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+% $Id: live.tex 9531 2008-07-13 21:12:58Z siepo $
+% TeX Live documentation.  Originally written by Sebastian Rahtz and
+% Michel Goossens, now maintained by Karl Berry and others.
+% Public domain.
+%
+\documentclass{article}
+\let\tldocenglish=1  % for live4ht.cfg
+\usepackage{tex-live}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} % translators: use your preferred encodings.
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{%
+  {\huge \textit{The \TeX\ Live Guide}\\\smallskip}%
+  {\LARGE \textsf{\TL{} 2008}}%
+}
+
+\author{Karl Berry, editor \\[3mm]
+        \url{http://tug.org/texlive/}
+       }
+
+\date{August 2008}
+
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{multicols}{2}
+\tableofcontents
+%\listoftables
+\end{multicols}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+\label{sec:intro}
+
+\subsection{\TeX\ Live and the \TeX\ Collection}
+
+This document describes the main features of the \TL{} software
+distribution\Dash \TeX{} and related programs for \GNU/Linux
+and other Unix flavors, \MacOSX, and Windows systems.
+
+You may have acquired \TL{} by downloading, or on the \TK{} \DVD,
+which \TeX{} usergroups distribute among their members. Section
+\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists} briefly describes the contents of this \DVD.
+Both \TL{} and the \TK{} are cooperative efforts by the \TeX{} user
+groups. This document mainly describes \TL{} itself.
+
+\TL{} includes executables for \TeX{}, \LaTeXe{}, \ConTeXt,
+\MF, \MP, \BibTeX{} and many other programs; an extensive collection
+of macros, fonts and documentation; and support for typesetting in
+many different scripts from around the world.
+
+\TL{} packages are regularly updated from
+\acro{CTAN}: \url{http://www.ctan.org}.
+
+For a brief summary of the major changes in this edition of \TL{},
+see the end of the document, section~\ref{sec:history}
+(\p.\pageref{sec:history}).
+
+\subsection{Operating system support}
+\label{sec:os-support}
+
+\TL{} contains binaries for many Unix-based architectures,
+including \MacOSX.  The included sources should enable installation
+on platforms for which we do not have binaries.
+
+As to Windows: only Windows 2000 and later are supported. Windows
+9\textit{x}, ME and NT have been dropped. Because of this
+change, Windows requires much less special treatment compared to
+the Unix systems. There are no 64-bit executables for Windows, but the
+32-bit executables should run on 64-bit systems.
+
+See section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists} for alternate solutions
+for Windows and \MacOSX.
+
+\subsection{Basic installation of \protect\TL{}}
+\label{sec:basic}
+
+You can install \TL{} either from \DVD{} or over the Internet. The net
+installer itself is small, and downloads everything requested from the
+Internet. The net installer is an attractive option if you need only a
+fraction of the complete \TL.
+
+The \DVD{} installer lets you install to a local disk, but you can
+also run \TL{} directly from the \DVD{} (or from a \DVD{} image, if
+your system supports that).
+
+\noindent This is described in the
+installation sections following, but here is a quick start:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+
+\item The installation script is named \filename{install-tl}.  It can
+  operate in both a \GUI{} mode (default for Windows) and
+  a text mode (default for everything else).  You can force one mode or
+  the other with the options \code{-gui} and \code{-no-gui}, respectively.
+
+\item One of the installed items is a new program, the `\TL\ Manager',
+  named \prog{tlmgr}.  Like the installer, it can be used in both \GUI{}
+  mode and in text mode. You can use it to install and uninstall
+  packages and do various configuration tasks.
+
+\end{itemize*}
+
+
+\subsection{Getting help}
+\label{sec:help}
+
+The \TeX{} community is both active and friendly, and most serious
+questions end up getting answered.  However, the support is informal,
+done by volunteers and casual readers, so it's especially important that
+you do your homework before asking.  (If you prefer guaranteed
+commercial support, you can forego \TL{} completely and purchase a
+vendor's system; \url{http://tug.org/interest.html#vendors} has a list.)
+
+Here is a list of resources, approximately in the order we recommend
+using them:
+
+\begin{description}
+\item [Getting Started] If you are new to \TeX, the web page
+\url{http://tug.org/begin.html} gives a brief introduction to the system.
+
+\item [\TeX{} \acro{FAQ}] The \TeX{} \acro{FAQ} is a huge compendium
+  of answers to all sorts of questions, from the most basic to the
+  most arcane.  It is included on \TL{} in
+  \OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/english/FAQ-en/html/index.html}, and is available
+  on the Internet through \url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq}.  Please
+  check here first.
+
+\item [\TeX{} Catalogue] If you are looking for a specific package,
+font, program, etc., the \TeX{} Catalogue is the place to look.  It is a
+huge collection of all \TeX{}-related items.  See
+\url{http://www.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/}.
+
+\item [\TeX{} Web Resources] The web page
+\url{http://tug.org/interest.html} has many \TeX{}-related links, in
+particular for numerous books, manuals, and articles on all aspects of
+the system.
+
+\item [support archives] The two principal support forums are the
+Usenet newsgroup \url{news:comp.text.tex} and the mailing list
+\email{texhax@tug.org}.  Their archives have years of past
+questions and answers for your searching pleasure, via
+\url{http://groups.google.com/group/comp.text.tex/topics} and
+\url{http://tug.org/mail-archives/texhax}, respectively.  And a general web
+search, for example on \url{http://google.com}, never hurts.
+
+\item [asking questions] If you cannot find an answer, you can post to
+\dirname{comp.text.tex} through Google or your newsreader, or to
+\email{texhax@tug.org} through email.  But before you post,
+\emph{please} read this \acro{FAQ} entry, to maximize 
+your chances of getting a useful answer:
+\url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=askquestion}.
+
+\item [\TL{} support] If you want to report a bug or have
+suggestions or comments on the \TL{} distribution, installation, or
+documentation, the mailing list is \email{tex-live@tug.org}.  However,
+if your question is about how to use a particular program included in
+\TL{}, please write to that program's maintainer or
+mailing list.  Often running a program with the \code{-{}-help} option
+will provide a bug reporting address.
+
+\end{description}
+
+The other side of the coin is helping others who have questions.  Both
+\dirname{comp.text.tex} and \code{texhax} are open to anyone, so feel
+free to join, start reading, and help out where you can.  
+
+
+% don't use \TL so the \uppercase in the headline works.  Also so
+% tex4ht ends up with the right TeX.  Likewise the \protect's.
+\section{Overview of \protect\TeX\protect\ Live}
+\label{sec:overview-tl}
+
+This section describes the contents of \TL{} and the \TK{} of which it
+is a part.
+
+\subsection{The \protect\TeX\protect\ Collection: \TL, pro\TeX{}t, Mac\TeX}
+\label{sec:tl-coll-dists}
+
+The \TK{} \DVD{} comprises the following:
+
+\begin{description}
+
+\item [\TL] A complete \TeX{} system which can be run live or
+  installed to disk.
+
+\item [Mac\TeX] for \MacOSX, this adds a native \MacOSX\ installer and other
+Mac applications to \TL{}.  Its home page is
+\url{http://www.tug.org/mactex/}.  
+
+\item [pro\TeX{}t] An enhancement of the \MIKTEX\ distribution for Windows,
+\ProTeXt\ adds a few extra tools to \MIKTEX, and simplifies
+installation.  It is entirely independent of \TL{}, and has its own
+installation instructions.  The \ProTeXt\ home page is
+\url{http://tug.org/protext}.
+
+\item [CTAN] A snapshot of the \CTAN{} repository.
+
+\item [\texttt{texmf-extra}] A directory with assorted additional packages.
+
+\end{description}
+
+\CTAN{}, \pkgname{protext}, and \dirname{texmf-extra} do not
+necessarily follow the same copying conditions as \TL{}, so be careful
+when redistributing or modifying.
+
+
+\subsection{Top level \TL{} directories}
+\label{sec:tld}
+
+Here is a brief listing and description of the top level directories in
+the \TL{} distribution.  On the \pkgname{live} \DVD, the entire \TL{}
+hierarchy is in a subdirectory \dirname{texlive}, not at the top
+level of the disc.
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[bin] The \TeX{} system programs, arranged by platform.
+%
+\item[readme.html] Web pages with a quick introduction and useful links,
+in various languages.
+%
+\item[source] The source to all included programs, including the main \Webc{}
+  \TeX{} and \MF{} distributions.
+%
+\item[support] Various auxiliary packages and programs.  These are
+  \emph{not} installed automatically.  This includes
+  assorted editors and \TeX\ shells.
+%
+\item[texmf] See \dirname{TEXMFMAIN} below.
+%
+\item[texmf-dist] See \dirname{TEXMFDIST} below.
+%
+\item[texmf-doc] Tree for self-contained pure documentation, arranged by
+  language.
+%
+\item[tlpkg] Scripts, programs and data for managing the
+  installation. It also contains private copies of
+  Perl and Ghostscript for Windows, which are invisible outside \TL,
+  and a new Windows PostScript viewer PSView.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+In addition to the directories above, the installation scripts and
+\filename{README} files (in various languages) are at the top level of
+the distribution.
+
+The \dirname{texmf-doc} directory contains documentation which does
+not belong to any particular package or program.  The documentation
+for the programs (manuals, man pages, Info files) is in
+\dirname{texmf/doc}.  The documentation for \TeX\ packages and
+formats is in \dirname{texmf-dist/doc}.  You can use the
+\cmdname{texdoc} or \cmdname{texdoctk} programs to find any
+documentation wherever it is located.  The comprehensive links in
+the top-level file \OnCD{doc.html} may also be helpful.
+
+This \TL\ documentation itself is in \dirname{texmf-doc} and is
+available in several languages:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item{Simplified Chinese:} \OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/chinese/texlive-zh-cn}
+\item{Czech/Slovak:} \OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/czechslovak/texlive-cz}
+\item{English:} \OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/english/texlive-en}
+\item{French:} \OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/french/texlive-fr}
+\item{German:} \OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/german/texlive-de}
+\item{Polish:} \OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/polish/texlive-pl}
+\item{Russian:} \OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/russian/texlive-ru}
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\subsection{Overview of the predefined texmf trees}
+\label{sec:texmftrees}
+
+This section lists all predefined variables specifying the texmf trees
+used by the system, and their intended purpose, and the default
+layout of a \TL{} system. The command \texttt{texconfig conf} shows
+you the values of these variables, so that you can easily find out
+how they map to directory names in your installation.
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item [TEXMFMAIN] The tree which holds vital parts of the system
+  such as helper scripts (e.g., \verb+web2c/mktexdir+) and other
+  support files and their documentation.  Does not include
+  \TeX\ formats and packages.
+\item [TEXMFDIST] The tree which holds the main set of macro packages,
+  fonts, etc., as originally distributed.
+\item [TEXMFLOCAL] The tree which administrators can use for system-wide
+  installation of additional or updated macros, fonts, etc.
+\item [TEXMFHOME] The tree which users can use for their own individual
+  installations of additional or updated macros, fonts, etc.
+  The expansion of this variable dynamically adjusts for each user to
+  their own individual directory.
+\item [TEXMFCONFIG] The tree used by the utilities
+  \verb+texconfig+, \verb+updmap+, and \verb+fmtutil+ to store modified
+  configuration data.  Under \envname{TEXMFHOME} by default.
+\item [TEXMFSYSCONFIG] The tree used by the utilities
+  \verb+texconfig-sys+, \verb+updmap-sys+, and \verb+fmtutil-sys+ to
+  store modified configuration data.
+\item [TEXMFVAR] The tree used by \verb+texconfig+, \verb+updmap+ and
+  \verb+fmtutil+ to store (cached) runtime data such as format files and
+  generated map files.  Under \envname{TEXMFHOME} by default.
+\item [TEXMFSYSVAR] The tree used by \verb+texconfig-sys+,
+  \verb+updmap-sys+ and \verb+fmtutil-sys+, and also by \verb+tlmgr+, to
+  store (cached) runtime data such as format files and generated map files.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+\noindent
+The default layout is:
+\begin{description}
+  \item[system-wide root] can span multiple \TL{} releases:
+  \begin{ttdescription}
+    \item[2007] A previous release.
+    \begin{ttdescription}
+      \item [...]
+    \end{ttdescription}
+    \item[2008] The current release.
+    \begin{ttdescription}
+      \item [bin] ~
+      \begin{ttdescription}
+        \item [i386-linux] \GNU/Linux binaries
+        \item [...]
+        \item [universal-darwin] \MacOSX binaries
+        \item [win32] Windows binaries
+      \end{ttdescription}
+      \item [texmf] This is \envname{TEXMFMAIN}.
+      \item [texmf-dist] \envname{TEXMFDIST}
+      \item [texmf-doc] \envname{TEXMFDOC}
+      \item [texmf-var] \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}
+      \item [texmf-config] \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}
+    \end{ttdescription}
+    \item [texmf-local] \envname{TEXMFLOCAL}, intended to be
+      retained from release to release.
+  \end{ttdescription}
+  \item[user's home] (\texttt{\$HOME} or
+      \texttt{\%USERPROFILE\%})
+    \begin{ttdescription}
+      \item[.texlive2007] Privately generated and configuration data
+        for a previous release.
+      \item[.texlive2008] Privately generated and configuration data
+        for the current release.
+      \begin{ttdescription}
+        \item [texmf-var] \envname{TEXMFVAR}
+        \item [texmf-config] \envname{TEXMFCONFIG}
+      \end{ttdescription}
+    \item[texmf] \envname{TEXMFHOME} Personal macros.
+      \textit{etc.}
+  \end{ttdescription}
+\end{description}
+
+
+\subsection{Extensions to \protect\TeX}
+\label{sec:tex-extensions}
+
+\TeX{} itself is frozen, apart from rare bug fixes. It is still present
+in \TL\ as the program \prog{tex}, and will remain so in the
+foreseeable future.  \TL{} contains several extended versions of \TeX:
+
+\begin{description}
+
+\item [\eTeX] adds a set of new primitives
+\label{text:etex} (related to macro expansion, character scanning,
+classes of marks, additional debugging features, and more) and the
+\TeXXeT{} extensions for bidirectional typesetting.  In default mode,
+\eTeX{} is 100\% compatible with ordinary \TeX. See
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf}.
+
+\item [pdf\TeX] builds on the \eTeX\ extensions, adding support for
+writing \acro{PDF} output as well as \dvi{}.  This is the program
+invoked for most formats, e.g., \prog{etex}, \prog{latex},
+\prog{pdflatex}.  See \url{http://www.pdftex.org/}.
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf} for the manual, and
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/samplepdf/samplepdf.tex} for example usage
+of some of its features.
+
+\item [Lua\TeX] is the designated successor of pdf\TeX, with which it
+is intended to be backward-compatible. It should also supersede Aleph,
+see below. The incorporated Lua interpreter (see
+\url{http://www.lua.org/}) enables elegant solutions for many thorny
+\TeX{} problems. When called as \filename{texlua}, it functions as a
+standalone Lua interpreter, and is already used as such within \TL.  See
+\url{http://www.luatex.org/} and
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/luatex/luatexref-t.pdf}.
+
+\item [\XeTeX] adds support for Unicode input and OpenType- and system
+fonts, implemented using standard third-party libraries.  See
+\url{http://scripts.sil.org/xetex}.
+
+\item [\OMEGA\ (Omega)] is based on Unicode (16-bit characters), thus
+supports working with almost all the world's scripts simultaneously. It
+also supports so-called `\OMEGA{} Translation Processes' (\acro{OTP}s),
+for performing complex transformations on arbitrary input. See
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/omega/base/doc-1.8.tex} (not completely up-to-date).
+
+\item [Aleph] combines the \OMEGA\ and \eTeX\ extensions.
+See \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base} for some minimal documentation.
+
+\end{description}
+
+
+\subsection{Other notable programs in \protect\TL}
+
+Here are a few other commonly-used programs included in \TL{}:
+
+\begin{cmddescription}
+
+\item [bibtex] bibliography support.
+
+\item [makeindex] index support.
+
+\item [dvips] convert \dvi{} to \PS{}.
+
+\item [xdvi] \dvi{} previewer for the X Window System.
+
+\item [dvilj] \dvi{} drive for the HP LaserJet family.
+
+\item [dv2dt, dt2dv] convert \dvi{} to/from plain text.
+
+\item [dviconcat, dviselect] cut and paste pages
+from \dvi{} files.
+
+\item [dvipdfmx] convert \dvi{} to \acro{PDF}, an alternative approach
+to pdf\TeX\ (mentioned above).  See the \pkgname{ps4pdf} and
+\pkgname{pdftricks} packages for still more alternatives.
+
+\item [psselect, psnup, \ldots] \PS{}
+utilities.
+
+\item [lacheck] \LaTeX{} syntax checker.
+
+\item [texexec, texmfstart] Con\TeX{}t and \acro{PDF} processor.
+
+\item [tex4ht] \TeX{} to \acro{HTML} (and \acro{XML} and more) converter.
+
+\end{cmddescription}
+
+
+\subsection{Fonts in \protect\TL}
+\label{sec:tl-fonts}
+
+\TL{} comes with many high-quality scalable fonts.  See
+\url{http://tug.org/fonts} and 
+\OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/english/free-math-font-survey}.
