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+Date: Tue, 31 Jan 1995 21:15:16 +0100
+Sender: NTS-L Distribution list <NTS-L@DHDURZ1.EARN>
+From: "J%org Knappen, Mainz" <KNAPPEN@VKPMZD.KPH.UNI-MAINZ.DE>
+Subject: Frequently asked questions of NTS-L, 5th edition
+X-To: nts-l <nts-l@dhdurz1.bitnet>
+To: Multiple recipients of list NTS-L <NTS-L@DHDURZ1.EARN>
+
+    Frequently Asked Questions of NTS-L
+ 
+Fifth edition
+Date: 31-JAN-1995
+Archive name: nts-l-faq
+Currently maintained by: knappen@vkpmzd.kph.uni-mainz.de (J%org Knappen)
+ 
+Remark about the format:
+ 
+This faq is divided into several sections and subsections. Each section
+contains a subsection general with some ideas which have not yet been
+discussed. I added a date to some subsections to allow you to retrieve
+fuller discussions from the archives. The transactions of this group are
+archived on
+ 
+        ftp.th-darmstadt.de    [130.83.55.75] *)
+        directory pub/tex/documentation/nts-l
+ 
+Each file in this directory is named yymm, where (guess :-) yy is the
+year and mm is the month when the mail arrived. (I.e., all postings
+of one month are bundled in one file.)
+*) Avoid using the number above ... it is subject to changes.
+ 
+Related stuff which is very worth reading you can find on the CTAN archives
+under tex/info/tex-implementors. In addition, I recommend reading the list
+of TeX bugs (tex-archive/systems/knuth/errata/tex82.bug).
+ 
+-1. Contents
+ 
+0. About NTS
+1. Proposed features of a New Typesetting system
+1.1. Improvement of Quality
+1.2. Internationality
+1.3. New Look and Feel
+1.4. Changing the ligaturing algorithm
+1.5. Writing more than one dvi-file
+1.6. Anchors
+1.7. dump/restore mechanism
+2. Proposed additions to TeX (concrete new primitives)
+2.1. \lastmark etc.
+2.2. \system
+2.3. \skylineskiplimit, \skylinehorizontallimit
+2.4. \directioncode
+2.5. \textcode
+2.6. \afterfi
+2.7. \interactionmode
+2.8. \mathspacing
+2.9. \inputescapechar
+2.10. \middle
+2.11. \outputunit
+2.12. \protected
+2.13. \scantokens
+2.14. \deferred
+2.15. \everyeof
+2.16. \readline
+2.17. \evaluate
+2.18. \ifevaluate
+2.19. \everyeof
+2.20. \fancyprompt
+3. Metaremarks
+3.1. TeX is not perfect
+3.2. In which language shall NTS be written
+3.3. The TeX language
+3.4. The TeX engine
+3.5. Extensions and Enhancements
+4. Deviations
+4.1. Automated Kerning
+4.2. About Lout
+5. Proposed changes to METAFONT
+5.1. Writing to auxiliary files
+6. Proposed changes to the tfm file format
+6.1. Vertical kerning
+6.2. Cross-font ligatures
+7. Proposed changes to the dvi file format
+7.1. Horizontal and Vertical Mirroring
+7.2. Rotation of a glphy by 180 degrees
+8. Additions to the TeX kit
+8.1. dvicopy
+8.2. dv2dp and dp2dv
+8.3. gftotxt
+8.4. qdtexvpl
+8.5. fontinst
+8.6. afmtotfm
+8.7. dvipaste
+8.8. METAPOST
+8.9. Tie
+8.10. dvi2dvi
+9. Existing extensions to TeX
+9.1. TeX-XeT
+9.2. TeX--XeT
+9.3. MLTeX
+9.4. SiSiSi
+9.5. Japanese TeX
+ 
+0. About NTS (Mar 93, see also Jul 92)
+ 
+  At DANTE '93, held at the Technical University Chemnitz last week, Joachim
+  Lammarsch, President of Dante, announced that the NTS project which had been
+  started under the aegis of DANTE, was to be re-formed under a new
+  co-ordinator, Philip Taylor. The old core group, announced at the previous
+  annual DANTE meeting, was to be dissolved, and a new core group established.
+  Membership of the new core group will not be restricted to DANTE members,
+  but will instead be offered to various well-known names (and some
+  lesser-known!) in the international TeX community.
+ 
+  see also:
+  F. Mittelbach: E-TeX Guidelines for future TeX, TUGboat v11n3 (1990)
+  P. Taylor: The future of TeX, EuroTeX'92 Prag (Proceedings); reprinted
+  in TUGboat v13n4, 433 (1992)
+ 
+  As of September 1994, there are two activities going on, the ETeX group
+  is working on a extension of TeX and is going to produce a first ETeX soon.
+  The NTS group takes the path to reimplement TeX in common LISP to get
+  a deeper understanding of how the modules of TeX are cooperating which
+  eachother.
+ 
+  Independently, the Omega project was launched to produce a typesetting system
+  which uses unicode as internal code and can handle arbitrarily encoded input
+  via filters.
+ 
+  The beforementioned projects were presented at the 1994 TUG meeting at Santa
+  Barbara and at the EuroTeX'94 conference at Gdansk. For more information,
+  consult the respective proceedings. For the Omega project exists a mailing
+  list, omega@ens.fr. To subscribe, send an e-mail to LISTSERV@ens.fr.
+ 
+  Omega is now announced to be presented at March 16, 1995 at CERN (Geneva).
+ 
+1. Proposed features of a New Typesetting system
+ 
+1.1. Improvement of Quality
+ 
+1.1.0 General:
+  Optimised page breaking, avoiding ``rivers'', letterspacing (see also 4.1),
+  Hyphenation (Haupt- und Nebentrennstellen), grid typesetting
+ 
+1.1.1 Skyline approach to line breaking (Mar 93)
+ 
+You can break paragraphs as usual with the current model, where all
+lines are simple rectangular boxes.  If there's no necessity to insert
+\lineskip, then you don't have to look at the skyline.  Only if two
+lines are too near (e.g. distance<\lineskiplimit), you have to look
+into the two rectangular boxes and to check if the boxes inside
+overlap at one or more places.
+For the worst case (i.e., you have to look at the skyline for all
+pairs of lines) processing the skyline model consumes a lot of process
+time, but this shouldn't hinder us to test this idea and look at the
+results.
+ 
+Btw, the skyline model seems to be easy to implement in the current
+TeX, because we need only some changes when the finally broken lines
+of the paragraph are put on the vertical list.  There are more changes
+needed in the code, if the line break should be changed for the cases
+where it is possible to avoid an overlap with other break points, but
+IMHO it's nonetheless a relatively small change.
+ 
+Additionally you have to introduce some new parameters.  I think of
+something like:
+        \skylineskiplimit    (b)
+                minimum vertical distance between two boxes
+        \skylinehorizontallimit   (a)
+                minimum horizontal distance
+ 
+ 
+line 1:       ------------
+        %     %
+        %     %             ----------
+        ------- <== (a) ==> %        %
+           ~                %        %
+          (b)               %        -------
+           v                %
+       ----------------------
+line 2:
+ 
+and other parameters, but the necessary parameter set, realization,
+etc. for "skylines" are subject of discussion.
+ 
+ 
+1.2. Internationality
+ 
+1.2.0 General:
+  Typesetting in arbitrary directions, unicode support (16bits), ISO10646
+  support (32bits), ligatures pointing to other fonts, vertical kerning,
+  better accent handling (\topaccent and \botaccent)
+ 
+  Remark: UTF-8 (UNICODE) can be handled with `TeX classic', LaTeX2e
+  support is provided by the CJK package written by Werner Lemberg.
+ 
+1.2.1 Supporting TeX--XeT primitives for right to left typesetting
+  TeX--XeT is an existing extension to TeX supporting right-to-left
+  typesetting an producing a usual dvi-file. TeX--XeT is written by
+  P. Breitenlohner and freely available. It is different from TeX-XeT
+  (one hyphen only). Allthough TeX will be frozen at version $\pi$,
+  this is not true for TeX--XeT. (see also 9.2)
+ 
+1.3. New Look and Feel
+ 
+1.3.0 General
+  Windows support, wysiwyg-like features
+ 
+1.3.1 Interaction with the operating system and other programmes
+  see 2.2. \system
+ 
+1.4. Changing the ligaturing algorithm
+  Replace the (IMHO over-)optimized ligature builder/kerning routines in
+  TeX by routines which separate between the building of ligatures and
+  the insertion of kerns between the characters/ligatures.
+ 
+  This can be realized in a simple way by using two passes: in the
+  first pass the ligatures are built and in the second pass the
+  resulting ligatures and remaining single characters are used to
+  determine the necessary kerns.
+ 
+  To ensure compatibility between e-TeX and TeX, it will be possible to
+  switch between the new and the current behaviour.
+ 
+  Additionally a flag in the TFM file of each font can be used to
+  specify which behaviour is to be used for the font.  This ensures that
+  "old" fonts with some tricky ligature/kerning programs depending on
+  the old behaviour can still be used with e-TeX.  (I don't know if this
+  font dependent switching is really necessary.  Comments, please!!)
+ 
+  Example:
+ 
+  A font contains the following ligatures and kerns:
+ 
+        o "             => ligature (o")  (= \"{o})
+        V o             => kern(-smallkern)
+        V lig(o")       => nothing
+ 
+  Input:        V o "
+  Output of current TeX:        V kern(-smallkern) ligature(o")
+  Output with change:           V                  ligature(o")
+ 
+  Status:
+ 
+  Bernd Raichle has written a simple, but running reimplementation of TeX's
+  ligature/kerning routine (in CommonLisp), which still waits to be
+  rewritten as a TeX.web change file.
+  The ligature builder/kerning routine is realized in one pass; kerns
+  are introduced in a delayed manner, i.e., after we are sure that
+  there's no possibility for a ligature.
+  Additionally there's a switch between the current TeX and the new
+  behaviour.  (The TRIP test fails with the new behaviour.)
+ 
+PS: IMHO the ligature/kerning routines should be further changed to
+  remove the `shelf{}ful' anomaly (see TeXbook, exercise 5.1), i.e.,
+  reinserting ligatures when words are hyphenated.
+  The change should allow ligatures for inputs like `f{}f' or
+  `f\relax f', which will simplify the macros in `german.sty',
+  Babel and changed macros for \", \', ... which are used to select
+  characters from DC fonts or other fonts with national characters.
+ 
+1.5. Writing more than one dvi-file (Nov 94)
+  I want to have TeX ready in the memory and avoid loading it anew and anew
+  for each run again which costs lots of startup time, if you have to load
+  every file via NFSS.
+  The idea I am toying with is to have something like
+       \level
+  which clones the current state of TeX and allows to start a new dvi-file.
+  Then you do anything you want (start even another \level) and at last you say
+       \exit
+  which performes like \end, except that it restores exactly the state before
+  the last cloning.
+  To communicate some information to the waiting lion, there may be one
+  exeption. You say
+       \exit{some_integer_number}
+  and this number can be read by using
+       \exitstatus.
+  Applications are many. If you have a format which usually requires several
+  runs, you can do all the runs within one job, and automatically decide,
+  whether a further run is necessary. Of course, you should device your format
+  to have a counter maxruns to avoid endless looping...
+ 
+1.6. Anchors (Nov 94)
+  Proposed by Jiri, an ``anchor point'' would be in some senses
+  be analogous to a mark, but rather than recording textual information it
+  would instead record the co-ordinates of itself, relative to the reference
+  point of the smallest surrounding box.  Additional new primitives would
+  be required to return the co-ordinates of a specified anchor point.
+ 
+1.7. dump/restore mechanism
+  I'd suggest something much simpler, but also more general:  Include \dump in
+  all versions of TeX.  The initex/virtex distinction is simply not worth the
+  bother of retaining any more - the memory differences are trivial in modern
+  terms.  \dump should ideally also be extended to allow dumping from inside of
+  a group.
+  Once you do this, it becomes possible to write programs to analyze format
+  files.  Since the analysis programs would not be part of TeX proper, they can
+  be as elaborate as anyone might want to make them.  Sorting would be no
+  problem, for example.
+  None of this would cost anything in TeX itself, and except for the ability
+  to \dump inside a group, if added, would not even have an effect on whether
+  the resulting E-TeX is properly "TeX", since it would be invisible to any
+  possible trip test.
+ 
+2. Proposed additions to TeX (concrete new primitives)
+ 
+2.0. General (Jun 92, Jul 92, Aug 93, Nov 94)
+  A rather long list of proposed primitives (more or less worked out) was
+  posted by Karl Berry on 10-Jun-1992. It contains suggestions like:
+  \elseif (selfexplaining), \format{foo} (allow the author to select a format),
+  \host{name} \host{os} \host{type} \getenv to extract host information
+  \TeXversion, \usertime, \everyeof, and others.
+ 
+  It is currently not possible to get some information about the current
+  mode of TeX and make conditionals dependent on it and/or restore it after
+  some action (see 2.7. \interactionmode). More of this kind are a
+  conditional or primitive to signal, when TeX is in "expand only" mode
+  (\edef, \mark, \write, ...), when TeX is scanning numbers (here I'm
+  thinking---and hating---german.sty's active doublequote, which can also
+  be used as a marker for hexadecimal numbers), when TeX is peeking for
+  some special tokens (first column in an \halign), etc...
+ 
+  A list of new primitives, enhancements and extensions has been prepared
+  on the NTS meeting at Lindau in October 1994. It was posted to this list in
+  November 1994 and provoked plenty of discussions and additional suggestions.
+  Under the discussed primitves were \bind, \contents<box#>, \futuredef,
+  \ifdefined, \ifcsname ... \endcsname, \unless, \OSname, \defaultextension.
+ 
+2.1. \lastmark etc. (Jun 92, Jul 92)
+  Currently you cannot remove a \write or \mark or
+  \insert or rule from any list at all. If we allow them to removed, how
+  will the commands appear to the user? If we have \lastmark like
+  \lastbox, then perhaps we need a mark data type so that we can say something
+  like \setmark0=\lastmark. It will probably be difficult
+  in the case of \insert's to think of a good command syntax.
+ 
+  Perhaps \lastpenalty, \lastkern, \lastskip should
+  remove the penalty, kern, skip, ... so that they are consistent with
+  \lastbox. Then \unpenalty, \unkern, and \unskip would be unnecessary.
+  (Of course most macro packages would probably want to reimplement them,
+  as macros: \def\unpenalty{\count@\lastpenalty},
+  \def\unkern{\dimen@\lastkern}, \def\unskip{\skip@\lastskip}.)
+ 
+2.2. \system (Mar 93)
+ 
+2.2.0 General
+  Oops, this got rather longish, but this topic has caused plenty of traffic.
