{t_1}^T\int_Me^\psi H\\ +&=\frac1{\e_0}\{\abs{M(t_1)}-\abs{M(T)}\}\\ +&\le \frac1{\e_0}\abs{M(t_1)}. +\end{aligned} +\end{equation} + + +\cvm +Letting $T$ tend to $T_+$ gives the estimate for $\abs {N_+}$. + +\cvm +To prove the estimate \re{0.10}, we simply replace $M(t_1)$ by $E_1$. + +\cvb +If we relax the conditions \re{0.6} and \re{0.7} to include the case $\e_0=0$, a +volume estimate is still possible. + +\cvm +\bt +If the assumptions of \rt{0.1} are valid with $\e_0=0$, and if in addition the +length of any future directed curve starting from $M(t_1)$ is bounded by a +constant $\ga_1$ and the length of any past directed curve starting from $M(t_2)$ +is bounded by a constant $\ga_2$, then, +\begin{align} +\abs{N_+}&\le \ga_1\abs{M(t_1)}\\ +\intertext{and} +\abs{N_-}&\le \ga_2\abs{M(t_2)}. +\end{align} +\et + +\cvm +\bp +As before, we only consider the estimate for $N_+$. + +\cvm +From \re{1.6} we infer that the volume element of the slices $M(t)$ is decreasing +in $t$, and hence, +\begin{equation}\lae{1.13} +\sqrt{g(t)}\le \sqrt{g(t_1)}\qq\A\,t_1\le t. +\end{equation} + +\cvm +Furthermore, for fixed $x\in M(t_1)$ and $t>t_1$ +\begin{equation}\lae{1.14} +\int_{t_1}^te^\psi\le \ga_1 +\end{equation} +because the left-hand side is the length of the future directed curve +\begin{equation} +\ga(\tau)=(\tau,x)\qq t_1\le\tau\le t. +\end{equation} + +\cvm +Let us now look at the cylinder $Q(t_1,T)$ as in \re{1.8} and \re{1.9}. We have +\begin{equation} +\begin{aligned} +\abs{Q(t_1,T)}&=\int_{t_1}^T\int_{M(t_1)}e^\psi\sqrt{g(t,x)}\le +\int_{t_1}^T\int_{M(t_1)}e^\psi\sqrt{g(t_1,x)}\\[\cma] +&\le \ga_1\int_{M(t_1)}\sqrt{g(t_1,x)}=\ga_1\abs{M(t_1)} +\end{aligned} +\end{equation} +by applying Fubini's theorem and the estimates \re{1.13} and \re{1.14}. +\ep + +\cvb +\section{Cosmological spacetimes}\las{2} + +\cvb +A cosmological spacetime is a globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifold $N$ with +compact Cauchy hypersurface $\so$, that satisfies the timelike convergence +condition, i.e. + +\begin{equation} +\bar R_{\al\bet}\nu^\al\nu^\bet\ge 0 \qq \A\,\spd\nu\nu=-1. +\end{equation} + +\cvm +If there exist crushing singularities, see \ci{es} or \ci{cg1} for a definition, then, +we proved in +\ci{cg1} that +$N$ can be foliated by spacelike hypersurfaces $M(\tau)$ of constant mean +curvature $\tau$, $-\un<\tau<\un$, + +\begin{equation} +N=\uuu_{0\ne\tau\in \R[]}M(\tau)\uu{\msc C}_0, +\end{equation} + + +\cvm +\nd where $\msc C_0$ consists either of a single maximal slice or of a whole +continuum of maximal slices in which case the metric is stationary in $\msc +C_0$. But in any case $\msc C_0$ is a compact subset of $N$. + +\cvm +In the complement of $\msc C_0$ the mean curvature function $\tau$ is a regular +function with non-vanishing gradient that can be used as a new time function, cf. +\ci{cg6} for a simple proof. + +\cvm +Thus, the Lorentz metric can be expressed in Gaussian coordinates $(x^\al)$ with +$x^0=\tau$ as in \re{0.3}. We choose arbitrary $\tau_2<0<\tau_1$ and de\-fine + +\begin{equation} +\begin{aligned} +N_0&=\set{(\tau,x)}{\tau_2\le\tau \le \tau_1},\\ +N_-&=\set{(\tau,x)}{-\un<\tau \le \tau_2},\\ +N_+&=\set{(\tau,x)}{\tau_1\le \tau<\un}. +\end{aligned} +\end{equation} + +\cvm +Then, $N_0$ is compact, and the volumes of $N_-, N_+$ can be estimated by + +\begin{align} +\abs{N_+}&\le \frac1{\tau_1}\abs{M(\tau_1)},\\ +\intertext{and} +\abs{N_-}&\le \frac1{\abs{\tau_2}}\abs{M(\tau_2)}. +\end{align} + +\cvm +Hence, we have proved + +\bt +A cosmological spacetime $N$ with crushing singularities has finite volume. +\et + +\cvb +\br +Let $N$ be a spacetime with compact Cauchy hypersurface and suppose that a +subset +$N_-\su N$ is foliated by constant mean curvature slices $M(\tau)$ such that + +\begin{equation} +N_-=\uuu_{0<\tau\le \tau_2}M(\tau) +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd and suppose furthermore, that $x^0=\tau$ is a time function---which will be +the case if the timelike convergence condition is satisfied---so