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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2008-08-07 18:24:39 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2008-08-07 18:24:39 +0000
commit04090cf2a1f7b8abd369b3fb944199b902599342 (patch)
tree16b8660adca27757eb19769a536d936aeb109499 /Master/texmf/doc/web2c
parentc07533ee14074459c9f4aec42036b5cb4e12d613 (diff)
updates of texinfo manuals
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@10145 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf/doc/web2c')
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf/doc/web2c/web2c.html1632
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf/doc/web2c/web2c.pdfbin596222 -> 598873 bytes
2 files changed, 824 insertions, 808 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf/doc/web2c/web2c.html b/Master/texmf/doc/web2c/web2c.html
index 96606579e2e..3d74a3aa9ae 100644
--- a/Master/texmf/doc/web2c/web2c.html
+++ b/Master/texmf/doc/web2c/web2c.html
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
<title>Web2c: A TeX implementation</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
<meta name="description" content="Web2c: A TeX implementation">
-<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.8">
+<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.12">
<link title="Top" rel="top" href="#Top">
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
<!--
@@ -162,8 +162,8 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#dir">(dir)</a>
<p>This document describes how to install and use the programs in the Web2c
implementation of the TeX system, especially for Unix systems. It
-corresponds to Web2c version 7.5.6, released in
-January 2007.
+corresponds to Web2c version 7.5.7, released in
+July 2008.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>: A brief introduction.
@@ -193,8 +193,8 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
<p><a name="index-introduction-1"></a>
-This manual corresponds to version 7.5.6 of Web2c, released in
-January 2007.
+This manual corresponds to version 7.5.7 of Web2c, released in
+July 2008.
<p><a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-2"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-Web2c-implementation-of-3"></a><a name="index-Hobby_002c-John-4"></a><a name="index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter-5"></a><dfn>Web2c</dfn> is the name of a TeX implementation, originally for Unix,
but now also running under DOS, Amiga, and other operating systems. By
@@ -317,12 +317,12 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>
<h3 class="section">2.1 <code>configure</code> options</h3>
-<p><a name="index-configuration_002c-compile_002dtime-32"></a><a name="index-compile_002dtime-options-33"></a><a name="index-configure-_002d_002dwith_002f_002d_002denable-_0040r_007boptions_007d-34"></a>This section gives pointers to descriptions of the `<samp><span class="samp">--with</span></samp>' and
-`<samp><span class="samp">--enable</span></samp>' <code>configure</code> arguments that Web2c accepts. Some are
+<p><a name="index-configuration_002c-compile_002dtime-32"></a><a name="index-compile_002dtime-options-33"></a><a name="index-configure-_002d_002dwith_002f_002d_002denable-_0040r_007boptions_007d-34"></a>This section gives pointers to descriptions of the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with</span></samp>&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable</span></samp>&rsquo; <code>configure</code> arguments that Web2c accepts. Some are
specific to Web2c, others are generic to all Kpathsea-using programs.
<p>For a list of all the options <code>configure</code> accepts, run
-`<samp><span class="samp">configure --help</span></samp>'. The generic options are listed first, and the
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">configure --help</span></samp>&rsquo;. The generic options are listed first, and the
package-specific options come last.
<p>For a description of the generic options (which mainly allow you to
@@ -330,21 +330,21 @@ specify installation directories) and basic <code>configure</code> usage,
see <a href="autoconf.html#Invoking-configure">Running <code>configure</code> scripts</a>, a copy is in the file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/CONFIGURE</span></samp>.
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--disable-dump-share</span></samp>'<dd>Do not make fmt/base/mem files sharable across different endian
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--disable-dump-share</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Do not make fmt/base/mem files sharable across different endian
architectures. See <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--without-maketexmf-default</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--without-maketexpk-default</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--without-maketextfm-default</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-maketextex-default</span></samp>'<dd>Enable or disable the dynamic generation programs. See <a href="kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>. The defaults are the inverse of
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--without-maketexmf-default</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--without-maketexpk-default</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--without-maketextfm-default</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-maketextex-default</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Enable or disable the dynamic generation programs. See <a href="kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>. The defaults are the inverse of
the options, i.e., everything is enabled except <code>mktextex</code>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--enable-shared</span></samp>'<dd>Build Kpathsea as a shared library. See <a href="kpathsea.html#Shared-library">Shared library</a>.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-shared</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Build Kpathsea as a shared library. See <a href="kpathsea.html#Shared-library">Shared library</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-editor=</span><var>cmd</var></samp>'<dd>Change the default editor invoked by the `<samp><span class="samp">e</span></samp>' interactive command.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-editor=</span><var>cmd</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Change the default editor invoked by the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">e</span></samp>&rsquo; interactive command.
See <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-epsfwin</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-hp2627win</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-mftalkwin</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-nextwin</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-regiswin</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-suntoolswin</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-tektronixwin</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-unitermwin</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-x</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-x-toolkit=KIT</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-x11win</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-x11</span></samp>'<dd>Define Metafont graphics support; by default, no graphics support is
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-epsfwin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-hp2627win</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-mftalkwin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-nextwin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-regiswin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-suntoolswin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-tektronixwin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-unitermwin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x-toolkit=KIT</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x11win</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x11</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Define Metafont graphics support; by default, no graphics support is
enabled. See <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--x-includes=</span><var>dir</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--x-libraries=</span><var>dir</var></samp>'<dd>Define the locations of the X11 include files and libraries; by default,
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--x-includes=</span><var>dir</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--x-libraries=</span><var>dir</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Define the locations of the X11 include files and libraries; by default,
<code>configure</code> does its best to guess). See <a href="autoconf.html#Optional-Features">Optional Features</a>. A copy is in <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/CONFIGURE</span></samp>.
</dl>
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ section, there are a few things that can be affected at compile-time
with C definitions, rather than with <code>configure</code>. Using any of
these is unusual.
- <p>To specify extra compiler flags (`<samp><span class="samp">-D</span><var>name</var></samp>' in this case), the
+ <p>To specify extra compiler flags (&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-D</span><var>name</var></samp>&rsquo; in this case), the
simplest thing to do is:
<pre class="example"> make XCFLAGS="<var>ccoptions</var>"
</pre>
@@ -375,13 +375,13 @@ running <code>configure</code>. See <a href="kpathsea.html#configure-environmen
<p>Anyway, here are the possibilities:
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-DFIXPT</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-DNO_MF_ASM</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-FIXPT-38"></a><a name="index-fixed_002dpoint-arithmetic-39"></a><a name="index-floating_002dpoint-arithmetic-40"></a><a name="index-assembly-language-routines-41"></a><a name="index-fraction-routines-42"></a>Use the original WEB fixed-point routines for Metafont and MetaPost
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-DFIXPT</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-DNO_MF_ASM</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-FIXPT-38"></a><a name="index-fixed_002dpoint-arithmetic-39"></a><a name="index-floating_002dpoint-arithmetic-40"></a><a name="index-assembly-language-routines-41"></a><a name="index-fraction-routines-42"></a>Use the original WEB fixed-point routines for Metafont and MetaPost
arithmetic calculations regarding fractions. By default,
assembly-language routines are used on x86 hardware with GNU C (unless
-`<samp><span class="samp">NO_MF_ASM</span></samp>' is defined), and floating-point routines are used
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">NO_MF_ASM</span></samp>&rsquo; is defined), and floating-point routines are used
otherwise.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-DIPC_DEBUG</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-IPC_005fDEBUG-43"></a>Report on various interprocess communication activities. See <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-DIPC_DEBUG</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-IPC_005fDEBUG-43"></a>Report on various interprocess communication activities. See <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>.
</dl>
<div class="node">
@@ -402,23 +402,23 @@ one containing <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/</span></samp> and <samp><span
<samp><span class="file">web2c/</span></samp> directory.
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">c-sources</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-c_002dsources-_0040r_007bMakefile-target_007d-47"></a><a name="index-non_002dUnix-system_002c-compiling-on-48"></a>Make only the C files, translated from the Web sources, presumably
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">c-sources</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-c_002dsources-_0040r_007bMakefile-target_007d-47"></a><a name="index-non_002dUnix-system_002c-compiling-on-48"></a>Make only the C files, translated from the Web sources, presumably
because you want to take them to a non-Unix machine.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">formats</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">install-formats</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-formats-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-49"></a><a name="index-install_002dformats-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-50"></a>Make or install all the memory dumps (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). By
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">formats</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">install-formats</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-formats-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-49"></a><a name="index-install_002dformats-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-50"></a>Make or install all the memory dumps (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). By
default, the standard plain formats plus <samp><span class="file">latex.fmt</span></samp> are made. You
can add other formats by redefining the <code>fmts</code>, <code>bases</code>, and
<code>mems</code> variables. See the top of <samp><span class="file">web2c/Makefile</span></samp> for the
possibilities.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">fmts</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">install-fmts</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-fmts-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-51"></a><a name="index-install_002dfmts-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-52"></a>Make or install the TeX <samp><span class="file">.fmt</span></samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">fmts</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">install-fmts</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-fmts-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-51"></a><a name="index-install_002dfmts-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-52"></a>Make or install the TeX <samp><span class="file">.fmt</span></samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">bases</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">install-bases</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-bases-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-53"></a><a name="index-install_002dbases-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-54"></a>
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bases</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">install-bases</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-bases-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-53"></a><a name="index-install_002dbases-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-54"></a>
Make or install the Metafont <samp><span class="file">.base</span></samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">mems</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">install-mems</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-mems-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-55"></a><a name="index-install_002dmems-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-56"></a>Make or install the MetaPost <samp><span class="file">.mem</span></samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mems</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">install-mems</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-mems-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-55"></a><a name="index-install_002dmems-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-56"></a>Make or install the MetaPost <samp><span class="file">.mem</span></samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">triptrap</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">trip</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">trap</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">mptrap</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-triptrap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-57"></a><a name="index-trip-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-58"></a><a name="index-trap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-59"></a><a name="index-mptrap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-60"></a>To run the torture tests for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">triptrap</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">trip</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">trap</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mptrap</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-triptrap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-57"></a><a name="index-trip-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-58"></a><a name="index-trap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-59"></a><a name="index-mptrap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-60"></a>To run the torture tests for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost
(respectively). See the next section.
</dl>
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>
<p><a name="index-Gruff_002c-Billy-Goat-61"></a><a name="index-trip-test-62"></a><a name="index-trap-test-63"></a><a name="index-mptrap-test-64"></a><a name="index-torture-tests-65"></a>
<a name="index-tripman_002etex-66"></a><a name="index-trapman_002etex-67"></a><a name="index-mptrap_002ereadme-68"></a>To validate your TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost executables, run
-`<samp><span class="samp">make triptrap</span></samp>'. This runs the trip, trap, and mptrap &ldquo;torture
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">make triptrap</span></samp>&rsquo;. This runs the trip, trap, and mptrap &ldquo;torture
tests&rdquo;. See the files <samp><span class="file">triptrap/tripman.tex</span></samp>,
<samp><span class="file">triptrap/trapman.tex</span></samp>, and <samp><span class="file">triptrap/mptrap.readme</span></samp> for
detailed information and background on the tests.
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ all acceptable) are:
<ul>
<li>string usage and table sizes;
<li>glue set ratios;
-<li>`<samp><span class="samp">down4</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">right4</span></samp>', and `<samp><span class="samp">y4</span></samp>' commands in DVItype output;
+<li>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">down4</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">right4</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">y4</span></samp>&rsquo; commands in DVItype output;
<li>dates and times.
</ul>
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ files, you should come up clean. For example
and <code>mptrap</code>.
<p>To run simple tests for all the programs as well as the torture tests,
-run `<samp><span class="samp">make check</span></samp>'. You can compare the output to the distributed
+run &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">make check</span></samp>&rsquo;. You can compare the output to the distributed
file <samp><span class="file">tests/check.log</span></samp> if you like.
<div class="node">
@@ -491,16 +491,16 @@ of the distributed <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/texmf.cnf</span></samp>. S
interesting values:
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">main_memory</span></samp>'<a name="index-main_005fmemory-72"></a><dd>Total words of memory available, for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">main_memory</span></samp>&rsquo;<a name="index-main_005fmemory-72"></a><dd>Total words of memory available, for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
Must remake the format file after changing.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">extra_mem_bot</span></samp>'<a name="index-extra_005fmem_005fbot-73"></a><dd><a name="index-boxes_002c-memory-for-74"></a><a name="index-glue_002c-memory-for-75"></a><a name="index-breakpoints_002c-memory-for-76"></a><a name="index-PiC_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-increasing-memory-for-77"></a>Extra space for &ldquo;large&rdquo; TeX data structures: boxes, glue,
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">extra_mem_bot</span></samp>&rsquo;<a name="index-extra_005fmem_005fbot-73"></a><dd><a name="index-boxes_002c-memory-for-74"></a><a name="index-glue_002c-memory-for-75"></a><a name="index-breakpoints_002c-memory-for-76"></a><a name="index-PiC_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-increasing-memory-for-77"></a>Extra space for &ldquo;large&rdquo; TeX data structures: boxes, glue,
breakpoints, et al. If you use PiCTeX, you may well want to set this.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">font_mem_size</span></samp>'<a name="index-font_005fmem_005fsize-78"></a><dd><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-memory-for-79"></a>Words of font info available for TeX; this is approximately the total
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">font_mem_size</span></samp>&rsquo;<a name="index-font_005fmem_005fsize-78"></a><dd><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-memory-for-79"></a>Words of font info available for TeX; this is approximately the total
size of all TFM files read.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">hash_extra</span></samp>'<a name="index-hash_005fextra-80"></a><dd><a name="index-control-sequence-names_002c-space-for-81"></a><a name="index-hash-table_002c-increasing-size-of-82"></a>Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">hash_extra</span></samp>&rsquo;<a name="index-hash_005fextra-80"></a><dd><a name="index-control-sequence-names_002c-space-for-81"></a><a name="index-hash-table_002c-increasing-size-of-82"></a>Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names.
Approximately 10,000 control sequences can be stored in the main hash
table; if you have a large book with numerous cross-references,
this might not be enough, and thus you will want to set <code>hash_extra</code>.
@@ -557,15 +557,15 @@ have to come before the rest of the arguments.
<p><a name="index-g_t_002d-_0040r_007bstarts-option-names_007d-91"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002d-_0040r_007bstarts-option-names_007d-92"></a>As a result, you can:
<ul>
-<li>use `<samp><span class="samp">-</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">--</span></samp>' to start an option name;
+<li>use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--</span></samp>&rsquo; to start an option name;
<li>use any unambiguous abbreviation for an option name;
- <li>separate option names and values with either `<samp><span class="samp">=</span></samp>' or one or more
+ <li>separate option names and values with either &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">=</span></samp>&rsquo; or one or more
spaces;
<li><a name="index-g_t_002d-_0040r_007bstarting-a-filename_007d-93"></a><a name="index-filenames-starting-with-_0040samp_007b_002d_007d-94"></a>use filenames that would otherwise look like options by putting them
-after an option `<samp><span class="samp">--</span></samp>'.
+after an option &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--</span></samp>&rsquo;.
</ul>
<p>By convention, non-option arguments, if specified, generally define the
@@ -575,8 +575,8 @@ name of an input file, as documented for each program.
last value that counts.
<p>For example, the following command line specifies the options
-`<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">bar</span></samp>', and `<samp><span class="samp">verbose</span></samp>'; gives the value `<samp><span class="samp">baz</span></samp>'
-to the `<samp><span class="samp">abc</span></samp>' option, and the value `<samp><span class="samp">xyz</span></samp>' to the `<samp><span class="samp">quux</span></samp>'
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bar</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;; gives the value &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">baz</span></samp>&rsquo;
+to the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">abc</span></samp>&rsquo; option, and the value &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">xyz</span></samp>&rsquo; to the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">quux</span></samp>&rsquo;
option; and specifies the filename <samp><span class="file">-myfile-</span></samp>.
<pre class="example"> -foo --bar -verb -abc=baz -quux karl --quux xyz -- -myfile-
@@ -592,55 +592,55 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a>
<h3 class="section">3.2 Common options</h3>
-<p><a name="index-common-options-95"></a>All of these programs accept the standard GNU `<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>' and
-`<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>' options, and several programs accept
-`<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>'. Rather than writing identical descriptions for
+<p><a name="index-common-options-95"></a>All of these programs accept the standard GNU &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; options, and several programs accept
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;. Rather than writing identical descriptions for
every program, they are described here.
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dhelp-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-96"></a><a name="index-help_002c-online-97"></a>Print a usage message listing basic usage and all available options to
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dhelp-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-96"></a><a name="index-help_002c-online-97"></a>Print a usage message listing basic usage and all available options to
standard output, then exit successfully.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dverbose-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-98"></a><a name="index-verbosity_002c-enabling-99"></a>Print progress reports to standard output.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dverbose-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-98"></a><a name="index-verbosity_002c-enabling-99"></a>Print progress reports to standard output.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dversion-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-100"></a><a name="index-version-number_002c-finding-101"></a>Print the version number to standard output, then exit successfully.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dversion-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-100"></a><a name="index-version-number_002c-finding-101"></a>Print the version number to standard output, then exit successfully.
</dl>
<p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a number of additional options in
common:
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-file-line-error</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dfile_002dline_002derror-102"></a><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-no-file-line-error</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-103"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dfile_002dline_002derror_002dstyle-104"></a><a name="index-changing-error-messages-style-105"></a>Change (or do not change) the way error messages are printed. The
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-file-line-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dfile_002dline_002derror-102"></a><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-no-file-line-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-103"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dfile_002dline_002derror_002dstyle-104"></a><a name="index-changing-error-messages-style-105"></a>Change (or do not change) the way error messages are printed. The
alternate style looks like error messages from many compilers and is
easier to parse for some editors that invoke TeX. This option used
-to be called `<samp><span class="samp">-file-line-error-style</span></samp>'.
+to be called &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-file-line-error-style</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>dumpname</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-base=</span><var>dumpname</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-mem=</span><var>dumpname</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dfmt_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-106"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dbase_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-107"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dmem_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-108"></a><a name="index-dump-file-109"></a>Use <var>dumpname</var> instead of the program name or a `<samp><span class="samp">%&amp;</span></samp>' line to
-determine the name of the memory dump file read (`<samp><span class="samp">fmt</span></samp>' for TeX,
-`<samp><span class="samp">base</span></samp>' for Metafont, `<samp><span class="samp">mem</span></samp>' for MetaPost). See <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>. Also sets the program name to <var>dumpname</var> if no
-`<samp><span class="samp">-progname</span></samp>' option was given.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>dumpname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-base=</span><var>dumpname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mem=</span><var>dumpname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dfmt_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-106"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dbase_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-107"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dmem_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-108"></a><a name="index-dump-file-109"></a>Use <var>dumpname</var> instead of the program name or a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%&amp;</span></samp>&rsquo; line to
+determine the name of the memory dump file read (&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">fmt</span></samp>&rsquo; for TeX,
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">base</span></samp>&rsquo; for Metafont, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mem</span></samp>&rsquo; for MetaPost). See <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>. Also sets the program name to <var>dumpname</var> if no
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname</span></samp>&rsquo; option was given.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dhalt_002don_002derror-110"></a><a name="index-stopping-at-the-first-error-111"></a>Stop processing and exit when an error occurs, as opposed to the normal
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dhalt_002don_002derror-110"></a><a name="index-stopping-at-the-first-error-111"></a>Stop processing and exit when an error occurs, as opposed to the normal
process of trying to recover and continue.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dini-112"></a><a name="index-program-names_002c-special-113"></a><a name="index-initial-form_002c-enabling-114"></a>Enable the &ldquo;initial&rdquo; form of the program (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>). This is implicitly set if the program name is <code>initex</code>
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dini-112"></a><a name="index-program-names_002c-special-113"></a><a name="index-initial-form_002c-enabling-114"></a>Enable the &ldquo;initial&rdquo; form of the program (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>). This is implicitly set if the program name is <code>initex</code>
resp. <code>inimf</code> resp. <code>inimpost</code>, although these variants
are no longer typically installed.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dinteraction_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-115"></a><a name="index-interaction-mode-116"></a>Set the interaction mode from the command line. The <var>string</var> must
-be one of `<samp><span class="samp">batchmode</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">nonstopmode</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">scrollmode</span></samp>', or
-`<samp><span class="samp">errorstopmode</span></samp>'.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dinteraction_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-115"></a><a name="index-interaction-mode-116"></a>Set the interaction mode from the command line. The <var>string</var> must
+be one of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">batchmode</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">nonstopmode</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">scrollmode</span></samp>&rsquo;, or
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">errorstopmode</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002djobname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-117"></a><a name="index-job-name-118"></a>Set the job name to <var>string</var>, instead of deriving it from the name
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002djobname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-117"></a><a name="index-job-name-118"></a>Set the job name to <var>string</var>, instead of deriving it from the name
of the input file.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-119"></a><a name="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-120"></a><a name="index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying-121"></a><a name="index-path-searching-debugging-122"></a>Set path searching debugging flags according to the bits of <var>number</var>
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-119"></a><a name="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-120"></a><a name="index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying-121"></a><a name="index-path-searching-debugging-122"></a>Set path searching debugging flags according to the bits of <var>number</var>
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Debugging">Debugging</a>). You can also specify this in
<code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> environment variable (for all Web2c programs).
-(The command line value overrides.) The most useful value is `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>',
+(The command line value overrides.) The most useful value is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo;,
to get all available output.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory=</span><var>dirname</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002ddirectory-123"></a><a name="index-output-directory_002c-specifying-124"></a>Specify the directory <var>dirname</var> to which output files are written.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory=</span><var>dirname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002ddirectory-123"></a><a name="index-output-directory_002c-specifying-124"></a>Specify the directory <var>dirname</var> to which output files are written.
Also look for input files in <var>dirname</var> first, before looking along
the normal search path. This is useful when you are in some read-only
distribution directory, perhaps on a CD-ROM, and want to TeX some
@@ -650,31 +650,31 @@ Note that for input files the &ldquo;search&rdquo; in <var>dirname</var> does
not use the full generality of the search mechanism. This means that
some files are not found there even though you might expect them to be.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-parse-first-line</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline-125"></a><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-no-parse-first-line</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline-126"></a><a name="index-parsing-the-first-line-127"></a>Check or disable checking whether the first line of the main input
-file starts with `<samp><span class="samp">%&amp;</span></samp>', and parse it if it does. This line can be
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-parse-first-line</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline-125"></a><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-no-parse-first-line</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline-126"></a><a name="index-parsing-the-first-line-127"></a>Check or disable checking whether the first line of the main input
+file starts with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%&amp;</span></samp>&rsquo;, and parse it if it does. This line can be
used specify the format and/or a TCX file.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-128"></a><a name="index-binaries_002c-linking-129"></a><a name="index-linking-binaries-130"></a><a name="index-program-names_002c-special-131"></a>Set program (and memory dump) name to <var>string</var>. This may affect the
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-128"></a><a name="index-binaries_002c-linking-129"></a><a name="index-linking-binaries-130"></a><a name="index-program-names_002c-special-131"></a>Set program (and memory dump) name to <var>string</var>. This may affect the
search paths and other values used (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a>). Using this option is equivalent to making a link named
<var>string</var> to the binary and then invoking the binary under that
name. See <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002drecorder-132"></a><a name="index-file-recorder-133"></a>Enable the filename recorder. This makes the program save a list of the
-opened files into a file with (by default) extension `<samp><span class="samp">.fls</span></samp>'. For
-Omega, this option is always on, and the file has extension `<samp><span class="samp">.ofl</span></samp>'.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002drecorder-132"></a><a name="index-file-recorder-133"></a>Enable the filename recorder. This makes the program save a list of the
+opened files into a file with (by default) extension &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.fls</span></samp>&rsquo;. For
+Omega, this option is always on, and the file has extension &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.ofl</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dtranslate_002dfile_003d_0040var_007btcxfile_007d-134"></a><a name="index-translation-file-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-specifying-135"></a><a name="index-g_t_002etcx-_0040r_007bcharacter-translation-files_007d-136"></a><a name="index-first-line-of-the-main-input-file-137"></a>Use <var>tcxfile</var> to define which characters are printable and translations
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dtranslate_002dfile_003d_0040var_007btcxfile_007d-134"></a><a name="index-translation-file-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-specifying-135"></a><a name="index-g_t_002etcx-_0040r_007bcharacter-translation-files_007d-136"></a><a name="index-first-line-of-the-main-input-file-137"></a>Use <var>tcxfile</var> to define which characters are printable and translations
between the internal and external character sets. Moreover,
<var>tcxfile</var> can be explicitly declared in the first line of the main
-input file `<samp><span class="samp">%&amp; -translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>'.
+input file &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%&amp; -translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;.
This is the recommended method for portability reasons.
See <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d8bit-138"></a><a name="index-g_t8-bit-clean-139"></a><a name="index-g_t8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying-140"></a>This option specifies that by default all characters should be
-considered printable. If `<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file</span></samp>' was given as well, then the
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d8bit-138"></a><a name="index-g_t8-bit-clean-139"></a><a name="index-g_t8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying-140"></a>This option specifies that by default all characters should be
+considered printable. If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file</span></samp>&rsquo; was given as well, then the
TCX file may mark characters as non-printable.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-oem</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doem-141"></a><a name="index-using-local-codepage-to-display-messages-142"></a>This option is specific to Windows. When specified, TeX engines will use the
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-oem</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doem-141"></a><a name="index-using-local-codepage-to-display-messages-142"></a>This option is specific to Windows. When specified, TeX engines will use the
OEM code page rather than the ANSI one to display their messages.
</dl>
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ formatted are therefore documented in the Kpathsea manual
<p><a name="index-font-aliases-146"></a><a name="index-aliases-for-fonts-147"></a><a name="index-texfonts_002emap-148"></a>The programs which read fonts make use of another Kpathsea feature:
<samp><span class="file">texfonts.map</span></samp>, which allows arbitrary aliases for the actual names
-of font files; for example, `<samp><span class="samp">Times-Roman</span></samp>' for `<samp><span class="samp">ptmr8r.tfm</span></samp>'.
+of font files; for example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Times-Roman</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ptmr8r.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo;.
The distributed (and installed by default) <samp><span class="file">texfonts.map</span></samp> includes
aliases for many widely available PostScript fonts by their PostScript
names.
@@ -722,15 +722,15 @@ Namely, they are placed in the directory current when the program is
run, regardless of any input file location; or, in a few cases, output
is to standard output.
- <p>For example, if you run `<samp><span class="samp">tex /tmp/foo</span></samp>', for example, the output
+ <p>For example, if you run &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tex /tmp/foo</span></samp>&rsquo;, for example, the output
will be in <samp><span class="file">./foo.dvi</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">./foo.log</span></samp>, not
<samp><span class="file">/tmp/foo.dvi</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">/tmp/foo.log</span></samp>.
- <p><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002ddirectory-152"></a><a name="index-output-directory_002c-specifying-153"></a><a name="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-_0040TeX_007b_007d-in-154"></a>You can use the `<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>' option to cause all output
+ <p><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002ddirectory-152"></a><a name="index-output-directory_002c-specifying-153"></a><a name="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-_0040TeX_007b_007d-in-154"></a>You can use the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>&rsquo; option to cause all output
files that would normally be written in the current directory to be
written in the specified directory instead. See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
- <p><a name="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_0040r_007b_002c-used-if-_0040samp_007b_002e_007d-unwritable_007d-155"></a><a name="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-_0040TeX_007b_007d-in-156"></a>If the current directory is not writable, and `<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>'
+ <p><a name="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_0040r_007b_002c-used-if-_0040samp_007b_002e_007d-unwritable_007d-155"></a><a name="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-_0040TeX_007b_007d-in-156"></a>If the current directory is not writable, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>&rsquo;
is not specified, the main programs (TeX, Metafont, MetaPost, and
BibTeX) make an exception: if the config file value
<code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is set (it is not by default), output files are
@@ -777,10 +777,10 @@ executables are no longer created.
<p>The initial form is enabled if:
<ol type=1 start=1>
-<li><a name="index-g_t_002dini-162"></a>the `<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>' option was specified; or
+<li><a name="index-g_t_002dini-162"></a>the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo; option was specified; or
<li>the program name is <samp><span class="file">initex</span></samp> resp. <samp><span class="file">inimf</span></samp> resp.
<samp><span class="file">inimpost</span></samp> (these variants are no longer typically installed); or
-<li>the first line of the main input file is `<samp><span class="samp">%&amp;ini</span></samp>';
+<li>the first line of the main input file is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%&amp;ini</span></samp>&rsquo;;
</ol>
otherwise, the virgin form is used.
@@ -841,11 +841,11 @@ example).
creating memory dumps:
<dl>
-<dt>TeX<dd>(`<samp><span class="samp">.fmt</span></samp>') See <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>.
+<dt>TeX<dd>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.fmt</span></samp>&rsquo;) See <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>.
- <br><dt>Metafont<dd>(`<samp><span class="samp">.base</span></samp>') See <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>.
+ <br><dt>Metafont<dd>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.base</span></samp>&rsquo;) See <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>.