+
+
+
+\section{Installation}
+\label{sec:install}
+
+\subsection{Starting the installer}
+\label{sec:inst-start}
+
+To start with, get the \TK{} \DVD{} or download the \TL{} net installer,
+and locate the installer script: \filename{install-tl} for Unix,
+\filename{install-tl.bat} for Windows.
+
+\begin{description}
+\item [Net installer:] Download from \CTAN, under
+\dirname{systems/texlive/tlnet}; the url
+\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet} will automatically
+redirect to a nearby, up-to-date, mirror.  You can retrieve either
+\filename{install-tl.zip} which can be used under Unix and Windows and
+\filename{install-unx.tar.gz} which is considerably smaller, for Unix
+only. After unpacking, \filename{install-tl} and
+\filename{install-tl.bat} will be in the \dirname{install-tl}
+subdirectory.
+
+\item [\TeX{} Collection \DVD:] go to its \dirname{texlive}
+subdirectory. Under Windows, the installer should start automatically
+when you insert the \DVD.  You can get the \DVD\ by becoming a member of
+a \TeX\ user group (highly recommended,
+\url{http://tug.org/usergroups.html}), or purchasing it separately
+(\url{http://tug.org/store}), or burning your own from the \ISO\
+image (\url{http://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html}).
+
+\end{description}
+The following sections explain in more detail.
+
+\subsubsection{Unix}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+======================> TeX Live installation procedure <=====================
+
+=======> Note: Letters/digits in <angle brackets> indicate menu items <=======
+=======>       for commands or configurable options                   <=======
+
+
+ Detected platform: Intel x86 with GNU/Linux
+
+ <B> binary systems: 1 out of 16
+
+ <S> Installation scheme (scheme-full)
+
+ Customizing installation scheme:
+   <C> standard collections
+   <L> language collections
+   83 collections out of 84, disk space required: 1666 MB
+
+ <D> directories:
+   TEXDIR (the main TeX directory):
+     !! default location: /usr/local/texlive/2008
+     !! is not writable, please select a different one!
+   TEXMFLOCAL (directory for site-wide local files):
+     /usr/local/texlive/texmf-local
+   TEXMFSYSVAR (directory for variable and automatically generated data):
+     /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var
+   TEXMFSYSCONFIG (directory for local config):
+     /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-config
+   TEXMFHOME (directory for user-specific files):
+     ~/texmf
+
+ <O> options:
+   [ ] use letter size instead of A4 by default
+   [X] create all format files
+   [X] install macro/font doc tree
+   [X] install macro/font source tree
+   [ ] create symlinks in standard directories
+
+ <V> Install for running from DVD
+
+Other actions:
+ <I> start installation to HD
+ <H> help
+ <Q> quit
+
+Enter command:
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\caption{Main text installer screen (\GNU/Linux)}\label{fig:text-main}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{install-w32-main}{\linewidth}
+\caption{Main \GUI{} installer screen (Windows)}\label{fig:gui-main}
+\end{figure}
+
+\noindent
+Below, \texttt{>} denotes the shell prompt; user input is
+\Ucom{\texttt{bold}}.
+Starting in a terminal window on a Unix-compatible system, the simplest
+way:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{cd /path/to/installer}
+> \Ucom{perl install-tl}
+\end{alltt}
+(Or you can invoke \Ucom{perl /path/to/installer/install-tl}, or
+\Ucom{./install-tl} if it stayed executable, etc.; we won't repeat all
+these variations.)
+
+To install in \GUI\ mode (you'll need the \dirname{Perl/TK} module), use:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{perl install-tl -gui}
+\end{alltt}
+
+For a complete listing of the various options:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{perl install-tl -help}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\textbf{Warning about Unix permissions:} Your \code{umask} at the time
+of installation will be respected by the \TL{} installer.  Therefore, if
+you want your installation to be usable by users other than you, make
+sure your setting is sufficiently permissive, for instance, \code{umask
+002}.  For more information about \code{umask}, consult your system
+documentation.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Mac\,OS\,X}
+
+As mentioned in section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists}, a separate distribution
+is prepared for \MacOSX, named Mac\TeX\ (\url{http://tug.org/mactex}).
+We recommend using the native Mac\TeX\ installer instead of the \TL\
+installer on \MacOSX, because the native installer can make a few
+Mac-specific adjustments, in particular to allow easily switching
+between the various \TeX\ distributions for \MacOSX\ (Mac\TeX, gw\TeX,
+Fink, MacPorts, \ldots).
+
+Mac\TeX\ is firmly based on \TL, and the main \TeX\ trees are precisely
+the same.  It does add a few extra folders with Mac-specific
+documentation and applications.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Windows}
+
+If you are using the net installer, or the \DVD\ installer failed to
+start automatically, double-click \filename{install-tl.bat}.
+
+You can also start the installer from the command-prompt.  Below,
+\texttt{>} denotes the prompt; user input is \Ucom{\texttt{bold}}.  If
+you are in the installer directory, run just:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl}
+\end{alltt}
+
+Or you can invoke it with an absolute location, such as:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{D:\bs{}texlive\bs{}install-tl}
+\end{alltt}
+for the \TK\ \DVD, supposing that \dirname{D:} is the optical drive.
+
+To install in text mode, use:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl -no-gui}
+\end{alltt}
+
+For a complete listing of the various options:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl -help}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\subsubsection{The text installer}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:text-main} displays the main text mode screen under
+Unix.
+
+This is only a command-line installer; there is no cursor support at
+all.  For instance, you cannot tab around checkboxes or input fields.
+You just type something (case-sensitive) at the prompt and press the
+Enter key, and then the entire terminal screen will be rewritten, with
+adjusted content.
+
+The text installer interface is this primitive for a reason: it
+is designed to run on as many platforms as possible, even with a
+very barebones Perl (for Windows, a Perl subset is included).
+
+\subsubsection{The graphical installer}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:gui-main} displays the graphical installer under
+Windows.  Most differences in available options are due to this
+screenshot being from Windows, and the previous text screen being
+from \GNU/Linux.
+
+\subsection{Running the installer}
+\label{sec:runinstall}
+
+The installer is intended to be mostly self-explanatory. Still, a few
+quick notes about the various options and submenus:
+
+\subsubsection{Binary systems menu (Unix only)}
+\label{sec:binary}
+
+\begin{figure}[tbh]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+Available sets of binaries:
+===============================================================================
+
+   a [ ] alpha-linux      DEC Alpha with GNU/Linux
+   b [ ] amd64-freebsd    x86_64 with FreeBSD
+   c [ ] hppa-hpux        HP-UX
+   d [ ] i386-freebsd     Intel x86 with FreeBSD
+   e [X] i386-linux       Intel x86 with GNU/Linux
+   f [ ] i386-openbsd     Intel x86 with OpenBSD
+   g [ ] i386-solaris     Intel x86 with Sun Solaris
+   h [ ] mips-irix        SGI IRIX
+   i [ ] powerpc-aix      PowerPC with AIX
+   j [ ] powerpc-linux    PowerPC with GNU/Linux
+   k [ ] sparc-linux      Sparc with GNU/Linux
+   l [ ] sparc-solaris    Sparc with Solaris
+   m [ ] universal-darwin universal binaries for MacOSX/Darwin
+   o [ ] win32            Windows
+   p [ ] x86_64-linux     x86_64 with GNU/Linux
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\caption{Binaries menu}\label{fig:bin-text}
+\end{figure}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:bin-text} displays the text mode binaries menu.  By
+default, only the binaries for your current platform will be installed.
+From this menu, you can select installation of binaries for other
+architectures as well.  This can be useful if you are sharing a \TeX\
+tree across a network of heterogenous machines, or for a dual-boot
+system.
+
+\subsubsection{Selecting what is going to be installed}
+\label{sec:components}
+
+\begin{figure}[tbh]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+Select a scheme:
+===============================================================================
+
+ a [ ] TeX Live basic scheme
+ b [ ] TeX Live scheme for ConTeXt
+ c [X] TeX Live full scheme
+ d [ ] GUST TeX Live scheme
+ e [ ] GUTenberg TeX Live scheme
+ f [ ] TeX Live medium scheme
+ g [ ] TeX Live minimal scheme
+ h [ ] TeX Live for Omega users
+ i [ ] teTeX scheme
+ j [ ] XML typesetting scheme
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\caption{Scheme menu}\label{fig:scheme-text}
+\end{figure}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:scheme-text} displays the \TL\ scheme menu; from here,
+you choose a ``scheme'', which is an overall set of package collections.
+The default \optname{full} scheme installs everything available, but you
+can also choose the \optname{basic} scheme for a small system,
+\optname{minimal} for testing purposes, and \optname{medium} or
+\optname{teTeX} to get something in between.  There are also various
+specialized and country-specific schemes.
+
+\begin{figure}[tbh]
+\tlpng{stdcoll}{.7\linewidth}
+\caption{Collections menu (Linux)}\label{fig:collections-gui}
+\end{figure}
+
+You can refine your scheme selection with the `standard collections' and
+`language collections' menus (figure~\ref{fig:collections-gui}, shown in
+\GUI\ mode for a change).
+
+Collections are one level more detailed than schemes\Dash in essence, a
+scheme consists of several collections, a collection consists of one or
+more packages, and a package (the lowest level grouping in \TL) contains
+the actual \TeX\ macro files, font files, and so on.
+
+If you want more control than the collection menus provide, you can use
+the \prog{tlmgr} program after installation (see
+section~\ref{sec:tlmgr}); using that, you can control the installation
+at the package level.  
+
+\subsubsection{Directories}
+\label{sec:directories}
+
+The default layout is described in section~\ref{sec:texmftrees},
+\p.\pageref{sec:texmftrees}. The default location of
+\dirname{TEXDIR} is different between Windows
+(|%PROGRAMFILES%\texlive\2008|) and Unix
+(\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/2008}).
+
+The main reason to change this default is if you lack write permission
+for the default location. You don't have to be root or adminstrator to
+install \TL, but you do need write access to the target directory.
+
+A logical alternate choice is a directory under your home directory,
+especially if you will be the sole user. Use
+`|~|' to indicate this, as in `|~/texlive/2008|'.
+
+We recommend including the year in the name, to enable keeping different
+releases of \TL{} side by side.  (You may wish to make a
+version-independent name such as \dirname{/usr/local/texlive-cur} via a
+symbolic link, which you can then update after testing the new release.)
+
+Changing \dirname{TEXDIR} in the installer will also change
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL}, \dirname{TEXMFSYSVAR} and
+\dirname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}.
+
+\dirname{TEXMFHOME} is the recommended location for personal
+macro files or packages.  The default value is |~/texmf|.  In
+contrast to \dirname{TEXDIR}, here a |~| is preserved in the
+newly-written configuration files, since it usefully refers to the home
+directory of each individual running \TeX.  It expands to
+\dirname{$HOME} on Unix and \verb|%USERPROFILE%| on Windows.
+
+\subsubsection{Options}
+\label{sec:options}
+
+\begin{figure}[tbh]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+<P> use letter size instead of A4 by default: [ ]
+<F> create all format files:                  [X]
+<D> install font/macro doc tree:              [X]
+<S> install font/macro source tree:           [X]
+<L> create symlinks in standard directories:  [ ]
+           binaries to:
+           manpages to:
+               info to:
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\caption{Options menu (Unix)}\label{fig:options-text}
+\end{figure}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:options-text} displays the text mode options menu.
+Three of the options here need mentioning:
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[use letter size instead of A4 by default:] The usual default paper
+  size selection.  Of course, individual documents can specify a specific
+  paper size, if desired.
+
+\item[create all format files:] Although unnecessary format files
+  take time to generate and disk space to store, it is still recommended
+  to leave this option checked: if you don't, then format files will be
+  generated in people's private \dirname{TEXMFVAR} tree as they are
+  needed.  In that location, they will not be updated automatically if
+  (say) binaries or hyphenation patterns are updated in the
+  installation, and thus could end up with incompatible format files.
+
+\item[create symlinks in standard directories] (Unix only):
+  This option bypasses the need to change environment
+  variables. Without this option, \TL{} directories have to be added
+  to \envname{PATH}, \envname{MANPATH} and \envname{INFOPATH}. You will
+  need write permissions to the target directories.  It is not
+  advisable to overwrite a \TeX\ system that came with your system
+  with this option.  It is intended primarily for creating the links
+  in standard directories that are known to users, such as
+  \dirname{/usr/local/bin}, which don't already contain any
+  \TeX\ files.
+\end{description}
+
+Now when all these settings are to your liking, you can type `I' to
+start the installation process. When it is done, skip to
+section~\ref{sec:postinstall} to read what else needs to be done, if
+anything.
+
+\subsubsection{Set up for running from DVD{} (text mode only)}
+\label{sec:fromdvd}
+
+Type `|V|' to select this option. This changes the main menu into something
+like figure~\ref{fig:main-fromdvd}.
+\begin{figure}[tbh]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+======================> TeX Live installation procedure <=====================
+
+=======> Note: Letters/digits in <angle brackets> indicate menu items <=======
+=======>       for commands or configurable options                   <=======
+
+ <D> directories:
+   TEXDIRW (Writable root):
+     !! default location: /usr/local/texlive/2008
+     !! is not writable, please select a different one!
+   TEXMFLOCAL (directory for site-wide local files):
+     /usr/local/texlive/texmf-local
+   TEXMFSYSVAR (directory for variable and automatically generated data):
+     /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var
+   TEXMFSYSCONFIG (directory for local config):
+     /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-config
+   TEXMFHOME (directory for user-specific files):
+     ~/texmf
+
+ <O> options:
+   [ ] use letter size instead of A4 by default
+   [X] create all format files
+
+ <V> set up for installing to hard disk
+
+Other actions:
+ <I> start installation for running from DVD
+ <H> help
+ <Q> quit
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\caption{The main menu with \optname{from DVD}
+  set}\label{fig:main-fromdvd}
+\end{figure}
+
+Note the changes: all options about what to install have
+disappeared, and the directories section now talks about
+\dirname{TEXDIRW} or writable root. The symlinks option has also
+disappeared.
+
+The installer will still create various directories and
+configuration files, but won't copy \dirname{texmf},
+\dirname{texmf-dist} or \dirname{texmf-doc} to hard disk.
+
+Post-install configuration for Unix will be slightly more complicated,
+because now the directory layout deviates from the default; see
+section~\ref{sec:postinstall}.
+
+Due to time constraints, this option didn't make it into the \GUI{}
+installer, but it is available both for Unix and for
+Windows. Windows users have to start the installer from a command
+prompt, see section~\ref{sec:cmdline}.
+
+Section \ref{sec:portable-unix} describes a more strictly portable
+way to run \TL, which doesn't make or require changes in the
+system's configuration, but doesn't allow any configuration either.
+
+\subsection{Command-line install options}
+\label{sec:cmdline}
+
+Type
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl -help}
+\end{alltt}
+for a listing of command-line options.  Either |-| or |--| can be used
+to introduce option names.  These are the more
+interesting ones:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[-gui] If possible, use the \GUI{} installer. This requires the
+  Perl/Tk module (\url{http://tug.org/texlive/distro.html#perltk});
+  if Perl/Tk is not available, installation continues in text mode.
+\item[-no-gui] Force using the text mode installer, even under
+  Windows; you'll need this if you want a `from \DVD' installation,
+  since that is not available in \GUI{} mode.
+\item[-lang {\sl LL}] Specify the installer interface
+  language as its standard two-letter code \textsl{LL}. Currently
+  supported languages: English (\texttt{en}, default), German
+  (\texttt{de}), French (\texttt{fr}), Dutch (\texttt{nl}), Polish
+  (\texttt{pl}), Slovenian (\texttt{sl}) and Vietnamese
+  (\texttt{vi}). The installer tries to determine the right language
+  itself but if it fails, or if the right language is not available,
+  then it uses English as a fallback.
+\item[-profile {\sl profile}] The installer always writes a file
+  \filename{texlive.profile} to the \dirname{2008/tlpkg}- or
+  \dirname{tlpkg} subdirectory of your installation.  This option tells
+  the installer to re-use such a profile file.  Here's an excerpt:
+  \begin{fverbatim}
+# texlive.profile written on Wed Jul  9 16:13:44 2008 UTC
+# It will NOT be updated and reflects only the
+# installation profile at installation time.
+selected_scheme scheme-basic
+TEXDIR /usr/local/texlive/2008
+TEXDIRW /usr/local/texlive/2008
+...
+TEXMFSYSVAR /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var
+collection-basic 1
+...
+option_symlinks 0
+  \end{fverbatim}
+  Thus, using this option you can install in batch mode on
+  subsequent systems, reproducing the choices you made for the
+  original installation.
+\item [-location {\sl url/path}] Specify a non-default source for
+  packages; see below.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+\subsubsection{The \optname{location} parameter}
+\label{sec:location}
+
+The location value can be a url starting with \texttt{ftp:},
+\texttt{http:}, or \texttt{file:/} url, or a plain path.  If the given
+argument is on a local drive (either a path or a \texttt{file:/} url),
+the installation type (compressed or live) is automatically determined:
+if an \dirname{archive} subdirectory with \filename{.tar.lzma} files is
+found then it will be used, even if uncompressed files are available as
+well.