+  I decided to quote directly the positions of both sides. The subpoints are
+  1. Pro 2. Contra 3. Syntax
+ 
+2.2.1 Pro
+  First comes the proposal as formulated by Phil Taylor:
+ 
+  There has been much discussion on how a \system primitive might interact
+  with different operating systems, each with different functionality and a
+  different syntax.  My idea was to extend the concept of a `TeX
+  implementation', which at the moment implies the creation and application
+  of a change-file to the master TeX source, to include an implementation-
+  specific macro library.  Thus each implementor, as well as creating and
+  applying a change file, would also be responsible for mapping a well-defined
+  set of macros, through the \system primitive, to the syntax and
+  functionality of the operating system for which he or she has assumed
+  responsibility.  To cite a specific example:
+ 
+  Assume that in e-Lib (a hypothetical macro library to accompany e-TeX),
+  a macro \sys$delete_file {<parameters>} is partially defined; then each
+  implementor would be responsible for mapping \sys$delete_file {<parameters}>
+  to his or her own implementation of \system.  e-Lib would define the effect
+  and the result(s), \system would provide the interface, and the implementor
+  would be responsible for providing the mapping.
+ 
+  The question has been asked: ``Why via \system and macros?  Why not via
+  explicit primitives to carry out the various functions that are envisaged?''
+ 
+  To which I would suggest that the answer is ``Because `the various functions
+  which are envisaged' is both enormous (requiring many new primitives), and
+  yet not large enough (because no matter what functionality we posit, someone
+  will come up with an idea that has not been considered).''  By implementing
+  just one \system primitive, and an extensible e-Lib macro library, one can
+  create a robust and well-tested e-TeX whilst allowing new system interactions
+  to be added at the simplest points: through the implementation-independent
+  and implementation-specific components of e-Lib.
+ 
+2.2.2 Contra
+  And here's from the ``Minority Report'' (Tim Murphy and J"org Knappen)
+ 
+  May I recall the immortal words of Ken Thompson,
+  "A program should do one thing, and do it well." (TM)
+ 
+  I don't like the hackers to decide, making eTeX yet another programme from
+  which I can send e-mail and read news :-) Maybe people will tell me eTeX is
+  a fine operating system, but TeX version $\pi$ is the better typesetter :-)
+ 
+  But there is another side of \system, I want to call it the monstrosity
+  side. Many people are thinking now, that TeX is a monster and difficult to
+  tame. \system will add to this monstrosity. It will create a new paradise
+  for hackers creating system hacks. And it will make people turn away from
+  eTeX and use other products, even if they are far less secure. (JK)
+ 
+2.2.3 Syntax
+  If a \system command is required, should it not have a similar syntax
+  and semantics to the a similar TeX command.  I can't think of anything
+  else in TeX (prepares to be shown wrong) that expands in the mouth and
+  has side-effects.  Should it not be like \read, \write etc. that is it
+  generates a whatsit that is obeyed at shipout, unless preceded by an
+  \immediate, in which case it is done immediately by the stomach.
+  There seem to be two obvious syntaxes, one like \write:
+     \system{foo}  or  \immediate\system{foo}
+  and one like \read:
+     \system{foo} to \baz  or  \immediate\system{foo} to \baz
+  The latter one would produce the exit code into \baz.  Should this be
+  done with catcode 12 characters, or should it be done like \read, with
+  the current catcodes?
+ 
+2.3. \skylineskiplimit, \skylinehorizontallimit
+  see section 1.1.1
+ 
+2.4. \directioncode (May 1993)
+ A \directioncode (with syntax analogous to \uccode, \lccode, sfcode) to be
+ assigned to each input character. The basic ones are
+  0 -- transparent (space, full stop...)
+  1 -- left-to-right (latin letters, digits...)
+  2 -- right-to-left (hebrew letters, arab letters...),
+ a truly international NTS will also have codes for vertical typesetting
+ and some special cases.
+ 
+ The question is how to use this idea consistently. One could extend the
+ notion of TeX's modes. Horizontal mode is in fact left-to-right mode, a
+ right-to-left mode is missing. To be complete, this mode will be equipped
+ with boxen and all the stuff TeX's left-to-right (aka horizontal) mode has.
+ 
+ At the beginning of a paragraph NTS decides which mode to choose by the
+ \directioncode of the first input character. Sometimes the first character
+ will have the wrong code, in this case the insertion of an explicit
+ control sequence (like \lrbox{}) is necessary. If a character with another
+ directioncode occurs, NTS starts a \rlbox and finishes it as soon as a
+ character with the original \directioncode appears or at the end of the
+ paragraph.
+ 
+  For the building of right-to-left tables a \rlalign is needed.
+ 
+2.5. \textcode (Sep 93, Nov 93)
+ Some of the character coding discussions in the Technical Working
+ Group on Multiple Language Coordination and some experiences I've made
+ with `german.sty' (specially the problems with an active doublequote
+ and hex integer constants!) lead to this _incomplete_ proposal/idea
+ for the following addition:
+   Introduce something like
+        \textcode       (and \textchar & \textchardef)
+ which are the text (hmode) equivalent of TeX's \mathcode (and
+ \mathchar/\mathchardef) primitives.
+ 
+ With an equivalent and appropriate implemented \textcode primitive
+ (with the choice to define a character as "pseudo-active"), it would
+ be possible to
+        * relate characters to different fonts
+          (using a generalized `fam' of \mathcode)
+ 
+        * suppress expansion of active characters (it will only be
+          expanded, if it is read to form the hlist)
+          (using an equivalent \mathcode="8000 value)
+          [This point allows the use of e.g. a pseudo-active "
+          which expands to non-expandable tokens and it removes
+          the special construct \relax\ifmmode... for active
+          characters, too.]
+ 
+2.6. \afterfi (August 1993)
+ In the answer to an exercise of the ``Around the Bend'' series, Michael Downes
+ realised the non-existence of an \afterfi primitive (Note: He did not
+ demand it nor really miss it). Perhaps an \afterfi can
+ simplify some obscure mouth-only macros with nested conditionals???
+ \afterfi should be expandable, because \if...\fi is expandable.
+ 
+2.7. \interactionmode   (Nov 93, was: \currentinteractionmode)
+  Add a new count register \interactionmode, which reflects the user
+  interaction level with the following values:
+        <= 0    batch_mode
+         = 1    nonstop_mode
+         = 2    scroll_mode
+        >= 3    error_stop_mode
+ 
+  The commands \batchmode...\errorstopmode, the "options" 'Q', 'R', 'S'
+  in the interactive error routine and all other TeX internal
+  interaction level changes (e.g. after an interruption) access this new
+  register.  The level changes in the interactive error routine and the
+  old commands should always work, even if the symbol \interactionmode is
+  redefined (this means that the user can redefine \interactionmode, but the
+  commands \batchmode...\errorstopmode still work).
+ 
+  Examples:
+ 
+   \ifnum\interactionmode<1 \AskUser \else \UseDefault \fi
+ 
+  {\interactionmode=0            % switch to \batchmode
+   \global\font\test=xyz10   % try to load font
+  }%                         % restore former interaction level
+  % ... now test if font has been loaded
+  %      without error (i.e. != nullfont)
+ 
+2.8. \mathspacing (Nov 93)
+  Add a new count register array \mathspacing with 64 entries (we really
+  need only 64-8=56 entries, because some of them are never used, but to
+  simplify things 64 are used) with the following syntax:
+ 
+   \mathspacing <num1>=<num2>           %  0 <= <num1> <= 63
+ 
+  The spacing specified in number <num2> is inserted between the two
+  math atom types specified in number <num1>.  The two numbers are coded
+  as
+ 
+  <num1> = <left_atom_type> * 8 + <right_atom_type>
+  <num2> = ( (<display_spacing> * 256 + <text_spacing>) * 256
+                 + <script_spacing> ) * 256 + <scriptscript_spacing>
+ 
+  This means that <num1> is easily expressed in octal and <num2> in
+  hexadecimal notation.
+ 
+  <..._atom_type> is one of the following seven types:
+ 
+  0 ordinary            1 large operator
+  2 binary operation    3 relation
+  4 opening             5 closing
+  6 punctuation         7 delimited subformula
+ 
+  <..._spacing> can be specified separately for each of the four math
+  styles (display, text, script and scriptscript) with the following
+  values:
+ 
+        0       no space
+        1       thin space      (specified by \thinmuskip)
+        2       medium space    ( -- " -- \medmuskip)
+        3       thick space     ( -- " -- \thickmuskip)
+ 
+        4-255   reserved for other things
+                (e.g. other spacings and/or additional penalties,
+                like \relpenalty, \binoppenalty, ...)
+ 
+  For more information see TeXbook, pp. 170f & Appendix G and TeX--The
+  Program, \S 764ff.
+ 
+  Examples:  (using TeX's standard spacing)
+ 
+  Between an `ordinary' (= 0) and a `relation' (= 3) atom a thick
+  space (= 3) is inserted, but not in script or scriptscript style.
+ 
+        \mathspacing '03 = "0033
+ 
+  Between a large operator (= 1) and an ordinary (= 0) atom a thin
+  space (= 1) is inserted:
+ 
+        \mathspacing '10 = "1111
+ 
+  Necessary changes for the sketched proposal are very simple to
+  implement.
+  The syntax of \mathspacing is awful, but this is true for \mathcode,
+  \delimitercode, etc.etc., too.
+ 
+2.9. \inputescapechar (Nov 93, alternative names were proposed during
+  discussion)
+  Use two new internal count registers \inputescapechar and
+  \outputescapechar to specify the "escape" character to be used for
+  unprintable characters.
+  If \inputescapechar is not in [0..255], TeX's behaviour is used,
+  i.e., two equal characters with category 7 are used as a prefix for a
+  ~~x notated character, otherwise two characters with code
+  \inputescapechar are used for this prefix.
+  If \outputescapechar is not in [0..255], the character `~' is used
+  when an unprintable character has to be written.
+ 
+  The default values of these two registers are
+    \inputescapechar  = -1
+    \outputescapechar = `~
+  to be compatible with TeX's standard behaviour.
+ 
+2.10. \middle (Jan 94)
+  Generalize the syntax of \left<delimiter>  <formula> \right<delimiter>
+  to allow one or more optional \middle delimiters,
+  \left<delimiter> <formula> \middle<delimiter> <formula> \right<delimiter>.
+ 
+  The middle delimiter grows to the same height as the left and right ones.
+  Constructions of this kind are used throughout quantum mechanics (Dirac
+  notation), e.g.
+  $$
+  \left\langle A  \middle% \hat{O} \middle% B \right\rangle
+  $$
+  By default, the \middle element is \mathrel, you can make it
+  \mathord by embracing it {\middle %}.
+ 
+ 
+2.11. \outputunit (Dec 93)
+  \outputunit       unit to be used when e-TeX shows some dimen or glue
+                    value
+  Usage: \outputunit=<unit of measure>       (s. TeXbook p. 270)
+  Rationale:
+ 
+  Currently TeX forces the user to think in points when it outputs any
+  dimen or glue value (e.g. when issueing an overfull hbox warning).
+  But a program should adapt to the conventions of the user instead the
+  other way round. The addition of \outputunit whould make TeX much
+  more user-friendly, since only a few people are thinking in points.
+ 
+2.12. \protected (new prefix for macro definitions) (Nov 94)
+  Analogous to \long, \outer, etc., causes the associated macro to be
+  non-expanding in contexts where such behaviour is likely to be undesirable
+  (in particular in \writes and \edefs); an explicit \expandafter \empty
+  may be used to force expansion in these circumstances.
+ 
+2.13. \scantokens (Nov 94)
+  Allows an existing token-list to be re-input under a different catcode regime
+  from that under which it was created; as it uses all of TeX's present \input
+  mechanism, even %%ff notation will be interpreted as if \input.  Causes an
+  `empty filename' to be input, resulting in `( )' appearing in the log file
+  if \tracingscantokens (q.v.) is strictly greater than zero.  If the token
+  list represents more than one line of input, and if an error occurs, then
+  \inputlinenumber will reflect the logical input line from the token list
+  rather than the current input line number from the current file.
+ 
+2.14. \deferred (Nov 94)
+  At the moment, only \writes are deferred; there are cases when it would
+  be desirable for other things, too, to be expanded only during \shipout,
+  and \specials are one of these. (See also 2.2.3)
+ 
+2.15.  \everyeof {<balanced text>}
+  Provides a hook whereby the contents of a token list register may be
+  inserted into TeX's reading orifice when end-of-file is encountered
+  during file reading.  Would not be invoked of the file indicated
+  logical e-o-f through the medium of \endinput.  Proposed by Phil
+  to allow clean processing of file-handling code which requires
+  a (sequence of characters yielding) \else or fi to be found in a
+  file, where no such sequence can be guaranteed.
+ 
+2.16. \readline <integer> to <cs> (Nov 94)
+  Allows a single line to be read from an input file as if each character
+  therein had catcode 12.  Intended to be used for verbatim copying
+  operations, in conjunction with \scantokens, or to allow error-free parsing
+  of `foreign' (non-TeX) files.
+ 
+2.17. \evaluate {<arithmetic expression>} (Nov 94)
+  Intended for use on the r-h-s of \count, \dimen and \skip assignments,
+  it would allow the use of infix arithmetic operators such as +, -, * and /;
+  the type of the result would, in general, be the type of the simplest operand
+  forming a part of the expression, and the normal semantics of TeX would allow
+  this to be further coerced where necessary.  Parenthesised sub-expressions
+  would be allowed.
+ 
+  Additional operations were proposed: trigonometric functions, square
+  root, pythagorean addition (METAFONT's `++'), angle{<delta_x, delta_y>}.
+ 
+2.18. \ifevaluate{<boolean expression>}....\else....\fi  (Nov 94)
+  The boolean expression should allow for the usual operators like
+  .not., .and., .or., .xor., =, >, <, <=, etc., if feasable it should also
+  allow the evaluation of arithmetic expressions. Some functions are needed
+  to get information old TeX \if's know now, I propose the name
+  \query<whatever> to these functions.
+ 
+  At the moment I see need for the following \query<whatever> functions:
+  \queryeof    returns `1' if eof, `0' else
+  \querymode   returns `0' in the infamous `no mode' (do we need to
+                             differentiate finer here?
+                       `1' in vertical mode
+                       `2' in restricted vertical mode
+                       `3' in horizontal mode
+                       `4' in restricted horizontal mode
+                       `5' in math mode
+                       `6' in restricted math mode
+    With \querymode \ifmmode, \ifhmode, \ifvmode, and \ifinner can be emulated.
+  \querydefined{\cs}   `1' if defined, `0' else
+  \querycsname...\endcsname  (ditto)
+ 
+2.19. \everyeof {<balanced text>}
+  Provides a hook whereby the contents of a token list register may be
+  inserted into TeX's reading orifice when end-of-file is encountered
+  during file reading.  Would not be invoked of the file indicated
+  logical e-o-f through the medium of \endinput.  Proposed by Phil
+  to allow clean processing of file-handling code which requires
+  a (sequence of characters yielding) \else or fi to be found in a
+  file, where no such sequence can be guaranteed.
+ 
+2.20. \fancyprompt
+  allow configuration of the TeX prompt (default `*'), e.g.