- <br><dt>MetaPost<dd>(`<samp><span class="samp">.mem</span></samp>') See <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>.
+ <br><dt>MetaPost<dd>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.mem</span></samp>&rsquo;) See <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>.
</dl>
<p>When making memory dumps, the programs read environment variables and
@@ -871,18 +871,18 @@ reads a memory dump before processing normal source input. All three
programs determine the memory dump to use in the same way:
<ol type=1 start=1>
-<li>If the first non-option command-line argument begins with `<samp><span class="samp">&amp;</span></samp>', the
+<li>If the first non-option command-line argument begins with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&amp;</span></samp>&rsquo;, the
program uses the remainder of that argument as the memory dump name.
-For example, running `<samp><span class="samp">tex \&amp;super</span></samp>' reads <samp><span class="file">super.fmt</span></samp>. (The
-backslash protects the `<samp><span class="samp">&amp;</span></samp>' against interpretation by the shell.)
+For example, running &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tex \&amp;super</span></samp>&rsquo; reads <samp><span class="file">super.fmt</span></samp>. (The
+backslash protects the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&amp;</span></samp>&rsquo; against interpretation by the shell.)
- <li><a name="index-g_t_002dfmt_003d_0040var_007bfmt_007d-178"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dbase_003d_0040var_007bbase_007d-179"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dmem_003d_0040var_007bmem_007d-180"></a>If the `<samp><span class="samp">-fmt</span></samp>' resp. `<samp><span class="samp">-base</span></samp>' resp. `<samp><span class="samp">-mem</span></samp>' option is
+ <li><a name="index-g_t_002dfmt_003d_0040var_007bfmt_007d-178"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dbase_003d_0040var_007bbase_007d-179"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dmem_003d_0040var_007bmem_007d-180"></a>If the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fmt</span></samp>&rsquo; resp. &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-base</span></samp>&rsquo; resp. &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mem</span></samp>&rsquo; option is
specified, its value is used.
- <li><a name="index-g_t_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-181"></a>If the `<samp><span class="samp">-progname</span></samp>' option is specified, its value is used.
+ <li><a name="index-g_t_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-181"></a>If the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname</span></samp>&rsquo; option is specified, its value is used.
<li><a name="index-g_t_0025_0026-_0040r_007bmagic-number_007d-182"></a>If the first line of the main input file (which must be specified on the
-command line, not in response to `<samp><span class="samp">**</span></samp>') is <code>%&amp;</code><var>dump</var>, and
+command line, not in response to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">**</span></samp>&rsquo;) is <code>%&amp;</code><var>dump</var>, and
<var>dump</var> is an existing memory dump of the appropriate type,
<var>dump</var> is used.
@@ -896,8 +896,8 @@ must be given first.
<li><a name="index-program-name_002c-determines-memory-dump-183"></a><a name="index-links-to-binaries-184"></a>Otherwise, the program uses the program invocation name, most commonly
<samp><span class="file">tex</span></samp> resp. <samp><span class="file">mf</span></samp> resp. <samp><span class="file">mpost</span></samp>. For example, if
-<samp><span class="file">latex</span></samp> is a link to <samp><span class="file">tex</span></samp>, and the user runs `<samp><span class="samp">latex
-foo</span></samp>', <samp><span class="file">latex.fmt</span></samp> will be used.
+<samp><span class="file">latex</span></samp> is a link to <samp><span class="file">tex</span></samp>, and the user runs &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">latex
+foo</span></samp>&rsquo;, <samp><span class="file">latex.fmt</span></samp> will be used.
</ol>
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>
architectures of different types; specifically, on machines of different
endianness (see <a href="libc.html#Byte-order">Byte order</a>). (This is a
feature of the Web2c implementation, and is not true of all TeX
-implementations.) If you specify `<samp><span class="samp">--disable-dump-share</span></samp>' to
+implementations.) If you specify &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--disable-dump-share</span></samp>&rsquo; to
<code>configure</code>, however, memory dumps will be endian-dependent.
<p><a name="index-byte-swapping-198"></a><a name="index-swapping-bytes-199"></a>The reason to do this is speed. To achieve endian-independence, the
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ outweighs the speed loss. But if you're installing Web2c for use on
LittleEndian machines only, perhaps on a PC being used only by you, you
may wish to get maximum speed.
- <p><a name="index-floating_002dpoint-values-200"></a><a name="index-glue-ratio-representations-201"></a>TeXnically, even without `<samp><span class="samp">--disable-dump-share</span></samp>', sharing of
+ <p><a name="index-floating_002dpoint-values-200"></a><a name="index-glue-ratio-representations-201"></a>TeXnically, even without &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--disable-dump-share</span></samp>&rsquo;, sharing of
<samp><span class="file">.fmt</span></samp> files cannot be guaranteed to work. Floating-point values
are always written in native format, and hence will generally not be
readable across platforms. Fortunately, TeX uses floating point only
@@ -982,14 +982,14 @@ TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost all (by default) stop and ask for user
intervention at an error. If the user responds with <kbd>e</kbd> or <kbd>E</kbd>,
the program invokes an editor.
- <p><a name="index-TEXEDIT-210"></a><a name="index-MFEDIT-211"></a><a name="index-MPEDIT-212"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002deditor_003d_0040var_007bcmd_007d-213"></a>Specifying `<samp><span class="samp">--with-editor=</span><var>cmd</var></samp>' to <code>configure</code> sets the
+ <p><a name="index-TEXEDIT-210"></a><a name="index-MFEDIT-211"></a><a name="index-MPEDIT-212"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002deditor_003d_0040var_007bcmd_007d-213"></a>Specifying &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-editor=</span><var>cmd</var></samp>&rsquo; to <code>configure</code> sets the
default editor command string to <var>cmd</var>. The environment
variables/configuration values <code>TEXEDIT</code>, <code>MFEDIT</code>, and
-<code>MPEDIT</code> (respectively) override this. If `<samp><span class="samp">--with-editor</span></samp>' is
+<code>MPEDIT</code> (respectively) override this. If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-editor</span></samp>&rsquo; is
not specified, the default is <code>vi +%d %s</code>.
- <p>In this string, `<samp><span class="samp">%d</span></samp>' is replaced by the line number of the error,
-and `<samp><span class="samp">%s</span></samp>' is replaced by the name of the current input file.
+ <p>In this string, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%d</span></samp>&rsquo; is replaced by the line number of the error,
+and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%s</span></samp>&rsquo; is replaced by the name of the current input file.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
@@ -1009,13 +1009,13 @@ primitives:
<pre class="example"> \input <var>name</var> % in TeX
</pre>
<p><a name="index-space_002dterminated-filenames-217"></a><a name="index-whitespace_002dterminated-filenames-218"></a><a name="index-terminator-for-filenames-219"></a>The file <var>name</var> can always be terminated with whitespace; for
-Metafont and MetaPost, the statement terminator `<samp><span class="samp">;</span></samp>' also works.
+Metafont and MetaPost, the statement terminator &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">;</span></samp>&rsquo; also works.
(LaTeX and other macro packages provide other interfaces to
<code>\input</code> that allow different notation; here we are concerned only
with the primitive operation.)
<p>As of Web2c version 7.5.3, double-quote characters can be used to
-include spaces or other special cases. In typical use, the `<samp><span class="samp">"</span></samp>'
+include spaces or other special cases. In typical use, the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">"</span></samp>&rsquo;
characters surround the entire filename:
<pre class="example"> \input "filename with spaces"
</pre>
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ can enclose any characters, as in:
</pre>
<p>This quoting mechanism comes into play <em>after</em> TeX has
tokenized and expanded the input. So, multiple spaces and tabs may be
-seen as a single space, active characters such as `<samp><span class="samp">~</span></samp>' are
+seen as a single space, active characters such as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">~</span></samp>&rsquo; are
expanded first, and so on. (See below.)
<p><a name="index-NUL_002c-not-allowed-in-filenames-220"></a><a name="index-eight_002dbit-characters-in-filenames-221"></a><a name="index-meta-characters-in-filenames-222"></a>On the other hand, various C library routines and Unix itself use the null
@@ -1040,29 +1040,29 @@ In addition, some older Unix variants do not allow eight-bit characters
(codes 128&ndash;255) in filenames.
<p><a name="index-portable-filenames-223"></a>For maximal portability of your document across systems, use only the
-characters `<samp><span class="samp">a</span></samp>'&ndash;`<samp><span class="samp">z</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>'&ndash;`<samp><span class="samp">9</span></samp>', and `<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>', and
+characters &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">a</span></samp>&rsquo;&ndash;&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">z</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>&rsquo;&ndash;&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">9</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo;, and
restrict your filenames to at most eight characters (not including the
extension), and at most a three-character extension. Do not use
anything but simple filenames, since directory separators vary among
systems; instead, add the necessary directories to the appropriate
search path.
- <p><a name="index-g_t_007e-_0040r_007bexpansion-in-filenames_007d-224"></a><a name="index-g_t_0024-_0040r_007bexpansion-in-filenames_007d-225"></a>Finally, the present Web2c implementation does `<samp><span class="samp">~</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">$</span></samp>'
+ <p><a name="index-g_t_007e-_0040r_007bexpansion-in-filenames_007d-224"></a><a name="index-g_t_0024-_0040r_007bexpansion-in-filenames_007d-225"></a>Finally, the present Web2c implementation does &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">~</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">$</span></samp>&rsquo;
expansion on <var>name</var>, unlike Knuth's original implementation and
older versions of Web2c. Thus:
<pre class="example"> \input ~jsmith/$foo.bar
</pre>
<p>will dereference the environment variable or Kpathsea config file value
-`<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>' and read that file extended with `<samp><span class="samp">.bar</span></samp>' in user
-`<samp><span class="samp">jsmith</span></samp>''s home directory. You can also use braces, as in
-`<samp><span class="samp">${foo}bar</span></samp>', if you want to follow the variable name with a letter,
-numeral, or `<samp><span class="samp">_</span></samp>'.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; and read that file extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bar</span></samp>&rsquo; in user
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">jsmith</span></samp>&rsquo;'s home directory. You can also use braces, as in
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">${foo}bar</span></samp>&rsquo;, if you want to follow the variable name with a letter,
+numeral, or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>(So another way to get a program to read a filename containing
whitespace is to define an environment variable and dereference it.)
<p><a name="index-g_t_005cstring-226"></a>In all the common TeX formats (plain TeX, LaTeX, AMSTeX),
-the characters `<samp><span class="samp">~</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">$</span></samp>' have special category codes, so to
+the characters &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">~</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">$</span></samp>&rsquo; have special category codes, so to
actually use these in a document you have to change their catcodes or
use <code>\string</code>. (The result is unportable anyway, see the
suggestions above.) The place where they are most likely to be useful
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ here) and determine their memory dump (fmt) file in the same way
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>), extending
<var>texname</var> with <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp> if necessary. To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
-`<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>' before running the program.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running the program.
<p>After <var>texname</var> is read, TeX processes any remaining
<var>tex-commands</var> on the command line as regular TeX input. Also,
@@ -1140,11 +1140,11 @@ if the first non-option argument begins with a TeX escape character
arguments as a line of regular TeX input.
<p>If no arguments or options are specified, TeX prompts for an
-input file name with `<samp><span class="samp">**</span></samp>'.
+input file name with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">**</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p><a name="index-texput-236"></a>TeX writes the main DVI output to the file
<samp><var>basetexname</var><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp>, where <var>basetexname</var> is the basename of
-<var>texname</var>, or `<samp><span class="samp">texput</span></samp>' if no input file was specified. A DVI
+<var>texname</var>, or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">texput</span></samp>&rsquo; if no input file was specified. A DVI
file is a device-independent binary representation of your TeX
document. The idea is that after running TeX, you translate the DVI
file using a separate program to the commands for a particular output
@@ -1164,16 +1164,16 @@ user could run a TeX program that overwrites, say, <samp><span class="file">~/.r
(MetaPost has a <code>write</code> primitive with similar implications). To
alleviate this, there is a configuration variable <code>openout_any</code>,
which selects one of three levels of security. When it is set to
-`<samp><span class="samp">a</span></samp>' (for &ldquo;any&rdquo;), no restrictions are imposed. When it is set to
-`<samp><span class="samp">r</span></samp>' (for &ldquo;restricted&rdquo;), filenames beginning with `<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>' are
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">a</span></samp>&rsquo; (for &ldquo;any&rdquo;), no restrictions are imposed. When it is set to
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">r</span></samp>&rsquo; (for &ldquo;restricted&rdquo;), filenames beginning with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; are
disallowed (except <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp> because LaTeX needs it). When it is set
-to `<samp><span class="samp">p</span></samp>' (for &ldquo;paranoid&rdquo;) additional restrictions are imposed: an
+to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">p</span></samp>&rsquo; (for &ldquo;paranoid&rdquo;) additional restrictions are imposed: an
absolute filename must refer to a file in (a subdirectory) of
<code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code>, and any attempt to go up a directory level is
-forbidden (that is, paths may not contain a `<samp><span class="samp">..</span></samp>' component). The
-paranoid setting is the default. (For backwards compatibility, `<samp><span class="samp">y</span></samp>'
-and `<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>' are synonyms of `<samp><span class="samp">a</span></samp>', while `<samp><span class="samp">n</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>' are
-synonyms for `<samp><span class="samp">r</span></samp>'.)
+forbidden (that is, paths may not contain a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">..</span></samp>&rsquo; component). The
+paranoid setting is the default. (For backwards compatibility, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">y</span></samp>&rsquo;
+and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>&rsquo; are synonyms of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">a</span></samp>&rsquo;, while &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">n</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>&rsquo; are
+synonyms for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">r</span></samp>&rsquo;.)
<p>In any case, all <code>\openout</code> filenames are recorded in the log file,
except those opened on the first line of input, which is processed when
@@ -1183,65 +1183,65 @@ function <code>openoutnameok</code> in <samp><span class="file">web2c/lib/texmfm
to suffice.)
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-enc</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>fmtname</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-ipc</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-ipc-start</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>'<dd>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-enc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>fmtname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ipc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ipc-start</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-enc</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002denc-247"></a><a name="index-Unicode-input-248"></a><a name="index-UTF_002d8-input-249"></a>Enable encTeX extensions, such as <code>\mubyte</code>. This can be used
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-enc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002denc-247"></a><a name="index-Unicode-input-248"></a><a name="index-UTF_002d8-input-249"></a>Enable encTeX extensions, such as <code>\mubyte</code>. This can be used
to support Unicode UTF-8 input encoding. See
<a href="http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html">http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-ipc</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-ipc-start</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dipc-250"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dipc_002dstart-251"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dipc-configure-_0040r_007boption_007d-252"></a>With either option, TeX writes its DVI output to a socket as well as
-to the usual <samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp> file. With `<samp><span class="samp">-ipc-start</span></samp>', TeX also
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ipc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ipc-start</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dipc-250"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dipc_002dstart-251"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dipc-configure-_0040r_007boption_007d-252"></a>With either option, TeX writes its DVI output to a socket as well as
+to the usual <samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp> file. With &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ipc-start</span></samp>&rsquo;, TeX also
opens a server program at the other end to read the output. See <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>.
- <p>These options are available only if the `<samp><span class="samp">--enable-ipc</span></samp>' option was
+ <p>These options are available only if the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-ipc</span></samp>&rsquo; option was
specified to <code>configure</code> during installation of Web2c.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-no-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-253"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-254"></a>Turn on or off the `<samp><span class="samp">mktex</span></samp>' script associated with <var>filetype</var>.
-The only values that make sense for <var>filetype</var> are `<samp><span class="samp">tex</span></samp>' and
-`<samp><span class="samp">tfm</span></samp>'.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-no-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-253"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-254"></a>Turn on or off the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mktex</span></samp>&rsquo; script associated with <var>filetype</var>.
+The only values that make sense for <var>filetype</var> are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tex</span></samp>&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tfm</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-mltex</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmltex-255"></a><a name="index-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-enabling-256"></a><a name="index-program-names_002c-special-257"></a>If we are <code>INITEX</code> (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>), enable MLTeX
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mltex</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmltex-255"></a><a name="index-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-enabling-256"></a><a name="index-program-names_002c-special-257"></a>If we are <code>INITEX</code> (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>), enable MLTeX
extensions such as <code>\charsubdef</code>. Implicitly set if the program
name is <code>mltex</code>. See <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-output-comment=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002dcomment_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-258"></a><a name="index-output_005fcomment-_0040r_007bfor-DVI-files_007d-259"></a><a name="index-DVI-comment_002c-specifying-260"></a><a name="index-regression-testing-261"></a>Use <var>string</var> as the DVI file comment. Ordinarily, this comment
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-comment=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002dcomment_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-258"></a><a name="index-output_005fcomment-_0040r_007bfor-DVI-files_007d-259"></a><a name="index-DVI-comment_002c-specifying-260"></a><a name="index-regression-testing-261"></a>Use <var>string</var> as the DVI file comment. Ordinarily, this comment
records the date and time of the TeX run, but if you are doing
regression testing, you may not want the DVI file to have this spurious
difference. This is also taken from the environment variable and
-config file value `<samp><span class="samp">output_comment</span></samp>'.
+config file value &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">output_comment</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-shell-escape</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dshell_002descape-262"></a><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-no-shell-escape</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dshell_002descape-263"></a><a name="index-shell-commands-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-264"></a><a name="index-Bourne-shell-commands-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-265"></a><a name="index-shell_005fescape-_0040r_007benabling-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-266"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cimmediate_005cwrite18-267"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cwrite18-_0040r_007bshell-escape-extension_007d-268"></a><a name="index-system-_0040r_007bC-library-function_007d-269"></a><a name="index-security_002c-and-shell-escapes-270"></a>Enable (or disable) the `<samp><span class="samp">\write18{</span><var>shell-command</var><span class="samp">}</span></samp>'
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-shell-escape</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dshell_002descape-262"></a><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-no-shell-escape</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dshell_002descape-263"></a><a name="index-shell-commands-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-264"></a><a name="index-Bourne-shell-commands-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-265"></a><a name="index-shell_005fescape-_0040r_007benabling-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-266"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cimmediate_005cwrite18-267"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cwrite18-_0040r_007bshell-escape-extension_007d-268"></a><a name="index-system-_0040r_007bC-library-function_007d-269"></a><a name="index-security_002c-and-shell-escapes-270"></a>Enable (or disable) the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\write18{</span><var>shell-command</var><span class="samp">}</span></samp>&rsquo;
feature. This is also enabled if the environment variable or config
-file value `<samp><span class="samp">shell_escape</span></samp>' is set to `<samp><span class="samp">t</span></samp>' (but the
-`<samp><span class="samp">-no-shell-escape</span></samp>' command line option overrides this). (For
-backwards compatibility, `<samp><span class="samp">y</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>' are accepted as
-synonyms of `<samp><span class="samp">t</span></samp>'). It is disabled by default to avoid security
+file value &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">shell_escape</span></samp>&rsquo; is set to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">t</span></samp>&rsquo; (but the
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-no-shell-escape</span></samp>&rsquo; command line option overrides this). (For
+backwards compatibility, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">y</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>&rsquo; are accepted as
+synonyms of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">t</span></samp>&rsquo;). It is disabled by default to avoid security
problems. When enabled, the <var>shell-command</var> string (which first
-undergoes the usual TeX expansions, just as in `<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>') is
+undergoes the usual TeX expansions, just as in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo;) is
passed to the command shell (via the C library function
-`<samp><span class="samp">system</span></samp>'). The output of <var>shell-command</var> is not diverted
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">system</span></samp>&rsquo;). The output of <var>shell-command</var> is not diverted
anywhere, so it will not appear in the log file. The system call
-either happens at `<samp><span class="samp">\output</span></samp>' time or right away, according to the
-absence or presence of the `<samp><span class="samp">\immediate</span></samp>' prefix, as usual for
+either happens at &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\output</span></samp>&rsquo; time or right away, according to the
+absence or presence of the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\immediate</span></samp>&rsquo; prefix, as usual for
<code>\write</code>. (If you as a TeX administrator wish to implement
more stringent rules on what can be executed, you will need to modify
<samp><span class="file">tex.ch</span></samp>.)
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-src-specials</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-src-specials=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-generating-source-specials-271"></a>This option makes TeX output specific source information using
-`<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>' commands in the DVI file. These `<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>' track
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-src-specials</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-src-specials=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-generating-source-specials-271"></a>This option makes TeX output specific source information using
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; commands in the DVI file. These &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; track
the current file name and line number.
- <p>Using the first form of this option, the `<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>' commands are
+ <p>Using the first form of this option, the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; commands are
inserted automatically.
<p>In the second form of the option, <var>string</var> is
-a comma separated list of the following values: `<samp><span class="samp">cr</span></samp>',
-`<samp><span class="samp">display</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">hbox</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">math</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">par</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">parend</span></samp>',
-`<samp><span class="samp">vbox</span></samp>'. You can use this list to specify where you want TeX to
-output such commands. For example, `<samp><span class="samp">-src-specials=cr,math</span></samp>' will
+a comma separated list of the following values: &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">cr</span></samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">display</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">hbox</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">math</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">par</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">parend</span></samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">vbox</span></samp>&rsquo;. You can use this list to specify where you want TeX to
+output such commands. For example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-src-specials=cr,math</span></samp>&rsquo; will
output source information every line and every math formula.
<p>These commands can be used with the appropriate DVI viewer and text
@@ -1249,16 +1249,16 @@ editor to switch from the current position in the editor to the same
position in the viewer and back from the viewer
to the editor.
- <p>This option works by inserting `<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>' commands into the token
+ <p>This option works by inserting &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; commands into the token
stream, and thus in principle these additional tokens can be recovered
or seen by the tricky-enough macros. If you run across a case, let us
know, because this counts as a bug. However, such bugs are very hard
to fix, requiring significant changes to TeX, so please don't count
on it.
- <p>Redefining `<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>' will not affect the functioning of this
+ <p>Redefining &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; will not affect the functioning of this
option. The commands inserted into the token stream are
-hard-coded to always use the `<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>' primitive.
+hard-coded to always use the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; primitive.
<p>TeX does not pass the trip test when this option is enabled.
@@ -1276,9 +1276,9 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX">TeX</a>
<h3 class="section">4.2 Initial TeX</h3>
<p><a name="index-initial-_0040TeX_007b_007d-272"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-initial-273"></a>
-<a name="index-g_t_002efmt-274"></a><a name="index-fmt-files-275"></a>The <dfn>initial</dfn> form of TeX is invoked by `<samp><span class="samp">tex -ini</span></samp>'. It
+<a name="index-g_t_002efmt-274"></a><a name="index-fmt-files-275"></a>The <dfn>initial</dfn> form of TeX is invoked by &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tex -ini</span></samp>&rsquo;. It
does lengthy initializations avoided by the &ldquo;virgin&rdquo; (<code>vir</code>)
-form, so as to be capable of dumping `<samp><span class="samp">.fmt</span></samp>' files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). For a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms,
+form, so as to be capable of dumping &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.fmt</span></samp>&rsquo; files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). For a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms,
see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>. In past releases, a separate program
<samp><span class="command">initex</span></samp> was installed to invoke the initial form, but this is
no longer the case.
@@ -1287,14 +1287,14 @@ no longer the case.
<p><a name="index-plain_002efmt-276"></a><a name="index-tex_002efmt-277"></a><a name="index-format-files-278"></a>Unlike Metafont and MetaPost, many format files are commonly used with
TeX. The standard one implementing the features described in the
-<cite>TeXbook</cite> is `<samp><span class="samp">plain.fmt</span></samp>', also known as `<samp><span class="samp">tex.fmt</span></samp>'
+<cite>TeXbook</cite> is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">plain.fmt</span></samp>&rsquo;, also known as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tex.fmt</span></samp>&rsquo;
(again, see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). It is created by default during
installation, but you can also do so by hand if necessary (e.g., if an
update to <samp><span class="file">plain.tex</span></samp> is issued):
<pre class="example"> tex -ini '\input plain \dump'
</pre>
<p class="noindent">(The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.)
-Then install the resulting <samp><span class="file">plain.fmt</span></samp> in `<samp><span class="samp">$(fmtdir)</span></samp>'
+Then install the resulting <samp><span class="file">plain.fmt</span></samp> in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">$(fmtdir)</span></samp>&rsquo;
(<samp><span class="file">/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</span></samp> by default), and link
<samp><span class="file">tex.fmt</span></samp> to it.
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ into a <samp><span class="file">.fmt</span></samp> file (see <a href="#Memory-du
widespread use, and the Web2c Makefile has targets to make the versions
current at the time of release. You can change which formats are
automatically built by setting the <code>fmts</code> Make variable; by default,
-only the `<samp><span class="samp">plain</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">latex</span></samp>' formats are made.
+only the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">plain</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">latex</span></samp>&rsquo; formats are made.
<p>You can get the latest versions of most of these formats from the CTAN
archives in subdirectories of <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/macros</span></samp> (for CTAN info,
@@ -1366,8 +1366,8 @@ high-level formatting. The Eplain home page:
<a href="http://www.tug.org/eplain">http://www.tug.org/eplain</a>.
<br><dt><tt>slitex</tt><dd><a name="index-Sli_0040TeX_007b_007d-291"></a><a name="index-slides_002c-producing-292"></a>An obsolete LaTeX 2.09 format for making slides. It is replaced by
-the `<samp><span class="samp">slides</span></samp>' document class, along with the `<samp><span class="samp">beamer</span></samp>',
-`<samp><span class="samp">texpower</span></samp>', and other packages.
+the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">slides</span></samp>&rsquo; document class, along with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">beamer</span></samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">texpower</span></samp>&rsquo;, and other packages.
</dl>
@@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@ an accented character glyph for fonts missing this glyph (e.g., Computer
Modern). Standard TeX suppresses hyphenation in this case.
<p>MLTeX works at <samp><span class="file">.fmt</span></samp>-creation time: the basic idea is to
-specify the `<samp><span class="samp">-mltex</span></samp>' option to TeX when you <code>\dump</code> a
+specify the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mltex</span></samp>&rsquo; option to TeX when you <code>\dump</code> a
format. Then, when you subsequently invoke TeX and read that
<code>.fmt</code> file, the MLTeX features described below will be enabled.
@@ -1500,7 +1500,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>
<h5 class="subsubsection">4.4.1.2 <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</h5>
-<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef-_0040r_007band-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-306"></a><a name="index-redefined-character-substitutions-307"></a>To help diagnose problems with `<samp><span class="samp">\charsubdef</span></samp>', MLTeX provides a
+<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef-_0040r_007band-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-306"></a><a name="index-redefined-character-substitutions-307"></a>To help diagnose problems with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\charsubdef</span></samp>&rsquo;, MLTeX provides a
new primitive parameter, <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>. If positive, every
use of <code>\charsubdef</code> will be reported. This can help track down
when a character is redefined.
@@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ ASCII).
<p>Of the various proposals for handling more than one input encoding,
TCX files were chosen because they follow Knuth's original ideas for
-the use of the `<samp><span class="samp">xchr</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">xord</span></samp>' tables. He ventured that
+the use of the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">xchr</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">xord</span></samp>&rsquo; tables. He ventured that
these would be changed in the WEB source in order to adjust the actual
version to a given environment. It turns out, however, that
recompiling the WEB sources is not as simple a task as Knuth may have
@@ -1557,9 +1557,9 @@ that an input (keyboard) character maps to more than one character.
<li>The best way to specify a TCX file is to list it explicitly in the
first line of the main document:
<pre class="example"> %&amp; -translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var>
- </pre>
+</pre>
<li>You can also specify a TCX file to be used on a particular TeX run
-with the command-line option `<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>'.
+with the command-line option &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;.
<li>TCX files are searched for along the <code>WEB2C</code> path.
@@ -1580,9 +1580,9 @@ everything but plain TeX in the TeX Live and other distributions.
Thus:
<pre class="example"> latex somefile8.tex
- =&gt; terminal etc. output with 8-bit chars
+ &rArr; terminal etc. output with 8-bit chars
latex --translate-file=empty.tcx somefile8.tex
- =&gt; terminal etc. output with ^^ notation
+ &rArr; terminal etc. output with ^^ notation
</pre>
<p><a name="index-syntax-of-TCX-files-321"></a>Syntax of TCX files:
<ol type=1 start=1>
@@ -1590,15 +1590,15 @@ Thus:
<li><a name="index-whitespace_002c-in-TCX-files-323"></a>Whitespace is ignored except as a separator.
- <li><a name="index-comments_002c-in-TCX-files-324"></a>Comments start with `<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>' and continue to the end of the line.
+ <li><a name="index-comments_002c-in-TCX-files-324"></a>Comments start with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>&rsquo; and continue to the end of the line.
<li>Otherwise, a line consists of one or two character codes, optionally
followed by 0 or 1. The last number indicates whether <var>dest</var> is
considered printable.