+
+When giving an \texttt{http:} or \texttt{ftp:} location, trailing
+`\texttt{/}' characters and/or a trailing `\texttt{/tlpkg}' component
+are ignored.  For example, you could choose a particular \CTAN\ mirror
+with something like:
+\url{http://ctan.example.org/tex-archive/texlive/tlnet/2008},
+substituting of course a proper hostname and its particular top-level
+\CTAN\ path (the list of \CTAN\ mirrors is maintained at
+\url{http://ctan.org/mirrors}) for |ctan.example.org/tex-archive|. The
+default is to pick a mirror automatically, using
+\url{http://mirror.ctan.org}; in any case, the chosen host is used for
+the entire download.
+
+
+\subsection{Post-install actions}
+\label{sec:postinstall}
+
+Some post-install may be required.
+
+\subsubsection{Windows}
+
+But on Windows, the installer takes care of everything.
+
+\subsubsection{If symlinks were created}
+
+If you elected to create symlinks in standard directories (mentioned in
+section~\ref{sec:options}), then there is no need to edit environment
+variables.
+
+\subsubsection{Environment variables for Unix}
+\label{sec:env}
+
+The directory of the binaries for your platform must be added to
+the search path. Each supported platform has its own subdirectory
+under \dirname{TEXDIR/bin}. See figure~\ref{fig:bin-text} for the
+list of subdirectories and corresponding platforms.
+
+You can also add the documentation man and Info directories to their
+respective search paths, if you want the system tools to find them.
+
+For Bourne-compatible shells such as \prog{bash}, and using Intel x86
+GNU/Linux and a default directory setup as an example, the file to edit
+might be \filename{$HOME/.profile} (or another file sourced by
+\filename{.profile}, and the lines to add would look like this:
+
+\begin{sverbatim}
+PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2008/bin/i386-linux:$PATH; export PATH
+MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf/doc/man:$MANPATH; export MANPATH
+INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf/doc/info:$INFOPATH; export INFOPATH
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+For csh or tcsh, the file to edit is typically \filename{$HOME/.cshrc}, and
+the lines to add might look like:
+
+\begin{sverbatim}
+setenv PATH /usr/local/texlive/2008/bin/i386-linux:$PATH
+setenv MANPATH /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf/doc/man:$MANPATH
+setenv INFOPATH /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf/doc/info:$INFOPATH
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+Of course, you may well already have settings somewhere in your ``dot''
+files, and so then the \TL\ directories should simply be merged in as
+appropriate.
+
+\subsubsection{Environment variables: global configuration}
+\label{sec:envglobal}
+
+If you want to make these changes globally, or for a user newly added to
+the system, then you are on your own; there is just too much variation
+between systems in how and where these things are configured.
+
+Our two hints are: 1)~you may want to check for a file
+\filename{/etc/manpath.config} and, if present, add lines such as
+
+\begin{sverbatim}
+MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/texlive/2008/bin/i386-linux \
+            /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf/doc/man
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+And 2)~check for a file \filename{/etc/environment} which may define the
+search path and other default environment variables.
+
+
+\subsubsection{When running from DVD}
+
+Normally, a \TL{} program consults a file \filename{texmf.cnf} for the
+location of the various trees. It looks for this file in a series of
+locations relative to its own location. However, this scheme breaks down
+when a program is run from \DVD{}: the \DVD{} is read-only. Some of the
+paths to be recorded in \filename{texmf.cnf} are only known at
+installation time, so this file cannot be on the \DVD{} and must be
+placed somewhere else. This makes it necessary to define an environment
+\envname{TEXMFCNF} variable which tells \TL{} programs in what directory
+to find this \filename{texmf.cnf}.  It is also still necessary to modify
+the \envname{PATH} environment variable, as described before.
+
+At the end of the installation, the installer should have printed a
+message giving the value to which \envname{TEXMFCNF} should be set. In
+case you missed it: this value is \dirname{$TEXMFSYSVAR/web2c}. For the
+default, \dirname{/usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var/web2c}, you need the
+lines
+\begin{sverbatim}
+TEXMFCNF=/usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var/web2c; export TEXMFCNF
+\end{sverbatim}
+or, for [t]csh:
+\begin{sverbatim}
+setenv TEXMFCNF /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var/web2c
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+
+\subsubsection{\ConTeXt{} Mark IV}
+
+The `old' \ConTeXt{} should run out of the box. The new `Mark IV'
+\ConTeXt{} will require manual setup; see
+\url{http://wiki.contextgarden.net/Running_Mark_IV}.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Integrating local and personal macros}
+\label{sec:local-personal-macros}
+
+This is already mentioned implicitly in section~\ref{sec:texmftrees}:
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} (by default,
+\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local} or
+\verb|C:\Program Files\texlive\texmf-local|)
+
+is intended for system-wide local fonts and macros; and
+\dirname{TEXMFHOME} (by default, \dirname{$HOME/texmf} or
+\verb|%USERPROFILE%\texmf|), is for personal fonts and macros.  These
+directories are intended to stick around from release to release, and
+have their content seen automatically by a new \TL{} release.
+Therefore, it is best to refrain from changing the definition of
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} to be too far away from the main \TL{} directory,
+or you will need to manually change future releases.
+
+For both trees, files should be placed in their proper subdirectories;
+see \url{http://tug.org/tds} or consult
+\filename{texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf}. For instance, a \LaTeX{} class file or
+package should be placed in \dirname{TEXMFLOCAL/tex/latex} or
+\dirname{TEXMFHOME/tex/latex}, or a subdirectory thereof.
+
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} requires an up-to-date filename database, or files
+will not be found.  You can update it with the command
+\cmdname{mktexlsr} or use the `Reinit file database' button on the
+configuration tab of \prog{tlmgr} in \GUI\ mode.
+
+\subsubsection{Integrating third-party fonts}
+
+This is unfortunately a very complicated and messy topic. Forget
+about it unless you really know your way around blindfolded in a
+\TeX{} installation. Don't forget to check first what you get for
+free: see section~\ref{sec:tl-fonts}.
+
+A possible alternative is to use \XeTeX (see
+section~\ref{sec:tex-extensions}), which lets you use operating system
+fonts without any installation in \TeX.
+
+
+\subsection{Testing the installation}
+\label{sec:test-install}
+
+After installing \TL{} as best you can, you naturally want to test
+it out, so you can start creating beautiful documents and\slash or fonts.
+
+This section gives some basic procedures for testing that the new system
+is functional.  We give Unix commands here; under \MacOSX{} and Windows,
+you're more likely to run the tests through a graphical interface, but
+the principles are the same.
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+
+\item Make sure that you can run the \cmdname{tex} program in the first
+place:
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tex -{}-version}
+TeX 3.1415926 (Web2C 7.5.7)
+kpathsea version 3.5.7
+...
+\end{alltt}
+If this comes back with `command not found' instead of version and
+copyright information, or with an older version, most likely you don't
+have the correct \dirname{bin} subdirectory in your \envname{PATH}.  See
+the environment-setting information on \p.\pageref{sec:env}.
+
+\item Process a basic \LaTeX{} file:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{latex sample2e.tex}
+This is pdfeTeXk, Version 3.1415926...
+...
+Output written on sample2e.dvi (3 pages, 7484 bytes).
+Transcript written on sample2e.log.
+\end{alltt}
+If this fails to find \filename{sample2e.tex} or other files, most
+likely you have interference from old environment variables or
+configuration files; we recommend unsetting all \TeX-related environment
+variables for a start.  (For a deep analysis, you can ask \TeX{} to
+report on exactly what it is searching for, and finding; see ``Debugging
+actions'' on page~\pageref{sec:debugging}.)
+
+\item Preview the result online:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{xdvi sample2e.dvi}
+\end{alltt}
+(Under Windows, the analogous command is \cmdname{dviout}.)  You should
+see a new window with a nice document explaining some of the basics of
+\LaTeX{}.  (Well worth reading, by the way if you're new to the system.)
+You do have to be running under X for \cmdname{xdvi} to work; if you're
+not, or your \envname{DISPLAY} environment variable is set incorrectly,
+you'll get an error \samp{Can't open display}.
+
+\item Create a \PS{} file for printing or display:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{dvips sample2e.dvi -o sample2e.ps}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\item Create a \acro{PDF} file instead of \dvi{}; this processes the
+\filename{.tex} file and writes \acro{PDF} directly:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{pdflatex sample2e.tex}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\item Preview the \acro{PDF} file:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{gv sample2e.pdf}
+\textrm{or:}
+> \Ucom{xpdf sample2e.pdf}
+\end{alltt}
+Unfortunately neither \cmdname{gv} nor \cmdname{xpdf} are currently
+included in \TL{}, so you must install them separately.  See
+\url{http://www.gnu.org/software/gv} and
+\url{http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf}, respectively.  (There are plenty of
+other \acro{PDF} viewers, too.)
+
+\item Standard test files you may find useful in addition to
+\filename{sample2e.tex}:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item [small2e.tex] A simpler document than \filename{sample2e}, to
+reduce the input size if you're having troubles.
+\item [testpage.tex] Test if your printer introduces any offsets.
+\item [nfssfont.tex] For printing font tables and tests.
+\item [testfont.tex] Also for font tables, but using plain \TeX{}.
+\item [story.tex] The most canonical (plain) \TeX{} test file of all.
+You must type \samp{\bs bye} to the \code{*} prompt after \samp{tex
+story.tex}.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+\end{enumerate}
+
+If you are new to \TeX{}, or otherwise need help with actually writing
+\TeX{} or \LaTeX{} documents, please visit
+\url{http://tug.org/begin.html} for some introductory resources.
+
+
+\section{Network installations}
+\label{sec:netinstall}
+
+\TL{} has been designed to be shared between different users, and even
+different systems on a network. With a standard directory layout, no
+hard paths are configured: the locations for files needed by \TL{}
+programs are defined relative to the places of those programs.  You can
+see this at work in the configuration file
+\filename{$TEXMFMAIN/web2c/texmf.cnf}, which contains lines such as
+\begin{sverbatim}
+TEXMFMAIN = $SELFAUTOPARENT/texmf
+...
+TEXMFLOCAL = $SELFAUTOPARENT/../texmf-local
+\end{sverbatim}
+This means that other systems or other users merely need to add the
+directory for \TL{} binaries for their platform to their search path.
+
+By the same token, you can also install \TL{} locally and then move
+the entire hierarchy afterwards to a network location.
+
+Of course, Windows users have different expectations. The directory
+\dirname{texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-common/w32client} contains a
+sample script \filename{install-w32client} which creates settings and
+menu shortcuts for using an existing \TL{} installation on a
+\acro{LAN}. It is to be invoked through a batch file
+\filename{install-w32client.bat} in the same directory.
+
+You can read more about \TL{} configuration and path searching in
+section~\ref{sec:kpathsea}.
+
+\section{Maximally portable \protect\TL{} on DVD and USB}
+\label{sec:portable-unix}
+
+The `running from \DVD{}' option described in
+section~\ref{sec:fromdvd} is fine for your own system, but if you
+are a guest on somebody else's system then you would probably like
+something with minimal side effects.
+
+In the root of the \TL{} \DVD, or the \dirname{texlive} subdirectory of
+the \TK{} \DVD, are a \filename{tl-portable} script (Unix) and a
+\filename{tl-portable.bat} batchfile (Windows) which start up a
+secondary shell\slash command prompt with environment settings suitable
+for directly accessing the \TL{} on the \DVD.
+
+When it runs for the first time, some files will be generated in a
+directory \dirname{~/.tlportable2008}, which will take a little time.
+On subsequent runs, though, it will start almost instantaneously.
+
+The rest of the system will be unaware of \TL. If you want your editor
+to be aware of this \TL, then you can start it from a second, parallel,
+such \filename{tl-portable} session.
+
+You can also use \filename{tl-portable} to run \TL{} on a
+\acro{USB} stick.  In this case, copy all the top-level files and
+the contents of the \dirname{bin}, \dirname{texmf},
+\dirname{texmf-dist}, and \dirname{tlpkg} directories (at least) to
+the stick. This may take quite a while! If you are copying to a
+\acro{FAT}32-formatted \acro{USB} stick, make sure to dereference
+symbolic links (\code{cp -L}).  A \dirname{texmf-local} directory on
+the stick will also be found and used.
+
+Then run \filename{tl-portable} from the root of the stick, as above.
+In this case, the script will notice that the stick is writable and use
+it for generated files.  You could burn the resulting contents of the
+stick back to \DVD{} if that is more convenient to (for example) give to
+others.
+
+
+\section{\cmdname{tlmgr}: Managing your installation}
+\label{sec:tlmgr}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{tlmgr-gui}{\linewidth}
+\caption{\prog{tlmgr} in \GUI\ mode. The list of
+  packages/collections/schemes only shows up after clicking the
+  `Load' button.}\label{fig:tlmgr-gui}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{tlmgr-config}{\linewidth}
+\caption{\texttt{tlmgr} in GUI mode: Configuration tab}\label{fig:tlmgr-config}
+\end{figure}
+
+The installer installs a program named \prog{tlmgr} for managing \TL{}
+after the initial installation.  The programs \prog{updmap},
+\prog{fmtutil} and \prog{texconfig} are still included and will be
+retained in the future, but \prog{tlmgr} is now the preferred interface.
+Its capabilities include:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item listing schemes, collections and packages;
+\item installing, updating, backing up, restoring and uninstalling
+  individual packages, optionally taking dependencies into account;
+\item searching for packages;
+\item listing and adding architectures;
+\item changing installation options such as paper size and source
+  location (see section~\ref{sec:location}).
+\end{itemize*}
+\textit{Warning:} \prog{tlmgr} has not been designed for or tested
+with installations which run from \DVD.
+
+\subsection{\cmdname{tlmgr} GUI mode}
+\prog{tlmgr} can be started in \GUI{} mode with
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr -gui}
+\end{alltt}
+or in Windows via the Start menu: \texttt{Start}, \texttt{Programs},
+\texttt{TeX Live 2008}, \texttt{TeX Live Manager}. After clicking `Load'
+it displays a list of available and installed packages\Dash the latter
+prepended with `(i)'. This assumes of course that the installation
+source is valid and reachable.
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:tlmgr-config} shows the configuration tab.
+
+\subsection{Sample \cmdname{tlmgr} command-line invocations}
+
+This example adds several packages, including a new `engine', from a
+non-default location:
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr -location http://172.16.18.1/tldev install collection-xetex xkeyval}
+\end{alltt}
+It generates the following output:
+\begin{fverbatim}
+install: collection-xetex
+install: arabxetex
+install: euenc
+install: bidi
+install: fontspec
+install: fontwrap
+install: ifxetex
+install: philokalia
+install: polyglossia
+install: xecyr
+install: xecyr.i386-linux
+install: xepersian
+install: xetex
+install: xetexconfig
+install: xetex.i386-linux
+running post install action for xetex
+install: xetex-def
+install: xetex-pstricks
+install: xetexfontinfo
+install: xltxtra
+install: xunicode
+install: xkeyval
+running mktexlsr
+mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf/ls-R...
+mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-config/ls-R...
+mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-dist/ls-R...
+mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-doc/ls-R...
+mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2008/../texmf-local/ls-R...
+mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var/ls-R...
+mktexlsr: Done.
+regenerating fmtutil.cnf
+running fmtutil-sys --missing
+...
+Transcript written on xelatex.log.
+fmtutil: /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var/web2c/xetex/xelatex.fmt installed.
+\end{fverbatim}
+As you see, \prog{tlmgr} installs dependencies, and takes care of any
+necessary post-install actions, including updating the filename database
+and (re)generating formats.  (Here we generated new formats for \XeTeX.)
+
+This example installs a new language.  This also triggers format
+regeneration:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr install collection-langdutch}
+\end{alltt}
+To describe a package:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr show collection-wintools}
+\end{alltt}
+which produces
+\begin{fverbatim}
+Package:   collection-wintools
+Category:  Collection
+ShortDesc: Windows support programs
+LongDesc:  Utilities for Windows, since they are not readily available there:
+ gzip, chktex, jpeg2ps, unzip, wget, xpdf.
+Installed: Yes
+\end{fverbatim}
+Updating your entire installation to the latest versions available:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr update -all}
+\end{alltt}
+If this makes you nervous, first try
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr update -all -dry-run}
+\end{alltt}
+or
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr update -list}
+\end{alltt}
+For full documentation:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr -help}
+\end{alltt}
+
+
+\section{Notes on Windows}
+\label{sec:windows}
+
+\TL\ has a single installer which runs on both Windows and Unix.  This
+was only possible by dropping support for older Windows versions, so
+\TL\ can now be installed only on Windows 2000 and later.
+
+
+\subsection{Windows-specific features}
+\label{sec:winfeatures}
+
+Under Windows, the installer does some extra things:
+\begin{description}
+\item[Menus and shortcuts.] A new `\TL{}' submenu of the
+  Start menu is installed, which contains entries for some \GUI{} programs
+  (\prog{tlmgr}, \prog{texdoctk}, the PS\_View PostScript previewer)
+  and some documentation. PS\_View also gets a shortcut on the
+  desktop as a drag-and-drop target for PostScript files.
+\item[Automatic setting of environment variables.] No manual
+  configuration steps are required.
+\item[Uninstaller.] The installer creates an entry under `Add/Remove
+  Programs' for \TL. The uninstall tab of\prog{tlmgr} refers to
+  this.