+  *\fancyprompt{eTeX>}
+  eTeX>
+ 
+3. Metaremarks
+ 
+3.0. General
+  Remarks about group efforts vs. one person creating software (Mar 93),
+  ALGOL 68 as a warning example
+ 
+3.1. TeX is not perfect (Jun 92, Jul 92)
+  The discussion has taken place in June and July 1992. Several details were
+  worked out, where TeX could be improved. Another point of criticism was
+  the programming language of TeX in general, several participants prefer a
+  procedural language over a macro language.
+ 
+3.2. In which language shall NTS be written (Mar 93)
+  In 1992, there was much discussion, in which language an NTS should be
+  implemented (candidates were LISP, C, and WEB). This has settled in March
+  1993 (to PASCAL-WEB), because of the acceptance of the
+  idea that rather than wait for an ``all-singing, all dancing'' NTS, the
+  group should develop, in a stepwise manner, small but significant
+  enhancements to TeX. This implies that the enhancements are implemented as
+  change files in WEB.
+ 
+3.3. The TeX language (Oct/Nov 93)
+  The TeX language is a simple language in the sense, that it contains only
+  few concepts. It belongs to the Lisp family. In particular, it's a
+  list-based macro language with late binding. Actually, that's all one
+  needs to say to characterize it.
+  Its data constructs are simpler than in Common Lisp: `token list' is the
+  only first order type. Glue, boxes, numbers, etc., are engine
+  concepts; instances of them are described by token lists.
+  Its lexical analzsis is simpler than CL: One cannot program
+  it. One can only configure it.
+  Its control constructs are simpler than in CL: Only macros, no
+  functions. And the macros are only simple ones, one can't compute
+  in them.
+ 
+3.4. The TeX engine (Oct/Nov 93)
+  The TeX engine lies below the TeX language. Glue, boxes, numbers, etc.
+  belong to the TeX engine. The registers of the engine can be changed
+  by TeX's primitives. However, the latter seem to be quite unregular and
+  baroque.
+ 
+3.5. Extensions and Enhancements (Nov 94)
+  `Extensions' are basically new primitives which have no effect on the
+   semantics of existing TeX documents, except insofaras any document which
+   tests whether such a primitive is, in fact, undefined, will clearly obtain
+   opposite results under TeX and e-TeX; `enhancements' are more fundamental
+   changes to the TeX kernel which may affect the semantics of existing TeX
+   documents even if no new primitive is used or even tested.  Such changes
+   may be, for example, differences in the construction of TeX's internal
+   lists, or perhaps different hyphenation or ligaturing behaviour.
+ 
+4. Deviations
+ 
+4.0. General
+  (empty)
+ 
+4.1. Automated Kerning (Oct 92)
+  Kindersley's "optical kerning": for the purposes of
+  kerning, each character is replaced by a circle centred on the centre of
+  gravity of that character; the radius of the circle is determined by the
+  fourth moment of the character (that is, the fourth root of the sum over
+  all black pixels of the fourth power of their distance from the centre). On
+  the UKTUG trip to Kindersley's studio, I tried to extract the reason why
+  the fourth, as opposed to third or fifth or whatever, moment is used; the
+  reason is apparently that it "looks right".
+ 
+  We can construct elaborate schemes for kerning (Kindersley's fourth
+  moments, FontStudio's (convex?) envelopes, Calamus' eight widths, etc), but
+  the proof of the typographical pudding is in the eating of the resulting
+  words, so to speak.
+ 
+4.2 About Lout (June 1993)
+ In June 1993, the new system Basser Lout caused several questions and
+ suggestions on this list. The following is taken from a short review
+ of Lout by Bernd Raichle:
+ 
+ `Lout' is a (yet another) document formatting system, released under
+ the terms of the GNU General Public License and available on some ftp
+ servers.
+ 
+ IMHO it's more like a `troff' (with a better input language and some
+ newer concepts) than a `TeX'.
+ 
+ A few citations from the documentation of lout:
+ 
+   Lout is a high-level language for document formatting, designed and
+   implemented by the author.  The implementation, known as Basser
+   Lout, is a fully operational production version written in C for the
+   Unix operating system, which translates Lout source code into
+   PostScript, a device-independent graphics rendering language
+   accepted by many high-resolution output devices, including most
+   laser printers.
+ [...]
+   When expert users can implement such applications quickly,
+   non-experts benefit.  Although Lout itself provides only a small
+   kernel of carefully chosen primitives,
+ 
+ Lout has 23 primitive operators... missing, for example, the simplest
+ arithmetical operators (there is only the operator "@Next" which
+ increases a number by one).
+ 
+   packages written in Lout and distributed with Basser Lout provide an
+   unprecedented array of advanced features in a form accessible to
+   non-expert users.  The features include rotation and scaling, fonts,
+ 
+ These features are mostly based on the output language... Postscript
+ (if you are looking inside a Lout package, you find large portions of
+ embedded Postscript code).
+ 
+   paragraph and page breaking,
+ 
+ TeX does a better job for these two items, because Lout is missing
+ most of TeX's paragraph/page breaking parameters.  (Note: Lout uses
+ TeX's hyphenation algorithm and the hyphenation patterns.)
+ 
+   displays and lists, floating figures and tables, footnotes, chapters
+   and sections (automatically numbered), running page headers and
+   footers, odd-even page layouts, automatically generated tables of
+   contents, sorted indexes and reference lists, bibliographic and
+   other databases (including databases of formats for printing
+   references), equations, tables, diagrams, formatting of Pascal
+   programs, and automatically maintained cross references.
+ 
+ TeX's math setting abilities are better.  Lout uses a package named
+ `eq' derived from the `eqn' preprocessor used with `troff'.  And there
+ are other packages named `tab' (for tabulars) and `fig' (drawing
+ figures).
+ 
+ [...]
+   Lout is organized around four key concepts -- objects, definitions,
+   galleys, and cross references -- [...]
+ 
+ The concept of `galleys' and the "expansion" of recursive defintions
+ are IMHO the only new concept in Lout:
+ 
+ `galleys' are a way to describe a page, dividing it in certain regions
+ which can be filled from different sources (e.g. a footnote galley is
+ filled with footnote text, etc.).
+ 
+ Recursive definitions are very simple, e.g.
+        def @Leaders { ..   @Leaders }
+ defines the command (Lout calls it `object') to "expand" to a `..' and
+ if there is place for another "expansion" it is called again.
+ 
+ For example
+        \hbox to 4in{Chapter 7 \dotfill 53}
+ is in Lout
+        4i @Wide { Chapter 7  @Leaders  53 }
+ 
+ With this recursive definitions, a whole document is defined as a
+ @PageList consisting of a @Page and a @PageList with an incremented
+ @PageNum.  A @Page is defined as a set of `galleys' (header, text
+ body, footnotes, footer), which are also defined as a list of
+ text/footnotes/... and so on.
+ 
+ Perhaps others can add more impressions, mine are based on the
+ documentation coming with the Lout package and some tests done in
+ 1-2 hours.
+ 
+5. Proposed changes to METAFONT
+ 
+5.O. General
+  Most of the General points in the discussion of TeX also apply to METAFONT.
+ 
+5.1. Writing to auxiliary files
+  METAFONT should be able to write to auxiliary files. Desparately needed
+  for packages which allow to draw figures in METAFONT and label them in TeX
+  (BoF session at EuroTeX '92, Prague).
+ 
+ 
+6. Proposed changes to the tfm file format
+ 
+6.1. Vertical kerning (Jun 92)
+   This may sound exotic to you, but the AFM format can do
+   it. And I desperately need it for non-Latin alphabets (everytime I need
+   a character in a ligature raised or lowered, I have to reserve a position
+   in the font for it).
+ 
+6.2. Cross-font ligatures (Jun 92)
+   Ligatures pointing to other fonts!! Yes, imagine for example that your
+   256 chars are full, you could still access characters by ligatures...but
+   they have to be in the same font.
+ 
+7. Proposed changes to the dvi file format
+ 
+7.0. General
+  A longer discussion about colour inclusion into the dvi-file occured in
+  Oct/Nov 93. The outcome was, that high-quality colour handling is a difficult
+  and device dependent task, better left to the printer driver. Colour can be
+  handled by the \special command which is sent directly to the driver.
+ 
+  On comp.text.tex I saw a remark, that specials may occur on places in the
+  dvi-file, where TeX can't put them. Maybe eTeX should take care of this
+  point.
+ 
+7.1. Horizontal and Vertical Mirroring (Nov 94)
+  Allow a glyph to be mirrored in a vertical axis, placed centrally;
+  mirrored in a horizontal axis, placed at half the x(?)-height.
+ 
+  It was noted, that the specification of the axes might cause problems.
+  It was also noted, that several drivers understand specials for the
+  requested action.
+ 
+7.2. Rotation of a glphy by 180 degrees (Nov 94)
+  This would greatly increase the power of vpl files (e.g. define schwa by
+  rotating e), and I hope that it would be possible for drivers to implement.
+ 
+  It was noted, that this is fine, but rotation by 90 degrees cannot be
+  device independent, because there are printers with rectangular (non-square)
+  pixels.
+ 
+8. Additions to the TeX kit
+ 
+8.0. General
+  The TeX kit, meaning the bundle of programmes building up a complete TeX
+  installation, contains besides the major programmes TeX and METAFONT
+  additional programmes, traditionally divided into several groups:
+ 
+  a) TeXware: dvitype, tftopl, pltotf, pooltype, pktype, patgen, vftovp,
+     vptovf, (outdated: pxtopk, pktopx)
+  b) MFware: mft, gftodvi, gftopk, gftype, (outdated: gftopxl)
+  c) webware: weave, tangle
+ 
+  And, of course, drivers for the screens and printers.
+ 
+  Other utility programmes more loosely associated with TeX are indexers
+  (makeindex, idxtex, glotex, ...) and bibliography tools (bibtex,
+  bibclean, ...). Makeindex and Bibtex are standard tools, because they
+  are described in the LaTeX manuals.
+ 
+  Another group includes drawing programmes (TeXCAD, xfig, gnuplot, ...) to
+  create graphics to be imported to TeX documents and graphics converters
+  (ghostscript, xv, bmt2font, ...).
+ 
+8.1. dvicopy
+  Written in WEB by Peter Breitenlohner
+  Available from CTAN
+  Resolves all references to virtual fonts in a dvi file. Can be used to
+  create a dvi file without virtual fonts (e.g. for drivers which cannot
+  handle vf's).
+ 
+8.2. dv2dp and dp2dv
+  Written in C by Geoffrey Tobin
+  Available on request from the author
+  dv2dp makes a human readable file from a dvi file. The companion
+  programme dp2dv makes a dvi file frome a dvi property list file.
+  It allows you to change dvi files with a text editor.
+ 
+8.3. gftotxt
+  Written in C by Yannis Haralambous
+  Available ?
+  Extracts a certain kind of specials from the gf file into a text file.
+  Workaround for the famous non-ability of METAFONT to write auxiliary
+  files.
+ 
+8.4. qdtexvpl
+  Written by Eberhard Mattes
+  Available from the CTAN archives
+  Generates a virtual font from TeX macros. qd = quick and dirty.
+ 
+8.5. fontinst
+  Written in TeX by Alan Jeffrey
+  Available form CTAN
+  Makes virtual fonts from afm files (PostScript fonts). Used by the LaTeX
+  team to create virtual fonts and fd files for LaTeX2e.
+ 
+8.6. afmtotfm
+  Written in C by Thomas Rokicki
+  Available from CTAN (part of dvips distribution)
+  Makes tfm files from afm files.
+ 
+8.7. dvipaste
+  Part of LAMSTeX (Michael Spivak)
+  Allows to paste a dvi-file into another one.
+ 
+8.8. METAPOST
+  Written in Web by John Hobby
+  Now freely available from the CTAN
+  A tool to build graphics to be included in TeX documents, uses a METAFONT
+  style language.
+ 
+8.9. Tie
+  Written by Klaus Gunthermann
+  Available from CTAN
+  Allows to process multiple change files to a given Web source. A tool
+  of this kind is needed to build any eTeX distribution, since one has
+  tex.web, etex.ch, tex.ch-system, and etex.ch-system files to deal with.
+ 
+8.10. dvi2dvi
+  Available from CTAN
+  Postprocessor for dvi files, allowing e.g. 2-up or 4-up layout of full
+  pages.
+ 
+9. Existing extensions to TeX
+ 
+9.0 General
+  Here I include short description of existing extensions to TeX. This section
+  does not include commercial TeX implementations because of lack of solid
+  enough information on them. It also does not yet include ETeX, NTS, nor
+  Omega.
+ 
+9.1. TeX-XeT (Don Knuth and Pierre MacKay)
+  CTAN: tex-archive/systems/knuth
+  Adds new primitives \beginR, \endR, \beginL, and \endL for right to left
+  typesetting. Despite their names, the new primitives are insensitive to
+  TeX's grouping mechanism. Outputs a special file in dvi-ivd format, which
+  need be resolved by another programme or requires special drivers.
+ 
+9.2. TeX--XeT (Peter Breitenlohner)
+  Available from CTAN  tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex--xet
+  Implements the same primitives as TeX-XeT, but outputs a normal dvi file.
+  Passes the trip test (as far as I know).
+ 
+9.3. MLTeX (Michael Ferguson)
+  Available from  aldebaran.ee.mcgill.ca in pub/mltex
+  Adds a primitive \charsubdef, which allows the following: input of 8-bit
+  characters, participation of accented characters not present in the output
+  encoding in hyphenation, ligatures and kerning with accented letters.
+  Especially popular in francophone countries.
+  emTeX supports MLTeX via the /ml option.
+ 
+9.4. SiSiSi (Wilhelm Barth, Heinrich Nirschl, Heini Hofstaedter und Harald
+               Mueller)
+  Available from CTAN: tex-archive/systems/vms (sic!)
+  Implements another hyphenation algorithm (the name means SIchere
+  SInnentsprechende SIlbentrennung, which is translated `secure sensitive
+  hyphenation') specific to the german language (with Haupt- und
+  Nebentrennstellen). Fails the trip test, therefore not a legitimate TeX.
+  In use at TU Wien (Austria).
+ 
+9.5. Japanese TeX
+  [in preparation]
+ 
+The End.
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/knuth/etc/virtual-fonts.knuth b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/knuth/etc/virtual-fonts.knuth
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1bc3a2bc405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/knuth/etc/virtual-fonts.knuth
@@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
+Date: 08 Jan 90  1727 PST
+From: Don Knuth <DEK@SAIL.Stanford.EDU>
+Subject: Virtual fonts: More fun for Grand Wizards
+Keywords: fonts
+ 
+Many writers to TeXhax during the past year or so have been struggling with
+interfaces between differing font conventions. For example, there's been a
+brisk correspondence about mixing oldstyle digits with a caps-and-small-caps
+alphabet. Other people despair of working with fonts supplied by manufacturers
+like Autologic, Compugraphic, Monotype, etc.; still others are afraid to leave
+the limited accent capabilities of Computer Modern for fonts containing letters
+that are individually accented as they should be, because such fonts are not
+readily available in a form that existing TeX software understands.