<pre class="example"> <var>src</var> [<var>dest</var> [<var>prnt</var>]]
- </pre>
- <li><a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-325"></a><a name="index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-326"></a><a name="index-hex-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-327"></a><a name="index-decimal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-328"></a>Each character code may be specified in octal with a leading `<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>',
-hexadecimal with a leading `<samp><span class="samp">0x</span></samp>', or decimal otherwise. Values must
+</pre>
+ <li><a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-325"></a><a name="index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-326"></a><a name="index-hex-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-327"></a><a name="index-decimal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-328"></a>Each character code may be specified in octal with a leading &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>&rsquo;,
+hexadecimal with a leading &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0x</span></samp>&rsquo;, or decimal otherwise. Values must
be between 0 and 255, inclusive (decimal).
<li>If the <var>dest</var> code is not specified, it is taken to be the same as
@@ -1611,7 +1611,7 @@ definition that counts.
<p><a name="index-printable-characters_002c-specifying-329"></a><a name="index-g_t_005e_005e-_0040r_007bnotation_002c-avoiding_007d-330"></a>Finally, here's what happens: when TeX sees an input character with
code <var>src</var>, it 1) changes <var>src</var> to <var>dest</var>; and 2) makes the
<var>dest</var> code &ldquo;printable&rdquo;, i.e., printed as-is in diagnostics and the
-log file rather than in `<samp><span class="samp">^^</span></samp>' notation.
+log file rather than in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">^^</span></samp>&rsquo; notation.
<p>By default, no characters are translated, and character codes between 32
and 126 inclusive (decimal) are printable.
@@ -1626,17 +1626,17 @@ since TeX uses them in various ways.
<var>src</var>, and the output (font) character code for <var>dest</var>.
<p><a name="index-interaction-between-TCX-files-and-_0040samp_007b_002d8bit_007d_002e-333"></a>By default, only the printable ASCII characters are considered printable
-by TeX. If you specify the `<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>' option, all characters are
-considered printable by default. If you specify both the `<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>'
+by TeX. If you specify the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo; option, all characters are
+considered printable by default. If you specify both the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;
option and a TCX file, then the TCX can set specific characters to be
non-printable.
<p>Both the specified TCX encoding and whether characters are printable
are saved in the dump files (like <samp><span class="file">tex.fmt</span></samp>). So by giving these
-options in combination with `<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>', you control the defaults seen
+options in combination with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo;, you control the defaults seen
by anyone who uses the resulting dump file.
- <p>When loading a dump, if the `<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>' option was given, then all
+ <p>When loading a dump, if the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo; option was given, then all
characters become printable by default.
<p>When loading a dump, if a TCX file was specified, then the TCX data from
@@ -1677,12 +1677,12 @@ written to the file <var>output</var>.
<!-- upper case versions, preceded and separated by a delimiter and followed -->
<!-- by two consecutive delimiters. The delimiter may be any character not -->
<!-- occurring in either version. -->
-<p>In addition, Patgen prompts interactively for other values.
+ <p>In addition, Patgen prompts interactively for other values.
<p>For more information, see <cite>Word hy-phen-a-tion by com-puter</cite> by
Frank Liang (see <a href="#References">References</a>), and also the <samp><span class="file">patgen.web</span></samp> source file.
- <p>The only options are `<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
+ <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
@@ -1698,12 +1698,12 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX">TeX</a>
<p><a name="index-IPC-337"></a><a name="index-sockets-338"></a>(Sorry, but I'm not going to write this unless someone actually uses
this feature. Let me know.)
- <p>This functionality is available only if the `<samp><span class="samp">--enable-ipc</span></samp>' option
+ <p>This functionality is available only if the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-ipc</span></samp>&rsquo; option
was specified to <code>configure</code> during installation of Web2c
(see <a href="#Installation">Installation</a>).
- <p><a name="index-IPC_005fDEBUG-339"></a>If you define <code>IPC_DEBUG</code> before compilation (e.g., with `<samp><span class="samp">make
-XCFLAGS=-DIPC_DEBUG</span></samp>'), TeX will print messages to standard error
+ <p><a name="index-IPC_005fDEBUG-339"></a>If you define <code>IPC_DEBUG</code> before compilation (e.g., with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">make
+XCFLAGS=-DIPC_DEBUG</span></samp>&rsquo;), TeX will print messages to standard error
about its socket operations. This may be helpful if you are, well,
debugging.
@@ -1734,7 +1734,7 @@ from <a href="http://www.ens.fr/omega">http://www.ens.fr/omega</a> and <samp><va
includes primitives for hypertext and micro-typography. Available from
<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/pdftex</span></samp>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">TeX--XeT</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-TeX_002d_002dXeT-348"></a><a name="index-Arabic-typesetting-349"></a><a name="index-right_002dto_002dleft-typesetting-350"></a>Adds primitives and DVI opcodes for right-to-left typesetting (as used
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TeX--XeT</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-TeX_002d_002dXeT-348"></a><a name="index-Arabic-typesetting-349"></a><a name="index-right_002dto_002dleft-typesetting-350"></a>Adds primitives and DVI opcodes for right-to-left typesetting (as used
in Arabic, for example). An old version for TeX 3.1415 is available
from <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/knuth/tex--xet</span></samp>. A newer version is
included in e-TeX.
@@ -1813,7 +1813,7 @@ language, see <cite>The Metafontbook</cite> (see <a href="#References">Reference
<p><a name="index-g_t_002emf-361"></a><a name="index-Metafont-input-files-362"></a><a name="index-EC-fonts-363"></a><a name="index-mktexmf_0040r_007b_002c-disabling_007d-364"></a>Metafont searches the usual places for the main input file <var>mfname</var>
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>), extending
<var>mfname</var> with <samp><span class="file">.mf</span></samp> if necessary. To see all the relevant
-paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>'
+paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo;
before running the program. By default, Metafont runs an external
program named <samp><span class="file">mktexmf</span></samp> to create any nonexistent Metafont source
files you input. You can disable this at configure-time or runtime
@@ -1823,7 +1823,7 @@ for the sake of the EC fonts, which can be generated at any size.
<p><a name="index-g_t_002e_0040var_007bnnn_007dgf-_0040r_007bgeneric-fonts_007d-365"></a><a name="index-mfput-366"></a><a name="index-GF-output-367"></a><a name="index-GF-files_002c-output-by-Metafont-368"></a><a name="index-PK-files_002c-not-output-by-Metafont-369"></a>Metafont writes the main GF output to the file
<samp><var>basemfname</var><span class="file">.</span><var>nnn</var><span class="file">gf</span></samp>, where <var>nnn</var> is the font
resolution in pixels per inch, and <var>basemfname</var> is the basename of
-<var>mfname</var>, or `<samp><span class="samp">mfput</span></samp>' if no input file was specified. A GF file
+<var>mfname</var>, or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mfput</span></samp>&rsquo; if no input file was specified. A GF file
contains bitmaps of the actual character shapes. Usually GF files are
converted immediately to PK files with GFtoPK (see <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a>), since PK files contain equivalent information, but are
more compact. (Metafont output in GF format rather than PK for only
@@ -1856,13 +1856,13 @@ usual. For example:
\myfont Now I am typesetting in my new font (minimum hamburgers).
</pre>
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>fmtname</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>'<dd>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>fmtname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-no-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-376"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-377"></a>Turn on or off the `<samp><span class="samp">mktex</span></samp>' script associated with <var>filetype</var>.
-The only value that makes sense for <var>filetype</var> is `<samp><span class="samp">mf</span></samp>'.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-no-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-376"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-377"></a>Turn on or off the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mktex</span></samp>&rsquo; script associated with <var>filetype</var>.
+The only value that makes sense for <var>filetype</var> is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mf</span></samp>&rsquo;.
</dl>
<div class="node">
@@ -1879,19 +1879,19 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>
<p><a name="index-initial-Metafont-378"></a><a name="index-Metafont_002c-initial-379"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_002ebase-380"></a><a name="index-base-files-381"></a><code>inimf</code> is the &ldquo;initial&rdquo; form of Metafont, which does lengthy
initializations avoided by the &ldquo;virgin&rdquo; (<code>vir</code>) form, so as to
-be capable of dumping `<samp><span class="samp">.base</span></samp>' files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). For
+be capable of dumping &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.base</span></samp>&rsquo; files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). For
a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms, see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>. In past releases, a separate program <samp><span class="command">inimf</span></samp> was
installed to invoke the initial form, but this is no longer the case.
<p>For a list of options and other information, see <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>.
<p><a name="index-plain_002ebase-382"></a><a name="index-mf_002ebase-383"></a>The only memory dump file commonly used with Metafont is the default
-`<samp><span class="samp">plain.base</span></samp>', also known as `<samp><span class="samp">mf.base</span></samp>' (again, see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). It is created by default during installation, but you can also
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">plain.base</span></samp>&rsquo;, also known as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mf.base</span></samp>&rsquo; (again, see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). It is created by default during installation, but you can also
do so by hand if necessary (e.g., if a Metafont update is issued):
<pre class="example"> mf -ini '\input plain; input modes; dump'
</pre>
<p class="noindent">(The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.)
-Then install the resulting <samp><span class="file">plain.base</span></samp> in `<samp><span class="samp">$(basedir)</span></samp>'
+Then install the resulting <samp><span class="file">plain.base</span></samp> in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">$(basedir)</span></samp>&rsquo;
(<samp><span class="file">/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</span></samp> by default), and link
<samp><span class="file">mf.base</span></samp> to it.
@@ -1992,44 +1992,44 @@ be selected.
and the corresponding <code>configure</code> option(s) in parentheses.
<dl>
-<dt><code>epsf</code><a name="index-epsf-404"></a><dd><a name="index-Herberts_002c-Mathias-405"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002depsfwin-406"></a>(`<samp><span class="samp">--with-epsfwin</span></samp>') Pseudo-window server for Encapsulated
+<dt><code>epsf</code><a name="index-epsf-404"></a><dd><a name="index-Herberts_002c-Mathias-405"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002depsfwin-406"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-epsfwin</span></samp>&rsquo;) Pseudo-window server for Encapsulated
PostScript (see <samp><span class="file">web2c/window/epsf.c</span></samp>). This device produces an
EPS file containing the graphics which would be displayed online on
other devices. The name of the EPS file defaults to metafont.eps but
can be changed by setting the MFEPSF environment variable to the new
filename. Contributed by Mathias Herberts.
- <br><dt><code>hp2627</code><a name="index-hp2627-407"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dhp2627win-408"></a>(`<samp><span class="samp">--with-hp2627win</span></samp>') HP2627a color graphics terminals.
+ <br><dt><code>hp2627</code><a name="index-hp2627-407"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dhp2627win-408"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-hp2627win</span></samp>&rsquo;) HP2627a color graphics terminals.
- <br><dt><code>mftalk</code><a name="index-mftalk-409"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dmftalkwin-410"></a>(`<samp><span class="samp">--with-mftalkwin</span></samp>') Generic window server (see
+ <br><dt><code>mftalk</code><a name="index-mftalk-409"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dmftalkwin-410"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-mftalkwin</span></samp>&rsquo;) Generic window server (see
<samp><span class="file">web2c/window/mftalk.c</span></samp>).
- <br><dt><code>next</code><a name="index-next-411"></a><dd><a name="index-DrawingServant-412"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dnext-413"></a>(`<samp><span class="samp">--with-next</span></samp>') NeXT window system. This requires a separate
+ <br><dt><code>next</code><a name="index-next-411"></a><dd><a name="index-DrawingServant-412"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dnext-413"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-next</span></samp>&rsquo;) NeXT window system. This requires a separate
program, called <code>DrawingServant</code>, available separately. See the
<samp><span class="file">web2c/window/next.c</span></samp>.
- <br><dt><code>regis</code><a name="index-regis-414"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dregiswin-415"></a><a name="index-Regis-graphics-support-416"></a>(`<samp><span class="samp">--with-regiswin</span></samp>') Regis terminals.
+ <br><dt><code>regis</code><a name="index-regis-414"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dregiswin-415"></a><a name="index-Regis-graphics-support-416"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-regiswin</span></samp>&rsquo;) Regis terminals.
- <br><dt><code>sun</code><a name="index-sun-417"></a><dd><a name="index-SunView-418"></a><a name="index-Suntools-419"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dsuntoolswin-420"></a><a name="index-sun_002dgfx_002ec-421"></a>(`<samp><span class="samp">--with-suntoolswin</span></samp>') The old Suntools (not any flavor of X)
+ <br><dt><code>sun</code><a name="index-sun-417"></a><dd><a name="index-SunView-418"></a><a name="index-Suntools-419"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dsuntoolswin-420"></a><a name="index-sun_002dgfx_002ec-421"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-suntoolswin</span></samp>&rsquo;) The old Suntools (not any flavor of X)
window system. (You can get the even older SunWindows <code>gfx</code> system
by using <samp><span class="file">sun-gfx.c</span></samp>.)
- <br><dt><code>tek</code><a name="index-tek-422"></a><dd><a name="index-Tektronix-423"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dtektronixwin-424"></a>(`<samp><span class="samp">--with-tektronixwin</span></samp>') Tektronix terminals.
+ <br><dt><code>tek</code><a name="index-tek-422"></a><dd><a name="index-Tektronix-423"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dtektronixwin-424"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-tektronixwin</span></samp>&rsquo;) Tektronix terminals.
- <p><a name="index-Poole_002c-Simon-425"></a><br><dt><code>uniterm</code><a name="index-uniterm-426"></a><dd><a name="index-Tektronix-4014-427"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dunitermwin-428"></a>(`<samp><span class="samp">--with-unitermwin</span></samp>') Uniterm, Simon Poole's emulator of a smart
+ <p><a name="index-Poole_002c-Simon-425"></a><br><dt><code>uniterm</code><a name="index-uniterm-426"></a><dd><a name="index-Tektronix-4014-427"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dunitermwin-428"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-unitermwin</span></samp>&rsquo;) Uniterm, Simon Poole's emulator of a smart
Tektronix 4014 terminal. This may work with regular Tektronix terminals
-as well; it's faster than the driver `<samp><span class="samp">--with-tek</span></samp>' selects.
+as well; it's faster than the driver &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-tek</span></samp>&rsquo; selects.
- <p><a name="index-NO_005fX11WIN-429"></a><a name="index-Xt-430"></a><a name="index-Xlib-431"></a><br><dt><code>xterm</code><a name="index-xterm-432"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dx11win-433"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dx-434"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dx11-435"></a>(`<samp><span class="samp">--with-x11win</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">--with-x</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">--with-x11</span></samp>') The X window
+ <p><a name="index-NO_005fX11WIN-429"></a><a name="index-Xt-430"></a><a name="index-Xlib-431"></a><br><dt><code>xterm</code><a name="index-xterm-432"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dx11win-433"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dx-434"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dx11-435"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x11win</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x11</span></samp>&rsquo;) The X window
system (version 11).
<p><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dx_002dtoolkit_003d_0040var_007bkit_007d-436"></a><a name="index-toolkits_002c-X-437"></a><a name="index-X-toolkits-and-Metafont-438"></a><a name="index-Xt-support-439"></a><a name="index-Xlib-support-440"></a>There are two variants of the X11 support, one that works with the Xt
toolkit, and another that works directly with Xlib. The Xt support is
more efficient and has more functionality, so it is the default. If you
-must use the Xlib support, use `<samp><span class="samp">configure --with-x
---with-x-toolkit=no</span></samp>'.
+must use the Xlib support, use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">configure --with-x
+--with-x-toolkit=no</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <p><a name="index-X-resources-441"></a><a name="index-X-class-name-for-Metafont-442"></a><a name="index-class-name-for-Metafont-443"></a><a name="index-geometry-for-Metafont-444"></a><a name="index-Metafont-geometry-445"></a><a name="index-g_t_002eXdefaults-446"></a><a name="index-g_t_002eXresources-447"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dgeometry_0040r_007b_002c-supported-with-Xt_007d-448"></a>You cannot specify any of the usual X options (e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">-geometry</span></samp>')
+ <p><a name="index-X-resources-441"></a><a name="index-X-class-name-for-Metafont-442"></a><a name="index-class-name-for-Metafont-443"></a><a name="index-geometry-for-Metafont-444"></a><a name="index-Metafont-geometry-445"></a><a name="index-g_t_002eXdefaults-446"></a><a name="index-g_t_002eXresources-447"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dgeometry_0040r_007b_002c-supported-with-Xt_007d-448"></a>You cannot specify any of the usual X options (e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-geometry</span></samp>&rsquo;)
on the Metafont command line, but you can specify X resources in your
<samp><span class="file">~/.Xdefaults</span></samp> or <samp><span class="file">~/.Xresources</span></samp> file. The class name is
<code>Metafont</code>. If you're using the Xt support, all the usual X toolkit
@@ -2066,14 +2066,14 @@ font designers or Metafont hackers. Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> gftodvi [<var>option</var>]... <var>gfname</var>[gf]
</pre>
<p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
-environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>' before running
+environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
- <p>The suffix `<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>' is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
-not an extension; no `<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>' precedes it: for instance <samp><span class="file">cmr10.600gf</span></samp>.
+ <p>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>&rsquo; is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
+not an extension, no &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; precedes it; for instance, <samp><span class="file">cmr10.600gf</span></samp>.
<p>The output filename is the basename of <var>gfname</var> extended with
-<samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp>, e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">gftodvi /wherever/foo.600gf</span></samp>' creates
+<samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp>, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gftodvi /wherever/foo.600gf</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./foo.dvi</span></samp>.
<p>The characters from <var>gfname</var> appear one per page in the DVI output,
@@ -2094,17 +2094,28 @@ the top of each output page.
of the figure.
<li><a name="index-slant-font-460"></a><dfn>slant font</dfn> (no default): for diagonal lines, which are otherwise
-simulated using horizontal and vertical rules.
-
- </ul>
+simulated using horizontal and vertical rules.
+</ul>
<p>To change the default fonts, you must use <code>special</code> commands in
-your Metafont source file.
+your Metafont source file, typically via commands like <code>slantfont
+slantlj4</code>. There is no default slant font since no one printer is
+suitable as a default. You can make your own by copying one of the
+existing files, such as
+<samp><span class="file">.../fonts/source/public/misc/slantlj4.mf</span></samp> and then running
+<samp><span class="command">mf</span></samp> on it.
+
+ <p>For testing purposes, you may it useful to run <code>mf rtest</code> (hit
+RETURN when it stops) to get a <samp><span class="file">gf</span></samp> file of a thorn glyph. Or
+use <samp><span class="command">mfw</span></samp> instead of <samp><span class="command">mf</span></samp> to have the glyph(s)
+displayed on the screen. After that, <code>gftodvi rtest.2602gf</code>
+should produce <samp><span class="file">rtest.dvi</span></samp>, which you process as usual.
<p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>', and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-overflow-label-offset=</span><var>points</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003d_0040var_007bpoints_007d-461"></a><a name="index-overflow-label-offset-462"></a><a name="index-offset-for-overflow-labels-463"></a>Typeset the so-called overflow labels, if any, <var>points</var> TeX
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-overflow-label-offset=</span><var>points</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003d_0040var_007bpoints_007d-461"></a><a name="index-overflow-label-offset-462"></a><a name="index-offset-for-overflow-labels-463"></a>Typeset the so-called overflow labels, if any, <var>points</var> TeX
points from the right edge of the character bounding box. The default
is a little over two inches (ten million scaled points, to be precise).
Overflow equations are used to locate coordinates when their actual
@@ -2129,9 +2140,9 @@ typesetting, with the aid of TeX macros defined in the file
<pre class="example"> mft [<var>option</var>]... <var>mfname</var>[.mf]
</pre>
<p>MFT searches the usual places for <var>mfname</var> (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
-environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>' before running
+environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program. The output goes to the basename of <var>mfname</var> extended
-with <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp>, e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">mft /wherever/foo.mf</span></samp>' creates
+with <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp>, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mft /wherever/foo.mf</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./foo.tex</span></samp>.
<p>Line breaks in the input are carried over into the output; moreover,
@@ -2143,51 +2154,51 @@ independently of the others.
<p>Further control is allowed via Metafont comments:
<a name="index-comments_002c-MFT-control-469"></a>
<ul>
-<li>Metafont comments following a single `<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>' should be valid TeX
+<li>Metafont comments following a single &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>&rsquo; should be valid TeX
input. But Metafont material can be included within vertical bars in a
comment; this will be translated by MFT as if it were regular Metafont
-code. For example, a comment like `<samp><span class="samp">% |x2r| is the tip of the bowl</span></samp>'
-will be translated into the TeX `<samp><span class="samp">% $x_{2r}$ is the ...</span></samp>',
-i.e., the `<samp><span class="samp">x2r</span></samp>' is treated as an identifier.
+code. For example, a comment like &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">% |x2r| is the tip of the bowl</span></samp>&rsquo;
+will be translated into the TeX &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">% $x_{2r}$ is the ...</span></samp>&rsquo;,
+i.e., the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">x2r</span></samp>&rsquo; is treated as an identifier.
- <li>`<samp><span class="samp">%%</span></samp>' indicates that the remainder of an input line should be copied
+ <li>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%%</span></samp>&rsquo; indicates that the remainder of an input line should be copied
verbatim to the output. This is typically used to introduce additional
TeX material at the beginning or an MFT job, e.g. code to modify the
standard layout or the formatting macros defined in <samp><span class="file">mftmac.tex</span></samp>,
-or to add a line saying `<samp><span class="samp">%%\bye</span></samp>' at the end of the job. (MFT
+or to add a line saying &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%%\bye</span></samp>&rsquo; at the end of the job. (MFT
doesn't add this automatically in order to allow processing several
files produces by MFT in the same TeX job.)
- <li>`<samp><span class="samp">%%% </span><var>token1</var> <var>other-tokens</var></samp>'
+ <li>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%%% </span><var>token1</var> <var>other-tokens</var></samp>&rsquo;
introduces a change in MFT's formatting rules; all the <var>other-tokens</var>
will henceforth be translated according to the current conventions for
<var>token1</var>. The tokens must be symbolic (i.e., not
numeric or string tokens). For example, the input line
<pre class="example"> %%% addto fill draw filldraw
- </pre>
- <p class="noindent">says to format the `<samp><span class="samp">fill</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">draw</span></samp>', and `<samp><span class="samp">filldraw</span></samp>'
-operations of plain Metafont just like the primitive token `<samp><span class="samp">addto</span></samp>',
+</pre>
+ <p class="noindent">says to format the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">fill</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">draw</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">filldraw</span></samp>&rsquo;
+operations of plain Metafont just like the primitive token &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">addto</span></samp>&rsquo;,
i.e., in boldface type. Without such reformatting commands, MFT would
-treat `<samp><span class="samp">fill</span></samp>' like an ordinary tag or variable name. In fact, you
-need a `<samp><span class="samp">%%%</span></samp>' command even to get parentheses to act like
+treat &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">fill</span></samp>&rsquo; like an ordinary tag or variable name. In fact, you
+need a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%%%</span></samp>&rsquo; command even to get parentheses to act like
delimiters.
- <li>`<samp><span class="samp">%%%%</span></samp>' introduces an MFT comment, i.e., MFT ignores the remainder
+ <li>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%%%%</span></samp>&rsquo; introduces an MFT comment, i.e., MFT ignores the remainder
of such a line.
- <li>Five or more `<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>' signs should not be used.
+ <li>Five or more &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>&rsquo; signs should not be used.
</ul>
<p><a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-470"></a>(The above description was edited from <samp><span class="file">mft.web</span></samp>, written by
D.E.&nbsp;Knuth<!-- /@w -->.)
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-change=</span><var>chfile</var><span class="samp">[.ch]</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dchange_003d_0040var_007bchfile_007d-471"></a><a name="index-change-files_002c-and-MFT-472"></a>Apply the change file <var>chfile</var> as with Tangle and Weave
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-change=</span><var>chfile</var><span class="samp">[.ch]</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dchange_003d_0040var_007bchfile_007d-471"></a><a name="index-change-files_002c-and-MFT-472"></a>Apply the change file <var>chfile</var> as with Tangle and Weave
(see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>).
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-style=</span><var>mftfile</var><span class="samp">[.mft]</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dstyle_003d_0040var_007bmftfile_007d-473"></a><a name="index-style-files-474"></a><a name="index-plain_002emft-475"></a>Read <var>mftfile</var> before anything else; a MFT style file typically
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-style=</span><var>mftfile</var><span class="samp">[.mft]</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dstyle_003d_0040var_007bmftfile_007d-473"></a><a name="index-style-files-474"></a><a name="index-plain_002emft-475"></a>Read <var>mftfile</var> before anything else; a MFT style file typically
contains only MFT directives as described above. The default style file
is named <samp><span class="file">plain.mft</span></samp>, which defines this properly for programs
using plain Metafont. The MFT files is searched along the
@@ -2278,7 +2289,7 @@ Synopses:
<p><a name="index-g_t_002emp-487"></a><a name="index-MetaPost-input-files-488"></a>MetaPost searches the usual places for the main input file <var>mpname</var>
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>), extending
<var>mpname</var> with <samp><span class="file">.mp</span></samp> if necessary. To see all the relevant
-paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>'
+paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo;
before running the program.
<p><a name="index-beginfig-489"></a><a name="index-g_t_002e_0040var_007bnnn_007d-_0040r_007bPostScript-figures_007d-490"></a><a name="index-g_t_002etfm-_0040r_007boutput_007d-491"></a><a name="index-mpout-492"></a><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-MetaPost-493"></a><a name="index-PostScript-output-494"></a>MetaPost writes its PostScript output to a series of files
@@ -2286,8 +2297,8 @@ before running the program.
<samp><var>basempname</var><span class="file">.ps</span></samp>, very occasionally
<samp><var>basempname</var><span class="file">.tfm</span></samp>), where <var>nnn</var> are the figure numbers
specified in the input, typically to the <code>beginfig</code> macro, and
-<var>basempname</var> is the basename of <var>mpname</var>, or `<samp><span class="samp">mpout</span></samp>' if no
-input file was specified. MetaPost uses the `<samp><span class="samp">.ps</span></samp>' extension when
+<var>basempname</var> is the basename of <var>mpname</var>, or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mpout</span></samp>&rsquo; if no
+input file was specified. MetaPost uses the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.ps</span></samp>&rsquo; extension when
the figure number is out of range, e.g., if you say <code>beginfig(-1)</code>.
<p>You can use the output files as figures in a TeX document just as
@@ -2310,12 +2321,12 @@ TeX. For example, if you are using LaTeX, your MetaPost input file
must start with a <code>verbatimtex</code> block that gives the necessary
<code>\documentclass</code> (or <code>\documentstyle</code>)
<code>\begin{document}</code> command. You will also need to set the
-enviroment variable <code>TEX</code> to `<samp><span class="samp">latex</span></samp>' (see <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a>).
+enviroment variable <code>TEX</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">latex</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a>).
<p><var>tex-input</var> need not be specifically TeX input; it could also be
-Troff. In that case, you will need the `<samp><span class="samp">-m pictures</span></samp>' Troff macro
+Troff. In that case, you will need the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-m pictures</span></samp>&rsquo; Troff macro
package (unfortunately absent from many Troff implementations), or an
-equivalent such as the `<samp><span class="samp">-m pspic</span></samp>' macros from GNU groff described
+equivalent such as the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-m pspic</span></samp>&rsquo; macros from GNU groff described
in grops(1).
<p>Other typesetters can be supported with no change to MetaPost itself;
@@ -2346,15 +2357,15 @@ need to be downloaded (see <a href="dvips.html#psfonts_002emap">psfonts.map</a>)
opens a security hole. See <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>.
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>fmtname</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>'<dd>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>fmtname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-troff</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dT-505"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dtroff-506"></a><a name="index-prologues-507"></a>Set the <code>prologues</code> internal variable to <code>1</code>, and use
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-troff</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dT-505"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dtroff-506"></a><a name="index-prologues-507"></a>Set the <code>prologues</code> internal variable to <code>1</code>, and use
<code>makempx -troff</code> to generate MPX files.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-tex=</span><var>texprogram</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dtex_003d_0040var_007btexprogram_007d-508"></a>When this option is given, the program <var>texprogram</var> is used to
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-tex=</span><var>texprogram</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dtex_003d_0040var_007btexprogram_007d-508"></a>When this option is given, the program <var>texprogram</var> is used to
typeset the labels.
</dl>
@@ -2387,13 +2398,13 @@ issued):
<pre class="example"> mpost -ini '\input plain dump'
</pre>
<p class="noindent">(The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.)
-Then install the resulting <samp><span class="file">plain.mem</span></samp> in `<samp><span class="samp">$(memdir)</span></samp>'
+Then install the resulting <samp><span class="file">plain.mem</span></samp> in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">$(memdir)</span></samp>&rsquo;
(<samp><span class="file">/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</span></samp> by default), and link
<samp><span class="file">mpost.mem</span></samp> to it.
<p><a name="index-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost-516"></a><a name="index-plain-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost-517"></a><a name="index-MetaPost-and-plain-Metafont-compatibility-518"></a><a name="index-mfplain_002emem-519"></a>MetaPost also provides a mem file with all the features of plain
Metafont, called <samp><span class="file">mfplain.mem</span></samp>. You can create that in the same
-way; just replace `<samp><span class="samp">plain</span></samp>' in the above command with `<samp><span class="samp">mfplain</span></samp>'.