+\end{description}
+
+\subsection{Additional included software}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{psview}{.6\linewidth}
+\caption{PS\_View: very high magnifications available!}\label{fig:psview}
+\end{figure}
+
+To be complete, a \TL installation needs support packages that are not
+commonly found on a Windows machine. \TL{} provides the missing
+pieces:
+\begin{description}
+\item[Perl and Ghostscript.] Because of the importance of Perl and
+  Ghostscript, \TL{} includes `hidden' copies of these
+  programs. \TL{} programs that need them know where to find them,
+  but they don't betray their presence through environment variables
+  or registry settings. They aren't full-scale distributions, and
+  shouldn't interfere with any system installations of Perl or
+  Ghostscript.
+\item[Command-line tools.] A number of Windows ports of common Unix
+  command-line programs are installed along with the usual \TL{}
+  binaries. These include \cmdname{gzip}, \cmdname{chktex},
+  \cmdname{jpeg2ps}, \cmdname{unzip}, \cmdname{wget} and the
+  command-line utilities from the \cmdname{xpdf} suite.  (The
+  \cmdname{xpdf} viewer itself is not available for Windows, but the
+  Sumatra \acro{PDF} viewer is based on it:
+  \url{http://blog.kowalczyk.info/software/sumatrapdf}.)
+\item[\texttt{fc-cache}] helps \XeTeX{} to handle fonts more
+  efficiently.
+\item[PS\_View.] Also installed is PS\_View, a new PostScript viewer
+  with a free license; see figure~\ref{fig:psview}.
+\end{description}
+\begin{description}
+\item[The \texttt{support} directory,] already mentioned in
+  section~\ref{sec:tld}. This directory contains various programs
+  which can be useful in connection with \TeX, in particular a
+  number of \TeX-aware editors and \TeX{} frontends. The software in
+  this directory isn't covered by the installer. This directory also
+  contains the \cmdname{dviout} \dvi{} previewer; see the next section.
+\end{description}
+
+\subsection{The Dviout previewer}
+
+This \TL{} release unfortunately doesn't offer a preinstalled \dvi{}
+previewer for Windows. However, you can install \prog{dviout} by
+Toshio Oshima from the \path{support/dviout/} directory, which
+contains also a short \filename{README} describing how to install
+and configure \prog{dviout} for \TL.  Please read this carefully
+before installation.
+
+At first, when you preview files with \cmdname{dviout}, it will create fonts,
+because screen fonts were not installed. After a while, you will have created
+most of the fonts you use, and you will rarely see the font-creation window.
+More information can be found in the (very good) on-line help.
+
+\subsection{Links for additional downloadable software}
+
+Urls for some other tools you may consider installing:
+\begin{description}
+\item[Ghostscript] \url{http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/}
+\item[Perl] \url{http://www.perl.org/} with
+      supplementary packages from \acro{CPAN}, \url{http://www.cpan.org/}
+\item[ImageMagick] \url{http://www.imagemagick.com}, for graphics
+      processing and conversion
+\item[NetPBM] \url{http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/}, also for graphics.
+      
+\item[\TeX-oriented editors] There is a wide choice, and it is a matter of the
+      user's taste. Here is a selection, in no particular order:
+  \begin{itemize*}
+  \item \cmdname{GNU Emacs} is available natively under Windows, see
+        \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/ntemacs.html}.
+  \item \cmdname{Emacs} with Auc\TeX\ for Windows is available in \TL's
+        \path{support} directory; its home page is
+        \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/auctex}.
+  \item \cmdname{WinShell} is available in \TL's \path|support|
+        directory; its home page is \url{http://www.winshell.de}.
+  \item \cmdname{WinEdt} is shareware available from
+        \url{http://www.winedt.com}.
+  \item \cmdname{Vim} is free software, available from
+        \url{http://www.vim.org}.
+  \item TeXnicCenter is free software, available from
+        \url{http://www.toolscenter.org} and in the pro\TeX{}t distribution.
+  \item \cmdname{LEd} is available from \url{http://www.ctan.org/support/LEd}.
+  \item \cmdname{SciTE} is available from
+        \url{http://www.scintilla.org/SciTE.html}.
+  \end{itemize*}
+\end{description}
+
+
+\subsection{User Profile is Home}
+\label{sec:winhome}
+
+The Windows counterpart of a Unix home directory is the
+\verb|%USERPROFILE%| directory.  Under Windows XP and Windows 2000, this
+is usually \verb|C:\Documents and Settings\<username>|, and under
+Windows Vista \verb|C:\Users\<username>|.  In the
+\filename{texmf.cnf} file, and \KPS{} in general, \verb|~| will expand
+appropriately on both Windows and Unix.
+
+
+\subsection{The Windows registry}
+\label{sec:registry}
+
+Windows stores nearly all configuration data in its registry.  The
+registry contains a set of hierarchically organized keys, with several
+root keys. The most important ones for installation programs are
+\path{HKEY_CURRENT_USER} and \path{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE}, \path{HKCU} and
+\path{HKLM} in short. The \path{HKCU} part of the registry is in the
+user's home directory (see section~\ref{sec:winhome}).  \path{HKLM} is
+normally in a subdirectory of the Windows directory.
+
+In some cases, system information could be obtained from environment
+variables but for other information, for example the location of
+shortcuts, it is necessary to consult the registry.  Setting environment
+variables permanently also requires registry access.
+
+
+\subsection{Windows permissions}
+\label{sec:winpermissions}
+
+In later versions of Windows, a distinction is made between regular
+users and administrators, where only the latter have free access to the
+entire operating system. In practice, though, you could better describe
+these classes of users as unprivileged users and normal users: being an
+administrator is the rule, not the exception. Nevertheless, we have made
+an effort to make \TL{} installable without administrative privileges.
+
+If the user is an administrator, shortcuts are created for all users,
+and the system environment is modified. Otherwise, shortcuts and menu
+entries are created for the current user, and the user environment is
+modified.  Use the \optname{non-admin} option to \prog{install-tl} if
+you prefer per-user settings even as an administrator.
+
+Regardless of administrator status, the default root of \TL{} proposed
+by the installer is always under \verb|%PROGRAMFILES%|. The installer
+always tests whether the root is writable for the current user.
+
+A problem may arise if the user is not an administrator and \TeX{}
+already exists in the search path.  Since the effective path consists of
+the system path followed by the user path, the new \TL{} will never get
+precedence.  As a workaround, in this case the installer creates
+shortcuts to the command-prompt in which the new \TL{} binary directory
+is prepended to the local searchpath.  The new \TL{} will be usable when
+run in a command-line session started from such a shortcut.
+
+
+\section{A user's guide to Web2C}
+
+\Webc{} is an integrated collection of \TeX-related programs: \TeX{}
+itself, \MF{}, \MP, \BibTeX{}, etc.  It is the heart of \TL{}.  The home
+page for \Webc{}, with the current manual and more, is
+\url{http://tug.org/web2c}.
+
+A bit of history: The original implementation was by Tomas Rokicki who,
+in 1987, developed a first \TeX{}-to-C system based on change files
+under Unix, which were primarily the original work of Howard Trickey and
+Pavel Curtis.  Tim Morgan became the maintainer of the system, and
+during this period the name changed to Web-to-C\@.  In 1990, Karl Berry
+took over the work, assisted by dozens of additional contributors, and
+in 1997 he handed the baton to Olaf Weber, who returned it to Karl in
+2006.
+
+The \Webc{} system runs on Unix, 32-bit Windows systems, \MacOSX{}, and
+other operating systems. It uses Knuth's original sources for \TeX{} and
+other basic programs written in the \web{} literate programming system
+and translates them into C source code.  The core \TeX{} programs
+handled in this way are:
+
+\begin{cmddescription}
+\item[bibtex]    Maintaining bibliographies.
+\item[dmp]       \cmdname{troff} to MPX (\MP{} pictures).
+\item[dvicopy]   Expands virtual font references in \dvi{} files.
+\item[dvitomp]   \dvi{} to MPX (MetaPost pictures).
+\item[dvitype]   \dvi{} to human-readable text.
+\item[gftodvi]   Generic font proofsheets.
+\item[gftopk]    Generic to packed fonts.
+\item[gftype]    GF to human-readable text.
+\item[makempx]   \MP{} label typesetting.
+\item[mf]        Creating typeface families.
+\item[mft]       Prettyprinting \MF{} source.
+\item[mpost]     Creating technical diagrams.
+\item[mpto]      MetaPost label extraction.
+\item[newer]     Compare modification times.
+\item[patgen]    Creating hyphenation patterns.
+\item[pktogf]    Packed to generic fonts.
+\item[pktype]    PK to human-readable text.
+\item[pltotf]    Plain text property list to TFM.
+\item[pooltype]  Display \web{} pool files.
+\item[tangle]    \web{} to Pascal.
+\item[tex]       Typesetting.
+\item[tftopl]    TFM to plain text property list.
+\item[vftovp]    Virtual font to virtual property list.
+\item[vptovf]    Virtual property list to virtual font.
+\item[weave]     \web{} to \TeX.
+\end{cmddescription}
+
+\noindent The precise functions and syntax of these programs are
+described in the documentation of the individual packages and of \Webc{}
+itself.  However, knowing a few principles governing the whole family of
+programs will help you take advantage of your \Webc{} installation.
+
+All programs honor these standard \GNU options:
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[-{}-help] print basic usage summary.
+\item[-{}-verbose] print detailed progress report.
+\item[-{}-version] print version information, then exit.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+For locating files the \Webc{} programs use the path searching library
+\KPS{} (\url{http://tug.org/kpathsea}).  This library uses a combination
+of environment variables and a configuration files to optimize searching
+the (huge) collection of \TeX{} files.  \Webc{} can look at many
+directory trees simultaneously, which is useful in maintaining \TeX's
+standard distribution and local and personal extensions in distinct
+trees.  To speed up file searches, the root of each tree has a file
+\file{ls-R}, containing an entry showing the name and relative pathname
+for all files under that root.
+
+
+\subsection{Kpathsea path searching}
+\label{sec:kpathsea}
+
+Let us first describe the generic path searching mechanism of the \KPS{}
+library.
+
+We call a \emph{search path} a colon- or semicolon\hyph sepa\-rated list
+of \emph{path elements}, which are basically directory names.  A
+search path can come from (a combination of) many sources.  To look up
+a file \samp{my-file} along a path \samp{.:/dir}, \KPS{} checks each
+element of the path in turn: first \file{./my-file}, then
+\file{/dir/my-file}, returning the first match (or possibly all
+matches).
+
+In order to adapt optimally to all operating systems' conventions, on
+non-Unix systems \KPS{} can use filename separators different from
+colon (\samp{:}) and slash (\samp{/}).
+
+To check a particular path element \var{p}, \KPS{} first checks if a
+prebuilt database (see ``Filename data\-base'' on
+page~\pageref{sec:filename-database}) applies to \var{p}, i.e., if the
+database is in a directory that is a prefix of \var{p}.  If so, the path
+specification is matched against the contents of the database.
+
+If the database does not exist, or does not apply to this path
+element, or contains no matches, the filesystem is searched (if this
+was not forbidden by a specification starting with \samp{!!}\ and if
+the file being searched for must exist).  \KPS{} constructs the list
+of directories that correspond to this path element, and then checks
+in each for the file being sought.
+
+The ``file must exist'' condition comes into play with \samp{.vf} files and
+input files read by \TeX's \cs{openin} command.  Such files may not
+exist (e.g., \file{cmr10.vf}), and so it would be wrong to search the
+disk for them.  Therefore, if you fail to update \file{ls-R} when you
+install a new \samp{.vf} file, it will never be found.
+Each path element is checked in turn: first the database, then the
+disk.  If a match is found, the search stops and the result is
+returned.
+
+Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory
+name, \KPS{} supports additional features in search paths: layered
+default values, environment variable names, config file values, users'
+home directories, and recursive subdirectory searching.  Thus, we say
+that \KPS{} \emph{expands} a path element, meaning it transforms all
+the specifications into basic directory name or names.  This is
+described in the following sections in the same order as it takes
+place.
+
+Note that if the filename being searched for is absolute or explicitly
+relative, i.e., starts with \samp{/} or \samp{./} or \samp{../},
+\KPS{} simply checks if that file exists.
+
+\ifSingleColumn
+\else
+\begin{figure*}
+\verbatiminput{examples/ex5.tex}
+\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{0pt}
+  \caption{An illustrative configuration file sample}
+  \label{fig:config-sample}
+\end{figure*}
+\fi
+
+\subsubsection{Path sources}
+\label{sec:path-sources}
+
+A search path can come from many sources.  In the order in which
+\KPS{} uses them:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item
+  A user-set environment variable, for instance, \envname{TEXINPUTS}\@.
+  Environment variables with a period and a program name appended
+  override; e.g., if \samp{latex} is the name of the program being run,
+  then \envname{TEXINPUTS.latex} will override \envname{TEXINPUTS}.
+\item
+  A program-specific configuration file, for exam\-ple, a line
+  \samp{S /a:/b} in \cmdname{dvips}'s \file{config.ps}.
+\item   A \KPS{} configuration file \file{texmf.cnf}, containing a line like
+  \samp{TEXINPUTS=/c:/d} (see below).
+\item The compile-time default.
+\end{enumerate}
+\noindent You can see each of these values for a given search path by
+using the debugging options (see ``Debugging actions'' on
+page~\pageref{sec:debugging}).
+
+\subsubsection{Config files}
+
+\begingroup\tolerance=3500
+\KPS{} reads \emph{runtime configuration files} named \file{texmf.cnf}
+for search path and other definitions.  The search path used to look
+for these files is named \envname{TEXMFCNF} (by default such a file lives
+in the \file{texmf/web2c} subdirectory).  \emph{All}
+\file{texmf.cnf} files in the search path will be read and definitions
+in earlier files override those in later files.  Thus, with a search
+path of \verb|.:$TEXMF|, values from \file{./texmf.cnf} override those
+from \verb|$TEXMF/texmf.cnf|.
+\endgroup
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+  Comments start with \code{\%} and continue to the end of the line.
+\item
+  Blank lines are ignored.
+\item
+  A \bs{} at the end of a line acts as a continuation character,
+  i.e., the next line is appended.  Whitespace at the beginning of
+  continuation lines is not ignored.
+\item
+  Each remaining line has the form:
+\begin{alltt}
+  \var{variable}[.\var{progname}] [=] \var{value}
+\end{alltt}%
+  where the \samp{=} and surrounding whitespace are optional.
+\item
+  The \ttvar{variable} name may contain any character other
+  than whitespace, \samp{=}, or \samp{.}, but sticking to
+  \samp{A-Za-z\_} is safest.
+\item
+  If \samp{.\var{progname}} is present, the definition only
+  applies if the program that is running is named
+  \texttt{\var{progname}} or \texttt{\var{progname}.exe}.  This allows
+  different flavors of \TeX{} to have different search paths, for
+  example.
+\item \var{value} may contain any characters except
+  \code{\%} and \samp{@}.  The
+  \code{\$\var{var}.\var{prog}} feature is not available on the
+  right-hand side; instead, you must use an additional variable.  A
+  \samp{;}\ in \var{value} is translated to \samp{:}\ if
+  running under Unix; this is useful to be able to have a single
+  \file{texmf.cnf} for Unix, \acro{MS-DOS} and Windows systems.
+\item
+  All definitions are read before anything is expanded, so
+  variables can be referenced before they are defined.
+\end{itemize}
+A configuration file fragment illustrating most of these points is
+\ifSingleColumn
+shown below:
+
+\verbatiminput{examples/ex5.tex}
+\else
+shown in Figure~\ref{fig:config-sample}.
+\fi
+
+\subsubsection{Path expansion}
+\label{sec:path-expansion}
+
+
+\KPS{} recognizes certain special characters and constructions in
+search paths, similar to those available in Unix shells.  As a
+general example, the  complex path,
+\verb+~$USER/{foo,bar}//baz+, expands to all subdirectories under
+directories \file{foo} and \file{bar} in \texttt{\$USER}'s home
+directory that contain a directory or file \file{baz}.  These
+expansions are explained in the sections below.
+%$
+\subsubsection{Default expansion}
+\label{sec:default-expansion}
+
+\tolerance=2500
+If the highest-priority search path (see ``Path sources'' on
+page~\pageref{sec:path-sources}) contains an \emph{extra colon} (i.e.,
+leading, trailing, or doubled), \KPS{} inserts at that point the
+next-highest-prio\-rity search path that is defined.  If that inserted
+path has an extra colon, the same happens with the next highest.  For
+example, given an environment variable setting
+
+\tolerance=1500
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{setenv TEXINPUTS /home/karl:}
+\end{alltt}
+and a \code{TEXINPUTS} value from \file{texmf.cnf} of
+
+\begin{alltt}
+  .:\$TEXMF//tex
+\end{alltt}
+then the final value used for searching will be:
+
+\begin{alltt}
+  /home/karl:.:\$TEXMF//tex
+\end{alltt}
+
+Since it would be useless to insert the default value in more than one
+place, \KPS{} changes only one extra \samp{:}\ and leaves any others in
+place.  It checks first for a leading \samp{:}, then a trailing
+\samp{:}, then a doubled \samp{:}.
+
+\subsubsection{Brace expansion}
+
+A useful feature is brace expansion, which means that, for instance,
+\verb+v{a,b}w+ expands to \verb+vaw:vbw+. Nesting is allowed.