+ 
+There is a much better way to solve such problems than the remedies
+that have been proposed in TeXhax. This better way was first realized
+by David Fuchs in 1983, when he installed it in our DVI-to-APS
+software at Stanford (which he also developed for commercial
+distribution by ArborText). We used it, for example, to typeset my
+article on Literate Programming for The Computer Journal, using native
+Autologic fonts to match the typography of that journal.
+ 
+I was expecting David's strategy to become widely known and adopted.
+But alas --- and this has really been the only significant
+disappointment I've had with respect to the way TeX has been
+propagating around the world --- nobody else's DVI-to-X drivers have
+incorporated anything resembling David's ideas, and TeXhax
+contributors have spilled gallons of electronic ink searching for
+answers in the wrong direction.
+ 
+The right direction is obvious once you've seen it (although it wasn't
+obvious in 1983): All we need is a good way to specify a mapping from
+TeX's notion of a font character to a device's capabilities for
+printing. Such a mapping was called a "virtual font" by the AMS
+speakers at the TUG meetings this past August. At that meeting I spoke
+briefly about the issue and voiced my hope that all DVI drivers be
+upgraded within a year to add a virtual font capability.  Dave Rodgers
+of ArborText announced that his company would make their WEB routines
+for virtual font design freely available, and I promised to edit them
+into a form that would match the other programs in the standard
+TeXware distribution.
+ 
+The preparation of TeX Version 3 and MF Version 2 has taken me much longer
+than expected, but at last I've been able to look closely at the concept of
+virtual fonts. (The need for such fonts is indeed much greater now than it
+was before, because TeX's new multilingual capabilities are significantly
+more powerful only when suitable fonts are available. Virtual fonts can
+easily be created to meet these needs.)
+ 
+After looking closely at David Fuchs's original design, I decided to design
+a completely new file format that would carry his ideas further, making the
+virtual font mechanism completely device-independent; David's original code
+was very APS-specific. Furthermore I decided to extend his notions so that
+arbitrary DVI commands (including rules and even specials) could be
+part of a virtual font. The new file format I've just designed is called
+VF; it's easy for DVI drivers to read VF files, because VF format is similar
+to the PK and DVI formats they already deal with.
+ 
+The result is two new system routines called VFtoVP and VPtoVF. These
+routines are extensions of the old ones called TFtoPL and PLtoTF;
+there's a property-list language called VPL that extends the ordinary
+PL format so that virtual fonts can be created easily.
+ 
+In addition to implementing these routines, I've also tested the ideas by
+verifying that virtual fonts could be incorporated into Tom Rokicki's dvips
+system without difficulty. I wrote a C program (available from Tom) that
+converts Adobe AFM files into virtual fonts for TeX; these virtual fonts
+include almost all the characteristics of Computer Modern text fonts
+(lacking only the uppercase Greek and the dotless j) and they include all
+the additional Adobe characters as well. These virtual fonts even include
+all the "composite characters" listed in the AFM file, from `Aacute' to
+`zcaron'; such characters are available as ligatures. For example, to get
+`Aacute' you type first `acute' (which is character 19 = ~S in Computer Modern
+font layout, it could also be character 194 = Meta-B if you're using an
+8-bit keyboard with the new TeX) followed by `A'. Using such fonts, it's
+now easier for me to typeset European language texts in Times-Roman and
+Helvetica and Palatino than in Computer Modern! [But with less than an hour's
+work I could make a virtual font for Computer Modern that would do the same
+things; I just haven't gotten around to it yet.]
+ 
+[A nice ligature scheme for dozens of European languages was just published
+by Haralambous in the November TUGboat. He uses only ASCII characters, getting
+Aacute with the combination <A. I could readily add his scheme to mine, by
+adding a few lines to my VPL files. Indeed, multiple conventions can be
+supported simultaneously (although I don't recommend that really).]
+ 
+Virtual fonts make it easy to go from DVI files to the font layouts of
+any manufacturer or font supplier. They also (I'm sorry to say) make
+"track kerning" easy, for people who have to resort to that oft-abused
+feature of lead-free type.
+ 
+Furthermore, virtual fonts solve the problem of proofreading with screen
+fonts or with lowres laserprinter fonts, because you can have several
+virtual fonts sharing a common TFM file.  Suppose, for example, that you
+want to typeset camera copy on an APS machine using Univers as the
+ultimate font, but you want to do proofreading with a screen previewer and
+with a laserprinter. Suppose further that you don't have Univers for your
+laserprinter; the closest you have is Helvetica.  And suppose that you
+haven't even got Helvetica for your screen, but you do have cmss10. Here's
+what you can do: First make a virtual property list (VPL) file
+univers-aps.vpl that describes the high-quality font of your ultimate
+output. Then edit that file into univers-laser.vpl, which has identical
+font metric info but maps the characters into Helvetica; similarly, make
+univers-screen.vpl, which maps them into cmss10. Now run VPtoVF on each of
+the three VPL files. This will produce three identical TFM files
+univers.tfm, one of which you should put on the directory read by TeX.
+You'll also get three distinct VF files called univers.vf, which you
+should put on three different directories --- one directory for your
+DVI-to-APS software, another for your DVI-to-laserwriter software, and the
+third for the DVI-to-screen previewer.  Voil~~Ra.
+ 
+So virtual fonts are evidently quite virtuous. But what exactly are
+virtual fonts, detail-wise? Appended to this message are excerpts from
+VFtoVP.WEB and VPtoVF.WEB, which give a complete definition of the
+VF and VPL file formats.
+ 
+I fully expect that all people who have implemented DVI drivers will
+immediately see the great potential of virtual fonts, and that they will
+be unable to resist installing a VF capability into their own software
+during the first few months of 1990. (The idea is this: For each font
+specified in a DVI file, the software looks first in a special table to
+see if the font is device-resident (in which case the TFM file is loaded,
+to get the character widths); failing that, it looks for a suitable GF or
+PK file; failing that, it looks for a VF file, which may in turn lead to
+other actual or virtual files. The latter files should not be loaded
+immediately, but only on demand, because the process is recursive.
+Incidentally, if no resident or GF or PK or VF file is found, a TFM file
+should be loaded as a last resort, so that the characters can be left
+blank with appropriate widths.)
+ 
+%--- an excerpt from VFtoVP.web -----------------------------------------------
+ 
+@* Virtual fonts.  The idea behind \.{VF} files is that a general
+interface mechanism is needed to switch between the myriad font
+layouts provided by different suppliers of typesetting equipment.
+Without such a mechanism, people must go to great lengths writing
+inscrutable macros whenever they want to use typesetting conventions
+based on one font layout in connection with actual fonts that have
+another layout. This puts an extra burden on the typesetting system,
+interfering with the other things it needs to do (like kerning,
+hyphenation, and ligature formation).
+ 
+These difficulties go away when we have a ``virtual font,''
+i.e., a font that exists in a logical sense but not a physical sense.
+A typesetting system like \TeX\ can do its job without knowing where the
+actual characters come from; a device driver can then do its job by
+letting a \.{VF} file tell what actual characters correspond to the
+characters \TeX\ imagined were present. The actual characters
+can be shifted and/or magnified and/or combined with other characters
+from many different fonts. A virtual font can even make use of characters
+from virtual fonts, including itself.
+ 
+Virtual fonts also allow convenient character substitutions for proofreading
+purposes, when fonts designed for one output device are unavailable on another.
+ 
+@ A \.{VF} file is organized as a stream of 8-bit bytes, using conventions
+borrowed from \.{DVI} and \.{PK} files. Thus, a device driver that knows
+about \.{DVI} and \.{PK} format will already
+contain most of the mechanisms necessary to process \.{VF} files.
+We shall assume that \.{DVI} format is understood; the conventions in the
+\.{DVI} documentation (see, for example, {\sl \TeX: The Program}, part 31)
+are adopted here to define \.{VF} format.
+ 
+A preamble
+appears at the beginning, followed by a sequence of character definitions,
+followed by a postamble. More precisely, the first byte of every \.{VF} file
+must be the first byte of the following ``preamble command'':
+ 
+\yskip\hang|pre| 247 |i[1]| |k[1]| |x[k]| |cs[4]| |ds[4]|.
+Here |i| is the identification byte of \.{VF}, currently 202. The string
+|x| is merely a comment, usually indicating the source of the \.{VF} file.
+Parameters |cs| and |ds| are respectively the check sum and the design size
+of the virtual font; they should match the first two words in the header of
+the \.{TFM} file, as described below.
+ 
+\yskip
+After the |pre| command, the preamble continues with font definitions;
+every font needed to specify ``actual'' characters in later
+\\{set\_char} commands is defined here. The font definitions are
+exactly the same in \.{VF} files as they are in \.{DVI} files, except
+that the scaled size |s| is relative and the design size |d| is absolute:
+ 
+\yskip\hang|fnt_def1| 243 |k[1]| |c[4]| |s[4]| |d[4]| |a[1]| |l[1]| |n[a+l]|.
+Define font |k|, where |0<=k<256|.
+ 
+\yskip\hang|@!fnt_def2| 244 |k[2]| |c[4]| |s[4]| |d[4]| |a[1]| |l[1]| |n[a+l]|.
+Define font |k|, where |0<=k<65536|.
+ 
+\yskip\hang|@!fnt_def3| 245 |k[3]| |c[4]| |s[4]| |d[4]| |a[1]| |l[1]| |n[a+l]|.
+Define font |k|, where |0<=k<@t$2~{24}$@>|.
+ 
+\yskip\hang|@!fnt_def4| 246 |k[4]| |c[4]| |s[4]| |d[4]| |a[1]| |l[1]| |n[a+l]|.
+Define font |k|, where |@t$-2~{31}$@><=k<@t$2~{31}$@>|.
+ 
+\yskip\noindent
+These font numbers |k| are ``local''; they have no relation to font numbers
+defined in the \.{DVI} file that uses this virtual font. The dimension%|s|,
+which represents the scaled size of the local font being defined,
+is a |fix_word| relative to the design size of the virtual font.
+Thus if the local font is to be used at the same size
+as the design size of the virtual font itself, |s| will be the
+integer value $2~{20}$. The value of |s| must be positive and less than
+$2~{24}$ (thus less than 16 when considered as a |fix_word|).
+The dimension%|d| is a |fix_word| in units of printer's points; hence it
+is identical to the design size found in the corresponding \.{TFM} file.
+ 
+@d id_byte=202
+ 
+@<Glob...@>=
+@!vf_file:packed file of 0..255;
+ 
+@ The preamble is followed by zero or more character packets, where each
+character packet begins with a byte that is $<243$. Character packets have
+two formats, one long and one short:
+ 
+\yskip\hang|long_char| 242 |pl[4]| |cc[4]| |tfm[4]| |dvi[pl]|. This long form
+specifies a virtual character in the general case.
+ 
+\yskip\hang|short_char0..short_char241|
+|pl[1]| |cc[1]| |tfm[3]| |dvi[pl]|. This short form specifies a
+virtual character in the common case
+when |0<=pl<242| and |0<=cc<256| and $0\le|tfm|<2~{24}$.
+ 
+ 
+\yskip\noindent
+Here |pl| denotes the packet length following the |tfm| value; |cc| is
+the character code; and |tfm| is the character width copied from the
+\.{TFM} file for this virtual font. There should be at most one character
+packet having any given |cc| code.
+ 
+The |dvi| bytes are a sequence of complete \.{DVI} commands, properly
+nested with respect to |push| and |pop|. All \.{DVI} operations are
+permitted except |bop|, |eop|, and commands with opcodes |>=243|.
+Font selection commands (|fnt_num0| through |fnt4|) must refer to fonts
+defined in the preamble.
+ 
+Dimensions that appear in the \.{DVI} instructions are analogous to
+|fix_word| quantities; i.e., they are integer multiples of $2~{-20}$ times
+the design size of the virtual font. For example, if the virtual font
+has design size $10\,$pt, the \.{DVI} command to move down $5\,$pt
+would be a \\{down} instruction with parameter $2~{19}$. The virtual font
+itself might be used at a different size, say $12\,$pt; then that
+\\{down} instruction would move down $6\,$pt instead. Each dimension
+must be less than $2~{24}$ in absolute value.
+ 
+Device drivers processing \.{VF} files treat the sequences of |dvi| bytes
+as subroutines or macros, implicitly enclosing them with |push| and |pop|.
+Each subroutine begins with |w=x=y=z=0|, and with current font%|f| the
+number of the first-defined in the preamble (undefined if there's no
+such font). After the |dvi| commands have been
+performed, the |h| and%|v| position registers of \.{DVI} format are restored
+to their former values, and then |h| is increased by the \.{TFM} width
+(properly scaled)---just as if a simple character had been typeset.
+ 
+@d long_char=242 {\.{VF} command for general character packet}
+@d set_char_0=0 {\.{DVI} command to typeset character 0 and move right}
+@d set1=128 {typeset a character and move right}
+@d set_rule=132 {typeset a rule and move right}
+@d put1=133 {typeset a character}
+@d put_rule=137 {typeset a rule}
+@d nop=138 {no operation}
+@d push=141 {save the current positions}
+@d pop=142 {restore previous positions}
+@d right1=143 {move right}
+@d w0=147 {move right by |w|}
+@d w1=148 {move right and set |w|}
+@d x0=152 {move right by |x|}
+@d x1=153 {move right and set |x|}
+@d down1=157 {move down}
+@d y0=161 {move down by |y|}
+@d y1=162 {move down and set |y|}
+@d z0=166 {move down by |z|}
+@d z1=167 {move down and set |z|}
+@d fnt_num_0=171 {set current font to 0}
+@d fnt1=235 {set current font}
+@d xxx1=239 {extension to \.{DVI} primitives}
+@d xxx4=242 {potentially long extension to \.{DVI} primitives}
+@d fnt_def1=243 {define the meaning of a font number}
+@d pre=247 {preamble}
+@d post=248 {postamble beginning}
+@d improper_DVI_for_VF==139,140,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,
+    253,254,255
+ 
+@ The character packets are followed by a trivial postamble, consisting of
+one or more bytes all equal to |post| (248). The total number of bytes
+in the file should be a multiple of%4.
+ 
+%------------- and here's an extract from VPtoVF.web --------------------------
+
+@* Property list description of font metric data.
+The idea behind \.{VPL} files is that precise details about fonts, i.e., the
+facts that are needed by typesetting routines like \TeX, sometimes have to
+be supplied by hand. The nested property-list format provides a reasonably
+convenient way to do this.
+
+A good deal of computation is necessary to parse and process a
+\.{VPL} file, so it would be inappropriate for \TeX\ itself to do this
+every time it loads a font. \TeX\ deals only with the compact descriptions
+of font metric data that appear in \.{TFM} files. Such data is so compact,
+however, it is almost impossible for anybody but a computer to read it.
+
+Device drivers also need a compact way to describe mappings from \TeX's idea
+of a font to the actual characters a device can produce. They can do this
+conveniently when given a packed sequence of bytes called a \.{VF} file.
+
+The purpose of \.{VPtoVF} is to convert from a human-oriented file of text
+to computer-oriented files of binary numbers. There's a companion program,
+\.{VFtoVP}, which goes the other way.