+way; just replace &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">plain</span></samp>&rsquo; in the above command with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mfplain</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<samp><span class="file">mfplain.mem</span></samp> file lets you directly process Metafont source files
with MetaPost, producing character proofs (one file for each character)
similar to those produced with Metafont in proof mode and GFtoDVI
@@ -2401,8 +2412,8 @@ similar to those produced with Metafont in proof mode and GFtoDVI
<p><a name="index-metafun_002emp-520"></a><a name="index-MetaFun_002c-enhanced-MetaPost-521"></a><a name="index-Pragma-ADE-522"></a>Another MetaPost mem file, named MetaFun, provides many advanced
features. It was developed and maintained by Pragma ADE. The home
-page for MetaFun, and other MetaPost-related things from Pragma:
-<a href="http://www.pragma-ade.com/metapost.htm">http://www.pragma-ade.com/metapost.htm</a>.
+page for MetaFun, other MetaPost-related things, and lots more from
+Pragma: <a href="http://www.pragma-ade.com/">http://www.pragma-ade.com/</a>.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
@@ -2449,9 +2460,9 @@ mistake in the original <var>mpfile</var>, output may be left in files named
<samp><span class="file">mpxerr.{log,tex,dvi}</span></samp> (TeX) or <samp><span class="file">mpxerr{,.t}</span></samp> (Troff),
so you can diagnose the problem.
- <p><a name="index-g_t_002dtroff-535"></a><a name="index-prologues-_0040r_007band-Troff-in-MetaPost_007d-536"></a>The `<samp><span class="samp">-troff</span></samp>' option to MPto selects the Troff commands, rather than
-TeX. MetaPost supplies this automatically if the `<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>' or
-`<samp><span class="samp">-troff</span></samp>' option was specified to MetaPost.
+ <p><a name="index-g_t_002dtroff-535"></a><a name="index-prologues-_0040r_007band-Troff-in-MetaPost_007d-536"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-troff</span></samp>&rsquo; option to MPto selects the Troff commands, rather than
+TeX. MetaPost supplies this automatically if the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo; or
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-troff</span></samp>&rsquo; option was specified to MetaPost.
<p><a name="index-picture-expressions-537"></a><a name="index-mpx-file_002c-defined-538"></a>The MPX file created by MakeMPX is a sequence of MetaPost picture
expressions, one for every label in the original MetaPost input file.
@@ -2461,40 +2472,40 @@ added to the shell search <code>PATH</code> for the commands' location, are
overridden by environment variables. Here is a list:
<dl>
-<dt><code>MAKEMPX_BINDIR</code><a name="index-MAKEMPX_005fBINDIR-539"></a><dd>The directory added to the <code>PATH</code>. Default is the `<samp><span class="samp">$(bindir)</span></samp>'
+<dt><code>MAKEMPX_BINDIR</code><a name="index-MAKEMPX_005fBINDIR-539"></a><dd>The directory added to the <code>PATH</code>. Default is the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">$(bindir)</span></samp>&rsquo;
Make directory, which in turn is set from the configure-time
-`<samp><span class="samp">--bindir</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">--exec-prefix</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">--prefix</span></samp>' options; if
-nothing else is specified, the default is file `<samp><span class="samp">/usr/local</span></samp>'.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--bindir</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--exec-prefix</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--prefix</span></samp>&rsquo; options; if
+nothing else is specified, the default is file &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">/usr/local</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<br><dt><code>NEWER</code><a name="index-NEWER-540"></a><dd>The command run to determine if <var>mpxfile</var> is out of date with respect
-to <var>mpfile</var>; default is `<samp><span class="samp">newer</span></samp>'.
+to <var>mpfile</var>; default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">newer</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<br><dt><code>MPTOTEX</code><a name="index-MPTOTEX-541"></a><dd>The command run to extract MetaPost labels in TeX format; default is
-`<samp><span class="samp">mpto -tex</span></samp>'.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mpto -tex</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <br><dt><code>MPTOTR</code><a name="index-MPTOTR-542"></a><dd>Likewise, for Troff; default is `<samp><span class="samp">mpto -troff</span></samp>'.
+ <br><dt><code>MPTOTR</code><a name="index-MPTOTR-542"></a><dd>Likewise, for Troff; default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mpto -troff</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<br><dt><code>DVITOMP</code><a name="index-DVITOMP-543"></a><dd>The command run to convert TeX output back to MetaPost; default is
-`<samp><span class="samp">dvitomp</span></samp>'.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">dvitomp</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <br><dt><code>DMP</code><a name="index-DMP-544"></a><dd>Likewise, for Troff; default is `<samp><span class="samp">dmp</span></samp>'.
+ <br><dt><code>DMP</code><a name="index-DMP-544"></a><dd>Likewise, for Troff; default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">dmp</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<br><dt><code>TEX</code><a name="index-TEX-545"></a><dd>The command run to typeset the labels in TeX; the default is
-`<samp><span class="samp">etex</span></samp>', set in <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp>. If you use LaTeX, set this to
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">etex</span></samp>&rsquo;, set in <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp>. If you use LaTeX, set this to
<code>latex</code>, and supply an appropriate <code>verbatimtex</code> header in
-the MP source (see <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a>). Or put `<samp><span class="samp">%&amp;latex</span></samp>' as
+the MP source (see <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a>). Or put &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%&amp;latex</span></samp>&rsquo; as
the first line of your LaTeX source.
- <br><dt><code>TROFF</code><a name="index-TROFF-546"></a><dd>Likewise, for Troff; default is `<samp><span class="samp">'eqn -d\$\$ | troff -Tpost'</span></samp>'. You
-may need to replace `<samp><span class="samp">-Tpost</span></samp>' by `<samp><span class="samp">-T</span><var>term</var></samp>', where
+ <br><dt><code>TROFF</code><a name="index-TROFF-546"></a><dd>Likewise, for Troff; default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">'eqn -d\$\$ | troff -Tpost'</span></samp>&rsquo;. You
+may need to replace &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-Tpost</span></samp>&rsquo; by &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span><var>term</var></samp>&rsquo;, where
<var>term</var> is the PostScript device name for your Troff implementation,
-e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">ps</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">psc</span></samp>'; see troff(1).
+e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ps</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">psc</span></samp>&rsquo;; see troff(1).
<p>If you change this, you will also need to set the <code>TRFONTS</code>
environment variable or configuration value to point to the appropriate
font directory, traditionally <samp><span class="file">/usr/lib/font/dev</span><var>term</var></samp>.
- <p>One more complication is whether the troff programs have a `<samp><span class="samp">g</span></samp>'
+ <p>One more complication is whether the troff programs have a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">g</span></samp>&rsquo;
prefix. On Windows, TeX Live supports both ways:
<samp><span class="file">makempx.exe</span></samp> is built to use <samp><span class="file">gsoelim.exe</span></samp>,
<samp><span class="file">geqn.exe</span></samp>, and <samp><span class="file">gtroff.exe</span></samp>, while
@@ -2523,10 +2534,14 @@ so-called MPX file. This program is generally invoked only by MakeMPX
<pre class="example"> dvitomp <var>dvifile</var>[.dvi] [<var>mpxfile</var>[.mpx]]
</pre>
<p class="noindent">If <var>mpxfile</var> is not specified, the output goes to the basename of
-<var>dvifile</var> extended with <samp><span class="file">.mpx</span></samp>, e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">dvitomp
-/wherever/foo.dvi</span></samp>' creates <samp><span class="file">./foo.mpx</span></samp>.
+<var>dvifile</var> extended with <samp><span class="file">.mpx</span></samp>, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">dvitomp
+/wherever/foo.dvi</span></samp>&rsquo; creates <samp><span class="file">./foo.mpx</span></samp>.
- <p>The only options are `<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
+ <p><a name="index-color_002c-in-DVItoMP-550"></a>DVItoMP supports Dvips-style color specials, such as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">color push
+</span><var>name</var></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">color pop</span></samp>&rsquo;, outputting them as <code>withcolor</code>
+MetaPost commands.
+
+ <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
@@ -2539,7 +2554,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a>
<h3 class="section">6.5 DMP: Ditroff to MPX conversion</h3>
-<p><a name="index-DMP-550"></a><a name="index-ditroff-output_002c-converting-to-MPX-551"></a><a name="index-MPX-files_002c-creating-from-ditroff-output-552"></a>
+<p><a name="index-DMP-551"></a><a name="index-ditroff-output_002c-converting-to-MPX-552"></a><a name="index-MPX-files_002c-creating-from-ditroff-output-553"></a>
DMP converts device-independent Troff (ditroff) output files into
low-level MetaPost commands in a so-called MPX file. This program is
generally invoked by MakeMPX (see <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a>). Synopsis:
@@ -2549,17 +2564,17 @@ generally invoked by MakeMPX (see <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocati
<p class="noindent">If <var>ditroff-file</var> is not specified, input comes from standard input;
and if <var>mpxfile</var> is not specified, output goes to standard output.
- <p><a name="index-dpost-553"></a><a name="index-D-_0040var_007bc_007d-_0040r_007bditroff-graphics_007d-554"></a><a name="index-x-X-_0040r_007bditroff-device-control_007d-555"></a><a name="index-SetColor-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-556"></a><a name="index-BeginPath-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-557"></a><a name="index-DrawPath-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-558"></a>DMP was written to process the output of a Troff pipeline fed the output
+ <p><a name="index-dpost-554"></a><a name="index-D-_0040var_007bc_007d-_0040r_007bditroff-graphics_007d-555"></a><a name="index-x-X-_0040r_007bditroff-device-control_007d-556"></a><a name="index-SetColor-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-557"></a><a name="index-BeginPath-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-558"></a><a name="index-DrawPath-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-559"></a>DMP was written to process the output of a Troff pipeline fed the output
of <code>mpto -troff</code> (see <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a>). DMP understands all
-the `<samp><span class="samp">D</span><var>c</var></samp>' graphics functions that <code>dpost</code> does, but it
-ignores `<samp><span class="samp">x X</span></samp>' device control functions such as `<samp><span class="samp">x X
-SetColor:...</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">x X BeginPath:</span></samp>', and `<samp><span class="samp">x X
-DrawPath:...</span></samp>'.
+the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">D</span><var>c</var></samp>&rsquo; graphics functions that <code>dpost</code> does, but it
+ignores &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">x X</span></samp>&rsquo; device control functions such as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">x X
+SetColor:...</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">x X BeginPath:</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">x X
+DrawPath:...</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <p><a name="index-MPSUPPORT-559"></a>The available font names are defined in the support file
+ <p><a name="index-MPSUPPORT-560"></a>The available font names are defined in the support file
<samp><span class="file">trfonts.map</span></samp>, which DMP looks for along the <code>MPSUPPORT</code> path.
- <p><a name="index-trchars_002eadj-560"></a>Another support file <samp><span class="file">trchars.adj</span></samp>, also looked for along the
+ <p><a name="index-trchars_002eadj-561"></a>Another support file <samp><span class="file">trchars.adj</span></samp>, also looked for along the
<code>MPSUPPORT</code> path, contains a character adjustment table which
should reflect the shift amounts found in the standard PostScript
prologue for Troff and dpost found in the <code>TRFONTS</code> directory.
@@ -2580,26 +2595,26 @@ System V R4, works fine with the default settings.
you might have to try the following (this is primarily for hackers):
<ul>
-<li>If DMP complains about a missing font table (e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">Cannot find
-TR</span></samp>'), your Troff may not support the device `<samp><span class="samp">post</span></samp>'.
+<li>If DMP complains about a missing font table (e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Cannot find
+TR</span></samp>&rsquo;), your Troff may not support the device &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">post</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>Check troff(1) for the devices supported by your Troff and set the
<code>TROFF</code> environment variable appropriately (see above). Also,
locate the appropriate font directory and set the <code>TRFONTS</code>
variable as needed.
- <li>If DMP complains about a missing font description file (e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">Font
-TR was not in map file</span></samp>'), your version of Troff may be using internal
+ <li>If DMP complains about a missing font description file (e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Font
+TR was not in map file</span></samp>&rsquo;), your version of Troff may be using internal
font names different from those in the distributed <samp><span class="file">trfonts.map</span></samp>;
e.g., TR and TI instead of R and I for Times-Roman and Times-Italic.
- <p><a name="index-trchars_002eadj-561"></a>In this case, you may have to adapt <samp><span class="file">trfonts.map</span></samp> and perhaps also
+ <p><a name="index-trchars_002eadj-562"></a>In this case, you may have to adapt <samp><span class="file">trfonts.map</span></samp> and perhaps also
<samp><span class="file">trchars.adj</span></samp> in the MetaPost support directory
(<samp><span class="file">texmf/metapost/support</span></samp> by default).
<li>If DMP still complains that it cannot parse the font description files
-or the Troff output (e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">TR has a bad line in its description
-file</span></samp>', you are probably out of luck and have to hack the DMP program (in
+or the Troff output (e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TR has a bad line in its description
+file</span></samp>&rsquo;, you are probably out of luck and have to hack the DMP program (in
<samp><span class="file">web2c/mpware/dmp.c</span></samp>).
<p>Such problems may be caused by subtle differences in the file
@@ -2617,10 +2632,10 @@ with GNU groff are welcome, of course.
</ul>
- <p><a name="index-dmp_002ec-562"></a><a name="index-Hobby_002c-John-563"></a>(Some of the above description was edited from the <samp><span class="file">dmp.c</span></samp> source
+ <p><a name="index-dmp_002ec-563"></a><a name="index-Hobby_002c-John-564"></a>(Some of the above description was edited from the <samp><span class="file">dmp.c</span></samp> source
file, written by John Hobby.)
- <p>The only options are `<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
+ <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
@@ -2633,8 +2648,8 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a>
<h3 class="section">6.6 MPto: Extract labels from MetaPost input</h3>
-<p><a name="index-MPto-564"></a><a name="index-labels_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-565"></a><a name="index-captions_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-566"></a><a name="index-text_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-567"></a><a name="index-MetaPost-input_002c-extracting-labels-from-568"></a>
-<a name="index-btex-_0040r_007band-label-extraction_007d-569"></a><a name="index-etex-_0040r_007band-label-extraction_007d-570"></a><a name="index-verbatimtex-_0040r_007bMetaPost-command_007d-571"></a>MPto extracts the labels from a MetaPost input file; this is the
+<p><a name="index-MPto-565"></a><a name="index-labels_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-566"></a><a name="index-captions_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-567"></a><a name="index-text_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-568"></a><a name="index-MetaPost-input_002c-extracting-labels-from-569"></a>
+<a name="index-btex-_0040r_007band-label-extraction_007d-570"></a><a name="index-etex-_0040r_007band-label-extraction_007d-571"></a><a name="index-verbatimtex-_0040r_007bMetaPost-command_007d-572"></a>MPto extracts the labels from a MetaPost input file; this is the
contents of any <code>btex...etex</code> and <code>verbatimtex...etex</code>
sections. This program is generally invoked by MakeMPX (see <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a>). Synopsis:
@@ -2646,11 +2661,11 @@ are removed, and various predefined typesetter commands are included at
the beginning of and end of the file and of each section.
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-troff</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dtroff-572"></a>Surround the MetaPost sections with Troff commands.
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-troff</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dtroff-573"></a>Surround the MetaPost sections with Troff commands.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-tex</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dtex-573"></a>Surround the MetaPost sections with TeX commands. This is the default.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-tex</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dtex-574"></a>Surround the MetaPost sections with TeX commands. This is the default.
</dl>
<div class="node">
@@ -2663,7 +2678,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a>
<h3 class="section">6.7 Newer: Compare file modification times</h3>
-<p><a name="index-newer-_0040r_007bfile-comparison_007d-574"></a><a name="index-comparing-file-modification-times-575"></a><a name="index-file-mtimes_002c-comparing-576"></a><a name="index-mtimes-of-files_002c-comparing-577"></a><a name="index-older_002dthan_002c-file-comparisons-578"></a>
+<p><a name="index-newer-_0040r_007bfile-comparison_007d-575"></a><a name="index-comparing-file-modification-times-576"></a><a name="index-file-mtimes_002c-comparing-577"></a><a name="index-mtimes-of-files_002c-comparing-578"></a><a name="index-older_002dthan_002c-file-comparisons-579"></a>
Newer compares file modification times. Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> newer <var>src1</var> [ <var>src2</var> ... <var>srcN</var> ] <var>target</var>
@@ -2676,10 +2691,10 @@ exits successfully if the file <var>dependent</var> doesn't exist.
See <a href="libc.html#Attribute-Meanings">Attribute Meanings</a>.
<p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--quiet</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dquiet-_0028newer_0029-579"></a>Return result only, do not print any output.
-<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dverbose-_0028newer_0029-580"></a>List missing source files to STDERR. This is the default.
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--quiet</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dquiet-_0028newer_0029-580"></a>Return result only, do not print any output.
+<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dverbose-_0028newer_0029-581"></a>List missing source files to STDERR. This is the default.
</dl>
<p>This is used by MakeMPX (see <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a>).
@@ -2695,7 +2710,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<h2 class="chapter">7 BibTeX: Bibliographies</h2>
-<p><a name="index-bibliographies_002c-creating-581"></a><a name="index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-582"></a>
+<p><a name="index-bibliographies_002c-creating-582"></a><a name="index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-583"></a>
BibTeX automates much of the job of typesetting bibliographies, and
makes bibliography entries reusable in many different contexts.
@@ -2714,8 +2729,8 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a>
<h3 class="section">7.1 BibTeX invocation</h3>
-<p><a name="index-bibtex-583"></a>
-<a name="index-g_t_002ebbl-_0040r_007bbibliography-files_007d-584"></a><a name="index-g_t_002eaux-_0040r_007bcross_002dreference-files_007d-585"></a><a name="index-g_t_002ebib-_0040r_007bbibliography-databases_007d-586"></a>BibTeX creates a printable bibliography (<samp><span class="file">.bbl</span></samp>) file from
+<p><a name="index-bibtex-584"></a>
+<a name="index-g_t_002ebbl-_0040r_007bbibliography-files_007d-585"></a><a name="index-g_t_002eaux-_0040r_007bcross_002dreference-files_007d-586"></a><a name="index-g_t_002ebib-_0040r_007bbibliography-databases_007d-587"></a>BibTeX creates a printable bibliography (<samp><span class="file">.bbl</span></samp>) file from
references in a <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file, generally written by TeX or
LaTeX. The <samp><span class="file">.bbl</span></samp> file is then incorporated on a subsequent
run. The basic bibliographic information comes from <samp><span class="file">.bib</span></samp> files,
@@ -2724,12 +2739,12 @@ of the <samp><span class="file">.bbl</span></samp> file. Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> bibtex [<var>option</var>]... <var>auxfile</var>[.aux]
</pre>
- <p><a name="index-g_t_002eblg-_0040r_007bBib_0040TeX_007b_007d-log-file_007d-587"></a><a name="index-log-file_002c-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-588"></a>The output goes to the basename of <var>auxfile</var> extended with
-<samp><span class="file">.bbl</span></samp>; for example, `<samp><span class="samp">bibtex /wherever/foo.aux</span></samp>' creates
+ <p><a name="index-g_t_002eblg-_0040r_007bBib_0040TeX_007b_007d-log-file_007d-588"></a><a name="index-log-file_002c-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-589"></a>The output goes to the basename of <var>auxfile</var> extended with
+<samp><span class="file">.bbl</span></samp>; for example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bibtex /wherever/foo.aux</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./foo.bbl</span></samp>. BibTeX also writes a log file to the basename of
-<var>auxfile</var> extended with `<samp><span class="samp">.blg</span></samp>'.
+<var>auxfile</var> extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.blg</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <p><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliography-589"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-590"></a><a name="index-TEXBIB_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-591"></a><a name="index-BIBINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-592"></a><a name="index-BSTINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bst-files_007d-593"></a>The names of the <samp><span class="file">.bib</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp> files are specified in the
+ <p><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliography-590"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-591"></a><a name="index-TEXBIB_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-592"></a><a name="index-BIBINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-593"></a><a name="index-BSTINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bst-files_007d-594"></a>The names of the <samp><span class="file">.bib</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp> files are specified in the
<samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file as well, via the <samp><span class="file">\bibliography</span></samp> and
<samp><span class="file">\bibliographystyle</span></samp> (La)TeX macros. BibTeX searches for
<samp><span class="file">.bib</span></samp> files using the <code>BIBINPUTS</code> and <code>TEXBIB</code> paths,
@@ -2737,11 +2752,11 @@ and for <samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp> files using <code>BSTINPUTS<
<samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> files.
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-terse</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dterse-594"></a><a name="index-terse-output-595"></a><a name="index-verbose-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-output_002c-suppressing-596"></a>Suppress the program banner and progress reports normally output.
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-terse</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dterse-595"></a><a name="index-terse-output-596"></a><a name="index-verbose-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-output_002c-suppressing-597"></a>Suppress the program banner and progress reports normally output.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-min-crossrefs=</span><var>n</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-597"></a><a name="index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items-598"></a><a name="index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced-599"></a>If at least <var>n</var> (2 by default) bibliography entries refer to another
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-min-crossrefs=</span><var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-598"></a><a name="index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items-599"></a><a name="index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced-600"></a>If at least <var>n</var> (2 by default) bibliography entries refer to another
entry <var>e</var> via their <code>crossref</code> field, include <var>e</var> in the
<tt>.bbl</tt> file, even if it was not explicitly referenced in the <tt>.aux</tt>
file. For example, <var>e</var> might be a conference proceedings as a whole,
@@ -2753,15 +2768,15 @@ large number.
<p>See also:
<dl>
-<dt><samp><span class="file">btxdoc.tex</span></samp><dd><a name="index-btxdoc_002etex-600"></a>Basic LaTeXable documentation for general BibTeX users.
+<dt><samp><span class="file">btxdoc.tex</span></samp><dd><a name="index-btxdoc_002etex-601"></a>Basic LaTeXable documentation for general BibTeX users.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="file">btxhak.tex</span></samp><dd><a name="index-btxhak_002etex-601"></a><a name="index-style-design_002c-for-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-602"></a>LaTeXable documentation for style designers.
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="file">btxhak.tex</span></samp><dd><a name="index-btxhak_002etex-602"></a><a name="index-style-design_002c-for-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-603"></a>LaTeXable documentation for style designers.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="file">btxdoc.bib</span></samp><dd><a name="index-btxdoc_002ebib-603"></a>BibTeX database file for the two above documents.
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="file">btxdoc.bib</span></samp><dd><a name="index-btxdoc_002ebib-604"></a>BibTeX database file for the two above documents.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="file">xampl.bib</span></samp><dd><a name="index-xampl_002ebib-604"></a>Example database file with all the standard entry types.
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="file">xampl.bib</span></samp><dd><a name="index-xampl_002ebib-605"></a>Example database file with all the standard entry types.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="file"><a href="ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/">ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/</a></span></samp><dd><a name="index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu-605"></a><a name="index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-collection-606"></a><a name="index-TUGboat-bibliography-607"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-bibliographies-for-608"></a>A very large <samp><span class="file">.bib</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp> collection, including
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="file"><a href="ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/">ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/</a></span></samp><dd><a name="index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu-606"></a><a name="index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-collection-607"></a><a name="index-TUGboat-bibliography-608"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-bibliographies-for-609"></a>A very large <samp><span class="file">.bib</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp> collection, including
references for all the standard TeX books and a complete bibliography
for TUGboat.
</dl>
@@ -2776,34 +2791,34 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a>
<h3 class="section">7.2 Basic BibTeX style files</h3>
-<p><a name="index-basic-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-609"></a><a name="index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-610"></a>
+<p><a name="index-basic-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-610"></a><a name="index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-611"></a>
Here are descriptions of the four standard and four semi-standard basic
BibTeX styles. <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/biblio/bibtex</span></samp> contains these and
many more (for CTAN info, see <a href="kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).
<dl>
-<dt><code>plain</code><dd><a name="index-plain_002ebst-611"></a>Sorts entries alphabetically, with numeric labels. Generally formatted
+<dt><code>plain</code><dd><a name="index-plain_002ebst-612"></a>Sorts entries alphabetically, with numeric labels. Generally formatted
according to van Leunen's <cite>A Handbook for Scholars</cite>. The other
style files listed here are based on <code>plain</code>.
- <br><dt><code>abbrv</code><dd><a name="index-abbrv_002ebst-612"></a>First names, month names, and journal names are abbreviated.
+ <br><dt><code>abbrv</code><dd><a name="index-abbrv_002ebst-613"></a>First names, month names, and journal names are abbreviated.
- <br><dt><code>acm</code><dd><a name="index-acm_002ebst-613"></a>Names are printed in small caps.
+ <br><dt><code>acm</code><dd><a name="index-acm_002ebst-614"></a>Names are printed in small caps.
- <br><dt><code>alpha</code><dd><a name="index-alpha_002ebst-614"></a>Alphanumeric labels, e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">Knu66</span></samp>'.
+ <br><dt><code>alpha</code><dd><a name="index-alpha_002ebst-615"></a>Alphanumeric labels, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Knu66</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <br><dt><code>apalike</code><dd><a name="index-apalike_002ebst-615"></a>No labels at all; instead, the year appears in parentheses after the author.
+ <br><dt><code>apalike</code><dd><a name="index-apalike_002ebst-616"></a>No labels at all; instead, the year appears in parentheses after the author.
Use this in conjunction with <samp><span class="file">apalike.tex</span></samp> (plain TeX) or
<samp><span class="file">apalike.sty</span></samp> (LaTeX), which also changes the citations in the
-text to be `<samp><span class="samp">(</span><var>author</var><span class="samp">, </span><var>year</var><span class="samp">)</span></samp>'.
+text to be &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">(</span><var>author</var><span class="samp">, </span><var>year</var><span class="samp">)</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <br><dt><code>ieeetr</code><dd><a name="index-ieeetr_002ebst-616"></a>Numeric labels, entries in citation order, <span class="sc">ieee</span> abbreviations,
+ <br><dt><code>ieeetr</code><dd><a name="index-ieeetr_002ebst-617"></a>Numeric labels, entries in citation order, <span class="sc">ieee</span> abbreviations,
article titles in quotes.
- <br><dt><code>siam</code><dd><a name="index-siam_002ebst-617"></a>Numeric labels, alphabetic order, <cite>Math. Reviews</cite>
+ <br><dt><code>siam</code><dd><a name="index-siam_002ebst-618"></a>Numeric labels, alphabetic order, <cite>Math. Reviews</cite>
abbreviations, names in small caps.
- <br><dt><code>unsrt</code><dd><a name="index-unsrt_002ebst-618"></a>Lists entries in citation order, i.e., unsorted.
+ <br><dt><code>unsrt</code><dd><a name="index-unsrt_002ebst-619"></a>Lists entries in citation order, i.e., unsorted.
<br><dt><code>btxbst.doc</code><dd>The template file and documentation for the standard styles.
@@ -2820,8 +2835,8 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<h2 class="chapter">8 WEB: Literate programming</h2>
-<p><a name="index-WEB-619"></a><a name="index-literate-programming-620"></a>
-<a name="index-litprog_0040_0040shsu_002eedu-621"></a><dfn>WEB</dfn> languages allow you to write a single source file that can
+<p><a name="index-WEB-620"></a><a name="index-literate-programming-621"></a>
+<a name="index-litprog_0040_0040shsu_002eedu-622"></a><dfn>WEB</dfn> languages allow you to write a single source file that can
produce both a compilable program and a well-formatted document
describing the program in as much detail as you wish to prepare.
Writing in this kind of dual-purpose language is called <dfn>literate
@@ -2829,7 +2844,7 @@ programming</dfn>. (The Usenet newsgroup <samp><span class="file">comp.programm
and the mailing list <a href="mailto:litprog@shsu.edu">litprog@shsu.edu</a> are devoted to this
subject; they are gatewayed to each other.)
- <p><a name="index-webman_002etex-622"></a><a name="index-Spiderweb-623"></a><a name="index-Cweb-624"></a><a name="index-CWEB-625"></a><a name="index-Awk_002c-WEB-for-626"></a><a name="index-Ada_002c-WEB-for-627"></a><a name="index-Troff_002c-WEB-for-628"></a>WEB-like languages have been implemented with many pairs of base
+ <p><a name="index-webman_002etex-623"></a><a name="index-Spiderweb-624"></a><a name="index-Cweb-625"></a><a name="index-CWEB-626"></a><a name="index-Awk_002c-WEB-for-627"></a><a name="index-Ada_002c-WEB-for-628"></a><a name="index-Troff_002c-WEB-for-629"></a>WEB-like languages have been implemented with many pairs of base
languages: Cweb provides C and Troff (see <a href="#References">References</a>); CWEB provides
C and TeX (<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/web/c_cpp/cweb</span></samp>); Spiderweb provides C,
C++, Awk, Ada, many others, and TeX
@@ -2858,45 +2873,45 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#WEB">WEB</a>
<h3 class="section">8.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</h3>
-<p><a name="index-tangle-629"></a><a name="index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB-630"></a><a name="index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling-631"></a>
+<p><a name="index-tangle-630"></a><a name="index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB-631"></a><a name="index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling-632"></a>
Tangle creates a compilable Pascal program from a WEB source file
(see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>). Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> tangle [<var>option</var>]... <var>webfile</var>[.web] [<var>changefile</var>[.ch]]
</pre>
- <p><a name="index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle-632"></a>The Pascal output is written to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended
-with `<samp><span class="samp">.p</span></samp>'; for example, `<samp><span class="samp">tangle /wherever/foo.web</span></samp>' creates
+ <p><a name="index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle-633"></a>The Pascal output is written to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended
+with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.p</span></samp>&rsquo;; for example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tangle /wherever/foo.web</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./foo.p</span></samp>. Tangle applies <var>changefile</var> to <var>webfile</var> before
writing the output; by default, there is no change file.