+This is used to implement multiple \TeX{} hierarchies, by
+assigning a brace list to \code{\$TEXMF}.
+For example, in \file{texmf.cnf}, the following definition
+(appproximately; there are actually even more trees) is made:
+\begin{verbatim}
+  TEXMF = {$TEXMFHOME,$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFVAR,!!$TEXMFMAIN}
+\end{verbatim}
+Using this you can then write something like
+\begin{verbatim}
+  TEXINPUTS = .;$TEXMF/tex//
+\end{verbatim}
+%$
+which means that, after looking in the current directory, the
+\code{\$TEXMFHOME/tex}, \code{\$TEXMFLOCAL/tex}, \code{\$TEXMFVAR/tex}
+and \code{\$TEXMFMAIN/tex} trees \emph{only}) will be searched (the
+last two use using \file{ls-R} data base files). It is a convenient
+way for running two parallel \TeX{} structures, one ``frozen'' (on a
+\CD, for instance) and the other being continuously updated with new
+versions as they become available.  By using the \code{\$TEXMF}
+variable in all definitions, one is sure to always search the
+up-to-date tree first.
+
+\subsubsection{Subdirectory expansion}
+\label{sec:subdirectory-expansion}
+
+Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory
+\var{d} is replaced by all subdirectories of \var{d}: first those
+subdirectories directly under \var{d}, then the subsubdirectories under
+those, and so on.  At each level, the order in which the directories are
+searched is \emph{unspecified}.
+
+If you specify any filename components after the \samp{//}, only
+subdirectories with matching components are included.  For example,
+\samp{/a//b} expands into directories \file{/a/1/b}, \file{/a/2/b},
+\file{/a/1/1/b}, and so on, but not \file{/a/b/c} or \file{/a/1}.
+
+Multiple \samp{//} constructs in a path are possible, but
+\samp{//} at the beginning of a path is ignored.
+
+\subsubsection{List of special characters and their meaning: a summary}
+
+The following list summarizes the special characters in \KPS{}
+configuration files.
+
+% need a wider space for the item labels here.
+\newcommand{\CODE}[1]{\makebox[3em][l]{\code{#1}}}
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\CODE{:}] Separator in path specification; at the beginning or
+  the end of a path it substitutes the default path expansion.\par
+\item[\CODE{;}] Separator on non-Unix systems (acts like \code{:}).
+\item[\CODE{\$}] Variable expansion.
+\item[\CODE{\string~}] Represents the user's home directory.
+\item[\CODE{\char`\{...\char`\}}] Brace expansion.
+\item[\CODE{//}] Subdirectory expansion (can occur anywhere in
+    a path, except at its beginning).
+\item[\CODE{\%}] Start of comment.
+\item[\CODE{\bs}] Continuation character (allows multi-line entries).
+\item[\CODE{!!}] Search \emph{only} database to locate file, \emph{do
+    not} search the disk.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+
+\subsection{Filename databases}
+\label{sec:filename-database}
+
+\KPS{} goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches.
+Nevertheless, at installations with enough directories, searching each
+possible directory for a given file can take an excessively long time
+(this is especially true if many hundreds of font directories have to
+be traversed.)  Therefore, \KPS{} can use an externally-built plain text
+``database'' file named \file{ls-R} that maps files to directories,
+thus avoiding the need to exhaustively search the disk.
+
+A second database file \file{aliases} allows you to give additional
+names to the files listed in \file{ls-R}.  This can be helpful to
+confirm to \acro{DOS} 8.3 filename conventions in source files.
+
+\subsubsection{The filename database}
+\label{sec:ls-R}
+
+As explained above, the name of the main filename database must be
+\file{ls-R}.  You can put one at the root of each \TeX{} hierarchy in
+your installation that you wish to be searched (\code{\$TEXMF} by
+default); most sites have only one hierarchy.  \KPS{} looks for
+\file{ls-R} files along the \code{TEXMFDBS} path.
+
+The recommended way to create and maintain \samp{ls-R} is to run the
+\code{mktexlsr} script included with the distribution. It is invoked
+by the various \samp{mktex}\dots\ scripts.  In principle, this script
+just runs the command
+\begin{alltt}
+cd \var{/your/texmf/root} && \path|\|ls -1LAR ./ >ls-R
+\end{alltt}
+presuming your system's \code{ls} produces the right output format
+(\GNU \code{ls} is all right).  To ensure that the database is
+always up-to-date, it is easiest to rebuild it regularly via
+\code{cron}, so that it is automatically updated when the installed
+files change, such as after installing or updating a \LaTeX{} package.
+
+If a file is not found in the database, by default \KPS{} goes ahead
+and searches the disk. If a particular path element begins with
+\samp{!!}, however, \emph{only} the database will be searched for that
+element, never the disk.
+
+
+\subsubsection{kpsewhich: Standalone path searching}
+\label{sec:invoking-kpsewhich}
+
+The \texttt{kpsewhich} program exercises path searching independent of any
+particular application.  This can be useful as a sort of \code{find}
+program to locate files in \TeX{} hierarchies (this is used heavily in
+the distributed \samp{mktex}\dots\ scripts).
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich \var{option}\dots{} \var{filename}\dots{}}
+\end{alltt}
+The options specified in \ttvar{option} start with either \samp{-}
+or \samp{-{}-}, and any unambiguous abbreviation is accepted.
+
+\KPS{} looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a
+filename, and returns the first file found. There is no option to
+return all the files with a particular name (you can run the Unix
+\samp{find} utility for that).
+
+The most common options are described next.
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\texttt{-{}-dpi=\var{num}}]\mbox{}
+  Set the resolution to \ttvar{num}; this only affects \samp{gf}
+  and \samp{pk} lookups.  \samp{-D} is a synonym, for compatibility
+  with \cmdname{dvips}.  Default is 600.
+
+\item[\texttt{-{}-format=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
+  Set the format for lookup to \ttvar{name}.  By default, the
+  format is guessed from the filename. For formats which do not have
+  an associated unambiguous suffix, such as \MP{} support files and
+  \cmdname{dvips} configuration files, you have to specify the name as
+  known to \KPS{}, such as \texttt{tex} or \texttt{enc files}.  Run
+  \texttt{kpsewhich -{}-help} for a list.
+
+\item[\texttt{-{}-mode=\var{string}}]\mbox{}\\
+  Set the mode name to \ttvar{string}; this only affects \samp{gf}
+  and \samp{pk} lookups.  No default: any mode will be found.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-must-exist}]\mbox{}\\
+  Do everything possible to find the files, notably including
+  searching the disk.  By default, only the \file{ls-R} database is
+  checked, in the interest of efficiency.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-path=\var{string}}]\mbox{}\\
+  Search along the path \ttvar{string} (colon-separated as usual),
+  instead of guessing the search path from the filename.  \samp{//} and
+  all the usual expansions are supported.  The options \samp{-{}-path}
+  and \samp{-{}-format} are mutually exclusive.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-progname=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
+  Set the program name to \texttt{\var{name}}.
+  This can affect the search paths via the \texttt{.\var{progname}}
+  feature.
+  The default is \cmdname{kpsewhich}.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-show-path=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
+  shows the path used for file lookups of file type \texttt{\var{name}}.
+  Either a filename extension (\code{.pk}, \code{.vf}, etc.) or a
+  name can be used, just as with \samp{-{}-format} option.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-debug=\var{num}}]\mbox{}\\
+  sets the debugging options to \texttt{\var{num}}.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Examples of use}
+\label{sec:examples-of-use}
+
+Let us now have a look at \KPS{} in action.  Here's a straightforward search:
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich article.cls}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls
+\end{alltt}
+We are looking for the file \file{article.cls}. Since the \samp{.cls}
+suffix is unambiguous we do not need to specify that we want to look for a
+file of type \optname{tex} (\TeX{} source file directories). We find it in
+the subdirectory \file{tex/latex/base} below the \samp{texmf-dist} \TL\
+directory.  Similarly, all of the following are found without problems
+thanks to their unambiguous suffix.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich array.sty}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/tools/array.sty
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich latin1.def}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/latin1.def
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich size10.clo}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich small2e.tex}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/small2e.tex
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich tugboat.bib}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/bibtex/bib/beebe/tugboat.bib
+\end{alltt}
+
+By the way, that last is a \BibTeX{} bibliography database for \textsl{TUGBoat} articles.
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich cmr10.pk}
+\end{alltt}
+Font bitmap glyph files of type \file{.pk} are used by display
+programs like \cmdname{dvips} and \cmdname{xdvi}.  Nothing is returned in
+this case since there are no pre-generated Computer Modern \samp{.pk}
+files in \TL{}\Dash the Type~1 variants are used by default.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich wsuipa10.pk}
+\ifSingleColumn   /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk
+\else /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/
+...                         wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk
+\fi\end{alltt}
+For these fonts (a phonetic alphabet from the University of Washington)
+we had to generate \samp{.pk} files, and since the default \MF{} mode on
+our installation is \texttt{ljfour} with a base resolution of 600\dpi{}
+(dots per inch), this instantiation is returned.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich -dpi=300 wsuipa10.pk}
+\end{alltt}
+In this case, when specifying that we are interested in a resolution
+of 300\dpi{} (\texttt{-dpi=300}) we see that no such font is available on
+the system. A program like \cmdname{dvips} or \cmdname{xdvi} would
+go off and actually build the required \texttt{.pk} files
+using the script \cmdname{mktexpk}.
+
+Next we turn our attention to \cmdname{dvips}'s header and configuration
+files.  We first look at one of the commonly used files, the general
+prologue \file{tex.pro} for \TeX{} support, before turning our attention
+to the generic configuration file (\file{config.ps}) and the \PS{} font
+map \file{psfonts.map}\Dash as of 2004, map and encoding files have
+their own search paths and new location in \dirname{texmf} trees.  As
+the \samp{.ps} suffix is ambiguous we have to specify explicitly which
+type we are considering (\optname{dvips config}) for the file
+\texttt{config.ps}.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich tex.pro}
+   /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/tex.pro
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich --format="dvips config" config.ps}
+   /usr/local/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich psfonts.map}
+   /usr/local/texmf/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/psfonts.map
+\end{alltt}
+
+We now take a closer look at the \acro{URW} Times \PS{} support
+files.  The prefix for these in the standard font naming scheme is
+\samp{utm}.  The first file we look at is the configuration file,
+which contains the name of the map file:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich --format="dvips config" config.utm}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/dvips/psnfss/config.utm
+\end{alltt}
+The contents of that file is
+\begin{alltt}
+  p +utm.map
+\end{alltt}
+which points to the file \file{utm.map}, which we want to
+locate next.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich utm.map}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/map/dvips/times/utm.map
+\end{alltt}
+This map file defines the file names of the Type~1 \PS{} fonts in
+the URW collection.  Its contents look like (we only show part of the
+lines):
+\begin{alltt}
+utmb8r  NimbusRomNo9L-Medi    ... <utmb8a.pfb
+utmbi8r NimbusRomNo9L-MediItal... <utmbi8a.pfb
+utmr8r  NimbusRomNo9L-Regu    ... <utmr8a.pfb
+utmri8r NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal... <utmri8a.pfb
+utmbo8r NimbusRomNo9L-Medi    ... <utmb8a.pfb
+utmro8r NimbusRomNo9L-Regu    ... <utmr8a.pfb
+\end{alltt}
+Let us, for instance, take the Times Roman instance
+\file{utmr8a.pfb} and find its position in the \file{texmf} directory
+tree with a search for Type~1 font files:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich utmr8a.pfb}
+\ifSingleColumn   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/times/utmr8a.pfb
+\else   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/
+... urw/utm/utmr8a.pfb
+\fi\end{alltt}
+
+It should be evident from these examples how you can easily locate the
+whereabouts of a given file. This is especially important if you suspect
+that the wrong version of a file is picked up somehow, since
+\cmdname{kpsewhich} will show you the first file encountered.
+
+\subsubsection{Debugging actions}
+\label{sec:debugging}
+
+Sometimes it is necessary to investigate how a program resolves file
+references. To make this practical, \KPS{} offers various levels of
+debugging output:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\texttt{\ 1}] \texttt{stat} calls (disk lookups). When running
+  with an up-to-date \file{ls-R} database this should almost give no
+  output.
+\item[\texttt{\ 2}] References to hash tables (such as \file{ls-R}
+  databases, map files, configuration files).
+\item[\texttt{\ 4}] File open and close operations.
+\item[\texttt{\ 8}] General path information for file types
+  searched by \KPS. This is useful to find out where a particular
+  path for the file was defined.
+\item[\texttt{16}] Directory list for each path element (only relevant
+  for searches on disk).
+\item[\texttt{32}] File searches.
+\item[\texttt{64}] Variable values.
+\end{ttdescription}
+A value of \texttt{-1} will set all the above options; in practice,
+this is usually the most convenient.
+
+Similarly, with the \cmdname{dvips} program, by setting a combination of
+debug switches, one can follow in detail where files are being picked up
+from.  Alternatively, when a file is not found, the debug trace shows in
+which directories the program looks for the given file, so that one can
+get an indication what the problem~is.
+
+Generally speaking, as most programs call the \KPS{} library
+internally, one can select a debug option by using the
+\envname{KPATHSEA\_DEBUG} environment variable, and setting it to (a
+combination of) values as described in the above list.
+
+(Note for Windows users: it is not easy to redirect
+all messages to a file in this system. For diagnostic purposes
+you can temporarily \texttt{SET KPATHSEA\_DEBUG\_OUTPUT=err.log}).
+
+Let us consider, as an example, a small \LaTeX{} source file,
+\file{hello-world.tex}, which contains the following input.
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \documentclass{article}
+  \begin{document}
+  Hello World!
+  \end{document}
+\end{verbatim}
+This little file only uses the font \file{cmr10}, so let us look at
+how \cmdname{dvips} prepares the \PS{} file (we want to use the Type~1
+version of the Computer Modern fonts, hence the option \texttt{-Pcms}).
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{dvips -d4100 hello-world -Pcms -o}
+\end{alltt}
+In this case we have combined \cmdname{dvips}'s debug class 4 (font
+paths) with \KPS's path element expansion (see \cmdname{dvips} Reference
+Manual, \OnCD{texmf/doc/dvips/dvips.pdf}).
+The output (slightly rearranged) appears in
+Figure~\ref{fig:dvipsdbga}.
+\begin{figure*}[tp]
+\centering
+\input{examples/ex6a.tex}
+\caption{Finding configuration files}\label{fig:dvipsdbga}
+
+\bigskip
+
+\input{examples/ex6b.tex}
+\caption{Finding the prolog file}\label{fig:dvipsdbgb}
+
+\bigskip
+
+\input{examples/ex6c.tex}
+\caption{Finding the font file}\label{fig:dvipsdbgc}
+\end{figure*}
+
+\cmdname{dvips} starts by locating its working files. First,
+\file{texmf.cnf} is found, which gives the definitions of the search
+paths for the other files, then the file database \file{ls-R} (to
+optimize file searching) and the file \file{aliases}, which makes it
+possible to declare several names (e.g., a short \acro{DOS}-like 8.3 and
+a more natural longer version) for the same file.  Then \cmdname{dvips}
+goes on to find the generic configuration file \file{config.ps}
+before looking for the customization file \file{.dvipsrc} (which, in
+this case is \emph{not found}).  Finally, \cmdname{dvips} locates the
+config file for the Computer Modern \PS{} fonts \file{config.cms}
+(this was initiated with the \texttt{-Pcms} option on the \cmdname{dvips}
+command).  This file contains the list of the map files which
+define the relation between the \TeX{}, \PS{} and file system
+names of the fonts.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{more /usr/local/texmf/dvips/cms/config.cms}
+   p +ams.map
+   p +cms.map
+   p +cmbkm.map
+   p +amsbkm.map
+\end{alltt}
+\cmdname{dvips} thus goes on to find all these files, plus the generic
+map file \file{psfonts.map}, which is always loaded (it contains
+declarations for commonly used \PS{} fonts; see the last part of
+Section \ref{sec:examples-of-use} for more details about \PS{} map
+file handling).
+
+At this point \cmdname{dvips} identifies itself to the user:
+\begin{alltt}
+This is dvips(k) 5.92b Copyright 2002 Radical Eye Software (www.radicaleye.com)
+\end{alltt}
+\ifSingleColumn
+Then it goes on to look for the prolog file \file{texc.pro}:
+\begin{alltt}\small
+kdebug:start search(file=texc.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+  path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
+       ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
+kdebug:search(texc.pro) => /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/texc.pro
+\end{alltt}
+\else
+Then it goes on to look for the prolog file \file{texc.pro} (see
+Figure~\ref{fig:dvipsdbgb}).
+\fi
+
+After having found the file in question, \cmdname{dvips} outputs
+the date and time, and informs us that it will generate the
+file \file{hello-world.ps}, then that it needs the font file
+\file{cmr10}, and that the latter is declared as ``resident'' (no
+bitmaps needed):
+\begin{alltt}\small
+TeX output 1998.02.26:1204' -> hello-world.ps
+Defining font () cmr10 at 10.0pt
+Font cmr10 <CMR10> is resident.