+
+@<Glob...@>=
+@!vpl_file:text;
+
+@ @<Set init...@>=
+reset(vpl_file);
+
+@ A \.{VPL} file is like a \.{PL} file with a few extra features, so we
+can begin to define it by reviewing the definition of \.{PL} files. The
+material in the next few sections is copied from the program \.{PLtoTF}.
+
+A \.{PL} file is a list of entries of the form
+$$\.{(PROPERTYNAME VALUE)}$$
+where the property name is one of a finite set of names understood by
+this program, and the value may itself in turn be a property list.
+The idea is best understood by looking at an example, so let's consider
+a fragment of the \.{PL} file for a hypothetical font.
+$$\vbox{\halign{\.{#}\hfil\cr
+(FAMILY NOVA)\cr
+(FACE F MIE)\cr
+(CODINGSCHEME ASCII)\cr
+(DESIGNSIZE D 10)\cr
+(DESIGNUNITS D 18)\cr
+(COMMENT A COMMENT IS IGNORED)\cr
+(COMMENT (EXCEPT THIS ONE ISN'T))\cr
+(COMMENT (ACTUALLY IT IS, EVEN THOUGH\cr
+\qquad\qquad IT SAYS IT ISN'T))\cr
+(FONTDIMEN\cr
+\qquad   (SLANT R -.25)\cr
+\qquad   (SPACE D 6)\cr
+\qquad   (SHRINK D 2)\cr
+\qquad   (STRETCH D 3)\cr
+\qquad   (XHEIGHT R 10.55)\cr
+\qquad   (QUAD D 18)\cr
+\qquad   )\cr
+(LIGTABLE\cr
+\qquad   (LABEL C f)\cr
+\qquad   (LIG C f O 200)\cr
+\qquad   (SKIP D 1)\cr
+\qquad   (LABEL O 200)\cr
+\qquad   (LIG C i O 201)\cr
+\qquad   (KRN O 51 R 1.5)\cr
+\qquad   (/LIG C ? C f)\cr
+\qquad   (STOP)\cr
+\qquad   )\cr
+(CHARACTER C f\cr
+\qquad   (CHARWD D 6)\cr
+\qquad   (CHARHT R 13.5)\cr
+\qquad   (CHARIC R 1.5)\cr
+\qquad   )\cr}}$$
+This example says that the font whose metric information is being described
+belongs to the hypothetical
+\.{NOVA} family; its face code is medium italic extended;
+and the characters appear in ASCII code positions. The design size is 10
+points, and all other sizes in this \.{PL} file are given in units such that
+18 units
+equals the design size. The font is slanted with a slope of $-.25$ (hence the
+letters actually slant backward---perhaps that is why the family name is
+\.{NOVA}). The normal space between words is 6 units (i.e., one third of
+the 18-unit design size), with glue that shrinks by 2 units or stretches by 3.
+The letters for which accents don't need to be raised or lowered are 10.55
+units high, and one em equals 18 units.
+
+The example ligature table is a bit trickier. It specifies that the
+letter \.f followed by another \.f is changed to code @'200, while
+code @'200 followed by \.i is changed to @'201; presumably codes @'200
+and @'201 represent the ligatures `ff' and `ffi'.  Moreover, in both cases
+\.f and @'200, if the following character is the code @'51 (which is a
+right parenthesis), an additional 1.5 units of space should be inserted
+before the @'51.  (The `\.{SKIP}~\.D~\.1' skips over one \.{LIG} or
+\.{KRN} command, which in this case is the second \.{LIG}; in this way
+two different ligature/kern programs can come together.)
+Finally, if either \.f or @'200 is followed by a question mark,
+the question mark is replaced by \.f and the ligature program is
+started over. (Thus, the character pair `\.{f?}' would actually become
+the ligature `ff', and `\.{ff?}' or `\.{f?f}' would become `fff'. To
+avoid this restart procedure, the \.{/LIG} command could be replaced
+by \.{/LIG>}; then `\.{f?} would become `f\kern0ptf' and `\.{f?f}'
+would become `f\kern0ptff'.)
+
+Character \.f itself is 6 units wide and 13.5 units tall, in this example.
+Its depth is zero (since \.{CHARDP} is not given), and its italic correction
+is 1.5 units.
+
+@ The example above illustrates most of the features found in \.{PL} files.
+Note that some property names, like \.{FAMILY} or \.{COMMENT}, take a
+string as their value; this string continues until the first unmatched
+right parenthesis. But most property names, like \.{DESIGNSIZE} and \.{SLANT}
+and \.{LABEL}, take a number as their value. This number can be expressed in
+a variety of ways, indicated by a prefixed code; \.D stands for decimal,
+\.H for hexadecimal, \.O for octal, \.R for real, \.C for character, and
+\.F for ``face.''  Other property names, like \.{LIG}, take two numbers as
+their value.  And still other names, like \.{FONTDIMEN} and \.{LIGTABLE} and
+\.{CHARACTER}, have more complicated values that involve property lists.
+
+A property name is supposed to be used only in an appropriate property
+list.  For example, \.{CHARWD} shouldn't occur on the outer level or
+within \.{FONTDIMEN}.
+
+The individual property-and-value pairs in a property list can appear in
+any order. For instance, `\.{SHRINK}' precedes `\.{STRETCH}' in the above
+example, although the \.{TFM} file always puts the stretch parameter first.
+One could even give the information about characters like `\.f' before
+specifying the number of units in the design size, or before specifying the
+ligature and kerning table. However, the \.{LIGTABLE} itself is an exception
+to this rule; the individual elements of the \.{LIGTABLE} property list
+can be reordered only to a certain extent without changing the meaning
+of that table.
+
+If property-and-value pairs are omitted, a default value is used. For example,
+we have already noted that the default for \.{CHARDP} is zero. The default
+for {\sl every\/} numeric value is, in fact, zero, unless otherwise stated
+below.
+
+If the same property name is used more than once, \.{VPtoVF} will not notice
+the discrepancy; it simply uses the final value given. Once again, however, the
+\.{LIGTABLE} is an exception to this rule; \.{VPtoVF} will complain if there
+is more than one label for some character. And of course many of the
+entries in the \.{LIGTABLE} property list have the same property name.
+
+@ A \.{VPL} file also includes information about how to create each character,
+by typesetting characters from other fonts and/or by drawing lines, etc.
+Such information is the value of the `\.{MAP}' property, which can be
+illustrated as follows:
+$$\vbox{\halign{\.{#}\hfil\cr
+(MAPFONT D 0 (FONTNAME Times-Roman))\cr
+(MAPFONT D 1 (FONTNAME Symbol))\cr
+(MAPFONT D 2 (FONTNAME cmr10)(FONTAT D 20))\cr
+(CHARACTER O 0 (MAP (SELECTFONT D 1)(SETCHAR C G)))\cr
+(CHARACTER O 76 (MAP (SETCHAR O 277)))\cr
+(CHARACTER D 197 (MAP\cr
+\qquad(PUSH)(SETCHAR C A)(POP)\cr
+\qquad(MOVEUP R 0.937)(MOVERIGHT R 1.5)(SETCHAR O 312)))\cr
+(CHARACTER O 200 (MAP (MOVEDOWN R 2.1)(SETRULE R 1 R 8)))\cr
+(CHARACTER O 201 (MAP\cr
+\qquad (SPECIAL ps: /SaveGray currentgray def .5 setgray)\cr
+\qquad (SELECTFONT D 2)(SETCHAR C A)\cr
+\qquad (SPECIAL SaveGray setgray)))\cr
+}}$$
+(These specifications appear in addition to the conventional \.{PL}
+information. The \.{MAP} attribute can be mixed in with other attributes
+like \.{CHARWD} or it can be given separately.)
+
+In this example, the virtual font is composed of characters that can be
+fabricated from three actual fonts, `\.{Times-Roman}',
+`\.{Symbol}', and `\.{cmr10} \.{at} \.{20\\u}' (where \.{\\u}
+is the unit size in this \.{VPL} file). Character |@'0| is typeset as
+a `G' from the symbol font. Character |@'76| is typeset as character |@'277|
+from the ordinary Times font. (If no other font is selected, font
+number~0 is the default. If no \.{MAP} attribute is given, the default map
+is a character of the same number in the default font.)
+
+Character 197 (decimal) is more interesting: First an A is typeset (in the
+default font Times), and this is enclosed by \.{PUSH} and \.{POP} so that
+the original position is restored. Then the accent character |@'312| is
+typeset, after moving up .937 units and right 1.5 units.
+
+To typeset character |@'200| in this virtual font, we move down 2.1 units,
+then typeset a rule that is 1 unit high and 8 units wide.
+
+Finally, to typeset character |@'201|, we do something that requires a
+special ability to interpret PostScript commands; this example
+sets the PostScript ``color'' to 50\char`\%\ gray and typesets an `A'
+from \.{cmr10} in that color.
+
+In general, the \.{MAP} attribute of a virtual character can be any sequence
+of typesetting commands that might appear in a page of a \.{DVI} file.
+A single character might map into an entire page.
+
+@ But instead of relying on a hypothetical example, let's consider a complete
+grammar for \.{VPL} files, beginning with the (unchanged) grammatical rules
+for \.{PL} files. At the outer level, the following property names
+are valid in any \.{PL} file:
+
+\yskip\hang\.{CHECKSUM} (four-byte value). The value, which should be a
+nonnegative integer less than $2^{32}$, is used to identify a particular
+version of a font; it should match the check sum value stored with the font
+itself. An explicit check sum of zero is used to bypass
+check sum testing. If no checksum is specified in the \.{VPL} file,
+\.{VPtoVF} will compute the checksum that \MF\ would compute from the
+same data.
+
+
+\yskip\hang\.{DESIGNSIZE} (numeric value, default is 10). The value, which
+should be a real number in the range |1.0<=x<2048|, represents the default
+amount by which all quantities will be scaled if the font is not loaded
+with an `\.{at}' specification. For example, if one says
+`\.{\\font\\A=cmr10 at 15pt}' in \TeX\ language, the design size in the \.{TFM}
+file is ignored and effectively replaced by 15 points; but if one simply
+says `\.{\\font\\A=cmr10}' the stated design size is used. This quantity is
+always in units of printer's points.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{DESIGNUNITS} (numeric value, default is 1). The value
+should be a positive real number; it says how many units equals the design
+size (or the eventual `\.{at}' size, if the font is being scaled). For
+example, suppose you have a font that has been digitized with 600 pixels per
+em, and the design size is one em; then you could say `\.{(DESIGNUNITS R 600)}'
+if you wanted to give all of your measurements in units of pixels.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{CODINGSCHEME} (string value, default is `\.{UNSPECIFIED}').
+The string should not contain parentheses, and its length must be less than 40.
+It identifies the correspondence between the numeric codes and font characters.
+(\TeX\ ignores this information, but other software programs make use of it.)
+
+\yskip\hang\.{FAMILY} (string value, default is `\.{UNSPECIFIED}').
+The string should not contain parentheses, and its length must be less than 20.
+It identifies the name of the family to which this font belongs, e.g.,
+`\.{HELVETICA}'.  (\TeX\ ignores this information; but it is needed, for
+example, when converting \.{DVI} files to \.{PRESS} files for Xerox
+equipment.)
+
+\yskip\hang\.{FACE} (one-byte value). This number, which must lie
+between 0 and 255 inclusive, is a subsidiary ident\-ifi\-ca\-tion of
+the font within its family. For example, bold italic condensed fonts
+might have the same family name as light roman extended fonts,
+differing only in their face byte.  (\TeX\ ignores this information;
+but it is needed, for example, when converting \.{DVI} files to
+\.{PRESS} files for Xerox equipment.)
+
+\yskip\hang\.{SEVENBITSAFEFLAG} (string value, default is
+`\.{FALSE}'). The value should start with either `\.T' (true) or `\.F'
+(false). If true, character codes less than 128 cannot lead to codes
+of 128 or more via ligatures or charlists or extensible characters.
+(\TeX82 ignores this flag, but older versions of \TeX\ would only
+accept \.{TFM} files that were seven-bit safe.)  \.{VPtoVF} computes
+the correct value of this flag and gives an error message only if a
+claimed ``true'' value is incorrect.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{HEADER} (a one-byte value followed by a four-byte value).
+The one-byte value should be between 18 and a maximum limit that can be
+raised or lowered depending on the compile-time setting of |max_header_bytes|.
+The four-byte value goes into the header word whose index is the one-byte
+value; for example, to set |header[18]:=1|, one may write
+`\.{(HEADER D 18 O 1)}'. This notation is used for header information that
+is presently unnamed. (\TeX\ ignores it.)
+
+\yskip\hang\.{FONTDIMEN} (property list value). See below for the names
+allowed in this property list.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{LIGTABLE} (property list value). See below for the rules
+about this special kind of property list.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{BOUNDARYCHAR} (one-byte value). If this character appears in
+a \.{LIGTABLE} command, it matches ``end of word'' as well as itself.
+If no boundary character is given and no \.{LABEL} \.{BOUNDARYCHAR} occurs
+within \.{LIGTABLE}, word boundaries will not affect ligatures or kerning.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{CHARACTER}. The value is a one-byte integer followed by
+a property list. The integer represents the number of a character that is
+present in the font; the property list of a character is defined below.
+The default is an empty property list.
+
+@ Numeric property list values can be given in various forms identified by
+a prefixed letter.
+
+\yskip\hang\.C denotes an ASCII character, which should be a standard visible
+character that is not a parenthesis. The numeric value will therefore be
+between @'41 and @'176 but not @'50 or @'51.
+
+\yskip\hang\.D denotes an unsigned decimal integer, which must be
+less than $2^{32}$, i.e., at most `\.{D 4294967295}'.
+
+\yskip\hang\.F denotes a three-letter Xerox face code; the admissible codes
+are \.{MRR}, \.{MIR}, \.{BRR}, \.{BIR}, \.{LRR}, \.{LIR}, \.{MRC}, \.{MIC},
+\.{BRC}, \.{BIC}, \.{LRC}, \.{LIC}, \.{MRE}, \.{MIE}, \.{BRE}, \.{BIE},
+\.{LRE}, and \.{LIE}, denoting the integers 0 to 17, respectively.
+
+\yskip\hang\.O denotes an unsigned octal integer, which must be less than
+$2^{32}$, i.e., at most `\.{O 37777777777}'.
+
+\yskip\hang\.H denotes an unsigned hexadecimal integer, which must be less than
+$2^{32}$, i.e., at most `\.{H FFFFFFFF}'.
+
+\yskip\hang\.R denotes a real number in decimal notation, optionally preceded
+by a `\.+' or `\.-' sign, and optionally including a decimal point. The
+absolute value must be less than 2048.