- <p><a name="index-pool-file_002c-writing-633"></a><a name="index-string-pool_002c-writing-634"></a>If the program makes use of the WEB string facility, Tangle writes the
-string pool to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended with `<samp><span class="samp">.pool</span></samp>'.
+ <p><a name="index-pool-file_002c-writing-634"></a><a name="index-string-pool_002c-writing-635"></a>If the program makes use of the WEB string facility, Tangle writes the
+string pool to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.pool</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>The Pascal output is packed into lines of 72 characters or less, with
the only concession to readability being the termination of lines at
semicolons when this can be done conveniently.
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-length=</span><var>number</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dlength_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-635"></a><a name="index-identifier-length-636"></a>The number of characters that are considered significant in an
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-length=</span><var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dlength_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-636"></a><a name="index-identifier-length-637"></a>The number of characters that are considered significant in an
identifier. Whether underline characters are counted depends on the
-`<samp><span class="samp">-underline</span></samp>' option. The default value is 32, the original tangle
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-underline</span></samp>&rsquo; option. The default value is 32, the original tangle
used 7, but this proved too restrictive for use by Web2c.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-lowercase</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-mixedcase</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-uppercase</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dlowercase-637"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dmixedcase-638"></a><a name="index-g_t_002duppercase-639"></a><a name="index-identifier-case-640"></a>These options specify the case of identifiers in the output of tangle.
-If `<samp><span class="samp">-uppercase</span></samp>' (`<samp><span class="samp">-lowercase</span></samp>') is specified, tangle will
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-lowercase</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mixedcase</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-uppercase</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dlowercase-638"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dmixedcase-639"></a><a name="index-g_t_002duppercase-640"></a><a name="index-identifier-case-641"></a>These options specify the case of identifiers in the output of tangle.
+If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-uppercase</span></samp>&rsquo; (&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-lowercase</span></samp>&rsquo;) is specified, tangle will
convert all identfiers to uppercase (lowercase). The default is
-`<samp><span class="samp">-mixedcase</span></samp>', which specifies that the case will not be changed.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mixedcase</span></samp>&rsquo;, which specifies that the case will not be changed.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-underline</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dunderline-641"></a><a name="index-identifiers-with-underlines-642"></a>When this option is given, tangle does not strip underline characters
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-underline</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dunderline-642"></a><a name="index-identifiers-with-underlines-643"></a>When this option is given, tangle does not strip underline characters
from identifiers.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-loose</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-strict</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dloose-643"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dstrict-644"></a><a name="index-identifier-collisions-645"></a>These options specify how strict tangle must be when checking
-identifiers for equality. The default is `<samp><span class="samp">-loose</span></samp>', which means
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-loose</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-strict</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dloose-644"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dstrict-645"></a><a name="index-identifier-collisions-646"></a>These options specify how strict tangle must be when checking
+identifiers for equality. The default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-loose</span></samp>&rsquo;, which means
that tangle will follow the rules set by the case-smashing and underline
-options above. If `<samp><span class="samp">-strict</span></samp>' is set, then identifiers will always
+options above. If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-strict</span></samp>&rsquo; is set, then identifiers will always
be stripped of underlines and converted to uppercase before checking
whether they collide.
@@ -2913,7 +2928,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#WEB">WEB</a>
<h3 class="section">8.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</h3>
-<p><a name="index-weave-646"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-creating-from-WEB-647"></a><a name="index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting-648"></a><a name="index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs-649"></a>
+<p><a name="index-weave-647"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-creating-from-WEB-648"></a><a name="index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting-649"></a><a name="index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs-650"></a>
Weave creates a TeX document from a WEB source file (see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>),
assuming various macros defined in <samp><span class="file">webmac.tex</span></samp>. It takes care of
typographic details such as page layout, indentation, and italicizing
@@ -2922,15 +2937,15 @@ cross-reference information. Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> weave [<var>option</var>]... <var>webfile</var>[.web] [<var>changefile</var>[.ch]]
</pre>
- <p><a name="index-change-files_002c-and-Weave-650"></a>The output is to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended with
-`<samp><span class="samp">.tex</span></samp>'; for example, `<samp><span class="samp">weave /wherever/foo.web</span></samp>' creates
+ <p><a name="index-change-files_002c-and-Weave-651"></a>The output is to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended with
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tex</span></samp>&rsquo;; for example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">weave /wherever/foo.web</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./foo.tex</span></samp>. Weave applies <var>changefile</var> to <var>webfile</var>
before writing the output; by default, there is no change file.
<p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-x</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dx-651"></a><a name="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting-652"></a><a name="index-CONTENTS_002etex-653"></a><a name="index-webmac_002etex-654"></a>Omit the cross-reference information: the index, the list of WEB module
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-x</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dx-652"></a><a name="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting-653"></a><a name="index-CONTENTS_002etex-654"></a><a name="index-webmac_002etex-655"></a>Omit the cross-reference information: the index, the list of WEB module
names, and the table of contents (an empty <samp><span class="file">CONTENTS.tex</span></samp> file will
still be written when the Weave output file is processed by TeX using
the default <samp><span class="file">webmac.tex</span></samp>, though).
@@ -2951,7 +2966,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#WEB">WEB</a>
<h3 class="section">8.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</h3>
-<p><a name="index-pooltype-655"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-pool-656"></a><a name="index-string-numbers_002c-displaying-657"></a><a name="index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying-658"></a>
+<p><a name="index-pooltype-656"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-pool-657"></a><a name="index-string-numbers_002c-displaying-658"></a><a name="index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying-659"></a>
Pooltype shows the so-called <dfn>string number</dfn> of each string in a WEB
pool file (see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>), as output by Tangle (see <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a>), including the first 256 strings corresponding to the
possible input characters. Pooltype primarily serves as an example of
@@ -2962,7 +2977,7 @@ WEB conventions to implementors of the TeX system. Synopsis:
<p class="noindent">No path searching is done for <var>poolfile</var>. Output is to standard
output.
- <p>The only options are `<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
+ <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
<p>As an example of the output, here is the (edited) output for <samp><span class="file">tex.pool</span></samp>:
<pre class="example"> 0: "^^@"
@@ -2974,8 +2989,8 @@ output.
1314: "Using character substitution: "
(23617 characters in all.)
</pre>
- <p><a name="index-representation-of-strings-659"></a><a name="index-string-representation-660"></a>In Metafont and MetaPost, the first 256 characters are actually
-represented as single bytes (i.e., themselves), not in the `<samp><span class="samp">^^</span></samp>'
+ <p><a name="index-representation-of-strings-660"></a><a name="index-string-representation-661"></a>In Metafont and MetaPost, the first 256 characters are actually
+represented as single bytes (i.e., themselves), not in the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">^^</span></samp>&rsquo;
notation. Consider Pooltype as showing the results after conversion for
output.
@@ -2990,7 +3005,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<h2 class="chapter">9 DVI utilities</h2>
-<p><a name="index-DVI-utilities-661"></a>
+<p><a name="index-DVI-utilities-662"></a>
TeX outputs a file in <dfn>DVI</dfn> (DeVice Independent) format as a
compact representation of the original document. DVI files can be
translated to meet the requirements of a real physical device, such as
@@ -2999,7 +3014,7 @@ printers (see dvilj(1)), and X displays (see xdvi(1)). In fact, DVI
translators are available for virtually all common devices: see
<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/dviware</span></samp> (for CTAN info, see <a href="kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).
- <p><a name="index-dvitype_002eweb-662"></a><a name="index-DVI-format-definition-663"></a>For the precise definition of the DVI file format, see (for example) the
+ <p><a name="index-dvitype_002eweb-663"></a><a name="index-DVI-format-definition-664"></a>For the precise definition of the DVI file format, see (for example) the
source file <samp><span class="file">web2c/dvitype.web</span></samp>.
<p>The DVI-processing programs in the Web2c distribution are not device
@@ -3020,7 +3035,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">9.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</h3>
-<p><a name="index-dvicopy-664"></a><a name="index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding-665"></a>
+<p><a name="index-dvicopy-665"></a><a name="index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding-666"></a>
DVIcopy reads a DVI file, expands any references to virtual fonts
(see <a href="dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a>) to base fonts, and writes the
resulting DVI file. Thus you can use virtual fonts even if your DVI
@@ -3033,18 +3048,18 @@ DVIcopy first. Synopsis:
standard output if <var>outdvi</var> is not specified.
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-magnification=</span><var>integer</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-666"></a><a name="index-magnification-667"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmag-668"></a>Override existing magnification in <var>indvi</var> with <var>integer</var>; 1000
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-magnification=</span><var>integer</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-667"></a><a name="index-magnification-668"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmag-669"></a>Override existing magnification in <var>indvi</var> with <var>integer</var>; 1000
specifies no magnification. This is equivalent to setting TeX's
<code>\mag</code> parameter.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-max-pages=</span><var>n</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-669"></a>Process <var>n</var> pages; default is one million.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-max-pages=</span><var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-670"></a>Process <var>n</var> pages; default is one million.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-page-start=</span><var>page-spec</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-670"></a><a name="index-starting-page-671"></a><a name="index-page_002c-starting-672"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-673"></a>Start at the first page matching <var>page-spec</var>, which is one or more
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-page-start=</span><var>page-spec</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-671"></a><a name="index-starting-page-672"></a><a name="index-page_002c-starting-673"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-674"></a>Start at the first page matching <var>page-spec</var>, which is one or more
(signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX's
-<code>\count0...9</code> parameters at <code>\shipout</code> time; `<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>'
-matches anything. Examples: `<samp><span class="samp">3</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">1.*.-4</span></samp>'.
+<code>\count0...9</code> parameters at <code>\shipout</code> time; &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo;
+matches anything. Examples: &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">3</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1.*.-4</span></samp>&rsquo;.
</dl>
<div class="node">
@@ -3057,7 +3072,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">9.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</h3>
-<p><a name="index-dvitype-_0040r_007bDVI-validation_007d-674"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text-675"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-676"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-677"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-DVI-678"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files-679"></a>
+<p><a name="index-dvitype-_0040r_007bDVI-validation_007d-675"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text-676"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-677"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-678"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-DVI-679"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files-680"></a>
DVItype translates a DeVice Independent (DVI) file (as output by TeX,
for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It also serves
as a DVI-validating program, i.e., if DVItype can read a file, it's
@@ -3069,23 +3084,23 @@ correct. Synopsis:
fonts referenced in <var>dvifile</var>. The usual places are searched
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>). To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
-`<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>' before running the program.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running the program.
<p>Output goes to standard output.
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-dpi=</span><var>real</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002ddpi_003d_0040var_007breal_007d-680"></a>Do pixel movement calculations at <var>real</var> pixels per inch; default
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-dpi=</span><var>real</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002ddpi_003d_0040var_007breal_007d-681"></a>Do pixel movement calculations at <var>real</var> pixels per inch; default
300.0.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-magnification=</span><var>integer</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-681"></a><a name="index-magnification-682"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmag-683"></a>Override existing magnification in <var>indvi</var> with <var>integer</var>; 1000
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-magnification=</span><var>integer</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-682"></a><a name="index-magnification-683"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmag-684"></a>Override existing magnification in <var>indvi</var> with <var>integer</var>; 1000
specifies no magnification. This is equivalent to setting TeX's
<code>\mag</code> parameter.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-max-pages=</span><var>n</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-684"></a>Process <var>n</var> pages; default is one million.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-max-pages=</span><var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-685"></a>Process <var>n</var> pages; default is one million.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-output-level=</span><var>n</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002dlevel_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-685"></a>Verbosity level of output, from 0 to 4 (default 4):
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-level=</span><var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002dlevel_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-686"></a>Verbosity level of output, from 0 to 4 (default 4):
<ul>
<li>0: Global document information only.
<li>1: Most DVI commands included, and typeset characters summarized.
@@ -3095,12 +3110,12 @@ specifies no magnification. This is equivalent to setting TeX's
in the file, reading the DVI postamble first.
</ul>
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-page-start=</span><var>page-spec</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-686"></a><a name="index-starting-page-687"></a><a name="index-page_002c-starting-688"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-689"></a>Start at the first page matching <var>page-spec</var>, which is one or more
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-page-start=</span><var>page-spec</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-687"></a><a name="index-starting-page-688"></a><a name="index-page_002c-starting-689"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-690"></a>Start at the first page matching <var>page-spec</var>, which is one or more
(signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX's
-<code>\count0...9</code> parameters at <code>\shipout</code> time; `<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>'
-matches anything. Examples: `<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">5.*.-9</span></samp>'.
+<code>\count0...9</code> parameters at <code>\shipout</code> time; &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo;
+matches anything. Examples: &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">5.*.-9</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-show-opcodes</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dshow_002dopcodes-690"></a><a name="index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI-691"></a><a name="index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing-692"></a><a name="index-debugging-DVI-utilities-693"></a>Show numeric opcode values (in decimal) for DVI commands, in braces
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-show-opcodes</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dshow_002dopcodes-691"></a><a name="index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI-692"></a><a name="index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing-693"></a><a name="index-debugging-DVI-utilities-694"></a>Show numeric opcode values (in decimal) for DVI commands, in braces
after the command name. This can help in debugging DVI utilities. We
use decimal because in the DVI format documentation (in
<samp><span class="file">dvitype.web</span></samp>, among others) the opcodes are shown in decimal.
@@ -3119,10 +3134,10 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation
<h4 class="subsection">9.2.1 DVItype output example</h4>
-<p><a name="index-dvitype-output-example-694"></a>As an example of the output from DVItype (see section above), here is
+<p><a name="index-dvitype-output-example-695"></a>As an example of the output from DVItype (see section above), here is
its (abridged) translation of the <samp><span class="file">story.dvi</span></samp> resulting from
running the example in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>, with
-`<samp><span class="samp">-output-level=4</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-show-opcodes</span></samp>' on.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-level=4</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-show-opcodes</span></samp>&rsquo; on.
<pre class="example"> ...
Options selected:
@@ -3183,16 +3198,16 @@ running the example in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>, with
global information about the document, including fonts used.
<li>Each DVI command is preceded by its byte position in the file
-(`<samp><span class="samp">42:</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">87:</span></samp>', <small class="dots">...</small>), and (because of the
-`<samp><span class="samp">-show-opcodes</span></samp>') followed by its decimal opcode value in braces
-(`<samp><span class="samp">{141}</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">{142}</span></samp>', <small class="dots">...</small>).
+(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">42:</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">87:</span></samp>&rsquo;, <small class="dots">...</small>), and (because of the
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-show-opcodes</span></samp>&rsquo;) followed by its decimal opcode value in braces
+(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">{141}</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">{142}</span></samp>&rsquo;, <small class="dots">...</small>).
- <li>The `<samp><span class="samp">level</span></samp>' lines record information about the DVI stack; `<samp><span class="samp">h</span></samp>'
-and `<samp><span class="samp">v</span></samp>' define the current position in DVI units, while `<samp><span class="samp">hh</span></samp>'
-and `<samp><span class="samp">vv</span></samp>' are the same in pixels.
+ <li>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">level</span></samp>&rsquo; lines record information about the DVI stack; &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">h</span></samp>&rsquo;
+and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">v</span></samp>&rsquo; define the current position in DVI units, while &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">hh</span></samp>&rsquo;
+and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">vv</span></samp>&rsquo; are the same in pixels.
- <li>Text sequences are summarized in brackets, as in `<samp><span class="samp">[A SHORT
-STORY]</span></samp>' and the `<samp><span class="samp">[ 1]</span></samp>'.
+ <li>Text sequences are summarized in brackets, as in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">[A SHORT
+STORY]</span></samp>&rsquo; and the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">[ 1]</span></samp>&rsquo;.
</ul>
<div class="node">
@@ -3206,13 +3221,13 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<h2 class="chapter">10 Font utilities</h2>
-<p><a name="index-font-utilities-695"></a>
+<p><a name="index-font-utilities-696"></a>
The Web2c programs described here convert between various TeX-related
font formats; the first section below briefly describes the
formats. GFtoPK is the only one that is routinely used, as Metafont
outputs GF format, but it's most efficient for device drivers to use PK.
- <p><a name="index-pktype_002eweb-696"></a><a name="index-gftype_002eweb-697"></a><a name="index-PK-format-definition-698"></a><a name="index-GF-format-definition-699"></a>The precise definitions of the PK, GF, TFM, PL, VF, and VPL formats
+ <p><a name="index-pktype_002eweb-697"></a><a name="index-gftype_002eweb-698"></a><a name="index-PK-format-definition-699"></a><a name="index-GF-format-definition-700"></a>The precise definitions of the PK, GF, TFM, PL, VF, and VPL formats
mentioned below are in the source files that read them;
<samp><span class="file">pktype.web</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">gftype.web</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">tftopl.web</span></samp>, etc.
@@ -3239,7 +3254,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">10.1 Font file formats</h3>
-<p><a name="index-font-file-formats-700"></a><a name="index-file-formats-for-fonts-701"></a>
+<p><a name="index-font-file-formats-701"></a><a name="index-file-formats-for-fonts-702"></a>
(For another perspective on this, see <a href="dvips.html#Font-concepts">Font concepts</a>).
<p>Font files come in several varieties, with suffixes like:
@@ -3247,7 +3262,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>
</pre>
<p class="noindent">Each represents a file format.
- <p><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-explained-702"></a>A TFM (TeX font metric) file is a compact binary file that contains
+ <p><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-explained-703"></a>A TFM (TeX font metric) file is a compact binary file that contains
information about each character in a font, about combinations of
characters within that font, and about the font as a whole. The font
metric information contained in TFM files is device-independent units is
@@ -3256,7 +3271,7 @@ described below, TFM font files contain no information about the shapes
of characters. They describe rectangular areas and combinations
thereof, but not what will eventually be printed in those areas.
- <p><a name="index-scaling-of-fonts-703"></a><a name="index-optical-font-scaling-704"></a><a name="index-geometric-font-scaling-705"></a><a name="index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling-706"></a>Since TeX does scaling calculations, one TFM file serves for all
+ <p><a name="index-scaling-of-fonts-704"></a><a name="index-optical-font-scaling-705"></a><a name="index-geometric-font-scaling-706"></a><a name="index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling-707"></a>Since TeX does scaling calculations, one TFM file serves for all
magnifications of a given typeface. On the other hand, the best printed
results are obtained when magnified (or reduced fonts) are not produced
geometrically (as done by PostScript, for example) but rather optically,
@@ -3264,41 +3279,41 @@ with each size a separate design (as done with Computer Modern and the
EC fonts, for example); then a separate TFM file is needed for each
size.
- <p><a name="index-DVI-files_002c-explained-707"></a>At any rate, TeX produces a DVI (DeVice Independent) file from your
+ <p><a name="index-DVI-files_002c-explained-708"></a>At any rate, TeX produces a DVI (DeVice Independent) file from your
source document. In order to print DVI files on real devices, you need
font files defining digitized character shapes and other data. Then
previewers and printer-driver programs can translate your DVI files into
something usable by your monitor or printer. Bitmap fonts come with
-suffixes such as `<samp><span class="samp">.600pk</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">.600gf</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">.3000pxl</span></samp>', where
-the `<samp><span class="samp">600</span></samp>' is the horizontal dots-per-inch resolution at which the
-font was produced, and the `<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">pxl</span></samp>'
+suffixes such as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.600pk</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.600gf</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.3000pxl</span></samp>&rsquo;, where
+the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">600</span></samp>&rsquo; is the horizontal dots-per-inch resolution at which the
+font was produced, and the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pxl</span></samp>&rsquo;
indicates the font format. Outline fonts in PostScript Type 1 format
-have suffixes such as `<samp><span class="samp">.pfa</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">.pfb</span></samp>'.
+have suffixes such as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.pfa</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.pfb</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <p><a name="index-PXL-files_002c-explained-708"></a><a name="index-PK-files_002c-explained-709"></a><a name="index-GF-files_002c-explained-710"></a>Fonts in pk (packed) format are in the tightly packed raster format that
+ <p><a name="index-PXL-files_002c-explained-709"></a><a name="index-PK-files_002c-explained-710"></a><a name="index-GF-files_002c-explained-711"></a>Fonts in pk (packed) format are in the tightly packed raster format that
is pretty much the standard today. They take up less space than fonts
in the gf (generic font) format that Metafont generates, and far less
space than fonts in pxl format. Fonts in pxl format take up gross
amounts of disk space and permit only 128 characters. They are
obsolete.
- <p><a name="index-PL-files_002c-explained-711"></a>Font files with the `<samp><span class="samp">.pl</span></samp>' (property list) suffix are the plain text
-(human-readable) analog of the binary `<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>' files.
+ <p><a name="index-PL-files_002c-explained-712"></a>Font files with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.pl</span></samp>&rsquo; (property list) suffix are the plain text
+(human-readable) analog of the binary &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo; files.
The TFtoPL and PLtoTF programs convert between the two formats
(see <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a> and <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a>).
- <p>Font files with the `<samp><span class="samp">.mf</span></samp>' suffix are in Metafont source format.
+ <p>Font files with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.mf</span></samp>&rsquo; suffix are in Metafont source format.
These are the files used by Metafont to generate rastered fonts for
specific typefaces at specific magnifications for the specific
resolution and type of mapping used by your device.
- <p><a name="index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth-712"></a><a name="index-virtualfonts_002etxt-713"></a>The suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>' identifies &ldquo;virtual font&rdquo; files, for which
-`<samp><span class="samp">.vpl</span></samp>' is the human-readable analog. See See <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a>,
+ <p><a name="index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth-713"></a><a name="index-virtualfonts_002etxt-714"></a>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>&rsquo; identifies &ldquo;virtual font&rdquo; files, for which
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vpl</span></samp>&rsquo; is the human-readable analog. See See <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a>,
and <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a>. For further discussion of virtual fonts,
see <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/doc/virtual-fonts.knuth</span></samp>,
<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/help/virtualfonts.txt</span></samp>, and <a href="dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a>.
- <p><a name="index-MacKay_002c-Pierre-714"></a><a name="index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth-715"></a>(This section is based on documentation in the original Unix TeX
+ <p><a name="index-MacKay_002c-Pierre-715"></a><a name="index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth-716"></a>(This section is based on documentation in the original Unix TeX
distribution by Pierre MacKay and Elizabeth Tachikawa.)
<div class="node">
@@ -3312,7 +3327,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">10.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</h3>
-<p><a name="index-gftopk-716"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK-717"></a><a name="index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to-718"></a><a name="index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK-719"></a>
+<p><a name="index-gftopk-717"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK-718"></a><a name="index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to-719"></a><a name="index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK-720"></a>
GFtoPK converts a generic font (GF) file output by, for example,
Metafont (see <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>) to a packed font (PK) file. PK files
are considerably smaller than the corresponding gf files, so they are
@@ -3323,19 +3338,19 @@ Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> gftopk [<var>option</var>]... <var>gfname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[gf] [<var>pkfile</var>]
</pre>
<p class="noindent">The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
-environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>' before running
+environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
- <p>The suffix `<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>' is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
-not an extension; no `<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>' precedes it: for instance,
+ <p>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>&rsquo; is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
+not an extension; no &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; precedes it: for instance,
<samp><span class="file">cmr10.600gf</span></samp>.
<p>If <var>pkfile</var> is not specified, the output is written to the basename
-of `<samp><var>gfname</var><span class="samp">.</span><var>dpi</var><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>', e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">gftopk
-/wherever/cmr10.600gf</span></samp>' creates <samp><span class="file">./cmr10.600pk</span></samp>.
+of &lsquo;<samp><var>gfname</var><span class="samp">.</span><var>dpi</var><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>&rsquo;, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gftopk
+/wherever/cmr10.600gf</span></samp>&rsquo; creates <samp><span class="file">./cmr10.600pk</span></samp>.
- <p>The only options are `<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>', and
-`<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
+ <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo;, and
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
@@ -3348,7 +3363,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">10.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</h3>
-<p><a name="index-pktogf-720"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF-721"></a><a name="index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to-722"></a><a name="index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF-723"></a>
+<p><a name="index-pktogf-721"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF-722"></a><a name="index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to-723"></a><a name="index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF-724"></a>
PKtoGF converts a packed font (PK) file to a generic font (GF) file.
Since PK format is much more compact than GF format, the most likely
reason to do this is to run GFtype (see <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a>) on the
@@ -3358,19 +3373,19 @@ programs do not support PK format. Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> pktogf [<var>option</var>]... <var>pkname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[pk] [<var>gffile</var>]
</pre>
<p class="noindent">The font <var>pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
-environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>' before running
+environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
- <p>The suffix `<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>' is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
-not an extension; no `<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>' precedes it: for instance,
+ <p>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>&rsquo; is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
+not an extension; no &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; precedes it: for instance,
<samp><span class="file">cmr10.600pk</span></samp>.
<p>If <var>gffile</var> is not specified, the output is written to the basename
-of `<samp><var>pkname</var><span class="samp">.</span><var>dpi</var><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>', e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">pktogf
-/wherever/cmr10.600pk</span></samp>' creates <samp><span class="file">./cmr10.600gf</span></samp>.
+of &lsquo;<samp><var>pkname</var><span class="samp">.</span><var>dpi</var><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>&rsquo;, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pktogf
+/wherever/cmr10.600pk</span></samp>&rsquo; creates <samp><span class="file">./cmr10.600gf</span></samp>.
- <p>The only options are `<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>', and
-`<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
+ <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo;, and
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
@@ -3383,7 +3398,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">10.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</h3>
-<p><a name="index-pktype-_0040r_007bPK-validation_007d-724"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text-725"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to-726"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to-727"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-PK-728"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-PK-files-729"></a>
+<p><a name="index-pktype-_0040r_007bPK-validation_007d-725"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text-726"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to-727"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to-728"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-PK-729"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-PK-files-730"></a>
PKtype translates a packed font (PK) bitmap file (as output by GFtoPK,
for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It also serves
as a PK-validating program, i.e., if PKtype can read a file, it's
@@ -3392,20 +3407,20 @@ correct. Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> pktype <var>pkname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[pk]
</pre>
<p>The font <var>pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
-environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>' before running
+environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
- <p>The suffix `<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>' is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
-not an extension; no `<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>' precedes it: for instance, <samp><span class="file">cmr10.600pk</span></samp>.
+ <p>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>&rsquo; is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
+not an extension; no &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; precedes it: for instance, <samp><span class="file">cmr10.600pk</span></samp>.
<p>The translation is written to standard output.
- <p>The only options are `<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>'
+ <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo;
(see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
<p>As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) translation of the
-letter `K' in `<samp><span class="samp">cmr10</span></samp>', as rendered at 600<span class="dmn">dpi</span> with the mode
-`<samp><span class="samp">ljfour</span></samp>' from <a href="modes.mf">modes.mf</a> (available from
+letter `K' in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">cmr10</span></samp>&rsquo;, as rendered at 600<span class="dmn">dpi</span> with the mode
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ljfour</span></samp>&rsquo; from <a href="modes.mf">modes.mf</a> (available from
<samp><span class="file">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</span></samp>).
<pre class="smallexample"> 955: Flag byte = 184 Character = 75 Packet length = 174
@@ -3419,23 +3434,23 @@ letter `K' in `<samp><span class="samp">cmr10</span></samp>', as rendered at 600
<p class="noindent">Explanation:
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">955</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-byte-position-730"></a>The byte position in the file where this character starts.