+\end{alltt}
+Now the search is on for the file \file{cmr10.tfm}, which is found,
+then a few more prolog files (not shown) are referenced, and finally
+the Type~1 instance \file{cmr10.pfb} of the font is located and
+included in the output file (see last line).
+\begin{alltt}\small
+kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.tfm, must\_exist=1, find\_all=0,
+  path=.:~/tex/fonts/tfm//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm//:
+       /var/tex/fonts/tfm//).
+kdebug:search(cmr10.tfm) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm
+kdebug:start search(file=texps.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+   ...
+<texps.pro>
+kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.pfb, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+  path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
+       ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
+kdebug:search(cmr10.pfb) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1/public/cm/cmr10.pfb
+<cmr10.pfb>[1]
+\end{alltt}
+
+\subsection{Runtime options}
+
+Another useful feature of \Webc{} is its possibility to control a number
+of memory parameters (in particular, array sizes) via the runtime file
+\file{texmf.cnf} read by \KPS{}.  The memory settings can be found in
+Part 3 of that file in the \TL{} distribution. The more important
+are:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\texttt{main\_memory}]
+  Total words of memory available, for
+  \TeX{}, \MF{} and \MP.  You must make a new format file for each
+  different setting. For instance, you could generate a ``huge''
+  version of \TeX{}, and call the format file \texttt{hugetex.fmt}.
+  Using the standard way of specifying the program name used by \KPS{},
+  the particular value of the \texttt{main\_memory} variable will then
+  be read from \file{texmf.cnf}.
+\item[\texttt{extra\_mem\_bot}]
+  Extra space for ``large'' \TeX{} data structures:
+  boxes, glue, breakpoints, etc.  Especially useful if you use
+  \PiCTeX{}.
+\item[\texttt{font\_mem\_size}]
+  Number of words for font information available for \TeX. This
+  is more or less the total size of all \acro{TFM} files read.
+\item[\texttt{hash\_extra}]
+  Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names.
+  Only $\approx$10,000 control sequences can be stored in the main
+  hash table; if you have a large book with numerous cross-references,
+  this might not be enough.  The default value of
+  \texttt{hash\_extra} is \texttt{50000}.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+\noindent Of course, this facility is no substitute for truly dynamic
+arrays and memory allocation, but since these are extremely difficult to
+implement in the present \TeX{} source, these runtime parameters provide
+a practical compromise allowing some flexibility.
+
+
+\begin{comment}
+\section{Building on a new Unix platform}
+
+If you have a platform for which executables are not included, you will
+need to compile \TeX{} and friends. This is not as hard as it
+sounds. What you need is all in the directory \texttt{source} in the
+distribution.
+
+\subsection{Prerequisites}
+
+You will need at least 100 megabytes of disk space to compile all of
+\TeX{} and its support programs. You'll also need an \acro{ANSI} C
+compiler, a \cmdname{make} utility, a lexical scanner, and a parser
+generator. We recommend the \GNU version of these programs
+(\cmdname{gcc}, \GNU \cmdname{make}, \cmdname{m4}, \cmdname{flex},
+\cmdname{bison}).  You may be able to work with other C compilers and
+\cmdname{make} programs, but you will need a good understanding of
+building Unix programs to sort out problems.
+
+Also, the command \texttt{uname} must return a sensible value.
+
+
+\subsection{Configuration}
+
+To begin, perform a normal installation of \TL{} to your disk (see
+section~\ref{sec:install-disk} on
+\p.\pageref{sec:install-disk}).  You may wish to skip installing
+all of the prebuilt binaries.
+
+Then, unpack the source from the compressed \texttt{tar} file in the
+directory \dirname{source} to your disk and change directory to where
+you placed it.
+
+Next, run \cmdname{configure} with a command line like this:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{sh configure -prefix=/usr/local/TeX}
+\end{alltt}
+
+The \optname{-prefix} directory is the one where you installed the
+support tree; the directory layout will be as follows (where \$TEXDIR
+stands for the directory you chose):
+
+\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{>{\ttfamily}ll@{}}
+  \dirname{$TEXDIR/share/texmf}          & main tree with fonts,\\
+                                         & \qquad macros, etc\\
+  \dirname{$TEXDIR/man}                  & Unix manual pages\\
+  \dirname{$TEXDIR/info}                 & \GNU style Info manuals\\
+  \dirname{$TEXDIR/bin/$PLATFORM}        & binaries\\
+\end{tabular}
+%$
+
+If you want to leave out the \dirname{$PLATFORM} directory level,
+i.e., put the binaries directly into \dirname{$TEXDIR/bin}, specify
+the \verb|--disable-multiplatform| option to \cmdname{configure}.
+
+Have a look at the output of \verb|./configure --help| for more
+options you can use.  For example, you can skip building of \OMEGA{} and
+\eTeX{}.
+
+
+\subsection{Running \cmdname{make}}
+
+Make sure the shell variable or option \texttt{noclobber} is not set.
+Then, run the main \cmdname{make} like this:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{make world}
+\end{alltt}
+and relax\ldots
+
+Alternatively, you want to log all the output, as in:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{sh -c "make world >world.log 2>\&1" \&}
+\end{alltt}
+
+Before you believe that everything went ok, please check the log file
+for errors: \GNU \cmdname{make} always uses the string \samp{***}
+whenever a command fails.  Also, check if all the programs were built:
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{cd \var{TEXDIR}/bin/\var{archname}}
+> \Ucom{ls | wc}
+\end{alltt}
+The result should be over 200 (you can check the exact number with the
+\dirname{bin} directory contents in the distribution).
+
+If you need special privileges for \texttt{make install}, you can
+separate the \samp{make world} into two different runs, like this:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{make all}
+> \Ucom{su}
+> \Ucom{make install strip}
+\end{alltt}
+
+After you've installed your new binaries, you should follow the normal
+post-installation procedures, given in section~\ref{sec:postinstall}
+(\p.\pageref{sec:postinstall}).
+
+Also, if you'd like to make your binaries available to others, please
+contact us.  We'll be happy to put them on the \TL\ web pages.
+\end{comment}
+
+\ifx\HCode\undefined\else\HCode{<a id="ack"></a>}
+\section{Acknowledgements}
+
+\TL{} is a joint effort by virtually all of the \TeX{} user groups.
+This edition of \TL{} was overseen by Karl Berry.  The other principal
+contributors, past and present, are listed below.
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+
+\item The English, German, Dutch, and Polish \TeX{} user groups
+(\acro{TUG}, \acro{DANTE} e.V., \acro{NTG}, and \acro{GUST},
+respectively), which provide the necessary technical and administrative
+infrastructure.  Please join the \TeX\ user group near you!  (See
+\url{http://tug.org/usergroups.html}.)
+
+\item The \acro{CTAN} team, most notably Robin Fairbairns, Jim Hef{}feron,
+and Rainer Sch\"opf, which distributes the \TL{} images and provides the
+common infrastructure for package updates, upon which \TL{} depends.
+
+\item Peter Breitenlohner (and the \eTeX\ team) for the stable foundation
+of future \TeX's, and Peter specifically for stellar help with the GNU
+autotools usage throughout \TL.
+
+\item Thomas Esser, without whose marvelous \teTeX{} package \TL{}
+would have never existed.
+
+\item Michel Goossens, who co-authored the original documentation.
+
+\item Eitan Gurari, whose \TeX4ht was used to create the \HTML{}
+version of this documentation, and who worked tirelessly to improve
+it at short notice.
+
+\item \Thanh, Martin Schr\"oder, and the pdf\TeX\ team
+(\url{http://pdftex.org}) for continuing enhancements of \TeX's
+abilities.
+
+\item Hans Hagen, for much testing and making his \ConTeXt\ format
+(\url{http://pragma-ade.com}) work within \TL's framework.
+
+\item Hartmut Henkel, for significant development contributions to
+pdf\TeX\, Lua\TeX, and more.
+
+\item Taco Hoekwater, for renewed development efforts on MetaPost and
+(Lua)\TeX\ (\url{http://luatex.org}) itself, and for incorporating
+\ConTeXt\ into \TL.
+
+\item Pawe{\l} Jackowski, for the Windows installer \cmdname{tlpm},
+and Tomasz {\L}uczak, for \cmdname{tlpmgui}, used in past releases.
+
+\item Akira Kakuto, for providing the Windows
+binaries from his \acro{W32TEX} distribution for Japanese \TeX\
+(\url{http://www.fsci.fuk.kindai.ac.jp/kakuto/win32-ptex/}), and many
+other contributions.
+
+\item Jonathan Kew and \acro{SIL}, for the major new development of
+\XeTeX{} and taking the time and trouble to integrate it in \TL{}, as
+well as the initial version of the Mac\TeX\ installer.
+
+\item Dick Koch, for maintaining Mac\TeX\ (\url{http://tug.org/mactex})
+in very close tandem with \TL{}, and for his great good cheer in doing
+so.
+
+\item Reinhard Kotucha, for major contributions to the \TL{} 2008
+infrastructure and installer, as well as Windows research efforts, the
+\texttt{getnonfreefonts} script, and more.
+
+\item Siep Kroonenberg, also for major contributions to the \TL{} 2008
+infrastructure and installer, especially on Windows, and for the bulk of
+work updating this manual describing the new features.
+
+\item Petr Ol\v{s}ak, who coordinated and checked all the Czech and Slovak
+material very carefully.
+
+\item Toshio Oshima, for his \cmdname{dviout} previewer for Windows.
+
+\item Manuel P\'egouri\'e-Gonnard, for helping with package updates,
+documentation improvements, and \cmdname{tldoc} development.
+
+\item Fabrice Popineau, for the original Windows support in \TL{} and
+work on the French documentation.
+
+\item Norbert Preining, the principal architect of the \TL{} 2008
+infrastructure and installer, and also for coordinating the Debian
+version of \TL{} (together with Frank K\"uster), making many suggestions
+along the way.
+
+\item Sebastian Rahtz, for originally creating \TL{} and maintaining it
+for many years.
+
+\item Vladimir Volovich, for substantial help with porting and other
+maintenance issues, and especially for making it feasible to include
+\cmdname{xindy}.
+
+\item Staszek Wawrykiewicz, the principal tester for all of \TL{},
+and coordinator of the many major Polish contributions: fonts, Windows
+installation, and more.
+
+\item Olaf Weber, for his patient maintenance of \Webc.
+
+\item Gerben Wierda, for creating and maintaining the \MacOSX\ support,
+and much integration and testing.
+
+\item Graham Williams, on whose work the \TeX\ Catalogue of packages depends.
+
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Builders of the binaries:
+Reinhard Kotucha (\pkgname{x86\_64-linux}),
+Tim Arnold (\pkgname{hppa-hpux}),
+Randy Au (\pkgname{amd64-freebsd}),
+Edd Barrett (\pkgname{i386-openbsd}),
+Karl Berry (\pkgname{i386-linux}),
+Akira Kakuto (\pkgname{win32}),
+Dick Koch (\pkgname{universal-darwin}),
+Manfred Lotz (\pkgname{i386-freebsd}),
+Norbert Preining (\pkgname{alpha-linux}),
+Arthur Reutenauer (\pkgname{sparc-linux}),
+Thomas Schmitz (\pkgname{powerpc-linux}),
+Apostolos Syropoulos (\pkgname{i386-solaris}),
+Vladimir Volovich (\pkgname{powerpc-aix}, \pkgname{sparc-solaris}),
+Olaf Weber (\pkgname{mips-irix}).
+For information on the \TL{} build process, see
+\url{http://tug.org/texlive/build.html}.
+
+Documentation and translation updates:
+Karl Berry (English),
+Daniel Flipo (French),
+Klaus H\"oppner (German),
+Petr Sojka \& Jan Busa (Czech\slash Slovak),
+Boris Veytsman (Russian),
+Staszek Wawrykiewicz (Polish).  The \TL{} documentation web page
+is \url{http://tug.org/texlive/doc.html}.
+
+Of course the most important acknowledgement must go to Donald Knuth,
+first for inventing \TeX, and then for giving it to the world.
+
+
+
+\section{Release history}
+\label{sec:history}
+
+\subsection{Past}
+
+Discussion began in late 1993 when the Dutch \TeX{} Users Group was
+starting work on its 4All\TeX{} \CD{} for \acro{MS-DOS} users, and it
+was hoped at that time to issue a single, rational, \CD{} for all
+systems. This was too ambitious a target for the time, but it did spawn
+not only the very successful 4All\TeX{} \CD{}, but also the \acro{TUG}
+Technical Council working group on a \emph{\TeX{} Directory Structure}
+(\url{http://tug.org/tds}), which specified how to create consistent and
+manageable collections of \TeX{} support files. A complete draft of the
+\TDS{} was published in the December 1995 issue of \textsl{TUGboat}, and
+it was clear from an early stage that one desirable product would be a
+model structure on \CD{}. The distribution you now have is a very direct
+result of the working group's deliberations. It was also clear that the
+success of the 4All\TeX{} \CD{} showed that Unix users would benefit
+from a similarly easy system, and this is the other main strand of
+\TL.
+
+We first undertook to make a new Unix-based \TDS{} \CD{} in the autumn
+of 1995, and quickly identified Thomas Esser's \teTeX{} as the ideal
+setup, as it already had multi-platform support and was built with
+portability across file systems in mind. Thomas agreed to help, and work
+began seriously at the start of 1996. The first edition was released in
+May 1996. At the start of 1997, Karl Berry completed a major new release
+of Web2c, which included nearly all the features which Thomas Esser had
+added in \teTeX, and we decided to base the 2nd edition of the \CD{} on
+the standard \Webc, with the addition of \teTeX's \texttt{texconfig}
+script. The 3rd edition of the \CD{} was based on a major revision of
+\Webc, 7.2, by Olaf Weber; at the same time, a new revision of \teTeX
+was being made, and \TL{} included almost all of its features. The
+4th edition followed the same pattern, using a new version of \teTeX,
+and a new release of \Webc{} (7.3).  The system now included a complete
+Windows setup.
+
+For the 5th edition (March 2000) many parts of the \CD{} were revised
+and checked, updating hundreds of packages. Package details were stored
+in XML files. But the major change for \TeX\ Live 5 was that all
+non-free software was removed. Everything in \TL{} is now intended
+to be compatible with the Debian Free Software Guidelines
+(\url{http://www.debian.org/intro/free}); we have done our best to check
+the license conditions of all packages, but we would very much
+appreciate hearing of any mistakes.
+
+The 6th edition (July 2001) had much more material updated. The major
+change was a new install concept: the user could select a more exact set
+of needed collections. Language-related collections were completely
+reorganized, so selecting any of them installs not only macros, fonts,
+etc., but also prepares an appropriate \texttt{language.dat}.
+
+The 7th edition of 2002 had the notable addition of \MacOSX{} support,
+and the usual myriad of updates to all sorts of packages and
+programs. An important goal was integration of the source back with
+\teTeX, to correct the drift apart in versions~5 and~6.
+
+\subsubsection{2003}
+
+In 2003, with the continuing flood of updates and additions, we found
+that \TL{} had grown so large it could no longer be contained on a
+single \CD, so we split it into three different distributions (see
+section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists}, \p.\pageref{sec:tl-coll-dists}).  In
+addition:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item At the request of the \LaTeX{} team, we changed the standard
+      \cmdname{latex} and \cmdname{pdflatex} commands to now use \eTeX{} (see
+      \p.\pageref{text:etex}).
+\item The new Latin Modern fonts were included (and are recommended).
+\item Support for Alpha \acro{OSF} was removed
+      (\acro{HPUX} support was removed previously), since no one had (or
+      volunteered) hardware available on which to compile new binaries.
+\item Windows setup was substantially changed; for the first time
+      an integrated environment based on XEmacs was introduced.
+\item Important supplementary programs for Windows
+      (Perl, Ghost\-script, Image\-Magick, Ispell) are now installed
+      in the \TL{} installation directory.
+\item Font map files used by \cmdname{dvips}, \cmdname{dvipdfm}
+      and \cmdname{pdftex} are now generated by the new program
+      \cmdname{updmap} and installed into \dirname{texmf/fonts/map}.
+\item \TeX{}, \MF{}, and \MP{} now, by default, output most input
+      characters (32 and above) as themselves in output (e.g.,
+      \verb|\write|) files,
+      log files, and the terminal, i.e., \emph{not} translated using the
+      \verb|^^| notation.  In \TL{}~7, this translation was
+      dependent on the system locale settings; now, locale settings do
+      not influence the \TeX{} programs' behavior.  If for some reason
+      you need the \verb|^^| output, rename the file
+      \verb|texmf/web2c/cp8bit.tcx|.  (Future releases will have cleaner
+      ways to control this.)
+\item This documentation was substantially revised.
+\item Finally, since the edition numbers had grown unwieldy,
+      the version is now simply identified by the year: \TL{} 2003.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+
+\subsubsection{2004}
+
+2004 saw many changes:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+
+\item If you have locally-installed fonts which use their own
+\filename{.map} or (much less likely) \filename{.enc} support files, you
+may need to move those support files.
+
+\filename{.map} files are now searched for in subdirectories of
+\dirname{fonts/map} only (in each \filename{texmf} tree), along the
+\envname{TEXFONTMAPS} path.  Similarly, \filename{.enc} files are now
+searched for in subdirectories of \dirname{fonts/enc} only, along the
+\envname{ENCFONTS} path.  \cmdname{updmap} will attempt to warn about
+problematic files.