+
+@ The property names allowed in a \.{FONTDIMEN} property list correspond to
+various \TeX\ parameters, each of which has a (real) numeric value. All
+of the parameters except \.{SLANT} are in design units. The admissible
+names are \.{SLANT}, \.{SPACE}, \.{STRETCH}, \.{SHRINK}, \.{XHEIGHT},
+\.{QUAD}, \.{EXTRASPACE}, \.{NUM1}, \.{NUM2}, \.{NUM3}, \.{DENOM1},
+\.{DENOM2}, \.{SUP1}, \.{SUP2}, \.{SUP3}, \.{SUB1}, \.{SUB2}, \.{SUPDROP},
+\.{SUBDROP}, \.{DELIM1}, \.{DELIM2}, and \.{AXISHEIGHT}, for parameters
+1~to~22. The alternate names \.{DEFAULTRULETHICKNESS},
+\.{BIGOPSPACING1}, \.{BIGOPSPACING2}, \.{BIGOPSPACING3},
+\.{BIGOPSPACING4}, and \.{BIGOPSPACING5}, may also be used for parameters
+8 to 13.
+
+The notation `\.{PARAMETER} $n$' provides another way to specify the
+$n$th parameter; for example, `\.{(PARAMETER} \.{D 1 R -.25)}' is another way
+to specify that the \.{SLANT} is $-0.25$. The value of $n$ must be positive
+and less than |max_param_words|.
+
+@ The elements of a \.{CHARACTER} property list can be of six different types.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{CHARWD} (real value) denotes the character's width in
+design units.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{CHARHT} (real value) denotes the character's height in
+design units.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{CHARDP} (real value) denotes the character's depth in
+design units.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{CHARIC} (real value) denotes the character's italic correction in
+design units.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{NEXTLARGER} (one-byte value), specifies the character that
+follows the present one in a ``charlist.'' The value must be the number of a
+character in the font, and there must be no infinite cycles of supposedly
+larger and larger characters.
+
+\yskip\hang\.{VARCHAR} (property list value), specifies an extensible
+character.  This option and \.{NEXTLARGER} are mutually exclusive;
+i.e., they cannot both be used within the same \.{CHARACTER} list.
+
+\yskip\noindent
+The elements of a \.{VARCHAR} property list are either \.{TOP}, \.{MID},
+\.{BOT} or \.{REP}; the values are integers, which must be zero or the number
+or a character in the font. A zero value for \.{TOP}, \.{MID}, or \.{BOT} means
+that the corresponding piece of the extensible character is absent. A nonzero
+value, or a \.{REP} value of zero, denotes the character code used to make
+up the top, middle, bottom, or replicated piece of an extensible character.
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/plain-doc/csname.txt b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/plain-doc/csname.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2016f64bd50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/plain-doc/csname.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1892 @@
+			CSNAME.TXT
+
+This file contains all unique control sequences used by TeX and the
+pricipal macro packages in use at AMS:
+		Plain:    primitives; plain.tex
+		AMS-TeX:  amstex.tex, amsppt.sty
+		LaTeX:    (not yet installed)
+
+
+\			*primitive (control space)
+\!			plain.tex
+\"			plain.tex
+\#			plain.tex
+\$			plain.tex
+\%			plain.tex
+\&			plain.tex
+\'			plain.tex
+\(			plain.tex
+\)			plain.tex
+\*			plain.tex
+\+			plain.tex
+\,			plain.tex
+\-			*primitive (discretionary hyphen)
+\.			plain.tex
+\/			*primitive (italic correction)
+\/			plain.tex
+\:			plain.tex (redefined in amstex.tex)
+\;			plain.tex (redefined in amstex.tex)
+\<			plain.tex
+\=			plain.tex (undefined in amstex.tex)
+\>			plain.tex (undefined in amstex.tex)
+\?			plain.tex
+\*@@at(csname)		amstex.tex (* will be replaced by some string)
+\*@at(csname)		amstex.tex (* will be replaced by some string)
+\*@box(csname)		amstex.tex (* will be replaced by some string)
+\*@true(csname)		amsppt.sty (* will be replaced by some string)
+\*box@(csname)		amsppt.sty (* will be replaced by some string)
+\*Zat(csname)		amstex.tex (* will be replaced by some string)
+\*ZZat(csname)		amstex.tex (* will be replaced by some string)
+\@			amstex.tex
+\@cclv			plain.tex
+\@cclvi			plain.tex
+\@crfalse		plain.tex
+\@crtrue		plain.tex
+\@foot			plain.tex
+\@if			plain.tex
+\@ins			plain.tex
+\@lign			plain.tex
+\@m			plain.tex
+\@M			plain.tex
+\@midfalse		plain.tex
+\@midtrue		plain.tex
+\@MM			plain.tex
+\@ne			plain.tex
+\@nother		plain.tex
+\@penup			plain.tex
+\@sf			plain.tex
+\@vereq			plain.tex
+\aa			plain.tex
+\AA			plain.tex
+\above			*primitive
+\abovedisplayshortskip	*primitive
+\abovedisplayskip	*primitive
+\abovewithdelims	*primitive
+\abstract		amsppt.sty
+\abstract@		amsppt.sty
+\abstract@true		amsppt.sty
+\accent			*primitive
+\accentdimen@		amstex.tex
+\accentedsymbol 	amstex.tex
+\accentfam@		amstex.tex
+\accentmu@		amstex.tex
+\active			plain.tex
+\acute			plain.tex
+\Acute			amstex.tex
+\acuteaccent		amstex.tex
+\address		amsppt.sty
+\addresscount@		amsppt.sty
+\address*		amsppt.sty (expands to *i, *ii, etc.)
+\addressnum@		amsppt.sty
+\adjdemerits		*primitive
+\adjustfootnotemark	amsppt.sty
+\advance		*primitive
+\advancepageno		plain.tex
+\ae			plain.tex
+\AE			plain.tex
+\affil			amsppt.sty
+\affil@true		amsppt.sty
+\affilbox@		amsppt.sty
+\after			amstex.tex
+\afterassignment	*primitive
+\afterbook@false	amsppt.sty
+\afterbook@true		amsppt.sty
+\aftergroup		*primitive
+\aleph			plain.tex
+\align			amstex.tex
+\align@ 		amstex.tex
+\alignat		amstex.tex
+\alignat@		amstex.tex
+\aligned		amstex.tex
+\aligned@		amstex.tex
+\alignedat		amstex.tex
+\alloc@			plain.tex (redefined in amstex.tex)
+\alloc@true		amstex.tex
+\allocationnumber	plain.tex
+\alloclist@		amstex.tex
+\allowbreak		plain.tex
+\allowdisplaybreak@	amstex.tex
+\allowlinebreak 	amstex.tex
+\allowmathbreak 	amstex.tex
+\alpha			plain.tex
+\amalg			plain.tex
+\ampersand@		amstex.tex
+\amspptloaded@AmS	amsppt.sty
+\AmSTeX			amstex.tex
+\amstexloaded@		amstex.tex
+\and			amstex.tex
+\and@			amstex.tex
+\angle			plain.tex
+\ans@			amstex.tex
+\Ans@			amstex.tex
+\appendit@		amstex.tex
+\approx			plain.tex
+\arccos			plain.tex
+\arcsin			plain.tex
+\arctan			plain.tex
+\arg			plain.tex
+\arrowvert		plain.tex
+\Arrowvert		plain.tex
+\ast			plain.tex
+\asymp			plain.tex
+\at@			amstex.tex
+\atcount@		amstex.tex
+\atdef@			amstex.tex
+\athelp@		amstex.tex
+\athelpZ(csname)	amstex.tex
+\atop			*primitive
+\atopwithdelims		*primitive
+\attag@			amstex.tex
+\atZ(csname)		amstex.tex
+\atZZ(csname)		amstex.tex
+\atZZZ(csname)		amstex.tex
+\atZZZZ(csname)		amstex.tex
+\author			amsppt.sty
+\author@true		amsppt.sty
+\authorbox@		amsppt.sty
+\b			plain.tex
+\B			amstex.tex
+\backslash		plain.tex
+\badans@false		amstex.tex
+\badans@true		amstex.tex
+\bar			plain.tex
+\Bar			amstex.tex
+\baselineskip		*primitive
+\batchmode		*primitive
+\Bbb			amstex.tex
+\Bbb@			amstex.tex
+\Bbb@@			amstex.tex
+\begingroup		*primitive
+\beginsection		*primitive
+\belowdisplayshortskip	*primitive
+\belowdisplayskip	*primitive
+\beta			plain.tex
+\bf			plain.tex
+\bffam			plain.tex
+\bffam@			amstex.tex
+\bgroup			plain.tex
+\big			plain.tex
+\Big			plain.tex
+\bigaw@			amstex.tex
+\bigbreak		plain.tex
+\bigcap			plain.tex
+\bigcap@		amstex.tex
+\bigcirc		plain.tex
+\bigcup			plain.tex
+\bigcup@		amstex.tex
+\bigg			plain.tex
+\Bigg			plain.tex
+\biggl			plain.tex
+\Biggl			plain.tex
+\biggm			plain.tex
+\Biggm			plain.tex
+\biggr			plain.tex
+\Biggr			plain.tex
+\bigl			plain.tex
+\Bigl			plain.tex
+\bigm			plain.tex
+\Bigm			plain.tex
+\bigodot		plain.tex
+\bigodot@		amstex.tex
+\bigoplus		plain.tex
+\bigoplus@		amstex.tex
+\bigotimes		plain.tex
+\bigotimes@		amstex.tex
+\bigpagebreak		amstex.tex
+\bigr			plain.tex
+\Bigr			plain.tex
+\bigskip		plain.tex
+\bigskipamount		plain.tex
+\bigsqcup		plain.tex
+\bigsqcup@		amstex.tex
+\bigtriangledown	plain.tex
+\bigtriangleup		plain.tex
+\biguplus		plain.tex
+\biguplus@		amstex.tex
+\bigvee			plain.tex
+\bigvee@		amstex.tex
+\bigvspace		amstex.tex
+\bigwedge		plain.tex
+\bigwedge@		amstex.tex
+\binom			amstex.tex
+\binoppenalty		*primitive
+\binrel@		amstex.tex
+\binrel@@		amstex.tex
+\black@ 		amstex.tex
+\BlackBoxes		amstex.tex
+\bmatrix		amstex.tex
+\bmod			plain.tex
+\body			plain.tex
+\bold			amstex.tex
+\bold@			amstex.tex
+\bold@@			amstex.tex
+\boldDelta		amstex.tex
+\boldGamma		amstex.tex
+\boldLambda		amstex.tex
+\boldOmega		amstex.tex
+\boldPhi		amstex.tex
+\boldPi			amstex.tex
+\boldPsi		amstex.tex
+\boldSigma		amstex.tex
+\boldTheta		amstex.tex
+\boldUpsilon		amstex.tex
+\boldXi			amstex.tex
+\book			amsppt.sty
+\book@false		amsppt.sty
+\book@true		amsppt.sty
+\bookbox@		amsppt.sty
+\bookinfo		amsppt.sty
+\bookinfo@false		amsppt.sty
+\bookinfobox@		amsppt.sty
+\bordermatrix		plain.tex
+\bot			plain.tex
+\bot@false		amstex.tex
+\bot@true		amstex.tex
+\botaligned		amstex.tex
+\botfolded@false	amstex.tex
+\botfolded@true 	amstex.tex
+\botfoldedtext		amstex.tex
+\botmark		*primitive
+\botshave		amstex.tex
+\botsmash		amstex.tex
+\bowtie			plain.tex
+\box			*primitive
+\box255			*primitive (page contents)
+\boxed			amstex.tex
+\boxmaxdepth		*primitive
+\brace			plain.tex
+\braceld		plain.tex
+\bracelu		plain.tex
+\bracerd		plain.tex
+\braceru		plain.tex
+\bracevert		plain.tex
+\brack			plain.tex
+\break			plain.tex
+\breve			plain.tex
+\Breve			amstex.tex
+\brokenpenalty		*primitive
+\buffer			amstex.tex
+\buffer@		amstex.tex
+\buildrel		plain.tex
+\bullet			plain.tex
+\bunch			amstex.tex
+\bunchtag		amstex.tex
+\by			amsppt.sty
+\by@false		amsppt.sty
+\by@true		amsppt.sty
+\bybox@ 		amsppt.sty
+\bye			plain.tex
+\bysame			amsppt.sty
+\bysame@false		amsppt.sty
+\bysame@true		amsppt.sty
+\bysamebox@		amsppt.sty
+\c			amstex.tex (center, in \matrix)
+\c			plain.tex
+\c@ncel			plain.tex
+\cal			plain.tex (undefined in amstex.tex)
+\Cal			amstex.tex
+\Cal@			amstex.tex
+\Cal@@			amstex.tex
+\cap			plain.tex
+\caption		amstex.tex
+\captionwidth		amstex.tex
+\captionwidth@		amstex.tex
+\cases			plain.tex (redefined in amstex.tex)
+\catcode		*primitive
+\CD			amstex.tex
+\CD@true		amstex.tex
+\cdot			plain.tex
+\cdotp			plain.tex
+\cdots			plain.tex
+\CenteredTagsOnSplits	amstex.tex
+\centering		plain.tex
+\centering@		amstex.tex
+\centerline		plain.tex
+\cfrac			amstex.tex
+\cfraccount@		amstex.tex
+\ch@ck			plain.tex
+\ChangeBuffer		amstex.tex
+\char			*primitive
+\chardef		*primitive
+\check			plain.tex
+\Check			amstex.tex
+\chi			plain.tex
+\choose			plain.tex
+\circ			plain.tex
+\cite			amsppt.sty
+\classnum@		amstex.tex
+\cleaders		*primitive
+\cleartabs		plain.tex
+\closein		*primitive
+\closeout		*primitive
+\clubpenalty		*primitive
+\clubsuit		plain.tex
+\colon			plain.tex
+\columns		plain.tex
+\comment		amstex.tex
+\comment@		amstex.tex
+\comment@@		amstex.tex
+\comment@@@		amstex.tex
+\cong			plain.tex
+\coprod			plain.tex
+\coprod@		amstex.tex
+\copy			plain.tex
+\copyright		plain.tex
+\cos			plain.tex
+\cosh			plain.tex
+\cot			plain.tex
+\coth			plain.tex
+\count			*primitive
+\count@			plain.tex
+\count0			plain.tex (page number, \pageno)
+\countdef		*primitive
+\countxviii@		amstex.tex
+\cr			*primitive
+\CR@			amstex.tex
+\crcr			*primitive
+\csc			plain.tex
+\csname			*primitive
+\ctagsplit@false	amstex.tex
+\ctagsplit@true		amstex.tex
+\cup			plain.tex
+\d			plain.tex
+\D			amstex.tex
+\dag			plain.tex
+\dagger			plain.tex
+\dashv			plain.tex
+\date			amsppt.sty
+\date@			amsppt.sty
+\date@true		amsppt.sty
+\day			*primitive
+\dbinom			amstex.tex
+\ddag			plain.tex
+\ddagger		plain.tex
+\ddddot 		amstex.tex
+\dddot			amstex.tex
+\ddot			plain.tex
+\Ddot			amstex.tex
+\ddots			plain.tex
+\deadcycles		*primitive
+\def			*primitive (use discouraged by amstex.tex; see \define)
+\defahelp@		amstex.tex
+\defaulthelp@		amstex.tex
+\defaulthyphenchar	*primitive
+\defaultskewchar	*primitive
+\defbhelp@		amstex.tex
+\define			amstex.tex
+\define@		amstex.tex
+\define@@		amstex.tex
+\deg			plain.tex
+\delcode		*primitive
+\delimiter		*primitive
+\delimiterfactor	*primitive
+\delimitershortfall	*primitive
+\delta			plain.tex
+\Delta			plain.tex
+\demo			amsppt.sty
+\demo@			amsppt.sty
+\demonp			% amsppt.sty
+\det			plain.tex
+\dfrac			amstex.tex
+\diamond		plain.tex
+\diamondsuit		plain.tex
+\dim			plain.tex
+\dimen			*primitive
+\dimen@			plain.tex
+\dimen@i		plain.tex
+\dimen@ii		plain.tex
+\dimendef		*primitive
+\dimentomu@		amstex.tex
+\disabletabs		amstex.tex
+\DisableTabs		amstex.tex
+\discretionary		*primitive
+\displ@y		plain.tex
+\displ@y@		amstex.tex
+\displaybreak		amstex.tex
+\displaybreak@		amstex.tex
+\displayindent		*primitive
+\displaylimits		*primitive
+\displaylines		plain.tex
+\displaystyle		*primitive
+\displaywidowpenalty	*primitive
+\displaywidth		*primitive
+\displaywidth@		amstex.tex
+\div			plain.tex
+\divide			*primitive
+\dlsl@			amstex.tex
+\dmatherr@		amstex.tex
+\do			plain.tex
+\doat@			amstex.tex
+\document		amstex.tex   % amsppt.sty
+\documentstyle		amstex.tex
+\dodummy@		amstex.tex
+\dospecials		plain.tex
+\dosupereject		plain.tex
+\dot			plain.tex
+\Dot			amstex.tex
+\doteq			plain.tex
+\dotfill		plain.tex
+\dots			plain.tex
+\DOTS@			amstex.tex
+\DOTS@@ 		amstex.tex
+\DOTS@false		amstex.tex
+\DOTS@true		amstex.tex
+\dotsb			amstex.tex
+\DOTSB			amstex.tex
+\dotsb@ 		amstex.tex
+\dotsc			amstex.tex
+\DOTSCASE@		amstex.tex
+\dotsi			amstex.tex
+\DOTSI			amstex.tex
+\dotsm			amstex.tex
+\dotso@			amstex.tex
+\dotsspace@		amstex.tex
+\DOTSX			amstex.tex
+\doublehyphendemerits	*primitive
+\downarrow		plain.tex
+\Downarrow		plain.tex
+\downbracefill		plain.tex
+\dp			*primitive
+\drsr@			amstex.tex
+\dsize			amstex.tex
+\dt@pfalse		plain.tex
+\dt@ptrue		plain.tex
+\dummyft@		amstex.tex
+\dump			*primitive
+\eat@			amstex.tex
+\edef			*primitive
+\egroup			plain.tex
+\eightbf		amsppt.sty
+\eightbig@		amsppt.sty
+\eighti			amsppt.sty
+\eightit		amsppt.sty
+\eightpoint		amsppt.sty
+\eightrm		amsppt.sty
+\eightsl		amsppt.sty
+\eightsy		amsppt.sty
+\eject			plain.tex
+\ell			plain.tex
+\else			*primitive
+\empty			plain.tex
+\emptyset		plain.tex
+\enabletabs		amstex.tex
+\EnableTabs		amstex.tex
+\enabletabs@		amstex.tex
+\end			*primitive
+\endalign		amstex.tex
+\endalignat		amstex.tex
+\endaligned		amstex.tex
+\endalignedat		amstex.tex
+\endauthor		amsppt.sty
+\endbmatrix		amstex.tex
+\endbotaligned		amstex.tex
+\endcases		amstex.tex
+\endCD			amstex.tex