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">955</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-byte-position-731"></a>The byte position in the file where this character starts.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">Flag byte</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">Dynamic packing variable</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-flag-byte-731"></a><a name="index-dynamic-packing-variable-732"></a>Related to the packing for this character; see the source code.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Flag byte</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Dynamic packing variable</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-flag-byte-732"></a><a name="index-dynamic-packing-variable-733"></a>Related to the packing for this character; see the source code.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">Character</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output-733"></a>The character code, in decimal.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Character</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output-734"></a>The character code, in decimal.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">Packet length</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-packet-length-734"></a>The total length of this character definition, in bytes.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Packet length</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-packet-length-735"></a>The total length of this character definition, in bytes.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">TFM width</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-TFM-width-of-characters-735"></a><a name="index-device_002dindependent-width-736"></a><a name="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-737"></a>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TFM width</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-TFM-width-of-characters-736"></a><a name="index-device_002dindependent-width-737"></a><a name="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-738"></a>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24
times the ratio of the true width to the font's design size.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">dx</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-horizontal-escapement-738"></a><a name="index-escapement_002c-horizontal-739"></a><a name="index-scaled-pixels-740"></a><a name="index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-741"></a>The device-dependent width, in <dfn>scaled pixels</dfn>, i.e., units of
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">dx</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-horizontal-escapement-739"></a><a name="index-escapement_002c-horizontal-740"></a><a name="index-scaled-pixels-741"></a><a name="index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-742"></a>The device-dependent width, in <dfn>scaled pixels</dfn>, i.e., units of
horizontal pixels times 2^16.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">Height</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">Width</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-height_002c-in-pixels-742"></a><a name="index-pixel-height-743"></a><a name="index-pixel-width-744"></a><a name="index-width_002c-in-pixels-745"></a>The bitmap height and width, in pixels.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Height</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Width</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-height_002c-in-pixels-743"></a><a name="index-pixel-height-744"></a><a name="index-pixel-width-745"></a><a name="index-width_002c-in-pixels-746"></a>The bitmap height and width, in pixels.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">X-offset</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">Y-offset</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-x-offset-746"></a><a name="index-y-offset-747"></a><a name="index-origin-748"></a><a name="index-reference-pixel-749"></a><a name="index-side-bearings-750"></a><a name="index-left-side-bearing-751"></a><a name="index-right-side-bearing-752"></a>Horizontal and vertical offset from the upper left pixel to the
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">X-offset</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Y-offset</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-x-offset-747"></a><a name="index-y-offset-748"></a><a name="index-origin-749"></a><a name="index-reference-pixel-750"></a><a name="index-side-bearings-751"></a><a name="index-left-side-bearing-752"></a><a name="index-right-side-bearing-753"></a>Horizontal and vertical offset from the upper left pixel to the
reference (origin) pixel for this character, in pixels (right and down
are positive). The <dfn>reference pixel</dfn> is the pixel that occupies the
unit square in Metafont; the Metafont reference point is the lower left
@@ -3443,7 +3458,7 @@ hand corner of this pixel. Put another way, the x-offset is the negative
of the left side bearing; the right side bearing is the horizontal
escapement minus the bitmap width plus the x-offset.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">[2]23(16)...</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-753"></a><a name="index-repeated-rows-754"></a>Finally, run lengths of black pixels alternate with parenthesized run
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">[2]23(16)...</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-754"></a><a name="index-repeated-rows-755"></a>Finally, run lengths of black pixels alternate with parenthesized run
lengths of white pixels, and brackets indicate a repeated row.
</dl>
@@ -3458,7 +3473,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">10.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</h3>
-<p><a name="index-gftype-_0040r_007bGF-validation_007d-755"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text-756"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to-757"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to-758"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-GF-759"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-GF-files-760"></a>
+<p><a name="index-gftype-_0040r_007bGF-validation_007d-756"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text-757"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to-758"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to-759"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-GF-760"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-GF-files-761"></a>
GFtype translates a generic font (GF) bitmap file (as output by
Metafont, for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It
also serves as a GF-validating program, i.e., if GFtype can read a file,
@@ -3467,27 +3482,27 @@ it's correct. Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> gftype [<var>option</var>]... <var>gfname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[gf]
</pre>
<p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
-environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>' before running
+environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
- <p>The suffix `<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>' is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
-not an extension; no `<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>' precedes it: for instance, <samp><span class="file">cmr10.600gf</span></samp>.
+ <p>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>&rsquo; is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
+not an extension; no &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; precedes it: for instance, <samp><span class="file">cmr10.600gf</span></samp>.
<p>The translation is written to standard output.
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-images</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dimages-761"></a>Show the characters' bitmaps using asterisks and spaces.
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-images</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dimages-762"></a>Show the characters' bitmaps using asterisks and spaces.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-mnemonics</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmnemonics-762"></a>Translate all commands in the GF file.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mnemonics</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmnemonics-763"></a>Translate all commands in the GF file.
</dl>
<p>As an example of the output, here is the (abrdiged) translation of the
-letter `K' in `<samp><span class="samp">cmr10</span></samp>', as rendered at 600<span class="dmn">dpi</span> with the mode
-`<samp><span class="samp">ljfour</span></samp>' from <samp><span class="file">modes.mf</span></samp> (available from
-<a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</a>), with both `<samp><span class="samp">-mnemonics</span></samp>' and
-`<samp><span class="samp">-images</span></samp>' enabled.
+letter `K' in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">cmr10</span></samp>&rsquo;, as rendered at 600<span class="dmn">dpi</span> with the mode
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ljfour</span></samp>&rsquo; from <samp><span class="file">modes.mf</span></samp> (available from
+<a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</a>), with both &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mnemonics</span></samp>&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-images</span></samp>&rsquo; enabled.
<p>GFtype outputs the information about a character in two places: a main
definition and a one-line summary at the end. We show both. Here is the
@@ -3527,22 +3542,22 @@ main definition:
<p class="noindent">Explanation:
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">2033</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">2043</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">...</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-byte-position-763"></a>The byte position in the file where each GF command starts.
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">2033</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">2043</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">...</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-byte-position-764"></a>The byte position in the file where each GF command starts.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">beginning of char 75</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output-764"></a>The character code, in decimal.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">beginning of char 75</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output-765"></a>The character code, in decimal.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">3&lt;=m&lt;=60 0&lt;=n&lt;=56</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-left-side-bearing-765"></a><a name="index-right-side-bearing-766"></a><a name="index-side-bearings-767"></a>The character's bitmap lies between 3 and 60 (inclusive) horizontally,
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">3&lt;=m&lt;=60 0&lt;=n&lt;=56</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-left-side-bearing-766"></a><a name="index-right-side-bearing-767"></a><a name="index-side-bearings-768"></a>The character's bitmap lies between 3 and 60 (inclusive) horizontally,
and between 0 and 56 (inclusive) vertically. (m is a column
position and n is a row position.) Thus, 3 is the left side
bearing. The right side bearing is the horizontal escapement (given
below) minus the maximum m.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">(initially n=56) paint (0)24(12)20</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-768"></a>The first row of pixels: 0 white pixels, 24 black pixels, 12 white
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">(initially n=56) paint (0)24(12)20</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-769"></a>The first row of pixels: 0 white pixels, 24 black pixels, 12 white
pixels, etc.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">newrow 0 (n=55) paint 24(12)20</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-newrow-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-769"></a>The second row of pixels, with zero leading white pixels on the row.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">newrow 0 (n=55) paint 24(12)20</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-newrow-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-770"></a>The second row of pixels, with zero leading white pixels on the row.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">eoc</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-eoc-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-770"></a>The end of the main character definition.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">eoc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-eoc-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-771"></a>The end of the main character definition.
</dl>
@@ -3553,16 +3568,16 @@ pixels, etc.
<p>Explanation:
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">dx</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-horizontal-escapement-771"></a><a name="index-escapement_002c-horizontal-772"></a><a name="index-vertical-escapement-773"></a><a name="index-escapement_002c-vertical-774"></a><a name="index-scaled-pixels-775"></a><a name="index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-776"></a><a name="index-dy-_0040r_007bvertical-escapement_007d-777"></a>The device-dependent width, in <dfn>scaled pixels</dfn>, i.e., units of
-horizontal pixels times 2^16. The `<samp><span class="samp">(65)</span></samp>' is simply the same number
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">dx</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-horizontal-escapement-772"></a><a name="index-escapement_002c-horizontal-773"></a><a name="index-vertical-escapement-774"></a><a name="index-escapement_002c-vertical-775"></a><a name="index-scaled-pixels-776"></a><a name="index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-777"></a><a name="index-dy-_0040r_007bvertical-escapement_007d-778"></a>The device-dependent width, in <dfn>scaled pixels</dfn>, i.e., units of
+horizontal pixels times 2^16. The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">(65)</span></samp>&rsquo; is simply the same number
rounded. If the vertical escapement is nonzero, it would appear here as
-a `<samp><span class="samp">dy</span></samp>' value.
+a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">dy</span></samp>&rsquo; value.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">width</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-TFM-width-of-characters-778"></a><a name="index-device_002dindependent-width-779"></a><a name="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-780"></a>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">width</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-TFM-width-of-characters-779"></a><a name="index-device_002dindependent-width-780"></a><a name="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-781"></a>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24
times the ratio of the true width to the font's design size. The
-`<samp><span class="samp">64.57289</span></samp>' is the same number converted to pixels.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">64.57289</span></samp>&rsquo; is the same number converted to pixels.
- <br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">loc</span></samp>'<dd>The byte position in the file where this character starts.
+ <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">loc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>The byte position in the file where this character starts.
</dl>
@@ -3577,7 +3592,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">10.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</h3>
-<p><a name="index-tftopl-781"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list-782"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files-783"></a><a name="index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to-784"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-785"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-786"></a>
+<p><a name="index-tftopl-782"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list-783"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files-784"></a><a name="index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to-785"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-786"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-787"></a>
TFtoPL translates a TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a>) file (as output by Metafont, for example) to
<dfn>property list format</dfn> (a list of parenthesized items describing the
font) that humans can edit or read. This program is mostly used by
@@ -3586,37 +3601,37 @@ Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> tftopl [<var>option</var>]... <var>tfmname</var>[.tfm] [<var>plfile</var>[.pl]]
</pre>
- <p>The font <var>tfmname</var> (extended with `<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>' if necessary) is
+ <p>The font <var>tfmname</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) is
searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
-environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>' before running
+environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
- <p>If <var>plfile</var> (which is extended with `<samp><span class="samp">.pl</span></samp>' if necessary) is not
+ <p>If <var>plfile</var> (which is extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.pl</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) is not
specified, the property list file is written to standard output. The
property list file can be converted back to TFM format by the companion
program TFtoPL (see the next section).
<p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-charcode-format=</span><var>type</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-787"></a>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var>type</var>: either
-`<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>'. Default is `<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>' for letters and
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-charcode-format=</span><var>type</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-788"></a>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var>type</var>: either
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo;. Default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo; for letters and
digits, octal for all other characters. Exception: if the font's coding
-scheme starts with `<samp><span class="samp">TeX math sy</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">TeX math ex</span></samp>', all
+scheme starts with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TeX math sy</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TeX math ex</span></samp>&rsquo;, all
character codes are output in octal.
- <p>In `<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>' format, character codes that correspond to graphic
+ <p>In &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo; format, character codes that correspond to graphic
characters, except for left and right parentheses, are output as a
-`<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>' followed by the single character: `<samp><span class="samp">C K</span></samp>', for example. In
-octal format, character codes are output as the letter `<samp><span class="samp">O</span></samp>' followed
-by octal digits, as in `<samp><span class="samp">O 113</span></samp>' for `<samp><span class="samp">K</span></samp>'.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>&rsquo; followed by the single character: &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">C K</span></samp>&rsquo;, for example. In
+octal format, character codes are output as the letter &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">O</span></samp>&rsquo; followed
+by octal digits, as in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">O 113</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">K</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <p>`<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>' format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts,
+ <p>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>&rsquo; format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts,
where using ASCII characters for the character codes is merely
confusing.
</dl>
- <p><a name="index-property-list-format-788"></a>As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) property list
+ <p><a name="index-property-list-format-789"></a>As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) property list
translation of <samp><span class="file">cmr10.tfm</span></samp>:
<pre class="example"> (FAMILY CMR)
@@ -3669,26 +3684,26 @@ translation of <samp><span class="file">cmr10.tfm</span></samp>:
<dfn>properties</dfn>, nested where necessary.
<ul>
-<li><a name="index-FAMILY-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-789"></a><a name="index-FACE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-790"></a><a name="index-headerbyte-_0040r_007binformation_007d-791"></a>The first few items (<code>FAMILY</code>, <code>FACE</code>, and so on) are
+<li><a name="index-FAMILY-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-790"></a><a name="index-FACE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-791"></a><a name="index-headerbyte-_0040r_007binformation_007d-792"></a>The first few items (<code>FAMILY</code>, <code>FACE</code>, and so on) are
the so-called <dfn>headerbyte</dfn> information from Metafont, giving general
information about the font.
- <li><a name="index-FAMILY-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-792"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfontdimen-793"></a>The <code>FONTDIMEN</code> property defines the TeX <code>\fontdimen</code>
+ <li><a name="index-FAMILY-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-793"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfontdimen-794"></a>The <code>FONTDIMEN</code> property defines the TeX <code>\fontdimen</code>
values.
- <li><a name="index-LIGTABLE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-794"></a><a name="index-LABEL-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-795"></a><a name="index-LIG-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-796"></a><a name="index-KRN-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-797"></a><a name="index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files-798"></a><a name="index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files-799"></a><a name="index-design_002dsize-units-800"></a>The <code>LIGTABLE</code> property defines the ligature and kerning table.
+ <li><a name="index-LIGTABLE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-795"></a><a name="index-LABEL-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-796"></a><a name="index-LIG-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-797"></a><a name="index-KRN-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-798"></a><a name="index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files-799"></a><a name="index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files-800"></a><a name="index-design_002dsize-units-801"></a>The <code>LIGTABLE</code> property defines the ligature and kerning table.
<code>LIG</code> properties define ligatures: in the example above, an
-`<samp><span class="samp">f</span></samp>' (in the `<samp><span class="samp">LABEL</span></samp>') followed by an `<samp><span class="samp">i</span></samp>' is a ligature,
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">f</span></samp>&rsquo; (in the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">LABEL</span></samp>&rsquo;) followed by an &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">i</span></samp>&rsquo; is a ligature,
i.e., a typesetting program like TeX replaces those two consecutive
characters by the character at position octal '014 in the current
font&mdash;presumably the `fi' ligature. <code>KRN</code> properties define
-kerns: if an `<samp><span class="samp">f</span></samp>' is followed by character octal '047 (an
+kerns: if an &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">f</span></samp>&rsquo; is followed by character octal '047 (an
apostrophe), TeX inserts a small amount of space between them:
0.077779 times the design size the font was loaded at (about
three-quarters of a printer's point by default in this case, or .001
inches).
- <li><a name="index-CHARACTER-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-801"></a><a name="index-CHARWD-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-802"></a><a name="index-CHARHT-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-803"></a><a name="index-CHARDP-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-804"></a><a name="index-CHARIC-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-805"></a>The <code>CHARACTER</code> property defines the dimensions of a character: its
+ <li><a name="index-CHARACTER-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-802"></a><a name="index-CHARWD-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-803"></a><a name="index-CHARHT-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-804"></a><a name="index-CHARDP-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-805"></a><a name="index-CHARIC-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-806"></a>The <code>CHARACTER</code> property defines the dimensions of a character: its
width, height, depth, and italic correction, also in design-size units,
as explained in the previous item. For our example `f', the depth is
zero, so that property is omitted. TFtoPL also inserts any kerns and
@@ -3707,7 +3722,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">10.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</h3>
-<p><a name="index-pltotf-806"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM-807"></a><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-808"></a><a name="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-809"></a>
+<p><a name="index-pltotf-807"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM-808"></a><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-809"></a><a name="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-810"></a>
PLtoTF translates a property list file (as output by TFtoPL, for
example) to TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a>)
format. It's much easier for both programs and humans to create the
@@ -3716,14 +3731,14 @@ the binary TFM equivalent than to output TFM files directly. Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> pltotf [<var>option</var>]... <var>plfile</var>[.pl] [<var>tfmfile</var>[.tfm]]
</pre>
- <p>If <var>tfmfile</var> (extended with `<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>' if necessary) is
+ <p>If <var>tfmfile</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) is
not specified, the TFM file is written to the basename of
-`<samp><var>plfile</var><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>', e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">pltotf /wherever/cmr10.pl</span></samp>' creates
+&lsquo;<samp><var>plfile</var><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo;, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pltotf /wherever/cmr10.pl</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./cmr10.tfm</span></samp>. (Since TFM files are binary, writing to standard
output by default is undesirable.)
- <p>The only options are `<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>', and
-`<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
+ <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo;, and
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
<p>For an example of property list format, see the previous section.
@@ -3738,7 +3753,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">10.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</h3>
-<p><a name="index-vftovp-810"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL-811"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-VF-files-812"></a><a name="index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual-813"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to-814"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to-815"></a>
+<p><a name="index-vftovp-811"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL-812"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-VF-files-813"></a><a name="index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual-814"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to-815"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to-816"></a>
VFtoVP translates a virtual font metric (VF, see <a href="dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a>) file and its accompanying TeX font metric (TFM,
see <a href="dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a>) file (as output by VPtoVF, for
example) to <dfn>virtual property list format</dfn> (a list of parenthesized
@@ -3748,34 +3763,34 @@ Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> vftovp [<var>option</var>]... <var>vfname</var>[.vf] [<var>tfmname</var>[.tfm] [<var>vplfile</var>[.vpl]]]
</pre>
- <p>The fonts <var>vfname</var> and <var>tfmname</var> (extended with `<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>' and
-`<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>' if necessary) are searched for in the usual places
+ <p>The fonts <var>vfname</var> and <var>tfmname</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) are searched for in the usual places
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>). To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
-`<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>' before running the program. If <var>tfmname</var> is not
-specified, <var>vfname</var> (without a trailing `<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>') is used.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running the program. If <var>tfmname</var> is not
+specified, <var>vfname</var> (without a trailing &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>&rsquo;) is used.
- <p>If <var>vplfile</var> (extended with `<samp><span class="samp">.vpl</span></samp>' if necessary) is
+ <p>If <var>vplfile</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vpl</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) is
not specified, the property list file is written to standard output.
The property list file can be converted back to VF and TFM format by the
companion program VFtoVP (see the next section).
<p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
-`<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
<dl>
-<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-charcode-format=</span><var>type</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-816"></a>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var>type</var>: either
-`<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>'. Default is `<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>' for letters and
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-charcode-format=</span><var>type</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-817"></a>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var>type</var>: either
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo;. Default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo; for letters and
digits, octal for all other characters. Exception: if the font's coding
-scheme starts with `<samp><span class="samp">TeX math sy</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">TeX math ex</span></samp>', all
+scheme starts with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TeX math sy</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TeX math ex</span></samp>&rsquo;, all
character codes are output in octal.
- <p>In `<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>' format, character codes that correspond to graphic
+ <p>In &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo; format, character codes that correspond to graphic
characters, except for left and right parentheses, are output as a
-`<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>' followed by the single character: `<samp><span class="samp">C K</span></samp>', for example. In
-octal format, character codes are output as the letter `<samp><span class="samp">O</span></samp>' followed
-by octal digits, as in `<samp><span class="samp">O 113</span></samp>' for `<samp><span class="samp">K</span></samp>'.
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>&rsquo; followed by the single character: &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">C K</span></samp>&rsquo;, for example. In
+octal format, character codes are output as the letter &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">O</span></samp>&rsquo; followed
+by octal digits, as in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">O 113</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">K</span></samp>&rsquo;.
- <p>`<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>' format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts,
+ <p>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>&rsquo; format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts,
where using ASCII characters for the character codes is merely
confusing.
</dl>
@@ -3791,7 +3806,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">10.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</h3>
-<p><a name="index-vptovf-817"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF-818"></a><a name="index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-819"></a><a name="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-820"></a>
+<p><a name="index-vptovf-818"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF-819"></a><a name="index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-820"></a><a name="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-821"></a>
VPtoVF translates a virtual property list file (as output by VFtoVP, for
example) to virtual font (VF, see <a href="dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a>) and
TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a>) files.
@@ -3801,13 +3816,13 @@ and TFM equivalents than to output them directly. Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> vptovf [<var>option</var>]... <var>vplfile</var>[.vpl] [<var>vffile</var>[.vf] [<var>tfmfile</var>[.tfm]]]
</pre>
- <p>If <var>vffile</var> (extended with `<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>' if necessary) is not
+ <p>If <var>vffile</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) is not
specified, the VF output is written to the basename of
-`<samp><var>vplfile</var><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>'; similarly for <var>tfmfile</var>. For example,
-`<samp><span class="samp">vptovf /wherever/ptmr.vpl</span></samp>' creates <samp><span class="file">./ptmr.vf</span></samp> and
+&lsquo;<samp><var>vplfile</var><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>&rsquo;; similarly for <var>tfmfile</var>. For example,
+&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">vptovf /wherever/ptmr.vpl</span></samp>&rsquo; creates <samp><span class="file">./ptmr.vf</span></samp> and
<samp><span class="file">./ptmr.tfm</span></samp>.
- <p>The only options are `<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>', and `<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>'
+ <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo;
(see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
<div class="node">
@@ -3820,7 +3835,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>
<h3 class="section">10.10 Font utilities available elsewhere</h3>
-<p><a name="index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c-821"></a>
+<p><a name="index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c-822"></a>
The Web2c complement of font utilities merely implements a few basic
conversions. Many other more sophisticated font utilities exist; most
are in <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/utilities</span></samp> (for CTAN info,
@@ -3828,17 +3843,17 @@ see <a href="kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>). Here are some of
commonly-requested items:
<ul>
-<li><a name="index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion-822"></a><a name="index-afm2tfm-823"></a><a name="index-afmtopl-824"></a>AFM (Adobe font metric) to TFM conversion: see <a href="dvips.html#Invoking-afm2tfm">Invoking afm2tfm</a>, and <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/utilities/afmtopl</span></samp>.
+<li><a name="index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion-823"></a><a name="index-afm2tfm-824"></a><a name="index-afmtopl-825"></a>AFM (Adobe font metric) to TFM conversion: see <a href="dvips.html#Invoking-afm2tfm">Invoking afm2tfm</a>, and <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/utilities/afmtopl</span></samp>.
- <li><a name="index-X-bitmap-fonts-825"></a><a name="index-BDF-and-GF-conversion-826"></a>BDF (the X bitmap format) conversion:
+ <li><a name="index-X-bitmap-fonts-826"></a><a name="index-BDF-and-GF-conversion-827"></a>BDF (the X bitmap format) conversion:
<a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/bdf.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/bdf.tar.gz</a>.
- <li><a name="index-metatype1-827"></a><a name="index-Latin-Modern-828"></a>Creating fonts using MetaPost: MetaType1.
+ <li><a name="index-metatype1-828"></a><a name="index-Latin-Modern-829"></a>Creating fonts using MetaPost: MetaType1.
<a href="ftp://bop.eps.gda.pl/pub/metatype1">ftp://bop.eps.gda.pl/pub/metatype1</a>. This is used to create
the excellent Latin Modern font family (<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/lm</span></samp>),
which extends Computer Modern to a vast repertoire of scripts.
- <li><a name="index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts-829"></a><a name="index-xbfe_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-830"></a><a name="index-xfed_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-831"></a><a name="index-xfedor_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-832"></a><a name="index-gftopxl-833"></a><a name="index-chtopx-834"></a><a name="index-pxtoch-835"></a>Editing of bitmap fonts: Xbfe from the GNU font utilities mentioned
+ <li><a name="index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts-830"></a><a name="index-xbfe_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-831"></a><a name="index-xfed_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-832"></a><a name="index-xfedor_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-833"></a><a name="index-gftopxl-834"></a><a name="index-chtopx-835"></a><a name="index-pxtoch-836"></a>Editing of bitmap fonts: Xbfe from the GNU font utilities mentioned
below; the X BDF-editing programs available from
<a href="ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfed.tar.Z">ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfed.tar.Z</a> and
<a href="ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfedor.tar.Z">ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfedor.tar.Z</a>; and finally, if your
@@ -3846,30 +3861,30 @@ fonts have only 128 characters, you can use the old <code>gftopxl</code>,
<code>pxtoch</code>, and <code>chtopx</code> programs from
<a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web</a>.
- <li><a name="index-fontforge-836"></a><a name="index-pfaedit-837"></a>Editing of outline fonts: FontForge, <a href="fontforge.sourceforge.net">fontforge.sourceforge.net</a>.
+ <li><a name="index-fontforge-837"></a><a name="index-pfaedit-838"></a>Editing of outline fonts: FontForge, <a href="fontforge.sourceforge.net">fontforge.sourceforge.net</a>.
This is a very elaborate program with support for many outline formats
-(Type&nbsp;<!-- /@w -->1, OpenType, TrueType, <small class="dots">...</small>), and many advanced font
+(Type&nbsp;1, OpenType, TrueType, <small class="dots">...</small>), and many advanced font
editing features.
- <li><a name="index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript-838"></a><a name="index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps-839"></a><a name="index-gsftopk-840"></a><a name="index-ps2pk-841"></a>PK bitmaps from PostScript outline fonts: gsftopk from the `<samp><span class="samp">xdvi</span></samp>'
+ <li><a name="index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript-839"></a><a name="index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps-840"></a><a name="index-gsftopk-841"></a><a name="index-ps2pk-842"></a>PK bitmaps from PostScript outline fonts: gsftopk from the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">xdvi</span></samp>&rsquo;
distribution. Alternatively, <code>ps2pk</code>, from
<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/utilities/ps2pk</span></samp>.
- <li><a name="index-Type-1-conversion-842"></a><a name="index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion-843"></a><a name="index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion-844"></a>PostScript Type 1 font format conversion (i.e., between PFA and PFB
-formats): <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/t1utils.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/t1utils.tar.gz</a>.
+ <li><a name="index-Type-1-conversion-843"></a><a name="index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion-844"></a><a name="index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion-845"></a>PostScript Type 1 font format conversion (i.e., between PFA and PFB
+formats): <a href="http://www.lcdf.org/type">http://www.lcdf.org/type</a>.
- <li><a name="index-scanned-images-of-fonts-845"></a><a name="index-typeface-specimen-sheets-846"></a><a name="index-fontutils-847"></a>Scanned image conversion: the (aging) GNU font utilities convert type
+ <li><a name="index-scanned-images-of-fonts-846"></a><a name="index-typeface-specimen-sheets-847"></a><a name="index-fontutils-848"></a>Scanned image conversion: the (aging) GNU font utilities convert type
specimen images to Metafont, PostScript, etc.:
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/fontutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/fontutils/</a>.
- <li><a name="index-autotrace-848"></a><a name="index-potrace-849"></a>Tracing bitmaps to fitted outlines: Autotrace
+ <li><a name="index-autotrace-849"></a><a name="index-potrace-850"></a>Tracing bitmaps to fitted outlines: Autotrace
(<a href="http://autotrace.sourceforge.net">http://autotrace.sourceforge.net</a>), Potrace
(<a href="http://potrace.sourceforge.net">http://potrace.sourceforge.net</a>). For Metafont fonts, either of
the two programs <code>mftrace</code>
(<a href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~hanwen/mftrace">http://www.xs4all.nl/~hanwen/mftrace</a>) or <code>textrace</code>
(<a href="http://textrace.sourceforge.net">http://textrace.sourceforge.net</a>) make the job easier.
- <li><a name="index-virtual-font-creation-850"></a><a name="index-fontinst_0040r_007b_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts_007d-851"></a>Virtual font creation: <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/utilities/fontinst</span></samp>.
+ <li><a name="index-virtual-font-creation-851"></a><a name="index-fontinst_0040r_007b_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts_007d-852"></a>Virtual font creation: <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/utilities/fontinst</span></samp>.
</ul>
<div class="node">
@@ -3883,7 +3898,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Legalisms</h2>
-<p><a name="index-legalisms-852"></a><a name="index-copyright-notices-853"></a><a name="index-permissions_002c-legal-854"></a>
+<p><a name="index-legalisms-853"></a><a name="index-copyright-notices-854"></a><a name="index-permissions_002c-legal-855"></a>
In general, each file has its own copyright notice stating the copying
permissions for that file. Following is a summary.
@@ -3917,7 +3932,7 @@ AT&amp;T Bell Laboratories or any of its entities not be used in advertising
or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without
specific, written prior permission.
- <p>AT&amp;T disclaims all warranties with regard to this software, including
+ <p>AT&amp;T disclaims all warranties with regard to this software, including
all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness. In no event
shall AT&amp;T be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages
or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits,
@@ -3937,7 +3952,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<h2 class="appendix">Appendix B References</h2>
-<p><a name="index-references-855"></a><a name="index-bibliography-856"></a>
+<p><a name="index-references-856"></a><a name="index-bibliography-857"></a>
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li>Kpathsea: See <a href="kpathsea.html#Top">Introduction</a>.
@@ -3956,7 +3971,7 @@ TeX project, see the books <cite>TeX: The Program</cite> or
<cite>Metafont: The Program</cite> cited below.
<!-- begin{thebibliography}{Knu86d} -->
-<li>[Bil87]
+ <li>[Bil87]
Neenie Billawala.
Write-white printing engines and tuning fonts with Metafont.
<cite>TUGboat</cite>, 8(1):29&ndash;32, April 1987.
@@ -4084,7 +4099,7 @@ Michael D. Spivak.
American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, USA, 2nd revised edition, 1990.