+
+For methods of handling this and other information, please see
+\url{http://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html}.
+
+\item The \TK\ has been expanded with the addition of a \MIKTEX-based
+installable \CD, for those who prefer that implementation to Web2C.
+See section~\ref{sec:overview-tl} (\p.\pageref{sec:overview-tl}).
+
+\item Within \TL, the single large \dirname{texmf} tree of previous
+releases has been replaced by three: \dirname{texmf},
+\dirname{texmf-dist}, and \dirname{texmf-doc}.  See
+section~\ref{sec:tld} (\p.\pageref{sec:tld}), and the \filename{README}
+files for each.
+
+\item All \TeX-related input files are now collected in
+the \dirname{tex} subdirectory of \dirname{texmf*} trees, rather than
+having separate sibling directories \dirname{tex}, \dirname{etex},
+\dirname{pdftex}, \dirname{pdfetex}, etc.  See
+\CDref{texmf-doc/doc/english/tds/tds.html\#Extensions}
+{\texttt{texmf-doc/doc/english/tds/tds.html\#Extensions}}.
+
+\item Helper scripts (not meant to be invoked by users) are now located
+in a new \dirname{scripts} directory of \dirname{texmf*} trees, and
+searched for via \verb|kpsewhich -format=texmfscripts|.  So if you have
+programs which call such scripts, they'll need to be adjusted.  See
+\CDref{texmf-doc/doc/english/tds/tds.html\#Scripts}
+{\texttt{texmf-doc/doc/english/tds/tds.html\#Scripts}}.
+
+\item Almost all formats leave most characters printable as
+themselves via the ``translation file'' \filename{cp227.tcx}, instead of
+translating them with the \verb|^^| notation.  Specifically, characters
+at positions 32--256, plus tab, vertical tab, and form feed are
+considered printable and not translated.  The exceptions are plain \TeX\
+(only 32--126 printable), \ConTeXt\ (0--255 printable), and the
+\OMEGA-related formats.  This default behavior is almost the same as in
+\TL\,2003, but it's implemented more cleanly, with more possibilities
+for customization.  See \CDref{texmf/doc/web2c/web2c.html\#TCX-files}
+{\texttt{texmf/doc/web2c/web2c.html\#TCX-files}}.
+(By the way, with Unicode input, \TeX\ may output partial character
+sequences when showing error contexts, since it is byte-oriented.)
+
+\item \textsf{pdfetex} is now the default engine for all formats
+except (plain) \textsf{tex} itself.  (Of course it generates \acro{DVI}
+when run as \textsf{latex}, etc.)  This means, among other things, that
+the microtypographic features of \textsf{pdftex} are available in
+\LaTeX, \ConTeXt, etc., as well as the \eTeX\ features
+(\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/}).
+
+It also means it's \emph{more important than ever} to use the
+\pkgname{ifpdf} package (works with both plain and \LaTeX) or equivalent
+code, because simply testing whether \cs{pdfoutput} or some other
+primitive is defined is not a reliable way to determine if \acro{PDF}
+output is being generated.  We made this backward compatible as best we
+could this year, but next year, \cs{pdfoutput} may be defined even when
+\acro{DVI} is being written.
+
+\item pdf\TeX\ (\url{http://pdftex.org}) has many new features:
+
+  \begin{itemize*}
+
+  \item \cs{pdfmapfile} and \cs{pdfmapline} provide font map support
+  from within a document.
+
+  \item Microtypographic font expansion can be used more easily.\\
+  \url{http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-May/000504.html}
+
+  \item All parameters previously set through the special configuration
+  file \filename{pdftex.cfg} must now be set through primitives,
+  typically in \filename{pdftexconfig.tex}; \filename{pdftex.cfg} is no
+  longer supported.  Any extant \filename{.fmt} files must be redumped
+  when \filename{pdftexconfig.tex} is changed.
+
+  \item See the pdf\TeX\ manual for more: \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf}.
+
+  \end{itemize*}
+
+\item The \cs{input} primitive in \cmdname{tex} (and \cmdname{mf} and
+\cmdname{mpost}) now accepts double quotes containing spaces and other
+special characters.  Typical examples:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\input "filename with spaces"   % plain
+\input{"filename with spaces"}  % latex
+\end{verbatim}
+See the Web2C manual for more: \OnCD{texmf/doc/web2c}.
+
+\item enc\TeX\ support is now included within Web2C and consequently all
+\TeX\ programs, via the \optname{-enc} option\Dash \emph{only when
+formats are built}.  enc\TeX\ supports general re-encoding of input and
+output, enabling full support of Unicode (in \acro{UTF}-8).  See
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/generic/enctex/} and
+\url{http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html}.
+
+\item Aleph, a new engine combining \eTeX\ and \OMEGA, is available.
+A little information is available in \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base}
+and \url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=aleph}.  The
+\LaTeX-based format for Aleph is named \textsf{lamed}.
+
+\item The latest \LaTeX\ release has a new version of the
+\acro{LPPL}\Dash now officially a Debian-approved license.  Assorted
+other updates, see the \filename{ltnews} files in
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/latex/base}.
+
+\item \cmdname{dvipng}, a new program for converting \acro{DVI} to
+\acro{PNG} image files, is included.  See \OnCD{texmf/doc/man/man1/dvipng.1}.
+
+\item We reduced the \pkgname{cbgreek} package to a ``medium'' sized set
+of fonts, with the assent and advice of the author (Claudio Beccari).
+The excised fonts are the invisible, outline, and transparency ones,
+which are relatively rarely used, and we needed the space.  The full set
+is of course available from \acro{CTAN}
+(\url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/greek/cb}).
+
+\item \cmdname{oxdvi} has been removed; just use \cmdname{xdvi}.
+
+\item The \cmdname{ini} and \cmdname{vir} commands (links) for
+\cmdname{tex}, \cmdname{mf}, and \cmdname{mpost} are no longer created,
+such as \cmdname{initex}.  The \cmdname{ini} functionality has been
+available through the command-line option \optname{-ini} for years now.
+
+\item \textsf{i386-openbsd} platform support was removed.  Since the
+\pkgname{tetex} package in the \acro{BSD} Ports system is available, and
+\acro{GNU/}Linux and Free\acro{BSD} binaries were available, it seemed
+volunteer time could be better spent elsewhere.
+
+\item On \textsf{sparc-solaris} (at least), you may have to set the
+\envname{LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH} environment variable to run the
+\pkgname{t1utils} programs.  This is because they are compiled with C++,
+and there is no standard location for the runtime libraries.  (This is
+not new in 2004, but wasn't previously documented.)  Similarly, on
+\textsf{mips-irix}, the \acro{MIPS}pro 7.4 runtimes are required.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsubsection{2005}
+
+2005 saw the usual huge number of updates to packages and programs.
+The infrastructure stayed relatively stable from 2004, but inevitably
+there were some changes there as well:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+
+\item New scripts \cmdname{texconfig-sys}, \cmdname{updmap-sys}, and
+      \cmdname{fmtutil-sys} were introduced, which modify the
+      configuration in the system trees.  The \cmdname{texconfig},
+      \cmdname{updmap}, and \cmdname{fmtutil} scripts now modify
+      user-specific files, under \dirname{$HOME/.texlive2005}.
+
+\item Corresponding new variables \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} and
+      \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} to specify the trees where configuration
+      files (user or system, respectively) are found.  Thus, you may
+      need to move personal versions of \filename{fmtutil.cnf} and
+      \filename{updmap.cfg} to these places; another option is to
+      redefine \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} or \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} in
+      \filename{texmf.cnf}. In any case the real location of these files
+      and the values of \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} and \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}
+      must agree.
+      See section~\ref{sec:texmftrees}, \p.\pageref{sec:texmftrees}.
+
+\item Last year, we kept \verb|\pdfoutput| and other primitives undefined
+      for \dvi\ output, even though the \cmdname{pdfetex} program was
+      being used.  This year, as promised, we undid that compatibility
+      measure.  So if your document uses \verb|\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined|
+      to test if PDF is being output, it will need to be changed.  You
+      can use the package \pkgname{ifpdf.sty} (which works under both
+      plain \TeX\ and \LaTeX) to do this, or steal its logic.
+
+\item Last year, we changed most formats to output (8-bit) characters as
+      themselves (see previous section).  The new TCX file
+      \filename{empty.tcx} now provides an easier way to get the
+      original \verb|^^| notation if you so desire, as in:
+\begin{verbatim}
+latex --translate-file=empty.tcx yourfile.tex
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\item The new program \cmdname{dvipdfmx} is included for translation of
+      DVI to PDF; this is an actively maintained update of
+      \cmdname{dvipdfm} (which is also still available for now, though
+      no longer recommended).
+
+\item The new programs \cmdname{pdfopen} and \cmdname{pdfclose} are included
+      to allow reloading of pdf files in the Adobe Acrobat Reader without
+      restarting the program.  (Other pdf readers, notably \cmdname{xpdf},
+      \cmdname{gv}, and \cmdname{gsview}, have never suffered from this
+      problem.)
+
+\item For consistency, the variables \envname{HOMETEXMF} and
+      \envname{VARTEXMF} have been renamed to \envname{TEXMFHOME} and
+      \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, respectively.  There is also
+      \envname{TEXMFVAR}, which is by default user-specific.  See the
+      first point above.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+\subsubsection{2006--2007}
+
+In 2006--2007, the major new addition to \TL{} was the \XeTeX{} program,
+available as the \texttt{xetex} and \texttt{xelatex} programs; see
+\url{http://scripts.sil.org/xetex}.
+
+MetaPost also received a notable update, with more planned for the
+future (\url{http://tug.org/metapost/articles}), likewise pdf\TeX{}
+(\url{http://tug.org/applications/pdftex}).
+
+The \TeX\ \filename{.fmt} (high-speed format) and the similar files for
+MetaPost and \MF\ are now stored in subdirectories of \dirname{texmf/web2c},
+instead of in the directory itself (although the directory is still
+searched, for the sake of existing \filename{.fmt}'s).  The
+subdirectories are named for the `engine' in use, such as \filename{tex}
+or \filename{pdftex} or \filename{xetex}.  This change should be
+invisible in normal use.
+
+The (plain) \texttt{tex} program no longer reads \texttt{\%\&} first
+lines to determine what format to run; it is the pure Knuthian \TeX.
+(\LaTeX\ and everything else do still read \texttt{\%\&} lines).
+
+Of course the year also saw (the usual) hundreds of other updates to
+packages and programs.  As usual, please check \acro{CTAN}
+(\url{http://www.ctan.org}) for updates.
+
+Internally, the source tree is now stored in Subversion, with a standard
+web interface for viewing the tree, as linked from our home page.
+Although not visible in the final distribution, we expect this will
+provide a stable development foundation for future years.
+
+Finally, in May 2006 Thomas Esser announced that he would no longer be
+updating te\TeX{} (\url{http://tug.org/tetex}).  As a result, there was
+been a surge of interest in \TL{}, especially among \GNU/Linux
+distributors.  (There is a new \texttt{tetex} installation scheme in
+\TL{}, which provides an approximate equivalent.)  We hope this will
+eventually translate to improvements in the \TeX\ environment for
+everyone.
+
+\medskip \noindent
+Final note on the past: all releases of \TL{}, along with ancillary
+material such as \CD\ labels, are available at
+\url{ftp://tug.org/historic/systems/texlive}.
+
+\ifx\HCode\undefined\else\HCode{<a id="news"></a>}
+\subsection{Present}
+\label{sec:tlcurrent}
+
+In 2008, the entire \TL{} infrastructure was redesigned and
+reimplemented.  Complete information about an installation is now stored
+in a plain text file \filename{tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb}.
+
+Among other things, this finally makes possible upgrading a \TL{}
+installation over the Internet after the initial installation, a feature
+MiK\TeX\ has provided for many years.  We expect to regularly update new
+packages as they are released to \CTAN.
+
+The major new engine Lua\TeX\ (\url{http://luatex.org}) is included;
+besides a new level of flexibility in typesetting, this provides an
+excellent scripting language for use both inside and outside of \TeX\
+documents.
+
+Support among Windows and the Unix-based platforms is now much more
+uniform.  In particular, most Perl and Lua scripts are now available on
+Windows, using the Perl internally distributed with \TL.
+
+The new \cmdname{tlmgr} script (section~\ref{sec:tlmgr}) is the
+general interface for managing \TL{} after the initial installation.
+It handles package updates and consequent regeneration of formats, map
+files, and language files, optionally including local additions.
+
+With the advent of \cmdname{tlmgr}, the \cmdname{texconfig} actions to
+edit the format and hyphenation configuration files are now disabled.
+
+The \cmdname{xindy} indexing program
+(\url{http://xindy.sourceforge.net/}) is now included on most platforms.
+
+The \cmdname{kpsewhich} tool can now report all matches for a given file
+(option \optname{--all}) and limit matches to a given subdirectory
+(option \optname{--subdir}).
+
+The \cmdname{dvipdfmx} program now includes functionality to extract
+bounding box information, via the command name \cmdname{extractbb}; this
+was one of the last features provided by \cmdname{dvipdfm} not in
+\cmdname{dvipdfmx}.
+
+The font aliases \filename{Times-Roman}, \filename{Helvetica}, and so on
+have been removed.  Different packages expected them to behave
+differently (in particular, to have different encodings), and there was
+no good way to resolve this.
+
+The \pkgname{platex} format has been removed, to resolve a name conflict
+with a completely different Japanese \pkgname{platex}; the
+\pkgname{polski} package is now the main Polish support.
+
+Internally, the \web\ string pool files are now compiled into the
+binaries, to ease upgrades.
+
+Finally, the changes made by Donald Knuth in his `\TeX\ tuneup of 2008'
+are included in this release.  See
+\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92knut.pdf}.
+
+
+\subsection{Future}
+
+\emph{\TL{} is not perfect!}  (And never will be.)  We intend to
+continue to release new versions, and would like to provide more help
+material, more utilities, more installation programs, and (of course) an
+ever-improved and better-checked tree of macros and fonts. This work is
+all done by hard-pressed volunteers in their limited spare time, and a
+great deal remains to be done.  Please see
+\url{http://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html}.
+
+Please send corrections, suggestions, and offers of help to:
+\begin{quote}
+\email{tex-live@tug.org} \\
+\url{http://tug.org/texlive}
+\end{quote}
+
+\medskip
+\noindent \textsl{Happy \TeX ing!}
+
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-en/archive/tex-live.sty-2008 b/Master/texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-en/archive/tex-live.sty-2008
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6bb5d7fb57b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-en/archive/tex-live.sty-2008
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+% $Id: tex-live.sty 10332 2008-08-14 01:04:30Z karl $
+% TeX Live documentation style.  Written by many people over many years.
+% Public domain.
+%
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
+\ProvidesPackage{tex-live}[2008/08/08 v1.6 TeX Live documentation style]
+%
+\RequirePackage{alltt}
+\RequirePackage{array}
+\RequirePackage{colortbl}
+\RequirePackage{comment}
+\RequirePackage{float}
+\RequirePackage{graphicx}
+\RequirePackage{longtable}
+\RequirePackage{shortvrb}
+\RequirePackage[normalem]{ulem}
+\RequirePackage[obeyspaces]{url}
+\RequirePackage{xspace}
+%
+\RequirePackage{lmodern}
+\usepackage{textcomp}% including \textbullet
+\def\p.{p.\,}
+
+% for a proper \acro command.
+\RequirePackage{relsize}
+%\DeclareRobustCommand{\acro}[1]{\textscale{.9}{#1}\@}
+\def\acro#1{\textscale{.9}{#1}\@}
+%
+\RequirePackage{fancyvrb}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{verbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\normalsize}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{fverbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\footnotesize}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{sverbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\small}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{boxedverbatim}
+ {Verbatim}{fontsize=\scriptsize,frame=single}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Verbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\normalsize}
+\def\verbatiminput#1{\VerbatimInput[fontsize=\scriptsize]{#1}}
+\def\boxedverbatiminput#1{\VerbatimInput[frame=single,fontsize=\scriptsize]{#1}}
+\def\listinginput#1#2{\VerbatimInput[fontsize=\scriptsize,firstnumber=#1,numbers=left]{#2}}
+\MakeShortVerb\|
+%
+%
+% Done with packages.
+%
+% Page layout.
+\advance\textwidth by 1.1in
+\advance\oddsidemargin by -.55in
+\advance\evensidemargin by -.55in
+%
+\advance\textheight by 1in
+\advance\topmargin by -.5in
+\advance\footskip by -.5in
+\pagestyle{headings}
+%
+% LaTeX parameters.
+\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.85}
+\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.86}
+\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.1}
+\renewcommand{\abovecaptionskip}{4pt}
+\renewcommand{\belowcaptionskip}{4pt}
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+\setcounter{topnumber}{5}
+\setcounter{totalnumber}{5}
+%
+% linebreaking, etc.
+\hbadness=4000
+\vbadness=4000
+\emergencystretch=.1\hsize
+\relpenalty=500
+%
+\def\slash{/\penalty\z@\hskip\z@skip }
+%
+% various sorts of names
+\newcommand*{\pkgname}[1]{\textsf{#1}}% package name
+\newcommand*{\optname}[1]{\texttt{#1}}% (package,class) option name
+\newcommand*{\cmdname}[1]{\textsf{#1}}% command name
+\newcommand*{\colname}[1]{\emph{#1}}%   collection name
+\newcommand*{\dirname}[1]{\path{#1}}%   directory name
+\newcommand*{\filename}[1]{\path{#1}}%  file name
+\newcommand*{\envname}[1]{\texttt{#1}}% environment variable name
+\newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
+\newcommand{\file}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
+\newcommand{\prog}[1]{\textsf{#1}}% same as \cmdname
+\newcommand{\samp}[1]{`\texttt{#1}'}
+\newcommand{\var}[1]{{\sl #1}}% not \textsl, for roman not typewriter slanted.
+\newcommand{\ttvar}[1]{\texttt{\var{#1}}}
+%
+% underlined command input.
+%\def\Ucom#1{%
+%   \uline{\rule[-.2\baselineskip]{0pt}{.9\baselineskip}\ttfamily #1}}
+% bold command input
+\def\Ucom#1{{\bfseries\ttfamily #1}}
+%
+% \CDref is for url's with a #, where we need to write the target url and
+% displayed url separately in the input, due to catcode madness.
+% (We could simplify/remove this next time, I think.)
+\def\CDref#1#2{\texttt{#1}}
+%
+% \OnCD is currently for any other reference to a file or directory in
+% the distribution.  PDF readers only open .pdf files, though, so we
+% should change this to only use \href for those.  Or more likely use
+% different macros in the source.
+\def\OnCD#1{\href{../../../../#1}{\path{#1}}}
+%
+% \href incorrectly appends .pdf to anything without an extension; these
+% definitions using \hyper@linkurl do not, but they fail for .pdf
+% references -- which are the only ones that work anyway.  So this is
+% useless, in practice.
+%\def\CDref#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{../../../../#1}}
+%\def\OnCD#1{\hyper@linkurl{\path{#1}}{../../../../#1}}
+
+% GUI menu/button/tab sequence:
+\def\guiseq#1{\textsf{#1}}
+\def\arw{\unskip$\rightarrow$\ignorespaces}
+%
+% Special names.
+\def\dpi{$\,$dpi\xspace}
+\def\bs{{\protect\normalfont\ttfamily\char'134}}
+\DeclareRobustCommand{\cs}[1]{{\normalfont\ttfamily\char`\\#1}}
+\def\Q#1{\par\vskip6pt\leftline{#1}\par}
+\def\hyph{-}
+%
+% many abbreviations.
+\newcommand{\CS}{$\mathcal{C}\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex%
+                 \hbox{$\mathcal{S}$}\kern-.075em $}
+\def\AFMtoTFM{\cmdname{AFM2TFM}\null}
+\def\bv{\emph{Baskerville}}
+\let\BV=\bv
+\def\Dash{\unskip\nobreak\thinspace---\thinspace\ignorespaces}
+\def\dvicopy{\cmdname{dvicopy}}
+\def\dvidvi{\cmdname{dvidvi}}
+\def\dvips{\cmdname{dvips}}
+\def\eTeX{$\varepsilon$-\TeX}
+\def\fpTeX{\textrm{fp}\TeX\xspace}
+\def\GFtoDVI{\cmdname{GFtoDVI}\null}
+\def\GFtoPK{\cmdname{GFtoPK}\null}
+\def\GFtype{\cmdname{GFtype}}
+\def\GUI{\acro{GUI}\xspace}
+\def\KPS{Kpathsea}
+\def\La{La}
+\def\OMEGA{$\Omega$}
+\def\OzMF{OzMF}
+\def\OzMP{OzMP}
+\def\OzTeX{O\kern-.03em z\kern-.15em\TeX}
+\def\PKtype{\cmdname{PKtype}}
+\def\PLtoTF{\cmdname{PLtoTF}\null}
+\def\ProTeXt{Pro\TeX t}
+\def\teTeX{\textrm{te}\TeX\xspace}
+\def\TeXLive{\TeX{} Live\xspace}
+\def\TFtoPL{\cmdname{TFtoPL}\null}
+\def\TK{\TeX\ Collection}
+\let\TL=\TeXLive
+\def\TypeI{Type~1}
+\def\VFtoVP{\cmdname{VFtoVP}\null}
+\def\VPtoVF{\cmdname{VPtoVF}\null}
+\def\Thanh{H\`an~Th\ifx  % get Unicode char in tex4ht's HTML output
+     \HCode\UnDef\^e\llap{\raise 0.5ex\hbox{\'{}}}\else
+     \HCode{\string&\#x1EBF;}\fi~Th\`anh}
+\def\XEmTeX{\textrm{XEm}\TeX\xspace}
+\def\XEmacs{\textrm{XEmacs}\xspace}
+\def\XeTeX{Xe\TeX\xspace}
+\def\Webc{Web2C}
+\providecommand*{\CD}{\acro{CD}\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\CTAN}{\acro{CTAN}\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\DVD}{\acro{DVD}\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\GNU}{\acro{GNU}\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\HTML}{\acro{HTML}\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\ISO}{\acro{ISO}\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\MacOSX}{Mac\,\acro{OS\,X}\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\PS}{Post\-Script\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\TDS}{\acro{TDS}\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\dvi}{\acro{DVI}\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\web}{\texttt{WEB}\xspace}
+
+% Include an image.
+% #1 - name of image (pictures/#1.jpg, always .jpg please)
+% #2 - bb for html
+% #3 - width for TeX
+%
+\def\tlimage#1#2#3{%
+  \ifnum \Status=2 % html, want relative path in output
+    \includegraphics[#2]{../../general/texlive-common/pictures/#1.jpg}
+  \else % not html, handled by TEXINPUTS in Makefile
+    \includegraphics[width=#3]{pictures/#1.jpg}
+  \fi
+  \\[5mm]
+}
+
+\def\tlpng#1#2{%
+  \ifnum \Status=2 % html, want relative path in output
+    \includegraphics[bb=0 0 1 1]{#1.png}%
+  \else % not html, handled by TEXINPUTS in Makefile
+    \includegraphics[width=#2]{#1.png}%
+  \fi
+}
+%
+% description-like environment that uses tt instead of bf, and doesn't
+% go to the left margin.  Without the \hfil, get an underfull box.
+% Don't know why \descriptionlabel doesn't.
+%
+\newenvironment{ttdescription}
+  {\begin{list}{label must be supplied}{%
+     \itemsep=0pt  % these lists tend to have short descriptions
+     \parindent=0pt
+     \let\makelabel=\ttdescriptionlabel}}%
+  {\end{list}}
+\newcommand*\ttdescriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
+                                   \normalfont\ttfamily #1\hfil}
+%
+% Likewise, for commands using sans serif.
+\newenvironment{cmddescription}
+  {\begin{list}{label must be supplied}{%
+     \itemsep=0pt
+     \let\makelabel=\cmddescriptionlabel}}%
+  {\end{list}}
+\newcommand*\cmddescriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
+                                    \normalfont\sffamily #1\hfil}
+
+% General squeezed itemize.
+\newenvironment{itemize*}%
+  {\begin{itemize}%
+    \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
+    \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+  {\end{itemize}}
+
+\newsavebox{\wbox}
+\newenvironment{warningbox}
+ {\begin{lrbox}{\wbox}
+ \begin{minipage}{.95\textwidth}}
+ {\end{minipage}\end{lrbox}\fbox{\usebox{\wbox}}}
+%
+% lrbox is used as a representation marking. I changed it to
+% lrBox in tne source file, to get closer to logical marking
+\newsavebox{\mylrbox}
+\newenvironment{lrBox}
+ {\begin{lrbox}{\mylrbox}}
+ {\end{lrbox}}
+
+
+% emacs-page output setup
+%
+\ifx \HCode\UnDef
+  \providecommand{\Status}{0}% running TeX
+\else
+  \providecommand{\Status}{2}% running TeX4ht
+\fi
+%\typeout{Status is \Status}
+%
+\newif\ifSingleColumn
+%
+% By default, we won't be creating hyperlinks.
+\def\href#1#2{#2}
+\def\hypertarget#1#2{}
+\def\email#1{\href{mailto:#1}{\path{#1}}}  % \path comes from url
+%
+\definecolor{hypercolor}{rgb}{0.5,0.0,0.5} % purplish external links.
+%
+%
+\ifcase\Status
+  % \Status = 0
+  \typeout{TeX Live documentation in DVI format}
+  \SingleColumntrue
+  \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+ \or
+  % \Status = 1
+  \typeout{TeX Live documentation in PDF format}
+  \RequirePackage[breaklinks,
+                  colorlinks,linkcolor=hypercolor,citecolor=hypercolor,
+                    urlcolor=hypercolor,filecolor=hypercolor,
+                  bookmarksopen,
+                  %pdfstartview={FitBH -320000}, % fails with acrobat7
+                  hyperindex]
+        {hyperref}
+  \SingleColumntrue
+  \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+ \or
+  % \Status = 2
+  \typeout{TeX Live documentation in HTML format}
+  \SingleColumntrue
+  \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+  % read our config file, live4ht.cfg; q.v., for more definitions.
+  % hyperref load must come after the tex4ht load.
+  \RequirePackage[live4ht]{tex4ht}
+  \RequirePackage[tex4ht]{hyperref}  \hyperlinkfileprefix{}
+  % definitions need simplifying for TeX4ht to make relative paths work.
+  \def\CDref#1#2{\href{../../../../#1}{#2}}
+  \def\OnCD#1{\href{../../../../#1}{#1}}
+ \or
+  % \Status = 3
+  \typeout{TeX Live documentation as a Baskerville issue}
+  \@ifundefined{Fonts}%
+    {\RequirePackage{ae}}%
+    {\RequirePackage[T1]{\Fonts}}
+  \RequirePackage{bvoutln}% outline of baskerville
+  \SingleColumnfalse
+  \RequirePackage{multicol}
+ \or
+  % \Status = 4
+  \typeout{TeX Live documentation as a TUB article}
+  \@ifundefined{Fonts}%
+    {\RequirePackage{ae}}%
+    {\RequirePackage[T1]{\Fonts}}
+  \SingleColumnfalse
+  \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+\fi
+%
+\ifnum \Status=4
+\else
+  \RequirePackage{texnames}
+  \providecommand\TeXXeT{\TeX-{}-%
+    \kern-.1emX\kern-.125em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\kern-.1667emT\@}
+  \def\MP{MetaPost}
+  \let\mf\MF
+  \newcommand\ConTeXt{C\kern-.0333emon\-\kern-.0667em\TeX\kern-.0333emt}
+  \newcommand\MIKTEX{MiK\kern-.025em \TeX}% per www.miktex.org
+  % from pictex.tex:
+  \ifx\PiC\undefined \def\PiC{P\kern-.12em\lower.5ex\hbox{I}\kern-.075emC} \fi
+  \ifx\PiCTeX\undefined \def\PiCTeX{\PiC\kern-.11em\TeX} \fi
+\fi
+%
+% hacking at sections etc., to pay attention to baskerville status
+\newcommand{\@condend@multicols}{%
+  \ifSingleColumn
+  \else
+    \def\@tempa{multicols}%
+    \ifx\@tempa\@currenvir
+      \end{multicols}%
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}
+\let\Section\section
+\renewcommand{\section}{%
+  \@ifstar
+    {\Section*}%
+    {%
+      \@condend@multicols
+      \@dblarg\@full@section
+    }%
+}
+\def\@full@section[#1]#2{%
+  \Section[#1]{#2}%
+  \ifSingleColumn\else\begin{multicols}{2}\fi
+}
+\let\SubSection\subsection
+\renewcommand{\subsection}{%
+  \@ifstar{\SubSection*}%
+  {%
+    \@condend@multicols
+    \@dblarg\@full@subsection
+  }
+}
+\def\@full@subsection[#1]#2{%
+  \SubSection[#1]{#2}%
+  \ifSingleColumn\else\begin{multicols}{2}\fi
+}
+
+% calm things down a bit if we're in a multiple-column version
+\ifSingleColumn
+\else
+    \def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+     \parsep \z@
+     \topsep 2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+     \itemsep \z@ \@plus .1\p@
+    }
+    \let\@listi\@listI
+    \@listi
+    \def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii
+     \labelwidth\leftmarginii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+     \topsep 2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+     \parsep \z@
+     \itemsep \z@ \@plus .1\p@
+    }
+    \def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
+     \labelwidth\leftmarginiii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+     \topsep 1\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+     \parsep \z@
+     \partopsep \z@
+     \itemsep \topsep
+    }
+    \def\@listiv{\leftmargin\leftmarginiv
+     \labelwidth\leftmarginiv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+    }
+    \def\@listv{\leftmargin\leftmarginv
+     \labelwidth\leftmarginv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+    }
+    \def\@listvi{\leftmargin\leftmarginvi
+     \labelwidth\leftmarginvi\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+    }
+\fi
+%
+% array package stuff
+\def\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
+\newcolumntype{P}[1]{>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
+%
+% shaded rows (using facilities of colortbl)
+%
+\definecolor{pale}{gray}{.9}
+\newcount\colrow
+\gdef\RowColor{pale}
+\def\SetRowColor{%
+ \rowcolor{\RowColor}%
+ \global\advance\colrow by1\relax
+ \ifodd\colrow
+   \gdef\RowColor{pale}%
+ \else
+   \gdef\RowColor{white}%
+ \fi
+}
+% redefine to hack up a reference even though we don't need it...
+\renewcommand\@bibitem[1]{\if@filesw \immediate\write\@auxout
+  {\string\bibcite{#1}{?}}\fi\ignorespaces}
+%
+% \unknownTeXlive is a dummy texlive entry for the biblio
+\newcommand\unknownTeXlive[2][\relax]{\textbf{\textsc{unknown}}%
+  \global\@all@unknown\expandafter{\the\@all@unknown{#2}}%
+}
+\newtoks\@all@unknown
+\global\@all@unknown{}
+\AtEndDocument{\@message@unknowns}
+\def\@message@unknowns{\edef\@tempa{\the\@all@unknown}%
+  \ifx\@tempa\@empty
+  \else
+    \def\@tempa{*** TeX live package location of }%
+    \expandafter\@output@unknowns\the\@all@unknown\@empty
+  \fi
+}
+\def\@output@unknowns#1{\edef\@tempb{#1}%
+  \ifx\@tempb\@empty
+    \typeout{ unknown}%
+  \else
+    \message{\@tempa#1,}%
+    \def\@tempa{}%
+    \expandafter\@output@unknowns
+  \fi
+}
+
+
+% Silence font warnings about no bold typewriter in LM.
+\def\@font@warning#1{}%
+
+% Silence hyperref warnings about \kern.
+\def\HyPsd@Warning#1{}%
+
+\endinput
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-en/tex-live.sty b/Master/texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-en/tex-live.sty
index 9891e7b3f64..09956bd2a3e 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-en/tex-live.sty
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-en/tex-live.sty
@@ -252,6 +252,7 @@
 \def\href#1#2{#2}
 \def\hypertarget#1#2{}
 \def\email#1{\href{mailto:#1}{\path{#1}}}  % \path comes from url
+\def\htmlanchor#1{}
 %
 \definecolor{hypercolor}{rgb}{0.5,0.0,0.5} % purplish external links.
 %
@@ -285,6 +286,7 @@
   % definitions need simplifying for TeX4ht to make relative paths work.
   \def\CDref#1#2{\href{../../../../#1}{#2}}
   \def\OnCD#1{\href{../../../../#1}{#1}}
+  \def\htmlanchor#1{\HCode{<a id="#1"></a>}
  \or
   % \Status = 3
   \typeout{TeX Live documentation as a Baskerville issue}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.tex
index a172d5f409e..24fbb5d1c1b 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.tex
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/source/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.tex
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
         \url{http://tug.org/texlive/}
        }
 
-\date{August 2008}
+\date{September 2008}
 
 \maketitle
 
@@ -798,6 +798,7 @@ start the installation process. When it is done, skip to
 section~\ref{sec:postinstall} to read what else needs to be done, if
 anything.
 
+\htmlanchor{runfromdvd}
 \subsubsection{Set up for running from DVD{} (text mode only)}
 \label{sec:fromdvd}
 
@@ -2381,7 +2382,7 @@ Also, if you'd like to make your binaries available to others, please
 contact us.  We'll be happy to put them on the \TL\ web pages.
 \end{comment}
 
-\ifx\HCode\undefined\else\HCode{<a id="ack"></a>}
+\htmlanchor{ack}
 \section{Acknowledgements}
 
 \TL{} is a joint effort by virtually all of the \TeX{} user groups.
@@ -2470,6 +2471,8 @@ along the way.
 \item Sebastian Rahtz, for originally creating \TL{} and maintaining it
 for many years.
 
+\item Phil Taylor, for setting up the BitTorrent downloads.
+
 \item Vladimir Volovich, for substantial help with porting and other
 maintenance issues, and especially for making it feasible to include
 \cmdname{xindy}.
@@ -2870,7 +2873,7 @@ Final note on the past: all releases of \TL{}, along with ancillary
 material such as \CD\ labels, are available at
 \url{ftp://tug.org/historic/systems/texlive}.
 
-\ifx\HCode\undefined\else\HCode{<a id="news"></a>}
+\htmlanchor{news}
 \subsection{Present}
 \label{sec:tlcurrent}