+\endcfrac		amstex.tex
+\endcomment		amstex.tex
+\endcsname		*primitive
+\enddemo		amsppt.sty
+\enddocument		amstex.tex
+\endgather		amstex.tex
+\endgathered		amstex.tex
+\endgraf		plain.tex
+\endgroup		*primitive
+\endheading		amsppt.sty
+\endinput		*primitive
+\endinsert		plain.tex
+\endline		plain.tex
+\endlinechar		*primitive
+\endmatrix		amstex.tex
+\endmultline		amstex.tex
+\endpmatrix		amstex.tex
+\endproclaim		amsppt.sty
+\endref			amsppt.sty
+\endref@		amsppt.sty
+\endroster		amsppt.sty
+\endSb			amstex.tex
+\endsmallmatrix		amstex.tex
+\endSp			amstex.tex
+\endsplit		amstex.tex
+\endtitle		amsppt.sty
+\endtopaligned		amstex.tex
+\endtopmatter		amsppt.sty
+\endvmatrix		amstex.tex
+\endVmatrix		amstex.tex
+\endxalignat		amstex.tex
+\endxxalignat		amstex.tex
+\enskip			plain.tex
+\enspace		plain.tex
+\epsilon		plain.tex
+\eqalign		plain.tex
+\eqalignno		plain.tex
+\eqno			*primitive
+\equiv			plain.tex
+\err@			amstex.tex
+\Err@			amstex.tex
+\errhelp		*primitive
+\errmessage		*primitive
+\errorstopmode		*primitive
+\errZ(csname)		amstex.tex
+\escapechar		*primitive
+\eta			plain.tex
+\everycr		*primitive
+\everydisplay		*primitive
+\everyhbox		*primitive
+\everyjob		*primitive
+\everymath		*primitive
+\everypar		*primitive
+\everypartoks@		amsppt.sty
+\everyvbox		*primitive
+\ex@			amstex.tex
+\exhyphenpenalty	*primitive
+\exists			plain.tex
+\exp			plain.tex
+\expandafter		*primitive
+\extra@			amstex.tex
+\extra@false		amstex.tex
+\extra@true		amstex.tex
+\extrap@		amstex.tex
+\f@@t			plain.tex
+\f@t			plain.tex
+\fam			*primitive
+\familycount@		amstex.tex
+\fi			*primitive
+\filbreak		*primitive
+\filhss@		amsppt.sty
+\finalhyphendemerits	*primitive
+\finalinfo		amsppt.sty
+\finalinfo@false	amsppt.sty
+\finalinfobox@		amsppt.sty
+\findlimits@		amstex.tex
+\finph@nt		plain.tex
+\finsm@sh		plain.tex (redefined in amstex.tex)
+\firstitem@false	amsppt.sty
+\firstitem@true		amsppt.sty
+\firstmark		*primitive
+\firstref@false		amsppt.sty
+\firstref@true		amsppt.sty
+\fivebf			plain.tex
+\fivei			plain.tex
+\fivemsx		amstex.tex (depends on font availability)
+\fivemsy		amstex.tex (depends on font availability)
+\fiverm			plain.tex
+\fivesy			plain.tex
+\flat			plain.tex
+\floatingpenalty	*primitive
+\flushpar		amstex.tex
+\fmtname		plain.tex
+\Fmtname		amstex.tex
+\fmtversion		plain.tex
+\Fmtversion		amstex.tex
+\fo@t			plain.tex
+\foldedtext		amstex.tex
+\foldedtext@		amstex.tex
+\foldedwidth		amstex.tex
+\folio			plain.tex
+\font			*primitive
+\font@			amsppt.sty
+\fontdimen		*primitive
+\fontlist@		amstex.tex
+\fontname		*primitive
+\footins		plain.tex
+\footline		plain.tex
+\footmarkcount@ 	amstex.tex
+\footmarkcount@@	amstex.tex
+\footmarkform@		amsppt.sty
+\footnote		plain.tex (undefined in amstex.tex)
+\footnote		 (redefined in amsppt.sty)
+\footnotemark		amsppt.sty
+\footnoterule		plain.tex (redefined in amsppt.sty)
+\footnotetext		amsppt.sty
+\footstrut		plain.tex
+\for			amstex.tex
+\forall			plain.tex
+\format			amstex.tex
+\format@		amstex.tex
+\frac			amstex.tex
+\fracwithdelims		amstex.tex
+\frenchspacing		plain.tex
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/support/asciichart/ascii.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/support/asciichart/ascii.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c2f95e7da33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/support/asciichart/ascii.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%                                                                    %%
+%%                     A S C I I    wall chart                        %%
+%%                                                                    %%
+%% by Victor Eijkhout                                                 %%
+%% eijkhout@cs.utk.edu                                                %%
+%%                                                                    %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%
+%% Choose your favourite format:
+%
+\nopagenumbers %% 2 lines
+\vsize=28cm    %% for PLAIN TeX
+%\documentstyle{article}            %% 4 lines for LaTeX
+%\begin{document}                   %% not that it matters anything,
+%\pagestyle{empty}                  %% rest of the document
+%\setlength{\textheight}{28cm}      %% is 'pure' TeX.
+%%%%%% and don't forget the \bye / \end{document} at the end!! %%%%%%%
+%% fonts
+\font\bitfont=cmr7 \fontdimen3\bitfont=3mm
+\font\codefont=cmr5
+\font\namefont=cmss10 scaled 1200
+\font\titlefont=cmss10 scaled 1440
+\font\commentfont=cmss10
+%% counts and dimens
+\newdimen\thinlinewidth \thinlinewidth=.25mm
+\newdimen\fatlinewidth \fatlinewidth=.5mm
+\newdimen\rowheight \rowheight=1cm
+\newdimen\colwidth  \colwidth=1.6cm
+\newdimen\Colwidth \Colwidth=2\colwidth
+  \advance\Colwidth by \thinlinewidth
+\newdimen\topwhite \topwhite=2pt
+\newdimen\botwhite \botwhite=3pt
+\newdimen\leftwhite \leftwhite=2pt
+\newdimen\rightwhite \rightwhite=2pt
+\newcount\rowcount \rowcount=-1 %% note!
+\newcount\colcount \colcount=0
+\newcount\thenumber
+%% tidbits
+\def\\{$\backslash$}
+\def\thinline{\vrule width \thinlinewidth}
+\def\fatline{\vrule width \fatlinewidth}
+\tolerance=10000
+\vbadness=10000
+%% code conversion
+\def\calcnumber{{\multiply\colcount by 16
+                 \advance\colcount by \rowcount
+                 \global\thenumber=\colcount}}
+\def\deccode{\number\thenumber}
+\def\octcode{{\ifnum\thenumber>63
+                            \advance\thenumber by -64
+                            \count0=\thenumber \divide\count0 by 8
+                            1\number\count0
+              \else         \count0=\thenumber \divide\count0 by 8
+                            \ifnum\count0>0 \number\count0 \fi\fi
+              \multiply\count0 by 8
+              \advance\thenumber by -\count0
+              \number\thenumber}}
+\def\hexdigit#1{\ifcase#1 0\or 1\or 2\or 3\or 4\or 5\or 6\or 7\or
+                          8\or 9\or A\or B\or C\or D\or E\or F\or
+                          \edef\tmp{\message{illegal hex digit
+                                        \number#1}}\tmp
+                          \fi}
+\def\hexcode{{\count0=\thenumber \divide\count0 by 16
+              \ifnum\count0>0 \hexdigit{\count0}\fi
+              \multiply\count0 by 16
+              \advance\thenumber by -\count0 \count0=\thenumber
+              \hexdigit{\count0}}}
+%% the heading
+\def\threebit#1#2#3{\vbox to 1.2\rowheight{\bitfont
+                      \vskip\topwhite
+                      \hbox to \colwidth{\hskip\leftwhite#1\hfil}
+                      \vfil
+                      \hbox to \colwidth{\hfil#2\hfil}
+                      \vfil
+                      \hbox to \colwidth{\hfil#3\hskip\rightwhite}
+                      \vskip\botwhite}}
+\def\comment#1{\vbox to \colwidth{\hrule height 0mm depth .25mm
+                      \vfil
+                      \hbox to \Colwidth{\commentfont\hfil#1\hfil}
+                      \vfil}}
+\def\dcomment#1#2{\vbox to \colwidth{\hrule height 0mm depth .25mm
+                      \vfil
+                      \hbox to \Colwidth{\commentfont\hfil#1\hfil}
+                      \vskip \botwhite
+                      \hbox to \Colwidth{\commentfont\hfil#2\hfil}
+                      \vfil}}
+\def\bithead{\vbox to \colwidth{\hsize=1.5\colwidth
+                   \vskip\topwhite
+                   \hbox to \hsize{\commentfont\hfil BITS\hfil}
+                   \vfil
+                   \hbox to \hsize{\bitfont\ b4 b3 b2 b1 }
+                   \vskip\botwhite}}
+%% routines for single chars
+\def\fourbit#1\fb{\vbox to \rowheight{
+                     \vfil
+                     \hbox to 1.5\colwidth{\bitfont #1\ }
+                     \vfil}%
+                  \global\advance\rowcount by 1
+                  \global\colcount=0}
+\def\asc#1\ii{\calcnumber
+              \vbox to \rowheight{\offinterlineskip
+                     \vskip\topwhite
+                     \hbox to \colwidth{\codefont
+                                        \hskip\leftwhite
+                                        \deccode\hfil}
+                     \vfil
+                     \hbox to \colwidth{\vrule width 0cm
+                                              height 10pt depth 2pt
+                                        \namefont
+                                        \hfil#1\hfil}
+                     \vfil
+                     \hbox to \colwidth{\codefont
+                                        \hskip\leftwhite
+                                        \hexcode\hfil\octcode
+                                        \hskip\rightwhite}
+                     \vskip\botwhite}%
+              \global\advance\colcount by 1}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and now the table itself %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\vbox{
+\halign{\fourbit#\fb&\fatline\asc#\ii&\thinline\asc#\ii&
+                     \fatline\asc#\ii&\thinline\asc#\ii&
+                     \fatline\asc#\ii&\thinline\asc#\ii&
+                     \fatline\asc#\ii&\thinline\asc#\ii\fatline\cr
+          \omit&\multispan8 \hskip\thinlinewidth
+                            \titlefont ASCII CONTROL CODE CHART\hfil\cr
+    \noalign{\vskip3mm \hrule}
+          \omit\hfil\threebit{b7}{b6}{b5}
+                 &\omit\fatline\threebit000&\omit\thinline\threebit001%
+                 &\omit\fatline\threebit010&\omit\thinline\threebit011%
+                 &\omit\fatline\threebit100&\omit\thinline\threebit101%
+                 &\omit\fatline\threebit110&\omit\thinline\threebit111%
+                                                 \fatline\cr
+    \noalign{\vskip-.5mm} %brute force
+          \omit\bithead
+                 &\omit\fatline\comment{CONTROL}\span\omit
+                 &\omit\fatline\dcomment{SYMBOLS}{NUMBERS}\span\omit
+                 &\omit\fatline\comment{UPPER CASE}\span\omit
+                 &\omit\fatline\comment{LOWER CASE}\span\omit\hfil\fatline\cr
+    \noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 0 0 0 0&NUL&DLE&SP     &0  &@  &P       &` &p  \cr\noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 0 0 0 1&SOH&DC1&!      &1  &A  &Q       &a &q  \cr\noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 0 0 1 0&STX&DC2&"      &2  &B  &R       &b &r  \cr\noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 0 0 1 1&ETX&DC3&\#     &3  &C  &S       &c &s  \cr\noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 0 1 0 0&EOT&DC4&\$     &4  &D  &T       &d &t  \cr\noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 0 1 0 1&ENQ&NAK&\%     &5  &E  &U       &e &u  \cr\noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 0 1 1 0&ACK&SYN&\&     &6  &F  &V       &f &v  \cr\noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 0 1 1 1&BEL&ETB&'      &7  &G  &W       &g &w  \cr\noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 1 0 0 0&BS &CAN&(      &8  &H  &X       &h &x  \cr\noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 1 0 0 1&HT &EM &)      &9  &I  &Y       &i &y  \cr\noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 1 0 1 0&LF &SUB&*      &:  &J  &Z       &j &z  \cr\noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 1 0 1 1&VT &ESC&+      &;  &K  &[       &k &$\{$\cr  \noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 1 1 0 0&FF &FS &,      &$<$&L  &\\      &l &$|$ \cr  \noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 1 1 0 1&CR &GS &$-$    &=  &M  &]       &m &$\}$\cr  \noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 1 1 1 0&SO &RS &.      &$>$&N  &\char94 &n &\char126\cr
+                    \noalign{\hrule}
+      {} 1 1 1 1&SI &US &/      &?  &O  &\_$\!$\_&o &DEL\cr\noalign{\hrule}
+   \noalign{\vskip2mm}
+          \omit&\omit\namefont \hfil LEGEND:\hfil \span\omit
+          &\multispan4\hskip\fatlinewidth
+            \vtop{\vskip-10pt\hbox{\vrule
+             \vbox to \rowheight{
+                 \offinterlineskip
+                 \hrule\vskip \topwhite
+                 \hbox to \colwidth{\codefont\hskip\leftwhite
+                                       dec\hfil}
+                 \vfil
+                 \hbox to \colwidth{\namefont\hfil CHAR\hfil}
+                 \vfil
+                 \hbox to \colwidth{\codefont\hskip\leftwhite
+                                       hex\hfil oct
+                                       \hskip\rightwhite}
+                 \vskip\botwhite
+                 \hrule                               }%
+                                  \vrule}}
+                      \hfil
+          &\multispan2\bitfont \hskip\fatlinewidth
+                      \vtop{\vskip-8pt\baselineskip=8.5pt
+                            \hbox{Victor Eijkhout}
+                            \rlap{Dept. of Comp. Sci.}
+                            \rlap{University of Tennessee}
+                            \rlap{Knoxville TN 37996, USA}
+                            }\hfil\cr
+          }
+}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and that's it folks! %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\bye          %% PLAIN TeX
+%\end{document} %% LaTeX
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/support/patgen/patgen2.tutorial b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/support/patgen/patgen2.tutorial
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5194083aa2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/support/patgen/patgen2.tutorial
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%                                                                             %
+%          A SMALL TUTORIAL ON THE MULTILINGUAL FEATURES OF PATGEN2           %
+%                                                                             %
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\documentstyle{article}
+\title{A small tutorial on the multilingual features of PatGen2}
+\author{Yannis Haralambous}
+\date{}
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\def\XeT{X\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emT}
+
+I will very briefly discuss and illustrate by an example the features
+of PatGen2\footnote{the extension to PatGen by Peter Breitenlohner,
+author of many beautiful and extremely useful \TeX ware, such as
+\TeX--\XeT, {\tt DVIcopy} etc.}, related to the {\em translation}
+file.
+
+\section{Syntax of the translation file}
+\subsection{What is the problem}
+The problem is that in our (non-English, non-Latin,
+non-Indonesian\footnote{As far as I know, English, Latin and
+Indonesian are the only languages without diacritics or special
+characters...}) languages, we have more characters than just the~26
+letters of the Latin alphabet. Not to mention that alphabetical orders
+can be quite different (remember: in Spanish, cucaracha comes before
+chacal), and that there can be many ways to express these additional
+characters: for example the French \oe{} (like in << Histoire de l'\oe
+il >> by Georges Bataille) can be given to \TeX\ as an 8-bit
+character, or as \verb*=\oe =, or as \verb=\oe{}=, or as \verb=^^f7=
+(since we are {\em all} now working with DC fonts) and so forth.
+
+Now let's make (or enhance the) hyphenation patterns for our language(s).
+Fred Liang has not provided PatGen with the extensibility feature: before
+PatGen2, if your language had less than~26 letters you could hack patterns by
+substituting letters, if it had more\ldots then the odds were against you.
+
+So the problem is to express additional characters in the patterns, in some
+understandable way (and if possible to get the results in the appropriate
+alphabetical order).
+
+\subsection{The solution}
+PatGen2 allows you to include more characters than the~26 letters of
+the alphabet.  You can specify arbitrary many {\em input forms} for
+each of them (these forms will be identified internally), and you can
+specify the alphabetical order of your language. The latter feature is
+only interesting when you want to study the patterns file to correct
+bugs, it doesn't affect the result.
+
+These informations are transmitted to PatGen2 by means of a {\em
+translation} file (usually with the extension \verb=.tra=). The syntax
+of this file is not very user-friendly, but if you deal with PatGen
+you are supposed to be a hacker anyway, and hackers just {\bf love}
+weird-but-efficient-syntaxes [the proof: we all like
+\TeX!\footnote{\ldots just joking}].
+
+On the first line you specify the \verb=\lefthyphenmin= and
+\verb=\righthyphenmin= values. The seven first positions of this line
+are used as follows: two positions for \verb=\lefthyphenmin=, two
+positions for \verb=\righthyphenmin=, and one position for substitute
+symbols of each of \verb=.=, \verb=-=, \verb=*= in the output file.
+This can be useful if you are going to use the dot the asterisk or the
+hyphen to describe your additional characters (for example one may use
+the dot to specify the dot accent on a letter).
+
+The next lines concern letters of the alphabet of our language. The
+first position of each line is the delimiter of our fields. You know
+from languages like C or {\tt awk} that it is very useful to define
+our own delimiter (instead of the blank space) if for any reason we
+want to {\em include} a blank space into our fields. This will be the
+case in the example: one usually leaves a blank space after a \TeX\
+macro without argument.
+
+Otherwise just leave the first position blank.  Next comes the
+standard representation of our character (preferably lowercase). This
+is how the character will appear in the patterns and in the hyphenated
+output file.
+
+Follows again a delimiter, and all the {\em equivalent}
+representations of your character: its uppercase form, and as many
+other input forms we wish, always followed by a delimiter.
+
+The order of lines specifies the alphabetical order of your characters.
+
+When PatGen sees two consecutive delimiters,
+it stops reading; so we can include
+comments after that.
+
+\section{An example}
+To illustrate this I have taken some
+Greek words (people who know $X\acute\alpha%
+\rho\rho\upsilon$ $K\lambda\acute\upsilon\nu\nu$
+and his album $\Pi\alpha\tau%
+\acute\alpha\tau\epsilon\varsigma$ will recognize some of these
+words\ldots) and included an $\alpha$ with accent, and a variant
+representation of $\pi$, in form of a macro \verb*=\varpi =. Also I
+followed the Greek alphabetical order in the translation file.
+
+Here is my list of words:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+A-NU-PO-TA-QTOS
+A-KA-TA-M'A-QH-TOS
+A-EI-MNH-STOS
+MA-NA
+TOUR-KO-GU-FTIS-SA
+NU-QO-KO-PTHS
+LI-ME-NO-FU-LA-KAS
+MPRE-LOK
+A-GA-\varpi A-EI
+PEI-RAI-'AS
+\end{verbatim}
+
+(file {\tt greek.dic}); and here is my translation file ({\tt greek.tra}):
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ 1 1
+ a A
+ 'a 'A
+ b B
+ g G
+ d D
+ e E
+ z Z
+ h H
+ j J
+ i I
+ k K
+ l L
+ m M
+ n N
+ o O
+#p#P#\varpi ##
+ r R
+ s S
+ t T
+ u U
+ f F
+ q Q
+ y Y
+ w W
+\end{verbatim}
+
+(yes, yes, that's not a joke; Greek really uses values~1
+and~1 for minimal right
+and left hyphenations!). As you see, I have chosen \verb=#= as delimiter
+in the case of $\pi$, because \verb=\varpi= is supposed to be followed
+by a blank space. And then I wrote two delimiters (\verb=##=) to show PatGen2
+that I finished talking about $\pi$.
+
+Here is what I got on my console:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+PatGen -t greek.tra -o greek.out greek.dic
+This is PatGen, C Version 2.1 / Macintosh Version 2.0
+Copyright (c) 1991-93 by Wilfried Ricken. All rights reserved.
+left_hyphen_min = 1, right_hyphen_min = 1, 24 letters
+0 patterns read in
+pattern trie has 266 nodes, trie_max = 290, 0 outputs
+hyph_start:  1
+hyph_finish: 2
+pat_start:   2
+pat_finish:  4
+good weight: 1
+bad weight:  1
+threshold:   1
+processing dictionary with pat_len = 2, pat_dot = 1
+
+0 good, 0 bad, 31 missed
+0.00 %, 0.00 %, 100.00 %
+69 patterns, 325 nodes in count trie, triec_max = 440
+25 good and 42 bad patterns added (more to come)
+finding 29 good and 0 bad hyphens, efficiency = 1.16
+pattern trie has 333 nodes, trie_max = 349, 2 outputs
+processing dictionary with pat_len = 2, pat_dot = 0
+
+29 good, 0 bad, 2 missed
+93.55 %, 0.00 %, 6.45 %
+45 patterns, 301 nodes in count trie, triec_max = 378
+2 good and 43 bad patterns added
+finding 2 good and 0 bad hyphens, efficiency = 1.00
+pattern trie has 339 nodes, trie_max = 386, 6 outputs
+processing dictionary with pat_len = 2, pat_dot = 2
+
+31 good, 0 bad, 0 missed
+100.00 %, 0.00 %, 0.00 %
+47 patterns, 303 nodes in count trie, triec_max = 369
+0 good and 47 bad patterns added
+finding 0 good and 0 bad hyphens
+pattern trie has 344 nodes, trie_max = 386, 13 outputs
+51 nodes and 11 outputs deleted
+total of 27 patterns at hyph_level 1
+
+pat_start:   2
+pat_finish:  4
+good weight: 1
+bad weight:  1
+threshold:   1
+processing dictionary with pat_len = 2, pat_dot = 1
+
+31 good, 0 bad, 0 missed
+100.00 %, 0.00 %, 0.00 %
+27 patterns, 283 nodes in count trie, triec_max = 315
+0 good and 27 bad patterns added
+finding 0 good and 0 bad hyphens
+pattern trie has 295 nodes, trie_max = 386, 4 outputs
+processing dictionary with pat_len = 2, pat_dot = 0
+
+31 good, 0 bad, 0 missed
+100.00 %, 0.00 %, 0.00 %
+27 patterns, 283 nodes in count trie, triec_max = 303
+0 good and 27 bad patterns added
+finding 0 good and 0 bad hyphens
+pattern trie has 320 nodes, trie_max = 386, 6 outputs
+processing dictionary with pat_len = 2, pat_dot = 2
+
+31 good, 0 bad, 0 missed
+100.00 %, 0.00 %, 0.00 %
+24 patterns, 280 nodes in count trie, triec_max = 286
+0 good and 24 bad patterns added
+finding 0 good and 0 bad hyphens
+pattern trie has 328 nodes, trie_max = 386, 9 outputs
+35 nodes and 7 outputs deleted
+total of 0 patterns at hyph_level 2
+hyphenate word list? y
+writing PatTmp.2
+
+31 good, 0 bad, 0 missed
+100.00 %, 0.00 %, 0.00 %
+Time elapsed: 0:37:70 minutes.
+\end{verbatim}
+
+and here are the results: first of all the patterns
+(file {\tt greek.out})
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+a1g
+a1e
+a1k
+a1m
+a1n
+a1p
+a1t
+a1q
+'a1q
+e1l
+e1n
+h1t
+i1'a
+i1m
+i1r
+1ko
+o1g
+o1p
+o1t
+o1f
+r1k
+s1s
+1st
+u1l
+u1p
+u1f
+u1q
+\end{verbatim}
+
+As you see, {\tt o1t} comes before {\tt o1f}: (smile) simply
+because we are talking about $o1\tau$ and $o1\phi$. So the
+alphabetical order is well respected. Also you see that PatGen2
+has read the word \verb*=A-GA-\varpi A-EI= exactly as if it
+were \verb*=A-GA-PA-EI= and has made out of it the pattern
+{\tt a1p} (if you look in the input words there is no other
+reason for this pattern to exist).
+
+And here is our result (file {\tt PatTmp.2}):
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+a*nu*po*ta*qtos
+a*ka*ta*m'a*qh*tos
+a*ei*mnh*stos
+ma*na
+tour*ko*gu*ftis*sa
+nu*qo*ko*pths
+li*me*no*fu*la*kas
+mpre*lok
+a*ga*pa*ei
+pei*rai*'as
+\end{verbatim}
+
+(Of course, it is correct; you think I would have shown it if it
+weren't correct?) As you see there is no \verb*=\varpi = anymore:
+PatGen2 has really replaced it by \verb=p=, and so
+\verb*=A-GA-\varpi A-EI= has become \verb=a*ga*pa*ei=.
+
+\section{Where do I find more information?}
+I voluntarily didn't discussed the various parameters used for
+pattern generation. For these there is very good litterature:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the \TeX book, by the Grand Wizard of \TeX\ arcana,
+appendix H;
+\item \LaTeX\ Erweiterungsm\"oglichkeiten, by Helmut Kopka,
+Addison-Wesley, Pages 482--489;
+\item Swedish Hyphenation for \TeX, by Jan Michael Rynning,
+[sorry, I don't know where this paper is published];
+\item Word Hy-phen-a-tion by Com-put-er, Stanford University
+Report {\tt STAN-CS-83-977};
+\item forthcoming paper by Dominik Wujastyk, on British
+hyphenation;
+\item Hyphenation Patterns for Ancient Greek and Latin,
+TUGboat~13 (4), pages 457--469.
+\item and many others\ldots
+\end{itemize}
+
+Where to get PatGen2? probably everywhere, but certainly in
+Stuttgart ({\tt IP 129.69.1.12}),
+\verb=soft/tex/systems/pc/utilities/patgen.zip= (take a look also at
+\verb=soft/tex/systems/knuth/texware/patgen.version2.1/patgen.README=).
+
+\section{Go forth, etc etc}
+OK, once again {\sc Go Forth} and make masterpieces of hyphenation
+patterns\ldots
+{\bf but} please get in touch with the TWGMLC (Technical Working
+Group on Multiple Language Coordination) first, since people there
+are working on many languages: maybe they have already done what
+you need and are still testing it; or maybe they haven't and in
+that case you could help us a lot.
+
+
+\end{document}
+
diff --git a/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/asciichart.tlpsrc b/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/asciichart.tlpsrc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e69de29bb2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/asciichart.tlpsrc
diff --git a/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/plain-doc.tlpsrc b/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/plain-doc.tlpsrc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e69de29bb2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/plain-doc.tlpsrc