<!-- end{thebibliography} -->
-</ol>
+ </ol>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
@@ -4097,7 +4112,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
<ul class="index-cp" compact>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040samp_007b_0023define_007d-options-36">`<samp><span class="samp">#define</span></samp>' options</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040samp_007b_0023define_007d-options-36">&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">#define</span></samp>&rsquo; options</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0024-_0040r_007bexpansion-in-filenames_007d-225"><code>$ </code><span class="roman">expansion in filenames</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0025_0026-_0040r_007bmagic-number_007d-182"><code>%&amp; </code><span class="roman">magic number</span></a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d-_0040r_007bstarting-a-filename_007d-93"><code>- </code><span class="roman">starting a filename</span></a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
@@ -4106,8 +4121,8 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002ddisable_002ddump_002dshare-configure-_0040r_007boption_007d-197"><code>--disable-dump-share configure </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dipc-configure-_0040r_007boption_007d-252"><code>--enable-ipc configure </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dhelp-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-96"><code>--help </code><span class="roman">common option</span></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dquiet-_0028newer_0029-579"><code>--quiet (newer)</code></a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dverbose-_0028newer_0029-580"><code>--verbose (newer)</code></a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dquiet-_0028newer_0029-580"><code>--quiet (newer)</code></a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dverbose-_0028newer_0029-581"><code>--verbose (newer)</code></a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dverbose-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-98"><code>--verbose </code><span class="roman">common option</span></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dversion-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-100"><code>--version </code><span class="roman">common option</span></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002deditor_003d_0040var_007bcmd_007d-213"><code>--with-editor=</code><var>cmd</var></a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
@@ -4127,10 +4142,10 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dbase_003d_0040var_007bbase_007d-179"><code>-base=</code><var>base</var></a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dbase_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-107"><code>-base=</code><var>dumpname</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dchange_003d_0040var_007bchfile_007d-471"><code>-change=</code><var>chfile</var></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-816"><code>-charcode-format=</code><var>type</var></a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-787"><code>-charcode-format=</code><var>type</var></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-817"><code>-charcode-format=</code><var>type</var></a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-788"><code>-charcode-format=</code><var>type</var></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dD-_0040r_007bcompiler-options_007d-37"><code>-D </code><span class="roman">compiler options</span></a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ddpi_003d_0040var_007breal_007d-680"><code>-dpi=</code><var>real</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ddpi_003d_0040var_007breal_007d-681"><code>-dpi=</code><var>real</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002denc-247"><code>-enc</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dfile_002dline_002derror-102"><code>-file-line-error</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dfile_002dline_002derror_002dstyle-104"><code>-file-line-error-style</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
@@ -4138,7 +4153,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dfmt_003d_0040var_007bfmt_007d-178"><code>-fmt=</code><var>fmt</var></a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dgeometry_0040r_007b_002c-supported-with-Xt_007d-448"><code>-geometry</code><span class="roman">, supported with Xt</span></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dhalt_002don_002derror-110"><code>-halt-on-error</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dimages-761"><code>-images</code></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dimages-762"><code>-images</code></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dini-162"><code>-ini</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dini-112"><code>-ini</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dinteraction_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-115"><code>-interaction=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
@@ -4146,21 +4161,21 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dipc_002dstart-251"><code>-ipc-start</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002djobname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-117"><code>-jobname=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-119"><code>-kpathsea-debug=</code><var>number</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dlength_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-635"><code>-length=</code><var>number</var></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dloose-643"><code>-loose</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dlowercase-637"><code>-lowercase</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-681"><code>-magnification=</code><var>integer</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-666"><code>-magnification=</code><var>integer</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-684"><code>-max-pages=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-669"><code>-max-pages=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dlength_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-636"><code>-length=</code><var>number</var></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dloose-644"><code>-loose</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dlowercase-638"><code>-lowercase</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-682"><code>-magnification=</code><var>integer</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-667"><code>-magnification=</code><var>integer</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-685"><code>-max-pages=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-670"><code>-max-pages=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmem_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-108"><code>-mem=</code><var>dumpname</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmem_003d_0040var_007bmem_007d-180"><code>-mem=</code><var>mem</var></a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-597"><code>-min-crossrefs=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmixedcase-638"><code>-mixedcase</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-598"><code>-min-crossrefs=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmixedcase-639"><code>-mixedcase</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-376"><code>-mktex=</code><var>filetype</var></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-253"><code>-mktex=</code><var>filetype</var></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmltex-255"><code>-mltex</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmnemonics-762"><code>-mnemonics</code></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmnemonics-763"><code>-mnemonics</code></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-103"><code>-no-file-line-error</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-377"><code>-no-mktex=</code><var>filetype</var></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-254"><code>-no-mktex=</code><var>filetype</var></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
@@ -4170,36 +4185,36 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doutput_002dcomment_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-258"><code>-output-comment=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doutput_002ddirectory-152"><code>-output-directory</code></a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doutput_002ddirectory-123"><code>-output-directory</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doutput_002dlevel_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-685"><code>-output-level=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doutput_002dlevel_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-686"><code>-output-level=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003d_0040var_007bpoints_007d-461"><code>-overflow-label-offset=</code><var>points</var></a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-686"><code>-page-start=</code><var>page-spec</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-670"><code>-page-start=</code><var>page-spec</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-687"><code>-page-start=</code><var>page-spec</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-671"><code>-page-start=</code><var>page-spec</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline-125"><code>-parse-first-line</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-181"><code>-progname=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-128"><code>-progname=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002drecorder-132"><code>-recorder</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dshell_002descape-262"><code>-shell-escape</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dshow_002dopcodes-690"><code>-show-opcodes</code></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dstrict-644"><code>-strict</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dshow_002dopcodes-691"><code>-show-opcodes</code></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dstrict-645"><code>-strict</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dstyle_003d_0040var_007bmftfile_007d-473"><code>-style=</code><var>mftfile</var></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dT-505"><code>-T</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dterse-594"><code>-terse</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dtex-573"><code>-tex</code></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dterse-595"><code>-terse</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dtex-574"><code>-tex</code></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dtex_003d_0040var_007btexprogram_007d-508"><code>-tex=</code><var>texprogram</var></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dtranslate_002dfile_003d_0040var_007btcxfile_007d-134"><code>-translate-file=</code><var>tcxfile</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dtroff-572"><code>-troff</code></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dtroff-573"><code>-troff</code></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dtroff-535"><code>-troff</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dtroff-506"><code>-troff</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dunderline-641"><code>-underline</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002duppercase-639"><code>-uppercase</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dx-651"><code>-x</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dunderline-642"><code>-underline</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002duppercase-640"><code>-uppercase</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dx-652"><code>-x</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e_0040r_007b_002c-used-for-output_007d-151"><code>.</code><span class="roman">, used for output</span></a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e2602gf-375"><code>.2602gf</code></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eaux-_0040r_007bcross_002dreference-files_007d-585"><code>.aux </code><span class="roman">cross-reference files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eaux-_0040r_007bcross_002dreference-files_007d-586"><code>.aux </code><span class="roman">cross-reference files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ebase-380"><code>.base</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ebbl-_0040r_007bbibliography-files_007d-584"><code>.bbl </code><span class="roman">bibliography files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ebib-_0040r_007bbibliography-databases_007d-586"><code>.bib </code><span class="roman">bibliography databases</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eblg-_0040r_007bBib_0040TeX_007b_007d-log-file_007d-587"><code>.blg </code><span class="roman">BibTeX log file</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ebbl-_0040r_007bbibliography-files_007d-585"><code>.bbl </code><span class="roman">bibliography files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ebib-_0040r_007bbibliography-databases_007d-587"><code>.bib </code><span class="roman">bibliography databases</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eblg-_0040r_007bBib_0040TeX_007b_007d-log-file_007d-588"><code>.blg </code><span class="roman">BibTeX log file</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002efmt-274"><code>.fmt</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002emem-511"><code>.mem</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002emf-361"><code>.mf</code></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
@@ -4217,17 +4232,17 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-g_t8-bit-clean-139">8 bit clean</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying-140"><code>8 bit clean output, specifying</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t8_002dbit-characters-313">8-bit characters</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliography-589"><code>\bibliography</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-590"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliography-590"><code>\bibliography</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-591"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccharsubdef-_0040r_007band-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-303"><code>\charsubdef </code><span class="roman">and MLTeX</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-689"><code>\count</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-673"><code>\count</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-690"><code>\count</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-674"><code>\count</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfont-_0040r_007band-dynamic-generation_007d-239"><code>\font </code><span class="roman">and dynamic generation</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontdimen-793"><code>\fontdimen</code></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontdimen-794"><code>\fontdimen</code></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cimmediate_005cwrite18-267"><code>\immediate\write18</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinput-_0040r_007bfilenames_007d-216"><code>\input </code><span class="roman">filenames</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmag-683"><code>\mag</code></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmag-668"><code>\mag</code></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmag-684"><code>\mag</code></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmag-669"><code>\mag</code></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005copenout-_0040r_007band-security_007d-240"><code>\openout </code><span class="roman">and security</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstring-226"><code>\string</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef-_0040r_007band-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-306"><code>\tracingcharsubdef </code><span class="roman">and MLTeX</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></li>
@@ -4235,49 +4250,49 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwrite18-_0040r_007bshell-escape-extension_007d-268"><code>\write18 </code><span class="roman">shell escape extension</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005e_005e-_0040r_007bnotation_002c-avoiding_007d-330"><code>^^ </code><span class="roman">notation, avoiding</span></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040cite_007bComputer-Modern-Typefaces_007d_002c-production-of-478"><cite>Computer Modern Typefaces</cite>, production of</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-abbrv_002ebst-612"><code>abbrv.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-abbrv_002ebst-613"><code>abbrv.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-accented-character-314">accented character</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-accents_002c-hyphenating-words-with-300">accents, hyphenating words with</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-acknowledgements-19">acknowledgements</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-acm_002ebst-613"><code>acm.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Ada_002c-WEB-for-627">Ada, WEB for</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-acm_002ebst-614"><code>acm.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Ada_002c-WEB-for-628">Ada, WEB for</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-additional-Make-targets-44">additional Make targets</a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion-822">AFM to TFM conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-afm2tfm-823"><code>afm2tfm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-afmtopl-824"><code>afmtopl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion-823">AFM to TFM conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-afm2tfm-824"><code>afm2tfm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-afmtopl-825"><code>afmtopl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-aliases-for-fonts-147">aliases for fonts</a>: <a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-alpha_002ebst-614"><code>alpha.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-alpha_002ebst-615"><code>alpha.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-American-Mathematical-Society_002c-typesetting-system-284">American Mathematical Society, typesetting system</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-AMS_0040TeX_007b_007d-283">AMSTeX</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-apalike_002ebst-615"><code>apalike.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-apalike_002ebst-616"><code>apalike.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Arabic-typesetting-349">Arabic typesetting</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-architecture-dependencies-195">architecture dependencies</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-array-limit_002c-fixed-83">array limit, fixed</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-array-sizes-71">array sizes</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-assembly-language-routines-41">assembly language routines</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-autotrace-848"><code>autotrace</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Awk_002c-WEB-for-626">Awk, WEB for</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-autotrace-849"><code>autotrace</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Awk_002c-WEB-for-627">Awk, WEB for</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-base-file_002c-determining-176">base file, determining</a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-base-files-381">base files</a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-base-files_002c-need-mode-definitions-391">base files, need mode definitions</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-base-files_002c-plain-only-388">base files, plain only</a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-base-files_002c-sharing-189">base files, sharing</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bases-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-53"><code>bases </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-basic-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-609">basic BibTeX style files</a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-basic-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-610">basic BibTeX style files</a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-basic-fonts-and-macros-29">basic fonts and macros</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-batch-languages-230">batch languages</a>: <a href="#TeX">TeX</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-BDF-and-GF-conversion-826">BDF and GF conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-BDF-and-GF-conversion-827">BDF and GF conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-beginfig-489"><code>beginfig</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-BeginPath-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-557"><code>BeginPath </code><span class="roman">ditroff command</span></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-BeginPath-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-558"><code>BeginPath </code><span class="roman">ditroff command</span></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Berry_002c-Karl-17">Berry, Karl</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-BIBINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-592"><code>BIBINPUTS</code><span class="roman">, search path for bib files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-bibliographies_002c-creating-581">bibliographies, creating</a>: <a href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-bibliography-856">bibliography</a>: <a href="#References">References</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced-599">bibliography items, cross-referenced</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-bibtex-583"><code>bibtex</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-582">BibTeX</a>: <a href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-collection-606">BibTeX collection</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-610">BibTeX style files</a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-BIBINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-593"><code>BIBINPUTS</code><span class="roman">, search path for bib files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-bibliographies_002c-creating-582">bibliographies, creating</a>: <a href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-bibliography-857">bibliography</a>: <a href="#References">References</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced-600">bibliography items, cross-referenced</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-bibtex-584"><code>bibtex</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-583">BibTeX</a>: <a href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-collection-607">BibTeX collection</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-611">BibTeX style files</a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-BigEndian-machines-192">BigEndian machines</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-binaries_002c-linking-129">binaries, linking</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-blank-lines_002c-in-TCX-files-322">blank lines, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
@@ -4285,43 +4300,44 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-boxes_002c-memory-for-74">boxes, memory for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-breakpoints_002c-memory-for-76">breakpoints, memory for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter-5">Breitenlohner, Peter</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-BSTINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bst-files_007d-593"><code>BSTINPUTS</code><span class="roman">, search path for bst files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-btex-_0040r_007band-label-extraction_007d-569"><code>btex </code><span class="roman">and label extraction</span></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-BSTINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bst-files_007d-594"><code>BSTINPUTS</code><span class="roman">, search path for bst files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-btex-_0040r_007band-label-extraction_007d-570"><code>btex </code><span class="roman">and label extraction</span></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-btex-_0040r_007bfor-MetaPost-labels_007d-495"><code>btex </code><span class="roman">for MetaPost labels</span></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-btxdoc_002ebib-603"><code>btxdoc.bib</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-btxdoc_002etex-600"><code>btxdoc.tex</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-btxhak_002etex-601"><code>btxhak.tex</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-byte-position-763">byte position</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-byte-position-730">byte position</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-btxdoc_002ebib-604"><code>btxdoc.bib</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-btxdoc_002etex-601"><code>btxdoc.tex</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-btxhak_002etex-602"><code>btxhak.tex</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-byte-position-764">byte position</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-byte-position-731">byte position</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-byte-swapping-198">byte swapping</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-c_002dsources-_0040r_007bMakefile-target_007d-47"><code>c-sources </code><span class="roman">Makefile target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-captions_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-566">captions, extracting from MetaPost input</a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-captions_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-567">captions, extracting from MetaPost input</a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-captions_002c-for-MetaPost-525">captions, for MetaPost</a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-MFT-472">change files, and MFT</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle-632">change files, and Tangle</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-Weave-650">change files, and Weave</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle-633">change files, and Tangle</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-Weave-651">change files, and Weave</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-changing-error-messages-style-105">changing error messages style</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output-764">character codes, in GFtype output</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output-733">character codes, in PKtype output</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output-765">character codes, in GFtype output</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output-734">character codes, in PKtype output</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-325">character codes, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-character-proofs-of-fonts-454">character proofs of fonts</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-CHARACTER-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-801"><code>CHARACTER </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-CHARACTER-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-802"><code>CHARACTER </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-character-translation-files-311">character translation files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-CHARDP-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-804"><code>CHARDP </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-CHARHT-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-803"><code>CHARHT </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-CHARIC-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-805"><code>CHARIC </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-CHARWD-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-802"><code>CHARWD </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-chtopx-834"><code>chtopx</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-CHARDP-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-805"><code>CHARDP </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-CHARHT-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-804"><code>CHARHT </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-CHARIC-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-806"><code>CHARIC </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-CHARWD-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-803"><code>CHARWD </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-chtopx-835"><code>chtopx</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-class-name-for-Metafont-443">class name for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cm_002ebase-385"><code>cm.base</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cmbase_002emf-386"><code>cmbase.mf</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cmbase_002emft-476"><code>cmbase.mft</code></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cmmf_002ebase-_0040r_007bnot-recommended_007d-384"><code>cmmf.base </code><span class="roman">not recommended</span></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-color_002c-in-DVItoMP-550">color, in DVItoMP</a>: <a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-comments_002c-in-TCX-files-324">comments, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-comments_002c-MFT-control-469">comments, MFT control</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-common-options-95">common options</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-commonalities-87">commonalities</a>: <a href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-comparing-file-modification-times-575">comparing file modification times</a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-comparing-file-modification-times-576">comparing file modification times</a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compilation-25">compilation</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compile_002dtime-options-35">compile-time options</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compile_002dtime-options-33">compile-time options</a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
@@ -4332,108 +4348,108 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-configuration-file-values-70">configuration file values</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration_002c-compile_002dtime-32">configuration, compile-time</a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configure-_002d_002dwith_002f_002d_002denable-_0040r_007boptions_007d-34"><code>configure --with/--enable </code><span class="roman">options</span></a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-CONTENTS_002etex-653"><code>CONTENTS.tex</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-CONTENTS_002etex-654"><code>CONTENTS.tex</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-control-sequence-names_002c-space-for-81">control sequence names, space for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conventions-for-options_002c-89">conventions for options,</a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text-675">conversion, DVI to plain text</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK-717">conversion, GF to PK</a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text-756">conversion, GF to plain text</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF-721">conversion, PK to GF</a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text-725">conversion, PK to plain text</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM-807">conversion, property list to TFM</a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF-818">conversion, property list to VF</a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list-782">conversion, TFM to property list</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL-811">conversion, VF to VPL</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-copyright-notices-853">copyright notices</a>: <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text-676">conversion, DVI to plain text</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK-718">conversion, GF to PK</a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text-757">conversion, GF to plain text</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF-722">conversion, PK to GF</a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text-726">conversion, PK to plain text</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM-808">conversion, property list to TFM</a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF-819">conversion, property list to VF</a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list-783">conversion, TFM to property list</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL-812">conversion, VF to VPL</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-copyright-notices-854">copyright notices</a>: <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Cork-encoding-and-ISO-input-319">Cork encoding and ISO input</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-creating-memory-dumps-172">creating memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items-598">cross-referenced bibliography items</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting-652">cross-references, omitting</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items-599">cross-referenced bibliography items</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting-653">cross-references, omitting</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-current-directory_002c-used-for-output-150">current directory, used for output</a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Curtis_002c-Pavel-15">Curtis, Pavel</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-CWEB-625">CWEB</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Cweb-624">Cweb</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-D-_0040var_007bc_007d-_0040r_007bditroff-graphics_007d-554"><code>D </code><var>c</var> <span class="roman">ditroff graphics</span></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-CWEB-626">CWEB</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Cweb-625">Cweb</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-D-_0040var_007bc_007d-_0040r_007bditroff-graphics_007d-555"><code>D </code><var>c</var> <span class="roman">ditroff graphics</span></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-date-and-time_002c-in-memory-dumps-202">date and time, in memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-debugging-DVI-utilities-693">debugging DVI utilities</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-debugging-DVI-utilities-694">debugging DVI utilities</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying-121">debugging flags, specifying</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-decimal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-328">decimal character codes, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dependencies_002c-hardware-196">dependencies, hardware</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-design_002dsize-units-800">design-size units</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-design_002dsize-units-801">design-size units</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-device-definitions_002c-for-Metafont-392">device definitions, for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-device_002dindependent-width-779">device-independent width</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-device_002dindependent-width-736">device-independent width</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-device_002dindependent-width-780">device-independent width</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-device_002dindependent-width-737">device-independent width</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-directory-structure-28">directory structure</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DISPLAY-449"><code>DISPLAY</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-ditroff-output_002c-converting-to-MPX-551">ditroff output, converting to MPX</a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-DMP-550"><code>DMP</code></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-ditroff-output_002c-converting-to-MPX-552">ditroff output, converting to MPX</a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-DMP-551"><code>DMP</code></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DMP-544"><code>DMP</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DMP_002c-invoked-by-MakeMPX-529">DMP, invoked by MakeMPX</a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dmp_002ec-562"><code>dmp.c</code></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dmp_002ec-563"><code>dmp.c</code></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dot-files_002c-written-by-_0040TeX_007b_007d-programs-244">dot files, written by TeX programs</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-downloading-of-fonts-for-MetaPost-labels-501">downloading of fonts for MetaPost labels</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dpost-553"><code>dpost</code></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dpost-554"><code>dpost</code></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DrawingServant-412"><code>DrawingServant</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-DrawPath-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-558"><code>DrawPath </code><span class="roman">ditroff command</span></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-DrawPath-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-559"><code>DrawPath </code><span class="roman">ditroff command</span></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dump-file-109">dump file</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dumping-memory-168">dumping memory</a>: <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVI-comment_002c-specifying-260">DVI comment, specifying</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVI-files_002c-converting-to-MPX-548">DVI files, converting to MPX</a>: <a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVI-files_002c-creating-multiple-352">DVI files, creating multiple</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-DVI-files_002c-explained-707">DVI files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-DVI-format-definition-663">DVI format definition</a>: <a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing-692">DVI opcodes, showing</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-DVI-utilities-661">DVI utilities</a>: <a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dvicopy-664"><code>dvicopy</code></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-DVI-files_002c-explained-708">DVI files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-DVI-format-definition-664">DVI format definition</a>: <a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing-693">DVI opcodes, showing</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-DVI-utilities-662">DVI utilities</a>: <a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dvicopy-665"><code>dvicopy</code></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dvitomp-547"><code>dvitomp</code></a>: <a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVITOMP-543"><code>DVITOMP</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVItoMP_002c-invoked-by-MakeMPX-528">DVItoMP, invoked by MakeMPX</a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dvitype-_0040r_007bDVI-validation_007d-674"><code>dvitype </code><span class="roman">DVI validation</span></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dvitype-output-example-694">dvitype output example</a>: <a href="#dvitype-output-example">dvitype output example</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dvitype_002eweb-662"><code>dvitype.web</code></a>: <a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-776">dx <span class="roman">horizontal escapement</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-741">dx <span class="roman">horizontal escapement</span></a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dy-_0040r_007bvertical-escapement_007d-777">dy <span class="roman">vertical escapement</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dvitype-_0040r_007bDVI-validation_007d-675"><code>dvitype </code><span class="roman">DVI validation</span></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dvitype-output-example-695">dvitype output example</a>: <a href="#dvitype-output-example">dvitype output example</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dvitype_002eweb-663"><code>dvitype.web</code></a>: <a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-777">dx <span class="roman">horizontal escapement</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-742">dx <span class="roman">horizontal escapement</span></a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dy-_0040r_007bvertical-escapement_007d-778">dy <span class="roman">vertical escapement</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dynamic-array-allocation-86">dynamic array allocation</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definitions-with-_0040code_007bsmode_007d-399">dynamic Metafont mode definitions with <code>smode</code></a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dynamic-packing-variable-732">dynamic packing variable</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dynamic-packing-variable-733">dynamic packing variable</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e-_0040r_007bresponse-at-error-prompt_007d-209"><code>e </code><span class="roman">response at error prompt</span></a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e_002dcircumflex-304">e-circumflex</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e_002d_0040TeX_007b_007d-342">e-TeX</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e_002emft-477"><code>e.mft</code></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-EC-fonts-363">EC fonts</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-EC-fonts-237">EC fonts</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts-829">editing of bitmap fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts-830">editing of bitmap fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-editor-invoked-at-error-207">editor invoked at error</a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-eight_002dbit-characters-in-filenames-221">eight-bit characters in filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-empty_002etcx-318"><code>empty.tcx</code></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-endian-dependencies-193">endian dependencies</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-eoc-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-770"><code>eoc </code><span class="roman">GF command</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-eoc-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-771"><code>eoc </code><span class="roman">GF command</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Eplain-289">Eplain</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-epsf-404"><code>epsf</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-errors_002c-editor-invoked-at-208">errors, editor invoked at</a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-escapement_002c-horizontal-772">escapement, horizontal</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-escapement_002c-horizontal-739">escapement, horizontal</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-escapement_002c-vertical-774">escapement, vertical</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-etex-_0040r_007band-label-extraction_007d-570"><code>etex </code><span class="roman">and label extraction</span></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-escapement_002c-horizontal-773">escapement, horizontal</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-escapement_002c-horizontal-740">escapement, horizontal</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-escapement_002c-vertical-775">escapement, vertical</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-etex-_0040r_007band-label-extraction_007d-571"><code>etex </code><span class="roman">and label extraction</span></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-etex-_0040r_007bfor-MetaPost-labels_007d-496"><code>etex </code><span class="roman">for MetaPost labels</span></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-executables_002c-shared-initial-and-virgin-161">executables, shared initial and virgin</a>: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-expanded-plain-format-290">expanded plain format</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-extensions-to-_0040TeX_007b_007d-340">extensions to TeX</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-extra_005fmem_005fbot-73"><code>extra_mem_bot</code></a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-FACE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-790"><code>FACE </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-FAMILY-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-789"><code>FAMILY </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-FACE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-791"><code>FACE </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-FAMILY-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-790"><code>FAMILY </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Ferguson_002c-Michael-298">Ferguson, Michael</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-file-formats-for-fonts-701">file formats for fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-file-mtimes_002c-comparing-576">file mtimes, comparing</a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-file-formats-for-fonts-702">file formats for fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-file-mtimes_002c-comparing-577">file mtimes, comparing</a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-file-recorder-133">file recorder</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-File_002dhandling-_0040TeX_007b_007d-351">File-handling TeX</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-filename-conventions_002c-in-input-files-215">filename conventions, in input files</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-filenames-starting-with-_0040samp_007b_002d_007d-94">filenames starting with `<samp><span class="samp">-</span></samp>'</a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-filenames-starting-with-_0040samp_007b_002d_007d-94">filenames starting with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-</span></samp>&rsquo;</a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-first-line-of-the-main-input-file-137">first line of the main input file</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fixed_002dpoint-arithmetic-39">fixed-point arithmetic</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-FIXPT-38"><code>FIXPT</code></a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-flag-byte-731">flag byte</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-flag-byte-732">flag byte</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-floating_002dpoint-arithmetic-40">floating-point arithmetic</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-floating_002dpoint-values-200">floating-point values</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fmt-file_002c-determining-175">fmt file, determining</a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
@@ -4444,74 +4460,74 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-font-character-code_002c-translating-331">font character code, translating</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-design-358">font design</a>: <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-downloading-for-MetaPost-labels-502">font downloading for MetaPost labels</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-font-file-formats-700">font file formats</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-font-file-formats-701">font file formats</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-proofs-455">font proofs</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-font-utilities-695">font utilities</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c-821">font utilities, non-Web2c</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-font-utilities-696">font utilities</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c-822">font utilities, non-Web2c</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font_005fmem_005fsize-78"><code>font_mem_size</code></a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-fontforge-836"><code>fontforge</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-fontinst_0040r_007b_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts_007d-851"><code>fontinst</code><span class="roman">, for creating virtual fonts</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-fontforge-837"><code>fontforge</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-fontinst_0040r_007b_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts_007d-852"><code>fontinst</code><span class="roman">, for creating virtual fonts</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fonts_002c-basic-30">fonts, basic</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-fontutils-847"><code>fontutils</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-fontutils-848"><code>fontutils</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-format-files-278">format files</a>: <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-formats-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d-279">formats for TeX</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-formats-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-49"><code>formats </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fraction-routines-42">fraction routines</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Free-Software-Foundation-documentation-system-288">Free Software Foundation documentation system</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-freedom-of-Web2c-9">freedom of Web2c</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu-605"><code>ftp.math.utah.edu</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu-606"><code>ftp.math.utah.edu</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-generating-source-specials-271">generating source specials</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-geometric-designs-356">geometric designs</a>: <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-geometric-font-scaling-705">geometric font scaling</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-geometric-font-scaling-706">geometric font scaling</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-geometry-for-Metafont-444">geometry for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-getopt_005flong_005fonly-90"><code>getopt_long_only</code></a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-GF-files_002c-explained-710">GF files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-GF-files_002c-explained-711">GF files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GF-files_002c-output-by-Metafont-368">GF files, output by Metafont</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-GF-format-definition-699">GF format definition</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-GF-format-definition-700">GF format definition</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GF-output-367">GF output</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to-722">GF, converting PK to</a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK-719">GF, converting to PK</a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to-723">GF, converting PK to</a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK-720">GF, converting to PK</a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gftodvi-453"><code>gftodvi</code></a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-gftopk-716"><code>gftopk</code></a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-gftopxl-833"><code>gftopxl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-gftype-_0040r_007bGF-validation_007d-755"><code>gftype </code><span class="roman">GF validation</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-gftype_002eweb-697"><code>gftype.web</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-gftopk-717"><code>gftopk</code></a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-gftopxl-834"><code>gftopxl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-gftype-_0040r_007bGF-validation_007d-756"><code>gftype </code><span class="roman">GF validation</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-gftype_002eweb-698"><code>gftype.web</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-glue-ratio-representations-201">glue ratio representations</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-glue_002c-memory-for-75">glue, memory for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-glyph-substitutions-301">glyph substitutions</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gray-font-457">gray font</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Gruff_002c-Billy-Goat-61">Gruff, Billy Goat</a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-gsftopk-840"><code>gsftopk</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-gsftopk-841"><code>gsftopk</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Harbison_002c-Samuel-P_002e-205">Harbison, Samuel P.</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hardware-and-memory-dumps-185">hardware and memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hash-table_002c-increasing-size-of-82">hash table, increasing size of</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hash_005fextra-80"><code>hash_extra</code></a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-headerbyte-_0040r_007binformation_007d-791"><code>headerbyte </code><span class="roman">information</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-height_002c-in-pixels-742">height, in pixels</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-headerbyte-_0040r_007binformation_007d-792"><code>headerbyte </code><span class="roman">information</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-height_002c-in-pixels-743">height, in pixels</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-help_002c-online-97">help, online</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Henry_002c-Patrick-11">Henry, Patrick</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Herberts_002c-Mathias-405">Herberts, Mathias</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hex-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-327">hex character codes, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-history-12">history</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Hobby_002c-John-563">Hobby, John</a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Hobby_002c-John-564">Hobby, John</a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Hobby_002c-John-4">Hobby, John</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-horizontal-escapement-771">horizontal escapement</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-horizontal-escapement-738">horizontal escapement</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-horizontal-escapement-772">horizontal escapement</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-horizontal-escapement-739">horizontal escapement</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hp2627-407"><code>hp2627</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-human-languages_002c-supported-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-294">human languages, supported in TeX</a>: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-677">human-readable text, converting DVI to</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to-758">human-readable text, converting GF to</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to-727">human-readable text, converting PK to</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-785">human-readable text, converting TFM to</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to-814">human-readable text, converting VF to</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-678">human-readable text, converting DVI to</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to-759">human-readable text, converting GF to</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to-728">human-readable text, converting PK to</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-786">human-readable text, converting TFM to</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to-815">human-readable text, converting VF to</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hyphenation-and-languages-295">hyphenation and languages</a>: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hyphenation-patterns_002c-creating-335">hyphenation patterns, creating</a>: <a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ice-cream-10">ice cream</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-identifier-case-640">identifier case</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-identifier-collisions-645">identifier collisions</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-identifier-length-636">identifier length</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-identifiers-with-underlines-642">identifiers with underlines</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-ieeetr_002ebst-616"><code>ieeetr.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-identifier-case-641">identifier case</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-identifier-collisions-646">identifier collisions</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-identifier-length-637">identifier length</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-identifiers-with-underlines-643">identifiers with underlines</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-ieeetr_002ebst-617"><code>ieeetr.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-il1_002dt1_002etcx-316"><code>il1-t1.tcx</code></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-il2_002dt1_002etcx-317"><code>il2-t1.tcx</code></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Info-format-287">Info format</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
@@ -4527,7 +4543,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-install_002dformats-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-50"><code>install-formats </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-install_002dmems-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-56"><code>install-mems </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-installation-26">installation</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-interaction-between-TCX-files-and-_0040samp_007b_002d8bit_007d_002e-333">interaction between TCX files and `<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>'.</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-interaction-between-TCX-files-and-_0040samp_007b_002d8bit_007d_002e-333">interaction between TCX files and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;.</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-interaction-mode-116">interaction mode</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-international-characters-312">international characters</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-introduction-1">introduction</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
@@ -4535,42 +4551,42 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-IPC_005fDEBUG-339"><code>IPC_DEBUG</code></a>: <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-IPC_005fDEBUG-43"><code>IPC_DEBUG</code></a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-job-name-118">job name</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files-799">kerning table, in TFM files</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files-800">kerning table, in TFM files</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-keyboard-character-code_002c-translating-332">keyboard character code, translating</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-470">Knuth, Donald E.</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-2">Knuth, Donald E.</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-120"><code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-KRN-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-797"><code>KRN </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-KRN-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-798"><code>KRN </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-label-font-459">label font</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-LABEL-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-795"><code>LABEL </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-labels_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-565">labels, extracting from MetaPost input</a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-LABEL-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-796"><code>LABEL </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-labels_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-566">labels, extracting from MetaPost input</a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-labels_002c-for-MetaPost-526">labels, for MetaPost</a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-language-support-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-293">language support in TeX</a>: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-languages_002c-hyphenation-rules-for-336">languages, hyphenation rules for</a>: <a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-282">LaTeX</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Latin-Modern-828">Latin Modern</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-left-side-bearing-765">left side bearing</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-left-side-bearing-751">left side bearing</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-legalisms-852">legalisms</a>: <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Latin-Modern-829">Latin Modern</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-left-side-bearing-766">left side bearing</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-left-side-bearing-752">left side bearing</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-legalisms-853">legalisms</a>: <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-licensing-terms-8">licensing terms</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-LIG-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-796"><code>LIG </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files-798">ligature table, in TFM files</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-LIGTABLE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-794"><code>LIGTABLE </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-LIG-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-797"><code>LIG </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files-799">ligature table, in TFM files</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-LIGTABLE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-795"><code>LIGTABLE </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-linking-binaries-130">linking binaries</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-links-to-binaries-184">links to binaries</a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-literate-programming-620">literate programming</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-litprog_0040_0040shsu_002eedu-621"><code>litprog@shsu.edu</code></a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-literate-programming-621">literate programming</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-litprog_0040_0040shsu_002eedu-622"><code>litprog@shsu.edu</code></a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LittleEndian-machines-191">LittleEndian machines</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-log-file_002c-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-588">log file, BibTeX</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-log-file_002c-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-589">log file, BibTeX</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-machine-dependencies-194">machine dependencies</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-820">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-809">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-MacKay_002c-Pierre-714">MacKay, Pierre</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-821">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-810">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-MacKay_002c-Pierre-715">MacKay, Pierre</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-macro-packages_002c-major-_0040TeX_007b_007d-281">macro packages, major TeX</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-macros_002c-basic-31">macros, basic</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-macros_002c-predefining-in-memory-dumps-169">macros, predefining in memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-magnification-682">magnification</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-magnification-667">magnification</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-magnification-683">magnification</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-magnification-668">magnification</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-main_005fmemory-72"><code>main_memory</code></a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Make-targets_002c-additional-46">Make targets, additional</a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-makempx-523"><code>makempx</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
@@ -4605,13 +4621,13 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-480">MetaPost</a>: <a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-and-plain-Metafont-compatibility-518">MetaPost and plain Metafont compatibility</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-input-files-488">MetaPost input files</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-input_002c-extracting-labels-from-568">MetaPost input, extracting labels from</a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-input_002c-extracting-labels-from-569">MetaPost input, extracting labels from</a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-invocation-484">MetaPost invocation</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-labels-524">MetaPost labels</a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-source_002c-prettyprinting-479">MetaPost source, prettyprinting</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost_002c-initial-510">MetaPost, initial</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost_002c-_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-and-Metafont-160">MetaPost, TeX, and Metafont</a>: <a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-metatype1-827"><code>metatype1</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-metatype1-828"><code>metatype1</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mf-359"><code>mf</code></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mf_002ebase-383"><code>mf.base</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MFEDIT-211"><code>MFEDIT</code></a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
@@ -4640,8 +4656,8 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-mpost_002emem-514"><code>mpost.mem</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpout-492"><code>mpout</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mproof_002etex-500"><code>mproof.tex</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-MPSUPPORT-559"><code>MPSUPPORT</code></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-MPto-564"><code>MPto</code></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-MPSUPPORT-560"><code>MPSUPPORT</code></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-MPto-565"><code>MPto</code></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MPto_002c-invoked-by-MakeMPX-527">MPto, invoked by MakeMPX</a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MPTOTEX-541"><code>MPTOTEX</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MPTOTR-542"><code>MPTOTR</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
@@ -4650,93 +4666,93 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-mptrap_002ereadme-68"><code>mptrap.readme</code></a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpx-file_002c-defined-538">mpx file, defined</a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MPX-files_002c-converting-from-DVI-files-549">MPX files, converting from DVI files</a>: <a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-MPX-files_002c-creating-from-ditroff-output-552">MPX files, creating from ditroff output</a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-MPX-files_002c-creating-from-ditroff-output-553">MPX files, creating from ditroff output</a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpxerr-534"><code>mpxerr</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpxerr_002edvi-531"><code>mpxerr.dvi</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpxerr_002elog-530"><code>mpxerr.log</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpxerr_002et-533"><code>mpxerr.t</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpxerr_002etex-532"><code>mpxerr.tex</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-mtimes-of-files_002c-comparing-577">mtimes of files, comparing</a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-mtimes-of-files_002c-comparing-578">mtimes of files, comparing</a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Multi_002dlingual-_0040TeX_007b_007d-297">Multi-lingual TeX</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-multiple-DVI-files_002c-creating-353">multiple DVI files, creating</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-N-tilde-305">N tilde</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-new-graphics-support-for-Metafont-451">new graphics support for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NEWER-540"><code>NEWER</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-newer-_0040r_007bfile-comparison_007d-574"><code>newer </code><span class="roman">file comparison</span></a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-newrow-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-769"><code>newrow </code><span class="roman">GF command</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-newer-_0040r_007bfile-comparison_007d-575"><code>newer </code><span class="roman">file comparison</span></a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-newrow-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-770"><code>newrow </code><span class="roman">GF command</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-next-411"><code>next</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NO_005fX11WIN-429"><code>NO_X11WIN</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-non_002dUnix-system_002c-compiling-on-48">non-Unix system, compiling on</a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NUL_002c-not-allowed-in-filenames-220">NUL, not allowed in filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-326">octal character codes, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-offset-for-overflow-labels-463">offset for overflow labels</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-older_002dthan_002c-file-comparisons-578">older-than, file comparisons</a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-older_002dthan_002c-file-comparisons-579">older-than, file comparisons</a>: <a href="#newer-invocation">newer invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Omega-344">Omega</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-online-Metafont-graphics-400">online Metafont graphics</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI-691">opcodes, showing DVI</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-optical-font-scaling-704">optical font scaling</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI-692">opcodes, showing DVI</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-optical-font-scaling-705">optical font scaling</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-option-conventions-88">option conventions</a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-origin-748">origin</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-origin-749">origin</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-output-directory_002c-specifying-153">output directory, specifying</a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-output-directory_002c-specifying-124">output directory, specifying</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-output-file-location-149">output file location</a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-output-files_002c-written-by-_0040TeX_007b_007d-programs-242">output files, written by TeX programs</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-output_005fcomment-_0040r_007bfor-DVI-files_007d-259"><code>output_comment </code><span class="roman">for DVI files</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-overflow-label-offset-462">overflow label offset</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-packet-length-734">packet length</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-page_002c-starting-688">page, starting</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-page_002c-starting-672">page, starting</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-packet-length-735">packet length</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-page_002c-starting-689">page, starting</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-page_002c-starting-673">page, starting</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-parsing-the-first-line-127">parsing the first line</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB-630">Pascal, creating from WEB</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB-631">Pascal, creating from WEB</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-patgen-334"><code>patgen</code></a>: <a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-path-searching-143">path searching</a>: <a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-path-searching-debugging-122">path searching debugging</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PDF-347">PDF</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pdf_0040TeX_007b_007d-346">pdfTeX</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-permissions_002c-legal-854">permissions, legal</a>: <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion-843">PFA and PFB conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-pfaedit-837"><code>pfaedit</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-permissions_002c-legal-855">permissions, legal</a>: <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion-844">PFA and PFB conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-pfaedit-838"><code>pfaedit</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PiC_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-increasing-memory-for-77">PiCTeX, increasing memory for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-picture-expressions-537">picture expressions</a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-pixel-height-743">pixel height</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-pixel-width-744">pixel width</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript-838">PK bitmaps from PostScript</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-PK-files_002c-explained-709">PK files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-pixel-height-744">pixel height</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-pixel-width-745">pixel width</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript-839">PK bitmaps from PostScript</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-PK-files_002c-explained-710">PK files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PK-files_002c-not-output-by-Metafont-369">PK files, not output by Metafont</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-PK-format-definition-698">PK format definition</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to-718">PK, converting GF to</a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF-723">PK, converting to GF</a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-pktogf-720"><code>pktogf</code></a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-pktype-_0040r_007bPK-validation_007d-724"><code>pktype </code><span class="roman">PK validation</span></a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-pktype_002eweb-696"><code>pktype.web</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-PL-files_002c-explained-711">PL files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-PK-format-definition-699">PK format definition</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to-719">PK, converting GF to</a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF-724">PK, converting to GF</a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-pktogf-721"><code>pktogf</code></a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-pktype-_0040r_007bPK-validation_007d-725"><code>pktype </code><span class="roman">PK validation</span></a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-pktype_002eweb-697"><code>pktype.web</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-PL-files_002c-explained-712">PL files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost-517">plain Metafont, compatibility in MetaPost</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-676">plain text, converting DVI to</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to-757">plain text, converting GF to</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to-726">plain text, converting PK to</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-786">plain text, converting TFM to</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to-815">plain text, converting VF to</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-677">plain text, converting DVI to</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to-758">plain text, converting GF to</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to-727">plain text, converting PK to</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-787">plain text, converting TFM to</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to-816">plain text, converting VF to</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain_002ebase-382"><code>plain.base</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-plain_002ebst-611"><code>plain.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-plain_002ebst-612"><code>plain.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain_002efmt-276"><code>plain.fmt</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain_002emem-513"><code>plain.mem</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain_002emft-475"><code>plain.mft</code></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-pltotf-806"><code>pltotf</code></a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-pool-file_002c-writing-633">pool file, writing</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-pltotf-807"><code>pltotf</code></a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-pool-file_002c-writing-634">pool file, writing</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Poole_002c-Simon-425">Poole, Simon</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-pooltype-655"><code>pooltype</code></a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-pooltype-656"><code>pooltype</code></a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-portable-filenames-223">portable filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PostScript-fonts_002c-and-Troff-497">PostScript fonts, and Troff</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PostScript-meets-Metafont-481">PostScript meets Metafont</a>: <a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PostScript-output-494">PostScript output</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps-839">PostScript to PK bitmaps</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion-844">PostScript Type 1 font conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling-706">PostScript, and font scaling</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-potrace-849"><code>potrace</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps-840">PostScript to PK bitmaps</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion-845">PostScript Type 1 font conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling-707">PostScript, and font scaling</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-potrace-850"><code>potrace</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Pragma-ADE-522">Pragma ADE</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-predefined-macros-and-memory-dumps-170">predefined macros and memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-prettyprinting-Metafont-source-466">prettyprinting Metafont source</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs-649">prettyprinting WEB programs</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs-650">prettyprinting WEB programs</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-primitives_002c-new-343">primitives, new</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-printable-characters_002c-specifying-329">printable characters, specifying</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-printer-characteristics_002c-for-Metafont-393">printer characteristics, for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
@@ -4749,47 +4765,47 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-prologues_0040r_007b_002c-and-EPSF-output_007d-503"><code>prologues</code><span class="roman">, and EPSF output</span></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-proof-_0040r_007bmode_007d-373"><code>proof </code><span class="roman">mode</span></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-proof-sheets_002c-of-fonts-456">proof sheets, of fonts</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-property-list-format-788">property list format</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to-784">property list, converting TFM to</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual-813">property list, converting VF to virtual</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-ps2pk-841"><code>ps2pk</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-property-list-format-789">property list format</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to-785">property list, converting TFM to</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual-814">property list, converting VF to virtual</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-ps2pk-842"><code>ps2pk</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-psfonts_002emap_0040r_007b_002c-read-by-MetaPost_007d-504"><code>psfonts.map</code><span class="roman">, read by MetaPost</span></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-PXL-files_002c-explained-708">PXL files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-pxtoch-835"><code>pxtoch</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-PXL-files_002c-explained-709">PXL files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-pxtoch-836"><code>pxtoch</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Raichle_002c-Bernd-299">Raichle, Bernd</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-reading_002c-additional-23">reading, additional</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-readonly-directory_002c-running-_0040TeX_007b_007d-in-154">readonly directory, running TeX in</a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-reallocation-of-arrays-85">reallocation of arrays</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-redefined-character-substitutions-307">redefined character substitutions</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-reference-pixel-749">reference pixel</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-references-855">references</a>: <a href="#References">References</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-reference-pixel-750">reference pixel</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-references-856">references</a>: <a href="#References">References</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-regis-414"><code>regis</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Regis-graphics-support-416">Regis graphics support</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-regression-testing-261">regression testing</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-repeated-rows-754">repeated rows</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-representation-of-strings-659">representation of strings</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-right-side-bearing-766">right side bearing</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-right-side-bearing-752">right side bearing</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-repeated-rows-755">repeated rows</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-representation-of-strings-660">representation of strings</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-right-side-bearing-767">right side bearing</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-right-side-bearing-753">right side bearing</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-right_002dto_002dleft-typesetting-350">right-to-left typesetting</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Rokicki_002c-Tomas-13">Rokicki, Tomas</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-768">run length encoded bitmaps</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-753">run length encoded bitmaps</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-769">run length encoded bitmaps</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-754">run length encoded bitmaps</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-runtime-options-69">runtime options</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-scaled-pixels-775">scaled pixels</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-scaled-pixels-740">scaled pixels</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-scaling-of-fonts-703">scaling of fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-scanned-images-of-fonts-845">scanned images of fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-scaled-pixels-776">scaled pixels</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-scaled-pixels-741">scaled pixels</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-scaling-of-fonts-704">scaling of fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-scanned-images-of-fonts-846">scanned images of fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-security_002c-and-_0040code_007b_005copenout_007d-241">security, and <code>\openout</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-security_002c-and-output-files-245">security, and output files</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-security_002c-and-shell-escapes-270">security, and shell escapes</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-SetColor-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-556"><code>SetColor </code><span class="roman">ditroff command</span></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-SetColor-_0040r_007bditroff-command_007d-557"><code>SetColor </code><span class="roman">ditroff command</span></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shapes-357">shapes</a>: <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sharing-memory-dumps-187">sharing memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shell-commands-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-264">shell commands in TeX</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shell_005fescape-_0040r_007benabling-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-266"><code>shell_escape </code><span class="roman">enabling in TeX</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-siam_002ebst-617"><code>siam.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-side-bearings-767">side bearings</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-side-bearings-750">side bearings</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-siam_002ebst-618"><code>siam.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-side-bearings-768">side bearings</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-side-bearings-751">side bearings</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-slant-font-460">slant font</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-slides_002c-producing-292">slides, producing</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Sli_0040TeX_007b_007d-291">SliTeX</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
@@ -4797,17 +4813,17 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-smode-_0040r_007band-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definition_007d-398"><code>smode </code><span class="roman">and dynamic Metafont mode definition</span></a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sockets-338">sockets</a>: <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-space_002dterminated-filenames-217">space-terminated filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Spiderweb-623">Spiderweb</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Spiderweb-624">Spiderweb</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Stallman_002c-Richard-22">Stallman, Richard</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-starting-page-687">starting page</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-starting-page-671">starting page</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-starting-page-688">starting page</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-starting-page-672">starting page</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Steele-Jr_002e_002c-Guy-L_002e-206">Steele Jr., Guy L.</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-stopping-at-the-first-error-111">stopping at the first error</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-strategy_002c-overall-7">strategy, overall</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-string-numbers_002c-displaying-657">string numbers, displaying</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-string-pool_002c-writing-634">string pool, writing</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-string-representation-660">string representation</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-style-design_002c-for-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-602">style design, for BibTeX</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-string-numbers_002c-displaying-658">string numbers, displaying</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-string-pool_002c-writing-635">string pool, writing</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-string-representation-661">string representation</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-style-design_002c-for-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-603">style design, for BibTeX</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-style-files-474">style files</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-substitutions-of-font-glyphs-302">substitutions of font glyphs</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sun-417"><code>sun</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
@@ -4819,8 +4835,8 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-syntax-of-TCX-files-321">syntax of TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-system-_0040r_007bC-library-function_007d-269"><code>system </code><span class="roman">C library function</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-T1-encoding-and-ISO-input-320">T1 encoding and ISO input</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth-715">Tachikawa, Elizabeth</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-tangle-629"><code>tangle</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth-716">Tachikawa, Elizabeth</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-tangle-630"><code>tangle</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-targets_002c-additional-Make-45">targets, additional Make</a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TCX-_0040r_007bcharacter-translation-files_007d-309"><code>TCX </code><span class="roman">character translation files</span></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tek-422"><code>tek</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
@@ -4828,12 +4844,12 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-Tektronix-4014-427">Tektronix 4014</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TERM-403"><code>TERM</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-terminator-for-filenames-219">terminator for filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-terse-output-595">terse output</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-terse-output-596">terse output</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEX-545"><code>TEX</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex-232"><code>tex</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-bibliographies-for-608">TeX, bibliographies for</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-bibliographies-for-609">TeX, bibliographies for</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-creating-from-Metafont-467">TeX, creating from Metafont</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-creating-from-WEB-647">TeX, creating from WEB</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-creating-from-WEB-648">TeX, creating from WEB</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-description-of-227">TeX, description of</a>: <a href="#TeX">TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-extensions-to-341">TeX, extensions to</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-format-packages-for-280">TeX, format packages for</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
@@ -4844,24 +4860,24 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-Web2c-implementation-of-3">TeX, Web2c implementation of</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TeX_002d_002dXeT-348"><code>TeX--XeT</code></a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex_002efmt-277"><code>tex.fmt</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-TEXBIB_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-591"><code>TEXBIB</code><span class="roman">, search path for bib files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-TEXBIB_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-592"><code>TEXBIB</code><span class="roman">, search path for bib files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXEDIT-210"><code>TEXEDIT</code></a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texfonts_002emap-148"><code>texfonts.map</code></a>: <a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Texinfo-286">Texinfo</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf-144"><code>texmf.cnf</code></a>: <a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmfmp_002ec-452"><code>texmfmp.c</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmfmp_002ec-_0040r_007band-_0040code_007bopenoutnameok_007d_007d-246"><code>texmfmp.c </code><span class="roman">and </span><code>openoutnameok</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-TEXMFOUTPUT_0040r_007b_002c-used-if-_0040samp_007b_002e_007d-unwritable_007d-155"><code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code><span class="roman">, used if `<samp>.</samp>' unwritable</span></a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-TEXMFOUTPUT_0040r_007b_002c-used-if-_0040samp_007b_002e_007d-unwritable_007d-155"><code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code><span class="roman">, used if &lsquo;</span><samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp><span class="roman">&rsquo; unwritable</span></a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texput-236"><code>texput</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-text_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-567">text, extracting from MetaPost input</a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-808">TFM files, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-explained-702">TFM files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-text_002c-extracting-from-MetaPost-input-568">text, extracting from MetaPost input</a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-809">TFM files, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-explained-703">TFM files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-memory-for-79">TFM files, memory for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-Metafont-371">TFM files, output by Metafont</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-MetaPost-493">TFM files, output by MetaPost</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-TFM-width-of-characters-778">TFM width of characters</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-TFM-width-of-characters-735">TFM width of characters</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-tftopl-781"><code>tftopl</code></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-TFM-width-of-characters-779">TFM width of characters</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-TFM-width-of-characters-736">TFM width of characters</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-tftopl-782"><code>tftopl</code></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-three-programs-157">three programs</a>: <a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-time-and-date_002c-in-memory-dumps-203">time and date, in memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-title-font-458">title font</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
@@ -4872,7 +4888,7 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-trap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-59"><code>trap </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trap-test-63">trap test</a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trapman_002etex-67"><code>trapman.tex</code></a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-trchars_002eadj-560"><code>trchars.adj</code></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-trchars_002eadj-561"><code>trchars.adj</code></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Trickey_002c-Howard-14">Trickey, Howard</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trip-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-58"><code>trip </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trip-test-62">trip test</a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
@@ -4880,74 +4896,74 @@ Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<li><a href="#index-triptrap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-57"><code>triptrap </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TROFF-546"><code>TROFF</code></a>: <a href="#makempx-invocation">makempx invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Troff_002c-and-MetaPost-498">Troff, and MetaPost</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Troff_002c-WEB-for-628">Troff, WEB for</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Troff_002c-WEB-for-629">Troff, WEB for</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Trojan-horses-and-_0040TeX_007b_007d-programs-243">Trojan horses and TeX programs</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-TUGboat-bibliography-607">TUGboat bibliography</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Type-1-conversion-842">Type 1 conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-TUGboat-bibliography-608">TUGboat bibliography</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Type-1-conversion-843">Type 1 conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-type-design_002c-personal-389">type design, personal</a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-DVI-678">type programs, DVI</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-GF-759">type programs, GF</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-PK-728">type programs, PK</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-pool-656">type programs, pool</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-DVI-679">type programs, DVI</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-GF-760">type programs, GF</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-PK-729">type programs, PK</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-pool-657">type programs, pool</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typeface-families-355">typeface families</a>: <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-typeface-specimen-sheets-846">typeface specimen sheets</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-typeface-specimen-sheets-847">typeface specimen sheets</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typesetting-228">typesetting</a>: <a href="#TeX">TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Unicode-345">Unicode</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Unicode-input-248">Unicode input</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-uniterm-426"><code>uniterm</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-unsrt_002ebst-618"><code>unsrt.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-unsrt_002ebst-619"><code>unsrt.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-using-local-codepage-to-display-messages-142">using local codepage to display messages</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-UTF_002d8-input-249">UTF-8 input</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files-679">validation, of DVI files</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-GF-files-760">validation, of GF files</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-PK-files-729">validation, of PK files</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files-783">validation, of TFM files</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-VF-files-812">validation, of VF files</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-verbatimtex-_0040r_007bMetaPost-command_007d-571"><code>verbatimtex </code><span class="roman">MetaPost command</span></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-verbose-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-output_002c-suppressing-596">verbose BibTeX output, suppressing</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files-680">validation, of DVI files</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-GF-files-761">validation, of GF files</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-PK-files-730">validation, of PK files</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files-784">validation, of TFM files</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-VF-files-813">validation, of VF files</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-verbatimtex-_0040r_007bMetaPost-command_007d-572"><code>verbatimtex </code><span class="roman">MetaPost command</span></a>: <a href="#mpto-invocation">mpto invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-verbose-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-output_002c-suppressing-597">verbose BibTeX output, suppressing</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-verbosity_002c-enabling-99">verbosity, enabling</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-version-number_002c-finding-101">version number, finding</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-vertical-escapement-773">vertical escapement</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-819">VF files, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-vftovp-810"><code>vftovp</code></a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-vertical-escapement-774">vertical escapement</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-820">VF files, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-vftovp-811"><code>vftovp</code></a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-virgin-programs-163">virgin programs</a>: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-virtual-font-creation-850">virtual font creation</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding-665">virtual fonts, expanding</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth-712"><code>virtual-fonts.knuth</code></a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-virtualfonts_002etxt-713"><code>virtualfonts.txt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-vptovf-817"><code>vptovf</code></a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-weave-646"><code>weave</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-WEB-619">WEB</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying-658">WEB pool files, displaying</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling-631">WEB programs, compiling</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting-648">WEB programs, typesetting</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-virtual-font-creation-851">virtual font creation</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding-666">virtual fonts, expanding</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth-713"><code>virtual-fonts.knuth</code></a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-virtualfonts_002etxt-714"><code>virtualfonts.txt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-vptovf-818"><code>vptovf</code></a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-weave-647"><code>weave</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-WEB-620">WEB</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying-659">WEB pool files, displaying</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling-632">WEB programs, compiling</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting-649">WEB programs, typesetting</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-WEB2C_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-TCX-files_007d-315"><code>WEB2C</code><span class="roman">, search path for TCX files</span></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Weber_002c-Olaf-18">Weber, Olaf</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-webmac_002etex-654"><code>webmac.tex</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-webman_002etex-622"><code>webman.tex</code></a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-webmac_002etex-655"><code>webmac.tex</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-webman_002etex-623"><code>webman.tex</code></a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-whitespace_002c-in-TCX-files-323">whitespace, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-whitespace_002dterminated-filenames-218">whitespace-terminated filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-780">width, device-independent</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-737">width, device-independent</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-width_002c-in-pixels-745">width, in pixels</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-781">width, device-independent</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-738">width, device-independent</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-width_002c-in-pixels-746">width, in pixels</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-word-processor_002c-not-231">word processor, not</a>: <a href="#TeX">TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-writing-memory-dumps-173">writing memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-X-bitmap-fonts-825">X bitmap fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-X-bitmap-fonts-826">X bitmap fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-X-class-name-for-Metafont-442">X class name for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-x-offset-746">x offset</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-x-offset-747">x offset</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-X-resources-441">X resources</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-X-toolkits-and-Metafont-438">X toolkits and Metafont</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-x-X-_0040r_007bditroff-device-control_007d-555"><code>x X </code><span class="roman">ditroff device control</span></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-xampl_002ebib-604"><code>xampl.bib</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-xbfe_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-830"><code>xbfe</code><span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-xfed_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-831"><code>xfed</code><span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-xfedor_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-832"><code>xfedor</code><span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-x-X-_0040r_007bditroff-device-control_007d-556"><code>x X </code><span class="roman">ditroff device control</span></a>: <a href="#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-xampl_002ebib-605"><code>xampl.bib</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-xbfe_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-831"><code>xbfe</code><span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-xfed_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-832"><code>xfed</code><span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-xfedor_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-833"><code>xfedor</code><span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Xlib-431"><code>Xlib</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Xlib-support-440">Xlib support</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Xt-430"><code>Xt</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Xt-support-439">Xt support</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-xterm-432"><code>xterm</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-y-offset-747">y offset</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-y-offset-748">y offset</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_007e-_0040r_007bexpansion-in-filenames_007d-224"><code>~ </code><span class="roman">expansion in filenames</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
</ul></body></html>
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