that the metric +can be represented in Gaussian coordinates $(x^\al)$ with $x^0=\tau$. + +\cvm +Consider the cylinder $Q(\tau,\tau_2)=\{\tau\le x^0\le \tau_2\}$ for some +fixed $\tau$. Then, + +\begin{equation} +\abs{Q(\tau,\tau_2)}=\int_\tau^{\tau_2}\int_Me^\psi=\int_\tau +^{\tau_2}H^{-1}\int_MH e^\psi, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd and we obtain in view of \re{1.7} + +\begin{equation} +\tau^{-1}_2\{\abs {M(\tau)}-\abs{M(\tau_2)}\}\le\abs{Q(\tau,\tau_2)}, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd and conclude further + +\begin{equation} +\lim_{\tau\ra 0}\msp[2]\abs{M(\tau)}\le \tau_2\abs{N_-}+\abs{M(\tau_2)}, +\end{equation} + +\nd i.e. + +\begin{equation} +\lim_{\tau\ra 0}\msp[2]\abs{M(\tau)}=\un\im \abs{N_-}=\un. +\end{equation} +\er + +\cvb +\section{The Riemannian case} + +\cvb +Suppose that $N$ is a Riemannian manifold that is decomposed as in \re{0.1} with +metric + + +\begin{equation} +d\bar s^2=e^{2\psi}\{{dx^0}^2+\s_{ij}(x^0,x)dx^idx^j\}. +\end{equation} + +\cvm +The Gau{\ss} formula and the Weingarten equation for a hypersurface now have +the form + +\begin{align} +x^\al_{ij}&=-h_{ij}\nu^\al,\\ +\intertext{and} +\nu^\al_i&=h^k_ix^\al_k. +\end{align} + + +\cvm +As default normal vector---if such a choice is possible---we choose the outward +normal, which, in case of the coordinate slices $M(t)=\{x^0=t\}$ is given by + +\begin{equation} +(\nu^\al)=e^{-\psi}(1,0,\ldots,0). +\end{equation} + + +\cvm +Thus, the coordinate slices are solutions of the evolution problem + +\begin{equation} +\dot x=e^\psi \nu, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd and, therefore, + +\begin{equation} +\dot g_{ij}=2e^\psi h_{ij}, +\end{equation} + +\cvm +\nd i.e. we have the opposite sign compared to the Lorentzian case leading to + +\begin{equation} +\frac d{dt}\abs{M(t)}=\int_Me^\psi H. +\end{equation} + +\cvm +The arguments in \rs{1} now yield + +\bt +\tup{(i)} Suppose there exists a positive constant $\e_0$ such that the mean +curvature $H(t)$ of the slices $M(t)$ is estimated by + +\begin{align} +H(t)&\ge \e_0&\A\,t_1\le t< T_+&,\\ +\intertext{and} +H(t)&\le-\e_0&\A\,T_-<t\le t_2&, +\end{align} + +\cvm +\nd then + +\begin{align} +\abs{N_+}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\lim_{t\ra T_+}\abs{M(t)},\\ +\intertext{and} +\abs{N_-}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\lim_{t\ra T_-}\abs{M(t}. +\end{align} + +\cvm +\tup{(ii)} On the other hand, if the mean curvature $H$ is negative in $N_+$ and +positive in $N_-$, then, we obtain the same estimates as \rt{0.1}, namely, + +\begin{align} +\abs{N_+}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\abs{M(t_1)},\\ +\intertext{and} +\abs{N_-}&\le \frac1{\e_0}\abs{M(t_2)}. +\end{align} +\et + +\cvb + +\begin{thebibliography}{99} +\bib{es} +D. Eardley \& L. Smarr, \emph{Time functions in numerical relativity: marginally +bound dust collapse}, Phys. Rev. D \tbf{19} (1979) 2239\nbdd2259. + + +\bib{cg1} +C. Gerhardt, \emph{H-surfaces in Lorentzian manifolds}, Commun. Math. Phys. +\tbf{89} (1983) 523\nbdd{553}. + + + +\bib{cg4} +\bysame, \emph{Hypersurfaces of prescribed Weingarten curvature}, Math. Z. +\tbf{224} (1997) 167\nbdd{194}. +\url{http://www.math.uni-heidelberg.de/studinfo/gerhardt/MZ224,97.pdf} + + + +\bib{cg6} +\bysame, \emph{On the foliation of space-time by constant mean curvature +hypersurfaces}, preprint, +\url{http://www.math.uni-heidelberg.de/studinfo/gerhardt/Foliation.pdf} + + +\bib{cg8} +\bysame, \emph{Hypersurfaces of +prescribed curvature in Lorentzian manifolds}, Indiana Univ. Math. J. \tbf{49} +(2000) 1125\nbdd1153. +\url{http://www.math.uni-heidelberg.de/studinfo/gerhardt/GaussLorentz.pdf}] + + + + + +\bib{HE} +S. W. Hawking \& G. F. R. Ellis, \emph{The large scale structure of space-time}, +Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973. + + + +\end{thebibliography} +\end{document} + + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +% End of journal.top +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |