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| author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2008-06-25 23:51:54 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2008-06-25 23:51:54 +0000 |
| commit | d0b77ab5b496dabca2882aefb648a74194c17618 (patch) | |
| tree | 7ce6e93401cbab49efe626b4e6bb91e749c45289 /Master/texmf-doc | |
| parent | 2cdf23c7a76a6614fc369736db3f1914cbf86cbe (diff) | |
rm FAQ-ge, nonfree; hopefully it will be rereleased with a free license soon, and then we can call it FAQ-de too
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@9051 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-doc')
42 files changed, 0 insertions, 73760 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/de-tex-faq.pdf b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/de-tex-faq.pdf deleted file mode 100644 index 1460d142846..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/de-tex-faq.pdf +++ /dev/null @@ -1,37583 +0,0 @@ -%PDF-1.2 -6 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (section*.1) >> -endobj -8 0 obj -(Inhalt) -endobj -10 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (section.1) >> -endobj -12 0 obj -(1 Allgemeines) -endobj -14 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.1) >> -endobj -16 0 obj -(1.1 \334ber diese FAQ) -endobj -18 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.2) >> -endobj -20 0 obj -(1.2 CTAN, das \221Comprehensive TeX Archive Network\217) -endobj -22 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.3) >> -endobj -24 0 obj -(1.3 Newsgroups und Diskussionslisten) -endobj -26 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (section.2) >> -endobj -28 0 obj -(2 Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur) -endobj -30 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.1) >> -endobj -32 0 obj -(2.1 DANTE e.V.) -endobj -34 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.2) >> -endobj -36 0 obj -(2.2 Anwendervereinigungen) -endobj -38 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.3) >> -endobj -40 0 obj -(2.3 Tagungen \273ge\344ndert\253) -endobj -42 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.4) >> -endobj -44 0 obj -(2.4 Literatur \273ge\344ndert\253) -endobj -46 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (section.3) >> -endobj -48 0 obj -(3 Textsatzsystem TeX -- \334bersicht) -endobj -50 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (subsection.3.1) >> -endobj -52 0 obj -(3.1 Grundlegendes) -endobj -54 0 obj -<< /S /GoTo /D (subsection.3.2) >> -endobj -56 0 obj -(3.2 Welche TeX-Formate gibt es? 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a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/allgemein.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,892 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- XML file produced from file: de-tex-faq.tex -- - -- using Hyperlatex v 2.5br (c) Otfried Cheong-- - -- on Emacs 20.7.1, Fri Sep 19 14:00:07 2003 --> -<head> -<title>DE-TeX-FAQ -- 1 Allgemeines</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" - content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="en" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Typesetting,Fonts,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="de" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Schriftsatz,Buchsatz,Schrift,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Author" - content="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> -<meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> -<meta name="Description" - content="German Speaking FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V."> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> - -</head> - - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> -<img alt="" src="greyprevious.gif"><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="vereine.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a><br /> -<b><tt>Hoch zu:  </tt></b><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><b>Inhalt</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Weiter zu:  </tt></b><a href="vereine.html"><b>2 Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Mehr zu TeX et al.: </tt></b><a href="http://www.dante.de/"><b>DANTE e.V.</b></a><br /> -<hr /> - - <div align="center"> -<b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>1 Allgemeines</h1> -<menu> -<li><a href="#1">1.1 Über diese FAQ</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#2">1.1.1 Entstehung und Erstellung</a> -<li><a href="#4">1.1.2 Erscheinungsweise</a> -<li><a href="#5">1.1.3 Copyright</a> -<li><a href="#6">1.1.4 Archivierung</a> -<li><a href="#7">1.1.5 Verwendete Abkürzungen</a> -<li><a href="#8">1.1.6 Bitte zur Verbreitung der HTML-Seiten:</a> -<li><a href="#9">1.1.7 Mitwirkende an dieser FAQ</a> -<li><a href="#10">1.1.8 Ihre Mitarbeit ist erwünscht!</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#11">1.2 CTAN, das ,Comprehensive TeX Archive Network`</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#12">1.2.1 Was ist CTAN?</a> -<li><a href="#13">1.2.2 Wieso liegen auch Dateien, die zu einem Paket gehören, auf - CTAN als Einzeldateien und nicht in gepackten Archivdateien?</a> -<li><a href="#14">1.2.3 Wie suche ich auf CTAN nach der Datei ,XYZ`? - Ich kann ein Paket mit Endung ,.sty` nicht finden.</a> -<li><a href="#16">1.2.4 Wie kann ich ohne Internet-Anschluß auf CTAN zugreifen?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#17">1.3 Newsgroups und Diskussionslisten</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#18">1.3.1 Was ist ,<tt>de.comp.text.tex</tt>`?</a> -<li><a href="#19">1.3.2 Was ist TeX-D-L?</a> -<li><a href="#20">1.3.3 Was ist ,,#tex``?</a> -<li><a href="#21">1.3.4 Gibt es noch weitere interessante Diskussionslisten zum - Satzsystem TeX?</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#22">Allgemeine Listen über das Satzsystem TeX</a> -<li><a href="#23">Formate und Makropakete</a> -<li><a href="#25">TeX-Implementierungen und -Verteilungen</a> -<li><a href="#26">Erweiterungen an TeX</a> -<li><a href="#28">METAFONT, METAPOST und Schriften</a> -<li><a href="#29">Umfeld</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#31">1.3.5 Gibt es noch weitere interessante Newsgroups zum Satzsystem - TeX?</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#32">Allgemeine Listen über das Satzsystem TeX</a> -<li><a href="#33">Umfeld</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#34">1.3.6 Gibt es noch weitere FAQ-Listen?</a> -<li><a href="#36">1.3.7 Was sollte ich gelesen haben, bevor ich eine Frage in - ,de.comp.text.tex` oder der Diskussionsliste TeX-D-L stelle?</a> -</menu> -</menu> -<hr align="center" width="70%" /> - -<h2><a name="1">1.1 Über diese FAQ</a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="2">1.1.1 Entstehung und Erstellung</a></h3> -<p> -Diese deutschsprachige FAQ (,,frequently asked questions`` -<i>=</i> Liste mit häufig gestellten Fragen und Antworten) wurde -durch die in der Newsgroup `<a href="news:de.comp.text.tex"><code>de.comp.text.tex</code></a>` regelmäßig -auftauchenden Fragen ,,Was ist DANTE e.V.?``, ,,Was ist ,,Die TeXnische Komödie``?``, -,,Wie kann ich Mitglied werden?``, ,,Was kostet eine -Mitgliedschaft?`` geboren. Aus diesem Grund besteht ein Teil der FAQ -aus Fragen über DANTE e.V. und den entsprechenden Antworten. Aus der -ca. 14KB großen, zweiteiligen ersten Version vom 6. November 1995 -ist innerhalb von zwei Monaten zuerst eine vier-, dann eine -achtteilige, ca. 90KB große FAQ-Liste entstanden, die ab -Oktober 1996 auf elf Teile angewachsen ist und mittlerweile eine -Größe von ca. 280KB Text erreicht. -<p> -Bis 1998 wurde die FAQ nur als reine Textversion gepflegt und -veröffentlicht. Im Oktober 1997 hat Rolf Niepraschk den Text der -FAQ zur weiteren Verarbeitung mit -<a href="http://www.cs.uu.nl/~otfried/Hyperlatex/">Hyperlatex</a> umgesetzt, so -daß daraus sowohl eine Textversion der FAQ als auch Versionen in -HTML- und anderen Formaten generiert werden kann. Die -Hyperlatex-Eingabe wurde in den Folgemonaten von Fehlern befreit und -erste Testversionen ab Februar 1998 veröffentlicht. In dieser Zeit -erfolgte die Pflege der offiziellen Textversion und der -Test-Hyperlatex-Quelle parallel. Im April 1999 stand schließlich die -50. Ausgabe dieser FAQ der Öffentlichkeit in verschiedenen -Formaten zur Verfügung, die aus einer einzigen Hyperlatex-Quelle -erzeugt wurden. -<p> -Die DVI-, PostScript- und PDF-Versionen werden mit einem üblichen -teTeX-System erzeugt. Für die PDF-Version kommt pdfTeX zusammen -mit dem Paket ,hyperref`<a name="3" id="3"> zum</a> Einsatz. Als Dokumentklasse finden -die Koma-Script-Klassen Verwendung. -<p> -Aus derselben Eingabequelle erstellt -<a href="http://www.cs.ust.hk/~otfried/Hyperlatex/">Hyperlatex</a> die -HTML-Version. Die leider sehr beschränkten Möglichkeiten von -Hyperlatex zur Generierung eines Stichwortverzeichnisses wurden von -einem der Autoren der FAQ erweitert, da der Index für eine FAQ -hilfreiche Dienste leisten kann. -<p> -Die Textversion wurde bis Version 57 (November 1999) mit Lynx -aus einer speziell angepaßten HTML-Version erstellt. Im -Dezember 1999 wechselten wir mit Version 58 von Lynx auf -<a href="http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~mbayer/tools/html2text.html">html2text</a>, das -auch HTML-Tabellen verarbeiten kann. -<p> -Um diese Vielzahl von Zielformaten zu ermöglichen, besteht die Eingabequelle -der FAQ aus einer Menge von Treiberdateien, die für jedes Format die -notwendigen Deklarationen und Makro-Definitionen enthalten und den -eigentlichen Dateien mit den Fragen und Antworttexten. Das -Stichwortverzeichnis wird durch entsprechend definierte Markup-Anweisungen -für Pakete, Klassen, Schriften etc. automatisch und durch viele weitere von -uns manuell vorgenommene Eintragungen generiert. - -<h3><a name="4">1.1.2 Erscheinungsweise</a></h3> -<p> -Die Textversion der FAQ wird regelmäßig zur Monatsmitte in die -Newsgroups `<a href="news:de.comp.text.tex"><code>de.comp.text.tex</code></a>`, `<a href="news:de.answers"><code>de.answers</code></a>` und -`<a href="news:news.answers"><code>news.answers</code></a>` verschickt. Die FAQ besteht aus mehreren Teilen, -wobei jeder Teil ohne News-Header nicht länger als ca. 32KB ist. - -<h3><a name="5">1.1.3 Copyright</a></h3> -<p> -Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner -<p> -Dieser Text kann über beliebige Medien frei verteilt werden, solange er -vollständig und unverändert bleibt (zusammen mit diesem Hinweis). -Die Autoren bitten allerdings bei Verteilung über gedruckte Medien, -über Datenträger wie CD-ROM u.a. um Zusendung von mindestens -drei Belegexemplaren. -<p> -In diesem Werk werden eingetragene Warenzeichen, Handelsnamen und -Gebrauchsnamen verwendet. Auch wenn diese nicht als solche -gekennzeichnet sind, gelten die entsprechenden Schutzbestimmungen. - -<h3><a name="6">1.1.4 Archivierung</a></h3> -<p> -Eine Kopie kann man über das World-Wide-Web (WWW) in -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <a href="http://www.dante.de/faq/de-tex-faq/"><code>http://www.dante.de/faq/de-tex-faq/</code></a> -</div> - -finden. -<p> -Da die FAQ in die Newsgroups `<a href="news:de.answers"><code>de.answers</code></a>` und `<a href="news:news.answers"><code>news.answers</code></a>` -verschickt wird, kann man die neueste Version in dem weltweiten FAQ-Archiv -<a href="ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/de-tex-faq/"><code>ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/de-tex-faq/</code></a> und allen Spiegeln -dieses Archivs, u.a. den ftp-Servern des CTAN (siehe -<a href="#11">Abschnitt 1.2</a>) in <a href="#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/help/de-tex-faq/"><code>help/de-tex-faq/</code></a>, finden. Die Dateien auf -diesen ftp-Servern kann man sich auch mit Hilfe eines ftp-Mailer über E-Mail -zuschicken lassen (siehe <a href="#16">Frage 1.2.4</a>). - -<h3><a name="7">1.1.5 Verwendete Abkürzungen</a></h3> -<p> -Wird im Zusammenhang mit ftp-Adressen - <div class="quote" align="center"> - - <tt>CTAN:</tt> <i>XXX</i> -</div> - -geschrieben, so ist dies als -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <tt>ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/</tt><i>XXX</i> -</div> - -zu lesen. Statt <tt>ftp.dante.de</tt> kann auch jeder andere -CTAN-Server verwendet werden, wobei im Interesse einer geringeren -Belastung des Internet in Deutschland bevorzugt der deutsche -CTAN-Server oder einer seiner deutschen Spiegel genutzt werden sollte -(siehe <a href="#11">Frage 1.2</a>). - - - - -<h3><a name="8">1.1.6 Bitte zur Verbreitung der HTML-Seiten:</a></h3> -<p> -Wird die DE-TeX-FAQ und insbesondere die HTML-Seiten der DE-TeX-FAQ -auf anderen WWW-Server angeboten, so bitten wir darum, daß -möglichst die neueste Version verfügbar gemacht. Hierzu ist -zumindest ein automatischer Spiegelungsmechanismus aufzusetzen, der -die FAQ-Kopie mehrmals jährlich auf den neuesten Stand bringt. Wir -empfehlen außerdem, uns über die Existenz einer Kopie auf anderen -WWW-Servern zu informieren. -<p> -Alle Leser der DE-TeX-FAQ werden gebeten, die Verwalter von -WWW-Servern auf veraltete Versionen aufmerksam zu machen und dafür zu -sorgen, daß diese entweder auf die neueste Version gebracht oder -gelöscht werden. - - - - -<h3><a name="9">1.1.7 Mitwirkende an dieser FAQ</a></h3> -<p> -Aktiv mitgewirkt haben bisher: -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - Bernd Raichle, Thomas Hafner, Luzia Dietsche, Ulrik Vieth, - Matthias G. Berberich, Olaf Kummer, Michael Wolf, Martin Schröder, - Markus Kohm, Marion Neubauer, em, Petra Humann, Ulrich Kuckert, - Martin Mattel, Wilfried Hennings, Karl Eichwalder, Anselm Lingnau, - Jörg Knappen, Werner Icking, Heinz Kusznier, Alexander Bugl, - Jürgen Dollinger, Tilmann Böß, Sebastian Kirsch, Ralph Schleicher, - Marcus Otto, Ralf Gärtner, Rolf Herzog, Reinhard Zierke, - Klaus Höppner, Rainer Dorsch, Marcus Ohlhaut, Günter Partosch, - Andreas Schlechte, Heiko Nock, Tilman Raible, Hartmut Goebel, - Werner Liebscher, Lutz Pogrell, Hartmut Schirmer, Andreas Frick, - Tobias Burnus, Walter Schmidt, Christine Waigl, Helmut Geyer, - Karl F. Banke, Heinrich Goetzger, Peter Wyzlic, Rolf Niepraschk, - Björn Lorenz, Ronald G. Wichern, Thomas Behrens, Thomas Neumann, - Stefan Ulrich, Christoph Wutzke, Jörg Schulz, Klaus Dahlenberg, - Axel Reichert, Karl Heinz Marbaise, Karsten Tinnefeld, - Schorsch Slickers, Martin Sander, Thomas Pothmann, Hans Steffani, - Werner Lemberg, Colin Marquardt, Michael Streichsbier, - Daniel Büchner, Thorsten Hansen, Michael Fischer von Mollard, - Norbert Roth, Thomas Henlich, Jens Berger, Jan Theofel, - Arash Esbati, Stephan Lehmke, Jürgen Göbel, Heiko Oberdiek, - Thomas Lotze, Martin Vaeth, Philipp Lehman, Peter Schuller, - Frank Küster. -</div> - -Herzlichen Dank für die bisher eingesandten Fragen und Korrekturen! Wir -hoffen, daß wir niemanden vergessen haben. Dank auch an diejenigen, die uns -etwas geschickt haben, die ihre Einsendung jedoch noch nicht in dieser FAQ -wiederfinden. Wir bitten um Verständnis, daß wir leider nie die notwendige -Zeit haben, sofort alle Einsendungen zu bearbeiten. - -<h3><a name="10">1.1.8 Ihre Mitarbeit ist erwünscht!</a></h3> -<p> -Eine FAQ ist nie fertiggestellt; es gibt immer etwas zu tun:<br /> -<ul> -<li>Korrekturlesen -<p> - Finden Sie falsche, fehlerhafte oder fehlende Querbezüge oder - Verweise auf ftp-Server, Literatur u.ä., korrigieren Sie fehlerhafte - oder unvollständige Antworten, verbessern Sie Rechtschreib- und - Ausdrucksfehler. -<li>Neuerungen/Updates -<p> - Überprüfen und ergänzen Sie die Listen, wie beispielsweise die - Übersicht der verfügbaren TeX-CD-ROM-Angebote, der - TeX-Implementierungen etc. Stimmen die Angaben, gibt es neuere - Versionen oder neue Angebote, sind Angebote veraltet bzw. vom Markt - genommen worden? -<li>Erweiterungen -<p> - Haben Sie eine neue Frage und die dazugehörige Antwort? Haben Sie - einen Vorschlag, wie man eine Antwort kürzer bzw. knapper - formulieren kann? Hinweise auf andere FAQ, Artikel, Übersichten - etc. </ul> - -Bitte senden Sie uns <em>keine</em> Fragen ohne Antworten! Wir bekommen -relativ häufig Fragen zu verschiedenen Dingen zugeschickt, da einige -Leser hoffen, daß wir diese beantworten können. Meist lautet unsere -Antwort: ,,Wende Dich an `<a href="news:de.comp.text.tex"><code>de.comp.text.tex</code></a>` oder eine der -vielen anderen Newsgroups oder Diskussionslisten!``. Es ist auch keine -Lösung, uns dann zu bitten, diese Frage weiterzuleiten - das kann -jeder ebensogut selbst tun. -<p> -Anregungen, Ergänzungen, Korrekturen, Verbesserungsvorschläge, neue -Fragen und Antworten senden Sie bitte per E-Mail an -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` -</div> - -Danke schon jetzt im voraus! -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - Bernd Raichle<br /> -Rolf Niepraschk<br /> -Thomas Hafner</div> - - - -<h2><a name="11">1.2 CTAN, das ,Comprehensive TeX Archive Network`</a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="12">1.2.1 Was ist CTAN?</a></h3> -<p> -CTAN steht für ,Comprehensive TeX Archive Network`. Dies -ist ein Verbund von z.Z. drei Rechnern im Internet. Hierauf ist fast -alles, was mit TeX zu tun hat, zu finden. Die Server gleichen ihre -Dateien untereinander ab, so daß Sie auf jedem der drei Rechner -dieselben Dateien finden können. Dadurch ist es gleichgültig, wo -Sie die Dateien holen. Sie sollten aber bedenken, daß es am -günstigsten ist, die Dateien bei dem Server zu holen, der Ihnen am -nächsten ist. Dies ist für den deutschsprachigen Raum der von -DANTE e.V. finanzierte ftp-Server -<pre> -ftp.dante.de /tex-archive/ (Mainz) -</pre> - -Die beiden anderen ftp-Server sind -<pre> -ftp.tex.ac.uk /tex-archive/ (Cambridge, UK) -ctan.tug.org /tex-archive/ (Vermont, USA) -</pre> - -Diese drei Rechner sind auch über die Namen ,<tt>dante.ctan.org</tt>`, -,<tt>cam.ctan.org</tt>` und ,<tt>tug.ctan.org</tt>` erreichbar. -<p> -Neben diesen drei Rechnern, die das Rückgrat des CTAN bilden, existieren -viele weitere ftp-Server, die den kompletten CTAN-Inhalt oder Teile davon -,spiegeln`. Die aktuelle Liste dieser ftp-Server finden Sie in der Datei -,,<tt>CTAN.sites</tt>`` auf einem der CTAN-Server im Verzeichnis -,,<tt>/tex-archive/</tt>``. -Im deutschsprachigen Raum sind dies u.a. (Stand: Juli 2000): -<pre> -ftp.univie.ac.at /packages/tex/ (Wien, A) -gd.tuwien.ac.at /publishing/tex/CTAN/ (Wien, A) -sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch /mirror/tex (Zürich, CH) -ftp.uni-augsburg.de /pub/tex/ctan/ (Augsburg) -ftp.uni-bielefeld.de /pub/tex/ (Bielefeld) -ftp.tu-chemnitz.de /pub/tex/ (Chemnitz) -ftp.gwdg.de /pub/dante/ (Göttingen) -ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de /tex-archive (Hamburg) -ftp.uni-mainz.de /tex-archive (Mainz) -ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de /pub/tex/mirror/ftp.dante.de/ (Saarbrücken) -ftp.uni-stuttgart.de /pub/tex/ (Stuttgart) -</pre> - - -<h3><a name="13">1.2.2 Wieso liegen auch Dateien, die zu einem Paket gehören, auf - CTAN als Einzeldateien und nicht in gepackten Archivdateien?</a></h3> -<p> -Die ftp-Server des CTAN und einige der ftp-Server, die den Inhalt von CTAN -spiegeln, sind in der Lage, alle Dateien eines Verzeichnisses zusammenzupacken -und ,on-the-fly` zu komprimieren. Um herauszufinden, welche Archivarten -der von Ihnen benutzte Server unterstützt, lesen Sie die Mitteilung, die -Sie erhalten, wenn Sie den Server direkt ansprechen. -<p> -Möchte man alle Dateien des Verzeichnisses -,,<tt>tex-archive/macros/latex/base/</tt>`` bekommen, reicht es, in das -übergeordnete Verzeichnis zu wechseln und eine der Endungen ,,.tar``, -,,.tar.gz`` oder ,,.zip`` an den Namen des Verzeichnisses zu -hängen. Um alle Dateien im Verzeichnis als tar- oder ZIP-Datei zu erhalten: -<pre> -local> ftp ftp.dante.de -user: ftp - logging in anonymously ... - Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password. -password: ***************** -ftp> cd tex-archive/macros/latex -ftp> bin -ftp> get base.tar.gz -</pre> - -oder -<pre> -ftp> get base.zip -</pre> - -Bei Verwendung eines WWW-Browsers durch Eingabe der Adresse (URL) -<pre> -ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base.tar.gz -</pre> - -oder -<pre> -ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base.zip -</pre> - - -<h3><a name="14">1.2.3 Wie suche ich auf CTAN nach der Datei ,XYZ`? - Ich kann ein Paket mit Endung ,.sty` nicht finden.</a></h3> -<p> -Um nach einer Datei zu suchen, die im Namen beispielsweise -,multicol`<a name="15" id="15"> enthält,</a> kann man bei den ftp-Servern des CTAN (und -einigen Spiegel-ftp-Server) in der ftp-Sitzung die Anweisung -<pre> -ftp> quote site index multicol -</pre> - -eingeben. Der Suchbegriff ist dabei ein regulärer Ausdruck, d.h. alle besonderen Zeichen, wie das Zeichen ,.`, müssen mit einem -doppelten Backslash gequotet werden. Will man beispielsweise nach der -Datei ,,<tt>caption.sty</tt>`` suchen, so sollte man -<pre> -ftp> quote site index /caption\\. -</pre> - -eingeben. Der führende Slash ,/` und abschließende -gequotete Punkt ,.` schränkt die Ergebnisliste stark ein. -Außerdem führt die Suche nach LaTeX-Paketen mit ,.sty` nicht -immer zum Ziel, da neuere Pakete meist in docstrip-Archivdateien mit -der Dateiendung ,.dtx` eingepackt vorliegen. Weitere -Informationen findet man auf CTAN in den Dateien -,,<tt>README.archive-features</tt>`` und ,,<tt>README.site-commands</tt>``. -<p> -Eine ähnliche Möglichkeit, per WWW-Browser nach Dateien auf CTAN zu -suchen, bieten die Adressen -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <a href="http://www.dante.de/cgi-bin/ctan-index"><code>http://www.dante.de/cgi-bin/ctan-index</code></a> -</div> - -und -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <a href="http://www.ctan.org/find.html"><code>http://www.ctan.org/find.html</code></a> -</div> - - -<h3><a name="16">1.2.4 Wie kann ich ohne Internet-Anschluß auf CTAN zugreifen?</a></h3> -<p> -Falls Sie keinen Internet-Anschluß haben, können Sie auf den -ftp-Server auch über E-Mail mit Hilfe eines sogenannten -,ftp-Mailer` zugreifen. Beachten Sie bitte, daß bei -unachtsamer Nutzung sehr große Datenmengen verschickt werden können -und die dazu notwendigen Ressourcen (Übertragungszeit, Speicherplatz) -zur Verfügung stehen müssen. Außerdem sollten Sie daran denken, -daß eventuell die Betreiber von ,Zwischenknoten`, über die -Ihre E-Mail weitergeleitet wird, für Ihre übertragene Datenmenge -mitzahlen müssen! Die Nutzung eines ftp-Mailer ist im Maus-Netz -nicht gestattet. -<p> -Weitere Informationen über den ftp-Mailer und die zu benutzenden -Anweisungen erhalten Sie mit einer E-Mail an `<a href="mailto:ftpmail@dante.de"><code>ftpmail@dante.de</code></a>` -mit dem Inhalt ,,<tt>help</tt>``. - -<h2><a name="17">1.3 Newsgroups und Diskussionslisten</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="18">1.3.1 Was ist ,<tt>de.comp.text.tex</tt>`?</a></h3> -<p> -`<a href="news:de.comp.text.tex"><code>de.comp.text.tex</code></a>` ist die Newsgroup im deutschsprachigen Teil des Usenet -(bitte nicht mit Internet verwechseln!) zur Diskussion über TeX und -verwandte Themen. Die Newsgroup `<a href="news:de.comp.text.tex"><code>de.comp.text.tex</code></a>` wird -durch sogenannten Import auch in anderen Netzen angeboten. Um entsprechende -Rücksichtname (kurze Postings, keine Binärdateien etc.) wird gebeten. -Weiterhin sollte auf folgendes geachtet werden: -<ul> -<li>Verwendung einer korrekten Absenderadresse. - <li>Keinen Text in HTML-Kodierung sondern nur in Textformat - versenden (kann leicht in den üblichen Mail-Programmen so - eingestellt werden). - <li>Keine ,,Visitenkarten`` anhängen. - <li>Signaturangaben auf 4 Zeilen beschränken und mit der Zeile - ,,<tt>-- </tt>`` einleiten. - <li>Die Verwendung von Umlauten und scharfem s in der - Subject-Zeile vermeiden. - <li>Bei Antworten sollte man die Subject-Zeile standardgemäß mit - ,<tt>Re: </tt>` einleiten und nicht, wie man es leider - immer häufiger sieht, mit Übersetzungen wie - ,<tt>AW: </tt>` oder durchnumerierten Konstruktionen - ,<tt>Re[2]: </tt>`. -</ul> - -<p> -Weitere nützliche Hinweise enthält die Newsgroup -`<a href="news:de.newusers.infos"><code>de.newusers.infos</code></a>` sowie die WWW-Seite ,,Wie zitiere ich - im Usenet?``. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Wie zitiere ich im Usenet?: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://learn.to/quote"><code>http://learn.to/quote</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="19">1.3.2 Was ist TeX-D-L?</a></h3> -<p> -<tt>TeX-D-L</tt> ist eine E-Mail-Diskussionsliste, die zur -Kommunikation zwischen Benutzern des Satzsystems TeX vor über -einem Jahrzehnt eingerichtet wurde. Die Diskussionssprache ist -Deutsch. -<p> -Man kann sich auf dieser Liste mit einer E-Mail an -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - `<a href="mailto:listserv@listserv.dfn.de"><code>listserv@listserv.dfn.de</code></a>` -</div> - -eintragen. Diese Mail sollte die Zeile<br /> -<pre> -subscribe tex-d-l <Vorname> <Nachname> -</pre> - -enthalten, wobei man für <tt><Vorname></tt> <tt><Nachname></tt> den -eigenen Namen angeben muß. Die Liste kann man verlassen, indem man -in einer E-Mail die Zeile ,,<tt>unsubscribe tex-d-l</tt>`` an die -Adresse `<a href="mailto:listserv@listserv.dfn.de"><code>listserv@listserv.dfn.de</code></a>` schickt. Eine kurze -Befehlsübersicht über die Bedienmöglichkeiten des Programms, -das die Liste verwaltet, erhält man mit der Zeile -,,<tt>help</tt>``, eine längere Beschreibung mit -,,<tt>info</tt>``. -<p> -Die Beiträge zur Liste sind in Teilen unter <a href="#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/digests/tex-d-l/"><code>info/digests/tex-d-l/</code></a> -archiviert. Mit der Zeile ,,<tt>index TEX-D-L</tt>`` erhält man eine -Liste von Archiven älterer Beiträge, die mit ,,<tt>get filename -NAME</tt>`` angefordert werden können. -<p> -Listenbeiträge ab 1998 sind über die URL -<a href="http://www.listserv.dfn.de/archives/tex-d-l.html"><code>http://www.listserv.dfn.de/archives/tex-d-l.html</code></a> zugänglich. Von dieser -Seite hat man auch die Möglichkeit, sich mittels WWW-Browser in die Liste -ein- oder auszutragen. -<p> -Für die Art der versendeten E-Mails gilt ebenso das im vorigen -Abschnitt zur Newsgroup `<a href="news:de.comp.text.tex"><code>de.comp.text.tex</code></a>` gesagte. - -<h3><a name="20">1.3.3 Was ist ,,#tex``?</a></h3> -<p> -,,<tt>#tex</tt>`` ist ein Channel im <em>Internet Relay Chat</em> (IRC), -in dem interaktiv über TeX, LaTeX und Konsorten diskutiert wird. Meist -wird deutsch gesprochen, Diskussionen auf englisch sind jedoch kein Problem. -Der Channel ist im allgemeinen rund um die Uhr besetzt, wenn auch nicht immer -mit der gleichen Aktivität. - -<h3><a name="21">1.3.4 Gibt es noch weitere interessante Diskussionslisten zum - Satzsystem TeX?</a></h3> -<p> -Ja - solche, die sich nur mit dem Satzsystem TeX beschäftigen oder auf -eine bestimmte Implementierung, Verteilung oder einen bestimmten Teil -konzentrieren. In allen unten genannten Diskussionslisten ist, falls im -Kommentar nichts Gegenteiliges steht, Englisch die gemeinsame Sprache. -<p> -In die nachstehenden Diskussionslisten trägt man sich wie folgt ein: Falls -die Verwaltungsadresse vom Typ ,<tt>listserv@...</tt>` ist, so trägt -man sich mit einer Mail mit ,<tt>subscribe <Listenname> <Vorname> - <Nachname></tt>` an die angegebene Verwaltungsadresse ein. Für -Verwaltungsadressen des Typs ,<tt>majordomo@...</tt>` muß die Angabe des -eigenen <tt><Vornamen></tt> und <tt><Nachnamen></tt> unterbleiben, in Ihrer -Mail sollte also nur die Zeile ,<tt>subscribe <Listenname></tt>` stehen. -<p> -Aus einer Liste kann man sich mit der Mail ,<tt>unsubscribe - <Listenname></tt>` an die Verwaltungsadresse ,<tt>listserv@...</tt>` -bzw. ,<tt>majordomo@...</tt>` austragen. Achtung: Diese Anweisungen -nicht an die Listenadresse selbst schreiben, da man sich damit nicht -austrägt; im Gegenteil würde Ihre Mail dann an <em>alle</em> Listenteilnehmer -weiterverteilt werden! - -<h4><a name="22">Allgemeine Listen über das Satzsystem TeX</a></h4> -<ul> -<li><tt>CTAN-Ann</tt> - Ankündigungen zu Neuerwerbungen und - Änderungen auf CTAN (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@dante.de"><code>majordomo@dante.de</code></a>`). -<li><tt>TeX-Euro</tt> - europäische TeX-Diskussionsliste - (`<a href="mailto:listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de"><code>listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de</code></a>`). -<li><tt>TeXhax</tt> - TeX-Diskussionsliste in Digest-Form - (`<a href="mailto:TeXhax-Request@tex.ac.uk"><code>TeXhax-Request@tex.ac.uk</code></a>` - <tt>subscribe texhax</tt>); - wird u.a. unter <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/digests/hyper/"><code>http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/digests/hyper/</code></a> - und <a href="#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/digests/texhax/"><code>info/digests/texhax/</code></a> archiviert. -<li><tt>Ling-TeX</tt> - Linguistik und TeX - (`<a href="mailto:Ling-TeX-request@ifi.uio.no"><code>Ling-TeX-request@ifi.uio.no</code></a>`) <br /> -siehe auch: <a href="http://www.ifi.uio.no/~dag/ling-tex.html"><code>http://www.ifi.uio.no/~dag/ling-tex.html</code></a>. -</ul> - - -<h4><a name="23">Formate und Makropakete</a></h4> -<ul> -<li><tt>LaTeX-L</tt> - über die Entwicklung von LaTeX3, jedoch - <em>nicht</em> für Fragen zu LaTeX! - (`<a href="mailto:listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de"><code>listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de</code></a>`) -<li><tt>ntg-context</tt> - ConTeXt-Forum: Fragen, Ankündigungen, - Fehler (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@ntg.nl"><code>majordomo@ntg.nl</code></a>`) -<li><tt>ntg-ppchtex</tt> - Chemischer Formelsatz mit - PPCHTeX<a name="24" id="24"> </a> (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@ntg.nl"><code>majordomo@ntg.nl</code></a>`) -<li><tt>pstricks</tt> - über PSTricks, ein TeX-Makro-Paket, welches - die Nutzung vieler Möglichkeiten der PostScript-Sprache in einer - TeX-Syntax anbietet (`<a href="mailto:pstricks-request@mail.tug.org"><code>pstricks-request@mail.tug.org</code></a>` oder über - <a href="http://www.tug.org/cgi-bin/lwgate/pstricks"><code>http://www.tug.org/cgi-bin/lwgate/pstricks</code></a>). -<li><tt>mutex</tt> - Notensatz unter TeX - mit MuTeX, MusicTeX, MusiXTeX, etc. (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@gmd.de"><code>majordomo@gmd.de</code></a>`); wird - unter <a href="http://www.gmd.de/Mail/mutex-archive/"><code>http://www.gmd.de/Mail/mutex-archive/</code></a> archiviert. -<li><tt>xindy</tt> - über Xindy, den Makeindex-Nachfolger - (`<a href="mailto:xindy-request@iti.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de"><code>xindy-request@iti.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de</code></a>`). -<li><tt>latex2html</tt> - über LaTeX2HTML, einen Konverter nach - HTML (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@tug.org"><code>majordomo@tug.org</code></a>` und - <a href="http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/latex2html"><code>http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/latex2html</code></a>); wird unter - <a href="http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/mailing-lists/latex2html/"><code>http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/mailing-lists/latex2html/</code></a> archiviert. -</ul> - - -<h4><a name="25">TeX-Implementierungen und -Verteilungen</a></h4> -<ul> -<li><tt>tetex-announce</tt> - teTeX Users: nur Ankündigungen, keine - Diskussion, besonders geeignet für diejenigen, die ohnehin schon genug - Mail bekommen, bzw. Fragen und Antworten lieber in Newsgroups wie - `<a href="news:de.comp.text.tex"><code>de.comp.text.tex</code></a>` diskutieren möchten - (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de"><code>majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de</code></a>`) -<li><tt>tetex</tt> - Ankündigungen, Fragen und Antworten zu teTeX - (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de"><code>majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de</code></a>`) -<li><tt>tetex-pretest</tt> - Fragen und Antworten zur neuesten, noch - nicht offiziellen Version von teTeX - (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de"><code>majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de</code></a>`) -<li><tt>fptex</tt> - Ankündigungen, Fragen und Antworten zu - fpTeX (Win32) (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@tug.org"><code>majordomo@tug.org</code></a>` und - <a href="http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/fptex/"><code>http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/fptex/</code></a>) -<li><tt>miktex</tt> - Ankündigungen, Fragen und Antworten zu MikTeX - (Win32) (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@dsts.dk"><code>majordomo@dsts.dk</code></a>`) -<li><tt>4TeX</tt> - 4TeX/4allTeX: eine TeX-Workbench für - MS-DOS-Rechner (`<a href="mailto:listserv@nic.surfnet.nl"><code>listserv@nic.surfnet.nl</code></a>`). -<li><tt>emtex-user</tt> - Diskussionen über emTeX - (`<a href="mailto:Majordomo@Physik.TU-Berlin.de"><code>Majordomo@Physik.TU-Berlin.de</code></a>`) -<li><tt>oztex-info</tt> - über OzTeX, ein TeX-System für Apple - Macintosh (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@maths.adelaide.edu.au"><code>majordomo@maths.adelaide.edu.au</code></a>`). -<li><tt>oztex-announce</tt> - OzTeX: nur Ankündigungen neuer Versionen - (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@maths.adelaide.edu.au"><code>majordomo@maths.adelaide.edu.au</code></a>`). -<li><tt>ntex</tt> - NTeX, a TeX System for Linux and other Unix - Systems (`<a href="mailto:ntex-request@machnix.mathematik.uni-stuttgart.de"><code>ntex-request@machnix.mathematik.uni-stuttgart.de</code></a>`) -<li><tt>tex-k</tt> - Support für - web2c/kpathsea/xdvik/dvipsk/dviljk Users (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@tug.org"><code>majordomo@tug.org</code></a>` - und <a href="http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/tex-k/"><code>http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/tex-k/</code></a>) -<li><tt>lyx-users</tt> - Support für Nutzer von LyX, einer - WYSIWYG-ähnlichen Oberfläche, das LaTeX als Satzsystem verwendet - `<a href="mailto:lyx-users-request@kde.org"><code>lyx-users-request@kde.org</code></a>`) -<li><tt>lyx-announce</tt> - Ankündigungen zu Neuerungen bei LyX - (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@via.ecp.fr"><code>majordomo@via.ecp.fr</code></a>`) -<li><tt>lyx</tt> - Diskussion zur Weiterentwicklung von LyX - (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@via.ecp.fr"><code>majordomo@via.ecp.fr</code></a>`) -<li><tt>klyx</tt> - Support für Nutzer von KLyx, einer - Lyx-Implementierung, die an den KDE-Desktop angepaßt ist - (`<a href="mailto:klyx-request@kde.org"><code>klyx-request@kde.org</code></a>`) -<li><tt>ntg-vtex</tt> - Diskussionen zum kommerziellen TeX-System - ,VTeX`; (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@ntg.nl"><code>majordomo@ntg.nl</code></a>`) -</ul> - - -<h4><a name="26">Erweiterungen an TeX</a></h4> -<ul> -<li><tt>NTS-L</tt> - über die Idee eines ,,New Typesetting - System``, eines Nachfolgers des TeX-Systems - (`<a href="mailto:listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de"><code>listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de</code></a>`). -<li><tt>Omega</tt> - über Omega, ein weiterer TeX-Nachfolger - (`<a href="mailto:listserv@ens.fr"><code>listserv@ens.fr</code></a>` - <tt>SUBscribe omega</tt>). -<li><tt>pdftex</tt> - über die Entwicklung und Benutzung von - PDFTeX (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@tug.org"><code>majordomo@tug.org</code></a>` und - <a href="http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/pdftex/"><code>http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/pdftex/</code></a>). -<li><tt>ntg-toekomsttex</tt><a name="27" id="27"> - -</a> Liste der niederländischen ,TeX future group`, in der - über Erweiterungen am TeX-System diskutiert wird - (`<a href="mailto:majordomo@let.uu.nl"><code>majordomo@let.uu.nl</code></a>`). -</ul> - - -<h4><a name="28">METAFONT, METAPOST und Schriften</a></h4> -<ul> -<li><tt>Metafont</tt> - über METAFONT, METAPOST und Meta-Fonts - (`<a href="mailto:listserv@ens.fr"><code>listserv@ens.fr</code></a>` - <tt>SUBscribe metafont</tt>). -<li><tt>Metapost</tt> - über METAPOST - (<a href="http://www.ntg.nl/mailman/listinfo/metapost"><code>http://www.ntg.nl/mailman/listinfo/metapost</code></a>). -<li><tt>tex-fonts</tt> - - (`<a href="mailto:tex-fonts-request@math.utah.edu"><code>tex-fonts-request@math.utah.edu</code></a>`, nicht mehr erreichbar) -<li><tt>fontinst</tt> - - (`<a href="mailto:fontinst-request@cogs.susx.ac.uk"><code>fontinst-request@cogs.susx.ac.uk</code></a>`) -<li><tt>math-font-discuss</tt> - - (`<a href="mailto:math-font-discuss-request@cogs.susx.ac.uk"><code>math-font-discuss-request@cogs.susx.ac.uk</code></a>`) -</ul> - - -<h4><a name="29">Umfeld</a></h4> -<ul> -<li><tt>typo-l</tt> - über Typografie - (`<a href="mailto:listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie"><code>listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie</code></a>`) -<li><tt>sgml-l</tt> - über SGML - (`<a href="mailto:listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de"><code>listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de</code></a>`) -</ul> - -und vieles mehr. Eine Übersicht der bei der TUG<a name="30" id="30"> -beheimateten</a> Diskussionslisten gibt es auf der WWW-Seite -<a href="http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/"><code>http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/</code></a>. - -<h3><a name="31">1.3.5 Gibt es noch weitere interessante Newsgroups zum Satzsystem - TeX?</a></h3> -<p> -Ja - solche, die sich nur mit dem Satzsystem TeX beschäftigen oder die -auf das engere und weitere Umfeld, wie beispielsweise Schriften, PostScript, -Design, Desktop Publishing (DTP) etc. eingehen. In allen unten genannten -Newsgroups ist, wenn im Kommentar nichts Gegenteiliges steht, Englisch die -gemeinsame Sprache. - -<h4><a name="32">Allgemeine Listen über das Satzsystem TeX</a></h4> -<ul> -<li>`<a href="news:comp.text.tex"><code>comp.text.tex</code></a>` - das Gegenstück zu `<a href="news:de.comp.text.tex"><code>de.comp.text.tex</code></a>` - im internationalen Bereich. -</ul> - - -<h4><a name="33">Umfeld</a></h4> -<ul> -<li>`<a href="news:comp.fonts"><code>comp.fonts</code></a>` -<li>`<a href="news:comp.programming.literate"><code>comp.programming.literate</code></a>` -<li>`<a href="news:comp.lang.postscript"><code>comp.lang.postscript</code></a>` -<li>`<a href="news:comp.text.sgml"><code>comp.text.sgml</code></a>` -<li>`<a href="news:comp.text.xml"><code>comp.text.xml</code></a>` -</ul> - -und vieles mehr. - -<h3><a name="34">1.3.6 Gibt es noch weitere FAQ-Listen?</a></h3> - -<ul> -<li>UK TUG TeX FAQ - ,,Your 100+x Questions answered`` (in - englisch). -<p> - Von der UK TUG wurde die frühere FAQ der Newsgroup `<a href="news:comp.text.tex"><code>comp.text.tex</code></a>` - zur Veröffentlichung in ,Baskerville` (siehe - <a href="vereine.html#11">Frage 2.2.2</a>) neu bearbeitet und stark ergänzt. Die - FAQ ist im dvi-, ps- und pdf-Format, jedoch nicht immer in der - neuesten Version, in <a href="#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/help/uk-tex-faq/"><code>help/uk-tex-faq/</code></a> zu finden. Außerdem gibt - es eine HTML-Version, die nach Begriffen durchsucht werden kann. -<li>LaTeX-FAQ der Newsgroup `<a href="news:fr.comp.text.tex"><code>fr.comp.text.tex</code></a>` (in französisch). -<p> - Diese FAQ wird monatlich gepostet und ist ca. 150KB groß. Sie - wird (noch) nicht nach `<a href="news:news.answers"><code>news.answers</code></a>` gepostet, man kann sie - daher nicht in den FAQ-Archiven finden. Über WWW und CTAN ist - jedoch eine Kopie verfügbar. -<li>PDFTeX-FAQ (in englisch), -<p> - Oft gestellte Fragen zu PDFTeX, einer Modifikation von TeX, - welche in der Lage ist, Dateien im <em>Portable Document - Format</em> der Firma Adobe zu erzeugen. -<li>Seminar-FAQ (in englisch). -<p> - Oft gestellte Fragen zum LaTeX-Paket ,seminar`<a name="35" id="35">,</a> welches eine - Vielzahl von Möglichkeiten zum Erstellen von Folien bietet. -<li>PPCHTeX-FAQ (in deutsch). -<p> - Oft gestellte Fragen zum PPCHTeX-Paket, welches chemischen - Formelsatz mit TeX ermöglicht. -</ul> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>UK TUG TeX FAQ: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?introduction=yes"><code>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?introduction=yes</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/help/uk-tex-faq/"><code>help/uk-tex-faq/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>LaTeX-FAQ française: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.loria.fr/tex/divers.html"><code>http://www.loria.fr/tex/divers.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/help/LaTeX-FAQ-francaise/"><code>help/LaTeX-FAQ-francaise/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>PDFTeX-FAQ: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/"><code>http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Seminar-FAQ: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/Seminar/"><code>http://www.tug.org/applications/Seminar/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>PPCHTeX-FAQ: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.ntg.nl/context/document.htm"><code>http://www.ntg.nl/context/document.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="36">1.3.7 Was sollte ich gelesen haben, bevor ich eine Frage in - ,de.comp.text.tex` oder der Diskussionsliste TeX-D-L stelle?</a></h3> -<p> -Zuerst: Die Kenntnis der ,Netiquette` wird vorausgesetzt; sie -ist in `<a href="news:de.newusers.infos"><code>de.newusers.infos</code></a>`, `<a href="news:de.newusers.questions"><code>de.newusers.questions</code></a>` oder -ersatzweise bei Ihrem Provider zu erhalten (siehe auch -<a href="http://www.netservice.ch/german/netiquette_ger.html"><code>http://www.netservice.ch/german/netiquette_ger.html</code></a>). -<p> -Die Abschnitte ,Bücherliste` und ,frei verfügbare -(La)TeX-Einführungen` (siehe Abschnitte <a href="vereine.html#16"> 2.4.1</a> und -<a href="vereine.html#18"> 2.4.2</a>) enthalten einige Empfehlungen für Bücher und -kostenfrei erhältliche Einführungen und Übersichten, die sehr viele -der häufig gestellten Fragen beantworten. Wenn Sie sich vorläufig -keine Bücher zulegen wollen, sollten Sie dieses Angebot der -kostenfrei erhältlichen Artikel nutzen! -<p> -Jedes TeX-System enthält einen Satz Dokumentation, in dem meist nur -sehr kurz ein Überblick über das Satzsystem TeX gegeben wird, -bevor auf spezifische Besonderheiten dieses TeX-Systems eingegangen -wird. Bevor Sie Fragen zu Problemen mit diesem speziellen System -stellen, sollten Sie sicherstellen, ob diese nicht schon durch die -mitgelieferte Dokumentation beantwortet werden. Für einige -TeX-Systeme, wie beispielsweise emTeX, 4TeX/4allTeX (beide OS/2, -MS-DOS, Windows), teTeX, NTeX, web2c/kpathsea (Unix/Linux u.a.) -gibt es eigene Diskussionslisten. Haben Sie ein spezielles Problem -mit einem dieser Systeme, sollten Sie Ihre Frage in der zugehörigen -Diskussionsliste stellen. -<p> -Bei Problemen mit LaTeX sollten Sie vorher auf alle Fälle den -,<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/html/usrguide/usrguide.html">User Guide</a>` gelesen haben, der als Datei ,,<tt><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/usrguide.tex">usrguide.tex</a></tt>`` jedem LaTeX-Paket beiliegen muß und die Neuerungen von LaTeX2e -beschreibt. Auch die anderen im LaTeX-Paket enthaltenen -,Guides` enthalten wertvolle Informationen über das sogenannte -NFSS zur Schriftauswahl und Einbindung neuer Schriften -(,<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/html/fntguide/fntguide.html">LaTeX2e font selection</a>`, -Datei ,,<tt><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/fntguide.tex">fntguide.tex</a></tt>``), -die Erstellung und Änderung von Klassen und Paketen -(,<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/html/clsguide/clsguide.html">LaTeX2e for class and package writers</a>`, -Datei ,,<tt><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/clsguide.tex">clsguide.tex</a></tt>``), -die Konfiguration -(,<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/html/cfgguide/cfgguide.html">Configuration options for LaTeX2e</a>`, -Datei ,,<tt><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/cfgguide.tex">cfgguide.tex</a></tt>``) -und erlaubten Änderungen und Anpassungen -(,<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/html/modguide/modguide.html">Modifying LaTeX2e</a>`, -Datei ,,<tt><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/modguide.tex">modguide.tex</a></tt>``), -weitere Pakete und Neuerungen (,<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/">LaTeX News</a>`, -Dateien ,,<tt><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/">ltnews*.tex</a></tt>``). -<p> -Für LaTeX finden Sie außerdem noch sehr viele Informationen und Hinweise -auf Makro-Pakete im Buch ,Der LaTeX-Begleiter` von Goossens, -Mittelbach und Samarin (siehe <a href="vereine.html#16">Frage 2.4.1</a>) -bzw. dem englischen Original ,The LaTeX Companion`. Schlagen Sie -bitte zuerst dort nach - Sie werden feststellen, daß sich dadurch sehr viele -Fragen beantworten lassen. Neben dem Buch ,The LaTeX Companion` gibt -es auch ,The LaTeX Graphics Companion`, in dem Sie wertvolle Hinweise -zu Graphikeinbindung, PostScript-Graphiken, Verwendung von Farbe, der -Einbindung von PostScript-Schriften und Paketen wie XY-Pic oder PSTricks -nachlesen können. -<p> -Finden Sie in der verfügbaren Literatur keine Antwort, vergessen Sie -nicht, in Ihrer Frage an die Newsgroup bzw. die Diskussionsliste auch -Ihr Rechnersystem, Betriebssystem, Name der TeX-Implementierung bzw.  --Verteilung, Version der verwendeten Programme, Makros u.ä. zu nennen. Halten Sie Ihre Frage kurz. Geben Sie ein kurzes, aber -vollständiges Eingabebeispiel, das nur auf die notwendigsten Dateien -zugreift. Entfernen Sie beispielsweise in einem LaTeX-Dokument prinzipiell -<em>alle</em> Pakete; belassen Sie dabei nur die Pakete, mit denen Ihr -Problem auftritt; verwenden Sie möglichst nur Standard- oder weit -verbreitete Pakete. Fügen Sie am Beginn Ihres (Minimal)-Dokuments die -Anweisung <tt>\listfiles</tt> ein, so dass in der Protokolldatei alle verwendeten -Pakete mit den Versionsnummern aufgeführt werden. So kann man Ihr Problem mit -möglichst geringem Aufwand nachvollziehen, und damit erhöht sich die -Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß Ihre Frage auch beantwortet wird! - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. September 2003 erzeugt) -</address> -</div> - -<img alt="" src="greyprevious.gif"><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="vereine.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a></body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/de-tex-faq.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/de-tex-faq.html deleted file mode 100644 index 34dda41f25f..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/de-tex-faq.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,160 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- XML file produced from file: de-tex-faq.tex -- - -- using Hyperlatex v 2.5br (c) Otfried Cheong-- - -- on Emacs 20.7.1, Fri Sep 19 14:00:07 2003 --> -<head> -<title>DE-TeX-FAQ</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" - content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="en" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Typesetting,Fonts,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="de" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Schriftsatz,Buchsatz,Schrift,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Author" - content="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> -<meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> -<meta name="Description" - content="German Speaking FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V."> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> - -</head> - - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> -<div align="center"> -<b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align="center" align="center">Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über - das Textsatzsystem TeX und - DANTE, Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V.</h1> -<h2 align="center">Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner</h2> -<h3 align="center">Version 72 vom September 2003</h3> -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <hr /> -<p> - Dieser Text enthält häufig gestellte Fragen und passende - Antworten zum Textsatzsystem TeX und zu DANTE e.V. -<p> - Er kann über beliebige Medien frei verteilt werden, solange er - unverändert bleibt (inklusive dieses Hinweises). - Die Autoren bitten bei Verteilung über gedruckte Medien, über - Datenträger wie CD-ROM u.ä. um Zusendung von mindestens drei - Belegexemplaren. -<p> - Anregungen, Ergänzungen, Kommentare und Bemerkungen zur FAQ senden Sie - bitte per E-Mail an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` -<p> - <hr /> -</div> - -<p> -<h1 align="center">Inhalt</h1><menu> -<li><a href="allgemein.html">1 Allgemeines</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#1">1.1 Über diese FAQ</a> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#11">1.2 CTAN, das ,Comprehensive TeX Archive Network`</a> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#17">1.3 Newsgroups und Diskussionslisten</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="vereine.html">2 Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="vereine.html#1">2.1 DANTE e.V.</a> -<li><a href="vereine.html#8">2.2 Anwendervereinigungen</a> -<li><a href="vereine.html#12">2.3 Tagungen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="vereine.html#15">2.4 Literatur <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html">3 Textsatzsystem TeX - Übersicht</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#1">3.1 Grundlegendes</a> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#14">3.2 Welche TeX-Formate gibt es? Was ist LaTeX?</a> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#27">3.3 Welche TeX-Weiterentwicklungen gibt es?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="woher.html">4 Textsatzsystem TeX - Bezugsquellen</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="woher.html#1">4.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System?</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#11">4.2 TeX-Implementierungen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="woher.html#25">4.3 Editoren, Frontend-/GUI-Programme <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="makros1.html">5 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I)</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="makros1.html#1">5.1 LaTeX - Grundlegendes</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#16">5.2 LaTeX - Probleme beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#25">5.3 (Silben-)Trennung, Absatz-, Seitenumbruch</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#38">5.4 Seitenlayout, Layout allgemein, Kopf- und Fußzeilen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="makros2.html">6 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II)</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="makros2.html#1">6.1 Abbildungen und Tafeln</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#37">6.2 Tabellen</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#51">6.3 Fußnoten, Endnoten etc. <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#64">6.4 Grafiken, Bilder, Farbe und andere Effekte <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="makros3.html">7 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III)</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="makros3.html#1">7.1 Gliederung, Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und andere Verzeichnisse</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#32">7.2 Literaturzitate, Literaturverzeichnis, BibTeX <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#60">7.3 <tt>\verb</tt>-Anweisung, verbatim- und Kommentar-Umgebungen <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#79">7.4 Zerbrechliche Anweisungen in ,moving arguments`</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="makros4.html">8 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV)</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="makros4.html#1">8.1 Verschiedene Zeichen</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#21">8.2 Mathematischer Formelsatz <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#42">8.3 Chemischer Struktur- und Formelsatz</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#49">8.4 Notensatz <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#52">8.5 Verschiedenes <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="fonts1.html">9 METAFONT und Schriften</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="fonts1.html#1">9.1 METAFONT und METAFONT-Hilfsprogramme</a> -<li><a href="fonts1.html#16">9.2 Schriften - allgemein <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="fonts1.html#26">9.3 TrueType-Schriften</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="fonts2.html">10 METAFONT und Schriften (Fortsetzung)</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#1">10.1 Die Computer-Modern-Schriften und ihre - Nachfolger <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#16">10.2 Alternativen zu den Computer-Modern-Schriften <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#29">10.3 Sonderschriften</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="tools.html">11 Tools und Utilities</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="tools.html#1">11.1 Tools zur Manipulation von dvi-Dateien</a> -<li><a href="tools.html#14">11.2 Syntax-Checker</a> -<li><a href="tools.html#17">11.3 Dokument-Konverter von bzw. in - das (La)TeX-Markup-Format <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="tools.html#26">11.4 TeX-Benutzungsoberflächen und Editoren <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="tools.html#31">11.5 dvi-Treiber - Druckertreiber und Previewer</a> -<li><a href="tools.html#38">11.6 Zeichenprogramme</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="faqindex.html">Index</a> -</menu> - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. September 2003 erzeugt) -</address> -</div> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/faqindex.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/faqindex.html deleted file mode 100644 index ee4fa9bbdd6..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/faqindex.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1749 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- XML file produced from file: de-tex-faq.tex -- - -- using Hyperlatex v 2.5br (c) Otfried Cheong-- - -- on Emacs 20.7.1, Fri Sep 19 14:00:11 2003 --> -<head> -<title>DE-TeX-FAQ -- Index</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" - content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="en" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Typesetting,Fonts,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="de" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Schriftsatz,Buchsatz,Schrift,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Author" - content="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> -<meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> -<meta name="Description" - content="German Speaking FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V."> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> - -</head> - - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> -<a href="tools.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><img alt="" src="greynext.gif"><br /> -<b><tt>Zurück zu:  </tt></b><a href="tools.html"><b>11 Tools und Utilities</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Hoch zu:  </tt></b><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><b>Inhalt</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Mehr zu TeX et al.: </tt></b><a href="http://www.dante.de/"><b>DANTE e.V.</b></a><br /> -<hr /> - - <div align="center"> -<b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>Index</h1> -<p> -Dieser Index ist teils automatisch, teils von Hand generiert, wohl - nie gänzlich fertiggestellt und daher unvollständig. Teilen Sie uns - daher bitte fehlende, zusätzlich aufzunehmende und auch fehlerhafte - Einträge mit.<menu> - -<li><b>4</b> -<menu> - -<li><a href="woher.html#6">4allTeX (CD-ROM) 4.1.4</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#32">4allTeX Workbench (Programm) 4.3.4</a></menu> - -<li><b>@</b> -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros4.html#72"><tt>\@minipagerestore</tt> 8.5.13</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#72"><tt>\@parboxrestore</tt> 8.5.13</a></menu> - -<li><b>A</b> -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros4.html#87">a4 (LaTeX-Paket) 8.5.22</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#87">a4wide (LaTeX-Paket) 8.5.22</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#1">Abbildung 6.1</a> -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#18">über mehrere Spalten 6.1.9</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#34">falsche Verweise 6.1.17</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#10">mehrere direkt untereinander 6.1.5</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#12">mehrere nebeneinander 6.1.6</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#16">mehrere zusammengehörige 6.1.8</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#30">nach Verweis 6.1.15</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#14">neben Tafel 6.1.7</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#36">oben statt vertikal zentriert 6.1.18</a> -<li>Plazierung <a href="makros2.html#4">6.1.2</a>, <a href="makros2.html#6">6.1.3</a><li>Unterschrift -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#22">Formatierung 6.1.11</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#24">neben Abbildung 6.1.12</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#32">vom Text umflossen 6.1.16</a></menu> -<li>Abbildungsnummer -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros4.html#54">automatisches Rücksetzen des Zählers 8.5.2</a></menu> -<li>Abbildungsverzeichnis -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros3.html#12">Formatierung 7.1.8</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros3.html#DEUTSCH-BST">abbrvdin (BibTeX-Styles) 7.2.3</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#52">Absatzeinzug 5.4.8</a> -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros4.html#71">in minipage oder parbox 8.5.13</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros1.html#25">Absatzumbruch 5.3</a><li>Abschnittsnummer -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros4.html#54">automatisches Rücksetzen anderer Zähler 8.5.2</a></menu> -<li>Abschnittsüberschrift -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros3.html#14">Referenz des Textes 7.1.9</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros1.html#51">abstract (LaTeX-Umgebung) 5.4.7</a> -<li>Acrobat Reader (Programm) <a href="makros1.html#61">5.4.12</a>, <a href="fonts1.html#23">9.2.4</a>, <a href="fonts1.html#24">9.2.5</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#31">acronym (LaTeX-Paket) 7.1.17</a> -<li>acroread (Programm) <a href="makros3.html#25">7.1.14</a>, <a href="makros3.html#26">7.1.15</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#28">Adobe Acrobat Distiller (Programm) 7.1.16</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#18">Adobe Utopia (Schrift) 10.2.1</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#12">AE (Schrift) 10.1.8</a> -<li><a href="fonts1.html#25">ae (LaTeX-Paket) 9.2.5</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#13">aeguill (LaTeX-Paket) 10.1.8</a> -<li>akletter (LaTeX-Klasse) <a href="makros1.html#42">5.4.2</a>, <a href="makros4.html#61">8.5.6</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#42">akletter (LaTeX-Paket) 5.4.2</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#32">align (LaTeX-Umgebung) 8.2.6</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#32">alignat (LaTeX-Umgebung) 8.2.6</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#65">alltt (LaTeX-Paket) 7.3.3</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#36">Alpha (Programm) 4.3.6</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#DEUTSCH-BST">alphadin (BibTeX-Styles) 7.2.3</a> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#21">AmS-Fonts 3.2.5</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#27">amsfonts (LaTeX-Paket) 8.2.3</a> -<li>AmS-LaTeX <a href="vereine.html#voss">2.4.2</a>, <a href="uebersicht.html#21">3.2.5</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#30">amsmath (LaTeX-Paket) 8.2.5</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#23">amssymb (LaTeX-Paket) 8.2.1</a> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#21">AmS-TeX 3.2.5</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#30">amstex (LaTeX-Paket) 8.2.5</a> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#39">ant (Programm) 3.3.7</a> -<li><a href="fonts1.html#19">antiqua (LaTeX-Paket) 9.2.2</a><li>Anwendervereinigungen -<menu> - 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-<li><a href="makros4.html#60">Serien 8.5.6</a></menu> - -<li><a href="tools.html#2">Broschüre 11.1.1</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#31">BrushScriptX (Schrift) 10.3.1</a></menu> - -<li><b>C</b> -<menu> - -<li><a href="vereine.html#11">Cahiers GUTenberg 2.2.2</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#80">calc (LaTeX-Paket) 8.5.18</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#31">calligra (Schrift) 10.3.1</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#25">calrsfs (LaTeX-Paket) 8.2.2</a> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#12">cam.ctan.org 1.2.1</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#19">camel (LaTeX-Paket) 7.1.11</a> -<li>capt-of (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros2.html#15">6.1.7</a>, <a href="makros2.html#27">6.1.13</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#72"><tt>\caption</tt> 8.5.13</a> -<li>caption (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros2.html#23">6.1.11</a>, <a href="makros4.html#87">8.5.22</a> -<li>caption2 (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros2.html#23">6.1.11</a>, <a href="makros4.html#74">8.5.14</a>, <a href="makros4.html#87">8.5.22</a> -<li><a href="tools.html#24">catdvi (Programm) 11.3.5</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#23">ccfonts (LaTeX-Paket) 10.2.3</a><li>CD-ROM -<menu> - -<li><a href="woher.html#6">4allTeX 4.1.4</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#6">TeX Live 4.1.4</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#8">TeX-Software, Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) 4.1.5</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros3.html#50">chapterbib (LaTeX-Paket) 7.2.10</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#43">Chemie 8.3.1</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#12">China2e (LaTeX-Paket) 8.1.6</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#55">chngcntr (LaTeX-Paket) 8.5.2</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#42">Cicero (Programm) 4.3.9</a> -<li>cite (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros3.html#34">7.2.1</a>, <a href="makros3.html#40">7.2.4</a>, <a href="makros3.html#42">7.2.5</a>, <a href="makros3.html#48">7.2.9</a> -<li>CM (Schrift) <a href="fonts1.html#25">9.2.5</a>, <a href="fonts2.html#1">10.1</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#20">CM-Bright (Schrift) 10.2.2</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#20">CM-Sans (Schrift) 10.2.2</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#11">CM-Super (Schrift) 10.1.7</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#3">cmbsy (Schrift) 5.1.1</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#36">cmex10 (Schrift) 8.2.8</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#3">cmmib (Schrift) 5.1.1</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#70">color (LaTeX-Paket) 6.4.3</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#41">colortab (LaTeX-Paket) 6.2.2</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#41">colortbl (LaTeX-Paket) 6.2.2</a> -<li>comment (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros3.html#74">7.3.8</a>, <a href="makros3.html#76">7.3.9</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#74">comment (LaTeX-Umgebung) 7.3.8</a> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#11">Comprehensive TeX Archive Network 1.2</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#23">Concrete (Schrift) 10.2.3</a> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#25">ConTeXt 3.2.7</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#66">convert (Programm) 6.4.1</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#8">Copyright (Symbol) 8.1.4</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#47">count1to (LaTeX-Paket) 5.4.5</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#18">Courier (Schrift) 10.2.1</a> -<li>courier (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros4.html#87">8.5.22</a>, <a href="fonts2.html#18">10.2.1</a> -<li>crop (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros2.html#68">6.4.2</a>, <a href="tools.html#36">11.5.4</a> -<li><a href="vereine.html#9">CsTUG 2.2.1</a> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN 1.2</a> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#12">ctan.tug.org 1.2.1</a> -<li>custom-bib (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="uebersicht.html#10">3.1.5</a>, <a href="makros3.html#36">7.2.2</a>, <a href="makros3.html#38">7.2.3</a>, <a href="makros3.html#44">7.2.6</a></menu> - 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-<li><a href="tools.html#27">doppelte Hochkommata 11.4.1</a> -<li><a href="tools.html#27">Doublequote 11.4.1</a> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#24">info-Datei 3.2.6</a> -<li><a href="tools.html#29">Umlaute 11.4.2</a></menu> - -<li><a href="woher.html#28">Emacs (Programm) 4.3.2</a><li>emTeX -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros4.html#59">Fehler bei Umlauten 8.5.5</a></menu> - -<li>Endnote <a href="makros2.html#51">6.3</a>, <a href="makros2.html#52">6.3.1</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#13">Entspricht (Symbol) 8.1.7</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#62">enumerate (LaTeX-Umgebung) 8.5.7</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#34">EPM (Programm) 4.3.5</a> -<li>EPS-Datei <a href="makros2.html#65">6.4.1</a>, <a href="makros2.html#75">6.4.6</a> -<menu> - -<li><a href="tools.html#12">Extraktion 11.1.6</a></menu> - -<li>epsf (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros2.html#66">6.4.1</a>, <a href="makros4.html#87">8.5.22</a> -<li>epsfig (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros2.html#66">6.4.1</a>, <a href="makros4.html#87">8.5.22</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#76">epstool (Programm) 6.4.6</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#76">epstopdf (Programm) 6.4.6</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#32">equation (LaTeX-Umgebung) 8.2.6</a><li>Ersetzung -<menu> - -<li><a href="fonts2.html#16">Schrift 10.2</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#74">etex (LaTeX-Paket) 6.4.5</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#27">Euler (Schrift) 10.2.3</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#27">euler (LaTeX-Paket) 10.2.3</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#27">eulervm (LaTeX-Paket) 10.2.3</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#11">Euro (Symbol) 8.1.6</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#12">euro (LaTeX-Paket) 8.1.6</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#12">europs (LaTeX-Paket) 8.1.6</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#12">EuroSans (Schrift) 8.1.6</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#12">eurosans (LaTeX-Paket) 8.1.6</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#12">eurosym (LaTeX-Paket) 8.1.6</a> -<li>expdlist (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros4.html#63">8.5.7</a>, <a href="makros4.html#82">8.5.19</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#36">exscale (LaTeX-Paket) 8.2.8</a></menu> - -<li><b>F</b> -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#34">falsche Verweise 6.1.17</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#20">fancybox (LaTeX-Paket) 7.1.12</a> -<li>fancyhdr (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros1.html#47">5.4.5</a>, <a href="makros1.html#49">5.4.6</a>, <a href="makros4.html#87">8.5.22</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#87">fancyheadings (LaTeX-Paket) 8.5.22</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#39">fancyunits (LaTeX-Paket) 8.2.10</a> -<li>fancyvrb (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros3.html#62">7.3.1</a>, <a href="makros3.html#65">7.3.3</a>, <a href="makros3.html#67">7.3.4</a>, <a href="makros3.html#69">7.3.5</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#21">fanycbox (LaTeX-Paket) 7.1.12</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#29">faqtable (LaTeX-Umgebung) 6.1.14</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#29">faqtable* (LaTeX-Umgebung) 6.1.14</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#69">Farbiger Text 6.4.3</a><li>Fehler -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros3.html#81">Argument of ... has an extra <tt>}</tt>. 7.4.2</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#53">Command <tt>\@</tt> already defined. 8.5.1</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#67">LaTeX Error: File `<em>paket</em>.sty' not found. 8.5.10</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#20">LaTeX Error: Float(s) lost. 6.1.10</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#20">LaTeX Error: Not in outer par mode. 6.1.10</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#8">LaTeX Error: Too many unprocessed floats. 6.1.4</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#24">LaTeX Error: <tt>\mit</tt> undefined. 5.2.5</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#63">LaTeX Error: <tt>\verb</tt> ended by end of line. 7.3.2</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#61">LaTeX Error: <tt>\verb</tt> illegal in command argument. 7.3.1</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#14">LaTeX Font Warning: Some font shapes were not available, defaults substituted 10.1.9</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#73">No room for a new <tt>\dimen</tt> 6.4.5</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#59">Text line contains an invalid character 8.5.5</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#15"><tt>\twocolumn</tt> mit optionalem Argument 5.1.9</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#24">Undefined control sequence. 5.2.5</a><li>Undefined Control sequence. -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#71"><tt>\SetFigFont</tt> 6.4.4</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros3.html#81">Use of ... doesn't match its definition. 7.4.2</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#53">You can't use <tt>\spacefactor</tt> in vertical mode. 8.5.1</a></menu> - -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#31">Ferguson, Michael J. (Autor) 3.3.2</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#72">fig2dev (Programm) 6.4.4</a><li>figure -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#57">Fußnote innerhalb 6.3.5</a></menu> - -<li>figure (LaTeX-Umgebung) <a href="makros1.html#61">5.4.12</a>, <a href="makros2.html#3">6.1.1</a>, <a href="makros2.html#5">6.1.2</a>, <a href="makros2.html#7">6.1.3</a>, <a href="makros2.html#9">6.1.4</a>, <a href="makros2.html#11">6.1.5</a>, <a href="makros2.html#14">6.1.7</a>, <a href="makros2.html#17">6.1.8</a>, <a href="makros2.html#18">6.1.9</a>, <a href="makros2.html#20">6.1.10</a>, <a href="makros2.html#26">6.1.13</a>, <a href="makros2.html#31">6.1.15</a>, <a href="makros2.html#33">6.1.16</a>, <a href="makros2.html#34">6.1.17</a>, <a href="makros2.html#57">6.3.5</a> -<menu> - -<li>Plazierung <a href="makros2.html#4">6.1.2</a>, <a href="makros2.html#6">6.1.3</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#19">figure* (LaTeX-Umgebung) 6.1.9</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#61">finder (LaTeX-Paket) 8.5.6</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#17"><tt>\fivrm</tt> 5.2.1</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#41">fixmath (LaTeX-Paket) 8.2.11</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#31">flafter (LaTeX-Paket) 6.1.15</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#32">flalignat (LaTeX-Umgebung) 8.2.6</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#1">Float 6.1</a> -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#36">oben statt vertikal zentriert 6.1.18</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#29">float (LaTeX-Paket) 6.1.14</a><li>float placement -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#4">specifier 6.1.2</a></menu> - -<li>floatfig (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros2.html#33">6.1.16</a>, <a href="makros4.html#87">8.5.22</a> -<li>floatflt (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros2.html#33">6.1.16</a>, <a href="makros4.html#87">8.5.22</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#33">flow (LaTeX-Paket) 6.1.16</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#45">fltpoint (LaTeX-Paket) 6.2.4</a> -<li>fontenc (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="uebersicht.html#10">3.1.5</a>, <a href="makros4.html#87">8.5.22</a> -<li><a href="fonts1.html#19">fontinst (Programm) 9.2.2</a> -<li>footmisc (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros2.html#56">6.3.4</a>, <a href="makros2.html#62">6.3.7</a>, <a href="makros4.html#74">8.5.14</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#56">footnote (LaTeX-Paket) 6.3.4</a> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#15">Formatdatei 3.2.1</a><li>Formeln -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros4.html#43">chemische 8.3.1</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros4.html#61">formletter (LaTeX-Paket) 8.5.6</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#16">Fourier-Transformation (Symbol) 8.1.10</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#80">fragile command 7.4.1</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#32">Fraktur 10.3.2</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#18">Frownie (Symbol) 8.1.11</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#34">FSS TeXeditor (Programm) 4.3.5</a> -<li>FTE (Programm) <a href="woher.html#28">4.3.2</a>, <a href="woher.html#30">4.3.3</a>, <a href="woher.html#32">4.3.4</a>, <a href="woher.html#34">4.3.5</a><li>ftp -<menu> - -<li><a href="allgemein.html#16">per E-Mail 1.2.4</a></menu> - -<li><a href="allgemein.html#16">ftp-Mailer 1.2.4</a> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#12">ftp.dante.de 1.2.1</a> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#12">ftp.tex.ac.uk 1.2.1</a><li>Fußnote -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#52">als Endnote 6.3.1</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#52">am Kapitelende 6.3.1</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#61">an die Unterkante des Satzspiegels 6.3.7</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#54">eingenommener Platz 6.3.3</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#55">Formatierung 6.3.4</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#57">in figure 6.3.5</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#57">in table 6.3.5</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#63">in Überschriften 6.3.8</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#59">mehrere Gruppen 6.3.6</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#53">Numerierung pro Seite 6.3.2</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#61">unten auf gleiche Höhe 6.3.7</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros2.html#59">Fußnotenapparat 6.3.6</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#51">Fußnote 6.3</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#48">Fußzeile 5.4.6</a></menu> - -<li><b>G</b> -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros1.html#42">g-brief (LaTeX-Klasse) 5.4.2</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#22">Ganze Zahlen (Zahlenbereichssymbol) 8.2.1</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#32">gather (LaTeX-Umgebung) 8.2.6</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#44">gBib (Programm) 4.3.10</a> -<li>geometry (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros1.html#44">5.4.3</a>, <a href="makros1.html#59">5.4.11</a>, <a href="tools.html#7">11.1.3</a> -<li>german (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros1.html#9">5.1.5</a>, <a href="makros1.html#28">5.3.2</a>, <a href="makros1.html#37">5.3.7</a>, <a href="makros4.html#66">8.5.9</a>, <a href="tools.html#28">11.4.1</a> -<li>german.sty (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros1.html#28">5.3.2</a>, <a href="makros1.html#30">5.3.3</a> -<li><a href="fonts1.html#4">gftopk (Programm) 9.1.2</a> -<li>Ghostscript (Programm) <a href="makros1.html#61">5.4.12</a>, <a href="makros2.html#66">6.4.1</a>, <a href="makros2.html#76">6.4.6</a>, <a href="fonts1.html#21">9.2.3</a>, <a href="fonts1.html#28">9.3.1</a>, <a href="tools.html#24">11.3.5</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#66">ghostview (Programm) 6.4.1</a><li>Gliederungsebene -<menu> - -<li>im Inhaltsverzeichnis <a href="makros3.html#8">7.1.5</a>, <a href="makros3.html#9">7.1.6</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#5">Numerierung 7.1.3</a></menu> - -<li><a href="woher.html#28">Glimmer (Programm) 4.3.2</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#31">gloss (LaTeX-Paket) 7.1.17</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#31">glosstex (Programm) 7.1.17</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#31">glotex (LaTeX-Paket) 7.1.17</a> -<li>GNU-Emacs (Programm) <a href="woher.html#32">4.3.4</a>, <a href="woher.html#34">4.3.5</a>, <a href="woher.html#44">4.3.10</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#40">GoldED (Programm) 4.3.8</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#32">Gotische Schrift 10.3.2</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#2">Grad (Symbol) 8.1.1</a> -<li>graphics (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="uebersicht.html#10">3.1.5</a>, <a href="makros1.html#3">5.1.1</a>, <a href="makros1.html#61">5.4.12</a>, <a href="makros2.html#66">6.4.1</a>, <a href="makros2.html#68">6.4.2</a>, <a href="makros2.html#70">6.4.3</a> -<li>graphicx (LaTeX-Paket) <a href="makros2.html#66">6.4.1</a>, <a href="makros2.html#68">6.4.2</a>, <a href="makros2.html#78">6.4.7</a>, <a href="makros4.html#7">8.1.3</a>, <a href="makros4.html#87">8.5.22</a> -<li><a href="fonts1.html#28">gsftopk (Programm) 9.3.1</a> -<li>gsview (Programm) <a href="makros1.html#61">5.4.12</a>, <a href="makros2.html#66">6.4.1</a> -<li><a href="vereine.html#9">GUST 2.2.1</a> -<li><a href="vereine.html#9">GUTenberg 2.2.1</a> -<li>gv (Programm) <a href="makros1.html#61">5.4.12</a>, <a href="makros2.html#66">6.4.1</a></menu> - 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8.5.16</a><li>WYSIWYG-System -<menu> - -<li><a href="woher.html#42">KLyx 4.3.9</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#42">Lyx 4.3.9</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#42">Scientific Word/Workplace 4.3.9</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#42">Textures 4.3.9</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#42">THOT 4.3.9</a></menu> -</menu> - -<li><b>X</b> -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros3.html#74">xcomment (LaTeX-Paket) 7.3.8</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#26">xdvi (Programm) 7.1.15</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#44">XEmacs (Programm) 4.3.10</a> -<li>XFig (Programm) <a href="makros2.html#71">6.4.4</a>, <a href="tools.html#39">11.6.1</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#31">xindy (Programm) 7.1.17</a> -<li><a href="tools.html#24">Xpdf (Programm) 11.3.5</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#28">xtem (Programm) 4.3.2</a></menu> - -<li><b>Y</b> -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros3.html#26">yap (Programm) 7.1.15</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#33">yfonts (LaTeX-Paket) 10.3.2</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#33">yinit (Schrift) 10.3.2</a></menu> - -<li><b>Z</b> -<menu> -<li>Zähler -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros4.html#54">automatisches Rücksetzen anderer Zähler 8.5.2</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros4.html#16">Z-Transformation (Symbol) 8.1.10</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#22">Zahlenbereiche (Symbole) 8.2.1</a> -<li>ZapfChancery (Schrift) <a href="fonts2.html#18">10.2.1</a>, <a href="fonts2.html#31">10.3.1</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#18">ZapfDingbats (Schrift) 10.2.1</a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#12">ZE (Schrift) 10.1.8</a><li>Zeichen -<menu> - -<li>Wo finde ich ...? <a href="makros4.html#26">8.2.3</a>, <a href="fonts1.html#17">9.2.1</a></menu> -<li>Zeilenabstand -<menu> - -<li><a href="makros1.html#54">vergrößerter 5.4.9</a></menu> - -<li><a href="makros3.html#80">zerbrechliche Anweisung 7.4.1</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#29">ziffer (LaTeX-Paket) 8.2.4</a></menu> - -<li><b>\</b> -<menu> - -<li><a href="woher.html#30">TeX for Windows (Programm) 4.3.3</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#30">TeXnicCenter (Programm) 4.3.3</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#32">TeXshell (Programm) 4.3.4</a></menu> -</menu> - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. September 2003 erzeugt) -</address> -</div> - -<a href="tools.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><img alt="" src="greynext.gif"></body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/fonts1.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/fonts1.html deleted file mode 100644 index b93fd0310fd..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/fonts1.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,935 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- XML file produced from file: de-tex-faq.tex -- - -- using Hyperlatex v 2.5br (c) Otfried Cheong-- - -- on Emacs 20.7.1, Fri Sep 19 14:00:11 2003 --> -<head> -<title>DE-TeX-FAQ -- 9 METAFONT und Schriften</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" - content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="en" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Typesetting,Fonts,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="de" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Schriftsatz,Buchsatz,Schrift,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Author" - content="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> -<meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> -<meta name="Description" - content="German Speaking FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V."> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> - -</head> - - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> -<a href="makros4.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="fonts2.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a><br /> -<b><tt>Zurück zu:  </tt></b><a href="makros4.html"><b>8 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV)</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Hoch zu:  </tt></b><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><b>Inhalt</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Weiter zu:  </tt></b><a href="fonts2.html"><b>10 METAFONT und Schriften (Fortsetzung)</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Mehr zu TeX et al.: </tt></b><a href="http://www.dante.de/"><b>DANTE e.V.</b></a><br /> -<hr /> - - <div align="center"> -<b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>9 METAFONT und Schriften</h1> -<menu> -<li><a href="#1">9.1 METAFONT und METAFONT-Hilfsprogramme</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#2">9.1.1 Was ist ein Meta-Font?</a> -<li><a href="#3">9.1.2 Was sind tfm-, pl-, gf-, pk-, - pxl-Dateien?</a> -<li><a href="#5">9.1.3 Was sind virtuelle Fonts, was vpl-, vf-Dateien?</a> -<li><a href="#7">9.1.4 Was ist METAPOST?</a> -<li><a href="#9">9.1.5 Was ist MFT?</a> -<li><a href="#11">9.1.6 Beim Übersetzen einer mf-Datei erhalte ich immer eine - gf-Datei mit Endung ,.2602gf` (bzw. ,.260` bei - Filesystemen, die nur drei Zeichen als Datei-Extension - zulassen). Wieso?</a> -<li><a href="#12">9.1.7 Wozu benötige ich für jeden Druckertyp eine andere - Anpassung in Form einer ,mode_def`? Wo finde ich für den - Drucker XYZ eine solche Anpassung?</a> -<li><a href="#14">9.1.8 Kann ich aus einer vorhandenen tfm-Datei die mf-Source - erzeugen? Gibt es dafür ein Programm?</a> -<li><a href="#15">9.1.9 Wie kann ich nur die tfm-Dateien einer Schrift erzeugen?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#16">9.2 Schriften - allgemein <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#17">9.2.1 Gibt es eine Schrift XYZ? Wo finde ich diese?</a> -<li><a href="#18">9.2.2 Wie installiere ich mit ,dvips` eine neue - PostScript-Schrift, so daß ich diese unter (La)TeX verwenden - kann?</a> -<li><a href="#20">9.2.3 Warum sind die Buchstaben in meiner pdf-Datei von schlechter - Qualität? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#22">9.2.4 In einer mit ,dvips` erzeugten PostScript-Datei fehlen - die Ligaturen und andere Zeichen.</a> -<li><a href="#24">9.2.5 Warum werden mit der Suchfunktion des Programms - ,Acrobat Reader` keine Worte gefunden, die Umlaute - enthalten?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#26">9.3 TrueType-Schriften</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#27">9.3.1 Wie kann ich TrueType-Schriften in LaTeX verwenden?</a> -</menu> -</menu> -<hr align="center" width="70%" /> - -<h2><a name="1">9.1 METAFONT und METAFONT-Hilfsprogramme</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="2">9.1.1 Was ist ein Meta-Font?</a></h3> -<p> -Um die einzelnen Zeichen einer Schrift, eines Font, auf Papier zu -bringen, muß man wissen, an welchen Stellen das Papier mit -Druckerfarbe geschwärzt werden soll und an welchen nicht. Diese -Information kann auf verschiedene Arten repräsentiert werden: Die -einfachste Form ist die ,Bitmap` bzw. ,Pixelmap`, d.h. jedes Zeichen wird gerastert und für jeden einzelnen Punkt im Raster -(= Pixel) wird abgespeichert, ob diese Stelle geschwärzt werden soll. -Eine Bitmap-Repräsentation hat jedoch den Nachteil, daß man diese -nicht ohne weiteres vergrößern, verkleinern oder die Rasterung an -eine andere Auflösung eines Ausgabegeräts anpassen kann, da man in -den meisten Fällen unerwünschte Seiteneffekte bekommt (Stufen, -Moiré-Effekte, dünnere Linien verschwinden bei Verkleinerung, als -regelmäßige oder unregelmäßige Muster sichtbare Rasterung -u.ä.). -<p> -Man verwendet zur Beschreibung der Ausmaße und der Form eines -Zeichens daher besser eine rasterungs-, also auflösungsunabhängige -Repräsentation. Dazu gibt es nun mehrere Verfahren: -<p> -In METAFONT legt man Linienzüge durch Punkte und durch diese Punkte -festgelegte Spline-Kurven fest und zieht diese mit einem vorher -definierten ,Pinsel` nach. Durch die Form und die Lage des -verwendeten Pinsels können mit denselben Kurven sehr unterschiedliche -Zeichenformen erzeugt werden. Nachdem das Zeichen aus einzelnen -Kurvenzügen definiert und mit unterschiedlichen Pinseln gezeichnet -wurde, rastert METAFONT die dadurch eingefärbten Flächenteile und -erzeugt daraus einen Font in Form einer Bitmap. Da METAFONT zur -Programmierung einer solchen Font-Beschreibung eine Programmiersprache -definiert, kann ein Font-Designer einer Font-Beschreibung beliebig -viele Parameter mitgeben, die die Form und Ausmaße der einzelnen -Zeichen der erzeugten Schrift in unterschiedlichen Richtungen -verändern. Wegen dieser Möglichkeit, aus einer einzigen -Beschreibung durch Wahl verschiedener Parameter viele verschiedene -Schriften erzeugen zu können, nennt man diese Font-Beschreibungen -auch ,Meta-Font`. Man kann also durch Wahl der in einem -Meta-Font definierten Parameter unterschiedliche Fonts in -verschiedenen Größen erzeugen. Durch Angabe der gewünschten -Auflösung und weiterer Parameter des Ausgabegeräts kann wiederum -für einen solchen Font eine optimal an das jeweilige Ausgabegerät -angepaßte Bitmap-Wiedergabe dieses Fonts erzeugt werden. -<p> -Neben dieser von METAFONT verwendeten Beschreibung eines Fonts in Form -von mit Pinseln gezeichneten Spline-Kurven kann man die Form eines -Zeichens auch durch die Angabe des Umrisses der zu schwärzenden -Fläche beschreiben. Auch hier werden wiederum Spline-Kurven zur -Beschreibung der Umrisse eines Zeichens verwendet. Diese Beschreibung -in Form eines sogenannten ,Outline` wird beispielsweise in -PostScript-Schriften verwendet. - -<h3><a name="3">9.1.2 Was sind tfm-, pl-, gf-, pk-, - pxl-Dateien?</a></h3> -<p> -Neben dem Aussehen der einzelnen Zeichen in einem Font werden noch -weitere Informationen über jedes einzelne Zeichen und über -schrift-globale Parameter benötigt: Von jedem Zeichen muß TeX die -Ausmaße in Form von Breite, Höhe und Tiefe in Bezug zur Grundlinie -wissen. Zu bildende Ligaturen (z.B. <tt>f+f</tt> => ff), das -Kerning zwischen zwei Zeichen (z.B. Unterschneidung bei ,Ta`) -und beispielsweise der zu verwendende Wortabstand sind weitere -Informationen, die über einen Font abgelegt sein müssen, da sie von -TeX benötigt werden. -<p> -Diese Informationen liest TeX aus der ,TeX Font Metric` oder kurz -tfm-Datei. Die Programme ,pltotf`<a name="4" id="4"> und</a> ,tftopl` wandeln die -Informationen in einer tfm-Datei in eine lesbare Form, die ,Property - List` oder kurz pl-Datei um. -<p> -In den gf- (Generic Font), pxl- (Pixel) und pk- (Packed Pixel) Dateien sind -die Bitmap-Repräsentationen jedes Zeichens einer Schrift abgelegt. Da pk- -und pxl-Dateien genau dieselben Informationen enthalten, die pxl-Dateien -jedoch mehr Platz benötigen, werden diese heutzutage nicht mehr verwendet und -unterstützt. Mit den Programmen ,gftopk` und ,pktogf` -können die Bitmap-Repräsentationen ineinander umgewandelt werden. Da -gf-Dateien in der Lage sind, in einer Bitmap neben den einzelnen Pixeln noch -weitere Informationen zu enthalten (z.B. ,special`-Anweisungen), -können bei dieser Umwandlung Informationen verloren gehen. Da jedoch nur -sehr wenige Programme und Gerätetreiber diese zusätzlichen Informationen -verwenden und die pk-Darstellung viel kompakter ist, sind gf-Dateien -normalerweise nur für METAFONT wichtig. -<p> -METAFONT erzeugt aus einer mf-Source eine tfm-Datei mit der -auflösungs<em>un</em>abhängigen ,TeX Font Metric` und eine -auflösungsabhängige gf-Datei. Aus der gf-Datei wird üblicherweise -mit ,gftopk` eine pk-Datei erzeugt. -<p> -TeX verwendet nur die Informationen in der tfm-Datei, die Bitmap in -der gf- bzw. der pk-Datei wird von TeX <em>nicht</em> gelesen. Ein -Gerätetreiber, der eine dvi-Datei druckt oder darstellt, verwendet -die pk-Dateien und in einigen Fällen auch die tfm-Datei. - -<h3><a name="5">9.1.3 Was sind virtuelle Fonts, was vpl-, vf-Dateien?</a></h3> -<p> -Ein virtueller Font ist, wie der Name schon sagt, eine Schrift, die -keine real (in Form einer Bitmap) existierenden Zeichen enthält. -Stattdessen wird in einem virtuellen Font auf andere Schriften und die -dort enthaltene Zeichen verwiesen. Durch diesen ,Trick` kann man -beispielsweise die Kodierung der Zeichen in einer Schrift umdefinieren -oder eine Schrift aus Zeichen mehrerer Schriften zusammensetzen, um so -z.B. einzelne Zeichen durch andere zu ersetzen. Darüber hinaus -kann man in virtuellen Fonts auch einzelne Zeichen aus mehreren -Zeichen zusammensetzen, indem man beispielsweise fertig akzentuierte -Zeichen aus dem entsprechenden Akzent- und Basiszeichen bildet. Eine -weitere Anwendung für virtuelle Fonts ist die Verwendung einer -Ersatzschrift für eine nicht verfügbare Schrift, die dieser -möglichst nahekommt und dieselben TeX-Font-Metric-Informationen -besitzt. -<p> -Eine vf-Datei enthält die Definition eines solchen virtuellen Fonts in -binärer, sehr kompakter Form. Dieser vf-Datei muß eine tfm-Datei zugeordnet -sein, in der TeX die ,TeX Font Metric` für diese Schrift finden -kann. Eine vpl-Datei ist eine für den Menschen lesbare Darstellung der vf- -und tfm-Datei in Form von ,Property Lists`. Mit dem Programm -,vptovf`<a name="6" id="6"> kann</a> aus einer vpl-Datei eine vf- und die zugehörige -tfm-Datei erzeugt werden, mit ,vftovp` bekommt man aus diesen beiden -Dateien wieder die vpl-Datei. -<p> -TeX ,weiß` nichts von virtuellen Fonts. TeX liest keine -vf-Dateien, sondern benötigt nur die zugehörige tfm-Datei, aus der nicht -ersichtlich ist, ob dies ein ,realer` oder ein virtueller Font ist. -vf-Dateien werden nur von den Gerätetreibern verwendet. Für Treiber, die -(noch) keine virtuellen Fonts unterstützen, kann das Programm -,dvicopy` verwendet werden, um eine dvi-Datei in eine dvi-Datei -umzuwandeln, in der alle virtuellen Fonts ,aufgelöst` worden sind, also -nur noch ,reale` Fonts verwendet werden. Achtung: Die meisten -verfügbaren virtuellen Fonts sind unabhängig vom Ausgabegerät, sie können -jedoch auch abhängig vom Ausgabegerät sein! - -<h3><a name="7">9.1.4 Was ist METAPOST?</a></h3> -<p> -METAPOST ist ein aus METAFONT abgeleitetes Programm zum Erstellen von -PostScript-Zeichnungen, das von John Hobby<a name="8" id="8">,</a> einem ehemaligen -Mitarbeiter von Donald E. Knuth, entwickelt wurde. Die METAPOST-Sprache -ist sehr eng verwandt mit METAFONT, unterstützt aber einige zusätzliche Features, -wie beispielsweise das Beschriften von Abbildungen in TeX über einen -Präprozessor (dies setzt den dvi-Treiber ,dvips` voraus). -<p> -Um eine Zeichnung zu erstellen, muss man ein METAPOST-Programm schreiben und -compilieren. Diese Arbeitsweise ähnelt METAFONT, ist somit eben ganz anders -als die sonst gewohnten Grafik-/Malprogramme. METAPOST ist dafür aber gut -für berechnete Zeichnungen geeignet oder zum Plotten von Funktionen oder -Datenwerten. Knuth benutzt es selbst für Zeichnungen in seinen -Büchern. Das Programm ist erst seit Anfang 1995 frei erhältlich, vorher -nur nach Abschluß eines ,non-disclosure agreement`. -Implementierungen von METAPOST existieren mittlerweile für sehr viele -Plattformen: -<ul> -<li>Web2c: <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/web2c/"><code>systems/web2c/</code></a> -<p> - Web2c enthält ab Version 7.0 METAPOST-Sources, wobei Web2c - mittlerweile neben Unix auch Amiga, OS/2 und Windows 95/98/NT - und BeOS unterstützt. -<li>teTeX: <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/"><code>systems/unix/teTeX/</code></a> -<p> - Ab teTeX Version 0.4 ist METAPOST enthalten. -<li>Amiga: <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/amiga/amiweb2c/"><code>systems/amiga/amiweb2c/</code></a> (Andreas Scherer) -<p> - Siehe auch Web2c. -<li>OS2: Siehe Web2c. -<li>Windows 95/NT: Siehe Web2c. -<li>DOS: <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/metapost/"><code>systems/msdos/metapost/</code></a> (Piet van Oostrum) -<p> - paßt zu emTeX -<p> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/dostp22/"><code>systems/msdos/dostp22/</code></a> (Peter Breitenlohner) -<p> - integriert in PubliC-(e-)TeX/MF/MP, TDS-kompatibel -<li>MacOS: <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/systems/mac/cmactex/"><code>nonfree/systems/mac/cmactex/</code></a> (Tom Kiffe) -</ul> - -<p> -Seit März 2000 ist für METAPOST auch der graphische Editor -,Metagraf` öffentlich verfügbar, der gerade entwickelt -wird. Er ist in Java geschrieben und somit auf vielen Betriebssystem -lauffähig. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>METAPOST: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/hobby/MetaPost.html"><code>http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/hobby/MetaPost.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/graphics/metapost/"><code>graphics/metapost/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Peter Wilson: Some Experiences...: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/metafp.pdf"><code>info/metafp.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/metafp.ps"><code>info/metafp.ps</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Hans Hagen: metafun: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.pragma-ade.com/pragma-ade/general/manuals/beta/metafun-p.pdf"><code>http://www.pragma-ade.com/pragma-ade/general/manuals/beta/metafun-p.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Denis Roegel: The metaobj tutorial and reference manual: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.loria.fr/~roegel/TeX/momanual.pdf"><code>http://www.loria.fr/~roegel/TeX/momanual.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>METAOBJ: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/graphics/metapost/contrib/macros/metaobj/"><code>graphics/metapost/contrib/macros/metaobj/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Metagraf: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://w3.mecanica.upm.es/metapost/metagraf.html"><code>http://w3.mecanica.upm.es/metapost/metagraf.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="9">9.1.5 Was ist MFT?</a></h3> -<p> -,mft`<a name="10" id="10"> ist</a> ein Programm, das aus METAFONT-Quellcode eine -TeX-Datei erzeugt, mit der dieser Quellcode schön formatiert -erscheint. Damit es wirklich schön aussieht, sind zusätzliche -Kommentare im Quellcode notwendig. Nur sehr wenige Autoren von METAFONT -verwenden ,mft`. - -<h3><a name="11">9.1.6 Beim Übersetzen einer mf-Datei erhalte ich immer eine - gf-Datei mit Endung ,.2602gf` (bzw. ,.260` bei - Filesystemen, die nur drei Zeichen als Datei-Extension - zulassen). Wieso?</a></h3> -<p> -Zur Erzeugung einer Schrift für ein bestimmtes Ausgabegerät benötigt METAFONT -eine Beschreibung in Form einer ,Mode Definition` (kurz: -,<tt>mode_def</tt>`), in der u.a. die Auflösung des -Ausgabegeräts festgelegt wird. METAFONT wird meist mit -<pre> -mf \mode:=<Mode-Name>; mag:=<Magnification>; input <Font-Filename> -</pre> - -aufgerufen (unter Unix Quote-Zeichen <tt>'</tt> um die Argumente im -METAFONT-Aufruf nicht vergessen!), wobei mit -<Mode-Name> der Namen einer solchen -,mode_def` anzugeben ist. Wird kein ,mode` angegeben oder -ist <Mode-Name> unbekannt, verwendet METAFONT den Proof-Mode, der einen -Korrekturabzug der Schrift erstellt. Damit die Zeichen in diesem -Korrekturabzug groß genug sind, verwendet METAFONT dazu die Auflösung -2602dpi (= ,dots per inch`). Falls dies nicht erwünscht war, -sollte man überprüfen, ob der ,mode` korrekt gesetzt wurde, ob -<Mode-Name> beispielsweise korrekt angegeben wurde (Schreibfehler!) -und ob <Mode-Name> bei der Erstellung der base-Datei (,Dumpen` -der Datei ,,<tt>plain.mf</tt>``) mit -,mode_def` definiert wurde. - -<h3><a name="12">9.1.7 Wozu benötige ich für jeden Druckertyp eine andere - Anpassung in Form einer ,mode_def`? Wo finde ich für den - Drucker XYZ eine solche Anpassung?</a></h3> -<p> -Jedes Ausgabegerät hat unterschiedliche Charakteristiken. Zum einen -unterscheiden sie sich in der Auflösung, zum anderen beispielsweise -auch in der Größe eines gezeichneten Pixels. So wird bei einem -Tintenstrahldrucker im Vergleich zu einem Laserdrucker in den meisten -Fällen ein einzelner Punkt etwas größer ausfallen. Sehr große -Unterschiede treten prinzipbedingt beim Vergleich von sogenannten -,schwarz`- und ,weiß`-schreibenden Laserdruckern auf. Auch wird -beim Schnitt zweier Kurven (z.B. in der Mitte des Zeichens -,X`) die geschwärzte Fläche etwas größer ausfallen, da die -Druckerfarbe abhängig vom Druckprinzip und vom Druckwerk mehr oder -weniger ineinander verlaufen kann. Damit METAFONT all diese und weitere -Eigenschaften eines Ausgabegeräts bei der Erzeugung der -Bitmap-Rasterung eines Zeichens in Betracht ziehen kann, werden die -einzelnen Parameterwerte für ein Ausgabegerät in einer ,Mode -Definition` mit der Anweisung ,mode_def` abgelegt. -<p> -Da die Erstellung einer neuen ,Mode Definition` für ein -Ausgabegerät einiges an Arbeit (Testdruck, überprüfen, anpassen, -Testdruck usw.) bedeutet, wurden von Karl Berry<a name="13" id="13"> alle</a> bisher für -verschiedene Ausgabegeräte gefundenen ,Mode Definitions` in der -Datei ,,<tt>modes.mf</tt>`` gesammelt. Da ,,<tt>modes.mf</tt>`` neben den -,Mode Definitions` noch dafür sorgt, daß man verschiedene -Informationen (z.B. ,coding scheme`) über einen Font setzen -kann und diese korrekt abgelegt werden, ist diese Datei jedem -empfohlen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>modes.mf: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/modes/modes-3.5.mf"><code>fonts/modes/modes-3.5.mf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"> - (Hinweis: Seit Februar 2002 gibt es die Version 3.5 mit - Voreinstellungen für neuere Drucker)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="14">9.1.8 Kann ich aus einer vorhandenen tfm-Datei die mf-Source - erzeugen? Gibt es dafür ein Programm?</a></h3> -<p> -Nein. tfm-Dateien enthalten keine Bitmap- oder ähnliche Information -über das Aussehen der Zeichen in einer Schrift. Daher kann aus einem -tfm-File weder eine pk-Datei noch die mf-Source restauriert werden. -<p> -Es ist jedoch möglich, aus einer pk- und der tfm-Datei einer Schrift -eine mf-Source zu erstellen. Dabei ist das entstehende Resultat -jedoch kein <em>Meta</em>-Font mehr, sondern ,nur` noch ein -mf-Programm für genau diese Schrift. Das Ergebnis ist je nach -Aufwand mehr oder weniger gut und verlangt in den meisten Fällen noch -einiges an Handarbeit, so daß sich der Aufwand nur in seltenen -Fällen lohnt. - -<h3><a name="15">9.1.9 Wie kann ich nur die tfm-Dateien einer Schrift erzeugen?</a></h3> -<p> -In der Datei ,,<tt>modes.mf</tt>`` ist dafür die Mode-Definition -,nullmode` gedacht, in der neben der tfm- zwar auch eine -gf-Datei erzeugt wird, jedoch in einer Auflösung von 101dpi, so -daß dies schneller als mit 300dpi oder 600dpi geschieht. - -<h2><a name="16">9.2 Schriften - allgemein <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - -<h3><a name="17">9.2.1 Gibt es eine Schrift XYZ? Wo finde ich diese?</a></h3> -<p> -Als erste Informationsquelle sollte man die Liste -,,<tt>metafont-list</tt>`` der verfügbaren METAFONT-Schriften nach der -gesuchten Schrift durchsehen. Diese Liste enthält eine kurze -Beschreibung und Klassifikation der meisten Schriften, die man auf -CTAN im Verzeichnis ,,<tt><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/"><code>fonts/</code></a></tt>`` finden kann. -<p> -Beschränkt man sich nicht nur auf in METAFONT-Quellen vorhandene -Schriften, kann man auch Schriften in PostScript-Type-1- oder -Type-3-Form, PCL-Schriften u.a. auf verschiedenen ftp-Servern -finden. Existieren für diese Schriften Font-Metriken, die man in -eine tfm-Datei umwandeln kann, sind sie sehr einfach unter (La)TeX -verwendbar (evtl. nach Umkodierung mittels virtueller Fonts). -Verschiedene Programme dafür findet man auf CTAN im Verzeichnis -,,<tt><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/utilities/"><code>fonts/utilities/</code></a></tt>``, fertige Anpassungen findet -man für weitverbreitete Schriften ebenso unter -,,<tt><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/"><code>fonts/</code></a></tt>``. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>metafont-list: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/metafont-list"><code>info/metafont-list</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> -<b>Liste de fontes au format MF sur les archives CTAN: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~zoonek/LaTeX/MF/liste.html"><code>http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~zoonek/LaTeX/MF/liste.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Zeichensätze und Symbole: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.loria.fr/services/tex/german/fontes.html"><code>http://www.loria.fr/services/tex/german/fontes.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>dpunkt-Verlag: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.dpunkt.de/produkte/latex/fonts/"><code>http://www.dpunkt.de/produkte/latex/fonts/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Adobe Type Library: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.adobe.com/type/"><code>http://www.adobe.com/type/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>symbols: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/"><code>info/symbols/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>comprehensive: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/"><code>info/symbols/comprehensive/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Luc Devroye: Font Pages: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://cgm.cs.mcgill.ca/~luc/fonts.html"><code>http://cgm.cs.mcgill.ca/~luc/fonts.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="18">9.2.2 Wie installiere ich mit ,dvips` eine neue - PostScript-Schrift, so daß ich diese unter (La)TeX verwenden - kann?</a></h3> -<p> -<b>Schritt 0 - Dokumentation lesen:</b> -<p> -Zuerst sollte man sich die Dokumentation zum ,dvips`<a name="19" id="19"> durchlesen.</a> -Diese beschreibt die wichtigsten Schritte, auch wenn die dort beschriebenen -Dateinamen und die Kodierungen für die PS-Schriften veraltet sind (gilt -zumindest für die Dokumentation bis ,dvips` Version 5.58). -Außerdem sollte man <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/fontname/html/index.html">,Filenames for TeX - fonts`</a> von Karl Berry in der -Version 2.0 (oder neuer) durchlesen, in dem ein für alle TeX-Systeme -verwendbares, einheitliches Namensschema beschrieben wird. -<p> -<b>Schritt 1 - TeX-Anpassungen besorgen oder selbst generieren:</b> -<p> -Gibt es auf CTAN im ,psfonts`-Verzeichnis bereits fertige -Anpassungen? Wenn ja, sollte man diese verwenden. Wenn nein, sollte -man sich das Tool ,fontinst` besorgen, mit dem man relativ -einfach aus der mit dem PostScript-Font mitgelieferten afm-Datei die -notwendigen virtuellen Fonts (vf-Dateien) mit den entsprechenden -Fontkodierungen und Font-Definitions-(fd)-Dateien für LaTeX -erzeugen lassen kann. Für Textschriften sollten zumindest vf-Dateien -für OT1-Kodierung, besser auch noch für T1-Kodierung erzeugt werden. -<p> -<b>Schritt 2 - PS- und TeX-Font-Dateien installieren:</b> -<p> -Nach Schritt 1 sollten beispielsweise für die Schrift ,URW -Antiqua Regular Roman Condensed` bzw. nach Berrys Namenschema -,uaqr...c...` folgende Dateien vorhanden sein: -<ul> -<li>PS-Schrift und zugehörige Font-Metrik: - uaqr8ac.{pfb,afm} -<li>virtueller Font, zugehörige TeX-Font-Metriken und PS-Reencoding: <br /> -uaqr8rc.{vpl,vf,tfm} TeX Base-1 Encoding (unkodiert, - Adobe-Std.-Encoding) <br /> -uaqr7tc.{vpl,vf,tfm} TeX-Text-/OT1-/CM-Encoding (,7-bit`) <br /> -uaqr8tc.{vpl,vf,tfm} Cork-TeX-Text-/T1-/EC-Encoding (,8-bit`) <br /> -8r.enc PS-Reencoding, in ,fontname` enthalten -<li>LaTeX-Font-Definition-Files: <br /> -ot1uaq.fd (vormals: OT1uaq.fd) <br /> -t1uaq.fd (vormals: T1uaq.fd) <br /> -ts1uaq.fd <br /> -antiqua.sty -</ul> - -und noch einige weitere Dateien für die ,slanted`- und -,small caps`-Varianten, die man mit ,fontinst` erzeugen kann. -<p> -Diese Dateien werden nun in folgende Verzeichnisse gelegt: -<div class="quote" align="center"> - -<code>*.fd</code>, <code>*.sty</code> => TEXINPUTS (TeX) <br /> -<code>*.tfm</code> => TEXFONTS bzw. ,T`-Eintrag (TeX + dvips) <br /> -<code>*.vf</code> => ,V`-Eintrag oder VFFONTS (dvips) <br /> -<code>*.pfb/pfa</code> => ,H`-Eintrag oder DVIPSHEADERS (dvips) -</div> - -<p> -<b>Schritt 3 - Map-Datei des PS-Fonts für ,dvips` erzeugen:</b> -<p> -Map-Datei für ,dvips` erzeugen, in der die Zuordnung des -Font-Namens in TeX zu dem in PS verwendeten festgelegt wird und -evtl. die zu ladenden pfb-/pfa- und PS-Reencoding-Dateien angegeben -werden. In unserem Beispiel enthält die Map-Datei ,uaq.map` die -Zeile -<pre> -uaqr8rc URWAntiquaT-RegularCondensed "TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont" - <8r.enc <uaqr8ac.pfb -</pre> - -(dies muß eine einzige Zeile sein, sie wurde hier nur umbrochen, um -eine zu lange Zeile zu vermeiden!) und evtl. noch Zeilen für -weitere Schriften und Varianten. -<p> -Diese Map-Datei in ein Verzeichnis legen, in dem ,dvips` nach -PS-Header-Dateien sucht (Umgebungsvariable DVIPSHEADERS bzw. ,H`-Eintrag -in ,,<tt>config.ps</tt>``). -<p> -<b>Schritt 4 - ,dvips`-Konfigurationsdatei anpassen:</b> -<p> -Konfigurationsdatei ,,<tt>config.ps</tt>`` des ,dvips` ändern: Die -in Schritt 3 erstellte Map-Datei durch die in ,,<tt>config.ps</tt>`` -neu einzutragende Zeile -<pre> -p +uaq.map -</pre> - -zusätzlich zur Standard-Map-Datei ,,<tt>psfonts.map</tt>`` laden. (Ältere -,dvips`-Versionen verstehen das ,+` nicht; bei diesen -muß man den Inhalt der Map-Datei ,,<tt>uaq.map</tt>`` an die Datei -,,<tt>psfonts.map</tt>`` anhängen und die obige Zeile in ,,<tt>config.ps</tt>`` -ist wegzulassen.) Außerdem sollte man noch überprüfen, ob das -Verzeichnis, in dem die Map-Datei und die pfb-/pfa-Dateien zu finden -sind, im Suchpfad nach PS-Header-Dateien enthalten ist (DVIPSHEADERS -bzw. ,H`-Eintrag in ,,<tt>config.ps</tt>``). -<p> -<b>Schritt 5 - Anpassungen testen und verwenden:</b> -<p> -Mit LaTeX kann man unsere Beispielschrift einfach mittels des -Pakets ,antiqua` verwenden, da diese Schrift damit als -,<tt>\rmdefault</tt>`-Schrift verwendet wird. Ohne dieses Package -kann man auch durch die Anweisung -,<tt>\usefont</tt>`<tt>{OT1}</tt><tt>{uaq}</tt><tt>{m}</tt><tt>{n}</tt> diese Schrift -kurz austesten. LaTeX müßte dazu die fd- und tfm-Dateien finden -und einlesen können. ,dvips` benutzt dann die angepaßte -Konfigurationsdatei, die virtuellen Schriften ,,<tt>uaqr*.vf</tt>``, die -Map-Datei ,,<tt>uaq.map</tt>``, die eigentliche PS-Schrift -,,<tt>uaqr8ac.pfb</tt>`` und schließlich noch ,,<tt>8r.enc</tt>``. -<p> -Für die PostScript-Schriften, die standardmäßig mit den meisten -PostScript-fähigen Druckern mitgeliefert werden, als auch für einige -freie Schriften und die Lucida-Schriftfamilie existiert in Form von -,psnfss` eine Menge von LaTeX-Paketen. -<p> -Unter Plain-TeX kann man diese Schrift relativ einfach z.B. durch die Anweisung <tt>\font</tt><tt>\rmantiqua</tt><tt>=uaqr7tc</tt> laden -und anschließend verwenden. Zur Verwendung der T1-kodierten Variante -,,<tt>uaqr8tc</tt>`` sind, wie bei der Verwendung der EC-Schriften unter -Plain-TeX, noch einige Anpassungen notwendig. -<p> -Unter LaTeX 2.09 gilt dasselbe wie für Plain-TeX, nur sollte -man hier besser <tt>\newfont</tt><tt>{<tt>\rmantiqua</tt>}</tt><tt>{uaqr7tc}</tt> -verwenden. Will man diese Schrift und deren Varianten statt den -CM-Schriften in einem Dokument verwenden, so sind größere -Änderungen notwendig, die den Rahmen dieser FAQ sprengen würden. Am -einfachsten ist ein Umstieg auf eine aktuelle LaTeX-Version! -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>dvips.tex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/dviware/dvips/"><code>dviware/dvips/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>fontname: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/fontname/"><code>info/fontname/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>8r.enc: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/fontname/8r.enc"><code>info/fontname/8r.enc</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>psfonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/psfonts/"><code>fonts/psfonts/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/psfonts/urw/antiqua/"><code>fonts/psfonts/urw/antiqua/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>(unsere Beispielschrift)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>fontinst: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/utilities/fontinst/"><code>fonts/utilities/fontinst/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/fontinst/"><code>http://www.tug.org/applications/fontinst/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>psnfss: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/psnfss"><code>macros/latex/required/psnfss</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/installing_psnfss_on_emtex.pdf"><code>info/installing_psnfss_on_emtex.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>PostScript Type 1 fonts (Nelson Beebe): </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/fonts/postscript-type-1-fonts.html"><code>http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/fonts/postscript-type-1-fonts.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Walter Schmidt: Schriften für TeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://home.vr-web.de/was/fonts.html"><code>http://home.vr-web.de/was/fonts.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Tobias Regenbrecht: Integration von PostScript-Fonts in LaTeX2e: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.regenbrecht.net/psfonts/psfonts_tetex.html"><code>http://www.regenbrecht.net/psfonts/psfonts_tetex.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="20">9.2.3 Warum sind die Buchstaben in meiner pdf-Datei von schlechter - Qualität? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Schriften in pdf-Dateien werden mit schlechter Qualität dargestellt (und evtl. auch gedruckt), wenn sie in der pdf-Datei als Bitmaps enthalten sind, also -nicht in Form von Vektorfonts. Um das zu verhindern, ist auf folgende Punkte -zu achten: -<ul> -<li>Es dürfen im Dokument nur solche Schriften verwendet werden, die im - Format Type-1 (PostScript) oder TrueType vorhanden sind. Welche das sind, - sollte aus der Dokumentation des TeX-Systems hervorgehen. Schriften, die - ausschließlich im Metafont-Format existieren, können hingegen in - pdf-Dateien nur in Form von Bitmaps benutzt werden, sind also nach - Möglichkeit zu vermeiden. -<li>Wenn Schriften sowohl im Metafont-Format als auch als Type-1 oder - TrueType vorliegen, dann müssen die beteiligten Programme so konfiguriert - sein, dass sie nicht die Metafont-Version verwenden. In aktuellen - TeX-Distributionen ist das zumindest für pdfTeX normalerweise der Fall. -</ul> - -<p> -Die häufigsten Fehlerquellen sind: -<ul> -<li>Es werden die EC- und TC-Fonts benutzt, ohne dass diese im Type-1-Format - vorliegen. Abhilfe: EC/TC-Fonts im Type-1-Format beschaffen und - installieren (siehe <a href="fonts2.html#10">Frage 10.1.7</a>) oder stattdessen die AE-Fonts - verwenden (siehe ebenfalls <a href="fonts2.html#12">Frage 10.1.8</a>) -<li>Wenn die pdf-Datei auf dem Weg über ,dvips`<a name="21" id="21"> und</a> nachfolgende - Umwandlung ins pdf-Format erzeugt wurde, dann hat ,dvips` die - CM-Schriften im Metafont-Format und damit in einer Bitmap-Version verwendet, - obwohl diese auch als Type-1 existieren. Dies ist häufig das - voreingestellte Verhalten von ,dvips`. Abhilfe: ,dvips` - mit einer passenden Option aufrufen, so dass alle vorhandenen Type-1-Fonts - auch tatsächlich verwendet werden. Wie diese Option lautet, hängt von - jeweiligen TeX-System ab; beachten Sie dessen Dokumentation! Mit vielen - Systemen funktioniert: -<pre> -dvips -Ppdf -G0 -</pre> - -Beachten Sie dabei, dass CM-Schriften oft für bestimmte mathematische - Symbole benötigt werden, auch wenn die Grundschrift eines Dokuments nicht - Computer-Modern ist, z.B. mit Paketen wie ,mathptmx`. -<li>Die pdf-Datei wurde aus PostScript durch Umwandlung mit dem Programm - ,Ghostscript` erzeugt, wobei eine ältere Version (< 6.51) - zum Einsatz kam. Diese Programmversionen wandeln aber (fast) alle Fonts - (auch Vektorfonts!) in Bitmaps um. Sie sind als veraltet anzusehen und - sollten durch eine neuere Version (6.51 oder besser) ersetzt werden, die mit - Vektorfonts umgehen kann. -</ul> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Ghostscript: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/support/ghostscript/"><code>nonfree/support/ghostscript/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - Fonts in LaTeX: Item, www.mamster.net/tex/latex-fontfaq-amster-burton.pdf: WWW-Link - Fonts in LaTeX: Item, <a href="http://www.mamster.net/tex/latex-fontfaq-amster-burton.pdf"><code>http://www.mamster.net/tex/latex-fontfaq-amster-burton.pdf</code></a>: link) - <b>Matthew Amster-Burton: The Sooper-Simple Guide to Type 1 - Fonts in LaTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.mamster.net/tex/latex-fontfaq-amster-burton.pdf"><code>http://www.mamster.net/tex/latex-fontfaq-amster-burton.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="22">9.2.4 In einer mit ,dvips` erzeugten PostScript-Datei fehlen - die Ligaturen und andere Zeichen.</a></h3> -<p> -Dieses Problem kann auftreten, wenn die .ps-Datei unter Verwendung der -dvips-Option <tt>-Ppdf</tt> erzeugt wurde. Abhilfe: Ergänzen Sie beim -Aufruf von dvips die Option <tt>-G0</tt>: -<pre> - dvips -Ppdf -G0 ... -</pre> - -Hintergrund: Die Option <tt>-Ppdf</tt> manipuliert u.a. den Zeichensatz der -verwendeten Schriften, um einen potentiellen Fehler des ,Acrobat -Reader`<a name="23" id="23"> 4.0</a> zu umgehen. Das ist jedoch nur dann überhaupt relevant, wenn -die .ps-Datei später in PDF umgewandelt wird, und es funktioniert -außerdem nur bei Fonts mit 128 Zeichen (z.B. CM); mit anderen Fonts -führt es dazu, dass Zeichen verloren gehen. Mit der zusätzlichen -Option <tt>-G0</tt> wird dieses Verhalten abgestellt. Version 4.0 des -Acrobat Reader ist mittlerweile veraltet und dürfte wegen zahlreicher -Mängel sowieso kaum noch verwendet werden, so dass es wenig Sinn macht, -sie weiterhin zu berücksichtigen. -<p> -Vorsicht: Es sind auch Implementierungen von ,dvips` im Umlauf, -mit denen das beschriebene Verhalten schon ohne die Option <tt>-Ppdf</tt> -auftritt. Die zusätzliche Option <tt>-G0</tt> behebt das Problem dann -ebenfalls. - -<h3><a name="24">9.2.5 Warum werden mit der Suchfunktion des Programms - ,Acrobat Reader` keine Worte gefunden, die Umlaute - enthalten?</a></h3> -<p> -Ein Voraussetzung dafür ist die Verwendung von T1-kodierten -Schriften<a name="25" id="25">.</a> -Die oftmals günstige Lösung mit dem Paket ,ae` -<pre> -\usepackage{ae} -</pre> - -um auf die ,CM`-Schriften in T1-Kodierung -zugreifen zu können, versagt leider hinsichtlich der Umlaute und -anderer akzentuierter Buchstaben, da diese auch bei Verwendung dieses -Paketes intern aus mehreren Lettern zusammengesetzt werden. Um das -Problem zu umgehen, sollte man Schriften in T1-Kodierung verwenden, -in denen die Umlaute tatsächlich enthalten sind, wie etwa -die EC-Fonts (Type1-Versionen; <a href="fonts2.html#10">Frage 10.1.7</a>) oder -die PostScript-Basisfonts (siehe <a href="fonts2.html#17">Frage 10.2.1</a>). - -<h2><a name="26">9.3 TrueType-Schriften</a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="27">9.3.1 Wie kann ich TrueType-Schriften in LaTeX verwenden?</a></h3> -<p> -TeX bzw. LaTeX benötigt von jeder Schrift, egal in welchem Format sie -vorliegt, nur die tfm-Dateien einer Schrift. Erst der Treiber für das -Ausgabegerät benötigt die Schrift selbst und hier ist es vom Treiber -abhängig, in welchem Format die Schrift vorliegen darf. Historisch kommt -fast jeder Treiber mit PK-Dateien bzw. METAFONT-Dateien, aus denen PK-Dateien -erzeugt werden können, zurecht. Ebenso ist die Unterstützung von -PS-Schriftformaten weit verbreitet. -<p> -Erzeugt man mit pdfTeX PDF-Dateien, so kann pdfTeX TrueType-Schriften direkt -verwenden und einbetten. -<p> -Sonst gibt es, wie oben erwähnt, prinzipiell drei Möglichkeiten: -<ul> -<li>,ttf2pk`<a name="28" id="28">:</a> -<p> - Dieses Programm konvertiert beliebige TrueType-Schriften (auch asiatische!) in - PK-Dateien. ,ttf2pk` übernimmt dabei analog zu ,gsftopk` - bei PS-Schriften das <em>Rendering</em> für Anwendungen, die TrueType-Schriften - nicht unterstützen. Quellcode, Dokumentation etc. findet man im - FreeType-Paket: <a href="http://www.freetype.org/projects.html"><code>http://www.freetype.org/projects.html</code></a> -<p> - MikTeX und fpTeX enthalten bereits Binaries; die neuesten - teTeX-Distributionen ab Version 1.0 haben Unterstützung für - ,ttf2pk` in den Skripten (man muß also nur - ,ttf2pk` kompilieren). -<li>TTF => PS-Fonts: -<p> - Auch hier gibt es mehrere Ansätze. - <ul> -<li>,ttf2pfb`: -<p> - Konvertiert TrueType-Fonts (auch asiatische!) in Type-1 - PostScript-Schriften. Nachteile: Unterstützung von Komposit-TTFs - derzeit nur beschränkt möglich; außerdem geht das Hinting - (d.h. die Anpassung an kleine Schriftgrößen) verloren. -<p> - <a href="http://www.freetype.org/projects.html"><code>http://www.freetype.org/projects.html</code></a> - <li>,ttf2pt1`: -<p> - ,ttf2pt1` kann asiatische Fonts bzw. Fonts mit mehr als - 256 Glyphen behandeln, wobei die allgemeine Beschränkung, - daß ein Encoding-Vektor nur 256 Elemente haben kann, jedoch - davon unabhängig besteht; kann auch Metriken im .afm-Format - erzeugen, so daß Kerning-Informationen nicht verlorengehen. -<p> - <a href="http://www.netspace.net.au/~mheath/ttf2pt1/"><code>http://www.netspace.net.au/~mheath/ttf2pt1/</code></a> - <li>TTF => PS-Fonts im Type-42-Format: -<p> - Erzeugt eine ,Wrapper-Datei` um den TrueType-Font. - ,Ghostscript` und neuere PS-Interpreter haben ein - eingebautes TrueType-Modul, welches das Type-42-Format verstehen kann - - allerdings ist der TrueType-Rasterer von älteren Ghostscript-Versionen eher - schlecht. (Das Programm kann vermutlich keine asiatische Fonts bzw. Fonts mit mehr als 256 Glyphen behandeln.) - </ul> - -<p> - Prinzipiell geht bei der Konvertierung von TrueType-Schriften nach Type-1 das - <em>Hinting</em> verloren. Nähere Informationen hierzu findet man in den - Texten <a href="http://www.truetype.demon.co.uk/ttandt1.htm"><code>http://www.truetype.demon.co.uk/ttandt1.htm</code></a> und - <a href="http://www.truetype.demon.co.uk/tthints.htm"><code>http://www.truetype.demon.co.uk/tthints.htm</code></a>. -<li>,ttf2mf`: -<p> - [nie verwendet; kann vermutlich asiatische Fonts bzw. Fonts mit - mehr als 256 Glyphen nicht behandeln.] -<p> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/support/ttf2mf/"><code>nonfree/support/ttf2mf/</code></a> -</ul> - -<p> -Weitere Informationen findet man unter den folgenden URLs: -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>FreeType: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.freetype.org"><code>http://www.freetype.org</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Otfried Cheong: Using TrueType fonts in PdfLaTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.cs.uu.nl/~otfried/Pdftex/"><code>http://www.cs.uu.nl/~otfried/Pdftex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p> -Zur Verwendung oder Integration von ,ttf2pk` findet man -weiteres unter den folgenden URLs: -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Damir Rakityansky: Using TrueType fonts with TeX (LaTeX) and pdfTeX (pdfLaTeX): </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.radamir.com/tex/ttf-tex.htm"><code>http://www.radamir.com/tex/ttf-tex.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Damir Rakityansky (dt. Ü.): Benutzung von TrueType-Schriften unter TeX...: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/german/MiKTeX-WinEdt-TrueType-Anleitung/ttf.htm"><code>info/german/MiKTeX-WinEdt-TrueType-Anleitung/ttf.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> -<b>ttf2tex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/ttf2tex/"><code>support/ttf2tex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p> -Zur Konvertierung von TrueType-Schriften in eine PS-Schrift findet man mehr -unter der folgenden URL: -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Harald Harders: Using TrueType fonts with teTeX and dvips: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/TrueType/index.html"><code>info/TrueType/index.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. September 2003 erzeugt) -</address> -</div> - -<a href="makros4.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="fonts2.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a></body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/fonts2.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/fonts2.html deleted file mode 100644 index e2dd49c2075..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/fonts2.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,929 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- XML file produced from file: de-tex-faq.tex -- - -- using Hyperlatex v 2.5br (c) Otfried Cheong-- - -- on Emacs 20.7.1, Fri Sep 19 14:00:11 2003 --> -<head> -<title>DE-TeX-FAQ -- 10 METAFONT und Schriften (Fortsetzung)</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" - content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="en" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Typesetting,Fonts,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="de" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Schriftsatz,Buchsatz,Schrift,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Author" - content="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> -<meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> -<meta name="Description" - content="German Speaking FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V."> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> - -</head> - - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> -<a href="fonts1.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="tools.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a><br /> -<b><tt>Zurück zu:  </tt></b><a href="fonts1.html"><b>9 METAFONT und Schriften</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Hoch zu:  </tt></b><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><b>Inhalt</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Weiter zu:  </tt></b><a href="tools.html"><b>11 Tools und Utilities</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Mehr zu TeX et al.: </tt></b><a href="http://www.dante.de/"><b>DANTE e.V.</b></a><br /> -<hr /> - - <div align="center"> -<b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>10 METAFONT und Schriften (Fortsetzung)</h1> -<menu> -<li><a href="#1">10.1 Die Computer-Modern-Schriften und ihre - Nachfolger <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#2">10.1.1 Gibt es die CM-Fonts auch als - PostScript-(Type-1)-Schriften?</a> -<li><a href="#3">10.1.2 Wie kann ich die CM-Fonts mit beliebigen - Schriftgrößen verwenden?</a> -<li><a href="#4">10.1.3 Was sind EC- und TC-Schriften?</a> -<li><a href="#6">10.1.4 Wie kann ich mit LaTeX die neuen EC/TC-Schriften verwenden?</a> -<li><a href="#8">10.1.5 Gibt es die zu den EC-Schriften gehörenden Schriften - für den mathematischen Formelsatz?</a> -<li><a href="#9">10.1.6 Wieso werden bei Verwendung von EC-Schriften noch die - alten CM-Schriften geladen? Ich dachte, dass die EC- die - CM-Schriften vollständig ersetzen können?</a> -<li><a href="#10">10.1.7 Gibt es die EC- und TC-Fonts auch im - PostScript-(Type-1)-Format?</a> -<li><a href="#12">10.1.8 Was sind die ,AE`- und ,ZE`-Schriften?</a> -<li><a href="#14">10.1.9 Ich erhalte die Meldung ,<tt>LaTeX Font Warning: Some font - shapes were not available, defaults substituted</tt>`. Was hat das zu - bedeuten? <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#15">10.1.10 Was kann ich tun, wenn ich eine Meldung über eine nicht - vorhandene Schriftkombination erhalte? <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#16">10.2 Alternativen zu den Computer-Modern-Schriften <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#17">10.2.1 Wie kann ich die PostScript-Basisschriften (Times, - Helvetica usw.) mit LaTeX verwenden?</a> -<li><a href="#19">10.2.2 Wie kann ich ein ganzes Dokument in serifenloser Schrift - (z.B. Helvetica) setzen? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#21">10.2.3 Welche anderen als die CM-Schriften sind mit LaTeX ohne - großen Aufwand verwendbar?</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#22">Schriftfamilien mit Mathematikfonts</a> -<li><a href="#24">Schriftfamilien ohne Mathematikfonts</a> -<li><a href="#26">Generische Mathematikfonts</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#28">10.2.4 Wo finde ich TeX-Anpassungen für handelsübliche - Type-1-Fonts?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#29">10.3 Sonderschriften</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#30">10.3.1 Gibt es eine Schönschrift/Handschrift?</a> -<li><a href="#32">10.3.2 Ich suche eine Sütterlin, Fraktur, Schwabacher, - Gotische Schrift.</a> -<li><a href="#34">10.3.3 Gibt es die lateinische bzw. die vereinfachte - Ausgangsschrift, mit der man das Schreiben in der ersten Klasse - begonnen hat?</a> -<li><a href="#35">10.3.4 Gibt es eine Schrift mit Mediävalziffern/Minuskelziffern? - Wie kann ich alle Zahlen in einem Dokument mit Mediävalziffern - setzen?</a> -</menu> -</menu> -<hr align="center" width="70%" /> - -<h2><a name="1">10.1 Die Computer-Modern-Schriften und ihre - Nachfolger <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a></h2> - - - -<h3><a name="2">10.1.1 Gibt es die CM-Fonts auch als - PostScript-(Type-1)-Schriften?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Knuth'sche Computer-Modern-(CM)-Familie, die zusätzlichen -LaTeX-CM-Fonts und die AmS-Fonts zum mathematischen Formelsatz wurden -von Bluesky und Y&Y ins Type-1-Format umgesetzt und der Öffentlichkeit -frei verwendbar zur Verfügung gestellt. Die in diesem -,Bluesky`-Paket noch fehlenden Schriften, wie einige AmS-Fonts, -die Logo- und Manual-Fonts, sind inzwischen ebenso im Type-1-Format -verfügbar. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Bluesky: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/cm/ps-type1/bluesky/"><code>fonts/cm/ps-type1/bluesky/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>AmS-Fonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/ps-type1/"><code>fonts/amsfonts/ps-type1/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Logo: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/mflogo/ps-type1/hoekwater/"><code>fonts/mflogo/ps-type1/hoekwater/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Manual: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/manual/ps-type1/hoekwater/"><code>fonts/manual/ps-type1/hoekwater/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="3">10.1.2 Wie kann ich die CM-Fonts mit beliebigen - Schriftgrößen verwenden?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Paket ,type1cm` von David Carlisle enthält geänderte -Font-Deklaratonen für die CM-Schriften, in denen die üblichen -festen Größenabstufungen durch Bereiche abgedeckt werden. Seine -Verwendung ist vorzugsweise in Verbindung mit Type-1-Fonts sinnvoll; -ansonsten werden möglicherweise sehr viele oder sehr große -Pixelfonts erzeugt und gespeichert -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>type1cm: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/type1cm/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/type1cm/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="4">10.1.3 Was sind EC- und TC-Schriften?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit ,EC`<a name="5" id="5"> und</a> ,TC` bezeichnet man Fonts -mit dem Aussehen von Knuths CM-Schriften, aber einem Zeichenvorrat -entsprechend der ,europäischen` T1- und TS1-Kodierung. Die -EC-Schriften sind ebenso stabil wie die CM-Schriften, d.h. die -.tfm-Dateien dieser Schriftfamilien werden sich nicht mehr ändern. - -<h3><a name="6">10.1.4 Wie kann ich mit LaTeX die neuen EC/TC-Schriften verwenden?</a></h3> -<p> -Um mit LaTeX die EC-Schriften ohne viel Aufwand benutzen zu -können, benötigt man die LaTeX-Version vom Dezember 1996 oder -neuer. Mit dieser muss nurmehr in der Präambel die Zeile -<tt>\usepackage</tt><tt>[T1]</tt><tt>{fontenc}</tt> eingefügt werden. -<p> -Um die zusätzlichen Textsymbole der TC-Fonts nutzen zu k”nnen, -ist das Paket ,textcomp`<a name="7" id="7"> zu</a> laden: <tt>\usepackage</tt><tt>{textcomp}</tt>. - - -<h3><a name="8">10.1.5 Gibt es die zu den EC-Schriften gehörenden Schriften - für den mathematischen Formelsatz?</a></h3> -<p> -Nein, leider noch nicht. Zur Zeit existiert ein gemeinsames -LaTeX3-/TUG-Technical-Working-Group-(TWG)-Projekt; Barbara -Beeton, Herausgeberin des TUGboat und Mitarbeiterin bei der American -Mathematical Society (AmS), ist Vorsitzende dieser TWG. Die -Arbeitsgruppe hat die nicht-triviale Aufgabe, alle benötigten -mathematischen Zeichen zusammenzutragen und entsprechende -Schriftkodierungen festzulegen. Informationen über die bisher -erarbeiteten Konzepte kann man in -<a href="http://www.tug.org/twg/mfg"><code>http://www.tug.org/twg/mfg</code></a> -finden. - -<h3><a name="9">10.1.6 Wieso werden bei Verwendung von EC-Schriften noch die - alten CM-Schriften geladen? Ich dachte, dass die EC- die - CM-Schriften vollständig ersetzen können?</a></h3> -<p> -Da noch keine mathematischen Schriften speziell für die EC-Schriften -existieren, werden die der CM-Schriften verwendet. Die -CM-Textschriften enthalten jedoch die großen griechischen Buchstaben -für den mathematischen Formelsatz, so dass auch weiterhin diese -Textschriften zusätzlich zu den EC-Textschriften geladen werden -müssen. - -<h3><a name="10">10.1.7 Gibt es die EC- und TC-Fonts auch im - PostScript-(Type-1)-Format?</a></h3> -<p> -Bis vor einiger Zeit gab es die EC/TC-Schriften nicht im -Type-1-Format; inzwischen existieren jedoch mehrere kommerzielle und -freie Versionen: -<p> -MicroPress Inc. bietet sämtliche 666 Schriftschnitte der EC- und -TC-Schriften im Type-1-Format kommerziell an. -<p> -Kostenlos verfügbar sind zwei weitere Sammlungen von Type-1-Fonts: -,CM-Super`<a name="11" id="11"> von</a> Vladimir Volovich und ,Tt2001` -von Szabó Péter. ,CM-Super` enthält auch die -Computer-Modern-Schriften mit kyrillischem Zeichensatz (LH-Fonts). -Momentan weisen beide Sammlungen noch geringe qualitative Mängel auf. -<p> -Die kommerzielle Schriftfamilie ,EM` von Y&Y enthält zwar alle -Lettern der EC-Schriften, jedoch unterscheiden sich die Metriken von den -Original-EC-Schriften; außerdem werden beträchtlich weniger -verschiedene Entwurfsgrößen benutzt. Man erhält daher einen -anderen Umbruch, so dass sie keinen wirklichen Ersatz darstellen. -Andererseits sind sie, im Gegensatz zu den originalen EC-Fonts, auch mit -Anwendungen aus der nicht-TeX-Welt verwendbar (,ATM-kompatibel`). -<p> -Sollte keines der genannten Pakete verfügbar sein, kann man als -,Notlösung` zu den AE- oder ZE-Fonts greifen (siehe -<a href="#12">Frage 10.1.8</a>). -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>EC-Type-1 (MicroPress): </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/ecfonts/ecmain.htm"><code>http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/ecfonts/ecmain.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>CM-Super: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/cm-super/"><code>fonts/ps-type1/cm-super/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Tt2001: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/ec/"><code>fonts/ps-type1/ec/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.inf.bme.hu/~pts/textrace/"><code>http://www.inf.bme.hu/~pts/textrace/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>EM (Y&Y): </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.yandy.com/em.htm"><code>http://www.yandy.com/em.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="12">10.1.8 Was sind die ,AE`- und ,ZE`-Schriften?</a></h3> -<p> -Ein nicht ganz vollwertiger Ersatz von EC-Schriften im Type-1-Format -besteht darin, spezielle <em>virtuelle Fonts</em> zu benutzen. Diese -virtuellen Fonts stellen (fast) den kompletten T1-Zeichensatz bereit, -greifen letztlich auf die OT1-kodierten CM-Fonts zurück, und da -letztere in praktisch jedem TeX-System im Type-1-Format verfügbar -sind, bekommt man somit auch einen Ersatz für die EC-Schriften im -Type-1-Format. Allerdings unterscheiden sich die Metriken und die -verfügbaren Entwurfsgrößen von den echten EC-Fonts, so dass sich -ein anderer Umbruch ergibt. -<p> -Solche virtuellen Schriften sind unter den Namen ,Almost-European` -(AE) und ,ZE` verfügbar. Man beachte aber, dass nicht -<em>alle</em> Zeichen des T1-Encodings bereitgestellt werden. Auch wird -nur der T1-Zeichenvorrat simuliert, nicht aber TS1, so dass die -Textcompanion-Symbole wie z.B. ,<tt>\textmu</tt>`<a name="13" id="13"> nicht</a> verfügbar sind. -Für einige der fehlenden Zeichen gibt es Ersatzlösungen. So -erhält man die mit den AE-Schriften nicht darstellbaren -französischen Anführungszeichen durch zusätzliches Einbinden des -Paketes ,aeguill`. Es extrahiert französische -,Guillemets` aus anderen Schriften, vorzugsweise aus den -,PL`-Schriften, einer polnischen Variante der CM-Schriften mit -einigen zusätzlichen europäischen Zeichen. Die PL-Schriften liegen -als METAFONT- und als PostScript-Type-1-Schriften vor, die dieselben -Metrikdateien verwenden. Um sie in ihrer Kodierung OT4 benutzen zu -können, müssen die dazugehörigen Fontdefinitionsdateien aus dem -Bündel ,platex` installiert sein. Optional kann das -Paket ,aeguill` aber auch auf andere, standardmäßig -vorhandene Fonts, zurückgreifen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ae: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/ae/"><code>fonts/ae/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ze: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/zefonts/"><code>fonts/zefonts/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>aeguill: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/aeguill/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/aeguill/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>PL-Schriften (Type-1): </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/language/polish/plpsfont/"><code>language/polish/plpsfont/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>platex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/platex/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/platex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="14">10.1.9 Ich erhalte die Meldung ,<tt>LaTeX Font Warning: Some font - shapes were not available, defaults substituted</tt>`. Was hat das zu - bedeuten? <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Bei LaTeX ist es möglich, Kombinationen von Schriftattributen anzufordern, -die bei der verwendeten Schrift nicht verfügbar sind. So wird beispielsweise -bei der Kombination von ,,Kapitälchen`` und ,Fett` in der -Standard-Codierung OT1 mit CM-Fonts: -<pre> -\documentclass{article} -\begin{document} -\textsc{Test \textbf{Test}} -\end{document} -</pre> - -von LaTeX folgende Warnung gemeldet: -<pre> -LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `OT1/cmr/bx/sc' undefined -(Font) using `OT1/cmr/bx/n' instead on input line 4. -</pre> - -<p> -Diese Warnung besagt, dass in der Codierung OT1 in der Familie <tt>cmr</tt> -(Roman) und der ,Font series` <tt>bx</tt> (Fett) kein ,Font - shape` <tt>sc</tt> (Kapitälchen) verfügbar ist und stattdessen -,Font shape` <tt>n</tt> (Normal) verwendet wird. -<p> -Immer, wenn LaTeX solche Ersetzungen vornimmt, meldet es für alle -Ersetzungen zusammen am Schluss noch ,<tt>LaTeX Font Warning: Some font - shapes were not available, defaults substituted</tt>`, weil Meldungen am Ende des -LaTeX-Laufs nicht so leicht übersehen werden. -<p> -Welche Ersetzung LaTeX vornimmt, ist in den .fd-Dateien definiert. Näheres -dazu ist in dem LaTeX-Standarddokument ,selection: Kurzname im Text, fntguide/fntguide.html: Paketname - selection: Kurzname im Text, html/fntguide/fntguide.html: Paketname - <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/html/fntguide/fntguide.html">LaTeX2e font - selection</a>` zu finden. - -<h3><a name="15">10.1.10 Was kann ich tun, wenn ich eine Meldung über eine nicht - vorhandene Schriftkombination erhalte? <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Grundsätzlich gibt es in diesem Fall nur zwei Möglichkeiten. Zum einen kann -man natürlich nach Schriften suchen, bei denen die gewünschte Kombination -vorhanden ist. So sind beispielsweise fette Kapitälchen in der -Standardschrift CM nicht vorhanden, in den EC-Fonts hingegen sehr wohl. Fügt -man daher im Beispiel aus Frage <a href="#14">Frage 10.1.9</a> die Zeile -<pre> -\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} -</pre> - -ein, so verschwindet die Meldung. -<p> -Alternativ kann man auf die entsprechende Kombination schlicht verzichten. In -einigen Fällen genügt es daszu, die Warnung schlicht zu ignorrieren. Man -kann aber auch die Notwendigkeit der Kombination beseitigen. Hat man -beispielsweise serifenlose Überschriften voreingestellt, benötigt jedoch -unbedingt Kapitälchen in den Überschriften, so hat man das Problem, dass es -sehr wenige Schriften mit serifenlosen Kapitälchen gibt. Eine einfache -Lösung besteht nun darin, die Voreinstellung der Überschriften in eine -Serifenschrift zu ändern. -<p> -Viele unterschiedliche Warnungen über nicht vorhandene Schriftkombinationen -können auch ein Hinweis sein, dass versucht wird, übermäßig viele -Schriften zu kombinieren. Aus typografischer Sicht könnte die Eliminierung -der Kombinationen eine gute Lösung sein. Man sollte nämlich nie zu viele -Schriftarten miteinander kombinieren. - -<h2><a name="16">10.2 Alternativen zu den Computer-Modern-Schriften <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="17">10.2.1 Wie kann ich die PostScript-Basisschriften (Times, - Helvetica usw.) mit LaTeX verwenden?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Pakete und Metrikdateien des ,PSNFSS`-Bündels -unterstützen die Verwendung der 35 PostScript-Basisschriften mit -LaTeX. ,PSNFSS` ist Bestandteil jedes LaTeX-Systems. -<dl> - <dt><b>Times:</b></dt> -<dd> Das Paket ,mathptmx`<a name="18" id="18"> - deklariert</a> ,Times` als Grundschrift und lädt dazu passende - Mathematikschriften, die aus verschiedenen frei verfügbaren Fonts - (z.B. ,Symbol`) - zusammengesetzt sind. - <dt><b>Palatino:</b></dt> -<dd> Die Pakete ,mathpazo` und - ,mathpple` legen ,Palatino` als Grundschrift fest - und laden dazu passende Mathematikschriften, die aus frei - verfügbaren Fonts zusammengesetzt sind. Im Wesentlichen - unterscheiden sich die Pakete durch das Aussehen der griechischen - Buchstaben und einiger mathematischer Symbole; - das ältere Paket,mathpple` greift dafür vor allem auf - (modifizierte) Euler-Fonts zurück, während ,mathpazo` - ein neu entworfenes mathematisches Alphabet ,Pazo` - verwendet. - <dt><b>Helvetica:</b></dt> -<dd> Das Paket ,helvet` legt - ,Helvetica` als serifenlose Schrift fest. - <dt><b>Courier:</b></dt> -<dd> Das Paket ,courier` legt ,Courier` als - Schreibmaschinenschrift fest. - <dt><b>ZapfDingbats</b></dt> -<dd> und andere Symbolschriften - werden vom Paket ,pifont` unterstützt. -</dl> - -<p> -Weitere Pakete unterstützen die Schriftfamilien -,NewCenturySchoolbook`, ,Bookman`, ,AvantGarde` -und ,ZapfChancery`. PSNFSS unterstützt auch die Verwendung -der Schriftfamilien ,Bitstream Charter` und ,Adobe -Utopia`. Sie gehören nicht zu den Base35-Fonts, sind aber kostenlos -verfügbar und sollten standardmäßig Bestandteil jedes -LaTeX-Systems sein. -<p> -Siehe die Dokumentation zu PSNFSS (,Using common PostScript fonts -with LaTeX`). -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>psnfss: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/psnfss"><code>macros/latex/required/psnfss</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="19">10.2.2 Wie kann ich ein ganzes Dokument in serifenloser Schrift - (z.B. Helvetica) setzen? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Die Anweisung -<pre> -\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} -</pre> - -in der Präambel legt serifenlose Schrift als Grundschrift für das -gesamte Dokument fest; das ist diejenige Schriftfamilie, die sonst mit -der Anweisung ,<tt>\sffamily</tt>`<a name="20" id="20"> gewählt</a> würde. Per Voreinstellung -ist das ,CM-Sans`. Möchte man diese gegen -,Helvetica` austauschen, ist zusätzlich das Paket -,helvet` (siehe <a href="#17">Frage 10.2.1</a>) zu laden: -<pre> -\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} -\usepackage{helvet} -</pre> - -Beachte, dass in beiden Fällen LaTeXs Mathematikschriften -<em>nicht</em> geändert werden! Die für den Mathematiksatz -voreingestellten Schriften der CM-Familie harmonieren jedoch nur schlecht -mit ,CM-Sans` und überhaupt nicht mit ,Helvetica`, so -dass die genannten Lösungen untauglich sind, falls auch mathematische -Formeln zu setzen sind. -<p> -Es gibt überhaupt nur zwei serifenlose Schriftfamilien, die für TeX -geeignete Mathematikschriften (inkl. der AmS-Symbole) enthalten. -Beide werden zusammen mit Makropaketen für die Verwendung mit LaTeX -verteilt: -<dl> - <dt><b>CM-Bright:</b></dt> -<dd> Eine aus den CM-Fonts - abgeleitete Schriftfamilie; heller und weniger ,,aufdringlich`` - als ,CM-Sans`. Sie ist auf CTAN sowohl im Metafont- als auch im - PostScript-Format erhältlich. Die Schriften im Type-1-Format gehören - teilweise zur Sammlung CM-Super (siehe <a href="#10">Frage 10.1.7</a>), die - restlichen wurden von H.~Harders (,hfbright`) zur - Verfügung gestellt. Ein vollständiges Paket der CM-Bright-Fonts im - Type-1-Format wird auch kommerziell von der Fa. MicroPress Inc. - angeboten. - <dt><b>HV-Math:</b></dt> -<dd> Eine Helvetica-,Clone`, mit - erweitertem Zeichensatz und Mathematikschriften; im Type-1-Format von - MicroPress Inc. erhältlich. -</dl> - -<p> -Die Schriftfamilie ,Arial` ist lediglich eine Nachahmung der -,Helvetica`, mit geringen Unterschieden bei den Zeichenformen. -Sie wird von vielen Programmen als Ersatz für die echte Helvetica -verwendet, z.T. ohne dass dies vom Anwender zu beeinflussen ist. Mit TeX -kann und sollte man stets ,Helvetica` oder ,HV-Math` -verwenden, siehe oben! -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>CM-Bright: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/cmbright/"><code>fonts/cmbright/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/cm-super/"><code>fonts/ps-type1/cm-super/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/hfbright/"><code>fonts/ps-type1/hfbright/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/"><code>http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>HV-Math: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/"><code>http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="21">10.2.3 Welche anderen als die CM-Schriften sind mit LaTeX ohne - großen Aufwand verwendbar?</a></h3> -<p> -Vergleichsweise problemlos lassen sich mit LaTeX solche Schriften -einsetzen, die komplett mit allen nötigen TeX-spezifischen Metriken -und Makrodateien verteilt werden (bzw. in üblichen TeX-Distributionen -vorhanden sind). Idealerweise sollten außerdem dazu passende -Mathematikschriften vorhanden sein. - -<h4><a name="22">Schriftfamilien mit Mathematikfonts</a></h4> - -<dl> - <dt><b>Times:</b></dt> -<dd> Siehe <a href="#17">Frage 10.2.1</a>. Neben den vom Paket - ,mathptmx`<a name="23" id="23"> verwendeten</a> Mathematikschriften gibt es auch - kommerzielle, die eine deutlich höhere Qualität aufweisen: - ,TM-Math` (MicroPress, enthält auch zusätzliche - Textsymbole und die AmS-Symbolfonts), ,MathTime` und - ,MathTimePro` (Y&Y). - <dt><b>Palatino:</b></dt> -<dd> Siehe <a href="#17">Frage 10.2.1</a>. Neben den von dem Paketen - ,mathpple` und ,mathpazo` verwendeten - Mathematikschriften gibt es noch die kommerziellen - ,PA-Math`-Fonts (MicroPress) mit deutlich besserer - Qualität und zusätzlichen Textsymbolen. - <dt><b>LucidaBright:</b></dt> -<dd> Eine umfangreiche - Schrift-,Sippe`, bestehend aus Roman-, Sansserif- und - Schreibmaschinen-Schriften, zahlreichen Sonder- und Zierschriften - und allen Mathematikfonts für Verwendung mit plainTeX oder - LaTeX, einschl. der AmS-Symbole. Nur im Type-1-Format. Kommerziell - erhältlich bei Y&Y. - <dt><b>Concrete:</b></dt> -<dd> Eine serifenbetonte - Antiqua-Schrift; die Grundschrift von Donald Knuths Buch - ,Concrete Mathematics`; aus der CM-Familie abgeleitet. - Enthält neben Textfonts auch alle Mathematikschriften für - (La)TeX inkl. der AmS-Symbole. Im Metafont-Format kostenlos und - Bestandteil der meisten TeX-Systeme; im Type-1-Format von MicroPress - vertrieben. LaTeX-Paket: ,ccfonts` - <dt><b>CM-Bright:</b></dt> -<dd> siehe <a href="#19">Frage 10.2.2</a>. - <dt><b>Helvetica/HV-Math:</b></dt> -<dd> siehe <a href="#19">Frage 10.2.2</a>. - <dt><b>BA-Math:</b></dt> -<dd> Eine Antiqua-Schrift im Stil der ,Baskerville`, - mit Mathematikschriften für LaTeX; Type-1-Format. Erhältlich - bei MicroPress. - <dt><b>IF-Math:</b></dt> -<dd> Eine Tekton-,Clone` mit Mathematikschriften - für LaTeX; Type-1-Format. Erhältlich bei MicroPress. -</dl> - - -<h4><a name="24">Schriftfamilien ohne Mathematikfonts</a></h4> - -<dl> - <dt><b>AvantGarde, Bookman, Charter, Helvetica, NewCenturySchoolbook, - Utopia:</b></dt> -<dd> Die Verwendung dieser Schriftfamilien wird durch die Pakete - des PSNFSS-Bündels unterstützt, siehe <a href="#17">Frage 10.2.1</a>. - <dt><b>LucidaBrightSO:</b></dt> -<dd> <a name="25" id="25"> Die</a> wichtigsten - Textschriften der LucidaBright-Familie (<em>nicht</em> die - Mathematikschriften!) sind auch als Bestandteil von - ,StarOffice` 5.2 verfügbar. Im Gegensatz zur Variante von - Y&Y (siehe oben) enthalten sie neben den lateinischen auch kyrillische - Zeichensätze und sind kostenlos erhältlich. - <dt><b>Pandora:</b></dt> -<dd> Frei verfügbare, speziell für - die Verwendung mit (La)TeX entworfene Schriftfamilie mit Roman-, - Sansserif- und Schreibmaschinen-Schriften. Etwas auffällig und - verspielt. Nur mit OT1-Zeichensatz, nur im Metafont-Format. - <dt><b>Malvern:</b></dt> -<dd> Frei verfügbare, speziell für - TeX entworfene Familie von serifenlosen Schriften. Nur mit OT1- - und T1-Zeichensatz verfügbar, keine TS1-Kodierung; nur im - Metafont-Format. - <dt><b>Litaraturnaya:</b></dt> -<dd> Schriftfamilie mit - lateinischen und kyrillischen Zeichensätzen. Nur Type-1-Format. - Kostenlos erhältlich. -</dl> - - -<h4><a name="26">Generische Mathematikfonts</a></h4> - -<dl> - <dt><b>Die Mathematikschriften TM-Math, MathTime, MathTimePro</b></dt> -<dd> (siehe oben) - wurden ursprünglich für die Verwendung mit der ,Times` - entworfen, lassen sich aber auch mit ähnlichen Schriftfamilien - verwenden; dies wird auch von den dazu gehörenden Makropaketen - unterstützt. - <dt><b>LucidaNewMath</b></dt> -<dd> Die zu LucidaBright (siehe oben) gehörenden - Mathematikschriften lassen sich auch mit anderen Schriftfamilien - kombinieren. Ein entsprechendes Makropaket ,lucbmath`<a name="27" id="27"> wird</a> - zusammen mit den Schriften ausgeliefert. - <dt><b>Die mathematischen Euler-Fonts</b></dt> -<dd> wurden ursprünglich - für die Verwendung mit der Schriftfamilie Concrete entworfen (die - inzwischen eigene Mathematikfonts bekommen hat). -<p> - Die Euler-Fonts lassen sich sehr gut auch mit ganz - anderen Textschriften als Concrete kombinieren. Sie passen - insbesondere gut zu verschiedenen Renaissance-Antiquas (z.B. Garamond, - Sabon, Minion, Palatino). Dies wird durch das - neuere Paket ,eulervm` und dazu gehörende virtuelle Fonts - unterstützt. -<p> - Die LaTeX-Pakete ,euler` und ,beton` stellten eine - ad-hoc-Lösung für die Kombination Concrete/Euler dar, die die Typografie - vom Donald Knuths Buch ,Concrete Mathematics` in LaTeX - nachbildet; sie sind veraltet und sollten nicht mehr verwendet werden. -</dl> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>MicroPress: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/"><code>http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Y&Y: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.yandy.com/"><code>http://www.yandy.com/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Concrete: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/concrete/"><code>fonts/concrete/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/ecc/"><code>fonts/ecc/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/concmath/"><code>fonts/concmath/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Pandora: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/pandora/"><code>fonts/pandora/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Anpassungen zu LucidaBright aus StarOffice: </b></td> - <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/lucidaso/"><code>ftp://ftp.ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/lucidaso/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Literaturnaya: </b></td> - <td><a href="ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/literat/"><code>ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/literat/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>eulervm: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/eulervm/"><code>fonts/eulervm/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="28">10.2.4 Wo finde ich TeX-Anpassungen für handelsübliche - Type-1-Fonts?</a></h3> -<p> -Außerhalb der Welt von TeX existiert ein riesiges Angebot an -digitalisierten Schriften. Um sie auch mit (La)TeX verwenden zu -können benötigt man zusätzlich zu den eigentlichen Fonts -TeX-spezifische Metrik-, Font-Map- und .fd-Dateien. Falls man diese -nicht selbst erstellen kann oder will (siehe <a href="fonts1.html#18">Frage 9.2.2</a>), -kann man auf vorgefertigte Anpassungen zurückgreifen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>psfonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/psfonts"><code>fonts/psfonts</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"> - (z.T. veraltet und nur mangelhaft dokumentiert)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><b>Walter Schmidt: Schriften für TeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://home.vr-web.de/was/fonts.html"><code>http://home.vr-web.de/was/fonts.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h2><a name="29">10.3 Sonderschriften</a></h2> - - - -<h3><a name="30">10.3.1 Gibt es eine Schönschrift/Handschrift?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit ,calligra`<a name="31" id="31"> gibt</a> es eine kalligraphische Schrift (nur -im Metafont-Format), eine schön ausgeführte Schmuckschrift. Eine -weitere Schönschrift (ebenfalls im Metafont-Format) ist die -,twcal`, die ursprünglich auf der vereinfachten -Ausgangsschrift ,va` basiert, jedoch durch viele -Änderungen und Ligaturen weichere, durchgezogene Übergänge -erhalten hat. Mit den Paketen ,calligra` und ,twcal` gibt -es LaTeX-Anpassungen für beide gleichnamigen Schriften. -<p> -Zu den PostScript-Standardfonts gehört der ,normale` Schnitt der -Schrift ,ZapfChancery`. Metriken und Makrodateien dafür -gehören zum PSNFSS-Bündel, siehe <a href="#17">Frage 10.2.1</a>. -<p> -Im Type-1-Format ist die Schrift ,BrushScriptX` kostenlos -verfügbar. Sie ähnelt der kommerziellen Schrift BrushScript von Adobe. -Zusammen mit dem Font wird ein passendes Makropaket verteilt. -<p> -Ebenfalls im Type-1-Format ist die Schrift ,Augie` als -Freeware erhältlich, zusammen mit den nötigen Anpassungen zur -Verwendung mit TeX; sie ist aus einer typischen amerikanischen -Schülerhandschrift abgeleitet. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>calligra: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/calligra/"><code>fonts/calligra/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>twcal: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/twcal/"><code>fonts/twcal/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"> - (METAFONT-Quellen und Paket für LaTeX 2.09)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/gene/fundus/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/gene/fundus/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"> - - (Paket für LaTeX)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><b>BrushScriptX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/brushscr/"><code>fonts/brushscr/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Augie: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/augie/"><code>fonts/augie/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="32">10.3.2 Ich suche eine Sütterlin, Fraktur, Schwabacher, - Gotische Schrift.</a></h3> -<p> -Yannis Haralambous<a name="33" id="33"> hat</a> einen Satz dieser altdeutschen Schriften -auf der Tagung EuroTeX'91 in Cork/Irland vorgestellt. Neben den -reinen Brotschriften hat er auch noch mit der Schrift ,yinit` -große Initialen als Schmuckschrift hinzugefügt. Die Einbindung dieser -Schriften ist für LaTeX2e im Paket ,oldgerm`, das Bestandteil -von ,mfnfss` ist, enthalten. Mit dem Paket ,yfonts` -existiert eine Alternative, die mit <tt>german.sty</tt> funktioniert und -diese Schriften trotz ihrer unkonventionellen Kodierung in LaTeX2e -einbindet; ein Makro ermöglicht es, einen Absatz mit einer eingezogenen -Zierinitiale zu schmücken. -<p> -Zu der Sütterlin-Schrift ,suet14` und ihrer schräggestellten -Variante ,schwell` wurde in der Newsgroup <code>de.comp.tex</code> -(dem damaligen Vorgänger von `<a href="news:de.comp.text.tex"><code>de.comp.text.tex</code></a>`) angemerkt: -,,Die Fonts sehen wirklich klasse aus. Allerdings hat das -kleine ,a` keinen Kringel (Schleifchen) rechts oben, was es -nach Brockhaus und alten Schulunterlagen haben sollte. Auch -das ,k` scheint etwas abzuweichen.`` -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Y.H.: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/gothic/yfrak/"><code>fonts/gothic/yfrak/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/gothic/yswab/"><code>fonts/gothic/yswab/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/gothic/ygoth/"><code>fonts/gothic/ygoth/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/gothic/yinit/"><code>fonts/gothic/yinit/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mfnfss: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mfnfss"><code>macros/latex/contrib/mfnfss</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>yfonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/yfonts"><code>macros/latex/contrib/yfonts</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>cmfrak: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/gothic/cmfrak/"><code>fonts/gothic/cmfrak/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>sueterlin/schwell: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/gothic/sueterlin/"><code>fonts/gothic/sueterlin/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="34">10.3.3 Gibt es die lateinische bzw. die vereinfachte - Ausgangsschrift, mit der man das Schreiben in der ersten Klasse - begonnen hat?</a></h3> -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>la: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/la/"><code>fonts/la/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>va: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/va/"><code>fonts/va/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="35">10.3.4 Gibt es eine Schrift mit Mediävalziffern/Minuskelziffern? - Wie kann ich alle Zahlen in einem Dokument mit Mediävalziffern - setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Mediävalziffern erhält man in Plain-TeX durch -<tt>\oldstyle</tt><tt>{1234567890}</tt>, in LaTeX mit -<tt>\oldstylenums</tt><tt>{1234567890}</tt>, da TeXs -Math-Italic-Schriften diese Ziffernform bereits enthalten. -<p> -Will man alle Zahlen in einem Dokument in Mediävalziffern ausgeben, ohne -diese explizit mit ,<tt>\oldstyle</tt>`<a name="36" id="36"> bzw.</a> ,<tt>\oldstylenums</tt>` -auszeichnen zu müssen, so benötigt man spezielle Text-Fonts, in denen -die meist üblichen Versalziffern durch Mediävalziffern ersetzt wurden. -Dies ist z.B. in den ECO-Schriften der Fall, die auf den -EC-Schriften basieren und die als ,,virtuelle Schriften`` die -Ziffernformen ersetzen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ECO-Fonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/eco/"><code>fonts/eco/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. September 2003 erzeugt) -</address> -</div> - -<a href="fonts1.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="tools.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a></body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greynext.gif b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greynext.gif Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ad31e6ea979..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greynext.gif +++ /dev/null diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greynext.xbm b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greynext.xbm deleted file mode 100644 index f75c6db8c4e..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greynext.xbm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6 +0,0 @@ -#define greynext_width 16 -#define greynext_height 16 -static unsigned char greynext_bits[] = { - 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x04, 0x02, 0x0a, 0x05, 0x14, 0x0a, - 0x2a, 0x15, 0xd4, 0x2a, 0x2a, 0x15, 0x14, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x05, 0x04, 0x02, - 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}; diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greyprevious.gif b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greyprevious.gif Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ea86958042a..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greyprevious.gif +++ /dev/null diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greyprevious.xbm b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greyprevious.xbm deleted file mode 100644 index 369d09106f6..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greyprevious.xbm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6 +0,0 @@ -#define greyprevious_width 16 -#define greyprevious_height 16 -static unsigned char greyprevious_bits[] = { - 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x40, 0x40, 0x20, 0xa0, 0x50, 0x50, 0x28, - 0xa8, 0x54, 0x54, 0x2b, 0xa8, 0x54, 0x50, 0x28, 0xa0, 0x50, 0x40, 0x20, - 0x80, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}; diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greyup.gif b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greyup.gif Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 96c092d732f..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/greyup.gif +++ /dev/null diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/index.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 34dda41f25f..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,160 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- XML file produced from file: de-tex-faq.tex -- - -- using Hyperlatex v 2.5br (c) Otfried Cheong-- - -- on Emacs 20.7.1, Fri Sep 19 14:00:07 2003 --> -<head> -<title>DE-TeX-FAQ</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" - content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="en" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Typesetting,Fonts,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="de" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Schriftsatz,Buchsatz,Schrift,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Author" - content="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> -<meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> -<meta name="Description" - content="German Speaking FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V."> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> - -</head> - - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> -<div align="center"> -<b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align="center" align="center">Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über - das Textsatzsystem TeX und - DANTE, Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V.</h1> -<h2 align="center">Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner</h2> -<h3 align="center">Version 72 vom September 2003</h3> -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <hr /> -<p> - Dieser Text enthält häufig gestellte Fragen und passende - Antworten zum Textsatzsystem TeX und zu DANTE e.V. -<p> - Er kann über beliebige Medien frei verteilt werden, solange er - unverändert bleibt (inklusive dieses Hinweises). - Die Autoren bitten bei Verteilung über gedruckte Medien, über - Datenträger wie CD-ROM u.ä. um Zusendung von mindestens drei - Belegexemplaren. -<p> - Anregungen, Ergänzungen, Kommentare und Bemerkungen zur FAQ senden Sie - bitte per E-Mail an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` -<p> - <hr /> -</div> - -<p> -<h1 align="center">Inhalt</h1><menu> -<li><a href="allgemein.html">1 Allgemeines</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#1">1.1 Über diese FAQ</a> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#11">1.2 CTAN, das ,Comprehensive TeX Archive Network`</a> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#17">1.3 Newsgroups und Diskussionslisten</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="vereine.html">2 Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="vereine.html#1">2.1 DANTE e.V.</a> -<li><a href="vereine.html#8">2.2 Anwendervereinigungen</a> -<li><a href="vereine.html#12">2.3 Tagungen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="vereine.html#15">2.4 Literatur <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html">3 Textsatzsystem TeX - Übersicht</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#1">3.1 Grundlegendes</a> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#14">3.2 Welche TeX-Formate gibt es? Was ist LaTeX?</a> -<li><a href="uebersicht.html#27">3.3 Welche TeX-Weiterentwicklungen gibt es?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="woher.html">4 Textsatzsystem TeX - Bezugsquellen</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="woher.html#1">4.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System?</a> -<li><a href="woher.html#11">4.2 TeX-Implementierungen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="woher.html#25">4.3 Editoren, Frontend-/GUI-Programme <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="makros1.html">5 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I)</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="makros1.html#1">5.1 LaTeX - Grundlegendes</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#16">5.2 LaTeX - Probleme beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#25">5.3 (Silben-)Trennung, Absatz-, Seitenumbruch</a> -<li><a href="makros1.html#38">5.4 Seitenlayout, Layout allgemein, Kopf- und Fußzeilen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="makros2.html">6 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II)</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="makros2.html#1">6.1 Abbildungen und Tafeln</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#37">6.2 Tabellen</a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#51">6.3 Fußnoten, Endnoten etc. <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="makros2.html#64">6.4 Grafiken, Bilder, Farbe und andere Effekte <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="makros3.html">7 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III)</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="makros3.html#1">7.1 Gliederung, Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und andere Verzeichnisse</a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#32">7.2 Literaturzitate, Literaturverzeichnis, BibTeX <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#60">7.3 <tt>\verb</tt>-Anweisung, verbatim- und Kommentar-Umgebungen <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="makros3.html#79">7.4 Zerbrechliche Anweisungen in ,moving arguments`</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="makros4.html">8 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV)</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="makros4.html#1">8.1 Verschiedene Zeichen</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#21">8.2 Mathematischer Formelsatz <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#42">8.3 Chemischer Struktur- und Formelsatz</a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#49">8.4 Notensatz <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="makros4.html#52">8.5 Verschiedenes <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="fonts1.html">9 METAFONT und Schriften</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="fonts1.html#1">9.1 METAFONT und METAFONT-Hilfsprogramme</a> -<li><a href="fonts1.html#16">9.2 Schriften - allgemein <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="fonts1.html#26">9.3 TrueType-Schriften</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="fonts2.html">10 METAFONT und Schriften (Fortsetzung)</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#1">10.1 Die Computer-Modern-Schriften und ihre - Nachfolger <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#16">10.2 Alternativen zu den Computer-Modern-Schriften <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="fonts2.html#29">10.3 Sonderschriften</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="tools.html">11 Tools und Utilities</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="tools.html#1">11.1 Tools zur Manipulation von dvi-Dateien</a> -<li><a href="tools.html#14">11.2 Syntax-Checker</a> -<li><a href="tools.html#17">11.3 Dokument-Konverter von bzw. in - das (La)TeX-Markup-Format <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="tools.html#26">11.4 TeX-Benutzungsoberflächen und Editoren <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="tools.html#31">11.5 dvi-Treiber - Druckertreiber und Previewer</a> -<li><a href="tools.html#38">11.6 Zeichenprogramme</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="faqindex.html">Index</a> -</menu> - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. September 2003 erzeugt) -</address> -</div> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros1.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros1.html deleted file mode 100644 index 3cc18259c29..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros1.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1539 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- XML file produced from file: de-tex-faq.tex -- - -- using Hyperlatex v 2.5br (c) Otfried Cheong-- - -- on Emacs 20.7.1, Fri Sep 19 14:00:08 2003 --> -<head> -<title>DE-TeX-FAQ -- 5 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I)</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" - content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="en" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Typesetting,Fonts,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="de" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Schriftsatz,Buchsatz,Schrift,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Author" - content="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> -<meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> -<meta name="Description" - content="German Speaking FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V."> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> - -</head> - - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> -<a href="woher.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="makros2.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a><br /> -<b><tt>Zurück zu:  </tt></b><a href="woher.html"><b>4 Textsatzsystem TeX - Bezugsquellen</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Hoch zu:  </tt></b><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><b>Inhalt</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Weiter zu:  </tt></b><a href="makros2.html"><b>6 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II)</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Mehr zu TeX et al.: </tt></b><a href="http://www.dante.de/"><b>DANTE e.V.</b></a><br /> -<hr /> - - <div align="center"> -<b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>5 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I)</h1> -<menu> -<li><a href="#1">5.1 LaTeX - Grundlegendes</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#2">5.1.1 Was benötige ich, wenn ich von LaTeX 2.09 auf LaTeX2e - umsteigen bzw. eine neuere LaTeX-Version installieren will?</a> -<li><a href="#4">5.1.2 Ich habe gehört, daß es für meine LaTeX-Versionen Patches - gibt. Welche Dateien benötige ich, was muß ich tun?</a> -<li><a href="#5">5.1.3 Was kann ich mit einer Datei mit Endung ,.dtx` anfangen? - Benötige ich dazu auf alle Fälle LaTeX?</a> -<li><a href="#7">5.1.4 Wie installiert man am besten ein neues Paket, - eine neue Klasse oder eine neue Schrift in einem bestehenden - TeX-System?</a> -<li><a href="#8">5.1.5 Wie gehe ich am besten vor, wenn ich eine bestehende - LaTeX-Klasse ändern bzw. an meine eigenen Vorgaben anpassen will?</a> -<li><a href="#10">5.1.6 Wie kann ich unter LaTeX eine Anweisung mit optionalem - Parameter definieren?</a> -<li><a href="#11">5.1.7 Wie erkenne ich bei einer Anweisung mit optionalem Parameter, - ob dieser vom Autor angegeben wurde?</a> -<li><a href="#13">5.1.8 Wie kann ich in LaTeX eine Anweisung mit mehr als einem - optionalen Parameter definieren?</a> -<li><a href="#15">5.1.9 Wie kann ich innerhalb des optionalen Arguments einer - Anweisung zusätzliche eckige Klammern, beispielsweise die eines - optionalen Arguments einer anderen Anweisung, verwenden?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#16">5.2 LaTeX - Probleme beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#17">5.2.1 Anweisungen wie <tt>\tenrm</tt>, <tt>\twlrm</tt>, <tt>\fivrm</tt> etc., - die von einigen Paketen wie PiCTeX verwendet werden, sind nicht - mehr definiert. Was muß ich da ändern?</a> -<li><a href="#19">5.2.2 Beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09 mit NFSS - (Version 1) auf LaTeX2e ändert sich auch das Verhalten der - Anweisungen <tt>\rm</tt>, <tt>\bf</tt>, <tt>\it</tt> etc. auf das Verhalten des - Original-LaTeX 2.09. Wie bekomme ich das alte inkompatible - Verhalten von NFSS Version 1?</a> -<li><a href="#21">5.2.3 Einige mathematische Symbole (<tt>\Box</tt>, <tt>\lhd</tt>, - <tt>\leadsto</tt>, <tt>\Join</tt>, <tt>\mho</tt>, <tt>\sqsubset</tt> etc.) sind - nicht mehr definiert - wieso?</a> -<li><a href="#23">5.2.4 Kann es sein, daß es in LaTeX2e den Parameter - <tt>\footheight</tt> und die internen Parameter <tt>\@maxsep</tt> und - <tt>\@dblmaxsep</tt> nicht mehr gibt? Gibt es einen Ersatz?</a> -<li><a href="#24">5.2.5 Mit älteren Dokumentklassen bekomme ich den Fehler - ,<tt>! Undefined control sequence.</tt>` oder - ,<tt>! LaTeX Error: <tt>\mit</tt> undefined.</tt>` - für die Schriften <tt>\mit</tt> und <tt>\cal</tt>. Wieso?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#25">5.3 (Silben-)Trennung, Absatz-, Seitenumbruch</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#26">5.3.1 Wie kann ich LaTeX an die neue deutsche Rechtschreibung - anpassen? Gibt es Trennmuster für die neuen Trennregeln?</a> -<li><a href="#27">5.3.2 Warum trennt (La)TeX Worte mit Umlauten nicht oder - nicht korrekt?</a> -<li><a href="#29">5.3.3 Wie kann ich Trennungsausnahmen mit Umlauten in - <tt>\hyphenation</tt> verwenden?</a> -<li><a href="#31">5.3.4 Wie kann ich ,Hurenkinder` (engl. widows), also einzelne - Zeilen eines Absatzes am Kopf von Buchseiten, bzw. - ,Schusterjungen/Waisenkinder` (engl. clubs), einzelne Absatzzeilen auf - der Seite unten, verhindern?</a> -<li><a href="#33">5.3.5 Wie muß in LaTeX die Datei ,,<tt>hyphen.cfg</tt>`` - aussehen, um die deutschen Trennmuster ,,<tt>dehypht.tex</tt>`` (vormals - ,,<tt>ghyph31.tex</tt>``) in das LaTeX-Format einzubinden?</a> -<li><a href="#34">5.3.6 Wieso werden Texte in ,typewriter`-Schriften - nicht getrennt? Gibt es eine Möglichkeit, daß doch getrennt werden - kann?</a> -<li><a href="#36">5.3.7 Warum trennt LaTeX Wörter mit Bindestrich nicht bzw. nur am Bindestrich, auch wenn die Trennausnahmeliste diese - enthält?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#38">5.4 Seitenlayout, Layout allgemein, Kopf- und Fußzeilen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#39">5.4.1 Gibt es neben den Standard-LaTeX-Klassen auch Klassen - mit einem ,europäischeren` Design?</a> -<li><a href="#41">5.4.2 Ich suche eine Klasse für Briefe, die weitgehend die - verschiedenen DIN-Normen und deutschen Gepflogenheiten berücksichtigt.</a> -<li><a href="#43">5.4.3 Gibt es eine bequemere Möglichkeit, ein Seitenlayout anzugeben, - als dadurch, Parameter, wie <tt>\textheight</tt>, einzeln zu verändern?</a> -<li><a href="#45">5.4.4 Wieso ist mit der Klasse ,book` oder mit der - Klassenoption ,twoside` der innere Rand kleiner - als der äußere?</a> -<li><a href="#46">5.4.5 Gibt es einen einfachen Weg, die Seitennummer als - ,Seite 1 von 16` anzugeben?</a> -<li><a href="#48">5.4.6 Wie kann ich den Kolumnentitel, die Kopfzeile der - Seite, oder die Fußzeile nach meinen Wünschen gestalten, z.B. mit einem - Strich versehen?</a> -<li><a href="#50">5.4.7 Wie kann ich einem zweispaltig gesetzten Text - (Klassenoption ,twocolumn`) eine beide Spalten - übergreifende Überschrift und Zusammenfassung voransetzen?</a> -<li><a href="#52">5.4.8 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß der Beginn eines Absatzes - eingezogen wird? Ich will Absätze stattdessen mit zusätzlichem - Durchschuß markieren. <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#54">5.4.9 Wie kann ich den Durchschuß meines Dokuments vergrößern, - wenn ich beispielsweise ein Dokument mit 1,5- oder 2-fachem Zeilenabstand - abliefern soll?</a> -<li><a href="#56">5.4.10 Wieso bekomme ich mit <tt>\pagestyle</tt><tt>{empty}</tt> dennoch eine - Seitennummer auf der ersten Seite mit dem Artikeltitel?</a> -<li><a href="#58">5.4.11 Wie kann ich mein gesamtes LaTeX-Dokument im Querformat - setzen?</a> -<li><a href="#60">5.4.12 Wie kann ich Teile meines Dokumentes im Querformat setzen?</a> -</menu> -</menu> -<hr align="center" width="70%" /> - -<h2><a name="1">5.1 LaTeX - Grundlegendes</a></h2> - - - -<h3><a name="2">5.1.1 Was benötige ich, wenn ich von LaTeX 2.09 auf LaTeX2e - umsteigen bzw. eine neuere LaTeX-Version installieren will?</a></h3> -<p> -Grundsätzlich sollte man sich beim Umstieg von 2.09 oder beim Update -einer älteren 2e-Version immer die komplette LaTeX-Distribution im -Verzeichnis ,,<tt>base</tt>`` besorgen und installieren, nie einzelne -Dateien oder nur einzelne Class-Dateien. Nach dem Entpacken der -Distribution und Installation der einzelnen Dateien ist ein neues -Format zu generieren. Die Anleitung -,,<tt><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/install.txt">install.txt</a></tt>`` -enthält genauere Informationen und wichtige Hinweise - bitte -durchlesen! -<dl> -<dt><b>Notwendig:</b></dt> -<dd><br /> -<ul> -<li>alle Dateien im Verzeichnis ,,<tt>base</tt>``. - <li>alle Zusatzpakete wie ,graphics`<a name="3" id="3"> und</a> damit alle Dateien - in den Verzeichnissen unter dem Verzeichnis ,,<tt>required</tt>``. - <li>die zusätzlichen CM-Schriften ,cmmib` und ,cmbsy` - in den Designgrößen 5, 6, 7, 8 und 9 Punkt. - </ul> - -<dt><b>Optional, da schon in ,,<tt>base</tt>`` enthalten:</b></dt> -<dd><br /> -<ul> -<li>Will man sich, insbesondere auf langsameren Rechnern, das - Entpacken der dtx-Dateien in ,,<tt>base</tt>`` sparen, benötigt - man noch zusätzlich die Dateien im Verzeichnis - ,,<tt>unpacked</tt>``. - <li>Ebenso befindet sich im Verzeichnis ,,<tt>doc</tt>`` die schon - formatierte Dokumentation, also die Dateien - ,,<tt>base/???guide.tex</tt>``. - </ul> - -</dl> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>base: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/"><code>macros/latex/base/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/"><code>macros/latex/required/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>line/lcircle/lasy: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/latex/mf/"><code>fonts/latex/mf/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/latex/tfm/"><code>fonts/latex/tfm/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>cmmib/cmbsy: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/sources/extracm/"><code>fonts/amsfonts/sources/extracm/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/tfm/"><code>fonts/amsfonts/tfm/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>oder</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/cm/sauter/"><code>fonts/cm/sauter/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>optional: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/unpacked/"><code>macros/latex/unpacked/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/"><code>macros/latex/doc/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="4">5.1.2 Ich habe gehört, daß es für meine LaTeX-Versionen Patches - gibt. Welche Dateien benötige ich, was muß ich tun?</a></h3> -<p> -Für jeden LaTeX-Patch benötigt man immer zumindest die Datei -<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/patches.txt">,,<tt>patches.txt</tt>``</a>. Sie beschreibt genau, welche -weitere Dateien man noch zu einem <em>kompletten</em> Patch benötigt. In -vielen Fällen gibt es neben der Datei -<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/ltpatch.ltx">,,<tt>ltpatch.ltx</tt>``</a>, die LaTeX-Kernel-Patches -enthält, noch neue Versionen weiterer Dateien! Näheres in -<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/patches.txt">,,<tt>patches.txt</tt>``</a>. -<p> -Nachdem man die Dateien geholt und installiert hat, muß ein neues -Format erstellt und installiert werden, damit die Patches in -,,<tt>ltpatch.ltx</tt>`` aktiv werden. Zur Kontrolle: Danach sollte beim -Formatieren eines Dokuments nach der Meldung ,LaTeX2e -<1999/06/01>` noch der Zusatz -,patch level X` erscheinen, wobei ,X` mit dem -installierten Patch übereinstimmen muß. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>patches.txt: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/patches.txt"><code>macros/latex/base/patches.txt</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="5">5.1.3 Was kann ich mit einer Datei mit Endung ,.dtx` anfangen? - Benötige ich dazu auf alle Fälle LaTeX?</a></h3> -<p> -Dateien mit ,<tt>.dtx</tt>` sind sogenannte ,docstrip archive -files`, also ein Archiv, aus dem man mit dem Programm ,docstrip`<a name="6" id="6"> -verschiedene</a> Dateien entpacken kann. Zum Entpacken benötigen Sie nur -die Datei <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/unpacked/docstrip.tex">,,<tt>docstrip.tex</tt>``</a> oder -<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/docstrip.dtx">,,<tt>docstrip.dtx</tt>``</a> und das -Programm TeX. ,,<tt>docstrip.tex</tt>`` können Sie mit LaTeX 2.09, -LaTeX2e und auch mit Plain-TeX verwenden. -<p> -Wie Sie eine ,<tt>.dtx</tt>`-Datei entpacken müssen, sollten Sie -aus einer Beschreibung zu Beginn der ,<tt>.dtx</tt>`-Datei oder -einer separaten README-Datei entnehmen können. Existiert eine -gleichnamige Datei mit Endung ,<tt>.ins</tt>`, so können Sie in den -meisten Fällen das ,<tt>.dtx</tt>`-Archiv ,,<tt>file.dtx</tt>`` mit -,,<tt>tex file.ins</tt>`` entpacken. In der Regel erzeugt dieser Aufruf -eine oder mehrere ,<tt>.sty</tt>`-Dateien sowie weitere Hilfs- und -Beispieldateien. Näheres entnehmen Sie bitte der Beschreibung des -Archivs. -<p> -Die Dokumentation eines Pakets und der Makros sind ebenso in einem -,<tt>.dtx</tt>`-Archiv enthalten. Zum Formatieren dieser -Dokumentation benötigen Sie jedoch ein installiertes LaTeX2e - -für einige ältere Archive reicht auch noch das alte LaTeX 2.09. -Üblicherweise kann die Dokumentation (,<tt>.dvi</tt>`-Datei) durch -,,<tt>latex file.dtx</tt>`` oder ,,<tt>latex file.drv</tt>`` erzeugt werden. -<p> -Ein Befehlsindex eines Paketes kann i.d.R. durch -<pre> -makeindex -s gind.ist file -</pre> - -und einen anschließenden erneuten LaTeX-Lauf erzeugt werden. -<p> -Bei der Erzeugung der Dokumentation wird der dokumentierte Quellcode -meist nicht aufgenommen; um ihn einzuschließen, kann vor dem -LaTeX-Lauf im aktuellen Verzeichnis eine Datei ,,<tt>ltxdoc.cfg</tt>`` -angelegt werden, die die folgende Zeile enthält: -<pre> -\AtBeginDocument{\AlsoImplementation} -</pre> - -Näheres ist, falls vorhanden, der mitgelieferten Beschreibung des -Archivs zu entnehmen. -<p> -Hinweis: Mit LaTeX ab Dezember 1995 wurde eine Version des Tool -,,<tt>docstrip.dtx</tt>`` verteilt, das gleichzeitig mehrere Dateien aus einem -Archiv entpacken kann und damit um einiges schneller ist. Deshalb lohnt es -sich, wenn Sie eine ältere Version benutzen, diese durch die neue Version zu -ersetzen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>docstrip: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/docstrip.dtx"><code>macros/latex/base/docstrip.dtx</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/docstrip.ins"><code>macros/latex/base/docstrip.ins</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>(Bestandteil von LaTeX, kann aber auch mit Plain-TeX - verwendet</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>werden!)</td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="7">5.1.4 Wie installiert man am besten ein neues Paket, - eine neue Klasse oder eine neue Schrift in einem bestehenden - TeX-System?</a></h3> -<p> -Aktuelle TeX-Systeme legen alle Dateien in einer hierarchischen Struktur -gemäß dem TeX-Directory-Structure-Standard (TDS, siehe -<a href="uebersicht.html#13">Frage 3.1.7</a>) an. Das Wurzelverzeichnis eines solchen Baumes lautet -meist ,,<tt>texmf</tt>``. Unter teTeX, fpTeX und anderen TeX-Systemen -werden die Suchpfade in der Datei ,,<tt>texmf.cnf</tt>`` angegeben, deren Ort man -mit ,,<tt>kpsewhich texmf.cnf</tt>`` herausfinden kann. -<p> -Für nachträglich installierte Pakete empfiehlt es sich, diese in -einer eigenen lokalen Verzeichnishierarchie zu installieren -(beispielsweise unter dem Verzeichnis ,,<tt>texmf.local</tt>``, siehe -Variable <tt>TEXMFLOCAL</tt> in ,,<tt>texmf.cnf</tt>``). -<p> -Besteht ein LaTeX-Paket nach dem eventuell notwendigen Entpacken der -dtx-Dateien aus einer Einzeldatei, so wird diese in der TDS-Hierarchie -in ,,<tt>texmf.local/tex/latex/misc/</tt>`` abgelegt. Gehören zu -dem Paket mehrere sty-, cls-, fd- oder ähnliche -Dateien, so werden diese in ein neu erzeugtes Verzeichnis unter -,,<tt>texmf.local/tex/latex/<em>Paketname</em></tt>`` verschoben. -<p> -Schriften, Dokumentation, BibTeX-Dateien, dvips-Konfigurationsdateien -u.ä. werden analog gemäß TDS in entsprechende Unterverzeichnisse -unter ,,<tt>texmf.local</tt>`` verschoben. Näheres sollte in der -README-Datei des Pakets erläutert sein. -<p> -Zum Abschluss darf man nicht vergessen, die sogenannte -<em>Filename-Database</em> auf den aktuellen Stand zu bringen, da sonst die neu -installierten Dateien nicht gefunden werden. Näheres finden Sie in der -Dokumentation Ihres TeX-Systems und unter <a href="makros4.html#67">Frage 8.5.10</a>. -<p> -Einige TeX-Systeme bieten ein Konfigurations-Werkzeug, um zusätzliche Pakete -nachträglich zu installieren oder vorhandene Pakete zu aktualisieren. Unter -fpTeX geht dies über das Setup-Menü, unter MikTeX verwendet man das -Options-Tool. Beide sorgen nach der Änderung automatisch für die -Aktualisierung der Dateinamens-Datenbank. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Managing a one-person TeX system: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.ctan.org/installationadvice/"><code>http://www.ctan.org/installationadvice/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="8">5.1.5 Wie gehe ich am besten vor, wenn ich eine bestehende - LaTeX-Klasse ändern bzw. an meine eigenen Vorgaben anpassen will?</a></h3> -<p> -Statt von einer bestehenden Klasse wie ,,<tt>article.cls</tt>`` eine Kopie -unter eigenem Namen, hier als Beispiel ,,<tt>detexfaq.cls</tt>``, -anzulegen, empfiehlt es sich, eine schon bestehende Klasse zu laden -und anschließend alle notwendigen Änderungen durchzuführen. Hierzu -bietet LaTeX eine Reihe von Möglichkeiten, die in der -Dokumentation für Klassen-Autoren ,,<tt>clsguide.tex</tt>`` beschrieben -sind. Als einfaches Beispiel hätte damit die neue Klasse -,,<tt>detexfaq.cls</tt>``, in der als Standard-Optionen -,11pt,a4paper` verwendet werden und die beiden Pakete -,german`<a name="9" id="9"> und</a> ,remreset` bereits implizit geladen werden, -folgendes Aussehen: -<pre> -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CUT HERE -%% detexfaq.cls -- DE-TeX-FAQ's modified ``article.cls'' -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}\relax -\ProvidesClass{detexfaq}[2000/05/11 Article Class from DE-TeX-FAQ] -%% Lade nun ``article.cls'', wobei als Default-Optionen ``11pt'' und -%% A4-Papierformat als Default gesetzt werden (fuer diese muss explizit -%% eine Deklaration hier vorhanden sein) und alle weiteren vom Autor -%% gegebenen Optionen einfach `durchgereicht' werden: -\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} -\DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} -\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} -\ExecuteOptions{a4paper,11pt} -\ProcessOptions\relax -\LoadClass{article} -%% Ab hier kann man Aenderungen an den Makros der geladenen Klasse -%% durchfuehren (bitte mit \renewenvironment oder \renewcommand!), -%% Pakete hinzuladen und/oder eigene Anweisungen und Umgebungen -%% definieren: -\RequirePackage{german} -\RequirePackage{remreset} -%% Schliesslich wird die Klassendatei `sauber' beendet': -\endinput -%% End of ``detexfaq.cls'' -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CUT HERE -</pre> - -<p> -Diese Vorgehensweise hat einige Vorteile. So bleibt die eigene -Klassendatei relativ klein und enthält nur die notwendigen -Änderungen und Ergänzungen. Ändert sich an der verwendeten Klasse -etwas, z.B. werden Fehler korrigiert, so sind in den meisten Fällen -keinerlei Änderung an der eigenen Klassendatei zum Nachvollziehen -dieser Änderungen notwendig. Daneben dokumentiert man explizit, von -welcher Klasse und Versionsnummer man als Basis ausgegangen ist, zumal -diese Klasse und alle geladenen Pakete mit ihren Versionsnummern bei -einem im Dokumentkopf eingefügten <tt>\listfiles</tt> auftauchen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>clsguide.tex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/"><code>macros/latex/base/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="10">5.1.6 Wie kann ich unter LaTeX eine Anweisung mit optionalem - Parameter definieren?</a></h3> -<p> -In LaTeX kann man mit den Anweisungen <tt>\newcommand</tt>, <tt>\renewcommand</tt>, -<tt>\newenvironment</tt> und <tt>\renewenvironment</tt> eigene Anweisungen und -Umgebungen definieren, die einen optionalen Parameter als erstes -Argument besitzen. Nähere Informationen finden sich in der -Dokumentation für Autoren ,,<tt>usrguide.tex</tt>``. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>usrguide.tex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/"><code>macros/latex/base/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - - -<h3><a name="11">5.1.7 Wie erkenne ich bei einer Anweisung mit optionalem Parameter, - ob dieser vom Autor angegeben wurde?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit Hilfe des im Paket ,ifthen`<a name="12" id="12"> definierten</a> Vergleichs -<tt>\equal</tt> kann man das optionale Argument mit dem voreingestellten -Wert vergleichen. Das folgende Beispiel geht davon aus, daß der -voreingestellte Wert leer sein soll: -<pre> -\usepackage{ifthen} -\newcommand{\meineanweisung}[2][]{% #1 = optional, #2 = notwendig - \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{% - % Autor hat kein oder leeres optionales Argument angegeben - }{% - % Autor hat optionales Argument angegeben - }} -</pre> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ifthen: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/"><code>macros/latex/base/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="13">5.1.8 Wie kann ich in LaTeX eine Anweisung mit mehr als einem - optionalen Parameter definieren?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit <tt>\newcommand</tt> kann man nur ein Makro mit einem einzigen optionalen -Parameter definieren. Will man ein Makro mit mehr als einem optionalen -Parameter definieren, so muß man hierzu mehrere Makros mit jeweils einem -optionalen Parameter definieren, die den Wert des Parameters zwischenspeichern -und das nächste Makro aufrufen. -<p> -Hier ist ein Beispiel für ein Makro -<tt>\cubic[a][b][c]{d}</tt> mit drei optionalen Argumenten: -<pre> -\newcommand{\erstesargument}{} -\newcommand{\zweitesargument}{} - -\newcommand{\cubic}[1][a]{% erstes optionales Argument - \begingroup % Definitionen von \...argument lokal halten - \renewcommand{\erstesargument}{#1}% opt. Argument speichern - \cubicZwei} -\newcommand{\cubicZwei}[1][b]{% zweites optionales Argument - \renewcommand{\zweitesargument}{#1}% opt. Argument speichern - \cubicDrei} -\newcommand{\cubicDrei}[2][c]{% drittes opt. + notwendiges Argument - \({\erstesargument}x^3+{\zweitesargument}x^2+#1x+#2\)% - \endgroup} -</pre> - -<p> -Eine weitere Möglichkeit bietet das Paket ,twoopt`<a name="14" id="14">:</a> -<pre> -\newcommandtwoopt{\Cmd}[3][DefaultA][DefaultB]{Args: #1, #2, #3} -</pre> - -In Anlehnung an die Standard-LaTeX-Definitionen existieren auch die -Anweisungen <tt>\renewcommandtwoopt</tt> und <tt>\providecommandtwoopt</tt>. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>twoopt: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="15">5.1.9 Wie kann ich innerhalb des optionalen Arguments einer - Anweisung zusätzliche eckige Klammern, beispielsweise die eines - optionalen Arguments einer anderen Anweisung, verwenden?</a></h3> -<p> -Im Unterschied zu den geschwungenen Klammern <code>{...}</code>, die immer -paarweise und korrekt geschachtelt werden müssen, sucht LaTeX bei -eckigen Klammern einfach nach der nächsten schließenden eckigen -Klammer <code>]</code>, ohne auf korrekte Schachtelung dieser Klammern zu -achten. Um dies zu verhindern, muß man einfach innerhalb der eckigen -Klammern <code>[...]</code> ein geschweiftes Klammerpaar einfügen, wie -dies hier als Beispiel für <tt>\twocolumn</tt> gezeigt wird: -<pre> -\twocolumn[{ ... \sqrt[3]{x^2} ... }] -</pre> - - -<h2><a name="16">5.2 LaTeX - Probleme beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09</a></h2> - - - - -<h3><a name="17">5.2.1 Anweisungen wie <tt>\tenrm</tt>, <tt>\twlrm</tt>, <tt>\fivrm</tt> etc., - die von einigen Paketen wie PiCTeX verwendet werden, sind nicht - mehr definiert. Was muß ich da ändern?</a></h3> -<p> -Diese Namen für Schriften wurden nie dokumentiert und sollten im -alten LaTeX 2.09 nur LaTeX-intern verwendet werden. Da das -Fontauswahlschema namens NFSS2 in LaTeX2e komplett neu geschrieben -wurde, sind diese ehemals internen Namen nicht mehr vorhanden. Es ist -daher am besten, diese alten Pakete so umzuschreiben, daß diese -internen Schriftnamen nicht mehr verwendet werden. In der -Zwischenzeit kann man mit Hilfe des Paketes ,rawfonts`<a name="18" id="18"> diese</a> -Namen nachdefinieren, wie z.B. mit -<pre> -\usepackage[only,fivrm]{rawfonts} -</pre> - -für PiCTeX. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>rawfonts.sty: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/"><code>macros/latex/required/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="19">5.2.2 Beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09 mit NFSS - (Version 1) auf LaTeX2e ändert sich auch das Verhalten der - Anweisungen <tt>\rm</tt>, <tt>\bf</tt>, <tt>\it</tt> etc. auf das Verhalten des - Original-LaTeX 2.09. Wie bekomme ich das alte inkompatible - Verhalten von NFSS Version 1?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,newlfont`<a name="20" id="20"> erhält</a> man das Verhalten von NFSS v1, ohne -daß man in den meisten Fällen das Dokument ändern muß: -<pre> -\usepackage{newlfont} -</pre> - -<p> -Für neue Dokumente sollte man jedoch besser gleich die neuen -Anweisungen <code>\textrm{...}</code>, <code>\textbf{...}</code>, -<code>\textit{...}</code> etc. verwenden. Diese Anweisungen haben darüber -hinaus den Vorteil, daß eine eventuell notwendige ,italic -correction` automatisch eingefügt wird. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>newlfont.sty: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/"><code>macros/latex/required/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="21">5.2.3 Einige mathematische Symbole (<tt>\Box</tt>, <tt>\lhd</tt>, - <tt>\leadsto</tt>, <tt>\Join</tt>, <tt>\mho</tt>, <tt>\sqsubset</tt> etc.) sind - nicht mehr definiert - wieso?</a></h3> -<p> -Die LaTeX-Symbolschriften ,lasy10`<a name="22" id="22"> und</a> ,lasyb10` -enthalten nur sehr wenige relativ selten benutzte Symbole. Daher -werden diese Schriften in LaTeX2e nicht mehr standardmäßig geladen, -sondern müssen vom Benutzer durch Laden von ,latexsym` aktiviert -werden: -<pre> -\usepackage{latexsym} -</pre> - - -<h3><a name="23">5.2.4 Kann es sein, daß es in LaTeX2e den Parameter - <tt>\footheight</tt> und die internen Parameter <tt>\@maxsep</tt> und - <tt>\@dblmaxsep</tt> nicht mehr gibt? Gibt es einen Ersatz?</a></h3> -<p> -Der Parameter <code>\footheight</code> und die internen Parameter -<code>\@maxsep</code> und <code>\@dblmaxsep</code> wurden in LaTeX 2.09 nie -ausgewertet. Deshalb wurden sie in LaTeX2e entfernt, um die dadurch -gesparten Längenregister für andere Zwecke einsetzen zu können. -Zur Anpassung von alten Dokumentstilen an LaTeX2e kann man daher -eine Zuweisung an diese Parameter einfach ersatzlos streichen. - -<h3><a name="24">5.2.5 Mit älteren Dokumentklassen bekomme ich den Fehler - ,<tt>! Undefined control sequence.</tt>` oder - ,<tt>! LaTeX Error: <tt>\mit</tt> undefined.</tt>` - für die Schriften <tt>\mit</tt> und <tt>\cal</tt>. Wieso?</a></h3> -<p> -Bis LaTeX2e <code><1994/12/01></code> wurden <tt>\cal</tt> und <tt>\mit</tt> im Kernel -definiert. Weil diese Definitionen aber in jeder Standard-Dokumentklasse -durch robustere Varianten ersetzt werden, hat das LaTeX-Team beschlossen, -<tt>\cal</tt> und <tt>\mit</tt> nicht mehr im Kernel vorzudefinieren. Damit ist es -aber erforderlich, daß alle Dokumentklassen, die <tt>\cal</tt> und <tt>\mit</tt> -nicht definieren oder mit <tt>\renewcommand</tt> umdefinieren, angepaßt werden -müssen. Bei den Standard-Dokumentklassen hat das niemand bemerkt, da die -notwendigen Anpassungen dieser Dateien automatisch mit einer neuen -LaTeX-Version mitinstalliert werden. - -<h2><a name="25">5.3 (Silben-)Trennung, Absatz-, Seitenumbruch</a></h2> - - - -<h3><a name="26">5.3.1 Wie kann ich LaTeX an die neue deutsche Rechtschreibung - anpassen? Gibt es Trennmuster für die neuen Trennregeln?</a></h3> -<p> -Die ,,alten`` Trennmuster wurden von Hand so angepaßt, daß die -neuen Trennregeln beachtet werden, wobei die Trennung weiterhin eher -nach Wortherkunft und nicht nach strikter Silbentrennung, die -ebenfalls erlaubt ist, erfolgt. Diese Trennmuster sind in der Datei -,,<tt>dehyphn.tex</tt>`` (vormals ,,<tt>gnhyph01.tex</tt>``) verfügbar. Um -diese Trennmuster nutzen zu können, benötigt man ,,german.sty`` -ab Version 2.5e. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>dehyphn: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/language/hyphenation/dehyphn.tex"><code>language/hyphenation/dehyphn.tex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>german.sty: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/language/german/"><code>language/german/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="27">5.3.2 Warum trennt (La)TeX Worte mit Umlauten nicht oder - nicht korrekt?</a></h3> -<p> -Wie TeX Worte mit Umlauten trennt, hängt davon ab, ob die -verwendete Schrift Umlaute als eigene Lettern enthält und ob man auf -diese Lettern durch entsprechende Paket-Deklarationen beim Setzen -eines Textes auch zugreift. -<p> -Bei den alten CM-Schriften muß TeX Umlaute aus einem Buchstaben -und einem Akzent zusammenbasteln, da diese keine Lettern für Umlaute -enthalten. Diese Akzent-Konstruktion irritiert TeXs -Trennalgorithmus, und so trennt TeX nur den Wortteil bis zum ersten -Umlaut. Im Paket ,german`<a name="28" id="28"> und</a> <em>einigen</em> Babel-Versionen wird -durch einen aus dem TeXbook (Anhang D, S. 394, -<tt>\allowhyphens</tt>) entnommenen Trick erreicht, daß alle Wortteile -zwischen den Umlauten einzeln getrennt werden. Bei dieser -Vorgehensweise werden nicht alle Trennstellen gefunden oder es treten -teilweise falsche Trennungen (Bsp.: <tt>"ubert-ragen</tt> statt -<tt>"uber-tra-gen</tt>) auf. -<p> -Abhilfe schaffen nur Schriften, die die Umlaute und andere -akzentuierte Zeichen als einzelne Lettern enthalten. Ein Beispiel -hierfür sind alle T1-kodierten Schriften, darunter die -EC-Schriftfamilie (siehe <a href="fonts2.html#4">Frage 10.1.3</a>) und die -T1-kodierten PostScript-Schriften. Unter neueren Versionen von -LaTeX und ,german.sty` bzw. Babel lassen sich T1-kodierte -Schriften recht einfach durch die Deklaration -<pre> -\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} -</pre> - -in der Präambel des Dokuments verwenden. - -<h3><a name="29">5.3.3 Wie kann ich Trennungsausnahmen mit Umlauten in - <tt>\hyphenation</tt> verwenden?</a></h3> -<p> -Auch hier gilt, daß man in <tt>\hyphenation</tt> in den Trennungsausnahmen nur -Zeichen verwenden kann, für die auch Lettern in der momentan benutzten Schrift -existieren (siehe <a href="#27">Frage 5.3.2</a>). Da mit CM-Schriften die Umlaute aus -zwei Lettern zusammengesetzt werden müssen, kann man für Wörter mit Umlauten -keine Trennungsausnahmen angeben. Erst bei Verwendung von T1-kodierten -Schriften, wie der EC-Schriftfamilie, oder auch von Schriften in einer -entsprechenden anderen Kodierung, die eigene Lettern für Umlaute enthalten, -kann man Trennungsausnahmen angeben. -<p> -Hier ist ein einfaches Beispiel (,german.sty`<a name="30" id="30"> ist</a> hier nur zum -Umschalten auf die deutschen Trennmuster ,,<tt>dehypht.tex</tt>`` -notwendig): -<pre> -\documentclass{article} - \usepackage{german} - \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} - \hyphenation{Ver-st\"ar-ker-aus-gang} -\begin{document} -\showhyphens{Verst\"arkerausgang} -% ohne Trennausnahme: Ver-st^^e4r-ke-r-aus-gang -% mit Trennausnahme: Ver-st^^e4r-ker-aus-gang -\end{document} -</pre> - - -<h3><a name="31">5.3.4 Wie kann ich ,Hurenkinder` (engl. widows), also einzelne - Zeilen eines Absatzes am Kopf von Buchseiten, bzw. - ,Schusterjungen/Waisenkinder` (engl. clubs), einzelne Absatzzeilen auf - der Seite unten, verhindern?</a></h3> -<p> -TeX kennt die Parameter <tt>\widowpenalty</tt> und <tt>\clubpenalty</tt>, -mit denen man die ,Strafpunkte` festlegen kann, falls ein -Hurenkind bzw. ein Schusterjunge beim Seitenumbruch entstehen sollte. -Außerdem gibt es noch den Parameter <tt>\displaywidowpenalty</tt> für -Hurenkinder nach einer abgesetzten mathematischen Formel. Da TeX -den Wert 10000 als unendlich große Strafe interpretiert, kann man mit -den Zeilen -<pre> -\clubpenalty = 10000 -\widowpenalty = 10000 \displaywidowpenalty = 10000 -</pre> - -Hurenkinder und Schusterjungen komplett unterdrücken. (Das Paket -,schuster`<a name="32" id="32"> enthält</a> genau diese Zeilen.) -<p> -Man sollte jedoch bedenken, daß man bei einem Satzspiegel mit fester -Höhe (<tt>\flushbottom</tt>) und registerhaltigem Satz Hurenkinder und -Schusterjungen nur schwerlich verhindern kann - insbesondere wenn man -dies bei zweiseitigem Druck für jede Doppelseite beachten muß. Hier -ist es oft besser, die einzelne Zeile zuzulassen oder zu versuchen, -einen Absatz durch geringfügige Umformulierung eine Zeile länger -oder kürzer zu machen. -<p> -Weiterhin gibt es die Möglichkeit, Absätze, die schon sehr voll -sind, mit <code>\looseness=1</code> um eine Zeile zu dehnen oder Absätze, -die recht leer sind, mit <code>\looseness=-1</code> um eine Zeile zu -kürzen. Manchmal führt dies jedoch zu merklichen Änderungen des -Grauwerts des Absatzes. (Achtung: Der Wert von <tt>\looseness</tt> gilt -außerhalb von Listen-Umgebungen nur für den aktuellen Absatz. -Innerhalb einer Listen-Umgebung muß die Zuweisung zusammen mit -<tt>\par</tt> durch eine Gruppe lokal gehalten werden -<code>{\looseness=1 \par}</code>, -wenn die Änderung nur für einen Absatz gelten soll.) - -<h3><a name="33">5.3.5 Wie muß in LaTeX die Datei ,,<tt>hyphen.cfg</tt>`` - aussehen, um die deutschen Trennmuster ,,<tt>dehypht.tex</tt>`` (vormals - ,,<tt>ghyph31.tex</tt>``) in das LaTeX-Format einzubinden?</a></h3> -<p> -Eine Anleitung zur Installation der deutschen Trennmuster enthält -,,<tt>gerdoc</tt>``, die Kurzbeschreibung des German-Styles vom Mai 1997. -Diese Anleitung beschreibt auch die Installation der Trennmuster in -Plain-TeX und LaTeX 2.09. Beispiel von ,,<tt>hyphen.cfg</tt>`` für -LaTeX: -<pre> -%% Konfigurationsdatei -- Trennmuster: `hyphen.cfg' -\message{== Loading hyphenation patterns:} - -\chardef\l@USenglish=\language -\chardef\l@english=\l@USenglish %% british english als `Dialekt' -\input hyphen - -\newlanguage\l@german \language=\l@german -\chardef\l@austrian=\l@german -\input dehypht - -\newlanguage\l@ngerman \language=\l@ngerman -\input dehyphn - -%% weitere Sprachen nach folgendem Schema: -% \newlanguage\l@SPRACHE \language=\l@SPRACHE -% \chardef\l@DIALEKT=\l@SPRACHE -% \input SPRACHhyphen - -%% Default-Trennmuster: USenglish -\language=\l@USenglish \lefthyphenmin=2 \righthyphenmin=3 -\endinput -</pre> - -<p> -<em>Hinweis:</em> Einige Distributionen benutzen stillschweigend die -Datei ,,<tt>hyphen.cfg</tt>`` aus dem Babel-Paket. Außerdem wurde meist -,,<tt>hyphen.tex</tt>`` in ,,<tt>ushyph1.tex</tt>`` umbenannt, um unter dem -Namen ,,<tt>hyphen.tex</tt>`` die Datei ,,<tt>hyphen.cfg</tt>`` aus Babel auch -für Plain-TeX einbinden zu können. In diesem Fall führt ein -,,<tt><tt>\input</tt> hyphen</tt>``, wie im obigen Beispiel beschrieben, zu -einer Endlosschleife! -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>gerdoc: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/language/german/gerdoc.tex"><code>language/german/gerdoc.tex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="34">5.3.6 Wieso werden Texte in ,typewriter`-Schriften - nicht getrennt? Gibt es eine Möglichkeit, daß doch getrennt werden - kann?</a></h3> -<p> -TeX trennt nur, wenn die aktuell verwendete Schrift einen -Divis (Trennungsstrich) besitzt. Dazu ist jeder Schrift ein Divis -durch den Parameter <tt>\hyphenchar</tt><tt><font></tt> zugeordnet, der -bei den meisten Schriften auf den Wert <code>`\-</code>, also auf das -Zeichen ,,-``, gesetzt ist. Bei den -,typewriter`-Schriften ist dieser Wert aber auf -1 gesetzt, -d.h. auf ein nicht vorhandenes Zeichen. Damit ist die Trennung -für diese Schriften unterdrückt, was in den meisten Fällen auch -sinnvoll ist. -<p> -Will man dennoch, daß TeX einen in ,typewriter` gesetzten -Textteil automatisch trennt, so muß man den <tt>\hyphenchar</tt> für -diese Schriften auf <code>`\-</code> setzen. Dies geht in LaTeX am -einfachsten, wenn man die Anweisung <tt>\ttfamily</tt> umdefiniert: -<pre> -\newcommand{\origttfamily}{}% sollte noch nicht definiert sein! -\let\origttfamily=\ttfamily % alte Definition von \ttfamily sichern -\renewcommand{\ttfamily}{\origttfamily \hyphenchar\font=`\-} -</pre> - -<p> -Man könnte alternativ dazu auch die Dateien ,,<tt>*cmtt*.fd</tt>`` ändern -und die Anweisung <code>\hyphenchar\font\m@ne</code> in -<tt>\DeclareFontFamily</tt> entfernen. Dies ist jedoch nicht ratsam, -wenn man Texte an andere weitergeben will, da man dann nicht vergessen -darf, die so geänderten ,*.fd`-Dateien mitzugeben. -<p> -Für LaTeX 2.09 (oder analog auch für Plain-TeX) muß das Makro -<tt>\tt</tt> umdefiniert werden: -<pre> -\newcommand{\origtt}{} -\let\origtt=\tt -\renewcommand{\tt}{\origtt \hyphenchar\font=`\-} -</pre> - -<p> -Wichtiger Hinweis: TeX kann eine Schrift unter unterschiedlichen -Namen laden, wobei TeX alle diese Schriften nur ein einziges Mal -lädt und für die anderen Schriften nur ,Aliases` anlegt. Daher -gibt es <tt>\hyphenchar</tt><tt><font></tt> nur einmal pro ,echten` -Font und <tt>\hyphenchar</tt><tt><font></tt> ist wie auch -<tt>\fontdimen</tt><tt><font></tt> ein besonderer Parameter: Alle -Zuweisungen an <tt>\hyphenchar</tt><tt><font></tt> werden <em>immer</em> -global ausgeführt. Außerdem sieht sich TeX diesen Parameter erst -am Absatzende beim Umbruch dieses Absatzes an, so daß mit obiger -Änderung nicht möglich ist, die Trennung für einen in -,typewriter` gesetzten Textteil zu ermöglichen, für einen -anderen im selben Absatz zu verbieten. -<p> -Eine weitere Methode, Trennungen für ,typewriter`-Schriften zu -erlauben, bietet das Paket ,hyphenat`<a name="35" id="35">:</a> -<pre> -\usepackage[htt]{hyphenat} -</pre> - -<p> -Darüber hinaus kann es auch benutzt werden, um Trennung selektiv zu -erlauben oder zu verbieten. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>hyphenat: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyphenat/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/hyphenat/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="36">5.3.7 Warum trennt LaTeX Wörter mit Bindestrich nicht bzw. nur am Bindestrich, auch wenn die Trennausnahmeliste diese - enthält?</a></h3> -<p> -TeX fügt nach dem aktuellen Trennzeichen implizit (fast) immer -einen sogenannten <tt>\discretionary</tt> ein, der wie <tt>\-</tt> eine -explizite Trennstelle angibt. Da sowohl <tt>\-</tt> als auch -<tt>\discretionary</tt> dazu führen, daß die Trennung in den übrigen -Wortteilen unterdrückt wird, werden solche Wörter außer am -Trennstrich nicht mehr getrennt. Dieses eigenwillige Verhalten von -TeX ist für Sprachen, in denen wenige Bindestriche verwendet -werden, günstig und sinnvoll, da zusätzliche Trennungen in solchen -Wörtern meist die Lesbarkeit erschweren. -<p> -Um Wörter mit Bindestrichen dennoch zu trennen, existieren zwei -Möglichkeiten: Man gibt im Dokumenttext bei diesen Wörtern, -insbesondere wo schlecht getrennt werden kann, mit <tt>\-</tt> oder -<code>"-</code> weitere mögliche Trennstellen vor oder man verwendet -<code>"=</code> anstelle des Bindestrichs. Näheres ist hierzu der -Dokumentation des Paketes ,german`<a name="37" id="37"> zu</a> entnehmen. -<p> -Die andere Möglichkeit, die bislang nur von Experten umgesetzt werden -kann, besteht bei Schriften, die eine zweite Letter für einen -Bindestrich besitzen. Für diese Schriften kann man diese zweite -Letter als Trennstrich deklarieren. Zusammen mit den zusätzlichen -Trennmustern in ,,<tt>hypht1.tex</tt>`` ist damit eine automatische -Trennung von Wörtern mit Bindestrichen und deren Aufnahme in die -Trennausnahmeliste möglich. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>german.sty: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/language/german/"><code>language/german/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>hypht1.tex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/language/hyphenation/hypht1.tex"><code>language/hyphenation/hypht1.tex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - - -<h2><a name="38">5.4 Seitenlayout, Layout allgemein, Kopf- und Fußzeilen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="39">5.4.1 Gibt es neben den Standard-LaTeX-Klassen auch Klassen - mit einem ,europäischeren` Design?</a></h3> -<p> -Die NTG hat verschiedene Klassen<a name="40" id="40"> entwickelt,</a> die im -Vergleich zum Layout der Standard-LaTeX-Klassen kleinere -Überschriften und eine einheitlichere Einrückung der Absätze und -Listen definieren. -<p> -Das KOMA-Script-Paket enthält ebenfalls Klassen (,scrartcl`, -,scrreprt`, ,scrbook` und ,scrlettr`), die die -Standardklassen ersetzen. Es wurden dort eine Vielzahl von Änderungen -eingeführt, die ein günstigeres Aussehen bewirken. So wird z.B. der -Satzspiegel besser an das Papierformat angeglichen. Nähere -Einzelheiten enthält die ausführliche Beschreibung in der -beigefügten Datei ,,<tt>scrguide.dvi</tt>``. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>NTG-Klassen: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="41">5.4.2 Ich suche eine Klasse für Briefe, die weitgehend die - verschiedenen DIN-Normen und deutschen Gepflogenheiten berücksichtigt.</a></h3> -<p> -Unter LaTeX 2.09 ist ,dinbrief`<a name="42" id="42"> weit</a> verbreitet, der von -anderen Autoren auch für LaTeX2e verfügbar gemacht wurde. -Darüber hinaus findet man im KOMA-Script-Paket die Klasse -,scrlettr` und es gibt mit ,g-brief` und ,akletter` -noch weitere Beispiele für angepaßte Klassen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>dinbrief: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/dinbrief/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/dinbrief/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>g-brief: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/g-brief/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/g-brief/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>akletter: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/akletter/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/akletter/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>(Anm.: ,akletter` hieß in früheren Version ,myletter`, - ein schlechter,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>weil häufig gewählter Name.)</td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="43">5.4.3 Gibt es eine bequemere Möglichkeit, ein Seitenlayout anzugeben, - als dadurch, Parameter, wie <tt>\textheight</tt>, einzeln zu verändern?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,typearea`<a name="44" id="44"> aus</a> dem KOMA-Script-Paket kann man den -Anteil des Textbereichs an der Gesamtseite abhängig von der -Schriftgröße nach Tschicholds (siehe <a href="vereine.html#18">Frage 2.4.2</a>) -<i>n</i>-Teilung der Seite berechnen lassen -<pre> -\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{...} % Ausgangspapiergroesse -% BCOR1cm: zusaetzlich 1cm Rand fuer die Bindung. -% DIV10: fuer 11pt-Schrift wird 10-Teilung verwendet, bei `oneside' -% nimmt der Text 7/10 der Restseite ein. -\usepackage[BCOR1cm]{typearea} -</pre> - -<p> -Die Verteilung der Ränder erfolgt dabei automatisch nach typographischen -Gesichtspunkten. Diverse Papiergrößen sowie Hoch- und Querformat werden -unterstützt, zusätzliche Formate können definiert werden, und auch die -Option ,twoside` wird korrekt behandelt. Ausführliche -Informationen dazu findet man in der beigefügten Datei ,,<tt>scrguide.dvi</tt>``. -<p> -Mit diesem Paket, das einem die Berechnung eines wohldefinierten -Satzspiegels abnehmen kann, kann man auch die LaTeX-Parameter für -den Textbereich durch eine einfache Schnittstelle setzen: -<pre> -\documentclass[a4paper]{...} % Ausgangspapiergroesse -\usepackage{typearea} -\areaset[1cm]% % Zusaetzlicher Rand fuer die Bindung - {18cm}{25cm} % Textbreite und Hoehe -</pre> - -<p> -Neben ,typearea` gibt es mit ,vmargin` und -,geometry` drei weitere Pakete, mit denen man die -LaTeX-Parameter leichter setzen kann. Bei ,vmargin` haben die -Makroaufrufe eine festgelegte Parameterreihenfolge, ,geometry` -dagegen benutzt das Paket ,keyval`, mit dem die Parameter in -beliebiger Reihenfolge angegeben werden können: -<pre> -\usepackage{geometry} -\geometry{left=1.5cm,textwidth=18cm,top=1.5cm,textheight=25cm} -</pre> - -<pre> -\usepackage{vmargin} -\setpapersize{A4} -\setmargins{1.5cm}{1.5cm}% % linker & oberer Rand - {18cm}{25cm}% % Textbreite und -hoehe - {12pt}{25pt}% % Kopfzeilenhoehe und -abstand - {0pt}{30pt}% % \footheight (egal) und Fusszeilenabstand -</pre> - -Eine gute Möglichkeit der visuellen Kontrolle des Ergebnisses bietet -das Paket ,layouts`. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/script/"><code>macros/latex209/contrib/script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>geometry: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/geometry/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/geometry/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>vmargin: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/vmargin/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/vmargin/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>layouts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/layouts"><code>macros/latex/contrib/layouts</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="45">5.4.4 Wieso ist mit der Klasse ,book` oder mit der - Klassenoption ,twoside` der innere Rand kleiner - als der äußere?</a></h3> -<p> -Bei doppelseitiger Formatierung werden die Seitenränder so gewählt, -daß sie nicht für eine einzelne Seite sondern für eine -aufgeschlagene Doppelseite passen. Bei dieser bilden die Ränder der -beiden Seiten drei vertikale weiße Streifen (links außen, mittig, -rechts außen), die gleich breit sein sollen. Da der mittlere -Streifen aus den Rändern zweier Seiten gebildet wird, sind diese auch -nur halb so breit. Aus diesem Grund legt man unter LaTeX die Werte -für <tt>\evensidemargin</tt> und <tt>\oddsidemargin</tt>, also für den -linken Rand der geraden (linken) und den der ungeraden (rechten) -Seite, entsprechend fest. Näheres findet sich u.a. in der -Dokumentation der KOMA-Script-Klassen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="46">5.4.5 Gibt es einen einfachen Weg, die Seitennummer als - ,Seite 1 von 16` anzugeben?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,lastpage`<a name="47" id="47"> erhält</a> man durch -,,<tt><tt>\pageref</tt><tt>{LastPage}</tt></tt>`` eine Referenz auf die Seitennummer der -letzten Seite. Das Paket ,count1to` bietet mit -,,<tt><tt>\pageref</tt><tt>{TotalPages}</tt></tt>`` eine Referenz auf die Gesamtzahl der -Seiten. Selbiges leistet das Paket ,totpages`, wobei man mit -,,<tt><tt>\ref</tt><tt>{TotPages}</tt></tt>`` die Gesamtzahl aller Seiten, mit -,,<tt><tt>\pageref</tt><tt>{TotPages}</tt></tt>`` die Seitennummer der letzten Seite -erhalten kann. -<p> -Diese ,pageref`-Anweisungen können unter Zuhilfenahme des Paketes -,fancyhdr` oder des Paketes ,scrpage` aus dem KOMA-Script-Paket in -der Form ,<tt>\thepage</tt><tt>{}</tt> von <tt>\pageref</tt><tt>{LastPage}</tt>` in die -Kopf- oder Fußzeilen eingefügt werden. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>lastpage: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/lastpage/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/lastpage/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>count1to: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ms/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/ms/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>totpages: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/totpages/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/totpages/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>fancyhdr: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Kurzbeschreibung: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/german/fancyhdr/"><code>info/german/fancyhdr/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="48">5.4.6 Wie kann ich den Kolumnentitel, die Kopfzeile der - Seite, oder die Fußzeile nach meinen Wünschen gestalten, z.B. mit einem - Strich versehen?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,scrpage`<a name="49" id="49"> und</a> den Klassen aus dem -KOMA-Script-Paket oder mit dem Paket ,fancyhdr` kann man die -Kopf- und Fußzeile einer Seite fast beliebig festlegen. Beide Pakete -enthalten eine ausführliche Dokumentation, die auch auf andere -Probleme eingeht und dafür Lösungen und Tips hat. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>fancyhdr: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Kurzbeschreibung: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/german/fancyhdr/"><code>info/german/fancyhdr/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="50">5.4.7 Wie kann ich einem zweispaltig gesetzten Text - (Klassenoption ,twocolumn`) eine beide Spalten - übergreifende Überschrift und Zusammenfassung voransetzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Will man nur mit <tt>\maketitle</tt> eine Überschrift mit den -Autorenangaben einspaltig in voller Breite über beide Spalten setzen, -so verwendet man die Klassenoption ,twocolumn` und -ändert sonst nichts, da dies bei den Standard-Klassen und den meisten -anderen Klassen automatisch vorgesehen ist. -<p> -Soll jedoch zusätzlich zur Überschrift noch weiterer Text wie eine -Zusammenfassung einspaltig gesetzt werden, muß man auf die -Klassenoption ,twocolumn` verzichten und stattdessen die -Anweisung <tt>\twocolumn</tt> verwenden. Diese hat ein optionales -Argument, in der man diejenigen Textteile angibt, die einspaltig über -die gesamte Breite gesetzt werden sollen. Da die Anweisung -<tt>\maketitle</tt> und die Umgebung ,<tt>abstract</tt>`<a name="51" id="51"> jedoch</a> nicht -einfach im optionalen Argument von <tt>\twocolumn</tt> verwendet werden -kann, muß man zu einem kleinen, leider nicht ganz sauberen Trick mit -<tt>\csname</tt><tt>@twocolumnfalse</tt><tt>\endcsname</tt> greifen. -<pre> -\documentclass[...]{article} -... -\begin{document} -\twocolumn[{\csname @twocolumnfalse\endcsname - \maketitle - \begin{abstract} - ... - \end{abstract} -}] -... -\end{document} -</pre> - -<p> -Innerhalb des optionalen Arguments von <tt>\twocolumn</tt> funktionieren -leider keine Fußnoten und damit tauchen auch für die Anweisung -<tt>\thanks</tt> in der Autorenliste keine Fußnoten auf. Werden diese -benötigt, muß man sie von Hand mit <tt>\footnotetext</tt> nach dem -optionalen Argument setzen. - -<h3><a name="52">5.4.8 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß der Beginn eines Absatzes - eingezogen wird? Ich will Absätze stattdessen mit zusätzlichem - Durchschuß markieren. <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Meist kommt auf diese Frage -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <tt>\setlength</tt><tt>{<tt>\parskip</tt>}</tt><tt>{<tt>\baselineskip</tt>}</tt> - <tt>\setlength</tt><tt>{<tt>\parindent</tt>}</tt><tt>{0pt}</tt> -</div> - -als Antwort, jedoch fügt LaTeX <tt>\parskip</tt> auch an verschiedenen anderen -Plätzen ein, u.a. auch zu Beginn und am Ende einer Liste und zwischen den -Listenelementen. Dies kann man mit dem Paket ,parskip`<a name="53" id="53"> von</a> -Hubert Partl zum Teil verhindern, wenn auch nicht komplett. -<p> -Weitergehende Lösungen finden sich in den KOMA-Script- und NTG-Klassen. Die -KOMA-Script-Klassen kennen die Klassenoption ,parskip` und -verschiedene Varianten davon. Zu den NTG-Klassen gehören ,artikel3`, -,rapport3` und ,boek3`, die ebenfalls ein Layout ohne -Absatzeinzug und mit zusätzlichen Durchschuß bieten. -<p> -Ob man nun den Beginn eines neuen Absatzes mit einem Einzug oder mit -einem zusätzlichen Durchschuß markiert, ist immer wieder Anlaß zu -mehr oder weniger ausgiebigen Diskussionen. Um einen -weitverbreiteten Irrtum auszuräumen: Der einzuglose Satz hat im -,,deutschen Buchsatz`` keine Tradition. Einzugloser Satz, ob nun -mit oder ohne zusätzlichen Durchschuß, ist im Zeitungs- und -Zeitschriftensatz weit verbreitet, so daß er manchen vertrauter -erscheint als der traditionelle Buchsatz mit Einzug. Letztendlich -sollte man bei der Wahl, ob mit oder ohne Einzug, an den Leser denken; -wie einfach dieser einen neuen Absatz, den Beginn eines neuen Teils -der niedergeschriebenen Gedankenfolge, immer klar und deutlich -erkennen kann. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>parskip.sty: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/parskip.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/parskip.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>NTG-Klassen: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="54">5.4.9 Wie kann ich den Durchschuß meines Dokuments vergrößern, - wenn ich beispielsweise ein Dokument mit 1,5- oder 2-fachem Zeilenabstand - abliefern soll?</a></h3> -<p> -Abgesehen davon, daß man eine solch starke Vergrößerung des Zeilenabstand -vermeiden sollte, hilft das Paket ,setspace`<a name="55" id="55">:</a> -<pre> -\usepackage{setspace} -\doublespacing % doppelzeilig oder -%\onehalfspacing % anderthalbzeilig -</pre> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>setspace: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/setspace/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/setspace/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="56">5.4.10 Wieso bekomme ich mit <tt>\pagestyle</tt><tt>{empty}</tt> dennoch eine - Seitennummer auf der ersten Seite mit dem Artikeltitel?</a></h3> -<p> -Fast alle LaTeX-Klassen definieren die Anweisung <tt>\maketitle</tt> so, -daß für diese Seite mit <tt>\thispagestyle</tt> auf den Seitenstil -,plain` umgeschalten wird. <tt>\thispagestyle</tt> überschreibt -damit den gewählten Seitenstil für diese eine Seite. Um dies zu -verhindern, muß man entweder eine besser geeignete Klasse wählen, die -Definition in der Klasse ändern oder folgenden Trick anwenden: -<em>Direkt</em> nach der Anweisung <tt>\maketitle</tt> wird -<tt>\thispagestyle</tt><tt>{empty}</tt> eingefügt. Alternativ kann das Paket -,nopageno`<a name="57" id="57"> verwendet</a> werden. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>nopageno: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/carlisle/nopageno.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/carlisle/nopageno.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="58">5.4.11 Wie kann ich mein gesamtes LaTeX-Dokument im Querformat - setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Zu diesem Zweck ist bei der Dokumentenklasse die Klassen-Option -,landscape` anzugeben. Zusätzlich muß dem verwendeten -dvi-Treiber die nun vom Standard abweichende Seitengröße mitgeteilt -werden. Im Falle von ,dvips`<a name="59" id="59"> kann</a> man dies statt per -Kommandozeilenoption mit Hilfe des Pakets ,geometry` erreichen. -<pre> -\usepackage[dvips]{geometry} -</pre> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>geometry: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/geometry/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/geometry/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="60">5.4.12 Wie kann ich Teile meines Dokumentes im Querformat setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Dokumentteile können nur gedreht werden, wenn dies auch vom -verwendeten dvi-Gerätetreiber unterstützt wird. In den meisten -Fällen bedeutet dies, daß die dvi-Datei nach PostScript zu -konvertieren ist. Zum Betrachten und Ausdrucken ist ein -PostScript-Viewer wie beispielsweise ,gv`<a name="61" id="61"> oder</a> -,gsview` unter Verwendung von ,Ghostscript` -geeignet. -<p> -Das LaTeX-Bundle ,graphics` enthält das Paket ,lscape`, -das eine ,<tt>landscape</tt>`-Umgebung zur Verfügung stellt. Der -Inhalt dieser Umgebung wird um 90 Grad gegen den Uhrzeigersinn -gedreht und auf eine eigene Seite plaziert. Zu Beginn und am Ende der -Umgebung wird ein <tt>\clearpage</tt> ausgeführt: -<pre> -\usepackage{lscape} -% etc. -\begin{landscape} - \begin{figure} - gedrehte Abbildung - \caption{gedrehte Unterschrift} - \end{figure} - % evtl. noch weitere Abbildungen/normaler Text/etc. -\end{landscape} -% etc. -</pre> - -<p> -Wird ein Dokument mit solcherart gedrehten Seiten per pdfLaTeX zu -einer pdf-Datei kompiliert, wäre es wünschenswert, wenn die -gedrehten Seiten bei Betrachtung mit ,Acrobat Reader` in -aufrechter Schrift, also um 90 Grad gedreht, dargestellt -würden. In diesem Fall ist das Paket ,pdflscape` zu verwenden, -das wiederum das Paket ,lscape` lädt und um entsprechende -PDF-Anweisungen ergänzt: -<pre> -\usepackage{pdflscape} -% ... -</pre> - -<p> -Will man nicht ganze Seiten drehen oder stören die implizit -ausgeführten <tt>\clearpage</tt>-Anweisungen, so kann man auch nur die -Anweisung <tt>\rotatebox</tt> aus dem Paket ,graphics` verwenden: -<pre> -\usepackage{graphics} % oder `graphicx' -% etc. -\begin{figure} - \rotatebox{90}{% - \begin{minipage}{.6\textheight} - gedrehte Abbildung - \caption{gedrehte Unterschrift} - \end{minipage}% - } -\end{figure} -</pre> - -<p> -Das Paket ,rotating` bietet statt der einfachen -<tt>\rotatebox</tt>-Anweisung mit all ihren Nachteilen (Stichwort: -,<tt>verbatim</tt>`!) die Umgebungen ,<tt>rotate</tt>`, ,<tt>turn</tt>` und -,<tt>sideways</tt>`, innerhalb der man (fast) beliebigen Text plazieren kann. -Für den Spezialfall, daß eine Abbildung bzw. Tafel wie mit der Umgebung -,<tt>landscape</tt>` eine komplette Seite füllt und um 90 Grad gegen -den Uhrzeigersinn gedreht werden soll, gibt es die den ,<tt>figure</tt>`- und -,<tt>table</tt>`- entsprechenden ,<tt>sidewaysfigure</tt>`- und -,<tt>sidewaystable</tt>`-Umgebungen. Außerdem ist eine ältere Version -dieses Pakets auch für LaTeX 2.09 verfügbar. -<p> -Mehr über diese Pakete findet man in der Dokumentation ,,<tt>grfguide.tex</tt>`` -des ,graphics`-Bundle, der mit ,rotating` mitgelieferten -Dokumentation und dem Buch ,Der LaTeX-Begleiter` (siehe -<a href="vereine.html#16">Frage 2.4.1</a>) sowie in Keith Reckdahls Artikel ,Using - Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e` (siehe <a href="vereine.html#18">Frage 2.4.2</a>). -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>lscape: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics/"><code>macros/latex/required/graphics/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>pdflscape: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>rotating: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/rotating"><code>macros/latex/contrib/rotating</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>epslatex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps"><code>info/epslatex.ps</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.pdf"><code>info/epslatex.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. September 2003 erzeugt) -</address> -</div> - -<a href="woher.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="makros2.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a></body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros2.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros2.html deleted file mode 100644 index 9b3c3223a05..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros2.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1755 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- XML file produced from file: de-tex-faq.tex -- - -- using Hyperlatex v 2.5br (c) Otfried Cheong-- - -- on Emacs 20.7.1, Fri Sep 19 14:00:09 2003 --> -<head> -<title>DE-TeX-FAQ -- 6 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II)</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" - content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="en" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Typesetting,Fonts,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="de" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Schriftsatz,Buchsatz,Schrift,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Author" - content="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> -<meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> -<meta name="Description" - content="German Speaking FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V."> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> - -</head> - - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> -<a href="makros1.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="makros3.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a><br /> -<b><tt>Zurück zu:  </tt></b><a href="makros1.html"><b>5 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I)</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Hoch zu:  </tt></b><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><b>Inhalt</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Weiter zu:  </tt></b><a href="makros3.html"><b>7 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III)</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Mehr zu TeX et al.: </tt></b><a href="http://www.dante.de/"><b>DANTE e.V.</b></a><br /> -<hr /> - - <div align="center"> -<b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>6 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II)</h1> -<menu> -<li><a href="#1">6.1 Abbildungen und Tafeln</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#2">6.1.1 Wieso werden die meisten meiner Abbildungen an das - Ende des Kapitels oder Dokuments verschoben?</a> -<li><a href="#4">6.1.2 Wie kann ich die Default-Plazierungseinschränkungen - ändern? Ich möchte meine Abbildungen auch ,h`ier plazieren, - ohne jedesmal das optionale Argument angeben zu müssen.</a> -<li><a href="#6">6.1.3 Wie muß ich die ,float`-Parameter ändern, so - daß die Abbildungen und Tafeln günstiger innerhalb eines - Abschnitts verteilt werden?</a> -<li><a href="#8">6.1.4 Wie kann ich die Fehlermeldung - ,<tt>! LaTeX Error: Too many unprocessed floats.</tt>` vermeiden?</a> -<li><a href="#10">6.1.5 Wie kann ich es erreichen, daß zwei Abbildungen nicht - auf verschiedenen Seiten, sondern möglichst direkt untereinander - plaziert werden?</a> -<li><a href="#12">6.1.6 Wie kann ich in einer Abbildung zwei Bilder - nebeneinander setzen?</a> -<li><a href="#14">6.1.7 Wie kann ich eine Abbildung (,<tt>figure</tt>`) und - eine Tafel (,<tt>table</tt>`) nebeneinander setzen?</a> -<li><a href="#16">6.1.8 Wie kann ich mehrere zusammengehörige Abbildungen - bzw. Tafeln entsprechend mit 1a, 1b etc. numerieren?</a> -<li><a href="#18">6.1.9 Gibt es bei der Option ,twocolumn` die - Möglichkeit, Abbildungen (,<tt>figure</tt>`) und Tafeln - (,<tt>table</tt>`) über beide Spalten, also die gesamte Textbreite - einer Seite zu setzen?</a> -<li><a href="#20">6.1.10 Wieso bekomme ich Fehlermeldungen, wenn ich eine - ,<tt>figure</tt>`-Umgebung in andere Umgebungen oder Anweisungen - einfüge?</a> -<li><a href="#22">6.1.11 Wie kann ich das Layout der Bildunterschriften - (<tt>\caption</tt>) verändern?</a> -<li><a href="#24">6.1.12 Wie kann ich die Unterschriften (<tt>\caption</tt>) - neben eine Abbildung oder eine Tafel setzen?</a> -<li><a href="#26">6.1.13 Wie kann ich Abbildungen oder Tafeln, die nicht innerhalb - einer ,<tt>figure</tt>`- oder ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebung stehen, - dennoch mit einer Bildunterschrift (Legende) versehen?</a> -<li><a href="#28">6.1.14 Wie kann man neue Typen von Gleitumgebungen - (,floats`) z.B. für weitere Arten von Tafeln - oder Programm-Code erzeugen?</a> -<li><a href="#30">6.1.15 Abbildungen und Tafeln sollen <em>immer</em> nach dem - ersten Verweis auf sie gesetzt werden. Wie? Es ist möglich, daß - LaTeX sie vor der Abschnittsüberschrift plaziert. Wie - unterbinde ich das?</a> -<li><a href="#32">6.1.16 Gibt es eine einfache Möglichkeit, eine Abbildung - oder Tafel innerhalb des normalen Textes zu setzen, sie also mit - dem normalen Text umfließen zu lassen?</a> -<li><a href="#34">6.1.17 Wieso erhalte ich bei einigen Abbildungen falsche - Querverweise, obwohl ich doch die <tt>\label</tt>-Anweisung innerhalb - der ,<tt>figure</tt>`-Umgebung verwendet habe?</a> -<li><a href="#36">6.1.18 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Abbildungen oder - Tafeln, die alleine auf einer sonst leeren Seite plaziert werden, - bündig mit der Seitenoberkante statt vertikal zentriert - erscheinen?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#37">6.2 Tabellen</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#38">6.2.1 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß sich eine Tabelle über - mehrere Seiten erstreckt?</a> -<li><a href="#40">6.2.2 Wie kann ich einzelne Felder oder größere Bereiche - einer Tabelle farbig oder grau hinterlegen?</a> -<li><a href="#42">6.2.3 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß sich eine Tabelle über - die gesamte Spalten- bzw. Textbreite (oder über eine andere - vorgegebene Breite) erstreckt?</a> -<li><a href="#44">6.2.4 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Zahlen in einer Tabelle am - Dezimaltrennzeichen ausgerichtet werden?</a> -<li><a href="#46">6.2.5 Wie kann ich in einer tabular-Umgebung eine Spalte - speziell setzen, ohne dies in jedem Eintrag zu wiederholen?</a> -<li><a href="#48">6.2.6 Wieso kann ich in einer tabular-Umgebung die letzte Spalte - nicht mit <tt>\raggedright</tt> linksbündig setzen?</a> -<li><a href="#50">6.2.7 Wie erreiche ich, daß mit ,tabular` erstellte - Tabellen bündig mit dem linken Rand gesetzt werden?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#51">6.3 Fußnoten, Endnoten etc. <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#52">6.3.1 Die Fußnoten sollen gesammelt am Ende des Kapitels - erscheinen.</a> -<li><a href="#53">6.3.2 Ich möchte meine Fußnoten auf jeder Seite neu - beginnend durchzählen, d.h. auf jeder Seite soll - mit ,1` begonnen werden.</a> -<li><a href="#54">6.3.3 Ich möchte den maximal von den Fußnoten eingenommenen - Platz auf 10 Zeilen beschränken. Wie?</a> -<li><a href="#55">6.3.4 Wie erreiche ich eine andere Formatierung der - Fußnoten?</a> -<li><a href="#57">6.3.5 Wie erhalte ich eine Fußnote innerhalb einer - ,<tt>figure</tt>` oder ,<tt>table</tt>`? Es erscheint zwar eine - Markierung, aber kein Fußnotentext. <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#59">6.3.6 Wie kann ich Fußnoten in mehreren Gruppen getrennt - voneinander auf einer Seite erscheinen lassen?</a> -<li><a href="#61">6.3.7 Wie erreiche ich, daß meine Fußnoten nicht am Text - ,,hängen`` sondern unten auf der Seite gesetzt werden?</a> -<li><a href="#63">6.3.8 Wie kann ich eine Fußnote in einer Kapitel- oder - Abschnittsüberschrift setzen?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#64">6.4 Grafiken, Bilder, Farbe und andere Effekte <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#65">6.4.1 Wie kann ich Grafiken in mein (La)TeX-Dokument - einfügen? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#67">6.4.2 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß anstelle der Grafiken - nur leerer Platz in der Größe der Grafiken im LaTeX-Dokument - erscheint?</a> -<li><a href="#69">6.4.3 Wie kann ich mit TeX farbigen Text setzen?</a> -<li><a href="#71">6.4.4 Bei mit ,XFig` erstellten und exportierten Zeichnungen - erhalte ich bei der Einbindung in LaTeX den Fehler, daß - <tt>\SetFigFont</tt> nicht definiert ist. Was ist falsch?</a> -<li><a href="#73">6.4.5 Bei Verwendung von PiCTeX erhalte ich die Meldung - ,<tt>No room for a new <tt>\dimen</tt></tt>`. Wie kann ich das - vermeiden?</a> -<li><a href="#75">6.4.6 Was kann ich tun, wenn eine Grafik im EPS-Format beim - Einfügen in ein LaTeX-Dokument Probleme bereitet?</a> -<li><a href="#77">6.4.7 Warum werden Pixelgrafiken in pdf-Dateien, die ich mit - pdfTeX erzeugt habe, verzerrt oder mit falschen Farben - dargestellt?</a> -<li><a href="#79">6.4.8 Wie kann ich unter Windows Bilder, Grafiken etc. mit - LaTeX verwenden?</a> -<li><a href="#80">6.4.9 Woher kann ich eine Dokumentation zum (La)TeX-Paket - ,pictex` bekommen?</a> -</menu> -</menu> -<hr align="center" width="70%" /> - -<h2><a name="1">6.1 Abbildungen und Tafeln</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="2">6.1.1 Wieso werden die meisten meiner Abbildungen an das - Ende des Kapitels oder Dokuments verschoben?</a></h3> -<p> -Das optionale Argument der ,<tt>figure</tt>`<a name="3" id="3">-</a> oder -,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebung <em>schränkt</em> die -Plazierungsmöglichkeiten auf die angegebenen Orte ein. Mit dem -optionalen Argument gibt man also <em>nicht</em>, wie oft fälschlich -geglaubt und weiterverbreitet wird, die Plazierung für weitere Orte -an. Deshalb nie Plazierungsangaben nur auf <tt>[h]</tt> -einschränken, sondern mindestens einen weiteren Ort mit angeben! -Grund: Kann die Abbildung nicht ,h`ier plaziert werden, darf sie -nirgendwo anders gesetzt werden und wird nach hinten an das Ende des -Kapitels bzw. des Dokuments geschoben. Da LaTeX die Reihenfolge -der Abbildungen bzw. der Tafeln nicht verändert, werden alle -nachfolgenden Abbildungen bzw. Tafeln mit dieser nicht plazierbaren -Abbildung oder Tafel nach hinten verschoben. Genau dasselbe kann -passieren, wenn die Plazierungsbeschränkung mit <tt>[p]</tt> -angegeben wird, das Bild kleiner als <tt>\floatpagefraction</tt> ist und -das nächste Bild nicht zusammen mit diesem auf eine Seite paßt. -Ebenso bei einer Beschränkung auf <tt>[t]</tt> und einem Bild, das -größer als <tt>\topfraction</tt> ist, dto. für <tt>[b]</tt> und -<tt>\bottomfraction</tt>. -<p> -Tip: Lassen Sie zu Beginn das optionale Argument der -,<tt>figure</tt>`- oder ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebung weg - es ist nicht -ohne Grund ein <em>optionales</em> Argument dieser Umgebungen! Fügen -Sie später für eine Endfassung Ihres Dokuments nur an den Stellen -ein optionales Argument mit Plazierungseinschränkungen ein, wenn -z.B. eine bestimmte Abbildung oder Tafel auf einer eigenen Seite -oder auf einer Seite oben erscheinen sollte. -<p> -Weitere Hinweise finden Sie in -<ul> -<li>Axel Reichert: ,,Gleitobjekte - die richtige Schmierung`` <br /> -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/german/gleitobjekte/"><code>info/german/gleitobjekte/</code></a> - <li>Axel Reichert: ,,Satz von Tabellen`` <br /> -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/german/tabsatz/"><code>info/german/tabsatz/</code></a> - <li>Piet van Oostrum: ,,Floats in LaTeX`` <br /> -<a href="http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet/floats/"><code>http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet/floats/</code></a> -</ul> - - -<h3><a name="4">6.1.2 Wie kann ich die Default-Plazierungseinschränkungen - ändern? Ich möchte meine Abbildungen auch ,h`ier plazieren, - ohne jedesmal das optionale Argument angeben zu müssen.</a></h3> -<p> -In LaTeX werden diese Angaben, die sogenannten ,float -placement specifier` für die ,<tt>figure</tt>`<a name="5" id="5">-</a> und -,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebungen, in den Makros <tt>\fps@figure</tt> und -<tt>\fps@table</tt> abgelegt. Durch die Redefinitionen -<pre> -\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{htbp} -\renewcommand{\fps@table}{htbp} -</pre> - -(diese Zeilen mit <tt>\makeatletter</tt> ... <tt>\makeatother</tt> klammern oder -in eine <tt>sty</tt>-Datei schreiben, siehe auch <a href="makros4.html#53">Frage 8.5.1</a>) fügt -man noch die ,h`ier-Plazierung hinzu. -<p> -Die Standard-LaTeX-Klassen setzen die Default-Plazierungen auf -,tbp`, untersagen also die ,h`ier-Plazierung einer Abbildung -bzw. Tafel. Dies ist in den meisten Fällen auch sinnvoll, da -Abbildungen und Tafeln nur dazu dienen, die Aussagen im Text durch -beispielsweise eine anschaulichere Darstellung oder kompakte -Übersicht zu unterstützen. Die Abbildung oder Tafel ist damit -<em>nicht</em> integraler Bestandteil des Textes, sondern ein dem Text -noch zusätzlich zugeordneter Bestandteil des Dokuments. Daher -sollten diese den Text nicht unterbrechen, was eine -,h`ier-Plazierung zweifellos tun würde. Somit ist der Default -,tbp` in den meisten Fällen sinnvoll. - -<h3><a name="6">6.1.3 Wie muß ich die ,float`-Parameter ändern, so - daß die Abbildungen und Tafeln günstiger innerhalb eines - Abschnitts verteilt werden?</a></h3> -<p> -Der Plazierungsalgorithmus von LaTeX erledigt diese Aufgabe -eigentlich sehr gut, wenn man einmal selbst durchzuspielen versucht, -wohin man selbst unter den gegebenen Bedingungen und Wechselwirkungen -eine Abbildung oder eine Tafel hinsetzen bzw. schieben würde. Ist -man mit dem Ergebnis dennoch nicht ganz zufrieden, kann man einmal -folgendes probieren: -<p> -Zuerst sollte man die Plazierungsbeschränkungen an allen -,<tt>figure</tt>`<a name="7" id="7">-</a> und ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebungen entfernen. -Anschließend kann man die Parameter des Plazierungsalgorithmus -ändern: -<p> -Eine oder mehrere Abbildungen kommen erst auf eine eigene Seite, eine -sogenannte ,float page`, wenn diese mindestens 60% der Seite -einnehmen. Damit gibt es weniger ,float pages`, die nur -halbvoll sind. Empfehlenswert ist ein Wert zwischen 50% und 80%, je -nachdem wie viele Abbildungen existieren, wie groß und wie -unterschiedlich groß diese Abbildungen sind. -<pre> -\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{.6}% vorher: .5 -</pre> - -<p> -Von einer Seite muß neben den Abbildungen, die ,h`ere, -,t`op und ,b`ottom plaziert werden, noch mindestens 15% -Text erscheinen. Diesen Wert sollte man nicht zu klein wählen, um -nicht nur Seiten zu erzeugen, bei denen man den Text suchen muß. Bei -vielen Bildern lieber den Wert von <tt>\floatpagefraction</tt> kleiner -wählen. Empfehlenswert ist ein Wert zwischen 10% und 30%. -<pre> -\renewcommand{\textfraction}{.15} % vorher: .2 -</pre> - -<p> -Maximaler Anteil der Seite, die für Abbildungen, die ,t`op -bzw. ,b`ottom plaziert werden, verwendet werden darf. Diese -Werte sollte man nicht zu groß wählen, bei vielen Abbildungen lieber -den Wert von <tt>\floatpagefraction</tt> kleiner wählen. Insbesondere -<tt>\bottomfraction</tt> sollte man klein halten, da Abbildungen -gewöhnlich auf einer Seite oben vermutet werden. Empfehlenswert sind -Werte zwischen 50% und 85% für <tt>\topfraction</tt> und 20% bis 50% -für <tt>\bottomfraction</tt>. Einer dieser beiden Werte sollte stets -größer als <tt>\floatpagefraction</tt> sein! (<tt>\topfraction</tt> sollte -nie auf 1.0, <tt>\textfraction</tt> nie auf 0.0 gesetzt werden!) -<pre> -\renewcommand{\topfraction}{.8} % vorher: .7 -\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{.5} % vorher: .3 -</pre> - -<p> -Maximale Anzahl der Abbildungen und Tafeln, die auf einer Seite -,t`op bzw. ,b`ottom bzw. insgesamt auf der Seite plaziert werden. -Hat man viele kleine Abbildungen sollte man diese Werte erhöhen. -Will man Abbildungen möglichst auf eine ,float page` setzen, -sollte man ,topnumber` und ,bottomnumber` auf 0 -setzen und <tt>\floatpagefraction</tt> bis auf 0.01 erniedrigen. -<pre> -\setcounter{topnumber}{3} % vorher: 2 -\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} % vorher: 1 -\setcounter{totalnumber}{5} % vorher: 3 -</pre> - -<p> -Im zweispaltigen Textsatz können Abbildungen und Tafeln nur oben -auf der Seite plaziert werden, so daß es hierfür nur zwei weitere -Parameter gibt, die den Parametern <tt>\floatpagefraction</tt> und -<tt>\topfraction</tt> für einspaltigen Satz entsprechen. Werden -Abbildungen oben plaziert, so können Abbildungen und Tafeln über -beide Spalten maximal <tt>\dbltopfraction</tt> Platz einnehmen. -Schließlich gibt <tt>\dblfloatpagefraction</tt> eine Untergrenze an, ab -der erst eine eigene ,float page` probiert wird. -<pre> -\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{.8} % vorher: .7 -\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{.6}% vorher: .5 -</pre> - -<p> -Nachdem man mit den geänderten Plazierungsparametern ein -zufriedenstellendes Ergebnis erzielt hat, kann man durch gezielten -Einsatz des optionalen Arguments der ,<tt>figure</tt>`- bzw. ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebung einzelne ungünstig plazierte Abbildungen und -Tafeln entsprechend verschieben. Hierbei sollte man nur die nicht -erwünschte Plazierung entfernen, also z.B. <tt>[bp]</tt> angeben, -falls eine ,t`op-Plazierung ungünstig ist. -<p> -Die Bedeutung dieser Parameter wird anschaulich in bildlicher Form in dem -Artikel ,The layouts package: User manual` (,layman`) von Peter R. -Wilson beschrieben. Die für die verwendete Dokumentenklasse geltenden Werte -können mit dem zugehörigen LaTeX-Paket ,layouts` angezeigt und einfach -testweise geändert werden. ,layouts` zeigt darüberhinaus auch viele -weitere für das Layout eines Dokumentes wichtigen Parameter an. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>layouts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/layouts"><code>macros/latex/contrib/layouts</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>layman: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/layouts/layman.tex"><code>macros/latex/contrib/layouts/layman.tex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="8">6.1.4 Wie kann ich die Fehlermeldung - ,<tt>! LaTeX Error: Too many unprocessed floats.</tt>` vermeiden?</a></h3> -<p> -LaTeX reserviert für alle ,floats`, also die Fließumgebungen -,<tt>figure</tt>`<a name="9" id="9">-</a> und ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebungen, eines Dokuments -18 sogenannte Insertion-Registertupel. Wenn eine Fließumgebung nicht -sofort auf eine Seite plaziert werden kann, wird es in eines dieser Register -zwischengespeichert. Müssen mehr als 18 Fließumgebungen -zwischengespeichert werde, erhält man diese Fehlermeldung. Es gibt vier -Möglichkeiten, wieso dies geschieht: -<ol> -<li>Meist stehen die optionalen Argumente der ,<tt>figure</tt>`- oder - ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebung im Widerspruch zu den Plazierungsparametern oder - letztere sind zu restriktiv eingestellt. Beispielsweise kann eine - ,<tt>figure</tt>`, die höher als der Parameter <tt>\topfraction</tt> ist und - aufgrund des optionalen Arguments <tt>[t]</tt> nur oben plaziert werden - darf, nicht auf eine Seite gesetzt werden. Aus diesem Grund sollte man den - optionalen Parameter <em>nicht</em> setzen und wenn, dann <em>alle</em> außer - den nicht gewünschten Plazierungsorte angeben. -<li>Werden die Parameter <tt>\...fraction</tt> ungünstig gesetzt, so kann es - ebenfalls sein, dass einige Fließumgebungen nicht auf eine Seite gesetzt - werden können. Näheres findet sich in <a href="#2">Frage 6.1.1</a> und in - Keith Reckdahls Artikel ,Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e` - (epslatex). -<li>In einigen wenigen Fällen, wo sehr viele Fließumgebungen und viele mit - <tt>\marginpar</tt> eingefügte Marginalen, die die gleichen Register teilen, - verwendet werden, sind mehr als 18 Register notwendig. Hier kann das - Paket ,morefloats` weiterhelfen, dass deren Zahl auf 36 erhöht. - Leider hat man dadurch 18 Savebox-, Zähler-, Längen- - und Glue-Register weniger, so daß man jetzt evtl. auf den Fehler ,<tt>No - room for a new ...</tt>` stößt. -<li>Bestehen Textteile nur aus Fließumgebungen ohne oder mit nur wenig - Text, versagt LaTeX Plazierungsalgorithmus, da hier nichts ist, in denen - sie ,,fließen`` können. In diesen Fällen gibt es folgende Abhilfen: - <ol> -<li>Schreiben Sie mehr erläuternden Text oder verteilen Sie die - Fließumgebungen besser im existierenden Text. - <li>Fügen Sie die Anweisung <tt>\clearpage</tt> zwischen einige - Fließumgebungen, um LaTeX zu zwingen, alle gespeicherten - Fließumgebungen auf eigene Seiten zu setzen. Diese Lösung ist mit - Arbeit verbunden, da meist mehrere Versuche notwendig sind, um nur wenig - gefüllte Seiten zu vermeiden und diese bei Änderungen wiederholt werden - müssen. <tt>\afterpage</tt><tt>{<tt>\clearpage</tt>}</tt> ist etwas besser, aber - auch hier muß man manuell nacharbeiten, um nur teilgefüllte Seiten zu - vermeiden. - <li>Wenn kein Text vorhanden ist, in der die Fließumgebungen fließen - können, so sollte man besser nicht-fließende Umgebungen verwenden. - </ol> - -</ol> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>epslatex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps"><code>info/epslatex.ps</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.pdf"><code>info/epslatex.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>morefloats: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/morefloats.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/morefloats.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="10">6.1.5 Wie kann ich es erreichen, daß zwei Abbildungen nicht - auf verschiedenen Seiten, sondern möglichst direkt untereinander - plaziert werden?</a></h3> -<p> -In eine einzige ,<tt>figure</tt>`<a name="11" id="11">-</a> bzw. ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebung -können auch mehrere Abbildungen oder Tafeln gesetzt und mit eigenen -Unterschriften versehen werden: -<pre> -\begin{figure} - erstes Bild -\caption{erstes Bild} -\vspace{\floatsep} % zusaetzlicher Abstand zwischen zwei `floats' - zweites Bild -\caption{zweites Bild} -\end{figure} -</pre> - -<p> -Alle Abbildungen oder Tafeln einer Umgebung werden dann nicht mehr -getrennt. Aus diesem Grund sollte man auch darauf achten, daß eine -,<tt>figure</tt>`- oder ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebung durch zu viele -Abbildungen und Tafeln nicht zu hoch wird. - -<h3><a name="12">6.1.6 Wie kann ich in einer Abbildung zwei Bilder - nebeneinander setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Man kann zum Beispiel zwei ,<tt>minipage</tt>`<a name="13" id="13">-Umgebungen</a> verwenden, -wobei man dann auch mit deren optionalem Argument die Ausrichtung der -beiden Bilder angeben kann: -<pre> -\begin{figure} -\begin{minipage}[b]{.4\linewidth} % [b] => Ausrichtung an \caption - Bild links - \caption{Bildunterschrift links} -\end{minipage} -\hspace{.1\linewidth}% Abstand zwischen Bilder -\begin{minipage}[b]{.4\linewidth} % [b] => Ausrichtung an \caption - Bild rechts - \caption{Bildunterschrift rechts} -\end{minipage} -\end{figure} -</pre> - -<p> -Ein sehr viel bequemerer Weg, um mehrere zusammengehörende Abbildungen oder -Tafeln in einer Float-Umgebung zu setzen, bietet das Paket ,subfigure`. -Hierzu stellt das Paket die Anweisungen <tt>\subfigure</tt> und <tt>\subtable</tt> zur -Verfügung. Die Formatierung der Einzelabbildungen läßt sich sehr leicht -anpassen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>subfigure: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/subfigure/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/subfigure/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="14">6.1.7 Wie kann ich eine Abbildung (,<tt>figure</tt>`) und - eine Tafel (,<tt>table</tt>`) nebeneinander setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Verwendet man statt der Anweisung <tt>\caption</tt> die im Paket ,capt-of`<a name="15" id="15"> -definierte</a> Anweisung <tt>\captionof</tt>, so ist es möglich, eine eigentlich zu -einer anderen Fließumgebung gehörige Beschriftung zu erreichen. Wie hier -gezeigt -<pre> -\usepackage{capt-of} -... -\begin{figure} - \begin{minipage}{.5\linewidth} - Abbildung - \caption{Abbildung} - \end{minipage}% - \begin{minipage}{.5\linewidth} - Tafel - \captionof{table}{Tafel} - % auch: \captionof{table}[Eintrag im Verzeichnis]{Tafel} - \end{minipage} -\end{figure} -</pre> - -kann man eine Abbildung und eine Tafel nebeneinander setzen, wobei die -Unterschriften auch in das jeweilige Verzeichnis gelangen. Die -Anweisung <tt>\captionof</tt> ist auch geeignet, um nichtgleitende -Abbildungen mit einer Bildunterschrift zu versehen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>capt-of: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/capt-of.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/capt-of.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="16">6.1.8 Wie kann ich mehrere zusammengehörige Abbildungen - bzw. Tafeln entsprechend mit 1a, 1b etc. numerieren?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Paket ,subfigure`<a name="17" id="17"> bietet</a> die Anweisungen <tt>\subfigure</tt> und -<tt>\subtable</tt> an, mit der man dies innerhalb der gewohnten ,<tt>figure</tt>`- -oder ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebung erreichen kann. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>subfigure: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/subfigure/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/subfigure/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="18">6.1.9 Gibt es bei der Option ,twocolumn` die - Möglichkeit, Abbildungen (,<tt>figure</tt>`) und Tafeln - (,<tt>table</tt>`) über beide Spalten, also die gesamte Textbreite - einer Seite zu setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Statt ,<tt>figure</tt>`<a name="19" id="19">-</a> die ,<tt>figure*</tt>`-, statt -,<tt>table</tt>`- die ,<tt>table*</tt>`-Umgebung verwenden. - -<h3><a name="20">6.1.10 Wieso bekomme ich Fehlermeldungen, wenn ich eine - ,<tt>figure</tt>`-Umgebung in andere Umgebungen oder Anweisungen - einfüge?</a></h3> -<p> -Eine ,<tt>figure</tt>`<a name="21" id="21">-</a> oder ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebung ist ein -sogenannter ,float`, d.h. der Inhalt ,,fließt`` an eine -andere Stelle. Deshalb darf diese Umgebung nicht innerhalb einer -anderen, wie ,<tt>minipage</tt>`, <tt>\parbox</tt> o.ä. verwendet -werden. Die Eingabe -<pre> -\begin{minipage}{5cm} %% FALSCH! -\begin{figure} - Bild - \caption{text} -\end{figure} -\end{minipage} -</pre> - -<p> -ist daher falsch und erzeugt den in der Frage genannten Fehler. -Korrekt und auch logisch einsichtiger ist es, wenn man den Inhalt der -,<tt>figure</tt>`-Umgebung in eine ,<tt>minipage</tt>` packt, also -diese <em>in</em> die ,<tt>figure</tt>`-Umgebung setzt: -<pre> -\begin{figure} - \begin{minipage}{5cm} %% KORREKT! - Bild - \caption{text} - \end{minipage} -\end{figure} -</pre> - - -<h3><a name="22">6.1.11 Wie kann ich das Layout der Bildunterschriften - (<tt>\caption</tt>) verändern?</a></h3> -<p> -LaTeX verwendet die interne Anweisung <tt>\@makecaption</tt><tt>{Bild - Nr}</tt><tt>{Text}</tt>, um die Bildunterschrift inkl. Bildnummer zu setzen. Indem -man diese Anweisung verändert, die in der Dokumentklasse definiert wird, kann -man das Layout ändern. Will man nur die Bildnummer (z.B. ,,Abbildung 1``) ändern, so reicht es oftmals aus, die interne -Anweisung <tt>\fnum@figure</tt> bzw. für Tafeln <tt>\fnum@table</tt> entsprechend -umzudefinieren. -<p> -Zur Vereinfachung gibt es einige leicht zu verwendende Pakete: ,caption`<a name="23" id="23"> -bzw.</a> ,caption2` haben viele Optionen; diese Pakete ermöglichen die -Variation der Schriftart und -größe und des Layouts (zentriert, -überhängend, Absatz mit Einrückung usw.). Beispiel: -<pre> -\usepackage[bf]{caption2} -\renewcommand{\captionfont}{\small\itshape} -</pre> - -für einen etwas kleineren und kursiv gesetzten Unterschriftentext, -wobei die Bildnummer weiterhin fett gesetzt wird. -<p> -Um die Benennung zu ändern, wenn man also statt ,,Abbildung`` -beispielsweise ,,Abb.`` verwenden möchte, erreicht man dies durch -<pre> -\renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.} -</pre> - -Im Falle einer Tafel muß analog dazu <tt>\tablename</tt> umdefiniert -werden. (Achtung: Bitte weitere Hinweise in Frage -<a href="makros4.html#65">Frage 8.5.9</a> beachten!) -<p> -Wollen Sie die Zählweise der Abbildungs- bzw. Tabellennumerierung -ändern, so beachten Sie auch Frage <a href="makros4.html#54">Frage 8.5.2</a>. -<p> -Speziellere Lösungen existieren natürlich auch oder sind teilweise -in einigen Dokumentklassen enthalten. So enthalten die -NTG- und KOMA-Script-Klassen beispielsweise -Anweisungen, um alle Fonts (Sections, Captions, Running Heads) zu -verändern. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>epslatex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps"><code>info/epslatex.ps</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.pdf"><code>info/epslatex.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>caption/caption2: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption"><code>macros/latex/contrib/caption</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>NTG-Klassen: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass"><code>macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>hangcaption: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/misc/hangcaption.sty"><code>macros/latex209/contrib/misc/hangcaption.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>isucaption: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/misc/isucaption.sty"><code>macros/latex209/contrib/misc/isucaption.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="24">6.1.12 Wie kann ich die Unterschriften (<tt>\caption</tt>) - neben eine Abbildung oder eine Tafel setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Zu diesem Zweck ist das Paket ,sidecap`<a name="25" id="25"> gedacht.</a> -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>sidecap: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/sidecap"><code>macros/latex/contrib/sidecap</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="26">6.1.13 Wie kann ich Abbildungen oder Tafeln, die nicht innerhalb - einer ,<tt>figure</tt>`- oder ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebung stehen, - dennoch mit einer Bildunterschrift (Legende) versehen?</a></h3> -<p> -Keith Reckdahls Artikel ,Using Imported Graphics in - LaTeX2e` (epslatex) enthält die Beschreibung eines entsprechenden -Tricks. Das Paket ,capt-of`<a name="27" id="27"> (siehe</a> auch <a href="#14">Frage 6.1.7</a>) -implementiert diesen und stellt eine entsprechende Anweisungen zum -Satz von Legenden für nicht-gleitende Abbildungen zur Verfügung. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>capt-of: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/capt-of.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/capt-of.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="28">6.1.14 Wie kann man neue Typen von Gleitumgebungen - (,floats`) z.B. für weitere Arten von Tafeln - oder Programm-Code erzeugen?</a></h3> -<p> -Prinzipiell muß man für einen neuen Typ von Gleitumgebung einige -Makros definieren. Beispielsweise sind für die zu definierenden -Umgebungen ,<tt>faqtable</tt>`<a name="29" id="29"> und</a> ,<tt>faqtable*</tt>` die folgenden -Anweisungen (in eine .sty-Datei schreiben, da interne Anweisungen!) -notwendig, -<pre> -\newcounter{faqtable}[section] -%\renewcommand{\thefaqtable}{\thesection.\arabic{table}} -%% \thefaqtable wird bereits durch \newcounter definiert -\renewcommand{\fps@faqtable}{tp} % nicht `h' bzw. `b' -\renewcommand{\ftype@faqtable}{4} % type is a power of two! -\renewcommand{\ext@faqtable}{lot} % Endung der Hilfsdatei -\renewcommand{\fnum@faqtable}{FAQ-Tabelle~\thefaqtable} -\newenvironment{faqtable}{\@float{faqtable}}{\end@float} -\newenvironment{faqtable*}{\@dblfloat{faqtable}}{\end@dblfloat} -</pre> - -wobei damit noch keine Anpassungen des Inhaltsverzeichnisses, ein -eigenes Inhaltsverzeichnis oder sonstige Anpassungen des Layouts -durchgeführt sind. Mehr Informationen dazu findet man im Buch -,Der LaTeX-Begleiter` (siehe <a href="vereine.html#16">Frage 2.4.1</a>). -<p> -Sehr viel einfacher geht dies mit dem Paket ,float`, mit dem z.B. obiges -auch der normale LaTeX-Benutzer mit der simplen Anweisung -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <tt>\newfloat</tt><code>{faqtable}{tp}{lot}[section]</code> -</div> - -definieren kann. Daneben sind auch schon einige ,float`-Layouts -vordefiniert und können ebenso einfach verwendet werden. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>float: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float"><code>macros/latex/contrib/float</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="30">6.1.15 Abbildungen und Tafeln sollen <em>immer</em> nach dem - ersten Verweis auf sie gesetzt werden. Wie? Es ist möglich, daß - LaTeX sie vor der Abschnittsüberschrift plaziert. Wie - unterbinde ich das?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit dem LaTeX-Paket ,flafter`<a name="31" id="31">,</a> das Bestandteil jeder -LaTeX-Verteilung ist, werden Abbildungen und Tafeln nie vor dem Text -plaziert, in dem sie im Dokument angegeben werden. Damit LaTeX sie -also nie vor dem ersten Verweis plaziert, schiebt man die -entsprechende ,<tt>figure</tt>`- bzw. ,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebung -einfach hinter die erste <tt>\ref</tt>- bzw. <tt>\pageref</tt>-Anweisung. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>flafter: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/"><code>macros/latex/base/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/unpacked/"><code>macros/latex/unpacked/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="32">6.1.16 Gibt es eine einfache Möglichkeit, eine Abbildung - oder Tafel innerhalb des normalen Textes zu setzen, sie also mit - dem normalen Text umfließen zu lassen?</a></h3> -<p> -Hierfür gibt es mittlerweile eine große Anzahl von Paketen mit -unterschiedlichen Beschränkungen und Vor- und Nachteilen, die Piet -van Oostrum in einer Liste, die er unregelmäßig nach -`<a href="news:comp.text.tex"><code>comp.text.tex</code></a>` postet, aufzählt: -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - ,flow`<a name="33" id="33">,</a> ,floatflt` (für LaTeX2e, Vorgänger - ,floatfig` ist für LaTeX 2.09), ,picinpar` - (veraltet), ,picins`, ,window`, ,wrapfig`. -</div> - -<p> -Empfohlen werden: ,picins` (funktioniert auch in -Listen-Umgebungen), ,floatflt` und ,wrapfig` -(unterstützen neben ,<tt>figure</tt>`- auch -,<tt>table</tt>`-Umgebungen), da diese am meisten können und die -wenigsten Fehler aufweisen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>picins: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/picins"><code>macros/latex209/contrib/picins</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>floatflt: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/floatflt"><code>macros/latex/contrib/floatflt</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>wrapfig: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/wrapfig/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/wrapfig/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="34">6.1.17 Wieso erhalte ich bei einigen Abbildungen falsche - Querverweise, obwohl ich doch die <tt>\label</tt>-Anweisung innerhalb - der ,<tt>figure</tt>`-Umgebung verwendet habe?</a></h3> -<p> -Die <tt>\label</tt>-Anweisung muß <em>nach</em> der Anweisung folgen, die -für die Numerierung und damit auch für die ,Verankerung` des -Verweises sorgt. Solche Verankerungsanweisungen sind z.B. <tt>\section</tt> oder <tt>\caption</tt>, die ,<tt>figure</tt>`<a name="35" id="35">-Umgebung</a> -dagegen ist keine. Daher muß das <tt>\label</tt> <em>nach</em> der -entsprechenden <tt>\caption</tt> folgen: -<pre> -\begin{figure} - ... Abbildung ... - \caption{Dies ist eine Abbildung} - \label{fig:beispielabbildung} -\end{figure} -</pre> - - -<h3><a name="36">6.1.18 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Abbildungen oder - Tafeln, die alleine auf einer sonst leeren Seite plaziert werden, - bündig mit der Seitenoberkante statt vertikal zentriert - erscheinen?</a></h3> -<p> -Für die Zentrierung von Float-Objekten sind die internen -Längenparameter <tt>\@fptop</tt>, <tt>\@fpsep</tt> und <tt>\@fpbot</tt> -verantwortlich. Um die vertikale Zentrierung aufzuheben, ist daher -<tt>\@fptop</tt> im Dokumentkopf oder in einer eigenen Paketdatei auf eine -unflexible Länge zu setzen: -<pre> -\setlength{\@fptop}{0pt} -</pre> - -(Bitte beachten, daß <tt>\@fptop</tt> ein interner Parameter ist und -außerhalb einer Paketdatei mit <tt>\makeatletter</tt>/<tt>\makeatother</tt> -geklammert werden muß.) Diese Änderung gilt dann für <em>alle</em> -Float-Objekte, also sowohl Abbildungen als auch Tafeln. - -<h2><a name="37">6.2 Tabellen</a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="38">6.2.1 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß sich eine Tabelle über - mehrere Seiten erstreckt?</a></h3> -<p> -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es die beiden Pakete ,longtable`<a name="39" id="39"> und</a> -,supertabular` sowie ,ltxtable`, welches die -Möglichkeiten von ,longtable` und ,tabularx` in sich -vereinigt. -<p> -,longtable` benutzt auf jeder Seite die gleiche Spaltenbreite, -während ,supertabular` auf jeder Seite die Spaltenbreite neu -berechnet. ,supertabular` funktioniert im Gegensatz zu -,longtable` auch mit der Klassenoption -,twocolumn`. ,tabularx` ist nicht direkt für -mehrseitige Tabellen gedacht, sondern zum Austreiben einer Tabelle auf -eine bestimmte Breite. Eine mehrseitige Tabelle kann mit -,ltxtable` auf eine bestimme Breite ausgetrieben werden, wofür -auch die Pakete ,longtable` und ,tabularx` erforderlich -sind. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>longtable: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/"><code>macros/latex/required/tools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>tabularx: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/"><code>macros/latex/required/tools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>supertabular: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supertabular"><code>macros/latex/contrib/supertabular</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ltxtable: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/carlisle"><code>macros/latex/contrib/carlisle</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="40">6.2.2 Wie kann ich einzelne Felder oder größere Bereiche - einer Tabelle farbig oder grau hinterlegen?</a></h3> -<p> -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es die beiden Pakete ,colortbl`<a name="41" id="41"> und</a> -,colortab`. Nähere Hinweise sind den beiliegenden -Dokumentationen oder dem Buch ,,The LaTeX Graphics Companion`` -(siehe <a href="vereine.html#16">Frage 2.4.1</a>) zu entnehmen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>colortbl: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/carlisle"><code>macros/latex/contrib/carlisle</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>colortab: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/generic/colortab/"><code>macros/generic/colortab/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="42">6.2.3 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß sich eine Tabelle über - die gesamte Spalten- bzw. Textbreite (oder über eine andere - vorgegebene Breite) erstreckt?</a></h3> -<p> -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es das Paket ,tabularx`<a name="43" id="43"> sowie</a> -,ltxtable`, welches die Möglichkeiten von ,longtable` und -,tabularx` in sich vereinigt. ,tabularx` ermöglicht das -Austreiben einer Tabelle auf eine bestimmte Breite. Hierzu wird ein -neuer Spaltentyp ,X` definiert, der sich wie eine -,p`-Spalte verhält, ohne daß man jedoch die Breite explizit -angeben muß. Stattdessen wird von ,tabularx` die für alle -,X`-Spalten zur Verfügung stehende Gesamtbreite berechnet und -jeder ,X`-Spalte ein entsprechender Bruchteil davon zugewiesen. -Eine mehrseitige Tabelle kann mit ,ltxtable` auf eine bestimme -Breite ausgetrieben werden, wofür auch die Pakete ,longtable` -und ,tabularx` erforderlich sind. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>tabularx: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/"><code>macros/latex/required/tools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ltxtable: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/carlisle"><code>macros/latex/contrib/carlisle</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="44">6.2.4 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Zahlen in einer Tabelle am - Dezimaltrennzeichen ausgerichtet werden?</a></h3> -<p> -Die LaTeX-Pakete ,dcolumn`<a name="45" id="45"> und</a> ,rccol` (erfordert -,fltpoint`) sind dazu geeignet. Letzteres gestattet auch das -Runden der Zahlen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>dcolumn: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/"><code>macros/latex/required/tools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>rccol: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/rccol/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/rccol/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="46">6.2.5 Wie kann ich in einer tabular-Umgebung eine Spalte - speziell setzen, ohne dies in jedem Eintrag zu wiederholen?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Paket ,array`<a name="47" id="47"> erweitert</a> die Umgebungen ,<tt>array</tt>` und -,<tt>tabular</tt>` um weitere Deklarationen, wie <tt>></tt>, -<tt><</tt>, <tt>!</tt>, <tt>m</tt> oder <tt>p</tt>, in der -Tabellenpräambel. So wird bei ,,<tt>>{text}</tt>`` der Teil ,,text`` direkt vor die folgende -Spalte eingefügt, so daß beispielsweise nach -<pre> -\begin{tabular}{c>{\scshape}cc} -</pre> - -die zweite der drei Spalten in Kapitälchen gesetzt wird. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>array: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/"><code>macros/latex/required/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="48">6.2.6 Wieso kann ich in einer tabular-Umgebung die letzte Spalte - nicht mit <tt>\raggedright</tt> linksbündig setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -<tt>\raggedright</tt> definiert die Anweisung <tt>\\</tt> um, die in den -Umgebungen ,<tt>tabular</tt>`<a name="49" id="49"> und</a> ,<tt>array</tt>` zur Markierung des -Zeilenendes benutzt wird. In LaTeX2e und den Paketen ,array` -und ,longtable` existiert daher seit Dezember 1994 die -neue Anweisung <tt>\tabularnewline</tt>, die man für diesen Zweck -anstelle von <tt>\\</tt> verwenden kann. -<p> -Für andere Pakete und ältere Versionen kann man auch folgenden Trick aus dem -Buch ,Der LaTeX-Begleiter` (siehe <a href="vereine.html#16">Abschnitt 2.4.1</a>) anwenden: -<pre> -\newcommand{\PreserveBackslash}[1]{% - \let\temp=\\#1\let\\=\temp} -</pre> - -Statt einem einfachen <tt>\raggedright</tt> verwendet man in einer Tabelle dann -<tt>\PreserveBackslash</tt><tt>{<tt>\raggedright</tt>}</tt>. -<p> -Ebenfalls nützlich ist in diesem Zusammenhang die folgende Zeile -<pre> -\usepackage[NewCommands]{ragged2e} -</pre> - -zu Beginn des Dokuments. Damit wird eine bessere Trennung innerhalb eines -mittels <tt>\raggedright</tt> linksbündig mit rechtem Flatterrand gesetzten -Absatzes bewirkt. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ragged2e: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ms/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/ms/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="50">6.2.7 Wie erreiche ich, daß mit ,tabular` erstellte - Tabellen bündig mit dem linken Rand gesetzt werden?</a></h3> -<p> -Zwischen den Spalten einer ,tabular`, aber auch links von der -ersten und rechts von der letzten Spalte, wird üblicherweise ein -Zwischenraum der Breite <tt>\tabcolsep</tt> eingefügt. Um diesen zu -unterdrücken, muß man in die Tabellenpräambel die Anweisung -,,<tt>@{}</tt>`` einfügen, also -beispielsweise -<pre> -\begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} -... % ^^^ ^^^ -\end{tabular} -</pre> - -Die Anweisung ,,<tt>@{text}</tt>`` -sorgt dafür, daß ,,text`` <em>statt</em> eines -Spaltenzwischenraums eingefügt wird. -,,@{}`` unterdrückt also, daß -zwischen zwei Spalten Zwischenraum eingefügt wird. Daran sollte man -auch bei <tt>\multicolumn</tt>-Anweisungen denken, die sich über die -erste bzw. letzte Spalte etwa einer dreispaltigen Tabelle erstrecken: -<pre> -\multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{Spalten 1 und 2} & bla \\ -</pre> - -bzw. -<pre> -bla & \multicolumn{2}{l@{}}{Spalten 2 und 3} \\ -</pre> - - - - -<h2><a name="51">6.3 Fußnoten, Endnoten etc. <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="52">6.3.1 Die Fußnoten sollen gesammelt am Ende des Kapitels - erscheinen.</a></h3> -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>endnotes: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/endnotes.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/endnotes.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="53">6.3.2 Ich möchte meine Fußnoten auf jeder Seite neu - beginnend durchzählen, d.h. auf jeder Seite soll - mit ,1` begonnen werden.</a></h3> -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>footnpag: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/footnpag"><code>macros/latex/contrib/footnpag</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="54">6.3.3 Ich möchte den maximal von den Fußnoten eingenommenen - Platz auf 10 Zeilen beschränken. Wie?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Längenregister <code>\dimen\footins</code> gibt die maximale Höhe der -Box mit den Fußnoten für eine Seite an. Nach -<pre> -\setlength{\dimen\footins}{10\baselineskip} -</pre> - -wird dieser Platz von normalerweise 8 Inch (ca. 20,5 cm) auf ca. 10 -Zeilen beschränkt. - -<h3><a name="55">6.3.4 Wie erreiche ich eine andere Formatierung der - Fußnoten?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,footmisc`<a name="56" id="56"> von</a> Robin Fairbairns (hatte bis Januar -1998 noch den Namen ,footnote`) kann man sehr einfach einige -andere Formatierungen auswählen. Ansonsten findet man im Buch -,Der LaTeX-Begleiter` nähere Informationen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>footmisc: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/footmisc/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/footmisc/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="57">6.3.5 Wie erhalte ich eine Fußnote innerhalb einer - ,<tt>figure</tt>` oder ,<tt>table</tt>`? Es erscheint zwar eine - Markierung, aber kein Fußnotentext. <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -In Gleitumgebungen funktionieren keine Fußnoten, da diese mitgleiten -müßten, was ohne sehr viel Aufwand nicht möglich ist. Abhilfe kann -man dadurch schaffen, daß man Fußnoten innerhalb einer <tt>\caption</tt> -vermeidet und den Fußnotentext in die Unterschrift mit -einbindet. Ansonsten kann man die Abbildung oder Tafel in eine -,<tt>minipage</tt>`<a name="58" id="58">-Umgebung</a> einklammern, so daß der Fußnotentext -mit in die Gleitumgebung gesetzt wird und somit mitgleiten kann. Die -dann meist störende Abgrenzungslinie kann man mit -<code>\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{}</code> innerhalb der -,<tt>minipage</tt>`-Umgebung vermeiden. -<pre> -\begin{figure} -\begin{minipage}{\linewidth} - \renewcommand{\footnoterule}{} - ... Abbildung mit \footnote{...} ... -\end{minipage} -\caption{ ... } -\end{figure} -</pre> - -<p> -Eine weitere Möglichkeit bietet das Paket ,threeparttable`: -<pre> -\begin{figure} - \begin{threeparttable} - Abbildung oder Tabelle mit Fu"snote\tnote{1} - \medskip - \begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize - \item[1] Wichtiger Fu"snotentext... - \end{tablenotes} - \end{threeparttable} - \caption{ ... } -\end{figure} -</pre> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>threeparttable: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/threeparttable.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/threeparttable.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="59">6.3.6 Wie kann ich Fußnoten in mehreren Gruppen getrennt - voneinander auf einer Seite erscheinen lassen?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Paket ,manyfoot`<a name="60" id="60"> erlaubt</a> die Deklaration zusätzlicher -Fußnotenebenen, die zudem noch auf zwei Arten gesetzt werden -können. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>manyfoot: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ncctools/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/ncctools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="61">6.3.7 Wie erreiche ich, daß meine Fußnoten nicht am Text - ,,hängen`` sondern unten auf der Seite gesetzt werden?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Paket ,footmisc`<a name="62" id="62"> bietet</a> mit der Option ,bottom` -einen Weg, wenn durch die Deklaration <tt>\raggedbottom</tt> die -Seitenhöhe flattert. In diesem Fall setzt LaTeX die Fußnote mit -etwas vertikalen Abstand (<tt>\skip</tt><tt>\footins</tt>) an den Text, so -daß die Fußnoten ebenso mitflattern. -<p> -Fußnoten werden normalerweise am Fuße des Fließtextes und nicht der -Seite gesetzt, also <em>oberhalb</em> einer eventuell vorhandenen unten -plazierten Fließumgebung. Mit dem Paket ,stfloats` werden die -Fußnoten an die Unterkante des Satzspiegels verschoben. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>footmisc: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/footmisc/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/footmisc/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>stfloats: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/sttools/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/sttools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="63">6.3.8 Wie kann ich eine Fußnote in einer Kapitel- oder - Abschnittsüberschrift setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Wie in <a href="makros3.html#81">Frage 7.4.2</a> erläutert, müssen zerbrechliche Anweisungen wie -<tt>\footnote</tt> in einem ,moving argument` mit <tt>\protect</tt> geschützt -werden, also beispielsweise -<pre> -\section{Titel des Abschnitts\protect\footnote{Fasse dich kurz!}} -</pre> - -<p> -Bei Fußnoten ist dies jedoch nicht sinnvoll, da diese dann auch im -Inhaltsverzeichnis und im lebenden Kolumnentitel auftauchen würde. Hier ist -es besser, das optionale Argument der Überschriftsanweisungen zu verwenden: -<pre> -\section[Titel des Abschnitts]% - {Titel des Abschnitts\footnote{Fasse dich kurz!}} -</pre> - - - -<h2><a name="64">6.4 Grafiken, Bilder, Farbe und andere Effekte <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="65">6.4.1 Wie kann ich Grafiken in mein (La)TeX-Dokument - einfügen? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Die LaTeX-Pakete ,graphics`<a name="66" id="66"> bzw.</a> ,graphicx` definieren die -Anweisung <tt>\includegraphics</tt>, welche einen einfachen Weg darstellt, die -Einbindung von Grafiken in ein LaTeX-Dokument in einer weitgehend -systemunabhängigen Syntax vorzunehmen. -Die früher für denselben Zweck verwendeten Anweisungen <tt>\psfig</tt>, -<tt>\epsfig</tt>, <tt>\epsfbox</tt> usw. (enthalten in den Paketen -,psfig`, ,epsf` und ,epsfig`) sollten nicht mehr -verwendet werden, da sie teilweise fehlerhaft sind, nur für -ausgewählte Treiber funktionieren und auch nicht weiterentwickelt -werden. -<p> -Neben <tt>\includegraphics</tt> werden weitere nützliche Befehle zum Skalieren und -Rotieren definiert. Die Größe der Grafik, die von LaTeX benötigt wird, -um entsprechend Platz für die Grafik zu lassen, wird bei -Encapsulated-PostScript-(EPS-)Dateien direkt aus dem -,BoundingBox`-Kommentar in der EPS-Datei gelesen. Bei anderen, -insbesondere bei binär vorliegenden Grafikformaten wie ,gif` oder -,pcx` kann die Größe in einer begleitenden Textdatei bzw. im -optionalen Argument der Anweisung <tt>\includegraphics</tt> angegeben werden. Mit -dem Paketparameter ,draft` des Paketes ,graphics` kann man -LaTeX veranlassen, in die dvi-Datei nur einen Rahmen in der Größe der -Grafik statt des Verweises auf die Grafikdatei einzufügen, was das Betrachten -beschleunigt und zum Korrekturlesen manchmal hilfreich ist. -<p> -Die Grafikinformation kann bei EPS-Dateien sowohl als Vektoren als auch in Form -von Angaben zur Position der einzelnen Grapkikpunkte (Pixelgrafik) enthalten -sein. Wenn möglich, sollte man immer Vektorgrafiken bevorzugen, da sie ohne -Qualitätsverluste skaliert werden können. Ist man, wie bei gescannten -Bildern, auf Pixelgrafiken angewiesen, so sollte man zur Vermeidung von -Qualitätsverlusten darauf achten, daß die Auflösung der Grafik derjenigen -des Druckers entspricht. Man bedenke auch, daß Grautöne nur mit besser -auflösenden Ausgabegeräten (mind. 600dpi, besser mehr) gut wiedergegeben -werden. -<p> -Um vorhandene Pixelgrafiken nach EPS zu wandeln, kann man die -Exportfunktion etlicher Grafikprogramme nutzen. Es gibt darüberhinaus -die beiden Programme ,jpeg2ps` und ,tiff2ps`, die -sehr kompakte EPS-Dateien erzeugen. Sie erfordern Ausgabegeräte, die -,PostScript Level 2` beherrschen, wie beispielsweise alle modernen -PS-Drucker und neue Ghostscript-Versionen. Alternativ kann man zur -Konvertierung von JPEG nach EPS auch ,imgtops2` verwenden, das in der -EPS-Ausgabe DCT-Kompression nutzt und so sehr kompakte EPS-Dateien erzeugt. -Zur Konvertierung von Pixelgrafiken, die im Format PNG, aber auch TIFF, JPEG -und Netpbm vorliegen, in EPS für Geräte mit PostScript Level 1, 2 -oder 3, gibt es das Programm ,bmeps`, für TIFF auch -,tif2eps`, das Ghostscript voraussetzt. -Ein weiteres Programm, -welches eine Vielzahl von Grafikformaten konvertieren kann, ist -,convert`, das Bestandteil der Programmsammlung -,ImageMagick` ist. Es steht ebenfalls für viele -Betriebssysteme zur Verfügung. Da die meisten dvi-Preview-Programme -enthaltene EPS-Grafiken nicht darstellen können, empfiehlt es sich, -die dvi-Datei nach PostScript zu wandeln und dann ein -PostScript-Preview-Programm (,gv`, ,gsview`, -,ghostview`, ,Ghostscript` etc.) zu verwenden. -<p> -Sehr ausführliche und gut verständliche Hinweise zu diesem Thema enthält -Keith Reckdahls Artikel ,Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e` -(epslatex) und das Buch ,The LaTeX Graphics Companion` von -Michel Goossens u.a. sowie ,TeX/LaTeX und Graphik, ein -Überblick über die Verfahren` von Friedhelm Sowa (siehe Abschnitte -<a href="vereine.html#16">2.4.1</a> und <a href="vereine.html#18">2.4.2</a>). -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>graphics/graphicx: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics/"><code>macros/latex/required/graphics/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>graphicx (Plain-TeX): </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/plain/graphics/"><code>macros/plain/graphics/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>epslatex (Keith Reckdahl): </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps"><code>info/epslatex.ps</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.pdf"><code>info/epslatex.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Graphics and Colour with LaTeX (Patrick W. Daly): </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.linmpi.mpg.de/~daly/latex/grf.htm"><code>http://www.linmpi.mpg.de/~daly/latex/grf.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>LaTeX2e und Grafik (Sebastian Lohmeier): </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.loh-fi.de/howto/latex.htm"><code>http://www.loh-fi.de/howto/latex.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>jpeg2ps: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.pdflib.com/jpeg2ps/"><code>http://www.pdflib.com/jpeg2ps/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/support/jpeg2ps/"><code>nonfree/support/jpeg2ps/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>imgtops2: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/dougz/postscript/imgtops2/"><code>http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/dougz/postscript/imgtops2/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>tiff2ps: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/graphics/tiff/"><code>graphics/tiff/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>tif2eps: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/pstools/tif2eps/"><code>support/pstools/tif2eps/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>bmeps: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/bmeps/"><code>support/bmeps/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>gif2eps: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.zib.de/Visual/software/"><code>http://www.zib.de/Visual/software/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ImageMagick: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/"><code>http://www.imagemagick.org/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="67">6.4.2 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß anstelle der Grafiken - nur leerer Platz in der Größe der Grafiken im LaTeX-Dokument - erscheint?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit der Option ,draft` der Pakete ,graphics`<a name="68" id="68"> bzw. ,graphicx`</a> -<pre> -\usepackage[draft]{graphicx} -</pre> - -erreicht man, daß statt der Grafiken nur ein Rahmen in Größe der -Grafik gezeichnet wird. Zusätzlich wird der Name der einzufügenden -Datei in diesen Rahmen geschrieben. -<p> -Tip: Verwendet man die Option ,draft` in der -Klassendeklaration, so gilt diese auch für das Paket -,graphicx`. Diese globale Option kann jedoch mit der -Paketoption ,final` wieder überschrieben werden. -<p> -Will man weder Rahmen noch Dateinamen erhalten, so kann man das -Paket ,crop` in der folgenden Weise nutzen: -<pre> -\usepackage[nographics]{crop}[2001/10/07] -</pre> - -Den gegenteiligen Effekt erreicht man mit der Paketoption -,notext`. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>crop: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/crop/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/crop/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="69">6.4.3 Wie kann ich mit TeX farbigen Text setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Das LaTeX-Bundle ,graphics` enthält das Paket ,color`<a name="70" id="70">,</a> -das Befehle zur Verfügung stellt, mit denen man Textteile einfärben, -eine Box oder den Hintergrund einer Seite farbig hinterlegen -kann. Dies funktioniert natürlich nur, wenn das Ausgabegerät -(Drucker, Bildschirm) dazu in der Lage ist und der dvi-Treiber die -dazu notwendige Funktionalität hat, entsprechende -<tt>\special</tt>-Anweisungen mit den Farbbefehlen auszuwerten. -<p> -Um das Paket ,color` an verschiedene Ausgabegeräte und -dvi-Treiber anzupassen, muß eine entsprechende Definitionsdatei für -den jeweiligen Treiber vorhanden sein bzw. noch erstellt werden. Auf -jedem System sollte in der Datei ,,<tt>color.cfg</tt>`` eine -dvi-Treiber-Definition als Default angegeben sein. Das Paket -,color` läßt sich dann wie folgt verwenden: -<pre> -\usepackage{color} -</pre> - -<p> -Will man in einem Dokument einen vom Standard abweichenden dvi-Treiber -verwenden, so kann man den Namen der dvi-Treiber-Definition als -Paket-Option angeben: -<pre> -\usepackage[dvips]{color} -</pre> - -erzeugt eine dvi-Datei mit Farb-<tt>\special</tt>-Anweisungen für den -dvi-PostScript-Treiber ,dvips`. Danach kann man die entstehende -dvi-Datei auch mit anderen dvi-Treibern übersetzen bzw. ausdrucken, -jedoch werden in den meisten Fällen die -Farb-<tt>\special</tt>-Anweisungen nicht erkannt und mit einer Warnung -ignoriert. -<p> -Eine genauere Beschreibung der einzelnen Anweisungen und der -vorhandenen Definitionsdateien findet man in der Anleitung -,grfguide` im Paket ,graphics`. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>graphics/color: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics/"><code>macros/latex/required/graphics/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="71">6.4.4 Bei mit ,XFig` erstellten und exportierten Zeichnungen - erhalte ich bei der Einbindung in LaTeX den Fehler, daß - <tt>\SetFigFont</tt> nicht definiert ist. Was ist falsch?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Programm ,fig2dev`<a name="72" id="72">,</a> das XFig zum Wandeln und Exportieren von -Fig-Bildern aufruft, hat in den Versionen vor Version 3.1pl1 einen Fehler, -der dazu führt, daß das Makro <tt>\SetFigFont</tt> nicht immer definiert ist. -Nach einem Update des Paketes ,Transfig`, welches ,fig2dev` -enthält, verschwindet der Fehler. Kann man auf den Update nicht warten, bietet -sich auch als Einfachstlösung die Definition -<code>\newcommand{\SetFigFont}[3]{}</code> in der Dokumentpräambel an. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>transfig/fig2dev: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/graphics/transfig/"><code>graphics/transfig/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="73">6.4.5 Bei Verwendung von PiCTeX erhalte ich die Meldung - ,<tt>No room for a new <tt>\dimen</tt></tt>`. Wie kann ich das - vermeiden?</a></h3> -<p> -PiCTeX verwendet sehr viele von TeXs Zähler- und Längenregistern und -wenn noch weitere Pakete hinzugeladen werden, die ebenso Register benötigen, -gehen die jeweils 256 vorhandenen, von denen LaTeX bereits nicht wenige -benötigt, aus. Die erste Lösung besteht in der Verwendung des -ConTeXt-Moduls ,m-pictex`<a name="74" id="74"> von</a> Hans Hagen, das beim Laden von -PiCTeX dafür sorgt, daß statt Längen- an einigen Stellen Glue-Register -verwendet werden. Eine alternative Lösung besteht in der Verwendung des -Paketes ,pictexwd`, eines von Andreas Schrell veränderten -PiCTeX, das weniger Längenregister benutzt. -<p> -Eine weitere Lösungsmöglichkeit besteht darin, die größere Anzahl an -Registern zu nutzen, die <i>e</i>-TeX zur Verfügung stellt. Verwendet man LaTeX -(Aufruf: <tt>elatex</tt>), muß das Paket ,etex` vor PiCTeX geladen -werden, um von <i>e</i>-TeX zu profitieren. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>m-pictex.tex, m-pictex.sty: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/context/cont-tmf.zip"><code>macros/context/cont-tmf.zip</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>pictexwd: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/graphics/pictex/addon/"><code>graphics/pictex/addon/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"> - <tt>etex.sty</tt> ist momentan nur in teTeX und fpTeX enthalten.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="75">6.4.6 Was kann ich tun, wenn eine Grafik im EPS-Format beim - Einfügen in ein LaTeX-Dokument Probleme bereitet?</a></h3> -<p> -Nicht selten erzeugen Grafikprogramme beim Speichern der Ergebnisse im -PostScript-Code keine oder eine fehlerhafte Boundingbox-Kommentarzeile. Diese -Angabe ist jedoch beim Einfügen der Grafik in ein LaTeX-Dokument unbedingt -erforderlich, da sonst der benötigte Platz nicht korrekt berechnet werden -kann. Der im folgenden testweise eingefügte Rahmen zeigt die Größe der -Boundingbox in Relation zur Grafik: -<pre> -\usepackage{graphicx} -% ... -\begin{figure} - \setlength{\fboxsep}{-\fboxrule}\fbox{\includegraphics{dateiname}} -\end{figure} -</pre> - -Ist die Boundingbox-Zeile fehlerhaft, kann folgendermaßen vorgegangen -werden: -<dl> -<dt><b>Manuelle Korrektur:</b></dt> -<dd><br /> -Man lade die EPS-Datei in einen PostScript-Viewer und notiere sich die -Koordinaten der linken unteren (ll,lr) und der rechten oberen (ul,ur) Ecke des -interessierenden Teils der Grafik, wobei die Maßeinheit bp (big points) -verwendet werden muß. Diese Werte füge man mit Hilfe eines ASCII-Editors im -Anschluß an die Zeile ,,<tt>%!PS-Adobe ...</tt>`` am Anfang der -EPS-Datei hinzu bzw. korrigiere die vorhandene Angabe entsprechend: -<pre> -%%BoundingBox: ll lr ul ur -</pre> - -Statt des Eintrags in die EPS-Datei können die Werte auch als optionale -Parameter der ,<tt>\includegraphics</tt>`<a name="76" id="76">-Anweisung</a> angegeben werden: -<pre> -\includegraphics[bb= ll lr ul ur]{dateiname} -</pre> - -<dt><b>Automatische Korrektur:</b></dt> -<dd><br /> -Man verwende das Programm ,epstool` in der folgenden Weise: - <pre> -epstool -b -c -oausgabedatei.eps eingabedatei.eps -</pre> - - In der Datei ,,<tt>eingabedatei.eps</tt>`` befinde sich die fehlerhafte Grafik, - danach enthält ,,<tt>ausgabedatei.eps</tt>`` die korrigierte Grafik. - ,epstool` erfordert die vorherige Installation des - PostScript-Interpreters ,Ghostscript`. -<p> - Alternativ dazu kann versucht werden, das Problem unter Verwendung - des Programms ,epstopdf` zu lösen: -<pre> -epstopdf --nogs --outfile=ausgabedatei.eps eingabedatei.eps -</pre> - -<p> - Liegt die Grafik in Form einer einseitigen PostScript-Datei vor, kann - man mit Hilfe des Programms ,ps2eps` versuchen, diese in - eine EPS-Datei mit korrekter BoundingBox-Angabe umzuwandeln: - <pre> -ps2eps eingabedatei.ps -</pre> - - ,ps2eps` erfordert ebenfalls das Programm - ,Ghostscript` sowie ,perl`. -</dl> - -<p> -Sollte trotz korrekter Angabe der BoundingBox ein ungünstiges -Ergebnis entstehen, kann es daran liegen, daß die EPS-Datei -fälschlicherweise PostScript-Anweisungen enthält, die auch den -Bereich außerhalb der BoundingBox verändern. Mit der Option -<tt>[clip]</tt> der Anweisung ,<tt>\includegraphics</tt>` wird die -Ausgabe auf den Bereich der BoundingBox beschränkt. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>epstool/gsview: </b></td> - <td><a href="ftp://support/ghostscript/ghostgum/"><code>ftp://support/ghostscript/ghostgum/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>epstopdf: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/"><code>http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ps2eps: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/ps2eps/"><code>support/ps2eps/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Ghostscript (GPL): </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/ghostscript/gnu/"><code>support/ghostscript/gnu/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Ghostscript (AFPL): </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/support/ghostscript/aladdin/"><code>nonfree/support/ghostscript/aladdin/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="77">6.4.7 Warum werden Pixelgrafiken in pdf-Dateien, die ich mit - pdfTeX erzeugt habe, verzerrt oder mit falschen Farben - dargestellt?</a></h3> -<p> -Vermutlich ist die Ursache die veraltete fehlerhafte -pdfTeX-Version 0.13d. Abhilfe schafft die Verwendung einer -aktuellen Version (z.B. 0.14f oder neuer). Bei dieser Gelegenheit -empfiehlt es sich, die im Zusammenhang mit dem LaTeX-Paket -,graphicx`<a name="78" id="78"> wichtige</a> Datei ,,<tt>pdftex.def</tt>`` und das -LaTeX-Paket ,hyperref` ebenfalls zu erneuern. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>pdftex.def: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/"><code>http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>~: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics"><code>macros/latex/required/graphics</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>hyperref: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>~: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/"><code>http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="79">6.4.8 Wie kann ich unter Windows Bilder, Grafiken etc. mit - LaTeX verwenden?</a></h3> -<p> -Um Bilder u.ä. aus Windows-Programmen in LaTeX einzubinden, sollte -man diese im EPS-Format in eine Datei drucken. Da es mit den -EPS-Dateien, die die Standard-EPS-Druckertreiber unter Windows -erzeugen, immer wieder zu Problemen kommt, sollte man stattdessen die -PostScript-Druckertreiber von Adobe installieren (siehe -<a href="tools.html#25">Frage 11.3.6</a>). -<p> -Damit die EPS-Datei nun problemlos und korrekt unter LaTeX mit der -Anweisung <tt>\includegraphics</tt> eingebunden werden kann, ist die -Bounding-Box-Angabe in der Datei zu bestimmen und eventuell zu -korrigieren (siehe <a href="#75">Frage 6.4.6</a>). - -<h3><a name="80">6.4.9 Woher kann ich eine Dokumentation zum (La)TeX-Paket - ,pictex` bekommen?</a></h3> -<p> -Leider ist die Originaldokumentation nur käuflich von der Firma -,,Personal TeX, Inc.`` zu erhalten. Ersatzweise kann man die -frei verfügbare Dokumentation zu dem Programm ,mathspic`<a name="81" id="81"> -verwenden.</a> ,mathspic` ist ein unter DOS/Windows verwendbares -Filterprogramm zum vereinfachten Erstellen von PiCTeX-Grafiken. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Personal TeX, Inc.: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.pctex.com"><code>http://www.pctex.com</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mathspic: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/graphics/pictex/mathspic/mpicm21.pdf"><code>graphics/pictex/mathspic/mpicm21.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. September 2003 erzeugt) -</address> -</div> - -<a href="makros1.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="makros3.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a></body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros3.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros3.html deleted file mode 100644 index 14c09a76f1d..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros3.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1749 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- XML file produced from file: de-tex-faq.tex -- - -- using Hyperlatex v 2.5br (c) Otfried Cheong-- - -- on Emacs 20.7.1, Fri Sep 19 14:00:09 2003 --> -<head> -<title>DE-TeX-FAQ -- 7 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III)</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" - content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="en" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Typesetting,Fonts,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="de" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Schriftsatz,Buchsatz,Schrift,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Author" - content="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> -<meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> -<meta name="Description" - content="German Speaking FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V."> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> - -</head> - - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> -<a href="makros2.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="makros4.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a><br /> -<b><tt>Zurück zu:  </tt></b><a href="makros2.html"><b>6 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II)</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Hoch zu:  </tt></b><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><b>Inhalt</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Weiter zu:  </tt></b><a href="makros4.html"><b>8 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV)</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Mehr zu TeX et al.: </tt></b><a href="http://www.dante.de/"><b>DANTE e.V.</b></a><br /> -<hr /> - - <div align="center"> -<b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>7 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III)</h1> -<menu> -<li><a href="#1">7.1 Gliederung, Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und andere Verzeichnisse</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#2">7.1.1 Beim Formatieren von <tt>\tableofcontents</tt> erhalte ich - sehr viele Meldungen mit ,,<tt>overfull</tt> <tt>\hbox</tt>``. Woran liegt - das?</a> -<li><a href="#3">7.1.2 Bei einem Artikel mit sehr vielen Abschnitten und - Unterabschnitten ,,klebt`` die Überschrift im ,toc` - direkt hinter der Abschnittsnummer. Kann man den Platz verbreitern?</a> -<li><a href="#5">7.1.3 Warum werden die durch <tt>\subsubsection</tt> angegebenen - Abschnitte nicht mehr numeriert?</a> -<li><a href="#6">7.1.4 Wie erreiche ich, daß Abschnittsüberschriften - ein anderes Aussehen bekommen?</a> -<li><a href="#8">7.1.5 Warum werden die durch <tt>\subsubsection</tt> angegebenen - Abschnitte nicht mehr ins Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen?</a> -<li><a href="#9">7.1.6 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß z.B. <tt>\subsection</tt> - usw. im Anhang in das Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen werden?</a> -<li><a href="#10">7.1.7 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Literatur-, - Abbildungs-, Tabellen- und sonstige Verzeichnisse in das - Inhaltsverzeichnis mit aufgenommen werden?</a> -<li><a href="#12">7.1.8 Wie kann ich die Formatierung der automatisch erzeugten - Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnisse ändern?</a> -<li><a href="#14">7.1.9 Wie kann ich mit <tt>\ref</tt> nicht nur die - Abschnittsnummer, sondern auch den Text einer - Abschnittsüberschrift erhalten?</a> -<li><a href="#16">7.1.10 Wie kann ich in einem Stichwortverzeichnis oder einem - Literaturverzeichnis noch Text zwischen die Überschrift und die - Verzeichnisliste bekommen?</a> -<li><a href="#18">7.1.11 Wie kann ich mehrere Verzeichnisse in der Art des - Stichwortverzeichnisses, z.B. ein zusätzliches Autorenverzeichnis, - anlegen?</a> -<li><a href="#20">7.1.12 In meinem LaTeX-Dokument fehlen die Einträge im - Inhalts-, Tabellen- und Abbildungsverzeichnis, obwohl die - Dateien .toc, .lot bzw. .lof vorhanden sind. Ich benutze das Paket - ,fancybox`.</a> -<li><a href="#22">7.1.13 Wie mache ich alle Labels von Querverweisen sichtbar und - wie erhalte ich eine Liste dieser Labels?</a> -<li><a href="#24">7.1.14 Wie kann ich erreichen, dass Referenzen in einem - LaTeX-Dokument, das ich nach PDF umwandle, als <em>Hyperlinks</em> - angezeigt werden, und kann man auch <em>Bookmarks</em> (Lesezeichen) - automatisch entsprechend dem Inhaltsverzeichnis erstellen lassen?</a> -<li><a href="#26">7.1.15 Um PDF zu erzeugen, binde ich das Paket - ,hyperref` ein, aber beim Betrachten mit ,acroread` - werden keine <em>Hyperlinks</em> und auch keine <em>Bookmarks</em> - angezeigt. Seltsamerweise zeigen ,xdvi` bzw. ,yap` bei Betrachten der dvi-Datei korrekte - <em>Hyperlinks</em> an.</a> -<li><a href="#28">7.1.16 Wieso werden, wenn ich unter Verwendung des Pakets - ,hyperref` auf dem Umweg über PostScript pdf-Dateien erzeuge - (mit ,ps2pdf` oder ,Adobe Acrobat Distiller`), - plötzlich alle Texte, die als Links dienen, insbesondere die - Abschnittsüberschriften im Inhaltsverzeichnis nicht mehr - umbrochen?</a> -<li><a href="#30">7.1.17 Wie erstelle ich ein Glossar?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#32">7.2 Literaturzitate, Literaturverzeichnis, BibTeX <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#33">7.2.1 Wie kann ich im Text mit dem Autor/Jahreszahl - o.ä. zitieren?</a> -<li><a href="#35">7.2.2 Wie kann ich das BibTeX-Stylefile xyz.bst so abändern, daß - an Stelle X ein/kein Komma/Punkt erscheint, daß der Eintrag Y anders - formatiert wird etc.?</a> -<li><a href="#DEUTSCH-BST">7.2.3 Gibt es ans Deutsche angepaßte .bst-Dateien? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#39">7.2.4 Wie kann ich statt der eckigen Klammern <tt>[1]</tt> - im Text bzw. im Literaturverzeichnis hochgestellte Ziffern, - runde Klammern <tt>(1)</tt> oder Schrägstriche <tt>/1/</tt> - verwenden?</a> -<li><a href="#41">7.2.5 Wie erreiche ich, daß innerhalb eines <tt>\cite</tt> im - Dokumenttext umbrochen werden darf?</a> -<li><a href="#43">7.2.6 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß die Wörter im Titel eines - .bib-Eintrages kleingeschrieben werden?</a> -<li><a href="#45">7.2.7 Bei Labels wie <tt>[Rai95]</tt>, die aus Teilen des - Autorennamens gebildet werden, treten Fehler bei Autorennamen mit - Umlauten auf; wie kann ich das verhindern?</a> -<li><a href="#46">7.2.8 Kann ich Umlaute direkt in einer .bib-Datei verwenden?</a> -<li><a href="#47">7.2.9 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß mehrere Zitate - <tt>[5,3,1,7,6]</tt> zu <tt>[1,3,5-7]</tt> sortiert und - zusammengefaßt werden?</a> -<li><a href="#49">7.2.10 Wie kann man in einem Dokument verschiedene Abschnitte - mit eigenen Literaturverzeichnissen versehen?</a> -<li><a href="#51">7.2.11 Wie kann man ein thematisch untergliedertes - Literaturverzeichnis erstellen?</a> -<li><a href="#53">7.2.12 Wie kann ich in einer BibTeX-Datenbank WWW- oder ftp-Quellen, - die als URL vorliegen, zitieren?</a> -<li><a href="#55">7.2.13 Gibt es einen Weg, daß <tt>\cite</tt> gleich die - komplette Literaturstelle liefert?</a> -<li><a href="#57">7.2.14 Wie kann ich mit Kurzformen von Autor und Titel - zitieren oder zwischen Kurz- und Langformen wechseln?</a> -<li><a href="#59">7.2.15 Wie kann ich die Einträge in <tt>@phdthesis</tt> mit - ,,Diplomarbeit`` oder ähnlicher Klassifikation auszeichnen?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#60">7.3 <tt>\verb</tt>-Anweisung, verbatim- und Kommentar-Umgebungen <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#61">7.3.1 Wieso kann ich <tt>\verb</tt> nicht im Argument einer - anderen Anweisung wie <tt>\footnote</tt>, <tt>\parbox</tt> u.ä. verwenden? - Wieso geht dies mit LaTeX2e nicht mehr, obwohl es mit - LaTeX 2.09 ging?</a> -<li><a href="#63">7.3.2 Wieso bekomme ich die Fehlermeldung - ,<tt>! LaTeX Error: <tt>\verb</tt> ended by end of line.</tt>`, - wenn ich im Argument von <tt>\verb</tt> in der Eingabe ein - Zeilenende habe?</a> -<li><a href="#64">7.3.3 Wie kann ich eine eigene - ,<tt>verbatim</tt>`-Umgebung definieren?</a> -<li><a href="#66">7.3.4 Wie kann ich Programm-Code in mein LaTeX-Dokument - einbinden?</a> -<li><a href="#68">7.3.5 Wie kann ich den Inhalt einer Datei innerhalb einer - ,<tt>verbatim</tt>`-Umgebung darstellen?</a> -<li><a href="#70">7.3.6 Wie erreiche ich, dass innerhalb einer - ,<tt>verbatim</tt>`-Umgebung Umlaute und andere Sonderzeichen zu sehen - sind? <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#71">7.3.7 Wie kann ich Zeilennummern zu meinem Text hinzufügen?</a> -<li><a href="#73">7.3.8 Gibt es eine Kommentarumgebung, mit der ich größere - Textteile auskommentieren kann?</a> -<li><a href="#75">7.3.9 Wie kann ich mehrere Versionen eines Textes erstellen oder - bedingte Textteile verwenden?</a> -<li><a href="#77">7.3.10 Ich will <tt>\verb</tt> z.B. für Dateinamen, - E-Mail-Adressen und URL verwenden. Wie schaffe ich es, daß innerhalb - von <tt>\verb</tt> an geeigneten Stellen getrennt wird?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#79">7.4 Zerbrechliche Anweisungen in ,moving arguments`</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#80">7.4.1 Was sind ,fragile commands`/zerbrechliche Anweisungen, - was sind ,moving arguments`?</a> -<li><a href="#81">7.4.2 Wie kann ich innerhalb des Arguments von - <tt>\caption</tt>, <tt>\section</tt> etc. Anweisungen wie <tt>\cite</tt>, - <tt>\ref</tt>, <tt>\pageref</tt> oder <tt>\footnote</tt> verwenden, ohne Fehler wie - ,<tt>! Argument of <tt>\@sect</tt> has an - extra <tt>}</tt>.</tt>` oder - ,<tt>! Use of <tt>\@chapter</tt> doesn't match its - definition.</tt>` zu erhalten?</a> -</menu> -</menu> -<hr align="center" width="70%" /> - -<h2><a name="1">7.1 Gliederung, Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und andere Verzeichnisse</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="2">7.1.1 Beim Formatieren von <tt>\tableofcontents</tt> erhalte ich - sehr viele Meldungen mit ,,<tt>overfull</tt> <tt>\hbox</tt>``. Woran liegt - das?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Seitennummer wird in eine Box der Breite <tt>\@pnumwidth</tt> -gesetzt. Der in den Standardklassen hierfür verwendete Wert von -1.55em kann in manchen Situationen (Seitennummer<i>>=1000</i>, -breiterer Font) zu klein sein. Abhilfe: -<pre> -\renewcommand{\@pnumwidth}{2em}% statt `2em' evtl. groesserer Wert -</pre> - -Eventuell muß man dann auch den Wert im Makro <tt>\@tocrmarg</tt> -anpassen. Da man ein internes Makro ändert, ist diese Anweisung in -eine .sty-Datei oder mit <tt>\makeatletter</tt> ... <tt>\makeatother</tt> -geklammert in die Dokumentpräambel zu schreiben. -<p> -Längere Abschnittsnummern können eine andere Ursache dieses Fehlers sein. -Hier muß man in den Definitionen der Makros <tt>\l@<type></tt>, wie z.B. <tt>\l@section</tt>, im Aufruf des Makros <tt>\@dottedtocline</tt> das dritte Argument -entsprechend vergrößern. Näheres hierzu im Buch ,,Der - LaTeX-Begleiter`` (siehe <a href="vereine.html#16">Frage 2.4.1</a>). - -<h3><a name="3">7.1.2 Bei einem Artikel mit sehr vielen Abschnitten und - Unterabschnitten ,,klebt`` die Überschrift im ,toc` - direkt hinter der Abschnittsnummer. Kann man den Platz verbreitern?</a></h3> -<p> -In der Datei der verwendeten Klasse wird das Aussehen einer Zeile in -den Verzeichnissen durch ein Makro namens ,<tt>\l@<typ></tt>` -festgelegt. Für eine <tt>\subsection</tt> ist dies das Makro -<tt>\l@subsection</tt>, das z.B. in ,,<tt>article.cls</tt>`` durch -<pre> -\newcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}} -</pre> - -definiert ist. Die Länge 1.5em gibt an, wie breit der Einschub vom -linken Rand ist, die Länge 2.3em, wie breit der Platz für die -Abschnittsnummer sein soll. Will man diese vergrößern, kann man -dies beispielsweise mit -<pre> -\renewcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{3.3em}} -</pre> - -in einer .sty-Datei oder mit <tt>\makeatletter</tt> ... <tt>\makeatother</tt> -geklammert in der Dokumentpräambel. Mehr dazu findet man im Buch ,,Der - LaTeX-Begleiter`` (siehe <a href="vereine.html#16">Frage 2.4.1</a>). -<p> -Sehr viel einfacher geht dies mit dem Paket ,tocloft`<a name="4" id="4">,</a> das einem -die volle Kontrolle über die Formatierung der einzelnen Verzeichnisse -erlaubt. Es benötigt noch das Paket ,stdclsdv`. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>tocloft: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/tocloft"><code>macros/latex/contrib/tocloft</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>stdclsdv: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/stdclsdv"><code>macros/latex/contrib/stdclsdv</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="5">7.1.3 Warum werden die durch <tt>\subsubsection</tt> angegebenen - Abschnitte nicht mehr numeriert?</a></h3> -<p> -Jeder Gliederungsebene ist in LaTeX eine Nummer zugeordnet: -<p align="left"> -<table> - <tr> - <td align="right">-1</td> - <td>part</td> - <td align="right">1</td> - <td>section</td> - <td align="right">3</td> - <td>subsubsection</td> - <td align="right">5</td> - <td>subparagraph</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="right">0</td> - <td>chapter</td> - <td align="right">2</td> - <td>subsection</td> - <td align="right">4</td> - <td>paragraph</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</p> -Bei der Klasse ,article` existiert der Befehl <tt>\chapter</tt> -nicht, und <tt>\part</tt> erhält die Nummer 0 zugeordnet. -<p> -Die Gliederungsebene, bis zu der numeriert wird, legt der Zähler -,secnumdepth` fest. Die Standardklassen setzen diesen Zähler -auf den Wert 2, also bis <tt>\subsection</tt>. Um auch für -tieferliegende Ebenen eine Numerierung zu erhalten, muß der Zähler -entsprechend erhöht werden. Mit <code>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{4}</code> -werden die Überschriften der Ebenen bis <tt>\paragraph</tt> mit einer -Nummer versehen, auch wenn dies nur in den allerwenigsten Fällen -sinnvoll ist. -<p> -Um die Numerierung von Überschriften im Dokument vollständig zu verhindern, -muß man den Zähler ,secnumdepth` auf den Wert -2 gesetzt -werden. Ein Inhaltsverzeichnis wird dennoch erzeugt, da dies durch -den Zähler ,tocdepth` gesteuert wird. - -<h3><a name="6">7.1.4 Wie erreiche ich, daß Abschnittsüberschriften - ein anderes Aussehen bekommen?</a></h3> -<p> -Die LaTeX-Anweisungen <tt>\section</tt>, <tt>\subsection</tt> etc. werden in -den Klassendateien wie z.B. ,,<tt>article.cls</tt>`` definiert. (In -LaTeX 2.09 wurden sie dagegen in den Hilfsdateien wie z.B. ,,<tt>art10.sty</tt>`` definiert.) Die Definitionen verwenden dabei die -allgemeinere Anweisung <tt>\@startsection</tt>, in deren sechstem Argument -man Formatieranweisungen angeben kann. Zur Änderung kopiert man sich -die Definition aus ,,<tt>article.cls</tt>`` bzw. die entsprechende -Klassendatei in eine .sty-Datei, ändert <tt>\newcommand</tt> (bzw. <tt>\def</tt>) zu <tt>\renewcommand</tt> und fügt die Anweisung -<tt>\centering</tt> zu den bestehenden Formatieranweisungen hinzu: -<pre> -\renewcommand{\section}{% - \@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% - {2.3ex plus.2ex}% - {\normalfont\Large\bfseries \centering}} -</pre> - -Man vergesse nicht, diese Definition mit <tt>\makeatletter</tt> ... -<tt>\makeatother</tt> zu klammern oder in eine .sty-Datei zu schreiben! -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,titlesec`<a name="7" id="7"> können</a> Abschnittsüberschriften noch -einfacher angepaßt werden. Beispielsweise erhält man mit -<pre> -\usepackage{titlesec} -\titleformat{\section}% - {\normalfont\Large\bfseries \filcenter}% - {\thesection}% - {1em}% - {}% -</pre> - -eine Zentrierung der <tt>\section</tt>-Überschriften. Hierbei wurde -<tt>\filcenter</tt>, eine spezielle Anweisung des Pakets verwendet, -jedoch kann auch <tt>\centering</tt> verwendet werden. Die Anweisung -<tt>\titleformat</tt> hat ein optionales Argument, mit dem man -beispielsweise wie bei <tt>\paragraph</tt> eingebettete oder in den Rand -ragende Überschriften erhalten kann. Abstände zwischen Überschrift -und Text werden mit der Anweisung <tt>\titlespacing</tt> vorgegeben. -<p> -Ebenso erleichtert das Paket ,sectsty` die Änderung der -Abschnittsüberschriften in den LaTeX-Standardklassen. -<p> -Bei Verwendung einer aktuellen Version der -Klassen -lassen sich beispielweise die Schriftart, die Ausrichtung sowie weiteres -ebenfalls leicht anpassen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>titlesec: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/titlesec"><code>macros/latex/contrib/titlesec</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>sectsty: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/sectsty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/sectsty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="8">7.1.5 Warum werden die durch <tt>\subsubsection</tt> angegebenen - Abschnitte nicht mehr ins Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen?</a></h3> -<p> -Ebenso wie der Zähler ,secnumdepth` die Gliederungsebene -festlegt, bis zu der Abschnitte numeriert werden, legt der Zähler -,tocdepth` die Gliederungsebene fest, bis zu der Abschnitte in -das Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen werden. Beispielsweise werden nach -der Anweisung <code>\setcounter{tocdepth}{4}</code> alle Abschnitte -einschließlich der <tt>\paragraph</tt>-Ebene in das Inhaltsverzeichnis -aufgenommen (siehe dazu <a href="#5">Frage 7.1.3</a>). Diese Anweisung -muß in der Präambel, auf jeden Fall vor <tt>\tableofcontents</tt> -verwendet werden. - -<h3><a name="9">7.1.6 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß z.B. <tt>\subsection</tt> - usw. im Anhang in das Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen werden?</a></h3> -<p> -Der Zähler ,tocdepth` wird nur beim <tt>\tableofcontents</tt> -ausgewertet, also nur beim Satz und nicht bei der Erstellung der -.toc-Datei. Daher hat eine Änderung von ,tocdepth` nach dem -Befehl <tt>\appendix</tt> keine Wirkung. Stattdessen muß man dafür -sorgen, daß die Änderung von ,tocdepth` mit -<tt>\addtocontents</tt> in die .toc-Datei gelangt: -<pre> -\documentclass{article} -% -\newcommand{\settocdepth}[1]{% - \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\setcounter{tocdepth}{#1}}} -% -\begin{document} -\tableofcontents -\section{Abschnitt} -\subsection{Unterabschnitt} -blabla -% -\appendix -\settocdepth{1} -% -\section{Abschnitt} -\subsection{Unterabschnitt} -\subsubsection{Unterunterabschnitt} -blabla -\end{document} -</pre> - - -<h3><a name="10">7.1.7 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Literatur-, - Abbildungs-, Tabellen- und sonstige Verzeichnisse in das - Inhaltsverzeichnis mit aufgenommen werden?</a></h3> -<p> -Diese Verzeichnisse werden normalerweise nicht in das -Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen. Wenn dies dennoch notwendig ist oder -erwünscht wird, kann man es am einfachsten mit den Dokumentklassen -des KOMA-Script-Paketes erreichen, da diese Klassen die hierfür -gedachten Optionen ,liststotoc`, -,bibtotoc` bzw. ,bibtotocnumbered` und -,idxtotoc` kennen. -<p> -Bei Verwendung anderer Klassen kann eventuell das Paket -,tocbibind`<a name="11" id="11"> weiterhelfen.</a> Ansonsten könnte man als letzte -Lösung unmittelbar vor die Anweisungen -<tt>\bibliography</tt>, <tt>\listoftables</tt>, <tt>\listoffigures</tt> und -<tt>\printindex</tt> die Anweisungen -<pre> -\clearpage -\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\refname} -</pre> - -schreiben. Statt <tt>\refname</tt> ist evtl. <tt>\bibname</tt> bzw. <tt>\listtablename</tt>, <tt>\listfigurename</tt> oder <tt>\indexname</tt> -einzusetzen; ,section` kann bei Verwendung der Dokumentklassen -,report` und ,book` durch ,chapter` ersetzt -werden. Außerdem muß bei Verwendung der Klassenoption -,twoside`, die bei ,book` voreingestellt ist, -<tt>\clearpage</tt> durch <tt>\cleardoublepage</tt> ersetzt werden. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>tocbibind: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/tocbibind/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/tocbibind/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="12">7.1.8 Wie kann ich die Formatierung der automatisch erzeugten - Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnisse ändern?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,titletoc`<a name="13" id="13">,</a> das zusammen mit dem Paket -,titlesec` verteilt und dokumentiert wird, kann man sehr frei -die Formatierung der Inhaltsverzeichniseinträge ändern. Daneben gibt -es noch das Paket ,tocloft`, mit dem man ebenso die Formatierung -des Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnisses anpassen kann. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>titletoc/titlesec: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/titlesec/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/titlesec/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>tocloft: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/tocloft/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/tocloft/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="14">7.1.9 Wie kann ich mit <tt>\ref</tt> nicht nur die - Abschnittsnummer, sondern auch den Text einer - Abschnittsüberschrift erhalten?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Paket ,titleref`<a name="15" id="15"> stellt</a> hierzu die Anweisung <tt>\titleref</tt>, -der analog zu <tt>\ref</tt> und <tt>\pageref</tt> den Text einer -Abschnittsüberschrift oder Abbildungsunterschrift liefert. Hierzu -muß die Anweisung <tt>\label</tt> <em>nach</em> den Abschnittsanweisungen -und <tt>\caption</tt> erfolgen und darf <em>nicht</em> im Argument angegeben -werden. -<p> -Im ,hyperref`-Bündel existiert mit ,nameref` ein weiteres Paket, -das diese Funktionalität anbietet. -Dieses definiert die Anweisung <tt>\nameref</tt>. Insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit -der Erzeugung von pdf-Dateien sollte diese Lösung bevorzugt werden. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>titleref: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/titleref.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/titleref.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>nameref: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="16">7.1.10 Wie kann ich in einem Stichwortverzeichnis oder einem - Literaturverzeichnis noch Text zwischen die Überschrift und die - Verzeichnisliste bekommen?</a></h3> -<p> -Hierfür muß man die Umgebung ,<tt>thebibliography</tt>`<a name="17" id="17"> bzw.</a> ,<tt>theindex</tt>` umdefinieren. Man kopiert sich dazu die -Definition dieser Umgebungen aus der Klassendatei in eine eigene -Paketdatei, ersetzt die Anweisung <tt>\newenvironment</tt> durch -<tt>\renewenvironment</tt>. Anschließend fügt man zwischen der -Überschrift, die mit <tt>\section</tt> oder <tt>\chapter</tt> erzeugt wird -und der Listen-Umgebung die Anweisungen -<pre> -\renewenvironment{\thebibliography}[1]{% - \section*{\refname - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% - % vvvv--- neu - \thebibliographyhook - \renewcommand{\thebibliographyhook}{}% Hook ruecksetzen - % ^^^^--- neu - \list{\@biblabel{\arabic{enumiv}}}% - ... -</pre> - -wie hier für ,<tt>thebibliography</tt>` gezeigt, ein. -<p> -Für das Stichwortverzeichnis werden diese Zeilen, diesmal mit -<tt>\theindexhook</tt>, in die entsprechend zu ändernde Definition der Umgebung -,<tt>theindex</tt>` eingefügt. Bei dieser muß man darauf achten, die beiden -Zeilen <em>in</em> das optionale Argument der Anweisung <tt>\twocolumn</tt> -einzufügen, wenn der Text über beide Spalten gehen soll. -<p> -Schließlich werden diese ,,Haken`` mit der neuen Definition -<pre> -\newcommand{\thebibliographyhook}{} % Standard-Wert: kein Text -\newcommand{\theindexhook}{} % Standard-Wert: kein Text -</pre> - -auf einen Wert gesetzt, der das bisherige Verhalten nicht verändert. Will -man nun zusätzlichen Text einfügen, so wird der jeweilige Hook direkt vor -dem entsprechenden Verzeichnis per <tt>\renewcommand</tt> auf den gewünschten -Text gesetzt. -<p> -Von Version 2.6c an bieten die Dokumentklassen des KOMA-Script-Paketes -einen noch einfacheren Weg mit den Anweisungen ,<tt>\setbibpreamble</tt>` und -,<tt>\setindexpreamble</tt>`. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="18">7.1.11 Wie kann ich mehrere Verzeichnisse in der Art des - Stichwortverzeichnisses, z.B. ein zusätzliches Autorenverzeichnis, - anlegen?</a></h3> -<p> -Zu diesem Zweck geeignet sind die LaTeX-Pakete ,camel`<a name="19" id="19"> und</a> -,multind`. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>camel: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/camel/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/camel/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>multind: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/misc/multind.sty"><code>macros/latex209/contrib/misc/multind.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="20">7.1.12 In meinem LaTeX-Dokument fehlen die Einträge im - Inhalts-, Tabellen- und Abbildungsverzeichnis, obwohl die - Dateien .toc, .lot bzw. .lof vorhanden sind. Ich benutze das Paket - ,fancybox`.</a></h3> -<p> -Diese Besonderheit verschwindet mit einer aktuelleren Version des -Paketes ,fanycbox`<a name="21" id="21">,</a> mindestens Version 1.3. Um -sicherzustellen, daß man eine einigermaßen aktuelle Version -benützt, kann man beim Laden des Pakets das Datum angeben: -<pre> -\usepackage{fancybox}[2000/09/19] -</pre> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>fancybox: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancybox/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/fancybox/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="22">7.1.13 Wie mache ich alle Labels von Querverweisen sichtbar und - wie erhalte ich eine Liste dieser Labels?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,showkeys`<a name="23" id="23"> aus</a> dem ,tools`-Bündel werden -alle Querverweise im Dokument als Marginalien gesetzt. -<p> -Eine Liste der Labels eines Dokuments erhält man mit Hilfsdokument -,,<tt>lablst.tex</tt>``, das zu Beginn den Namen des Dokuments, die -Dokumentklasse als auch die durch Kommata getrennte Liste aller -verwendeten Pakete erfrägt. Dieses Hilfsdokument liegt jeder -LaTeX-Verteilung bei. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>lablst.tex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/"><code>macros/latex/base/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>showkeys: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/"><code>macros/latex/required/tools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - - -<h3><a name="24">7.1.14 Wie kann ich erreichen, dass Referenzen in einem - LaTeX-Dokument, das ich nach PDF umwandle, als <em>Hyperlinks</em> - angezeigt werden, und kann man auch <em>Bookmarks</em> (Lesezeichen) - automatisch entsprechend dem Inhaltsverzeichnis erstellen lassen?</a></h3> -<p> -All dies und vieles mehr wird automatisch von dem Paket -,hyperref`<a name="25" id="25"> erledigt.</a> Neben der automatischen Erzeugung von -<em>Hyperlinks</em> und <em>Bookmarks</em> stellt das Paket zusätzliche -Befehle zur Verfügung, mit denen Benutzer ihren Dokumenten weitere -Hypertext-Elemente hinzufügen können. Auch das Setzen bestimmter -PDF-Dokumenteigenschaften (Autorinformationen, Seitenübergänge) -und die ,,Steuerung`` des ,acroread` aus einem Dokument -heraus sind mit dem Paket möglich. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>hyperref: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>hyperref (<i>beta</i>-Version): </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/"><code>http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="26">7.1.15 Um PDF zu erzeugen, binde ich das Paket - ,hyperref` ein, aber beim Betrachten mit ,acroread` - werden keine <em>Hyperlinks</em> und auch keine <em>Bookmarks</em> - angezeigt. Seltsamerweise zeigen ,xdvi` bzw. ,yap` bei Betrachten der dvi-Datei korrekte - <em>Hyperlinks</em> an.</a></h3> -<p> -Da es sehr viele Methoden gibt, LaTeX-Dokumente in PDF zu wandeln, -wobei die dafür verwendeten Programme jeweils eine andere Notation -verwenden, wie Links angegeben werden, ist ,hyperref`<a name="27" id="27"> auf</a> die -Verwendung von ,Treibern` angeweisen, die für jede Methode der -PDF-Erstellung festlegen, wie Links spezifiziert werden. -<p> -Wird kein Treiber explizit angegeben (als Paketoption; die -Dokumentation erklärt, wie das geht), so muss ,hyperref` raten, -welcher Treiber zu verwenden ist. Wird pdfTeX zur Übersetzung -verwendet, so wird automatisch der passende Treiber verwendet; bei -Benutzung von LaTeX ist der Standardtreiber jedoch fast immer -,hypertex`, was beispielsweise von ,xdvi` und -,yap` verstanden wird, jedoch zur Umwandlung in PDF ungeeignet -ist. -<p> -Wenn dieser (falsche) Treiber verwendet wird, so ist in der -Protokolldatei die Zeile -<pre> -*hyperref using default driver hypertex* -</pre> - -zu finden. -<p> -In diesem Fall muß entweder ein Treiber explizit als Paketoption -angegeben werden (Vorsicht, dies kann dazu führen, daß nun die -Übersetzung mit pdfTeX nicht mehr funktioniert!), oder es muß ein -passender Standardtreiber eingestellt werden. -<p> -Hierfür eignet sich die Datei ,,<tt>hyperref.cfg</tt>``, die von -,hyperref` automatisch nachgeladen wird, wenn sie (an passender -Stelle) existiert. Ob eine solche Datei existiert und geladen wird, -ist aus der Protokolldatei ersichtlich. -<p> -Wenn man PDF mit LaTeX, ,dvips` und Acrobat Distiller -erstellt, ist der korrekte Treiber ,dvips`. Diesen legt -man als Standardtreiber fest, indem man der Datei ,,<tt>hyperref.cfg</tt>`` -die folgenden Zeilen hinzufügt (bzw. eine Datei mit diesem Inhalt neu -erstellt): -<pre> -\@ifundefined{pdfoutput}{% - \let\pdfoutput=\@undefined - \ExecuteOptions{dvips}% -}{}% -</pre> - - -<h3><a name="28">7.1.16 Wieso werden, wenn ich unter Verwendung des Pakets - ,hyperref` auf dem Umweg über PostScript pdf-Dateien erzeuge - (mit ,ps2pdf` oder ,Adobe Acrobat Distiller`), - plötzlich alle Texte, die als Links dienen, insbesondere die - Abschnittsüberschriften im Inhaltsverzeichnis nicht mehr - umbrochen?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Paket ,hyperref`<a name="29" id="29"> kennt</a> die Option ,breaklinks`, -die festlegt, ob Links umbrochen werden dürfen. Diese Option ist bei -Verwendung von pdfLaTeX automatisch aktiv, bei ,dvips` -oder ,ps2pdf` aber nicht, da der im letzteren Fall verwendete -pdfmark-Mechanismus einen Umbruch von Links nicht zuläßt. Es ist in -diesem Fall also auf keinen Fall möglich, den Umbruch von Links -,,verlustfrei`` zuzulassen. Eine saubere Lösung dieses Dilemmas -besteht zur Zeit ausschließlich in der Verwendung eines Systems, das -den Linkumbruch erlaubt, wie etwa pdfTeX oder VTeX. -<p> -Man könnte die Paketoption ,breaklinks` bei -,hyperref` auch direkt angeben, muß dann aber damit leben, daß -die im Umbruchfall erstellten Links nicht oder nur eingeschränkt -funktionieren. -<p> -Ein total kaputtes Inhaltsverzeichnis kann man weiterhin durch Angabe -der Option ,linktocpage` vermeiden, die bewirkt, daß die -Links im Inhaltsverzeichnis den Seitenangaben statt den -Abschnittstiteln unterlegt werden. - -<h3><a name="30">7.1.17 Wie erstelle ich ein Glossar?</a></h3> -<p> -Um ein Wortverzeichnis mit Erklärungen oder im weiteren Sinne ein Verzeichnis -von benutzten Begriffen mit Erklärungen, wie beispielsweise von Formelzeichen -oder von Abkürzungen, zu erstellen, bietet LaTeX mit den Anweisungen -<tt>\makeglossary</tt> und <tt>\glossary</tt> die Möglichkeit, Einträge vorzunehmen. -Jedoch verbleibt es beim Autor, diese Einträge zu sortieren und zu -formatieren. -<p> -Um die Einträge zu sortieren wird meist ,makeindex`<a name="31" id="31">,</a> -,xindy` oder BibTeX, eventuell ergänzt um ein Zusatzprogramm, -verwendet. Zur Formatierung und zur leichteren oder differenzierteren Eingabe -verwendet man ein entsprechendes LaTeX-Paket. -<p> -Das Paket ,nomencl` ist entstanden, um Verzeichnisse von Formelzeichen -anzulegen, kann aber darüberhinaus noch mehr. Datenbanken mit Abkürzungen -etc. verwaltet das Paket ,gloss` mit Hilfe von BibTeX. Das Tool -,glosstex` erstellt automatisch ein Glossar, ein -Abkürzungsverzeichnis oder ganz allgemein sortierte Listen. Es kombiniert -die Funktionalität von ,acronym`, ,nomencl` und ,glotex` -und kann ebenfalls Datenbanken verwalten. Mit dem Paket ,makeglos` kann -in ein Dokument ein Glossar eingebunden werden, das beispielsweise mit -,makeindex` oder ,xindy` erstellt wurde. Dieses Paket ist -weniger umfangreich als ,glosstex`. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>nomencl: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl"><code>macros/latex/contrib/nomencl</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>gloss: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/gloss"><code>macros/latex/contrib/gloss</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>glosstex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/glosstex/"><code>support/glosstex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>acronym: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/acronym"><code>macros/latex/contrib/acronym</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>glotex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/indexing/glo+idxtex/"><code>indexing/glo+idxtex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>makeglos: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/makeglos"><code>macros/latex/contrib/makeglos</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h2><a name="32">7.2 Literaturzitate, Literaturverzeichnis, BibTeX <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - -<h3><a name="33">7.2.1 Wie kann ich im Text mit dem Autor/Jahreszahl - o.ä. zitieren?</a></h3> -<p> -Hierfür gibt es eine größere Anzahl von Paketen, wie -,natbib`<a name="34" id="34">,</a> ,theapa` oder ,cite`, die dies erlauben. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>natbib: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/natbib/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/natbib/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>theapa: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/theapa/"><code>macros/latex209/contrib/theapa/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>cite: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/cite/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/cite/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="35">7.2.2 Wie kann ich das BibTeX-Stylefile xyz.bst so abändern, daß - an Stelle X ein/kein Komma/Punkt erscheint, daß der Eintrag Y anders - formatiert wird etc.?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Programmiersprache von BibTeX, in der die .bst-Dateien -geschrieben sind, ist in der Datei ,,<tt>btxhak.tex</tt>`` beschrieben, die -jedem BibTeX-Paket beiliegen sollte. Bevor man diese für die -meisten ungewohnte Sprache lernt, sollte man zuerst überprüfen, ob -die eigenen Wünsche schon durch das Paket ,custom-bib`<a name="36" id="36"> -abgedeckt</a> werden können. Dieses Paket enthält ein menügesteuertes, -in TeX selbst geschriebenes Erzeugungsprogramm, das aus einer -Master-bst-Datei eine bst-Datei mit den ausgewählten Eigenschaften -erzeugt. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>custom-bib: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/custom-bib/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/custom-bib/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>btxdoc/btxhak: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/"><code>biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="DEUTSCH-BST">7.2.3 Gibt es ans Deutsche angepaßte .bst-Dateien? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Ja, zum Beispiel kann man mit dem in <a href="#35">Frage 7.2.2</a> -genannten Paket ,custom-bib`<a name="38" id="38"> .bst-Dateien</a> für verschiedene -Sprachen, darunter auch Deutsch, generieren. -<p> -Unter <a href="http://www.fh-hamburg.de/pers/Lorenzen/bibtex/"><code>http://www.fh-hamburg.de/pers/Lorenzen/bibtex/</code></a> findet man in -den Dateien ,,<tt>abbrvdin.zip</tt>``, ,,<tt>alphadin.zip</tt>``, -,,<tt>plaindin.zip</tt>``, ,,<tt>unsrtdin.zip</tt>`` und ,,<tt>natdin.zip</tt>`` an -DIN angepaßte BibTeX-Style-Dateien. ,,<tt>natdin.bst</tt>`` ermöglicht -Verfasser-Jahr-Zitierweisen zusammen mit DIN-Zitierstandard. Der -BibTeX-Style ,,<tt>dinat.bst</tt>`` ist eine verbesserte Versionen von -,,<tt>natdin.bst</tt>``. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Online-Tutorial: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.din1505.informationskompetenz.net/"><code>http://www.din1505.informationskompetenz.net/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>dinat: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/german/dinat/"><code>biblio/bibtex/contrib/german/dinat/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p> -Außerdem gibt es folgende angepaßte .bst-Dateien und -Pakete (ohne -Gewähr, unvollständig, Reihenfolge ist <em>keine</em> Wertung): -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>abstyles: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/abstyles/"><code>biblio/bibtex/contrib/abstyles/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> -<b>germbib: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/germbib/"><code>biblio/bibtex/contrib/germbib/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>geralpha: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/obsolete/biblio/bibtex/contrib/geralpha/"><code>obsolete/biblio/bibtex/contrib/geralpha/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="39">7.2.4 Wie kann ich statt der eckigen Klammern <tt>[1]</tt> - im Text bzw. im Literaturverzeichnis hochgestellte Ziffern, - runde Klammern <tt>(1)</tt> oder Schrägstriche <tt>/1/</tt> - verwenden?</a></h3> -<p> -Für die Form der Labels im Text ist die interne Anweisung -<tt>\@cite</tt>, für die Form im Literaturverzeichnis die interne -Anweisung <tt>\@biblabel</tt> anzupassen. Deren Standarddefinitionen -lauten: -<pre> -\newcommand{\@cite}[2]{[{#1\if@tempswa , #2\fi}]} -\newcommand{\@biblabel}[1]{[#1]} -</pre> - -<p> -Will man statt der eckigen Klammern Schrägstriche, so lauten die -Redefinitionen -<pre> -\renewcommand{\@cite}[2]{/{#1\if@tempswa , #2\fi}/} -\renewcommand{\@biblabel}[1]{/#1/} -</pre> - -<p> -Nicht vergessen: Redefinitionen von internen Anweisungen (= enthalten -ein ,@` im Namen) müssen entweder in ein .sty-File geschrieben -oder in der Präambel des Dokuments durch <tt>\makeatletter</tt> ... -<tt>\makeatother</tt> geklammert werden! -<p> -Die Pakete ,cite`<a name="40" id="40"> und</a> ,overcite` definieren Befehle, wie -<tt>\citeleft</tt> und <tt>\citeright</tt>, die die Klammern erzeugen und die -der Benutzer mit <tt>\renewcommand</tt> sehr einfach umdefinieren -kann. Nach -<pre> -\usepackage{cite} -\renewcommand{\citeleft}{(} -\renewcommand{\citeright}{)} -</pre> - -bekommt man statt eckiger Klammern <tt>[1]</tt> runde -Klammern <tt>(1)</tt>. -<p> -Das Paket ,overcite` erlaubt es außerdem, Zitatstellen im Text -mit hochgestellten Ziffern zu markieren. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>cite, overcite: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/cite/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/cite/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="41">7.2.5 Wie erreiche ich, daß innerhalb eines <tt>\cite</tt> im - Dokumenttext umbrochen werden darf?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Paket ,cite`<a name="42" id="42"> definiert</a> die Zitieranweisung von LaTeX so um, daß -ein Zeilenumbruch möglich ist. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>cite: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/cite/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/cite/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="43">7.2.6 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß die Wörter im Titel eines - .bib-Eintrages kleingeschrieben werden?</a></h3> -<p> -Entweder den Titel komplett oder alle groß zu schreibenden Wörter -einzeln noch einmal klammern, also in der .bib-Datei statt -<pre> -title = {Fragen und Antworten} -</pre> - -einfach -<pre> -title = {{Fragen und Antworten}} -</pre> - -oder -<pre> -title = {{Fragen} und {Antworten}} -</pre> - -eingeben. -<p> -Eine alternative Lösung (oder besser: Ergänzung der Klammerung) ist -die Änderung oder Verwendung einer entsprechend geänderten -bst-Datei, in der bei der Formatierung des Titels und anderer Teile -eines Eintrages die BibTeX-Anweisung ,<tt>change.case$</tt>` -<em>nicht</em> ausgeführt wird. Dies sollte bei den an das Deutsche -angepaßten bst-Dateien (siehe <a href="#DEUTSCH-BST">Frage 7.2.3</a>) bereits -der Fall sein, im Paket ,custom-bib`<a name="44" id="44"> (siehe</a> -<a href="#35">Frage 7.2.2</a>) kann die Umwandlung über einen -Menüpunkt ausgewählt werden. - -<h3><a name="45">7.2.7 Bei Labels wie <tt>[Rai95]</tt>, die aus Teilen des - Autorennamens gebildet werden, treten Fehler bei Autorennamen mit - Umlauten auf; wie kann ich das verhindern?</a></h3> -<p> -Damit BibTeX die Konstruktion ,<tt>\"a</tt>` für Umlaute als ein -einzelnes Zeichen korrekt erkennen kann, muß der Umlaut mit einer -zusätzlichen Klammerung im Eintrag in der .bib-Datei eingegeben werden, also -als ,<tt>{\"a}</tt>` oder ,<tt>{\ss}</tt>`. Tip: -BibTeX-Dokumentation in ,,<tt>btxdoc</tt>`` lesen! -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>btxdoc: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/"><code>biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="46">7.2.8 Kann ich Umlaute direkt in einer .bib-Datei verwenden?</a></h3> -<p> -Jein. Einige neuere BibTeX-Implementierungen erlauben die Ein- und -Ausgabe von Umlauten und anderen akzentuierten Zeichen. Will man -diese Dateien jedoch an Personen mit anderen Rechnersystemen und -anderen BibTeX-Implementierungen weitergeben, sollte man sich auf die -Standard-Kodierung mit ,<tt>{\"a}</tt>` etc. beschränken. -<p> -Im Schlüssel eines Verweises, also dem Argument von <tt>\cite</tt>, -ebenso wie im Schlüssel eines .bib-Eintrages, also dem ersten Wort -des Eintrags, darf man <em>keine Umlaute</em> verwenden. Hier sollte -man sich auf die 26 Klein- und 26 Großbuchstaben, die -10 Ziffern und die Satzzeichen beschränken. Der Grund liegt -darin, daß dieser Schlüssel von (La)TeX an BibTeX übergeben -werden muß und ein Schlüssel mit Umlauten auf diesem Wege eventuell -zu einer anderen Zeichenkette expandiert werden kann, die im -BibTeX-Lauf mit keinem Schlüssel in der .bib-Datei übereinstimmt. -Dadurch kann dann der Eintrag von BibTeX bzw. von (La)TeX nicht -gefunden werden. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>8-Bit-BibTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/8-bit/"><code>biblio/bibtex/8-bit/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="47">7.2.9 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß mehrere Zitate - <tt>[5,3,1,7,6]</tt> zu <tt>[1,3,5-7]</tt> sortiert und - zusammengefaßt werden?</a></h3> -<p> -Je nach Art der bevorzugten Darstellung der Zitate im Text erreicht man dies -mit den Paketen ,cite`<a name="48" id="48"> oder</a> ,overcite` sowie ,natbib` -(Optionen: ,,numbers,sort&compress``). Sollen im endgültigen Dokument -die Zitate unter Verwendung des Pakets ,hyperref` anklickbar werden, ist -die letztgenannte Lösung zu bevorzugen. Ergänzend kann das Paket -,hypernat` benutzt werden, um auch die Wirkung der -,hyperref`-Optionen ,backref` und ,pagebackref` -in diesem Fall sicherzustellen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>cite, overcite: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/cite/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/cite/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>natbib: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/natbib/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/natbib/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>hypernat: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="49">7.2.10 Wie kann man in einem Dokument verschiedene Abschnitte - mit eigenen Literaturverzeichnissen versehen?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Pakete ,chapterbib`<a name="50" id="50"> und</a> ,bibunits` erlauben es, -mehrere Literaturverzeichnisse in einem Dokument zu verwenden, solange -diese in eigenen Abschnitten stehen. Bei ,chapterbib` muß -jeder der Abschnitte in einer getrennt mit <tt>\include</tt><tt>{...}</tt> -einzubindenden Datei stehen. Beide Pakete (,bibunits` ab -Version 2.1) arbeiten problemlos mit anderen Paketen wie -,natbib` zusammenarbeitet. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>chapterbib: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/cite/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/cite/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>bibunits: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/bibunits/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/bibunits/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="51">7.2.11 Wie kann man ein thematisch untergliedertes - Literaturverzeichnis erstellen?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Paket ,bibtopic`<a name="52" id="52">,</a> vormals ,bibtopics`, ermöglicht die -Untergliederung eines Literaturverzeichnisses, wobei allerdings die -.bib-Datenbankdatei entsprechend der Gliederung in mehrere Dateien -aufgeteilt werden muß. Ein alternatives Paket ist ,multibib`, -bei dem die Aufteilung der .bib-Datenbankdatei nicht nötig ist. -<table> - <tr> - <td> -<b>bibtopic: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/bibtopic/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/bibtopic/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>multibib: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/multibib/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/multibib/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="53">7.2.12 Wie kann ich in einer BibTeX-Datenbank WWW- oder ftp-Quellen, - die als URL vorliegen, zitieren?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Quellen können mit den üblichen BibTeX-Styles auf unterschiedliche -Art und Weise zitiert werden. Eine Variante ist -<pre> -@manual{KEITH, - author = "Keith Reckdahl", - title = "Using Imported Graphics in \LaTeXe\ Documents", - year = "1997", - month = dec, - note = "CTAN: \url{tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps}"} -</pre> - -und eine weitere -<pre> -@misc{GRANT, - author = "Michael C. Grant and David Carlisle", - title = "The PSFrag system, version~3", - year = "1996", - month = nov, - howpublished = "CTAN: \url{tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/% - supported/psfrag/pfgguide.tex}"} -</pre> - -<p> -In beiden Fällen wird das LaTeX-Paket ,url`<a name="54" id="54"> verwendet,</a> um den -Umbruch der Adressen zu erreichen (siehe <a href="#77">Frage 7.3.10</a>). Auf -dieses Paket kann verzichtet werden, wenn bereits das Paket -,hyperref`, mindestens Version 6.70s (2000-08-31) oder -aktueller, benutzt wird. -<p> -Wird das ,hyperref` <em>nicht</em> verwendet, so solle man das -Prozentzeichen am Zeilenende entfernen, da dann das Paket ,url` dieses -dann mit ausgeben würde. -<p> -Wird das Paket ,jurabib` verwendet, so kann man auch einfach wie folgt -zitieren: -<pre> -@manual{KEITH, - author = "Keith Reckdahl", - title = "Using Imported Graphics in \LaTeXe\ Documents", - year = "1997", - month = dec, - url = "ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps"} -</pre> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>url: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/url.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/url.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>hyperref: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>jurabib: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.jurabib.org/"><code>http://www.jurabib.org/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="55">7.2.13 Gibt es einen Weg, daß <tt>\cite</tt> gleich die - komplette Literaturstelle liefert?</a></h3> -<p> -Dies geht zwar nicht direkt mit der Anweisung <tt>\cite</tt>, aber im -Paket ,bibentry`<a name="56" id="56">,</a> das ,natbib` beiliegt, gibt es die -Anweisung <tt>\bibentry</tt>, die die vollständige Literaturangabe -liefert. Näheres ist der mitgelieferten Dokumentation zu entnehmen. -Eine Alternative bietet das Paket ,inlinebib`, das man -allerdings nur mit dem beigefügten ,,<tt>inlinebib.bst</tt>`` verwenden -kann. Auch das Paket ,jurabib` ist in der Lage, z.B. mittels -<tt>\fullcite</tt> oder der Option ,,<tt>citefull=all</tt>`` bzw. ,,<tt>citefull=first</tt>`` eine vollständige Literaturstelle zu liefern. -Es kann jedoch nur mit den ,jurabib`-eigenen BibTeX-Stil -,,<tt>jurabib</tt>`` verwendet werden. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>bibentry: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/natbib/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/natbib/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>inlinebib: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/inlinebib/"><code>biblio/bibtex/contrib/inlinebib/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>jurabib: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.jurabib.org/"><code>http://www.jurabib.org/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>~: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/jurabib/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/jurabib/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="57">7.2.14 Wie kann ich mit Kurzformen von Autor und Titel - zitieren oder zwischen Kurz- und Langformen wechseln?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Paket ,jurabib`<a name="58" id="58"> bietet</a> dazu die Eintragsfelder -<tt>juraauthor</tt> und <tt>juratitle</tt> an, in die man die zu -verwendende Kurzform des Autors bzw. des Titels einträgt. Es bietet -auch die Option ,,<tt>citefull=first</tt>``, mit dem bei Erstnennung eines -Werkes eine vollständige Literaturstelle erscheint, bei den weiteren -Zitaten erscheinen jedoch nur noch die angegebenen Kurzformen. Werden -keine Kurzformen angegeben, werden sie (größtenteils) von -,jurabib` generiert. Auch ,inlinebib` bietet Felder für -Kurzformen an. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>inlinebib: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/inlinebib/"><code>biblio/bibtex/contrib/inlinebib/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>jurabib: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/jurabib/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/jurabib/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - - -<h3><a name="59">7.2.15 Wie kann ich die Einträge in <tt>@phdthesis</tt> mit - ,,Diplomarbeit`` oder ähnlicher Klassifikation auszeichnen?</a></h3> -<p> -Im einfachsten Fall kann man die Art der These durch die Eigenschaft -<tt>type</tt> üeberschreiben, also mit <code>type="Dissertation"</code>. -Soll als Standard-Wert etwas anderes verwendet werden, so muß man die -.bst-Datei anpassen. - -<h2><a name="60">7.3 <tt>\verb</tt>-Anweisung, verbatim- und Kommentar-Umgebungen <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a></h2> - -<h3><a name="61">7.3.1 Wieso kann ich <tt>\verb</tt> nicht im Argument einer - anderen Anweisung wie <tt>\footnote</tt>, <tt>\parbox</tt> u.ä. verwenden? - Wieso geht dies mit LaTeX2e nicht mehr, obwohl es mit - LaTeX 2.09 ging?</a></h3> -<p> -Dies ging in LaTeX 2.09 auch nur, solange innerhalb des Arguments von -<tt>\verb</tt> keine Zeichen mit besonderer Bedeutung verwendet wurden. Für -diese Fälle hätte ein einfaches <code>{\tt ...}</code> auch ausgereicht. -Die Eingabe ,,<tt><tt>\footnote</tt><tt>{<tt>\verb</tt>+<tt>\cite</tt>+}</tt></tt>`` -liefert auch mit LaTeX 2.09 Fehler mit einer sehr kryptischen -Fehlermeldung, deshalb wird diese falsche Benutzung in LaTeX2e mit -der aussagekräftigeren Fehlermeldung ,<tt>! LaTeX Error: -<tt>\verb</tt> illegal in command argument.</tt>` verhindert. -<p> -Benutzt man das Paket ,fancyvrb`<a name="62" id="62"> und</a> verwendet man in der -Präambel des Dokuments die von diesem Paket definierte Anweisung -<tt>\VerbatimFootnotes</tt>, so können, anders als in Standard-LaTeX, -innerhalb von Fußnoten <tt>\verb</tt>-Anweisungen verwendet werden. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>fancyvrb: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb"><code>macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="63">7.3.2 Wieso bekomme ich die Fehlermeldung - ,<tt>! LaTeX Error: <tt>\verb</tt> ended by end of line.</tt>`, - wenn ich im Argument von <tt>\verb</tt> in der Eingabe ein - Zeilenende habe?</a></h3> -<p> -LaTeX 2.09 war bei <tt>\verb</tt> sehr viel toleranter und hat den -Zeilenwechsel innerhalb des Arguments von <tt>\verb</tt> erlaubt, obwohl -dies keinen Sinn macht, da <tt>\verb</tt> nur für kurze Textstücke -gedacht ist und im formatierten Ergebnis kein Zeilenumbruch sichtbar -wurde. -<p> -Aus diesen Gründen wird nun in LaTeX2e ein eventuell vorhandenes -Zeilenende im Argument von <tt>\verb</tt> als Fehler gemeldet. Dies hat -den Vorteil, daß ein versehentlich vergessenes Argumentendezeichen -sehr früh erkannt und mit einer sinnvoller Fehlermeldung angezeigt -werden kann. Als Seiteneffekt kann hierdurch auch die Verwendung von -<tt>\verb</tt> im Argument einer anderen Anweisung erkannt und angezeigt -werden. -<p> -Eine Abhilfe ist sehr einfach möglich, indem man in der Eingabe einen -Zeilenwechsel im Argument von <tt>\verb</tt> vermeidet. - -<h3><a name="64">7.3.3 Wie kann ich eine eigene - ,<tt>verbatim</tt>`-Umgebung definieren?</a></h3> -<p> -Die intuitive Definition - -<div class="quote" align="center"> - -<code>\newenvironment{myverbatim}{%</code><br /> - <code>\begin{verbatim}%</code><br /> -<code>}{%</code><br /> - <code>\end{verbatim}%</code><br /> -<code>}</code><br /> -</div> - -<p> -einer solchen Umgebung ist nicht möglich, da ,<tt>verbatim</tt>`<a name="65" id="65"> -,festverdrahtet`</a> nach der Zeichenkette ,<tt>\end</tt><tt>{verbatim}</tt>` -sucht, so daß die neue Umgebung das ,<tt>\end</tt><tt>{myverbatim}</tt>` nicht -als Ende erkennen kann. -<p> -Um dennoch ,<tt>verbatim</tt>`-ähnliche Umgebungen definieren zu können, -gibt es mehrere Pakete: -<ul> -<li>,alltt` beläßt die drei Zeichen <code>\</code>, <code>{</code> und - <code>}</code> in ihrer besonderen Bedeutung, ist daher keine - vollständige verbatim-Umgebung. - <li>,verbatim` (von Rainer Schöpf et al.) erlaubt die - Definition eigener ,<tt>verbatim</tt>`-Umgebungen, wie z.B. -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <code>\newenvironment{myverbatim}{%</code><br /> - <code>\verbatim % <== nicht \begin{verbatim} !</code><br /> -<code>}{%</code><br /> - <code>\endverbatim % <== nicht \end{verbatim} !</code><br /> -<code>}</code><br /> -</div> - - - <li>,moreverb` und ,fancyvrb` enthalten weitere - Umgebungen, die unterschiedliche ,<tt>verbatim</tt>`-ähnliche Umgebungen - vordefiniert enthalten oder mit denen man solche definieren kann. -</ul> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>alltt: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/"><code>macros/latex/base/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/unpacked/"><code>macros/latex/unpacked/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/misc/alltt.sty"><code>macros/latex209/contrib/misc/alltt.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - - <b>verbatim: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/"><code>macros/latex/required/tools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>moreverb: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/moreverb"><code>macros/latex/contrib/moreverb</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>fancyvrb: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb"><code>macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="66">7.3.4 Wie kann ich Programm-Code in mein LaTeX-Dokument - einbinden?</a></h3> -<p> -Neben der Möglichkeit, kurze Abschnitte ,verbatim` einzubinden, -gibt es verschiedene Tools, die automatisch LaTeX-Code mit den -entsprechenden Syntaxhervorhebungen erzeugen: -<ul> -<li>,listings`<a name="67" id="67"> </a> <br /> -Reine LaTeX-Lösung; unterstützt viele Programmiersprachen; in - neueren Versionen kann ,listings` zusätzlich einige der - Möglichkeiten des Pakets ,fancyvrb` nutzen. - <li>,lgrind` <br /> -C-Programm und LaTeX-Style, für LaTeX2e; unterstützt sehr viele - Programmiersprachen. - <li>,tiny_c2l` <br /> -lex-Programm und LaTeX-Style; unterstützt neben C auch C++ - und Java; kann überlange Zeilen umbrechen. -</ul> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>listings: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/listings/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/listings/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>lgrind: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/support/lgrind/"><code>nonfree/support/lgrind/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>tiny_C2l: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/tiny_c2l/"><code>support/tiny_c2l/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="68">7.3.5 Wie kann ich den Inhalt einer Datei innerhalb einer - ,<tt>verbatim</tt>`-Umgebung darstellen?</a></h3> -<p> -,verbatim`<a name="69" id="69"> (von</a> Rainer Schöpf et al.) stellt für diese Zwecke -die Anweisung <tt>\verbatiminput</tt><tt>{<i>Dateiname</i>}</tt> zur Verfügung. -Die Pakete ,moreverb` und ,fancyvrb` stellen weitere Anweisungen -und Umgebungen zur Verfügung. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>verbatim: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/"><code>macros/latex/required/tools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>moreverb: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/moreverb"><code>macros/latex/contrib/moreverb</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>fancyvrb: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb"><code>macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="70">7.3.6 Wie erreiche ich, dass innerhalb einer - ,<tt>verbatim</tt>`-Umgebung Umlaute und andere Sonderzeichen zu sehen - sind? <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Zu diesem Zweck ist es nötig, die Art der Kodierung dieser Zeichen anzugeben. -Siehe dazu <a href="makros4.html#56">Frage 8.5.3</a>. - -<h3><a name="71">7.3.7 Wie kann ich Zeilennummern zu meinem Text hinzufügen?</a></h3> -<p> -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es die beiden LaTeX-Pakete ,lineno`<a name="72" id="72"> und</a> -,numline`. Handelt es sich um Programmcode, der numeriert werden soll, -sind jedoch die in <a href="#66">Frage 7.3.4</a> genannten Lösungen zu bevorzugen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>lineno: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/lineno"><code>macros/latex/contrib/lineno</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>numline: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/numline"><code>macros/latex/contrib/numline</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="73">7.3.8 Gibt es eine Kommentarumgebung, mit der ich größere - Textteile auskommentieren kann?</a></h3> -<p> -Um Teile eines Textes auszukommentieren, kann man entweder zwei sehr -einfache TeX-Konstrukte verwenden, oder man bedient sich spezieller -Pakete, die unterschiedlich mächtige Kommentar-Umgebungen anbieten. -<p> -Zu den einfachen Konstrukten, die TeX selbst anbietet, zählt zum -einen die Einklammerung des zu ignorierenden Textes mit den -TeX-Primitiven <tt>\iffalse</tt> ... <tt>\fi</tt>: -<pre> -\iffalse - Kommentartext, wird sehr schnell ueberlesen -\fi -</pre> - -<p> -Hier sollten im Kommentartext keine <tt>\if...</tt>-, <tt>\else</tt>- -und <tt>\fi</tt>-Tokens (bzw. diese müssen korrekt geschachtelt sein), -keine ,outer`-Makros oder unerlaubte Zeichen auftauchen, da -diese zu einem Fehler oder vielleicht zu doch nicht auskommentierten -Textteilen führen können. -<p> -Ein anderes, einfaches Verfahren ist die Verwendung eines Makros, -wobei der auszukommentierende Text in dessen Argument geschrieben -wird: -<pre> -\newcommand{\kommentar}[1]{} -% ... -\kommentar{% - Kommentartext, wird als Argument gelesen und ignoriert -}% -</pre> - -<p> -Auch hier sollten die oben genannten Tokens nicht im Kommentartext -auftauchen, außerdem darf der Kommentartext nicht zu lang sein, da -sonst TeXs ,main memory` überlaufen könnte. -<p> -Spezielle Kommentarumgebungen beseitigen diese Einschränkungen - und haben -meist selbst eigene Einschränkungen. ,verbatim`<a name="74" id="74"> aus</a> dem -,tools`-Bündel definiert eine sehr einfache Umgebung namens -,<tt>comment</tt>`, die man jedoch nicht schachteln kann. Weiterhin gibt es -noch ,xcomment` (von Timothy van Zandt), eine speziell an die -Erfordernisse des Paketes ,seminar` angepaßte und abgespeckte Version -des ,verbatim`. Mit ,comment` (von Victor Eijkhout) kann -man neue Kommentarumgebungen definieren, die mit <tt>\includecomment</tt>- und -<tt>\excludecomment</tt>-Deklarationen aus- und eingeblendet werden können. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>verbatim: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/"><code>macros/latex/required/tools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>xcomment: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/seminar/inputs/xcomment.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/seminar/inputs/xcomment.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>comment: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/comment/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/comment/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="75">7.3.9 Wie kann ich mehrere Versionen eines Textes erstellen oder - bedingte Textteile verwenden?</a></h3> -<p> -Auf der einen Seite kann man die in <a href="#73">Frage 7.3.8</a> -beschriebenen Kommentarumgebungen entsprechend verwenden. Daneben gibt es mit -den Paketen ,version`<a name="76" id="76">,</a> ,optional` und dem bereits erwähnten -,comment` Erweiterungen, mit denen man über Flags im Dokumentkopf -Textteile bedingt ein- oder ausblenden kann. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>version: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/version.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/version.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>optional: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/optional.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/optional.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>comment: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/comment/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/comment/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="77">7.3.10 Ich will <tt>\verb</tt> z.B. für Dateinamen, - E-Mail-Adressen und URL verwenden. Wie schaffe ich es, daß innerhalb - von <tt>\verb</tt> an geeigneten Stellen getrennt wird?</a></h3> -<p> -Für einige Anwendungen, wo man evtl. <tt>\verb</tt> benutzen könnte, -gibt es auch spezielle Lösungen, die für den Anwendungszweck besser -geeignet sind. So gibt es beispielsweise die Pakete ,url`<a name="78" id="78"> und</a> -,path` für Dateinamen, E-Mail- und WWW-Adressen, -bei denen nur an bestimmten Stellen umbrochen werden darf, dies aber bereits -automatisch geschieht. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>url: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/url.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/url.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>path: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/path.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/path.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h2><a name="79">7.4 Zerbrechliche Anweisungen in ,moving arguments`</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="80">7.4.1 Was sind ,fragile commands`/zerbrechliche Anweisungen, - was sind ,moving arguments`?</a></h3> -<p> -Der Text, den ein Autor im Argument von Anweisungen wie <tt>\caption</tt>, -<tt>\section</tt> etc. angibt, kann an mehreren Stellen in einem Dokument gesetzt -werden. Der Argumenttext von <tt>\section</tt> wird z.B. als Kapitelüberschrift -gesetzt und taucht evtl. nochmals im Inhaltsverzeichnis oder im Seitenkopf bzw. -fuß auf. Diese Argumente nennt man ,moving arguments`, da sie -vom Platz, wo ein Autor sie angibt, auch zu anderen Stellen verschoben werden. -<p> -Die korrekte Ausführung von ,zerbrechlichen Anweisungen` hängt intern -von Zuweisungen ab. Innerhalb eines ,moving argument` werden diese -Zuweisungen jedoch nicht durchgeführt, so daß solche Anweisungen -,zerbrechen`. Zu den zerbrechlichen Anweisungen zählen unter anderem -<tt>\cite</tt>, <tt>\ref</tt>, <tt>\pageref</tt> für Literatur- und Querverweise, -<tt>\footnote</tt>, <tt>\footnotemark</tt>, die Anweisungen <tt>\small</tt>, <tt>\large</tt> -etc. zur Wahl der Schriftgröße, mathematische Formelzeichen wie <tt>\sqrt</tt>, -<tt>\notin</tt>, <tt>\overbrace</tt> und viele mehr (siehe <a href="#81">Frage 7.4.2</a>, -Bemerkung am Ende). - - -<h3><a name="81">7.4.2 Wie kann ich innerhalb des Arguments von - <tt>\caption</tt>, <tt>\section</tt> etc. Anweisungen wie <tt>\cite</tt>, - <tt>\ref</tt>, <tt>\pageref</tt> oder <tt>\footnote</tt> verwenden, ohne Fehler wie - ,<tt>! Argument of <tt>\@sect</tt> has an - extra <tt>}</tt>.</tt>` oder - ,<tt>! Use of <tt>\@chapter</tt> doesn't match its - definition.</tt>` zu erhalten?</a></h3> -<p> -Zerbrechliche Befehle wie <tt>\cite</tt> müssen im ,moving -argument` der Anweisung <tt>\caption</tt> mit <tt>\protect</tt> geschützt -werden, d.h. statt -<pre> -\caption{Bildunterschrift~\cite{PartlKnappen95}} -</pre> - -ist ein <tt>\protect</tt> direkt und <em>ohne</em> geschweifte Klammern vor -die zu schützende Anweisung zu setzen: -<pre> -\caption{Bildunterschrift~\protect\cite{PartlKnappen95}} -</pre> - -<p> -Anweisungen wie <tt>\caption</tt>, <tt>\section</tt> etc. haben außerdem -noch die Möglichkeit, in einem optionalen Argument den zu -,verschiebenden Argumenttext` anzugeben. Das heißt, obiges -könnte auch in -<pre> -\caption[Bildunterschrift]% - {Bildunterschrift~\cite{PartlKnappen95}} -</pre> - -umformuliert werden. Jetzt ist das optionale Argument in []-Klammern -das ,moving argument`, in dem Sie zerbrechliche Anweisungen mit -<tt>\protect</tt> schützen müssen! -<p> -Beginnend mit LaTeX von Dezember 1995 sind Anweisungen wie -<tt>\cite</tt> und Anweisungen mit optionalem Argument, wie <tt>\sqrt</tt>, -nicht mehr zerbrechlich und benötigen damit kein <tt>\protect</tt> -mehr. Dennoch sollten Sie diese Anweisungen weiterhin mit -<tt>\protect</tt> schützen, wenn Sie Ihre Dokumente anderen zukommen -lassen wollen. - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. September 2003 erzeugt) -</address> -</div> - -<a href="makros2.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="makros4.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a></body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros4.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros4.html deleted file mode 100644 index ca85017c4c0..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/makros4.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2229 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- XML file produced from file: de-tex-faq.tex -- - -- using Hyperlatex v 2.5br (c) Otfried Cheong-- - -- on Emacs 20.7.1, Fri Sep 19 14:00:10 2003 --> -<head> -<title>DE-TeX-FAQ -- 8 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV)</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" - content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="en" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Typesetting,Fonts,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="de" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Schriftsatz,Buchsatz,Schrift,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Author" - content="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> -<meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> -<meta name="Description" - content="German Speaking FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V."> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> - -</head> - - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> -<a href="makros3.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="fonts1.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a><br /> -<b><tt>Zurück zu:  </tt></b><a href="makros3.html"><b>7 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III)</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Hoch zu:  </tt></b><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><b>Inhalt</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Weiter zu:  </tt></b><a href="fonts1.html"><b>9 METAFONT und Schriften</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Mehr zu TeX et al.: </tt></b><a href="http://www.dante.de/"><b>DANTE e.V.</b></a><br /> -<hr /> - - <div align="center"> -<b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>8 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV)</h1> -<menu> -<li><a href="#1">8.1 Verschiedene Zeichen</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#2">8.1.1 Wie bekomme ich ein Gradzeichen?</a> -<li><a href="#4">8.1.2 Wo finde ich ein Promillezeichen? Ich möchte endlich - <tt>1,1</tt>Promille statt <tt>0,11</tt><tt>\%</tt> eingeben - können.</a> -<li><a href="#6">8.1.3 Ich benötige einen liegenden bzw. gedrehten - ,dagger` oder ein ähnliches liegendes Zeichen. Wie?</a> -<li><a href="#8">8.1.4 Wie erzeuge ich ein Zeichen für ,trademark` - (TM), ,registered trademark` (R) oder ,copyright` (C)?</a> -<li><a href="#10">8.1.5 Wie kann man ein nicht kursives griechisches mu erzeugen?</a> -<li><a href="#11">8.1.6 Wie bekomme ich das Währungssymbol für den Euro?</a> -<li><a href="#13">8.1.7 Wie bekomme ich ein Entspricht-Symbol?</a> -<li><a href="#14">8.1.8 Wie bekomme ich das Symbol für Durchmesser?</a> -<li><a href="#15">8.1.9 Wie kann ich ,,<tt>\</tt>``, - ,,<tt><</tt>``, ,,<tt>></tt>`` und weitere Sonderzeichen - im Text benutzen?</a> -<li><a href="#16">8.1.10 Wie bekomme ich die Symbole für Laplace-, - Fourier- und Z-Transformation?</a> -<li><a href="#18">8.1.11 Wie kann ich einen <em>Smiley</em> und einen <em>Frownie</em> - setzen?</a> -<li><a href="#20">8.1.12 Das Zeichen <tt>:=</tt> sieht schlecht aus, wie kann - ich erreichen, daß der Doppelpunkt in seiner Höhe zum - Gleichheitszeichen paßt?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#21">8.2 Mathematischer Formelsatz <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#22">8.2.1 Für Zahlenbereiche möchte ich die Symbole für N, Z, - Q, R, C mit Doppelstrich verwenden. Wie bekomme ich diese Zeichen?</a> -<li><a href="#24">8.2.2 Für Lagrange-Dichten hätte ich gern ein - geschwungenes L; - <tt>\mathcal</tt><tt>{L}</tt> ist nicht das, was ich wünsche!</a> -<li><a href="#26">8.2.3 Ich suche das Zeichen ... für den Formelsatz, und - kann es nicht in den Standard-Fonts finden?</a> -<li><a href="#28">8.2.4 Warum fügt TeX in einer mathematischen Formel - hinter einem Dezimalkomma einen kleinen Zwischenraum ein?</a> -<li><a href="#30">8.2.5 AmS-LaTeX: Was ist der Unterschied zwischen dem - Paket ,amstex` und ,amsmath`?</a> -<li><a href="#32">8.2.6 Wieso bekomme ich mit AmS-LaTeX, wenn ich eigene - Umgebungen, die ,<tt>equation</tt>`, ,<tt>gather</tt>` - ,<tt>align</tt>`, ,<tt>alignat</tt>`, ,<tt>flalignat</tt>` oder - ,<tt>split</tt>` verwenden, Fehlermeldungen?</a> -<li><a href="#33">8.2.7 AmS-Fonts: Ein altes Dokument benutzt die Fonts - ,msxm` und ,msym`. Wo kann ich diese finden?</a> -<li><a href="#35">8.2.8 Das Integral- und Summationszeichen ist für - Dokumente, die in 11pt oder gar 12pt gesetzt sind, zu klein.</a> -<li><a href="#37">8.2.9 Wie vermeide ich den Fehler ,<tt>! Double superscript.</tt>`, - den ich für <tt>$a^b^c$</tt> erhalte?</a> -<li><a href="#38">8.2.10 Wie setzt man physikalische Einheiten, etwa - Längenangaben? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#40">8.2.11 Wie erhalte ich kursive große griechische Buchstaben?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#42">8.3 Chemischer Struktur- und Formelsatz</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#43">8.3.1 Wie kann ich chemische Strukturformeln mit LaTeX - setzen?</a> -<li><a href="#45">8.3.2 Bei der Verwendung des Paketes ,chemtex` mit - LaTeX2e erhalte ich bei der Zuweisung - <tt><tt>\textfont</tt>1=<tt>\tenrm</tt></tt> einen Fehler. Abhilfen?</a> -<li><a href="#47">8.3.3 Das Makro <tt>\chemical</tt>, das u.a. auch in - Helmut Kopka, ,,LaTeX - eine Einführung`` beschrieben - wird, funktioniert nicht. Was muß man ändern?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#49">8.4 Notensatz <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#50">8.4.1 Wie kann ich mit TeX Noten setzen? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#51">8.4.2 Wer kann mir bei Fragen zu Notensatz mit TeX helfen?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#52">8.5 Verschiedenes <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#53">8.5.1 Ich erhalte die Fehlermeldung - ,<tt>! You can't use <tt>\spacefactor</tt> in vertical mode.</tt>` - oder ,<tt>Command <tt>\@</tt> already defined.</tt>`. Mache ich - etwas falsch?</a> -<li><a href="#54">8.5.2 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß ein Zähler bei Erhöhung - eines anderen Zählers zurückgesetzt bzw. nicht zurückgesetzt - wird?</a> -<li><a href="#56">8.5.3 Kann ich auch auf meinem System Umlaute und andere - Sonderzeichen direkt mit der Tastatur in mein LaTeX-Dokument - eingeben?</a> -<li><a href="#58">8.5.4 Wie kann ich Umlaute in Texinfo-Dokumenten verwenden? - Gibt es eine deutsche/internationalisierte Version von Texinfo?</a> -<li><a href="#59">8.5.5 Wie kann ich die Fehlermeldung - ,<tt>Text line contains an invalid character</tt>` abstellen, die ich - unter emTeX bekomme, sobald ich Umlaute verwende?</a> -<li><a href="#60">8.5.6 Wie kann man mit LaTeX Serienbriefe erstellen?</a> -<li><a href="#62">8.5.7 Wie kann ich in LaTeX mehrere - ,<tt>enumerate</tt>`-Umgebungen verwenden, ohne daß der Zähler - immer wieder zurückgesetzt wird?</a> -<li><a href="#64">8.5.8 Wie kann ich den Dateinamen meines LaTeX-Dokuments - innerhalb des Dokuments ausgeben?</a> -<li><a href="#65">8.5.9 Meine Versuche, <tt>\figurename</tt>, <tt>\tablename</tt> o.ä. bei - Verwendung des Pakets ,babel` umzudefinieren, mißlingen. Was kann ich - tun?</a> -<li><a href="#67">8.5.10 Ich habe neue Dateien zu dem TeX-Baum hinzugefügt, - wieso werden sie von TeX bzw. LaTeX nicht gefunden?</a> -<li><a href="#68">8.5.11 Wenn ich versuche, mit der Anweisung <tt>\tracingall</tt> - Fehler in meinem LaTeX-Dokument zu finden, erhalte ich viele unnütze - Informationen. Kann man das ändern?</a> -<li><a href="#70">8.5.12 Wieso bekomme ich bei einem Acute-Akzentzeichen oder - einem Anführungszeichen eine Fehlermeldung statt des gewünschten - Zeichens?</a> -<li><a href="#71">8.5.13 Wie kann ich den üblichen Absatzeinzug auch innerhalb - von ,<tt>minipage</tt>` bzw. ,<tt>\parbox</tt>` erhalten?</a> -<li><a href="#73">8.5.14 Wie kann ich die Schriftgröße relativ zur aktuell - verwendeten eine Stufe kleiner oder größer wählen?</a> -<li><a href="#75">8.5.15 Wie verwende ich (La)TeX zusammen mit METAPOST?</a> -<li><a href="#76">8.5.16 Wie kann ich ein LaTeX-Makro umdefinieren und dabei - auf dessen bisherige Bedeutung zugreifen?</a> -<li><a href="#77">8.5.17 Wie kann ich ein Zeichen hoch- oder tiefstellen, ohne - den Mathematikmodus zu benutzen?</a> -<li><a href="#79">8.5.18 Wie kann ich das aktuelle Datum oder die aktuelle - Uhrzeit in mein Dokument einbauen?</a> -<li><a href="#81">8.5.19 Wie kann ich das Aussehen von Listenumgebungen, - speziell deren vertikale Abstände, auf einfache Weise - verändern?</a> -<li><a href="#83">8.5.20 Wie kann ich den Wert eines Längenregister im Text - oder in der Protokollausgabe anzeigen lassen?</a> -<li><a href="#85">8.5.21 Wie kann ich mit LaTeX Bildschirmpräsentationen - erzeugen?</a> -<li><a href="#86">8.5.22 Welche veralteten oder ungünstigen - LaTeX-Pakete und LaTeX-Anweisungen sollte ich meiden? <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -</menu> -<hr align="center" width="70%" /> - -<h2><a name="1">8.1 Verschiedene Zeichen</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="2">8.1.1 Wie bekomme ich ein Gradzeichen?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Gradzeichen erhält man am einfachsten mit LaTeX mittels -<pre> -\newcommand{\grad}{\ensuremath{^\circ}} -</pre> - -<p> -Da die Anweisung <tt>\ensuremath</tt> in LaTeX 2.09 nicht existiert, -muß man hier den konventionellen Weg wählen (der auch in LaTeX2e -funktioniert): -<pre> -\newcommand{\grad}{\mbox{\(\mathsurround=0pt{}^\circ\)}} -</pre> - -<p> -Hat man schon die ,Text-Companion`<a name="3" id="3">-Schrift</a> der EC-Schriftfamilie -installiert, kann man mit dem Paket ,textcomp`, das seit -Dezember 1997 Bestandteil von LaTeX ist, auf ein Gradzeichen -mit <tt>\textdegree</tt> und auf ein fertig zusammengesetztes -Grad-Celsius-Zeichen mit <tt>\textcelsius</tt> zugreifen. In der -mittlerweile veralteten Testversion von ,textcomp` mußte statt -<tt>\textcelsius</tt> noch <tt>\textcentigrade</tt> verwendet werden. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ec/tc-fonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/ec/"><code>fonts/ec/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="4">8.1.2 Wo finde ich ein Promillezeichen? Ich möchte endlich - <tt>1,1</tt>Promille statt <tt>0,11</tt><tt>\%</tt> eingeben - können.</a></h3> -<p> -Die beste Lösung bietet die in den Text-Companion-(tc)-Schriften der -EC-Schriftfamilie vorhandene Letter für ein Promillezeichen, da sie auch von -der Form zum üblichen Prozentzeichen der Schrift passt: -<pre> -\usepackage{textcomp} -\textperthousand -</pre> - -<p> -Falls man die Text-Companion-Schriften nicht verwenden will, kann man -alternativ die Schrift ,wasy`<a name="5" id="5"> verwenden,</a> in der ebenso eine Letter -für ein Promillezeichen existiert: -<pre> -\usepackage{wasysym} -\permil -</pre> - -<p> -Sind beide Schriften nicht verfügbar, kann man folgende, in ,,Die TeXnische Komödie`` vom -Dezember 1993 erschienene Lösung verwenden, die auf der TeXbook-Lösung zu -Übung 11.6, S. 67 und 311, basiert (an LaTeX2e angepaßt [br]): -<pre> -\newcommand{\promille}{% - \relax\ifmmode\promillezeichen - \else\leavevmode\(\mathsurround=0pt\promillezeichen\)\fi} -\newcommand{\promillezeichen}{% - \kern-.05em% - \raise.5ex\hbox{\the\scriptfont0 0}% - \kern-.15em/\kern-.15em% - \lower.25ex\hbox{\the\scriptfont0 00}} -</pre> - -Die zusätzliche <code>\(..\)</code>-Umgebung im Makro <tt>\promille</tt> ist -für LaTeX2e zwingend notwendig, da sonst in einigen Fällen Zeichen -fehlen könnten. (Man könnte auch die Anweisung <tt>\ensuremath</tt> aus -LaTeX2e verwenden.) Leider paßt das erzeugte Promillezeichen von der -Form her nicht zum Prozentzeichen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>textcomp: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/"><code>macros/latex/base/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ec/tc-fonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/ec/"><code>fonts/ec/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>wasysym: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>wasy: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/wasy2/"><code>fonts/wasy2/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/wasy2/ps-type1/hoekwater/"><code>fonts/wasy2/ps-type1/hoekwater/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="6">8.1.3 Ich benötige einen liegenden bzw. gedrehten - ,dagger` oder ein ähnliches liegendes Zeichen. Wie?</a></h3> -<p> -Entweder sucht man nach einem fertigen Font mit einem solchen Symbol -oder ändert die Quelle eines Fonts, falls dieser beispielweise als -METAFONT-Datei vorliegt, und fügt in die Quelle eine Operation zum Drehen -eines Zeichens ein. -<p> -Falls der dvi-Gerätetreiber in der Lage ist, Teile der Ausgabe zu drehen (wie -die meisten PostScript-Treiber), kann man unter LaTeX die Anweisung -<tt>\rotatebox</tt> aus dem ,graphicx`<a name="7" id="7">-Package</a> verwenden: -<pre> -\rotatebox[origin=c]{90}{\(\dagger\)} -</pre> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>graphicx: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics/"><code>macros/latex/required/graphics/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="8">8.1.4 Wie erzeuge ich ein Zeichen für ,trademark` - (TM), ,registered trademark` (R) oder ,copyright` (C)?</a></h3> -<p> -Diese Zeichen durch Box-Konstruktionen zusammenzubauen, ergibt in den -meisten Fällen sehr unbefriedigende Ergebnisse. Unter LaTeX hat -man mit der Anweisung <tt><tt>\textcircled</tt>{<Zeichen>}</tt> eine sehr -einfache Möglichkeit dafür, jedoch erhält man nur für einzelne -Zeichen, wie für das ,c` im Copyright-Zeichen -<tt>\copyright</tt>, ein einigermaßen gutes Ergebnis. Eine erste -Näherung für das Trademark-Zeichen (TM) ist -<tt><tt>\DeclareRobustCommand</tt>{<tt>\trademark</tt>}{<tt>\ensuremath</tt>{^{<tt>\mathrm</tt>{TM}}}}</tt>. -<p> -Sehr viel einfacher und besser sind die fertigen Zeichen, wie -<tt>\texttrademark</tt>, aus den ,Text-Companion`<a name="9" id="9">-Fonts</a> ,tc...` aus -dem ,EC`-Schrift-Paket. Unter LaTeX gibt es zur einfachen -Einbindung das ,textcomp`-Package. -<p> -Beginnend mit LaTeX von Dezember 1995 gibt es standardmäßig -neben der Definition für das Copyright-Zeichen auch Definitionen für -die Zeichen ,trademark` und ,registered trademark` -(<tt>\texttrademark</tt>, <tt>\textregistered</tt>). Seit LaTeX vom -Dezember 1997 ist das Paket ,textcomp` in der -LaTeX-Verteilung enthalten. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>tc-Fonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/ec/"><code>fonts/ec/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Liste der tc-Fonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/text/"><code>info/symbols/text/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="10">8.1.5 Wie kann man ein nicht kursives griechisches mu erzeugen?</a></h3> -<p> -In den Text-Companion-Fonts befindet sich ein aufrechtes mu, das man -beispielsweise für Mengenangaben benötigt. -<pre> -\usepackage{textcomp} % seit 1997/12/01 in der Standardverteilung -\textmu -</pre> - - -<h3><a name="11">8.1.6 Wie bekomme ich das Währungssymbol für den Euro?</a></h3> -<p> -Die ,Text-Companion`<a name="12" id="12">-Fonts</a> enthalten das Euro-Symbol, wobei dieses -nicht der offiziell festgelegten Version entspricht. -<pre> -\usepackage{textcomp} -\texteuro -{\sffamily\texteuro} -</pre> - -<p> -Ebenso kann man sich notfalls ein eigenes, ebenso nicht konformes -Euro-Symbol zusammensetzen: -<pre> -\newcommand\euro{{\sffamily C% - \makebox[0pt][l]{\kern-.70em\mbox{--}}% - \makebox[0pt][l]{\kern-.68em\raisebox{.25ex}{--}}}} -</pre> - -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,eurosym` gibt es einen Satz an Fonts mit dem -Euro-Symbol, das der offiziell festgelegten Form des Symbols -entspricht. Mitgeliefert wird ein LaTeX-Paket zur Einbindung, so daß -man mit <tt>\euro</tt> ein offizielles zur Schriftgröße passendes Euro-Symbol -erhält. Abweichend von der offiziellen Vorgabe wird es, um ein -besseres Schriftbild zu erreichen, auch fett und schräg gesetzt. -<p> -Dieselbe Anweisung <tt>\euro</tt> unterstützt auch das Paket -,europs`. Es erfordert die bei Adobe verfügbaren -PostScript-Fonts mit dem Euro-Symbol. Daneben existiert mit dem Paket -,eurosans` eine weitere LaTeX-Einbindung, das das Euro-Symbol -aus der von Adobe erstellten PostScript-Font-Familie -,EuroSans` verwendet. -<p> -Daneben enthält auch die im PostScript-Type-1-Format vorliegende -Schrift ,Martin Vogels Symbole (marvosym)` ein Euro-Symbol. In dieser -Schrift ist außerdem jeweils ein Euro-Symbol, das zu den Schriften -Times, Helvetica und Courier paßt, enthalten. -<pre> -\usepackage{marvosym} % bei der Schrift enthalten -\EUR -\EURtm \EURhv \EURcr -</pre> - -<p> -Und auch das Paket ,China2e`, mit dem chinesische Kalendersymbole -erzeugt werden können, enthält Fonts mit dem Euro-Symbol, das man mit -der Anweisung <tt>\Euro</tt> bekommt. -<p> -Desweiteren kann im Zusammenhang mit der Verwendung von Euro-Symbolen das Paket -,euro` sehr hilfreich sein. Es bietet vielfältige Möglichkeiten der -Umrechnung von Euro in andere Währungen und umgekehrt. -<p> -Verwendet man das Paket ,mathpazo` bekommt man ein Eurozeichen, welches -auf die Grundschrift ,Palatino` abgestimmt ist. -<pre> -\usepackage{mathpazo} -\ppleuro -</pre> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>eurosym: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/eurosym/"><code>fonts/eurosym/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>europs: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/euro/latex/europs/"><code>fonts/euro/latex/europs/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.adobe.com/"><code>http://www.adobe.com/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>eurosans: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/euro/latex/eurosans/"><code>fonts/euro/latex/eurosans/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>marvosym: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/psfonts/marvosym/"><code>fonts/psfonts/marvosym/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>china2e: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/china2e/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/china2e/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>euro: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/euro/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/euro/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mathpazo: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/mathpazo/"><code>fonts/mathpazo/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Walter Schmidt: Wie bekomme ich...: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://home.vr-web.de/was/x/latexeuro.pdf"><code>http://home.vr-web.de/was/x/latexeuro.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="13">8.1.7 Wie bekomme ich ein Entspricht-Symbol?</a></h3> -<p> -Ein Entspricht-Symbol kann man sich entweder mit -<pre> -\newcommand{\entspricht}{\mathrel{\widehat{=}}} -</pre> - -oder mit -<pre> -\newcommand{\entspricht}{\stackrel{\scriptscriptstyle\wedge}{=}} -</pre> - -definieren. Die Anweisung <code>\mathrel{}</code>, die in <tt>\stackrel</tt> -implizit bereits enthalten ist, sorgt dafür, daß korrekte Abstände -vor und nach einem so definierten Symbol verwendet werden. - -<h3><a name="14">8.1.8 Wie bekomme ich das Symbol für Durchmesser?</a></h3> -<p> -Die einfachste Lösung ist <code>\O{}</code>. Empfehlenswerter ist jedoch -ein Symbol aus den AmS-Schriften: -<pre> -\usepackage{amssymb} -\(\varnothing\) -</pre> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>AmS-Fonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/"><code>fonts/amsfonts/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>amssymb: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/latex/"><code>fonts/amsfonts/latex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="15">8.1.9 Wie kann ich ,,<tt>\</tt>``, - ,,<tt><</tt>``, ,,<tt>></tt>`` und weitere Sonderzeichen - im Text benutzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Zeichen, die in LaTeX eine besondere Bedeutung haben, und -andere Sonderzeichen mußten früher mehr oder weniger kompliziert -erzeugt werden oder man mußte auf den Formelsatz ausweichen. Unter -LaTeX2e gibt es nun einfachere Anweisungen, wobei man eine -LaTeX-Version vom Dezember 1995 oder neuer verwenden sollte. Unter -anderem sind folgende Symbole definiert: -<table> - <tr> - <td><b>Text-Anweisung</b></td> - <td><b>Formelsatz</b></td> - <td><b>Symbol oder Symbol-Beschreibung</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>\textbackslash</tt></td> - <td><tt>\backslash</tt></td> - <td><tt>\</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>\textbar</tt></td> - <td><tt>\mid</tt></td> - <td><tt>|</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>\textless</tt></td> - <td><tt><</tt></td> - <td><tt><</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>\textgreater</tt></td> - <td><tt>></tt></td> - <td><tt>></tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>\textasciicircum</tt></td> - <td><tt>\hat</tt></td> - <td><tt>^</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>\textasciitilde</tt></td> - <td><tt>\tilde</tt></td> - <td><tt>~</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>\textbullet</tt></td> - <td><tt>\bullet</tt></td> - <td>gefüllter Kreis auf halber Höhe</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>\textperiodcentered</tt></td> - <td><tt>\cdot</tt></td> - <td><tt>·</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>\textvisiblespace</tt></td> - <td>(n.v.)</td> - <td>sichtbares Leerzeichen</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p> -Näheres findet man in der Datei ,,<tt>usrguide.tex</tt>`` -(,,LaTeX2e for authors``). -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>usrguide: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/usrguide.tex"><code>macros/latex/base/usrguide.tex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="16">8.1.10 Wie bekomme ich die Symbole für Laplace-, - Fourier- und Z-Transformation?</a></h3> -<p> -Das LaTeX-Paket ,trfsigns`<a name="17" id="17"> bietet</a> diese Symbole. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>trfsigns: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/trfsigns"><code>macros/latex/contrib/trfsigns</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="18">8.1.11 Wie kann ich einen <em>Smiley</em> und einen <em>Frownie</em> - setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Eine einfache Version erhält man mit -<pre> -\newcommand{\frownie}{\texttt{:-(}} -\newcommand{\smiley}{\texttt{;-)}} -</pre> - -und mit dem Paket ,wasysym`<a name="19" id="19"> kann</a> man die Symbole aus den -Schriften ,wasy` mit den Anweisungen <tt>\smiley</tt> und -<tt>\frownie</tt> bekommen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>wasysym: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>wasy: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/wasy2/"><code>fonts/wasy2/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/wasy2/ps-type1/hoekwater/"><code>fonts/wasy2/ps-type1/hoekwater/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="20">8.1.12 Das Zeichen <tt>:=</tt> sieht schlecht aus, wie kann - ich erreichen, daß der Doppelpunkt in seiner Höhe zum - Gleichheitszeichen paßt?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit der Konstruktion <code>\mathrel{\mathop{:}}</code> läßt sich der -Doppelpunkt auf der mathematischen Achse zentrieren, die auch die -Mitte des Gleichheitszeichens bestimmt. -<p> -Mit dem folgenden Makro von Donald Arseneau wird der Doppelpunkt im -mathematischen Modus generell umgestellt: -<pre> -\mathchardef\ordinarycolon\mathcode`\: -\mathcode`\:=\string"8000 -\begingroup \catcode`\:=\active - \gdef:{\mathrel{\mathop\ordinarycolon}} -\endgroup -</pre> - - -<h2><a name="21">8.2 Mathematischer Formelsatz <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - -<h3><a name="22">8.2.1 Für Zahlenbereiche möchte ich die Symbole für N, Z, - Q, R, C mit Doppelstrich verwenden. Wie bekomme ich diese Zeichen?</a></h3> -<p> -Ursprünglich wurden diese Symbole mit fetten Buchstaben geschrieben. Da dies -mit Kreide auf einer Tafel (,blackboard`) sehr umständlich wäre, hat -man die Schreibweise mit den Doppelstrichen erfunden. Die einfachste -Möglichkeit ist daher, die Symbole einfach fett zu drucken, also -<tt>\mathbf</tt><tt>{N}</tt> (bzw. <tt>{<tt>\bf</tt> N}</tt> in Plain-TeX und -LaTeX 2.09). -<p> -Bevorzugt man die Darstellung mit Doppelstrichen, dann ist man in der Regel -mit den Mengenzeichen aus den AmS-Symbolschriften gut bedient: Nach Laden des -Pakets ,amssymb`<a name="23" id="23"> steht</a> mit der Anweisung <tt>\mathbb</tt> ein mathematisches -Alphabet für Mengenzeichen zur Verfügung, beispielsweise -<tt>\mathbb</tt><tt>{N}</tt> für die Menge der natürlichen Zahlen. Man beachte, -dass nur die Großbuchstaben verfügbar sind, sowie ein k mit Doppelstrich -durch die Anweisung <tt>\Bbbk</tt>. AmS-Symbole stehen teilweise auch für -andere als die voreingestellten CM-Mathematikschriften zur Verfügung; man -beachte die Dokumentation zur jeweiligen Schriftfamilie. -<p> -Es gibt aber auch folgende Schriften, die Buchstaben mehr oder weniger -so wie ,an der Tafel geschrieben` enthalten: -<ul> -<li>,bbold` (von Alain Jeffrey) <br /> -ohne Serifen, zwei dünne Striche, vollständiger Zeichensatz. -<li>,mathbbol` (von Jörg Knappen) <br /> -definiert AmS-(La)TeXs <tt>\mathbb</tt>-Anweisung so um, daß statt der - Original-AmS- die ,bbold`-Schriften verwendet werden. -<li>,doublestroke` (von Olaf Kummer) <br /> -mit Serifen (ein dicker und ein dünner Strich) und in neuer Version - ohne Serifen (gleichmäßige Dicke), nur Großbuchstaben und 1, k, h. -<li>,bbm` (von Gilles F. Robert) <br /> -sollte allen Wünschen gerecht werden, alle Varianten, wie fett, - mit oder ohne Serifen etc. -<li>,mathpazo` <br /> -enthält die Symbole I, C, N, Q, R und Z, - abgestimmt auf die Schrift ,Palatino` - (Beispiel in <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/mathpazo/pazotest.pdf"><code>fonts/mathpazo/pazotest.pdf</code></a>. -</ul> - -<p> -Die Auswahl einer dieser Schriften ist reine Geschmackssache. Eine -Hilfe dazu bietet die Übersicht in der PostScript-Datei -,,<tt>blackboard.ps</tt>``. Man beachte, dass nur die eingangs genannten -AmS-Symbole sowie die Schrift ,mathpazo` im Type-1-Format verfügbar -sind; alle anderen gibt es bisher nur im METAFONT-Format. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>amssymb: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/latex/"><code>fonts/amsfonts/latex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>bbold: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/bbold/"><code>fonts/bbold/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mathbbol: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/jknappen/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/jknappen/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>doublestroke: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/doublestroke/"><code>fonts/doublestroke/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>bbm: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/cm/bbm/"><code>fonts/cm/bbm/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/cm/sauter/holin/bbm/"><code>fonts/cm/sauter/holin/bbm/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/bbm"><code>macros/latex/contrib/bbm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - - <b>blackboard.ps: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/blackboard/blackboard.ps"><code>info/symbols/blackboard/blackboard.ps</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mathpazo: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/mathpazo"><code>fonts/mathpazo</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="24">8.2.2 Für Lagrange-Dichten hätte ich gern ein - geschwungenes L; - <tt>\mathcal</tt><tt>{L}</tt> ist nicht das, was ich wünsche!</a></h3> -<p> -Schreibschriftbuchstaben für den Mathematiksatz (nur Großbuchstaben) -sind in den ,rsfs`<a name="25" id="25">-Schriften</a> (Ralph Smith Formal Script) -enthalten. Sie können mit dem Paket ,mathrsfs` und dem Befehl -<tt>\mathscr</tt><tt>{L}</tt> eingebunden werden. Das Paket ,calrsfs` -ergibt Schreibschriftbuchstaben anstelle der kalligraphischen -Buchstaben mit dem Befehl <tt>\mathcal</tt><tt>{L}</tt>. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>rsfs: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/rsfs/"><code>fonts/rsfs/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/cm/sauter/holin/rsfs/b-rsfs.mf"><code>fonts/cm/sauter/holin/rsfs/b-rsfs.mf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mathrsfs: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/jknappen/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/jknappen/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>calrsfs: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/calrsfs/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/calrsfs/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="26">8.2.3 Ich suche das Zeichen ... für den Formelsatz, und - kann es nicht in den Standard-Fonts finden?</a></h3> -<p> -Zeichen, die in den CM-Fonts fehlen, sind mit wirklich sehr großer -Wahrscheinlichkeit in den AmS-Fonts ,msam`<a name="27" id="27"> oder</a> ,msbm` -vorhanden. Die Einbindung in LaTeX erfolgt mit dem Paket -,amsfonts`, die Einbindung in Plain-TeX mit ,,<tt><tt>\input</tt> -amssym.tex</tt>``. Nähers dazu siehe auch ,,<tt>amsfndoc.tex</tt>``. -<p> -Eine umfassende Übersicht von Symbolen mit Angabe der Bezugsquellen enthält -,,The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List`` von Scott Pakin. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>amsfonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/"><code>fonts/amsfonts/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>amssym: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/plaintex/amssym.tex"><code>fonts/amsfonts/plaintex/amssym.tex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>amsfndoc.tex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/doc/amsfndoc.tex"><code>fonts/amsfonts/doc/amsfndoc.tex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>symbols: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/"><code>info/symbols/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>comprehensive: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/"><code>info/symbols/comprehensive/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="28">8.2.4 Warum fügt TeX in einer mathematischen Formel - hinter einem Dezimalkomma einen kleinen Zwischenraum ein?</a></h3> -<p> -Die meisten TeX-Makropakete und -Formate gehen davon aus, daß man -einen Dezimalpunkt statt eines -kommas verwendet. Für den -Dezimalpunkt, der in einer mathematischen Formel die Bedeutung eines -,Ordinary`-Symbols hat, wird daher zwischen Ziffern kein -zusätzlicher Zwischenraum eingefügt. Das Komma hat in Formeln die -Bedeutung eines ,Punctuation`-Symbols, man kann es daher als -Trennzeichen in einer Aufzählung verwenden, da TeX mit einem -kleinen Zwischenraum dafür sorgt, daß Formeln wie ,<i>f(x, -y)</i>` gut aussehen. -<p> -Das Problem des falschen Abstandes für ein Dezimalkomma kann man auf -verschiedene Arten beheben. Für einzelne Fälle mag es reichen, das -Komma einfach mit <code>{...}</code> zu klammern, da geklammerte Formelteile -diesselben Abstände wie ein ,Ordinary`-Symbol bekommen: -<pre> -$\pi = 3{,}1415\ldots$ -</pre> - -Eine andere Methode erklärt das Komma zu einem -,Ordinary`-Symbol statt eines Trennzeichens: -<pre> -%%%% alte Definition: -%% \mathcode`\,="613B -%%%% neue Definition: -\mathcode`\,="013B -</pre> - -und wenn man statt der <tt>\mathcode</tt>-Zuweisung die Anweisung -<tt>\DeclareMathSymbol</tt> in LaTeX verwendet: -<pre> -%%%% alte Definition: -%% \DeclareMathSymbol{,}{\mathpunct}{letters}{"3B} -%%%% neue Definition: -\DeclareMathSymbol{,}{\mathord}{letters}{"3B} -</pre> - -Der Preis hierfür ist natürlich, daß in ,<i>f(x,y)</i>` der -zusätzliche Zwischenraum fehlt. Aber auch das läßt sich in den -Griff bekommen: -<p> -Das Paket ,icomma`<a name="29" id="29"> ändert</a> die Definition des Kommazeichen so, -daß es im mathematischen Modus zwischen ,<tt>3,1415</tt>` und -,<tt>f(x, y)</tt>` unterscheiden kann: Steht hinter dem Komma -ein Leerzeichen, ist das Trennzeichen mit etwas Abstand gemeint, -ansonsten das Dezimalkomma. Im Unterschied zu ähnlichen Lösungen -funktioniert diese Paket mit beliebigen Mathematik-Fonts. -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,ziffer` ist das Leerzeichen nach dem Komma, um Mengen -oder Argumente zu kennzeichnen, bis auf einige Ausnahmen nicht notwendig, so -dass bestehende Texte nicht verändert werden müssen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>icomma: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/was/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/was/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ziffer: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/ziffer.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/ziffer.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="30">8.2.5 AmS-LaTeX: Was ist der Unterschied zwischen dem - Paket ,amstex` und ,amsmath`?</a></h3> -<p> -Dies wird in der Datei ,,<tt>diffs-m.txt</tt>`` des AmS-LaTeX-Packages -erläutert: In AmS-LaTeX Version 1.0 und 1.1, beide nur für -LaTeX 2.09, war ,amstex`<a name="31" id="31"> das</a> Hauptpaket, das mehr oder -weniger direkt aus Michael Spivaks AmS-TeX-Makros entstanden ist. -AmS-LaTeX Version 1.2 für LaTeX2e enthält nun neben -,amstex` ein neues Paket namens ,amsmath`, das nun -unabhängig von ,amstex` weiterentwickelt werden kann. -,amstex` kann dadurch eingefroren werden, so daß alte Dokumente -weiterhin unverändert formatiert werden können. Für neue Dokumente -sollte man ,amsmath` verwenden, da nur noch dieses Paket -unterstützt und weiterentwickelt wird. Die Unterschiede zwischen -,amsmath` und ,amstex` sind der Dokumentation in -der Datei ,,<tt>diffs-m.txt</tt>`` zu entnehmen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>amslatex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex/"><code>macros/latex/required/amslatex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>AmS-LaTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html"><code>http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>The amsmath package: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.ams.org/tex/amsmath.html"><code>http://www.ams.org/tex/amsmath.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>diffs-m.txt: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/diffs-m.txt"><code>macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/diffs-m.txt</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="32">8.2.6 Wieso bekomme ich mit AmS-LaTeX, wenn ich eigene - Umgebungen, die ,<tt>equation</tt>`, ,<tt>gather</tt>` - ,<tt>align</tt>`, ,<tt>alignat</tt>`, ,<tt>flalignat</tt>` oder - ,<tt>split</tt>` verwenden, Fehlermeldungen?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit AmS-LaTeX funktionieren Definitionen wie -<pre> -\newenvironment{myalign}{\begin{align}}{\end{align}} -\newcommand{\ba}{\begin{align}} -\newcommand{\ea}{\end{align}} -</pre> - -nicht mehr, weil diese Umgebungen zuerst die komplette Formel einlesen -müssen, da die Satzalgorithmen so geschrieben sind, daß diese Formel -mehrmals durchlaufen werden muß. -<p> -Damit man dennoch eigene Umgebungen definieren kann, ist statt -<tt>\begin</tt><tt>{align}</tt> die Anweisung <tt>\align</tt>, statt -<tt>\end</tt><tt>{align}</tt> die Anweisung <tt>\endalign</tt> in der Definition -zu verwenden: -<pre> -\newenvironment{myalign}{\align}{\endalign} -</pre> - -Die Definition von Abkürzungsmakros für diese Umgebungen, wie oben -gezeigt, ist zwar mit einem Trick möglich. Jedoch sollten Umgebungen -grundsätzlich auch als solche im Dokument erkennbar sein, so daß von -solchen Abkürzungsmakros abgeraten und der Trick nicht verraten wird. -<p> -Näheres findet man in der Datei ,,<tt>technote.tex</tt>``, das Teil der -Dokumentation von AmS-LaTeX ist. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>technote.tex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/technote.tex"><code>macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/technote.tex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="33">8.2.7 AmS-Fonts: Ein altes Dokument benutzt die Fonts - ,msxm` und ,msym`. Wo kann ich diese finden?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Fonts ,msxm`<a name="34" id="34"> und</a> ,msym` sind veraltet und wurden -vor einigen Jahren durch die Fonts namens ,msam` und -,msbm` ersetzt. Beide Fonts sind im AmS-Font-Paket enthalten. -<p> -Selbst wenn man die Quellprogramme für die beiden veralteten Fonts -,msxm` und ,msym` hätte, könnte man aus diesen keine gf- oder -pk-Dateien erzeugen, da die Fonts ,msxm` und ,msym` -mit dem Vorgänger des aktuellen METAFONT-Programmes namens ,MF79` in -der Sprache ,SAIL` geschrieben waren. Aus diesem Grund wurden -die beiden Fonts auch nur als pxl- oder pk-Dateien verteilt. -<p> -Als Ersatz gibt es mit ,msx2mas` einen Satz virtueller Fonts für -,msxm` und ,msym`, die die Symbole der vorhandenen Schriften -,msam` und ,msbm` verfügbar machen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>msxm/msym: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/vf-files/msx2msa/"><code>fonts/vf-files/msx2msa/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="35">8.2.8 Das Integral- und Summationszeichen ist für - Dokumente, die in 11pt oder gar 12pt gesetzt sind, zu klein.</a></h3> -<p> -Den Math-Extension-Font ,cmex10`<a name="36" id="36">,</a> aus dem die ,großen` -Symbole stammen, sollte man nicht einfach vergrößern, da einige -Parameter dieses besonderen Fonts den mathematischen Formelsatz in -TeX bestimmen. Da es bisher für 11pt und 12pt keine speziellen -Math-Extension-Fonts gibt, verwendet LaTeX für alle -Schriftgrößen den 10pt-Font ,cmex10`. -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,exscale` verwendet LaTeXs skalierte -,cmex10`-Fonts und paßt die Anweisungen <tt>\big</tt>, -<tt>\bigg</tt> etc. entsprechend an. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>exscale: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/"><code>macros/latex/base/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="37">8.2.9 Wie vermeide ich den Fehler ,<tt>! Double superscript.</tt>`, - den ich für <tt>$a^b^c$</tt> erhalte?</a></h3> -<p> -Der Term a hoch b hoch c ist nicht eindeutig, da er entweder als -<code>(a^b)^c</code> -oder als -<code>a^(b^c)</code> -interpretiert werden kann. Anstatt nun -eine möglicherweise falsche Interpretation des Terms anzunehmen, -meldet TeX obigen Fehler. Diesen muß man durch explizite Klammerung -<code>${a^b}^c$</code> bzw. <code>$a^{b^c}$</code> auflösen, was dann zu -Unterschieden in den Schriftgrößen führt. -<p> -Das gleiche Problem stellt sich auch bei mehrfacher Indizierung -<code>$a_b_c$</code>, wo man die Mehrdeutigkeit ebenso durch Klammerung -auflösen muß. - -<h3><a name="38">8.2.10 Wie setzt man physikalische Einheiten, etwa - Längenangaben? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Es gelten einigen Grundregeln, von denen die meisten das Paket -,units`<a name="39" id="39"> automatisch</a> korrekt erledigt: -<ul> -<li>In wissenschaftlichen Werken werden Einheiten aufrecht und vor - allem bei längeren Ausdrücken, etwa <code>$F = 400\,\mathrm{kN}$</code>, im - Mathe-Modus gesetzt. -<li>Falls die Integration etwa in einen halbfetten Textteil wichtiger - als die physikalische Korrektheit ist, sollte Textmodus, etwa - <code>\textbf{... 3\,m ...}</code>, verwendet werden. Hinweis: Der Unterschied - zwischen Text- und Mathemodus wird deutlicher, wenn man mittels - <code>\renewcommand{\familydefault}{cmss}</code> eine Serifenlose verwendet. -<li>Zwischen Zahl und Dimension findet kein Zeilenumbruch statt. -<li>Als Abstand zwischen Zahl und Dimension wählt man <code>\,</code>. Dagegen - sehen die Richtlinien des Springer-Verlags <code>~</code> als Abstand vor. -<li>Einheiten werden <em>nicht</em> in eckige Klammern, wie etwa - <tt>[N]</tt>, gesetzt. - Die richtige Schreibweise ist <code>$[F] = \mathrm{N}$</code>. -<li>In Tabellen stehen Einheiten in runden Klammern in einer eigenen - Zeile im Tabellenkopf, nicht etwa in jeder Zelle: -<pre> -========================= -Erhoehte Reduktion Druck -bei Rolle 44 -(mm) (MPa) -------------------------- -5 8 -... -</pre> - -</ul> - -<p> -Mehr Formatierungsoptionen, beispielsweise für den Abstand zwischen Maßzahl -und Einheit, und sehr viele Makros für Einheiten (z.B. Ohm, Hertz) bietet -das Paket ,SIunits`. Darin ist außerdem eine ausführliche Erörterung -der SI-Einheiten enthalten. Zahlen und Einheiten werden von diesem Paket -jedoch in der meist serifenbehafteten Mathematikschrift gesetzt, auch wenn -eine serifenlose Brotschrift verwendet wird. Dieses Problem löst das Paket -,fancyunits`, das das Paket ,SIunits` fast ohne Änderung eines -bestehenden Dokuments ersetzen kann. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>units: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/units"><code>macros/latex/contrib/units</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>SIunits: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/SIunits"><code>macros/latex/contrib/SIunits</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>fancyunits: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://tina.nat.uni-magdeburg.de/heiko/LaTeX/Tips_und_Tricks/fancyunits"><code>http://tina.nat.uni-magdeburg.de/heiko/LaTeX/Tips_und_Tricks/fancyunits</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="40">8.2.11 Wie erhalte ich kursive große griechische Buchstaben?</a></h3> -<p> -Während im mathematischen Modus für kleine griechische Buchstaben -kursiv als richtige Schreibweise gewählt wird, erscheinen große -griechische Buchstaben senkrecht. Das Paket ,fixmath`<a name="41" id="41"> ändert</a> -dies bei den üblicherweise verwendeten CM-Schriften. Die Pakete zur -Benutzung anderer mathematischer Schriften haben teilweise eine -Option, die dazu führt, daß große griechische Buchstaben ebenfalls -kursiv gesetzt werden. Hierzu bitte die Dokumentation der jeweiligen -Pakete durchlesen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>fixmath: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/was/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/was/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - - -<h2><a name="42">8.3 Chemischer Struktur- und Formelsatz</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="43">8.3.1 Wie kann ich chemische Strukturformeln mit LaTeX - setzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Die folgenden Pakete sind eine unvollständige Auswahl -(Freiwillige?!). Ob sie unter LaTeX2e, LaTeX 2.09 oder -Plain-TeX verwendbar sind, muß, falls dies nicht vermerkt ist, -selbst getestet werden. -<ul> - <li>PPCHTeX: Typesetting Chemical Formulas in TeX, von - Hans Hagen<a name="44" id="44"> und</a> A.F. Otten -<p> - Auf PiCTeX oder PSTricks basierendes Paket, mittlerweile das - flexibelste und umfangreichste Paket. PPCHTeX ist für das - TeX-Format ConTeXt entwickelt worden, kann aber auch mit - Plain-TeX und LaTeX (2e und 2.09) eingesetzt werden. Eine - ältere Version ist in den Proceedings of the 9th European TeX - Conference EuroTeX'95, Arnhem, S. 197-222 und TUGboat 17(1), - März 1996, S. 54-66 beschrieben. Für PPCHTeX gibt es eine - mail-basierte Diskussionsliste (siehe <a href="allgemein.html#24">Frage 1.3.4</a>). - <li>XymTeX: A Macro Package for Typsetting Chemical Structural - Formulas, von Shinsaku Fujita -<p> - Dieses System ist nach PPCHTeX das umfangreichste. Es verwendet - vorgefertigte Molekülklassen, in denen die Atompositionen vom - Anwender belegt werden können. Durch die ,Kondensation` - solcher Klassen lassen sich so ziemlich alle denkbaren Moleküle - zaubern. Ohne Handbuch, das 127 Seiten besitzt, und Zeit aber eher - unbrauchbar, weil sehr kompliziert. Eine Beschreibung findet sich - auch in der TUGboat 16(1), S. 81-88. - <li>Chemstruct: Chemische Strukturformeln mit TeX, von - Michael Ramek -<p> - Hier gibt man im wesentlichen von einem Bezugsatom ausgehend die - Art und die Himmelsrichtung der Bindung an und gelangt so recht - schnell zu brauchbaren Ergebnissen. So hangelt man sich von Atom - zu Atom... (Handbuch mit 18 Seiten). - <li>ChemTeX: Typesetting Chemical Equations using LaTeX -<p> - Scheint auch mit Molekülklassen zu arbeiten, wenn auch längst - nicht so komplex wie XymTeX, damit anwendungsfreundlicher, aber - auch nur für einen begrenzten Satz an Strukturen geeignet... - (Handbuch mit 42 Seiten). - <li>Chemsym: Chemical Symbols, von Mats Dahlgren -<p> - Vereinfacht die Eingabe und den Satz von chemischen Summenformeln - und Reaktionsgleichungen, indem Anweisungen für den Satz der - Elemente inklusive Hoch- und Tiefstellung und eine große Menge - von chemischen Symbolen vordefiniert werden. Für LaTeX2e, mit - Dokumentation. - <li>streeTeX: One more Macro Package for typesetting Structural - Formulae with LaTeX -<p> - streeTeX, ein Kunstwort aus ,structure` und ,tree`, verwendet - emTeX-Specials zum Zeichnen der Moleküle. Molekülbindungen werden dabei - von einem Atom ausgehend in 12 verschiedene Richtungen gezeichnet. - Außerdem können NMR-Massenspektren gezeichnet werden. (Handbuch mit - 20 Seiten, englisch oder russisch) -<li>OCHEM -<p> - OCHEM ist ein Paket für den Satz chemischer Strukturformeln und - Reaktionsschemata. Es besteht aus einem Perl-Script, das in einer - speziellen Sprache formulierte Reaktionen in LaTeX- oder - PostScript-Graphiken konvertiert, die automatisch in ein Dokument - eingebunden werden können. Elemente eines Schemas sind Formeln, - die lineare, verzweigte oder konvergente Reaktionsketten bilden und - automatisch angeordnet werden. Elemente einer Formel sind Bindungen - (Richtung/Länge), Textsymbole und Ringe bzw. allgemeine - Strukturen. Die Beschreibung erfolgt teilweise nach geometrischen - Gesichtspunkten, teilweise durch abstrakte Befehle. (Handbuch mit - vielen Seiten und Beispielen) -</ul> - -<p> -Daneben gibt es noch Programme wie ChemDraw, ChemWindow o.ä., bei -denen man die erstellte Strukturformel als PS-Datei ausgeben und dann -in (La)TeX einbinden kann. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>PPCHTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.pragma-ade.nl/ppchtex.htm"><code>http://www.pragma-ade.nl/ppchtex.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/context/cont-ppc.zip"><code>macros/context/cont-ppc.zip</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>PPCHTeX-Datenbank: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.walram.de/ppchtex/"><code>http://www.walram.de/ppchtex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>XymTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/xymtex/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/xymtex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>chemstruct: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/chemstruct/"><code>macros/latex209/contrib/chemstruct/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>chemtex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/chemtex/"><code>macros/latex209/contrib/chemtex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>chemsym: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/chemsym/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/chemsym/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>streeTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/streetex/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/streetex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>OCHEM: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/ochem/"><code>support/ochem/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="45">8.3.2 Bei der Verwendung des Paketes ,chemtex` mit - LaTeX2e erhalte ich bei der Zuweisung - <tt><tt>\textfont</tt>1=<tt>\tenrm</tt></tt> einen Fehler. Abhilfen?</a></h3> -<p> -<tt>\tenrm</tt> ist ein alter, nur intern in LaTeX 2.09 zu verwendender Name -eines Font (siehe auch <a href="makros1.html#16">Frage 5.2</a> ,,LaTeX2e - - Probleme beim Umstieg``). Mit dem Paket ,rawfonts`<a name="46" id="46"> kann</a> man diese -Namen (nach-)definieren: -<pre> -\usepackage[only,tenrm]{rawfonts} -</pre> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>rawfonts: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/"><code>macros/latex/required/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="47">8.3.3 Das Makro <tt>\chemical</tt>, das u.a. auch in - Helmut Kopka, ,,LaTeX - eine Einführung`` beschrieben - wird, funktioniert nicht. Was muß man ändern?</a></h3> -<p> -Der im Makro (das aus dem TeXbook stammt!) verwendete Name -<tt>\tensy</tt> des Math-Symbol-Font ist nur in Plain-TeX und -LaTeX 2.09 definiert. LaTeX2e lädt darüber hinaus die für -den mathematischen Formelsatz notwendigen Fonts erst zu Beginn der -ersten zu setzenden Formel, so daß man auch durch Nachdefinition mit -Hilfe des Paketes ,rawfonts`<a name="48" id="48"> in</a> bestimmten Situationen einen -Fehler bekommen kann. -<p> -Hier ist eine für LaTeX2e verwendbare Definition von -<tt>\chemical</tt> (die man in eine .sty-Datei schreiben oder mit -<tt>\makeatletter</tt> ... <tt>\makeatother</tt> klammern muß): -<pre> -%% Anpassung an LaTeX(2e) von Bernd Raichle -\DeclareRobustCommand{\chemical}[1]{% - {\(\m@th - \edef\resetfontdimens{\noexpand\)% - \fontdimen16\textfont2=\the\fontdimen16\textfont2 - \fontdimen17\textfont2=\the\fontdimen17\textfont2\relax}% - \fontdimen16\textfont2=2.7pt \fontdimen17\textfont2=2.7pt - \mathrm{#1}% - \resetfontdimens}} -</pre> - - -<h2><a name="49">8.4 Notensatz <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - -<h3><a name="50">8.4.1 Wie kann ich mit TeX Noten setzen? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Notensatz mit TeX begann vor vielen Jahren mit dem Paket MuTeX, mit dem -einstimmiger Notensatz möglich war. Auf dessen Basis entwickelte -Daniel Taupin MusicTeX, das durch Ergänzungen insbesondere von -Ross Mitchell und Andreas Egler zu MusiXTeX wurde. Von -Egler gibt es auch noch eine Testversion namens OpusTeX. Die -MuTeX-Entwicklung wurde schon vor der endgültigen Fertigstellung -eingestellt. MusicTeX wird gewartet, MusiXTeX wird gewartet und -weiterentwickelt. -<p> -MuTeX, MusicTeX und MusiXTeX sind auf CTAN verfügbar. Neue -Benutzer sollten ausschließlich MusiXTeX verwenden und möglichst -auch einen der Präprozessoren wie beispielsweise ,PMX` oder -speziell für Chor- und Liedsatz ,M-Tx`. Zu diesen drei -Paketen gibt es in LaTeX geschriebene Dokumentation: MusiXTeX -116 Seiten, PMX 18 Seiten, M-Tx 34 Seiten. -<p> -Ein weiteres Projekt, welches sich mit dem Notensatz befaßt, ist -,LilyPond`. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>MusicTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/musictex/"><code>macros/musictex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>MusiXTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/musixtex"><code>macros/musixtex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> -<b>MuTeX, MusicTeX und MusiXTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://icking-music-archive.sunsite.dk/"><code>http://icking-music-archive.sunsite.dk/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>~: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://icking-music-archive.sunsite.dk/software/indexmt6.html"><code>http://icking-music-archive.sunsite.dk/software/indexmt6.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>LilyPond: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.cs.uu.nl/~hanwen/lilypond/"><code>http://www.cs.uu.nl/~hanwen/lilypond/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>GuitarTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://guitartex.sourceforge.net"><code>http://guitartex.sourceforge.net</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="51">8.4.2 Wer kann mir bei Fragen zu Notensatz mit TeX helfen?</a></h3> -<p> -Hilfe findet man oft in der MuTeX-Mailing-Liste (siehe -<a href="allgemein.html#24">Frage 1.3.4</a>). - -<h2><a name="52">8.5 Verschiedenes <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a></h2> - -<h3><a name="53">8.5.1 Ich erhalte die Fehlermeldung - ,<tt>! You can't use <tt>\spacefactor</tt> in vertical mode.</tt>` - oder ,<tt>Command <tt>\@</tt> already defined.</tt>`. Mache ich - etwas falsch?</a></h3> -<p> -In den meisten Fällen liegt die Schuld an der Verwendung oder Neudefinition -eines Makros beginnend mit <tt>\@</tt>, also einem At-Zeichen ,@` -am Anfang des Namens, in einem Dokument. Das At-Zeichen ,@` ist -aber nicht als Bestandteil eines Makronamens innerhalb des Dokuments erlaubt. -<p> -Beispielsweise tritt der Fehler bei der Definition -<pre> -\renewcommand{section}{% - \@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{-3.5ex plus-1ex minus-.2ex}% - {2.3ex plus.2ex}{\normalfont\Large\bfseries}} -</pre> - -in der Dokumentpräambel auf. -<p> -Vermeiden kann man diesen Fehler, indem man die Definition in -eine .sty-Datei verschiebt oder in der Präambel mit -<tt>\makeatletter</tt> ... <tt>\makeatother</tt> klammert, wie beispielsweise -<pre> -\makeatletter -\@removefromreset{footnote}{chapter} -\makeatother -</pre> - - - -<h3><a name="54">8.5.2 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß ein Zähler bei Erhöhung - eines anderen Zählers zurückgesetzt bzw. nicht zurückgesetzt - wird?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit der Deklaration <code>\@addtoreset{equation}{section}</code> kann man -erreichen, daß der Gleichungszähler immer dann auf Null -zurückgesetzt wird, wenn der Abschnittszähler erhöht wird. Diese -Deklaration wird implizit aufgerufen, wenn man in der Deklaration des -Gleichungszählers das optionale Argument verwendet, also -<code>\newcounter{equation}[section]</code>. Soll das Gegenteil erreicht -werden, so wird das Paket ,remreset`<a name="55" id="55"> benötigt,</a> das die -Deklaration <tt>\@removefromreset</tt> implementiert, mit der man durch -<code>\@removefromreset{equation}{section}</code> obiges nachträglich wieder -rückgängig machen kann. -<p> -Einfacher geht es mit den Anweisungen <tt>\counterwithin</tt> und -<tt>\counterwithout</tt>, die das Paket ,chngcntr` definiert. -Beispiel: -<pre> - \counterwithin{equation}{section} -</pre> - -Näheres ist der Beschreibung am Ende der Datei ,,<tt>chngcntr.sty</tt>`` -zu entnehmen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>remreset: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/carlisle/remreset.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/carlisle/remreset.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>chngcntr: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/chngcntr.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/chngcntr.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="56">8.5.3 Kann ich auch auf meinem System Umlaute und andere - Sonderzeichen direkt mit der Tastatur in mein LaTeX-Dokument - eingeben?</a></h3> -<p> -Ja. Zu diesem Zweck dient das Standard-LaTeX-Paket ,inputenc`<a name="57" id="57">.</a> -Es setzt die leider nicht standardisierten Zeichen mit einem -Code<i>></i>127 in eine einheitliche für TeX verständliche -Kodierung um. Damit dies so wie gewünscht erfolgt, muß als -Paketoption die zutreffende Kodierung des jeweiligen Betriebssystems -angegeben werden: -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <code>\usepackage[</code><i>Kodierung</i><code>]{inputenc}</code> -</div> - -<p> -Die folgenden Angaben und weitere sind für -,<i>Kodierung</i>` möglich: -<table> - <tr> - <td>latin1</td> - <td align="center">-</td> - <td>Die meisten Unix-Systeme und VMS.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>ansinew</td> - <td align="center">-</td> - <td>Windows 3.x, 9x, NT. Unwesentliche Abweichungen zu - ,latin1`.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>cp437de</td> - <td align="center">-</td> - <td>MSDOS.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>cp850</td> - <td align="center">-</td> - <td>OS/2, auch mit MSDOS, falls explizit</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>die Codepage IBM-850 benutzt wird.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>applemac</td> - <td align="center">-</td> - <td>Apple-Macintosh.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p> -Dokumente, die unter Verwendung von ,inputenc` geschrieben sind, -können trotz unterschiedlicher Zeichenkodierung in den meisten -Fällen auch auf fremden Systemen übersetzt werden. Eine Mischung -unterschiedlicher Kodierungen ist allerdings nicht möglich. -Siehe dazu auch - - -<h3><a name="58">8.5.4 Wie kann ich Umlaute in Texinfo-Dokumenten verwenden? - Gibt es eine deutsche/internationalisierte Version von Texinfo?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit der aktuellen Version 4.0 -können Umlaute -mit dem Makro <code>@"</code> (Bsp: <code>@"A</code>), Akzente mit <code>@'</code> (Bsp: -<code>@'e</code>) usw. eingegeben werden. Darüberhinaus existieren auch die -Lettern wie <code>@ss{}</code>, die Ligaturen <code>@AE{}</code>, <code>@ae{}</code>, -<code>@OE{}</code> und <code>@oe{}</code>, die Lettern mit Ring <code>@AA{}</code> und -<code>@aa{}</code>, die durchgestrichenen Lettern <code>@O{}</code> und -<code>@o{}</code> und einige mehr. -<p> -Die Unterstützung auch der deutschen Sprache ist in neueren Versionen -bereits enthalten. -<table> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://texinfo.org"><code>http://texinfo.org</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="59">8.5.5 Wie kann ich die Fehlermeldung - ,<tt>Text line contains an invalid character</tt>` abstellen, die ich - unter emTeX bekomme, sobald ich Umlaute verwende?</a></h3> -<p> -Um Umlaute verwenden zu können, muß man unter emTeX eine -Formatdatei ,,8-bit clean`` erzeugen, da sonst alle Zeichen mit -Code<i> > </i>127 auf das Zeichen 127 (= <code>^</code><code>^?</code>) abgebildet -werden, das in TeX normalerweise als ,invalid` deklariert -ist. ,,8-bit clean`` werden Formatdateien mit -<pre> -makefmt 8bit ... -</pre> - -(bzw. ,<tt>tex -i -8 ...</tt>`) erstellt. - -<h3><a name="60">8.5.6 Wie kann man mit LaTeX Serienbriefe erstellen?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Klasse ,scrlettr`<a name="61" id="61"> des</a> KOMA-Script-Paketes und die Klasse -,akletter`, beide zur Erstellung von Briefen gedacht, -unterstützen die Erstellung von Serienbriefen. Neben diesen gibt es -mit den LaTeX-Paketen ,mailing`, ,textmerg`, -,finder`, ,formletter` und ,tk_Brief` noch weitere -Pakete für Serienbriefe. -<p> -Für eine kleinere Anzahl von Serienbriefen kann man den Text des -Briefes auch in einem Makro mit <tt>\newcommand</tt> definieren, wobei man -die für jeden Empfänger unterschiedlichen Textteile diesem Makro als -Parameter übergibt. Anschließend wird dieses Makro dann mehrmals -mit jeweiliger Anrede, Name, Straße, Ort usw. aufgerufen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>akletter: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/akletter/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/akletter/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mailing: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mailing/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/mailing/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>textmerg: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/textmerg/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/textmerg/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>finder: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/letters/finder/"><code>macros/latex209/contrib/letters/finder/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>formletter: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/generic/formlett/"><code>macros/generic/formlett/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> -<b>tk_Brief: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.deres-mueller.de/tk_Brief/"><code>http://www.deres-mueller.de/tk_Brief/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="62">8.5.7 Wie kann ich in LaTeX mehrere - ,<tt>enumerate</tt>`-Umgebungen verwenden, ohne daß der Zähler - immer wieder zurückgesetzt wird?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit dem im Paket ,mdwlist`<a name="63" id="63"> enthaltenen</a> Anweisungen -<tt>\suspend</tt><tt>{enumerate}</tt> und <tt>\resume</tt><tt>{enumerate}</tt> -kann der Zähler für die Aufzählungspunkte entsprechend gesetzt werden. -<p> -Das ,expdlist` bietet mit der Anweisung <tt>\listpart</tt> die -Möglichkeit, in Listen Einschübe einzuflechten. Benötigt man -mehrere zusammengehörige Aufzählungslisten nur wegen dieser -Einschübe, so ist dieses Paket die bessere Lösung. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mdwlist: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mdwtools/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/mdwtools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>expdlist: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/expdlist/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/expdlist/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="64">8.5.8 Wie kann ich den Dateinamen meines LaTeX-Dokuments - innerhalb des Dokuments ausgeben?</a></h3> -<p> -Man verwende -<pre> -\jobname.tex -</pre> - -für diesen Zweck. Eine portable Lösung, um auch das Verzeichnis, in -dem sich die Datei befindet, zu erhalten, existiert nicht. - -<h3><a name="65">8.5.9 Meine Versuche, <tt>\figurename</tt>, <tt>\tablename</tt> o.ä. bei - Verwendung des Pakets ,babel` umzudefinieren, mißlingen. Was kann ich - tun?</a></h3> -<p> -Die naheliegende Lösung -<pre> -\renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.} -\renewcommand{\tablename}{Tab.} -</pre> - -funktioniert so mit dem Paket ,german`<a name="66" id="66">,</a> wenn danach die Sprache -nicht gewechselt wird. -<p> -Das Paket ,babel` schaltet jedoch erst zu Beginn des Dokuments -auf die gewählte Sprache um. In diesem Fall werden dann -<tt>\figurename</tt> und <tt>\tablename</tt> auf die in ,babel` -definierten Standardwerte ,Abbildung` bzw. ,Tabelle` -gesetzt. Mit folgender Definition kann das Problem gelöst werden: -<pre> -\usepackage[german]{babel} - -\addto\captionsgerman{% - \renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.}% - \renewcommand{\tablename}{Tab.}% -} -</pre> - -Bei Verwendung der neuen deutschen Rechtschreibung ist entsprechend -<pre> -\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} - -\addto\captionsngerman{% - \renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.}% - \renewcommand{\tablename}{Tab.}% -} -</pre> - -einzufügen. - -<h3><a name="67">8.5.10 Ich habe neue Dateien zu dem TeX-Baum hinzugefügt, - wieso werden sie von TeX bzw. LaTeX nicht gefunden?</a></h3> -<p> -Um die Suche nach Dateien zu beschleunigen, verwenden einige -TeX-Systeme eine Datenbank mit den Dateinamen im TeX-Baum. Werden -neue Dateien hinzugefügt oder Dateien entfernt, so muß man bei -diesen Systemen die Datenbank auf den aktuellen Stand bringen. -<p> -Unter teTeX oder fpTeX geht das durch Aufruf von ,,<tt>mktexlsr</tt>`` -oder ,,<tt>texconfig rehash</tt>``; in älteren Versionen muß man -,,<tt>texhash</tt>`` verwenden. -<p> -Unter MikTeX sollte man fehlende Komponenten über das MikTeX-Options-Tool -installieren, das automatisch die Datenbank der Dateinamen auf den aktuellen -Stand bringt. Um diese Datenbank für den TeXMF- und den lokalen -Verzeichnisbaum in allen sonstigen Fällen zu aktualisieren, klickt man auf -,Start`, ,Programme`, ,MikTeX`, ,MikTeX Options` -und dort auf der Registerkarte ,Roots` auf ,Refresh FNDB` oder man -ruft in der MS-DOS-Eingabeaufforderung ,,<tt>initexmf -u</tt>`` auf. - -<h3><a name="68">8.5.11 Wenn ich versuche, mit der Anweisung <tt>\tracingall</tt> - Fehler in meinem LaTeX-Dokument zu finden, erhalte ich viele unnütze - Informationen. Kann man das ändern?</a></h3> -<p> -Bei Verwendung des LaTeX-Pakets ,trace`<a name="69" id="69"> werden</a> viele dieser oft -unnützen Informationen unterdrückt. Mit den enthaltenen Anweisungen -<tt>\traceon</tt> und <tt>\traceoff</tt> lassen sich die zu untersuchenden -Bereiche weiter einschränken. Besonders günstige Ergebnisse werden -mit eLaTeX erzielt (siehe <a href="uebersicht.html#33">Frage 3.3.4</a>). Näheres ist in der -Paketbeschreibung nachzulesen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>trace: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.latex-project.org/code/experimental/trace/"><code>http://www.latex-project.org/code/experimental/trace/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="70">8.5.12 Wieso bekomme ich bei einem Acute-Akzentzeichen oder - einem Anführungszeichen eine Fehlermeldung statt des gewünschten - Zeichens?</a></h3> -<p> -Bei der Eingabe eines Apostrophzeichens für <code>\'e</code>, <code>"'</code> -oder <code>''</code> kommt es bei Benutzung einer entsprechenden -Tastaturbelegung immer wieder vor, daß man statt des Apostrophs -(Code 29 in ASCII) auf der Tastatur das ähnlich aussehende -Akzentzeichen (Code 180 in ISO Latin-1) verwendet. - -<h3><a name="71">8.5.13 Wie kann ich den üblichen Absatzeinzug auch innerhalb - von ,<tt>minipage</tt>` bzw. ,<tt>\parbox</tt>` erhalten?</a></h3> -<p> -Die üblichen Einstellungen von LaTeX sind derart, daß innerhalb -einer ,<tt>minipage</tt>`<a name="72" id="72"> oder</a> einer ,<tt>\parbox</tt>` Absätze ohne -Einzug und mit vertikalem Abstand gesetzt werden. Will man dies -ändern, so kann man für Einzelfälle die entsprechenden -Längenregister anpassen: -<pre> -\begin{minipage}{...} - \setlength{\parindent}{1em} - \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} - ... -\end{minipage} -</pre> - -<p> -Soll diese Änderung für alle Umgebungen einheitlich erfolgen, so ist -eine der beiden internen Anweisungen ,<tt>\@minipagerestore</tt>` oder -,<tt>\@parboxrestore</tt>` zu ändern. ,<tt>\@minipagerestore</tt>` -wirkt nur auf ,<tt>minipage</tt>`-Umgebungen, während -,<tt>\@parboxrestore</tt>` neben ,<tt>minipage</tt>` auch auf -,<tt>\parbox</tt>` als auch auf andere Umgebungen und Anweisungen (wie -Fließumgebungen, ,<tt>\caption</tt>`, ,<tt>\marginpar</tt>`, -Fußnoten) wirkt. Folgendes Beispiel zeigt die Änderung von -,<tt>\@minipagerestore</tt>`, wobei man diese Zeilen in eine -.sty-Datei oder mit <tt>\makeatletter</tt> ... <tt>\makeatother</tt> -geklammert in die Dokumentpräambel schreiben muß: -<pre> -\newcommand{\orig@minipagerestore}{} -\let\orig@minipagerestore=\@minipagerestore -\renewcommand{\@minipagerestore}{% - \orig@minipagerestore - \setlength{\parindent}{1em}% - \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% -} -</pre> - - -<h3><a name="73">8.5.14 Wie kann ich die Schriftgröße relativ zur aktuell - verwendeten eine Stufe kleiner oder größer wählen?</a></h3> -<p> -Mit dem Paket ,relsize`<a name="74" id="74"> kann</a> man die Schriftgröße um einige -Stufen kleiner oder größer als die aktuell verwendete wählen. -Hierzu dienen die Anweisungen <tt>\smaller</tt>, <tt>\larger</tt> oder -<tt>\relsize</tt><tt>{<i>n</i>}</tt> bzw. <tt>\textsmaller</tt><tt>{<i>text</i>}</tt>, -<tt>\textlarger</tt><tt>{<i>text</i>}</tt> und -<tt>\mathsmaller</tt><tt>{<i>formel</i>}</tt>, -<tt>\mathlarger</tt><tt>{<i>formel</i>}</tt>. -<p> -Will man die Schriftgröße aller Fußnoten, Bildunterschriften oder -Überschriften um eine Stufe kleiner oder größer wählen, so ist es -besser die Makros für Fußnoten, Unterschriften bzw. Überschriften -entsprechend abzuändern. Dies kann sehr einfach mit Paketen wie -,footmisc`, ,caption2`, ,titlesec` oder ,sectsty`, die -an anderer Stelle erwähnt werden, erfolgen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>relsize: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/relsize.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/relsize.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="75">8.5.15 Wie verwende ich (La)TeX zusammen mit METAPOST?</a></h3> -<p> -Der Artikel ,,Some Experiences in Running METAFONT and METAPOST`` von -Peter Wilson beschreibt die Verwendung von METAPOST in LaTeX. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Peter Wilson: Some Experiences...: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/metafp.pdf"><code>info/metafp.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>~: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/metafp.ps"><code>info/metafp.ps</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Vincent Zoonekynd: Métapost exemples: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~zoonek/LaTeX/Metapost/metapost.html"><code>http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~zoonek/LaTeX/Metapost/metapost.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>~: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/metapost/examples/"><code>info/metapost/examples/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="76">8.5.16 Wie kann ich ein LaTeX-Makro umdefinieren und dabei - auf dessen bisherige Bedeutung zugreifen?</a></h3> -<p> -Die einfache Vorgehensweise eine vorhandene Anweisung <tt>\foo</tt> durch -beispielsweise -<pre> -\renewcommand{\foo}[1]{% - ... tue was ... \foo{#1} ... nochmal was ...} -</pre> - -funktioniert nicht, da sich <tt>\foo</tt> immer wieder selbst (rekursiv) -aufrufen würde, man also eine Endlosschleife hätte. Um diese zu -vermeiden, muß man zuerst die Bedeutung des Makro <tt>\foo</tt> unter -einem anderen Makronamen retten und diesen dann in der neuen -Definition verwenden: -<pre> -% Die Originaldefinition des Makros unter einem neuen Namen retten. -% Sicherstellen, dass der neue Name bislang undefiniert ist: -\newcommand{\origfoo}{} -% Originaldefinition unter neuem Namen merken: -\let\origfoo=\foo -% -% Makro nun neu definieren: -\renewcommand{\foo}[1]{% - ... tue was ... - \origfoo{#1}% - ... nochmal was ...} -</pre> - - -<h3><a name="77">8.5.17 Wie kann ich ein Zeichen hoch- oder tiefstellen, ohne - den Mathematikmodus zu benutzen?</a></h3> -<p> -Für das Hochstellen von Zeichen ohne Einschaltung des Mathematikmodus -bietet LaTeX die Anweisung <tt>\textsuperscript</tt> an. -<p> -Mit den folgenden Definitionen, die analog der Definiton von -<tt>\textsuperscript</tt> sind, erhält man eine entsprechende Anweisung -<tt>\textsubscript</tt> zum Tiefstellen von Zeichen: -<pre> -\DeclareRobustCommand*\textsubscript[1]{% - \@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}} -\newcommand{\@textsubscript}[1]{% - {\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}} -</pre> - -Da diese Definitionen LaTeX-interne Anweisungen verwenden, müssen -sie in eine Paketdatei oder in <tt>\makeatletter</tt> ... -<tt>\makeatother</tt> geklammert werden. -<p> -Die Pakete ,subscript`<a name="78" id="78"> und</a> ,lhelp` sowie die aktuelle Version der -KOMA-Script-Klassen enthalten bereits diese -Definition und ist daher einer eigenen Definition vorzuziehen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>subscript: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fragments/subscript.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/fragments/subscript.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>lhelp: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/lhelp"><code>macros/latex/contrib/lhelp</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="79">8.5.18 Wie kann ich das aktuelle Datum oder die aktuelle - Uhrzeit in mein Dokument einbauen?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Anweisung <tt>\today</tt> liefert die sprachabhängig formatierte -Darstellung des aktuellen Datums, beispielsweise ,,19. September 2003``. -<p> -Das Paket ,scrtime`<a name="80" id="80"> des</a> KOMA-Script-Paketes stellt die Anweisung -<tt>\thistime</tt> zur Verfügung, mit der die aktuelle Uhrzeit in der -Form <i>hh:mm</i> ausgegeben wird. -<p> -Im Buch ,,Der LaTeX-Begleiter`` bei der Beschreibung des Paket -,calc` findet man als Anwendungsbeispiel eine von KOMA-Script -unabhängige Lösung, die wie <tt>\thistime</tt> das TeX-Register -<tt>\time</tt> auswertet. -<p> -Eine komfortable Lösung zur unterschiedlichen Datumsdarstellung bietet das -Paket ,isodate`. Hier werden neben der ,,alten`` und -,,neuen`` deutschen Darstellung auch österreichische, -US-englische, französische, dänische und norwegische Formate -unterstützt. -<p> -Für Uhrzeiten und Uhrzeitbereichen in unterschiedlicher Darstellung dient -das Paket ,uhrzeit`. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>isodate: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/isodate/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/isodate/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>uhrzeit: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/uhrzeit/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/uhrzeit/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="81">8.5.19 Wie kann ich das Aussehen von Listenumgebungen, - speziell deren vertikale Abstände, auf einfache Weise - verändern?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Pakete ,mdwlist`<a name="82" id="82">,</a> ,paralist` und ,expdlist` -bieten verschiedene Möglichkeiten, das Aussehen von Listen zu -beeinflussen. Dabei können sowohl die Einrückungstiefen und -vertikale Abstände als auch das Aussehen der Marken bei -,description`-artige Listen angepaßt werden. Außerdem stehen -vordefinierte kompakte Listen, bei ,paralist` auch innerhalb des -fließenden Textes, zur Verfügung. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mdwlist: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mdwtools/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/mdwtools/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>paralist: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/paralist/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/paralist/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>expdlist: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/expdlist/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/expdlist/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="83">8.5.20 Wie kann ich den Wert eines Längenregister im Text - oder in der Protokollausgabe anzeigen lassen?</a></h3> -<p> -Leider bietet LaTeX hier keine Anweisungen an, aber man kann sich -dennoch einfacher TeX-Mittel bedienen. Der Wert eines -Längenregister <tt>\laenge</tt> wird in der Protokollausgabe mit -<tt>\showthe</tt><tt>\laenge</tt> ausgegeben; zur Ausgabe wird der -Formatierlauf unterbrochen und kann mit <em>Return</em> fortgesetzt -werden. Für die Anzeige im Text ist die Anweisung -<tt>\the</tt><tt>\laenge</tt> hilfreich, die zum Wert des Längenregisters -expandiert. Beide Anweisungen geben den Wert in Punkten an, für -andere Einheiten muß selbst umgerechnet werden. Zum Umrechnen eignet -sich das Paket ,printlen`<a name="84" id="84">.</a> -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>printlen: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/printlen.sty"><code>macros/latex/contrib/misc/printlen.sty</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="85">8.5.21 Wie kann ich mit LaTeX Bildschirmpräsentationen - erzeugen?</a></h3> -<p> -Es gibt etliche meist auf dem PDF-Format basierende Lösungen. Einen -guten Überblick bietet die folgende Adresse. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Michael Wiedmann: Screen Presentation Tools: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.miwie.org/presentations/presentations.html"><code>http://www.miwie.org/presentations/presentations.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="86">8.5.22 Welche veralteten oder ungünstigen - LaTeX-Pakete und LaTeX-Anweisungen sollte ich meiden? <img alt="»neu«" border="0" src="new-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Die in der folgenden unvollständige Aufstellung unter ,,zu ersetzen - durch`` gemachten Angaben sollten, auch wenn sie hier nicht näher begründet -werden können, befolgt werden. Es handelt sich <em>nicht</em> vorrangig um -formale Gründe, die diesen Empfehlungen zugrunde liegen. Im Zweifelsfall -ziehe man geeignete Dokumentationen zu Rate. -<table> - <tr> - <td><b>veraltetes/ungünstiges Paket</b></td> - <td><b>zu ersetzen durch</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -a4<a name="87" id="87">,</a> a4wide</td> - <td>Klassenoption a4paper</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -caption</td> - <td>caption2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -doublespace</td> - <td>setspace</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -epsfig, epsf</td> - <td>graphicx</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -fancyheadings</td> - <td>fancyhdr</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -floatfig, picinpar</td> - <td>picins, floatflt, -wrapfig</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -umlaut</td> - <td>inputenc</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -<tt>\usepackage</tt><tt>{isolatin1}</tt></td> - <td><tt>\usepackage[latin1]</tt><tt>{inputenc}</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -natdin</td> - <td>dinat</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -scrlettr</td> - <td>scrlettr2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -scrpage</td> - <td>scrpage2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -<tt>\usepackage</tt><tt>{t1enc}</tt></td> - <td><tt>\usepackage[T1]</tt><tt>{fontenc}</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -times oder pslatex</td> - <td>mathptmx, helvet, courier</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -palatino</td> - <td>mathpazo, helvet, courier</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -<tt>\usepackage[ngerman]</tt><tt>{babel}</tt></td> - <td>Nur eines der beiden Pakete ist sinnvoll.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>\usepackage</tt><tt>{ngerman}</tt></td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> - <tr> - <td><b>veraltete/ungünstige Anweisung</b></td> - <td><b>zu ersetzen durch</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -<tt>\it</tt>, <tt>\rm</tt>, <tt>\bf</tt></td> - <td><tt>\itshape</tt>, <tt>\rmfamily</tt>, <tt>\bfseries</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><tt>\textit</tt><tt>{...}</tt>, <tt>\textrm</tt><tt>{...}</tt>, <tt>\textbf</tt><tt>{...}</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -Texthervorhebung mit:</td> - <td><tt>\emph</tt><tt>{...}</tt> (<em>oft so gemeint</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>\textit</tt><tt>{...}</tt></td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -<tt>\parindent0pt</tt></td> - <td><tt>\setlength</tt><tt>{<tt>\parindent</tt>}</tt><tt>{0pt}</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -center-Umgebung innerhalb</td> - <td><tt>\centering</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>von figure-Umgebungen</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -<tt>\<tt>\</tt></tt>, um im Fließtext einen</td> - <td>Leerzeile oder <tt>\par</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Absatz zu beginnen</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -<tt>\usepackage[treiber]</tt></td> - <td><tt>\usepackage</tt><tt>{graphicx}</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> <tt>{graphicx}</tt></td> - <td>(<em>meistens möglich</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -<tt>\includegraphics</tt></td> - <td><tt>\includegraphics</tt><tt>{dateiname}</tt></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> <tt>{dateiname.endung}</tt></td> - <td>(<em>meistens möglich</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p> -<tt>$$</tt>...<tt>$$</tt></td> - <td><tt>\begin</tt><tt>{displaymath}</tt>...<tt>\end</tt><tt>{displaymath}</tt> -</td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. 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Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>11 Tools und Utilities</h1> -<menu> -<li><a href="#1">11.1 Tools zur Manipulation von dvi-Dateien</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#2">11.1.1 Ich möchte durch doppelseitigen Druck und - entsprechende Faltung eine Broschüre in DIN A5 - mit Hilfe von DIN A4-Bögen erstellen.</a> -<li><a href="#4">11.1.2 Ich möchte aus einer bereits fertigen, jedoch für - DIN A4 formatierte Broschüre durch Verkleinerung, doppelseitigen - Druck und entsprechende Faltung eine Broschüre in DIN A5 - erstellen.</a> -<li><a href="#6">11.1.3 Wenn ich A5-Seiten auf A4-Bögen anordne, warum erscheint das - Ergebnis immer stark verschoben?</a> -<li><a href="#8">11.1.4 Wie kann ich bei doppelseitigem Druck jede zweite - Seite umgedreht drucken lassen?</a> -<li><a href="#10">11.1.5 Ist es möglich, zwei dvi-Dateien zu einer - zusammenzumontieren? Kann ich einzelne Seiten aus einer dvi-Datei - in eine dvi-Datei schreiben?</a> -<li><a href="#12">11.1.6 Eine vorhandene PostScript-Datei enthält Grafiken, - die ich für einen anderen Zweck wiederverwenden will. Was kann ich - tun?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#14">11.2 Syntax-Checker</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#15">11.2.1 Ich möchte ein LaTeX-Dokument möglichst schnell auf - Fehler überprüfen.</a> -<li><a href="#16">11.2.2 Gibt es auch noch Syntax-Checker, die schneller sind?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#17">11.3 Dokument-Konverter von bzw. in - das (La)TeX-Markup-Format <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#18">11.3.1 Ich habe ein Dokument für XYZ vorliegen und möchte - es in (La)TeX umwandeln. Gibt es ein Konvertierungsprogramm?</a> -<li><a href="#19">11.3.2 Ich habe ein (La)TeX-Dokument vorliegen und möchte - es in eine Form für XYZ umwandeln. Gibt es ein - Konvertierungsprogramm?</a> -<li><a href="#21">11.3.3 Konvertierungsprogramme für MS Word (for Windows), - WordPerfect (for Windows), allgemein für ,Rich Text Format` - (RTF) sowie für weitere Formate?</a> -<li><a href="#22">11.3.4 Konvertierungsprogramme zwischen HTML und LaTeX?</a> -<li><a href="#23">11.3.5 Konvertierungsprogramme von (La)TeX in einfaches - Textformat?</a> -<li><a href="#25">11.3.6 Wie kann ich Excel-Diagramme, Powerpoint-Zeichnungen - oder andere Windows-Bilder mit LaTeX verwenden? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#26">11.4 TeX-Benutzungsoberflächen und Editoren <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#27">11.4.1 Emacs: Wie kann ich erreichen, daß für deutsche - Texte das Doublequote nicht durch `` bzw.'' ersetzt wird?</a> -<li><a href="#29">11.4.2 Emacs: Ich will direkt Umlaute verwenden können, - jedoch sollten diese in ,<tt>\"a</tt>` oder - ,<tt>"a</tt>` umgewandelt werden, damit ich sie - problemlos weitergeben kann.</a> -<li><a href="#30">11.4.3 Emacs: Wie kann ich Symbole leichter eingeben oder - anschaulicher bei der Eingabe darstellen? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#31">11.5 dvi-Treiber - Druckertreiber und Previewer</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#32">11.5.1 Wieso zeigt Xdvi das polnische L oder für - <tt>\sqrt</tt><tt>[n]{2}</tt> das ,n` nicht an, obwohl es beim - Ausdruck auf einem Drucker korrekt vorhanden ist?</a> -<li><a href="#33">11.5.2 Benutze ich Ghostscript 4.0 zur Anzeige von - PostScript-Grafiken in Xdvi erhalte ich den Fehler - ,<tt>/undefinedfilename in --file--</tt>`. Abhilfe?</a> -<li><a href="#34">11.5.3 Wieso weisen Satzbelichter meine mit ,dvips` - oder den ,psutils` erzeugten PostScript-Dateien mit der - Meldung zurück, daß diese kein korrektes PostScript konform zu - DSC 3.0 wären?</a> -<li><a href="#35">11.5.4 Wie kann ich mein Dokument so nach PostScript wandeln, - daß alle Seiten gespiegelt erzeugt werden?</a> -<li><a href="#37">11.5.5 Was kann ich tun, wenn mein Drucker Teile meines - Dokuments, die sich weit am unteren Blattrand befinden, nicht - druckt?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#38">11.6 Zeichenprogramme</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#39">11.6.1 Wie bringe ich ,XFig` dazu, beim Exportieren von - Graphiken nach (La)TeX Formeln nicht auszukommentieren, sondern - so zu übernehmen?</a> -<li><a href="#41">11.6.2 Warum funktioniert das DOS-Programm ,TeXCad` - nicht mehr auf meinem neuen Rechner?</a> -</menu> -</menu> -<hr align="center" width="70%" /> - -<h2><a name="1">11.1 Tools zur Manipulation von dvi-Dateien</a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="2">11.1.1 Ich möchte durch doppelseitigen Druck und - entsprechende Faltung eine Broschüre in DIN A5 - mit Hilfe von DIN A4-Bögen erstellen.</a></h3> -<p> -Mit ,dvidvi` oder ,dvibook` lassen sich die Seiten in -einer dvi-Datei so umordnen, daß auf einem Papierbogen die -entsprechenden Seiten doppelseitig gedruckt werden können. Neben -diesen dvi-Manipulationsprogrammen können auch einige -dvi-Gerätetreiber die Seiten so gedreht und sortiert ausgeben, daß -man diese zu einer Broschüre bzw. die einzelnen Bogenpäckchen zu -einem dickeren Buch binden kann. Beispiele für solche Treiber sind -,dvidrv` (emTeX-Paket, OS/2 und MS-DOS) ,dvi_dot` -(MultiTeX-Paket, Atari ST), DVI 3.xx (Atari ST). Hilfreich ist -hierbei neben der Fähigkeit, die Seiten entsprechend anzuordnen, daß -man die Signaturgröße, d.h. die Größe eines Heftchens, über -einen Parameter angeben kann (Bsp: ,section-count` bei den -emTeX-Treibern). Verwendet man PostScript, so kann man mit -,psbook` (aus den PostScript-Utilities) statt der Seiten in der -dvi-Datei auch die Seiten in der aus der dvi-Datei erzeugten -PostScript-Datei umordnen. Dabei sollte man darauf achten, daß die -PostScript-Dateien sogenannte ,strukturierte Kommentare` -enthalten, da ,psbook`, andere PostScript-Utilities und -beispielsweise auch ,ghostview` diese Kommentare benötigen, um -den Vorspann und die einzelnen Seiten voneinander trennen zu -können. In ,dvips`<a name="3" id="3"> darf</a> man die Option -N (,No -structured comments`) daher <em>nicht</em> verwenden! -<p> -<b>Lösungsbeispiel mit ,dvidvi` und ,dvips`:</b> -<pre> -# Vorderseiten: -dvidvi -m '4:-1,2(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp1.dvi -dvips -t landscape tmp1.dvi -# -# Rueckseiten: -dvidvi -m '4:-3,0(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp2.dvi -dvips -t landscape tmp2.dvi -# -# danach zuerst die Vorderseiten in `tmp1.ps' ausdrucken, diese in -# den Drucker so einlegen, dass die letzte Vorderseite zuerst -# eingezogen wird, und dann die Rueckseiten in `tmp2.ps' ausdrucken. -</pre> - -<p> -<b>Lösungsbeispiel mit ,psbook`, ,pstops` und - ,dvips`:</b> -<p> - Damit ,dvips` auch weiterverarbeitbare PostScript-Seiten im - DIN A5-Format erzeugen kann, muß in die - ,dvips`-Konfigurationsdatei ,,<tt>config.ps</tt>`` noch folgender - Eintrag hinzugefügt werden: -<pre> -@ A5 148.5mm 210mm -@+ %%PaperSize: A5 -@+ ! %%DocumentPaperSizes: A5 -</pre> - -<p> -Anschließend können die folgenden Anweisungen abgesetzt werden: -<pre> -# Ausgabe im Hochformat in DIN A5 -dvips -t a5 -o tmp.ps datei.dvi -</pre> - -und nach dem Erzeugen der A5-großen Seiten anschließend -<pre> -# Sortieren der Seiten der PS-Datei, Signaturgroesse: je 16 Seiten -# ergibt 4 Boegen (doppelseitig und gefaltet) -psbook -s16 tmp.ps tmp-sorted.ps -# Zusammenfassen von 4 Seiten auf ein DIN A4-Blatt -pstops '4:0L(21cm,0)+1L(21cm,14.85cm),2R(0,29.7cm)+3R(0,14.85cm)' \ - tmp-sorted.ps datei.ps -</pre> - -<p> -Die Veränderung von ,,<tt>config.ps</tt>`` und die Option -<tt>-t a5</tt> beim Aufruf von ,dvips` kann entfallen, -wenn das Programm ,psresize` verwendet wird: -<pre> -# Ausgabe im Hochformat (in DIN A5) -dvips -o tmp-in.ps datei.dvi -# Korrigiere Papiergroessenangabe von A4 auf A5 -psresize -Pa4 -pa5 tmp-in.ps tmp.ps -</pre> - -<p> -Man beachte, daß unter manchen Betriebssystemen die Hochkommata -entfallen oder durch doppelte Hochkommata ersetzt werden müssen. Der -Backslash am Ende der letzten Anweisung zeigt an, daß diese und die -nachfolgende Zeile zusammengehören! -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>dvidvi: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/dviware/dvidvi/"><code>dviware/dvidvi/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>dvibook: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/dviware/dvibook/"><code>dviware/dvibook/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>psbook: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/psutils/"><code>support/psutils/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>psresize: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/psutils/"><code>support/psutils/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"> - (unterhalb von <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems"><code>systems</code></a> findet man Binaries - dieser Programme für verschiedene Systeme)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><b>Print Output as Booklet: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.lyx.org/help/PS/ps.php#booklet"><code>http://www.lyx.org/help/PS/ps.php#booklet</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="4">11.1.2 Ich möchte aus einer bereits fertigen, jedoch für - DIN A4 formatierte Broschüre durch Verkleinerung, doppelseitigen - Druck und entsprechende Faltung eine Broschüre in DIN A5 - erstellen.</a></h3> -<p> -In <a href="#2">Frage 11.1.1</a> wurden bereits entsprechende Programme -vorgestellt, mit denen die Manipulationen durchgeführt werden können. Im -Unterschied zu der dort vorgestellten Lösung sind nun die Seiten zusätzlich -von DIN A4 auf DIN A5 zu verkleinern. Diese Skalierung ist -typographisch nicht empfehlenswert; eine Layout-Änderung und Neuformatierung -der Vorlage auf DIN A5, um eine Skalierung zu vermeiden, wäre besser. -<p> -<b>Lösungsbeispiel mit ,dvidvi` und ,dvips`:</b> -<pre> -# Vorderseiten: -dvidvi -m '4:-1,2(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp1.dvi -dvips -t landscape -x 707 tmp1.dvi -# -# Rueckseiten: -dvidvi -m '4:-3,0(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp2.dvi -dvips -t landscape -x 707 tmp2.dvi -# -# danach zuerst die Vorderseiten in `tmp1.ps' ausdrucken, diese in -# den Drucker so einlegen, dass die letzte Vorderseite zuerst -# eingezogen wird, und dann die Rueckseiten in `tmp2.ps' ausdrucken. -</pre> - -<p> -<b>Lösungsbeispiel mit ,psbook`<a name="5" id="5">,</a> ,pstops` und - ,dvips`:</b> -<pre> -# Ausgabe im Querformat und auf DIN A5 (= 1/sqrt{2}) verkleinert -dvips -t landscape -x 707 -o tmp.ps datei.dvi -# Sortieren der Seiten der PS-Datei, Signaturgroesse: je 16 Seiten -# ergibt 4 Boegen (doppelseitig und gefaltet) -psbook -s16 tmp.ps tmp-sorted.ps -# Zusammenfassen auf eine DIN A4-Seite -pstops '2:0(.744cm,.744cm)+1(.744cm,-14.106cm)' tmp-sorted.ps datei.ps -</pre> - -<p> -Man beachte, daß unter manchen Betriebssystemen die Hochkommata -entfallen oder durch doppelte Hochkommata ersetzt werden müssen. - -<h3><a name="6">11.1.3 Wenn ich A5-Seiten auf A4-Bögen anordne, warum erscheint das - Ergebnis immer stark verschoben?</a></h3> -<p> -In <a href="#2">Frage 11.1.1</a> und <a href="#4">Frage 11.1.2</a> -wurde bereits vorgestellt, wie normalerweise eine Broschüre in DIN A5 -erstellt werden kann. Dabei kann jedoch das Problem auftreten, dass das -Ergebnis stark verschoben ist und deshalb nicht auf einen Papierbogen passt. -Dieser Effekt tritt auf, wenn durch ein Paket das Papersize-Special in die -DVI-Datei geschrieben wird. Dies geschieht beispielsweise beim Paket -,geometry`<a name="7" id="7"> bei</a> Verwendung der Option ,dvips` oder beim Paket -,typearea` aus dem KOMA-Script-Paket bei Verwendung der Option -,dvips` oder der Option ,pagesize`. -<p> -Die Lösung für das Problem ist in diesem Fall ganz einfach. Verzichten Sie -auf die entsprechende Option und gehen Sie dann wie in den Antworten -beschrieben vor. -<p> -Wenn Sie eine DVI-Datei erhalten und feststellen wollen, ob ein entsprechendes -Special enthalten ist, können Sie das mit Hilfe des Programms -,dvitype` erreichen. Gibt ,dvitype` unmittelbar nach der -Zeile -<pre> - <nn>: begin of page1 -</pre> - -eine Zeile -<pre> - <nn>: xxx 'papersize=597.50793pt,845.04694pt' -</pre> - -aus, dann ist ein solches Special enthalten und das Problem wird auftreten. -<tt><nn></tt> ist dabei ein Zahlwert, der von Datei zu Datei unterschiedlich -sein kann. Obige Werte hinter ,,papersize=`` sind natürlich vom -eingestellten Papierformat abhängig. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>KOMA-Script: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>geometry: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/geometry/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/geometry/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="8">11.1.4 Wie kann ich bei doppelseitigem Druck jede zweite - Seite umgedreht drucken lassen?</a></h3> -<p> -Doppelseitige Drucker geben die zweite Seite meist über die längere -Kante gewendet aus, so daß hintere Seite eines Papierblattes -,,falsch herum`` gedruckt wird. Mit einem PostScript-fähigen -Drucker und dem Programm ,pstops`<a name="9" id="9"> (aus</a> den -PostScript-Utilities) kann dies problemlos korrigiert werden, indem -jede zweite Seite mit der Option ,U` (upside-down) auf den Kopf -gestellt wird: -<pre> -pstops '2:0,1U(21cm,29.7cm)' datei.ps datei-2r.ps -</pre> - -<p> -Will man wie in <a href="#2">Frage 11.1.1</a> oder -<a href="#4">Frage 11.1.2</a> Broschüren erstellen, sind die -dort gezeigten Verfahren durchzuführen. Anschließend ist dann obige -Zeile auf das Ergebnis anzuwenden. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>pstops: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/psutils/"><code>support/psutils/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="10">11.1.5 Ist es möglich, zwei dvi-Dateien zu einer - zusammenzumontieren? Kann ich einzelne Seiten aus einer dvi-Datei - in eine dvi-Datei schreiben?</a></h3> -<p> -,dviconcat`<a name="11" id="11">,</a> das im ,dvibook`-Paket enthalten ist, hängt -dvi-Dateien aneinander. Mit ,dviselect` aus demselben Paket kann man -einzelne Seiten bzw. Folgen von Seiten aus einer dvi-Datei extrahieren. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>dvibook: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/dviware/dvibook/"><code>dviware/dvibook/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="12">11.1.6 Eine vorhandene PostScript-Datei enthält Grafiken, - die ich für einen anderen Zweck wiederverwenden will. Was kann ich - tun?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Programm ,psrip`<a name="13" id="13"> kann</a> in vielen Fällen enthaltene EPS-Grafiken -aus einer PostScript-Datei extrahieren. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>psrip: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/psrip/"><code>support/psrip/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h2><a name="14">11.2 Syntax-Checker</a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="15">11.2.1 Ich möchte ein LaTeX-Dokument möglichst schnell auf - Fehler überprüfen.</a></h3> -<p> -In LaTeX gibt es das Paket ,syntonly`, das durch die Anweisung -,<tt>\syntaxonly</tt>` in der Dokumentpräambel einige LaTeX-Interna so -umdefiniert, daß kein oder nur spärlich dvi-Code erzeugt und so der -Übersetzungslauf beschleunigt wird. Dabei werden weiterhin die -meisten Fehler, insbesonders syntaktische, von TeX gemeldet. Jedoch -können auch weitere Fehler gemeldet werden, wenn Makros von den -intern jetzt nicht mehr erzeugten Strukturen abhängen. -,syntonly` benötigt die tfm-Datei für den Font -,dummy`. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>syntonly: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/"><code>macros/latex/base/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>dummy: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/sources/dummy.mf"><code>fonts/amsfonts/sources/dummy.mf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/tfm/dummy.tfm"><code>fonts/amsfonts/tfm/dummy.tfm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="16">11.2.2 Gibt es auch noch Syntax-Checker, die schneller sind?</a></h3> -<p> -Externe Syntax-Checker, wie ,lacheck`, ,ChkTeX` oder -,texchk`, sind schneller, jedoch kann es vorkommen, daß sie -z.B. bei ,verbatim`-ähnlichen Umgebungen sehr viele Fehler -melden, obwohl keine existieren. Meist ignorieren diese Programme auch -<code>\input</code>- und <code>\include</code>-Anweisungen, so daß die einzelnen -Dokumentdateien separat getestet werden müssen. Sie sind jedoch -schnell und ideal zum Finden von Fehlern durch inkorrekte Schachtelung -von Gruppen/Umgebungen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>lacheck: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/lacheck/"><code>support/lacheck/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>C/lex-Source von ,lacheck` (war früher im AucTeX-Paket enthalten).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ChkTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/chktex/"><code>support/chktex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>Sources und Binaries für verschiedene Architekturen.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>texchk: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip"><code>obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <tt>disk05/texcheck.zip</tt> enthalten. Der Quelltext wurde in der - Newsgroup `<a href="news:comp.sources.unix"><code>comp.sources.unix</code></a>` verteilt.: link)</td> - <td>Binary ist im emTeX- und damit auch im 4allTeX-Paket in - <tt>disk05/texcheck.zip</tt> enthalten. Der Quelltext wurde in der - Newsgroup `<a href="news:comp.sources.unix"><code>comp.sources.unix</code></a>` verteilt.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> -</td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h2><a name="17">11.3 Dokument-Konverter von bzw. in - das (La)TeX-Markup-Format <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="18">11.3.1 Ich habe ein Dokument für XYZ vorliegen und möchte - es in (La)TeX umwandeln. Gibt es ein Konvertierungsprogramm?</a></h3> -<p> -Für relativ viele Dokumentformate gibt es Programme, die diese in -eine (La)TeX-Eingabedatei mit entsprechendem Markup umwandeln. -Leider können die meisten dieser Programme nur eine -a) unvollständige Konvertierung durchführen, b) ein -(La)TeX-Dokument mit schlechtem Markup erzeugen oder -c) brechen mit Fehlern ab oder stürzen im schlimmsten Fall ab. -Dies liegt an unterschiedlichen Gründen, wie z.B. daran, daß die -Markup-Möglichkeiten des anderen Programms nicht mächtig genug sind -oder daß das Dateiformat nicht offiziell dokumentiert vorliegt und -daher nur unvollständig und fehlerhaft ,re-engineered` -wurde. Es ist daher besser, wenn Sie nicht allzu viel von diesen -Konvertierungsprogrammen erwarten und sich darauf einstellen, daß Sie -noch nacharbeiten müssen. -<p> -Konvertierungsprogramme, die (La)TeX-Dokumente erzeugen, existieren -für Word, WordPerfect, RTF, SGML, HTML, troff, Scribe u.v.m. -<h3><a name="19">11.3.2 Ich habe ein (La)TeX-Dokument vorliegen und möchte - es in eine Form für XYZ umwandeln. Gibt es ein - Konvertierungsprogramm?</a></h3> -<p> -Es existieren relativ viele Konvertierungsprogramme, um ein -LaTeX-Dokument in eine Form zu wandeln, um das Dokument oder Teile -daraus in anderen Programmen weiterzuverwenden. Auch hier muß man -mehr oder weniger Abstriche machen, wenn ein Dokument a) nicht -strukturiert eingegeben und konsistent mit LaTeX-Markup versehen -wurde, b) spezielle LaTeX-Pakete und -Erweiterungen -verwendet, c) mathematische Formeln, Tabellen und Grafiken mit -der ,<tt>picture</tt>`<a name="20" id="20">-Umgebung</a> enthält oder d) das -Konvertierungsprogramm spezielle Markup-Deklarationen benötigt. Sie -müssen daher auch hier entweder das entstandene Ergebnis -nachbearbeiten oder ihr LaTeX-Dokument vorher entsprechend anpassen. -<p> -Konvertierungsprogramme, die aus (La)TeX-Dokumenten ein anderes -Format erzeugen, existieren für RTF (Word/WordPerfect), gewöhnlichen -ASCII-Text, HTML, Portable Document Format (PDF) von Adobe u.v.m.. - -<h3><a name="21">11.3.3 Konvertierungsprogramme für MS Word (for Windows), - WordPerfect (for Windows), allgemein für ,Rich Text Format` - (RTF) sowie für weitere Formate?</a></h3> -<p> -LaTeX zwingt den Autor, sein Dokument in strukturierter Form -einzugeben, während Textverarbeitungsprogramme wie Word und -WordPerfect auch die unstrukturierte Eingabe eines Dokuments erlauben, -was leider auch die meisten Autoren tun. Daher ist es nur sehr schwer -und mit viel Aufwand möglich, ein unstrukturiertes Dokument -automatisch in eine strukturierte LaTeX-Eingabe umzusetzen. Für die -Textverarbeitungsprogramme existieren jedoch auch sogenannte -Dokumentvorlagen. Werden vom Autor eines Dokuments die zusätzlichen -Strukturierungsmöglichkeiten einer solchen Dokumentvorlage ,sauber` -und konsistent verwendet, ist eine automatische Umsetzung in eine klar -strukturierte LaTeX-Eingabedatei über einen ,internen` -Konverter (z.B. durch Makros des Textverarbeitungsprogrammes) -möglich. -<p> -Eine Übersicht über eine Vielzahl von Konvertierungsprogrammen -zwischen (La)TeX-Dokumenten und RTF-/Word/WP-Dokumenten hat Wilfried -Hennings in seiner FAQ unter -<div class="quote" align="center"> - -<a href="http://www.tug.org/utilities/texconv/"><code>http://www.tug.org/utilities/texconv/</code></a> -</div> - -veröffentlicht, die man auch unter -<div class="quote" align="center"> - -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/help/wp-conv/"><code>help/wp-conv/</code></a> -</div> - -finden kann. Im folgenden sind diese Programme daher nur knapp -aufgezählt. -<dl> -<dt><b>RTF/Word/WordPerfect => LaTeX (nichtkommerziell):</b></dt> -<dd> - <ul> -<li>RTF (Word/WordPerfect) => LaTeX: - <ul> -<li>rtf2TeX <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/rtf2tex/"><code>support/rtf2tex/</code></a> - <li>rtf2LaTeX <a href="http://members.home.net/setlur/rtf2latex2e/"><code>http://members.home.net/setlur/rtf2latex2e/</code></a>, - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/rtf2latex/"><code>support/rtf2latex/</code></a> - <li>rtfLaTeX <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/rtflatex/"><code>support/rtflatex/</code></a> - <li>w2latex <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/w2latex/"><code>support/w2latex/</code></a> - <li>wvLaTeX <a href="http://wvware.sourceforge.net/"><code>http://wvware.sourceforge.net/</code></a> - <li>GNU UnRTF <a href="http://www.geocities.com/tuorfa/unrtf.html"><code>http://www.geocities.com/tuorfa/unrtf.html</code></a> - </ul> - - <li>WinWord 2.0 und 6.0 => LaTeX: - <ul> -<li>WINW2LTX <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/winw2ltx/"><code>support/winw2ltx/</code></a> - (Dokumentvorlagen, interner Konverter!) - </ul> - - <li>WordPerfect => LaTeX: - <ul> -<li>WP2LaTeX <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/wp2latex/"><code>support/wp2latex/</code></a> - <li>TeXPerfect <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/texperf/"><code>support/texperf/</code></a> - <li>WP2x - </ul> - - <li>Word => LaTeX: - <ul> -<li>word_tex <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/word_tex/"><code>support/word_tex/</code></a> - (Dokumentvorlagen, interner Konverter!) - <li>WORD2TeX <a href="http://www.word2tex.com/"><code>http://www.word2tex.com/</code></a>, - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/word2tex/"><code>support/word2tex/</code></a> - <li>WD2LaTeX - <li>CATDOC <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/catdoc/"><code>support/catdoc/</code></a> - <li>Word2x <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/tools/word2x"><code>tools/word2x</code></a> - <li>W2T <a href="http://www.fi.muni.cz/~nygryn/w2t/"><code>http://www.fi.muni.cz/~nygryn/w2t/</code></a> - </ul> - - <li>Word => HTML: - <ul> -<li>wvHtml <a href="http://wvware.sourceforge.net/"><code>http://wvware.sourceforge.net/</code></a> - <li>GNU UnRTF <a href="http://www.geocities.com/tuorfa/unrtf.html"><code>http://www.geocities.com/tuorfa/unrtf.html</code></a> - </ul> - - <li>Word => Text/PostScript: - <ul> -<li>AntiWord <a href="http://www.winfield.demon.nl/index.html"><code>http://www.winfield.demon.nl/index.html</code></a> - <li>wvText <a href="http://wvware.sourceforge.net/"><code>http://wvware.sourceforge.net/</code></a> - </ul> - - </ul> - - <dt><b>RTF/Word/WordPerfect => LaTeX (kommerziell):</b></dt> -<dd> - <ul> -<li>Word/WordPerfect => (La)TeX: - <ul> -<li>,,Publishing Companion`` von K-Talk Communications Inc. <br /> -URL: <a href="http://www.ktalk.com"><code>http://www.ktalk.com</code></a> - </ul> - - <li>RTF => LaTeX: - <ul> -<li>Scientific Word/Scientific WorkPlace - (enthält RTF inkl. math => LaTeX) von TCI Software Research - </ul> - - <li>Math => Plain-TeX: - <ul> -<li>MathType Formeleditor von Design Science <br /> -URL: <a href="http://www.mathtype.com/mathtype/"><code>http://www.mathtype.com/mathtype/</code></a> - </ul> - - </ul> - - <dt><b>Excel-Tabellen => LaTeX (nichtkommerziell):</b></dt> -<dd> - <ul> -<li>Excel2Latex <br /> -<a href="http://www.jam-software.com/software.html"><code>http://www.jam-software.com/software.html</code></a> <br /> -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/excel2latex"><code>support/excel2latex</code></a> - <li>xl2Latex <br /> -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/xl2latex/"><code>support/xl2latex/</code></a> - <li>Tabular <br /> -<a href="http://www.hsh.no/~ag/tabular/"><code>http://www.hsh.no/~ag/tabular/</code></a> (nicht mehr erreichbar) - </ul> - - <dt><b>LaTeX => RTF/Word/WordPerfect (nichtkommerziell):</b></dt> -<dd> - <ul> -<li>LaTeX => RTF, Windows Help RTF, HTML, wxHelp - <ul> -<li>TeX2RTF 1.47 <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/tex2rtf/"><code>support/tex2rtf/</code></a> <br /> -URL: <a href="ftp://ftp.aiai.ed.ac.uk/pub/packages/tex2rtf/"><code>ftp://ftp.aiai.ed.ac.uk/pub/packages/tex2rtf/</code></a> - <a href="http://web.ukonline.co.uk/julian.smart/tex2rtf/"><code>http://web.ukonline.co.uk/julian.smart/tex2rtf/</code></a> - </ul> - - <li>LaTeX => RTF - <ul> -<li>latex2rtf <br /> -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/latex2rtf/"><code>support/latex2rtf/</code></a> - </ul> - -</ul> - - <dt><b>LaTeX => RTF/Word/WordPerfect (kommerziell):</b></dt> -<dd> - <ul> -<li>TeX/LaTeX => WordPerfect/Word - <ul> -<li>TexPort <br /> -URL: <a href="http://www.ktalk.com"><code>http://www.ktalk.com</code></a> - <li>tex2doc <br /> -URL: <a href="http://webplanet.lion.cc/jupiter/320094/software/Tex2doc.html"><code>http://webplanet.lion.cc/jupiter/320094/software/Tex2doc.html</code></a> - </ul> - - </ul> - - <dt><b>LaTeX => Framemaker (nicht kommerziell):</b></dt> -<dd> - <dt><b>Framemaker => LaTeX (nicht kommerziell):</b></dt> -<dd> - URL: <a href="http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/framemaker/"><code>http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/framemaker/</code></a> -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="22">11.3.4 Konvertierungsprogramme zwischen HTML und LaTeX?</a></h3> -<p> -Eine Übersicht über eine Vielzahl von Konvertierungsprogrammen -zwischen (La)TeX- und HTML-Dokumenten hat Günter Partosch in seiner -Liste ,,,Gleichzeitiges` Publizieren in HTML und LaTeX`` -unter <a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/~g029/TeX/converters.html"><code>http://www.uni-giessen.de/~g029/TeX/converters.html</code></a> -veröffentlicht. - - -<h3><a name="23">11.3.5 Konvertierungsprogramme von (La)TeX in einfaches - Textformat?</a></h3> -<p> -Da das Ergebnis eines TeX-Laufs ein druckreifes Dokument darstellt, -bei dem ein gefälliges Aussehen durch unterschiedliche Schriftarten -und -kodierungen u.a. ereicht wird, ist die Reduktion auf das -einfache Textformat nicht so einfach, wie man vielleicht glaubt. Die -folgenden Wege führen zu einem Endergebnis, welches mehr oder weniger -die zugrunde liegende Formatierung erahnen läßt: -<ul> - <li>,dvi2tty`<a name="24" id="24"> </a> <br /> -Ein dvi-Treiber, der das Ergebnis auf alphanumerischen Terminals - darstellen oder in eine Datei ausgeben kann. - <li>,catdvi` <br /> -Ein dvi-Treiber, der wie ,dvi2tty` Text liefert. - Baut auf der kpathsea-Bibliothek von Web2C auf und läuft - damit nur auf Betriebssystemen, auf denen diese existiert. - <li>,ps2ascii` <br /> -Bestandteil des Programmpaketes ,Ghostscript`. Erfordert die vorherige Wandlung der dvi-Datei nach PostScript. - <li>,pstotext` <br /> -Benutzt ebenfalls Ghostscript zur Wandlung, wobei - bessere Ergebnisse als mit ,ps2ascii` erzielt werden. - <li>,pdftotext` <br /> -Bestandteil des Programmpaketes ,Xpdf`. Erfordert die - vorherige Erzeugung einer pdf-Datei. Es werden recht gute - Ergebnisse erzielt. - <li>LaTeX => HTML => txt <br /> -Vorherige Wandlung der LaTeX-Datei nach HTML (siehe - <a href="#22">Frage 11.3.4</a>). Die Wandlung vom HTML- in das Textformat - kann mit Hilfe eines Web-Browsers (z.B. ,lynx`) oder mit - anderen speziellen Konvertierungsprogrammen geschehen. -<p> - Für die DE-TeX-FAQ wird ,html2text` zur Wandlung von - HTML- in Textdateien verwendet. Diese Programm liegt im Quellcode - vor und die Formatierung der verschiedenen HTML-Konstrukte läßt - sich durch eine Style-Konfigurationsdatei anpassen. Für DOS - existiert mit ,htmstrip` ein ähnliches Programm. - -</ul> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>dvi2tty: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/dviware/dvi2tty/"><code>nonfree/dviware/dvi2tty/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>catdvi: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.iki.fi/gaia/programs/catdvi/"><code>http://www.iki.fi/gaia/programs/catdvi/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ps2ascii: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/ghostscript/"><code>support/ghostscript/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>pstotext: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.research.digital.com/SRC/virtualpaper/"><code>http://www.research.digital.com/SRC/virtualpaper/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>pdftotext: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/xpdf/"><code>support/xpdf/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>pdftotext/Xpdf: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/"><code>http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>html2text: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~mbayer/tools/html2text.html"><code>http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~mbayer/tools/html2text.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/apps/www/converters/"><code>ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/apps/www/converters/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>htmstrip: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.erols.com/waynesof/"><code>http://www.erols.com/waynesof/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - - -<h3><a name="25">11.3.6 Wie kann ich Excel-Diagramme, Powerpoint-Zeichnungen - oder andere Windows-Bilder mit LaTeX verwenden? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Adobe stellt für Windows PostScript-Druckertreiber zur Verfügung. -Damit hat man die Möglichkeit, ein Dokument als EPS abzuspeichern, auch wenn -das Windows-Programm keinen EPS-Export vorsieht. <a href="makros2.html#65">Frage 6.4.1</a> -führt aus, wie man EPS-Bilder in LaTeX-Dokumente einbindet. Sollten die wie -oben angegeben erzeugten EPS-Bilder fehlerhafte Abmessungen aufweisen, so kann -der Tip in <a href="makros2.html#75">Frage 6.4.6</a> helfen. Weitere Informationen zum -Drucker-Treiber für Windows 95/98 und NT/2000/XP, sowie zu den Einstellungen -des Drucker-Treibers über eine PPD-Datei, gibt es auf dem Adobe-Web-Server. -<p> -Es empfiehlt sich, zusammen mit dem PostScript-Druckertreiber auch die Adobe -PPD-Dateien herunterzuladen. Diese enthalten eine Acrobat Distiller PPD-Datei, -die für die Erstellung von EPS-Dateien optimiert ist, welche nicht direkt auf -einem bestimmten Drucker ausgegeben werden sollen, sondern zur -Weiterverarbeitung (einschließlich PDF-Erstellung) gedacht sind. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Printer Drivers for Windows: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/pdrvwin.htm"><code>http://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/pdrvwin.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> -<b>Erstellen von EPS-Grafiken unter Windows: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/german/grafik/eps_anleitung.html"><code>info/german/grafik/eps_anleitung.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h2><a name="26">11.4 TeX-Benutzungsoberflächen und Editoren <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="27">11.4.1 Emacs: Wie kann ich erreichen, daß für deutsche - Texte das Doublequote nicht durch `` bzw.'' ersetzt wird?</a></h3> -<p> -In vielen, wenn auch nicht allen Fällen erkennt AucTeX, eine -empfehlenswerte Erweiterung des Emacs-TeX-Mode, durch die Verwendung -des Pakets ,german`<a name="28" id="28"> in</a> der Dokumentpräambel, daß dieses -Verhalten ausgeschaltet werden soll. Falls nicht, kann man zwei -Doublequotes eingeben, um einen einzelnen Doublequote zu erhalten. -<p> -Einfacher ist es, wenn man dieses Verhalten abschaltet oder ändert. -Beispielsweise in dem man in die Startup-Datei ,,<tt>.emacs</tt>`` die -Zeilen -<pre> -(add-hook 'TeX-mode-hook - (function (lambda () - ;; - ;; 1. besondere Behandlung fuer dt. Texte (u.a. fuer ") - (TeX-run-style-hooks "german") ;; nur AucTeX - ;; - ;; 2. gesonderte Behandlung von " ganz abschalten - ; (local-set-key "\"" 'self-insert-command) - ;; - ;; 3. je ein " statt ``...'' einfuegen: - ; (setq TeX-open-quote "\"") - ; (setq TeX-close-quote "\"") - ;; - ;; 4. "`..."' statt ``...'' einfuegen: - ; (setq TeX-open-quote "\"`") - ; (setq TeX-close-quote "\"'") - ))) -</pre> - -einfügt und je nach Wunsch eine der vier Varianten auskommentiert -läßt. Ab AucTeX v9.x kann man auch in der Datei ,,<tt>.emacs</tt>`` -einfach -<pre> -(setq TeX-quote-after-quote t) -</pre> - -schreiben, um dieses Verhalten abzuschalten. -<p> -Achtung: Für den TeX-Mode der Standard-Emacs-Verteilung muß der -Teil ,<tt>TeX-</tt>` in den Symbolen als ,<tt>tex-</tt>` -kleingeschrieben werden. Einige Erweiterungen funktionieren nur mit -AucTeX. - - -<h3><a name="29">11.4.2 Emacs: Ich will direkt Umlaute verwenden können, - jedoch sollten diese in ,<tt>\"a</tt>` oder - ,<tt>"a</tt>` umgewandelt werden, damit ich sie - problemlos weitergeben kann.</a></h3> -<p> -Die Emacs-Library-Datei ,iso-cvt` wandelt automatisch beim Laden -und Speichern eines Textes die Umlaute von bzw. in die entsprechenden -TeX- bzw. German-Style-Makro-Notation. Folgendes Code-Schnipsel -funktioniert nur mit AucTeX und einer neueren Version der -Library-Datei ,iso-cvt`. -<pre> -(require 'iso-cvt) -(add-hook 'LaTeX-mode-hook - (function (lambda () - ;; Setze Anfuehrungszeichen etc. fuer Style german - (TeX-run-style-hooks "german") - ;; - ;; Lade Buffer und wandle nach ISO Latin-1: - (format-encode-buffer 'plain) - ;; Speichere Buffer in "gtex" = german.sty-Notation ("a etc.): - (format-decode-buffer 'gtex)))) -</pre> - -<p> -Will man das entgegengesetzte Verhalten, soll also Emacs bei Eingabe -eines Umlauts statt des einzelnen Umlautzeichens direkt die aus -mehreren Zeichen bestehende TeX-Makro-Notation erzeugen, so kann man -dies durch Änderung der entsprechenden ,Key-Map` erreichen. -Beispielsweise durch folgenden unvollständig gezeigten Code: -<pre> -(add-hook 'TeX-mode-hook - (function (lambda () - (local-set-key [228] - (function (lambda () (interactive) - (insert "\"a") - ;; oder - ; (insert "\\\"a") - ))) - ;; weitere Zuweisungen mit analogem Aufbau - ;; fuer die anderen Umlaute und das scharfe s - ))) -</pre> - -Wenn man dies verwendet, wäre es noch ratsam, mit etwas zusätzlichem -Emacs-Lisp-Code beim Löschen eines so erzeugten ,Umlautes` -nicht nur ein Zeichen, sondern alle Zeichen des kompletten Makros zu -entfernen. -<p> -Achtung: Für den TeX-Mode der Standard-Emacs-Verteilung muß statt -des Symbols ,<tt>TeX-mode-hook</tt>` das kleingeschriebene -Symbol ,<tt>tex-mode-hook</tt>` verwendet werden. Einige -Erweiterungen funktionieren nur mit AucTeX. - -<h3><a name="30">11.4.3 Emacs: Wie kann ich Symbole leichter eingeben oder - anschaulicher bei der Eingabe darstellen? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Das Paket <tt>x-symbol</tt> zeigt unter XEmacs oder Emacs 21 sehr viele -Symbole in einer Semi-WYSIWYG-Darstellung. Zusätzlich erweitert es die -Menüs, so dass man in diesen nach Symbolen suchen kann. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>x-symbol: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://x-symbol.sourceforge.net"><code>http://x-symbol.sourceforge.net</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - - -<h2><a name="31">11.5 dvi-Treiber - Druckertreiber und Previewer</a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="32">11.5.1 Wieso zeigt Xdvi das polnische L oder für - <tt>\sqrt</tt><tt>[n]{2}</tt> das ,n` nicht an, obwohl es beim - Ausdruck auf einem Drucker korrekt vorhanden ist?</a></h3> -<p> -Xdvi sollte in diesem Fall die Warnung ,,Note: overstrike -characters may be incorrect.`` ausgeben. Bei Zeichen, die aus -mehreren, übereinander gesetzten Einzelzeichen erzeugt werden, -löscht Xdvi zur schnelleren Ausgabe Teile des bzw. der -darunterliegenden Einzelzeichen. In den Manual-Seiten zu Xdvi findet -man dazu mehr im Abschnitt zu den Optionen ,-thorough/-copy`. -(Nicht vergessen: Xdvi ist nur ein Previewer für -niedrigstauflösende Ausgabegeräte mit ca. 90-100dpi!) -<p> -Mit ,xdvi +copy file.dvi` (oder mit ,-thorough -nogrey`) -sollte man das ,n` in obiger Wurzel erhalten, ohne diese -Optionen erscheint nur die Wurzel. Die gleiche Wirkung erreicht man mit -dem Eintrag ,XDvi*thorough: true` in der Datei ,XDvi` -(X-Resource-Datei). Diese Datei befindet sich bei der teTeX-Distribution -im Verzeichnis ,,<tt>.../texmf/xdvi/</tt>`` bzw. sonst in -,,<tt>.../lib/X11/app-defaults/</tt>``. - -<h3><a name="33">11.5.2 Benutze ich Ghostscript 4.0 zur Anzeige von - PostScript-Grafiken in Xdvi erhalte ich den Fehler - ,<tt>/undefinedfilename in --file--</tt>`. Abhilfe?</a></h3> -<p> -Dies ist ein inzwischen gut bekannter Fehler. Die momentan einfachste -Abhilfe besteht darin, mindestens Version 4.03 oder neuer zu benutzen. -Ist dies nicht möglich, kann man in der Zwischenzeit an die -Ghostscript-Datei ,gs_init.ps` die Zeile -<pre> -$error /newerror false put -</pre> - -anhängen. In kurzer Zeit dürfte auch eine neue xdvi-Version -erscheinen (bzw. ist schon erschienen), die diesen Fehler beseitigt. - -<h3><a name="34">11.5.3 Wieso weisen Satzbelichter meine mit ,dvips` - oder den ,psutils` erzeugten PostScript-Dateien mit der - Meldung zurück, daß diese kein korrektes PostScript konform zu - DSC 3.0 wären?</a></h3> -<p> -Kommentare in einer PostScript-Datei sollen den Konventionen für -,Structured Comments`, den sogenannten ,Document -Structuring Conventions` (DSC), genügen. Ältere Versionen von -,dvips` und den Programmen ,pstops`, ,psbook`, -,psselect` etc. der PostScript-Utilities erzeugen jedoch -beispielsweise einen nicht ganz korrekten Kommentar für -,<tt>%%Pages:</tt>`. Hier darf nur <em>eine</em> einzige Zahl -folgen, die die Seitenzahl angibt. Ältere Versionen von ,dvips` -und der PostScript-Utilities geben jedoch noch eine zweite Zahl aus, -so daß Software, die den ,Document Structuring Conventions` -Version 3.0 strikt folgt, solche PostScript-Dateien, die mit -<pre> -%!PS-Adobe-3.0 -</pre> - -beginnen, als fehlerhaft zurückweist. - -<h3><a name="35">11.5.4 Wie kann ich mein Dokument so nach PostScript wandeln, - daß alle Seiten gespiegelt erzeugt werden?</a></h3> -<p> -Durch die Option -h kann man mit ,dvips` noch -zusätzlichen PostScript-Code in einer sogenannten Header-Datei -hinzuladen. Zum Spiegeln sämtlicher Seiten existiert die -Header-Datei ,,<tt>mirr.hd</tt>``, die man durch -<pre> -dvips -h mirr.hd document.dvi -</pre> - -hinzuladen kann. Eine weitere in größerem Maße treiberunabhängige -Möglichkeit, da auf den Paketen ,graphics` und ,color` basierend, -bietet das LaTeX-Paket ,crop`<a name="36" id="36">.</a> Neben der Spiegelung von Seiten mit -der Paketoption ,mirror` können diese mit der Option ,invert` auch -invertiert, also weiß auf schwarz, ausgegeben werden. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mirr.hd: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/generic/TeX-PS/mirr.hd"><code>macros/generic/TeX-PS/mirr.hd</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>crop: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/crop/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/crop/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="37">11.5.5 Was kann ich tun, wenn mein Drucker Teile meines - Dokuments, die sich weit am unteren Blattrand befinden, nicht - druckt?</a></h3> -<p> -Zuerst ist zu prüfen, ob möglicherweise ein falsches Papierformat -eingestellt ist. Der Druck vom Ergebnis des folgenden LaTeX-Aufrufs -<pre> -latex testpage -</pre> - -ist ein guter Test, um falsche Druckereinstellungen herauszufinden. -Fällt dieser Test zufriedenstellend aus, kann versucht werden, das -Problem dadurch zu lösen, daß die betreffenden Seiten kopfstehend an -den Drucker geschickt werden. Mit den beiden folgenden Verfahren kann -man kopfstehende Seiten unter Verwendung von PostScript erzeugen. -<pre> -pstops "U(210mm,297mm)" original.ps kopfstehend.ps -</pre> - -oder im LaTeX-Dokument -<pre> -\usepackage[rotate]{crop}[2000/02/02] -</pre> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>pstops: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/psutils"><code>support/psutils</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>crop: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/crop/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/crop/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h2><a name="38">11.6 Zeichenprogramme</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="39">11.6.1 Wie bringe ich ,XFig` dazu, beim Exportieren von - Graphiken nach (La)TeX Formeln nicht auszukommentieren, sondern - so zu übernehmen?</a></h3> -<p> -Über das Menü ,Text Flags` (ab ,XFig`<a name="40" id="40"> Version</a> 3) muß -man für diese Texte das sogenannte Special-Flag setzen, damit diese -ohne jede Änderung in die (La)TeX-Datei exportiert werden. Dies -kann man bei schon gezeichneten Textobjekten auch nachträglich über -den Menüpunkt ,Edit` ändern. -<p> -Das Special-Flag kann man auch beim Aufruf von ,XFig` über -die Option ,-spec[ialtext]` oder über die X11-Resource -,Fig*specialtext` setzen. Dies bewirkt, daß für <em>neue</em> -Textobjekte standardmäßig das Special-Flag gesetzt wird. - - -<h3><a name="41">11.6.2 Warum funktioniert das DOS-Programm ,TeXCad` - nicht mehr auf meinem neuen Rechner?</a></h3> -<p> -Es kann an einem Fehler in der Unit CRT des zum Kompilieren -verwendeten ,Borland Pascal 7`<a name="42" id="42"> liegen,</a> der sich bei -schnellen Prozessoren im Abbruch mit der Fehlermeldung -<pre> -Runtime error 200 at XXX:YYYY -</pre> - -äußert. Nähere Informationen dazu und Wege zur Abhilfe finden sich -unter dem Stichwort ,,tppatch``. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>tppatch: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.brain.uni-freiburg.de/~klaus/pascal/runerr200/download.html"><code>http://www.brain.uni-freiburg.de/~klaus/pascal/runerr200/download.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="ftp://ftp.heise.de/ct/ctsi/bppatch.zip"><code>ftp://ftp.heise.de/ct/ctsi/bppatch.zip</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="ftp://ftp.heise.de/ct/ctsi/ctbppat.zip"><code>ftp://ftp.heise.de/ct/ctsi/ctbppat.zip</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. 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Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>3 Textsatzsystem TeX - Übersicht</h1> -<menu> -<li><a href="#1">3.1 Grundlegendes</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#2">3.1.1 Was ist TeX?</a> -<li><a href="#4">3.1.2 Was ist METAFONT?</a> -<li><a href="#6">3.1.3 Worin besteht der Unterschied zwischen IniTeX und - VirTeX bzw. zwischen IniMF und VirMF? Was ist eine sogenannte - Format-, was eine Base-Datei?</a> -<li><a href="#8">3.1.4 Was ist eine dvi-Datei, was ist ein dvi-Treiber, was - ist der DVI-Treiberstandard?</a> -<li><a href="#9">3.1.5 Wozu dienen Dateien mit der Namensendung ,.xyz`?</a> -<li><a href="#11">3.1.6 Welche TeX-/METAFONT-/METAPOST-Versionen sind aktuell?</a> -<li><a href="#13">3.1.7 Was ist TDS, die ,TeX Directory Structure`?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#14">3.2 Welche TeX-Formate gibt es? Was ist LaTeX?</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#15">3.2.1 Was ist ein (TeX-)Format?</a> -<li><a href="#16">3.2.2 Was ist Plain-TeX?</a> -<li><a href="#18">3.2.3 Was ist LaTeX, LaTeX2e und LaTeX 2.09?</a> -<li><a href="#20">3.2.4 Welche (La)TeX-Makropakete gibt es?</a> -<li><a href="#21">3.2.5 Was ist AmS-TeX, AmS-LaTeX und LAMSTeX? Was sind die - AmS-Fonts?</a> -<li><a href="#23">3.2.6 Was ist Texinfo?</a> -<li><a href="#25">3.2.7 Was ist ConTeXt?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#27">3.3 Welche TeX-Weiterentwicklungen gibt es?</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#28">3.3.1 Was ist <tt>TeX-XeT</tt> bzw. <tt>TeX--XeT</tt>?</a> -<li><a href="#30">3.3.2 Was ist MLTeX?</a> -<li><a href="#32">3.3.3 Was ist NTS?</a> -<li><a href="#33">3.3.4 Was ist <i>e</i>-TeX? Was ist Eetex?</a> -<li><a href="#35">3.3.5 Was ist Omega?</a> -<li><a href="#37">3.3.6 Was ist pdfTeX?</a> -<li><a href="#39">3.3.7 Was ist ,ant`?</a> -</menu> -</menu> -<hr align="center" width="70%" /> - - -<h2><a name="1">3.1 Grundlegendes</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="2">3.1.1 Was ist TeX?</a></h3> -<p> -TeX ist ein Textsatzsystem, das von Prof. Dr. Donald -E. Knuth<a name="3" id="3"> entwickelt</a> wurde. -<p> -Der Unterschied zu einer Textverarbeitung ist, daß hier Text nicht -nur verarbeitet, sondern auch gesetzt wird. Dies wird beispielsweise -durch das tiefergestellte E in dem Logo von TeX symbolisiert. -Diese Möglichkeit wird in dem vorliegenden Text durch das -kleingeschriebene ,e` angedeutet. Außerdem dient die -Schreibweise TeX zur Unterscheidung von TEX. -<p> -Aussprache: TeX wird nicht so ausgesprochen, wie es geschrieben -wird! Aufgrund der griechischen Wurzel ,tau epsilon chi` -spricht man das ,X` in TeX wie ein ch- oder k-Laut, -niemals wie ein ,x`. Man spricht: ,tech` wie in -Technik. -<p> -Persönliche Informationen über Donald E. Knuth, über seine Pläne -und wichtige Hinweise für die Benutzer von TeX und Leser seiner -Bücher kann man auf Knuths WWW-Seite -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <a href="http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/"><code>http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/</code></a> -</div> - -finden. - - -<h3><a name="4">3.1.2 Was ist METAFONT?</a></h3> -<p> -METAFONT ist wie TeX von Prof. Dr. Donald E. Knuth<a name="5" id="5"> -entwickelt</a> worden. Es erlaubt die Beschreibung einer Schrift oder -einer Schriftfamilie durch ein Programm, den sogenannten Meta-Font. -Aus diesem Meta-Font kann METAFONT nach Wahl verschiedener Parameter -Schriften generieren, die TeX verwenden kann. -<p> -Um mit TeX zu arbeiten, ist METAFONT nicht zwingend erforderlich. Es -ist auch möglich, beispielsweise mit PostScript-Schriften zu -arbeiten. TeX benötigt von einer Schrift nur die Maße der -einzelnen Zeichen und weitere schriftabhängige Parameter, wie -beispielsweise die Breite eines Wortzwischenraumes. Diese -Informationen entnimmt TeX einer TeX-Font-Metric-(tfm)-Datei. -<p> -METAPOST ist ein aus METAFONT abgeleitetes Programm zum -Erstellen von PostScript-Zeichnungen (siehe <a href="fonts1.html#7">Frage 9.1.4</a>). - -<h3><a name="6">3.1.3 Worin besteht der Unterschied zwischen IniTeX und - VirTeX bzw. zwischen IniMF und VirMF? Was ist eine sogenannte - Format-, was eine Base-Datei?</a></h3> -<p> -IniTeX und VirTeX sind beides Varianten des Programmes TeX, -wobei IniTeX Code für zusätzliche Initialisierungsroutinen und -erweiterte Datenstrukturen enthält, um beispielsweise -Trennmusterdateien zu laden und in kompakter Form wieder abzuspeichern -oder eine Formatdatei zu erzeugen. IniTeX wird dazu verwendet, die -TeX-internen Datenstrukturen zu initialisieren - daher der Name --, größere Makropakete wie LaTeX, Schriftdateien und -Trennmuster zu laden und in einer kompakten, schnell wieder ladbaren -Form, in der sogenannten Formatdatei, abzuspeichern. Formatdateien -haben die Dateinamensendung ,<tt>.fmt</tt>` und den Vorgang, eine -Formatdatei mit IniTeX zu erzeugen, nennt man auch ,ein -Format dumpen`. -<p> -Die zusätzlichen Routinen und Datenstrukturen sind beim normalen -Gebrauch von TeX nicht notwendig, so daß diese in der -VirTeX-Variante nicht vorhanden sind. Dadurch kann man in VirTeX, -dem ,virgin` oder jungfräulichem TeX, Speicherplatz sparen -oder diesen für andere Zwecke einzusetzen. VirTeX wird in den -meisten TeX-Implementierungen unter dem Namen ,tex`<a name="7" id="7"> -aufgerufen,</a> IniTeX entweder als ,,<tt>initex</tt>`` oder über eine -spezielle Kommandozeilenoption wie ,,<tt>tex -i</tt>`` oder ,,<tt>tex --ini</tt>``. -<p> -Analog zu IniTeX und VirTeX gibt es auch von METAFONT zwei -Programmvarianten namens IniMF und VirMF. Statt Formatdatei heißt -die von IniMF erzeugte Datei Basedatei und besitzt die Dateinamensendung -,<tt>.base</tt>` (oder ,<tt>.bas</tt>`). -<p> -Der Aufbau der Format- und Basedateien ist nicht standardisiert! Er -ist sowohl von der Implementierung, von der TeX- und MF-Version als -auch für dieselbe TeX- und MF-Version von verschiedenen -Compile-Zeit-Parametern abhängig. Diese Dateien sollen von TeX -bzw. MF möglichst schnell geladen werden können, so daß -Implementierer hier betriebssystem- und implementierungsabhängige -Optimierungen vornehmen können. - -<h3><a name="8">3.1.4 Was ist eine dvi-Datei, was ist ein dvi-Treiber, was - ist der DVI-Treiberstandard?</a></h3> -<p> -TeX erzeugt als wichtigste Ausgabe eine dvi-Datei. Das Akronym -,dvi` steht für ,DeVice-Independent`, d.h. der -interpretierte Inhalt dieser Datei kann auf fast jedem möglichen -Ausgabegerät ausgegeben werden. Ein dvi-Treiber, ein spezielles -Programm, liest eine dvi-Datei und wandelt die in ihr enthaltenen -Informationen in Steuerinformationen für einen speziellen Drucker -(z.B. in PostScript oder in PCL) oder zur Anzeige am Bildschirm für -ein spezielles Fenstersystem (wie X11) oder Bildschirmtreiber. -<p> -Besonders hervorzuheben ist an TeX, daß <em>jede</em> -TeX-Implementierung für dieselbe Eingabe (also Dokument, verwendete -Makros, Schriften, Trennmuster etc.) <em>unabhängig</em> vom -Ausgabegerät und dessen Auflösung <em>immer</em> dieselbe dvi-Datei -erzeugt. TeX wählt also immer denselben Absatz- und Seitenumbruch -und dieselbe Plazierung von Zeichen, Linien usw. auf der Seite. -<p> -dvi-Dateien enthalten alle Informationen, die zum Ausdruck oder zur -Anzeige der erzeugten Seiten notwendig sind. Jedoch sind in einer -dvi-Datei nicht die tatsächlichen Lettern der verwendeten Schriften -und das mit <tt>\special</tt>-Anweisungen eingebunde Material, wie -Grafiken, enthalten. Diese müssen vom dvi-Treiber aus anderen -Quellen, wie z.B. pk-Dateien bei Schriften, gelesen und an das -Ausgabegerät geschickt werden. dvi-Dateien verwenden die -TeX-interne Zeichenkodierung. So liegt beispielsweise der -Argumenttext einer <tt>\special</tt>-Anweisung in der dvi-Datei als eine -in ASCII kodierte Zeichenkette vor. -<p> -Die dokumentierte Source des Programms ,dvitype` dient -gleichzeitig als Referenzbeschreibung des dvi-Formats. Eine bessere, -weil mit den Mindestanforderungen an einen dvi-Treiber versehene -Referenz ist der -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - DVI-Treiberstandard, Level 0 -</div> - -den man in <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/dviware/driv-standard/level-0/"><code>dviware/driv-standard/level-0/</code></a> finden kann. In -diesem Standard findet man im Anhang neben einer Kopie der -dvi-Beschreibung aus ,dvitype` noch die entsprechenden -Beschreibungen des tfm-, gf- und pk-Formates. Weitere Papiere, -Berichte, Vorschläge etc. findet man in -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/dviware/driv-standard/papers/"><code>dviware/driv-standard/papers/</code></a>. -<p> -Als ein Projekt der NTG-Future-Group (siehe -<a href="allgemein.html#27">Diskussionsliste 1.3.4</a>) laufen unter dem Titel ,,DVI3 -a new DVI standard`` Arbeiten zur Vervollkommnung und Weiterentwicklung -des DVI-Standards. Nähere Informationen findet man unter -<a href="http://dvi3.tiepmiep.dk/"><code>http://dvi3.tiepmiep.dk/</code></a> und -<a href="http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~burnus/dviview/"><code>http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~burnus/dviview/</code></a>. - -<h3><a name="9">3.1.5 Wozu dienen Dateien mit der Namensendung ,.xyz`?</a></h3> -<p> -Die einzelnen Programme und TeX-Formate des Textsatzsystems TeX verwenden -sehr viele Dateien mit unterschiedlichen Namensendungen. Damit auch ein -Anfänger relativ schnell einen Überblick erhält, folgt hier eine -Auflistung der häufigsten bzw. wichtigsten Dateinamensendungen, sortiert -nach Programmen, TeX-Formaten und weitverbreiteten Implementierungen. -<dl> -<dt><b>(Plain-)TeX:</b></dt> -<dd> <br /> -<dl> -<dt><b>.tex</b></dt> -<dd> Standarddateinamensendung für alle Arten von - TeX-Eingabedateien, einige Makropakete wie LaTeX - verwenden andere Namensendungen, um zwischen Dokument- und den - notwendigen Makrodefinitionsdateien zu unterscheiden - <dt><b>.fmt</b></dt> -<dd> TeX-Formatdatei (siehe <a href="#6">Frage 3.1.3</a>) - <dt><b>.dvi</b></dt> -<dd> TeX-Ausgabedatei, enthält formatiertes Dokument (siehe - <a href="#8">Frage 3.1.4</a>) - <dt><b>.pool, .poo</b></dt> -<dd> - ,String-Pool`-Datei, wird von IniTeX oder IniMF benötigt. - <dt><b>.log</b></dt> -<dd> Protokolldatei eines TeX- oder MF-Laufs. - <dt><b>.lis</b></dt> -<dd> Protokolldatei eines TeX- oder MF-Laufs unter dem - Betriebssystem OpenVMS. -</dl> - -<dt><b>METAFONT, Fonts und Tools:</b></dt> -<dd> <br /> -<dl> -<dt><b>.mf</b></dt> -<dd> MF-Eingabedatei - <dt><b>.base</b></dt> -<dd> - <dt><b>.bas</b></dt> -<dd> MF-Formatdatei (siehe <a href="#6">Frage 3.1.3</a>) - <dt><b>.tfm</b></dt> -<dd> MF-Ausgabe: TeX Font Metric (siehe <a href="fonts1.html#3">Frage 9.1.2</a>) - <dt><b>.*gf</b></dt> -<dd> MF-Ausgabe: ,generic font` - (siehe <a href="fonts1.html#3">Frage 9.1.2</a>) - <dt><b>.*pk</b></dt> -<dd> ,packed raster` (siehe <a href="fonts1.html#3">Frage 9.1.2</a>) - <dt><b>.*pxl</b></dt> -<dd> ,pixel` (siehe <a href="fonts1.html#3">Frage 9.1.2</a>): veraltetes, - durch ,.*pk`-Dateien abgelöstes Font-Bitmap-Format - <dt><b>.pl</b></dt> -<dd> ,property list`, lesbare Darstellung der in einer - tfm-Datei enthaltenen Informationen - <dt><b>.vf</b></dt> -<dd> ,virtual font` (siehe <a href="fonts1.html#5">Frage 9.1.3</a>) - <dt><b>.vpl</b></dt> -<dd> ,virtual font property list` (siehe <a href="fonts1.html#5">Frage 9.1.3</a>) -</dl> - -<dt><b>METAPOST:</b></dt> -<dd> <br /> -<dl> -<dt><b>.mp</b></dt> -<dd> METAPOST-Eingabedatei - <dt><b>.mem</b></dt> -<dd> METAPOST-Formatdatei (analog zu .fmt bzw. .base) - <dt><b>.mps</b></dt> -<dd> METAPOST-Ausgabedatei; eine eps-Datei, die aufgrund ihrer bekannten - und einfachen Struktur mit Hilfe von TeX-Makros in das - pdf-Format wandelbar ist. - <dt><b>.mpx</b></dt> -<dd> METAPOST-Eingabedatei, entstanden durch Aufruf von - ,DVItoMP`<a name="10" id="10">.</a> -</dl> - -<dt><b>Omega:</b></dt> -<dd> <br /> -<dl> -<dt><b>.otp</b></dt> -<dd> ,Omega translation process`, definiert Umkodierungsfilter - <dt><b>.ocp</b></dt> -<dd> ,Omega compiled process`, compilierte Version einer - .otp-Datei - <dt><b>.ofm</b></dt> -<dd> ,Omega TeX font metric`, erweiterte Version des - .tfm-Formats für Omega - <dt><b>.opl</b></dt> -<dd> ,Omega property list`, lesbare Darstellung einer .ofm-Datei - <dt><b>.ovf</b></dt> -<dd> ,Omega virtual font`, erweiterte Version des .vf-Formats - <dt><b>.ovp</b></dt> -<dd> ,Omega virtual font property list`, lesbare - Darstellung einer .ovf-Datei -</dl> - -<dt><b>BibTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> -<dl> -<dt><b>.bst</b></dt> -<dd> BibTeX-Style, enthält Anweisungen an BibTeX, wie die - Literaturangaben aus der .bib-Datei in die .bbl-Datei - geschrieben werden sollen - <dt><b>.bib</b></dt> -<dd> BibTeX-Datenbank - <dt><b>.blg</b></dt> -<dd> Protokolldatei eines BibTeX-Laufs - <dt><b>.bbl</b></dt> -<dd> BibTeX-Ausgabe, meist in einer Form, die von LaTeX eingelesen - werden kann -</dl> - -<dt><b>MakeIndex:</b></dt> -<dd> <br /> -<dl> -<dt><b>.ist</b></dt> -<dd> MakeIndex-Style, enthält Anweisungen, wie aus den Einträgen - in der .idx/.glo-Datei die .ind/.gls-Datei generiert werden - soll - <dt><b>.idx</b></dt> -<dd> Index-Datei, enthält die unsortierten Indexeinträge - <dt><b>.ind</b></dt> -<dd> MakeIndex-Ausgabe: fertig erstellter Index - <dt><b>.glo</b></dt> -<dd> Glossar-Datei, enthält analog zur .idx-Datei die unsortierten - Glossareinträge - <dt><b>.gls</b></dt> -<dd> MakeIndex-Ausgabe: fertig erstelltes Wörterverzeichnis/Glossar - <dt><b>.ilg</b></dt> -<dd> Protokolldatei eines MakeIndex-Laufs -</dl> - -<dt><b>Texinfo (TeX-Format):</b></dt> -<dd> <br /> -<dl> -<dt><b>.texi</b></dt> -<dd> - <dt><b>.texinfo</b></dt> -<dd> - <dt><b>.txi</b></dt> -<dd> GNU-Texinfo-Dokumentquelldatei -</dl> - -<dt><b>docstrip-Archive (nicht nur für LaTeX-Makropakete verwendbar):</b></dt> -<dd><br /> -<dl> -<dt><b>.dtx</b></dt> -<dd> docstrip-Archivdatei (siehe <a href="makros1.html#5">Frage 5.1.3</a>), - kann mit dem in TeX geschriebenem - Programm ,docstrip` entpackt werden. - (docstrip: <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/docstrip.dtx"><code>macros/latex/base/docstrip.dtx</code></a> und - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/docstrip.ins"><code>macros/latex/base/docstrip.ins</code></a>) -<p> - Historisch: Diese Archive hatten anfänglich die Namensendung .doc - <dt><b>.ins</b></dt> -<dd> Instruktionsdatei zum Entpacken eines docstrip-Archivs - (siehe <a href="makros1.html#5">Frage 5.1.3</a>); - zum Entpacken reicht der Aufruf ,,tex filename.ins``, - manchmal auch ,,latex filename.ins``; näheres bitte der - mitgelieferten Dokumentation entnehmen! - <dt><b>.drv</b></dt> -<dd> ,Treiber`-Datei, für einige .dtx-Dateien zur Formatierung - der Dokumentation mit LaTeX verwendet - <dt><b>.fdd</b></dt> -<dd> docstrip-Archiv der LaTeX-.fd-Dateien - <dt><b>.mbs</b></dt> -<dd> docstrip-Archiv der Master-Bibliography-BibTeX-Styles des - Pakets ,custom-bib` (siehe <a href="makros3.html#35">Frage 7.2.2</a>) -</dl> - -<dt><b>LaTeX (TeX-Format):</b></dt> -<dd><br /> -<dl> -<dt><b>.aux</b></dt> -<dd> Hilfsdatei, enthält Querverweise etc. - <dt><b>.toc</b></dt> -<dd> Inhaltsverzeichnis - <dt><b>.lof</b></dt> -<dd> Verzeichnis der Abbildungen - <dt><b>.lot</b></dt> -<dd> Verzeichnis der Tafeln - <dt><b>.ltx</b></dt> -<dd> Dokumentquelldatei, alternativ zur Namensendung .tex - (auch für LaTeX-Kernel-Dateien) - <dt><b>.cls</b></dt> -<dd> - <dt><b>.clo</b></dt> -<dd> TeX-Eingabedatei mit Definitionen für die Dokumentenklasse - und die entsprechenden Klassen-Optionen - <dt><b>.sty</b></dt> -<dd> TeX-Eingabedatei mit Definitionen eines LaTeX-Pakets; - in LaTeX 2.09 wurde diese Namensendung sowohl für Styles (in 2e: - Klassen) als auch Style-Options (in 2e: Pakete) benutzt - <dt><b>.fd</b></dt> -<dd> TeX-Eingabedatei mit Font-Definition, enthält Tabellen, mit - denen die LaTeX-Spezifikation einer Schrift mittels - Encoding, Family, Series und Shape auf den Namen einer - .tfm-Datei abgebildet wird. - Der Name der .fd-Datei besteht aus Encoding und Family. - <dt><b>.def</b></dt> -<dd> Runtime-Module des LaTeX-Kernels, die bei Bedarf geladen - werden (,,<tt>latex209.def</tt>`` für Kompatibilitätsmodus, - ,,<tt>slides.def</tt>`` für SliTeX), ebenso für einige Pakete, wie - beispielsweise für ,inputenc`, ,fontenc` und - ,graphics`. - <dt><b>.cfg</b></dt> -<dd> TeX-Eingabedatei mit Konfigurationsinformation - <dt><b>.ldf</b></dt> -<dd> TeX-Eingabedatei mit der Language-Definition für eine - Sprache mit ihren Dialekten des babel-Pakets. - (Historisch: in älteren Babel-Versionen in .sty-Dateien) -</dl> - -<dt><b>MusiXTeX, PMX, M-Tx:</b></dt> -<dd><br /> -<dl> -<dt><b>.mx1</b></dt> -<dd> MusiXTeX-Ausgabe der 1. Phase als Eingabe für - das Programm MusiXFLX, das den Zeilenumbruch der Noten herstellt - <dt><b>.mx2</b></dt> -<dd> MusiXFLX-Ausgabe als Eingabe für die 2. MusiXTeX-Phase - <dt><b>.mxl</b></dt> -<dd> MusiXFLX-Log-Datei - <dt><b>.pmx</b></dt> -<dd> PMX-Eingabedaten - <dt><b>.mtx</b></dt> -<dd> M-Tx-Eingabedaten -</dl> - -<dt><b>PostScript-Schriften:</b></dt> -<dd><br /> -<dl> -<dt><b>.afm</b></dt> -<dd> Adobe Font Metric, in lesbarer ASCII-Darstellung - <dt><b>.pfm</b></dt> -<dd> Printer Font Metric, in Windows-Darstellung - <dt><b>.pfa</b></dt> -<dd> PostScript-Type-1-Schriftschnittprogramm in ASCII-Format, - enthält das Type-1-Programm zum Zeichnen jeder Letter - <dt><b>.pfb</b></dt> -<dd> PostScript-Type-1-Schriftschnittprogramm in Binärformat -</dl> - -<dt><b>TeX-Implementierungen und Gerätetreiber:</b></dt> -<dd><br /> -<dl> -<dt><b>.tcp</b></dt> -<dd> TeX-Code-Page-Definition (emTeX). - <dt><b>.tcx</b></dt> -<dd> TeX-Code-Page-Definition (web2c v7.0, noch im Teststadium!) - <dt><b>.enc</b></dt> -<dd> Encoding-Dateien für PostScript-Schriften (dvips) - <dt><b>.map</b></dt> -<dd> Zuordnungstabellen für Fontnamen -</dl> - -</dl> - -<p> -Eine zwangsläufig unvollständige Liste von Dateinamensendungen kann man auch -im Buch ,Der LaTeX-Begleiter` bzw. ,LaTeX Companion` und im -Buch ,Making TeX Work` (siehe <a href="vereine.html#16">Frage 2.4.1</a>) und in -,The Components of TeX` von Joachim Schrod (siehe <a href="vereine.html#18">Frage 2.4.2</a>) -finden. - - - -<h3><a name="11">3.1.6 Welche TeX-/METAFONT-/METAPOST-Versionen sind aktuell?</a></h3> -<p> -Derzeit sind die folgenden Versionen aktuell:<br /> -<table> - <tr> - <td>TeX:</td> - <td>3.14159</td> - <td>(seit März 1995)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>plain.tex</tt>:</td> - <td>3.1415926</td> - <td>(seit August 1998)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>METAFONT:</td> - <td>2.7182</td> - <td>(seit August 1998)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>plain.mf</tt>:</td> - <td>2.71</td> - <td>(seit Juni 1993)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>METAPOST:</td> - <td>0.641</td> - <td>(seit März 1998) (?)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>dvitomp.web</tt>:</td> - <td>0.64</td> - <td>(seit Januar 1998)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>plain.mp</tt>:</td> - <td>0.64</td> - <td>(seit Januar 1998)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>CM-Fonts:</td> - <td>-</td> - <td>(wichtige Änderungen 1992,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td>kleinere Änderungen März 1995,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td>kleinere Änderungen August 1998)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>tangle.web</tt></td> - <td>4.4</td> - <td>(seit Februar 1993)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>weave.web</tt></td> - <td>4.4</td> - <td>(seit Januar 1992)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><tt>webmac.tex</tt></td> - <td>4.1</td> - <td>(seit Mai 1990)</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p> -Neue Versionen von TeX und METAFONT werden von Donald -E. Knuth<a name="12" id="12"> nur</a> noch in immer größer werdenden zeitlichen Abständen -erstellt, so daß man ältere Versionen auf alle Fälle durch die -neueste Version ersetzen sollte. -<p> -Leider hat Knuth für die CM-Fonts keine Versionsnummer -vergeben, so daß es schwieriger ist, die Versionen mit den meist nur -geringen Änderungen auseinanderzuhalten. Da Knuth -umfangreichere Änderungen an den CM-Fonts im Frühjahr 1992 -durchgeführt hat, sollte man alle älteren CM-Font-Versionen auf die -neue Version bringen. Erkennbar sind die alten Versionen -beispielweise am horizontalen Querstrich am Fuß des großen -kalligraphischen T ,<tt>$<tt>\mathcal</tt><tt>{T}</tt>$</tt>` -(bzw. ,<tt>$<tt>{<tt>\cal</tt> T}</tt>$</tt>`), der in der neuen -Version fehlt oder an der rundlicheren, s-förmigeren Form des -kleinen Deltas ,<tt>$<tt>\delta</tt>$</tt>`, da in neueren -Versionen der obere Bogen nun etwas winkliger ausgeführt wurde. Die -aktuelle Version der CM-Font-Dateien erkennt man an folgenden Zeilen: -<pre> -% THIS IS THE OFFICIAL COMPUTER MODERN SOURCE FILE cmr10.mf BY D E KNUTH. -% IT MUST NOT BE MODIFIED IN ANY WAY UNLESS THE FILE NAME IS CHANGED! -</pre> - -<p> -ACHTUNG: TeX-Pakete, wie emTeX, vergeben meist noch eine eigene -Versionsnummer für TeX und MF. Man sollte die oben angegebene, -offizielle Versionsnummer nicht mit diesen verwechseln. - - -<h3><a name="13">3.1.7 Was ist TDS, die ,TeX Directory Structure`?</a></h3> -<p> -Hauptfunktion von TDS ist die Festlegung einer Grundstruktur für ein -TeX-System. In dieser kann TeX samt Hilfswerkzeugen, -Makropaketen, Fonts etc. systematisch geordnet und damit für -<em>alle</em> Installationen und Systeme gleich und einheitlich -untergebracht werden. Somit können implementierungsunabhängige -Teile beispielsweise auch über NFS-Mounts oder von CD-ROM für alle -Systeme zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Die von TDS festgelegte -Grundstruktur ist offen, kann also jederzeit für weitere -Applikationen erweitert werden. -<p> -Der TDS-Standard richtet sich primär an TeX-Systemadministratoren -und Personen, die TeX-Distributionen zusammenstellen. Wenn -Entwickler eines TeX-Pakets von einer generell gültigen -Verzeichnisstruktur ausgehen können, kann auch die Installation eines -Pakets leichter automatisiert oder zumindest mit sehr präzisen -Anweisungen versehen werden. Für Endbenutzer ist eine solche -wohldefinierte Systemstruktur ebenfalls von Interesse, wenn sie sich -mit der Ausstattung des Systems, das sie benutzen, näher vertraut -machen wollen. -<p> -Der aktuelle TDS-Vorschlag ist in verschiedenen Dateiformaten (DVI, -PostScript, HTML, Texinfo etc.) in <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/tds/"><code>tds/</code></a> zu finden. Eine -exemplarische Implementierung des Standards stellt die CD-ROM -,,TeX Live`` dar. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>TDS: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/tds/"><code>tds/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - - -<h2><a name="14">3.2 Welche TeX-Formate gibt es? Was ist LaTeX?</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="15">3.2.1 Was ist ein (TeX-)Format?</a></h3> -<p> -Das Programm TeX besteht aus einem Teil, mit dem Text und mathematische -Formeln gesetzt, Absätze umbrochen und alles zu Seiten zusammenmontiert wird, -und aus einem Makroprozessor. Dieser Makroprozessor stellt eine mächtige, -wenn auch für die meisten eine eher ungewohnte Programmiermöglichkeit dar, -mit der man den sehr einfachen Befehlssatz von TeX durch eigene -benutzerfreundlichere Makros ergänzen kann. Einen abgeschlossenen Satz von -solchen Makros nennt man Format. Eine Formatdatei ist eine mit IniTeX -durch ,Dumpen` erzeugte Datei, die diese Makros enthält (siehe -<a href="#6">Frage 3.1.3</a>). Meist wird der Formatname auch für das Programm -VirTeX verwendet, wenn man die zugehörige Formatdatei lädt, so daß man -bei Verwendung des Formatnamens diese Mehrdeutigkeit bedenken sollte. -<p> -Ohne vom Benutzer definierte Makros besitzt TeX nur ca. 300 primitive -,control sequences`. Davon sind ungefähr die Hälfte Anweisungen, die -andere Hälfte Parameter. Für einen Autor sind diese Anweisungen alleine zu -einfach und dürftig, so daß es ratsam ist, als Autor mächtigere und damit -einfacher benutzbare Anweisungen in Form von Makros zu verwenden. - -<h3><a name="16">3.2.2 Was ist Plain-TeX?</a></h3> -<p> -Donald E. Knuth<a name="17" id="17"> hat</a> für TeX ein Makropaket namens Plain-TeX -erstellt und diese Makros im Buch ,The TeXbook` beschrieben. -Dabei stellt Plain-TeX einen minimalen Satz an Makros dar, um -TeX sinnvoll verwenden zu können. Zusätzlich enthält -Plain-TeX einige Makros, wie ,<tt>\beginsection</tt>` oder -,<tt>\proclaim</tt>`, die man als Beispiel für komplexere -Anweisungen ansehen kann. -<p> -Wenn jemand sagt, daß er ,,TeX programmiert``, so meint er -normalerweise, daß er in TeX und den Plain-TeX-Makros programmiert. - -<h3><a name="18">3.2.3 Was ist LaTeX, LaTeX2e und LaTeX 2.09?</a></h3> -<p> -LaTeX ist ein in den Jahren 1982-1986 von Leslie Lamport<a name="19" id="19"> -geschriebenes</a> Makropaket für TeX. Es erlaubt dem Autor eines Dokuments, die -einzelnen Teile gemäß ihrer logischen Bedeutung, wie z.B. ,Überschrift`, ,Aufzählung`, ,Aufzählungspunkt` usw., zu -markieren. Anhand dieser Markierungen, dem sogenannten ,Markup` oder der -Text-Auszeichnung, kann (La)TeX das Dokument unter Verwendung eines -vorgefertigten Layouts in Buchdruck-Qualität setzen und mittels sogenannter -Geräte-Treiber ausdrucken. -<p> -Fast 10 Jahre war LaTeX in der Version 2.09 aktuell, wobei es zuletzt immer -mehr inkompatible Erweiterungen gab. Seit dem Juni 1994 ist LaTeX2e die -aktuelle Version. Diese wurde regelmäßig im Juni und Dezember jeden Jahres -auf den neuesten Stand gebracht. Ab Juni 2000 gibt es nurmehr einmal -jährlich eine neue Version. -<p> -Wenn in dieser FAQ von LaTeX die Rede ist, so ist immer LaTeX2e und nicht -LaTeX 2.09 gemeint. - -<h3><a name="20">3.2.4 Welche (La)TeX-Makropakete gibt es?</a></h3> -<p> -Es gibt mehrere unterschiedlich umfangreiche und gewartete -Übersichten über (La)TeX-Makropakete, die im folgenden ohne Wertung -aufgezählt werden: -<ul> -<li>The LaTeX Catalogue <br /> -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/catalogue.html"><code>help/Catalogue/catalogue.html</code></a> -<li>(La)TeX Navigator <br /> -<a href="http://tex.loria.fr"><code>http://tex.loria.fr</code></a> - <li>LaTeX-Paketliste von Harald Axel Sommerfeldt <br /> -<a href="http://www.axel-sommerfeldt.de/latex/"><code>http://www.axel-sommerfeldt.de/latex/</code></a> -<li>Liste von Kerstin Schiebel <br /> -<a href="http://www.gsi.de/computing/TeX/latexsty.html"><code>http://www.gsi.de/computing/TeX/latexsty.html</code></a> -<li>Die Bücher ,,Der LaTeX-Begleiter``, ,,The LaTeX - Companion`` und ,,The LaTeX Graphics Companion`` stellen - viele Pakete vor. Diese Übersicht kann jedoch naturgemäß nicht - aktuell und vollständig sein. -</ul> - - -<h3><a name="21">3.2.5 Was ist AmS-TeX, AmS-LaTeX und LAMSTeX? Was sind die - AmS-Fonts?</a></h3> -<p> -AmS-TeX ist ein in den Jahren 1983-1985 von Michael D. Spivak für die -American Mathematical Society (AmS) geschriebenes Makropaket, das auf -Plain-TeX basiert. Es erweitert Plain-TeX um sehr viele für -den mathematischen Formelsatz notwendige Konstrukte. Dieses -Makropaket wird im Buch ,The Joy of TeX` von Michael Spivak -(2. Auflage, AmS, 1990, ISBN 0-821-82997-1) beschrieben. -<p> -Mit der weiteren Verbreitung von LaTeX entwickelt die AmS seit 1990 -mehrere auf LaTeX basierende Makropakete, die unter dem Namen -AmS-LaTeX zusammemgefaßt werden. Diese LaTeX-Pakete stellen einem -Autor einen Großteil der in AmS-TeX enthaltenen Konstrukte zur -Verfügung. -<p> -LAMSTeX nennt sich Michael Spivaks Anpassung von AmS-TeX an -LaTeX, die jedoch nur einen sehr kleinen Nutzerkreis hat und nicht -weit verbreitet ist. -<p> -Für den mathematischen Formelsatz fehlen den von Donald E. Knuth<a name="22" id="22"> -erstellten</a> Schriften weitere dringend notwendige Zeichen. Diese -werden durch die AmS-Fonts zur Verfügung gestellt, die u.a. weitere CM-Schriften, Euler-, ,msam`-, -,msbm`- und kyrillische Schriften enthalten. - -<h3><a name="23">3.2.6 Was ist Texinfo?</a></h3> -<p> -Texinfo ist ein Dokumentationssystem, das zur Dokumentation der GNU-Sofware -verwendet wird. Die Dokumentation wird dabei in einer Quelldatei mit der -Dateinamensendung ,<tt>.texi</tt>` (oder ,<tt>.txi</tt>` bzw. -,<tt>.texinfo</tt>`) abgelegt, aus der einerseits sogenannte -,info`-Dateien, einem on-line mit dem GNU-Emacs<a name="24" id="24"> -oder</a> dem Programm ,info` lesbarer Hypertext, erzeugt werden können. -Andererseits stellt die Quelldatei eine TeX-Datei dar, zu deren Formatierung -mit Plain-TeX zu Beginn das Texinfo-Makropaket ,,<tt>texinfo.tex</tt>`` -automatisch hinzugeladen wird. Mit den Programmen ,makeinfo` -(aus dem Paket Texinfo seit Version 4.0) und -,texi2html` ist die Konvertierung nach HTML möglich. -Texinfo basiert auf Plain-TeX. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Texinfo: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.texinfo.org"><code>http://www.texinfo.org</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/texinfo"><code>macros/texinfo</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="25">3.2.7 Was ist ConTeXt?</a></h3> -<p> -ConTeXt ist ein von Hans Hagen<a name="26" id="26"> geschriebenes</a> Makropaket für TeX. -Es erlaubt, ähnlich wie LaTeX, das Erstellen von Texten mit Hilfe -von Strukturmakros (Überschrift u.ä.). Bei der Erstellung wurde -auf eine leichte Benutzbarkeit und Flexibilität geachtet, zudem wird -die Erstellung interaktiver Texte unterstützt. Eine Besonderheit ist -die multilinguale Schnittstelle, die z.B. niederländisch, englisch -und deutsch unterstützt, sowie das Setzen von multilingualen -Unterschriften (,Tabelle` statt ,Table` u.ä.). -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ConTeXt: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.pragma-ade.nl/"><code>http://www.pragma-ade.nl/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.ntg.nl/context/"><code>http://www.ntg.nl/context/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/context/"><code>macros/context/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Berend de Boer: LaTeX in proper ConTeXt:: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~nederwar/tex/LaTeX2ConTeXt.pdf"><code>http://www.xs4all.nl/~nederwar/tex/LaTeX2ConTeXt.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h2><a name="27">3.3 Welche TeX-Weiterentwicklungen gibt es?</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="28">3.3.1 Was ist <tt>TeX-XeT</tt> bzw. <tt>TeX--XeT</tt>?</a></h3> -<p> -Donald E. Knuth<a name="29" id="29"> und</a> Pierre MacKay entwickelten eine -TeX-Erweiterung namens TeX-XeT, die es erlaubt, Texte, die von links nach -rechts geschrieben werden, mit Texten, die von rechts nach links (Bsp: -arabisch, hebräisch) geschrieben werden, beliebig zu mischen. TeX-XeT erzeugt -jedoch sogenannte ivd-Dateien, d.h. dvi-Dateien mit zusätzlichen dvi-Codes, die -von üblichen dvi-Treibern nicht verstanden werden und damit zu Fehlern oder -zum Abbruch des dvi-Treibers führen. Diese ivd-Dateien benötigen daher -spezielle dvi-Treiber oder sie können mit dem Programm ,ivd2dvi` in -gewöhnliche dvi-Dateien konvertiert werden. Die TeX-Änderungen für -TeX-XeT wurden in einem Artikel in TUGboat 8, 1987 (S. 14-15) veröffentlicht. -<p> -<tt>TeX--XeT</tt> ist eine <tt>TeX-XeT</tt>-Reimplementierung von Peter Breitenlohner. -Im Unterschied zu <tt>TeX-XeT</tt> erzeugt <tt>TeX--XeT</tt> gewöhnliche dvi-Dateien, -die somit von jedem dvi-Treiber gelesen werden können. Die neueste -verbesserte Version von <tt>TeX--XeT</tt> ist seit Version 1 Bestandteil -von <i>e</i>-TeX (siehe <a href="#33">Frage 3.3.4</a>). -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b><tt>TeX--XeT</tt>: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/knuth/tex--xet/"><code>systems/knuth/tex--xet/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ivd2dvi: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/dviware/ivd2dvi/"><code>dviware/ivd2dvi/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="30">3.3.2 Was ist MLTeX?</a></h3> -<p> -MLTeX ist eine TeX-Erweiterung von Michael J. Ferguson<a name="31" id="31">,</a> die es -ermöglicht, daß auch mit den üblichen CM-Schriften Trennmuster mit -akzentuierten Zeichen verwendet und damit Wörter mit akzentuierten -Zeichen getrennt werden können. In Standard-TeX ist dies nicht -möglich, da es notwendig ist, daß die verwendete Schriften diese -akzentuierten Zeichen enthalten (siehe -<a href="makros1.html#27">Frage 5.3.2</a>). In MLTeX wird vorgegaukelt, daß -die akzentuierten Zeichen in den Schriften existieren, diese aber dann -durch sogenannte ,character substitutions`, die mit dem neuen -Primitiv <tt>\charsubdef</tt> definiert werden, durch tatsächlich in der -Schrift vorhandene Zeichen zusammengebaut. Bei Verwendung von -T1-kodierten Schriften, wie z.B. die EC-Schriften, ist MLTeX -nicht mehr notwendig. -<p> -MLTeX hat sich aus verschiedenen Gründen hauptsächlich im -französischsprachigen Raum verbreitet. Aktuell ist Version 2.2 -vom Dezember 1995 von Bernd Raichle, der die weitere Pflege -von MLTeX übernommen hat. Ältere Versionen haben verschiedene -Programmfehler, die u.a. zu Problemen führen, falls MLTeX mit -nichtlateinischen Schriften (z.B. mit ArabTeX) verwendet wird. Mit -,,<tt>mltextst.tex</tt>`` gibt es eine Testdatei, um eine -MLTeX-Implementierung auf die bekannten Fehler zu testen. -<p> -Zur einfachen Nutzung der Fähigkeiten von MLTeX unter LaTeX -gibt es seit Dezember 1998 das LaTeX-Paket ,mltex`. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>MLTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/generic/mltex/"><code>systems/generic/mltex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mltextst.tex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/generic/mltex/mltextst.tex"><code>systems/generic/mltex/mltextst.tex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>mltex: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mltex"><code>macros/latex/contrib/mltex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="32">3.3.3 Was ist NTS?</a></h3> -<p> -TeX, METAFONT und die anderen Programme von Prof. Knuth wurden von ihm -in ihrem jetzigen Zustand eingefroren. Es werden nur noch Fehler -entfernt, jedoch wird es keine grundlegenden Änderungen und -Weiterentwicklungen dieser Programme geben. Momentan gibt es mehrere -Projekte, die die Weiterentwicklung des Textsatzsystems TeX zum -Ziel haben. -<p> -,NTS` (oder das ,New Typesetting System`) wird von der -NTS-Gruppe unter Leitung von Phil Taylor geplant. NTS ist eine -radikale Neuentwicklung eines Textsatzsystems, das jedoch weiterhin -einen TeX-Kompatibilitätsmodus haben wird. Die Realisierung von -NTS ist langfristig über mehrere Jahre angelegt, da hierzu -größere Ressourcen notwendig sind und erst beschafft werden müssen. -<p> -Momentan wird eine erste Version von NTS in der Programmiersprache -Java implementiert. Diese Version wird vollständig TeX-kompatibel -sein und noch keine Erweiterungen besitzen, jedoch durch die -modularere Programmierung leichter erweiterbar sein. Dieser erste -Prototyp soll bis Mitte 2000 fertiggestellt sein, im Frühjahr 2000 -liefen bereits alle Teile außer denjenigen, die den Tabellensatz -bewerkstelligen. Die endgültige Version wurde im Mai 2001 an die -TeX-Welt verteilt. -<p> -Weitergehendes existiert momentan nur als Konzept und in Form einer -Liste von Anforderungen und Erweiterungswünschen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>NTS: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://nts.tug.org/"><code>http://nts.tug.org/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="33">3.3.4 Was ist <i>e</i>-TeX? Was ist Eetex?</a></h3> -<p> -Unter dem Namen ,<i>e</i>-TeX` (extended/enhanced TeX) wird unter der Leitung -von Peter Breitenlohner<a name="34" id="34"> TeX</a> um dringend benötigte Erweiterungen -ergänzt. Ein wichtiges Ziel von <i>e</i>-TeX ist dabei, weiterhin 100% -kompatibel zu TeX zu bleiben, solange die Erweiterungen nicht benutzt -werden. Die Entwicklung basiert auf dem aktuellen TeX-Quellcode in einem -durch WEB-Konstrukte erweiterten Standard-Pascal, so daß dies und die -genannte Zielsetzung gewisse Beschränkungen, wie der Verzicht auf eine -dynamische Speicherverwaltung, auferlegt, was grundlegende Neuerungen in -<i>e</i>-TeX anbelangt. Die erste Version von <i>e</i>-TeX wurde im Oktober 1996 auf -der Mitgliederversammlung von DANTE e.V. in Hamburg veröffentlicht. Fertig -benutzbare Implementierungen sind u.a. für VMS, MS-DOS (PublicTeX), Windows -95/NT (Win32-Web2c), Amiga (AmiWeb2C) und Unix (Web2c v7.x mit Patches zur -Integration von <i>e</i>-TeX) verfügbar. -<p> -Eetex ist die ,,Spielwiese`` der NTG-Future-Group (siehe -<a href="allgemein.html#27">Diskussionsliste 1.3.4</a>). Diese TeX-Erweiterung basiert -auf <i>e</i>-TeX, erweitert dieses jedoch um weitere vorgeschlagene -Primitive. Das Programm ist jedoch weder stabil noch fehlerfrei, -sondern dient dazu, Erweiterungsvorschläge in einem Prototypen -auszutesten. Die erste Version enthält Primitive zur leichteren und -schnelleren Verarbeitung von Listen und einen speziellen -SGML-Lesemodus. Das Programm wird momentan nur fertig für MS-DOS, -Windows 95 und Linux verteilt. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b><i>e</i>-TeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/e-tex/"><code>systems/e-tex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Eetex: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.elvenkind.com/~taco/eetex/"><code>http://www.elvenkind.com/~taco/eetex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="35">3.3.5 Was ist Omega?</a></h3> -<p> -Omega ist neben NTS/<i>e</i>-TeX das zweite Projekt, das sich mit der -Weiterentwicklung von TeX beschäftigt. -<p> -,Omega` wird von John Plaice<a name="36" id="36"> und</a> Yannis Haralambous -entwickelt und ist Anfang Dezember 1995 in einer zweiten Version -veröffentlicht worden. Als Basis von Omega dient der Quellcode von TeX und -METAFONT, wobei beide Programme um die Möglichkeit erweitert wurden, intern Zeichen -in UNICODE zu repräsentieren (pro Zeichen 16 bit statt 8 bit). -Durch die Verwendung von UNICODE und von sogenannten Ein- und Ausgabe-Filtern -wird eine Anpassung an verschiedene Sprachen sehr einfach. So kann -beispielsweise durch Wahl von entsprechenden Filtern ein Dokument sehr einfach -in arabischer Schrift gesetzt werden, in der ein einzelnes Zeichen abhängig -vom Kontext in bis zu vier möglichen Darstellungen gesetzt wird. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Omega: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://omega.cse.unsw.edu.au/"><code>http://omega.cse.unsw.edu.au/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/omega/"><code>systems/omega/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="37">3.3.6 Was ist pdfTeX?</a></h3> -<p> -,pdfTeX`<a name="38" id="38">,</a> das vormals TeX2PDF hieß, ist eine -TeX-Variante, mit der man sowohl die üblichen DVI-Dateien als -auch direkt Dateien in Adobes Portable-Document-Format, kurz PDF, -erzeugen kann. Um die zusätzlichen Möglichkeiten, wie Hyperlinks, -Anmerkungen etc., die PDF bietet, auch nutzen zu können, wurden -weitere PDF-Primitive dem Makroprogrammierer zur Verfügung gestellt. -Das Makropaket ,hyperref` unterstützt pdfTeX, wobei die -Benutzung von pdfTeX automatisch erkannt wird, aber auch durch die -Option ,pdftex` angegeben werden kann. -<p> -pdfTeX wurde von Hàn Thê Thành entwickelt und Ende -Februar 1997 in ersten Testversionen veröffentlicht. Seitdem weist -pdfTeX eine gute Stabilität auf. Es wurden jedoch seitdem -Funktionen hinzugefügt, die dazu führten, daß sich Details auf -Makroebene änderten. Dies führt dazu, daß ältere Versionen von -Makropaketen für pdfTeX nicht mehr fehlerfrei mit neueren -pdfTeX-Versionen laufen. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>pdfTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/"><code>http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>pdfTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://freshmeat.net/projects/pdftex/"><code>http://freshmeat.net/projects/pdftex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/pdftex/"><code>systems/pdftex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>(Source für Web2c v7.x, Binaries für einige Systeme)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>hyperref: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref"><code>macros/latex/contrib/hyperref</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>hyperref (aktuell): </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/"><code>http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>thumbpdf: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/thumbpdf/"><code>support/thumbpdf/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>TeX and PDF: </b></td> - <td>Solving Font Problems</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://web.mit.edu/etheses/www/tex/texpdf.html"><code>http://web.mit.edu/etheses/www/tex/texpdf.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>AcroTeX: </b></td> - <td>Hinweise zu LaTeX und PDF</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.math.uakron.edu/~dpstory/acrotex.html"><code>http://www.math.uakron.edu/~dpstory/acrotex.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Einführung in pdfTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/unplugged/pdftex.dante01.pdf"><code>ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/unplugged/pdftex.dante01.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> -<b>Timothy van Zandt's notes: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://zandtwerk.insead.fr/tex2pdf.html"><code>http://zandtwerk.insead.fr/tex2pdf.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Creating quality Adobe PDF files from TeX with DVIPS: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.adobe.com/support/techdocs/543e.htm"><code>http://www.adobe.com/support/techdocs/543e.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>PDF Reference Manual, Version 1.3: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/PDFSPEC.PDF"><code>http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/PDFSPEC.PDF</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Thomas Feuerstack: Acrobat/PDF ...eine Einführung: </b></td> - <td><a href="ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/unplugged/AcS01.pdf"><code>ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/unplugged/AcS01.pdf</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> -<b>Udo Schuermann: Linux LaTeX-PDF HOW-TO: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://ringlord.com/publications/latex-pdf-howto/"><code>http://ringlord.com/publications/latex-pdf-howto/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="39">3.3.7 Was ist ,ant`?</a></h3> -<p> -,ant`<a name="40" id="40">,</a> geschrieben von Achim Blumensath, ist ein -Scheme-basierter Ersatz für TeX, der nicht mit dem Ziel -vollständiger Kompatibilität, sondern dem eines flexiblen und -sauberen Designs entwickelt wurde. -<p> -Bei der aktuellen Version handelt es sich um einen pre-alpha -Prototyp, der als Diskussionsgrundlage und als Testumgebung für neue -Satzalgorithmen dienen soll. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>ant: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www-mgi.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/~blume/Download.html"><code>http://www-mgi.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/~blume/Download.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. 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Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>2 Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur</h1> -<menu> -<li><a href="#1">2.1 DANTE e.V.</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#2">2.1.1 Was ist DANTE e.V.?</a> -<li><a href="#3">2.1.2 Wie erreiche ich DANTE e.V.?</a> -<li><a href="#4">2.1.3 Welchen Zweck hat DANTE e.V.?</a> -<li><a href="#5">2.1.4 Wieso sollte ich Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. werden?</a> -<li><a href="#6">2.1.5 Wie werde ich Mitglied?</a> -<li><a href="#7">2.1.6 Ich habe den Mitgliedsantrag vor zwei bis drei Wochen - abgeschickt, den Beitrag gleich danach auf das Konto überwiesen - und bisher noch nichts erhalten. Ist diese Wartezeit normal?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#8">2.2 Anwendervereinigungen</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#9">2.2.1 Gibt es weitere TeX-Anwendervereinigungen?</a> -<li><a href="#10">2.2.2 Mitgliedszeitschriften der Anwendervereinigungen</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#12">2.3 Tagungen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#13">2.3.1 Veranstaltungen</a> -<li><a href="#14">2.3.2 Veranstaltungskalender <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#15">2.4 Literatur <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#16">2.4.1 Bücherliste <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#18">2.4.2 Frei verfügbare Einführungen in (La)TeX, METAFONT und - verwandte Themen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#20">2.4.3 Typographie</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#21">Bücher:</a> -<li><a href="#23">Sonstiges:</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#25">2.4.4 Schriftenkataloge</a> -<li><a href="#27">2.4.5 Ich hab im Buch ,,Der LaTeX-Begleiter`` bzw. ,,The LaTeX Companion`` ein interessantes Paket gefunden. - Wo kann ich es auf CTAN finden?</a> -<li><a href="#28">2.4.6 Mich interessiert, wie einige der Grafik-Beispiele im Buch - ,,The LaTeX Graphics Companion`` erzeugt wurden. Wo kann ich deren - Quelltext herbekommen?</a> -</menu> -</menu> -<hr align="center" width="70%" /> - -<h2><a name="1">2.1 DANTE e.V.</a></h2> - -<h3><a name="2">2.1.1 Was ist DANTE e.V.?</a></h3> -<p> -DANTE e.V. steht für Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX. Dies ist der -Zusammenschluß von deutschsprachigen TeX-Anwendern, TeXies, TeXnikern -und sonstigen TeX-Arbeitern in einer Gemeinschaft. Der Verein wurde am 14. -April 1989 in Heidelberg gegründet, ist in das Vereinsregister -eingetragen (e.V.) und vom Finanzamt als gemeinnützig anerkannt worden. - -<h3><a name="3">2.1.2 Wie erreiche ich DANTE e.V.?</a></h3> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Post:</td> - <td>DANTE, Deutschsprachige Anwendervereingung TeX e.V.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>Postfach 101840</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>69008 Heidelberg</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>Telefon: (06221) 29766</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>Fax: (06221) 167906</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>E-Mail:</td> - <td>`<a href="mailto:dante@dante.de"><code>dante@dante.de</code></a>`</td> - </tr> -</table> - -Am einfachsten geht es via E-Mail, da sich unter der angegebenen Telefonnummer -in den meisten Fällen ein Anrufbeantworter meldet. - -<h3><a name="4">2.1.3 Welchen Zweck hat DANTE e.V.?</a></h3> -<p> -Dazu sagt die Satzung: -<p> -Zweck des Vereins ist es, alle Interessenten in geeigneter Weise bei der -Anwendung von TeX-Software zu unterstützen, insbesondere durch -Erfahrungsaustausch mit den Anwendern. Ferner soll die weitere Entwicklung -von TeX unterstützt werden. Hierzu gehören -<ol> -<li>die Beratung und Zusammenarbeit mit Anwendern der - TeX-Software, -<li>die Unterbreitung von Mitgliedervorschlägen für - zukünftige Versionen und Komponenten der TeX-Software, -<li>die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen nationalen und internationalen - Benutzerorganisationen, -<li>die Förderung von Literatur, die TeX betrifft, -<li>die Vertretung nationaler Belange in der TeX Users Group, -<li>die Organisation von Schulungen. -</ol> - - -<h3><a name="5">2.1.4 Wieso sollte ich Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. werden?</a></h3> -<p> -Natürlich wird niemand gezwungen, bei DANTE e.V. Mitglied zu werden. Es sollte -aber bedacht werden, daß die Dienstleistungen von DANTE e.V. nur erbracht -werden können, weil es Leute gibt, die DANTE e.V. unterstützen. -<p> -Neben diesem eher ideellen Grund hat eine Mitgliedschaft bei DANTE e.V. -auch sehr reelle Gründe: -<ul> -<li>Informationen aus erster Hand durch - <ul> -<li>die viermal im Jahr erscheinende Mitgliedszeitschrift - <a href="http://www.dante.de/dante/DTK/">,,Die TeXnische Komödie``</a>, - <li><em>elektronische</em> Medien in Form von E-Mail-Diskussionslisten wie - TeX-D-L, die archiviert über WWW-, FTP-Server oder die - Software-Verteilung bezogen werden können, - <li>den WWW-Server von DANTE e.V., erreichbar über <a href="http://www.dante.de/"><code>http://www.dante.de/</code></a>. - </ul> - -<li>Bezug von Software, wie kompletten TeX-Systemen für Ihr Rechnersystem, - von Makropaketen und Schriften über - <ul> -<li>das CTAN (Comprehensive TeX Archive Network), an dessen Aufbau - und Verwaltung Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. maßgeblich beteiligt waren und - sind und dessen deutscher Knoten von DANTE e.V. finanziert wird, - <li>eine Software-Verteilung auf CD-ROM, darunter der CD-ROM-Satz mit - einer Kopie des CTAN-Servers und der CD ,,TeX Live``, die man im Rahmen - einer Mitgliedschaft zusätzlich bekommt. - </ul> - -<li>Beratung und Schulung, wie beispielsweise - <ul> -<li>Tutorien im Rahmen der halbjährlich stattfindenden - Mitgliederversammlung bzw. Tagung, - <li>Beraterkreis für TeXnische Fragen, - <li>Kurse für Anfänger und Fortgeschrittene (auf Anfrage). - </ul> - -<li>Kontaktmöglichkeiten über - <ul> -<li>nationale und internationale Tagungen, - <li>TeX-Tagungen und Mitgliederversammlungen (halbjährlich), - <li>regionale Stammtische (monatlich). - </ul> - -<li>usw. -</ul> - -<p> -Einige dieser Leistungen können auch von Nicht-Mitgliedern genutzt -werden. In der Regel stehen sie jedoch nur Mitgliedern im vollen -Umfang zur Verfügung! - -<h3><a name="6">2.1.5 Wie werde ich Mitglied?</a></h3> -<p> -Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. zu werden, ist einfach: Mitgliedsantrag -ausfüllen und unterschrieben an -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - DANTE, Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V.<br /> -Postfach 101840<br /> -D-69008 Heidelberg -</div> - -schicken. Den Mitgliedsbeitrag sollten Sie auf das auf dem Antrag -angegebene Konto überweisen. Bitte keine andere DANTE e.V. gehörende -Kontonummer verwenden, dies würde die Bearbeitung verzögern! Nach -dem Eingang Ihres Antrags und des Mitgliedsbeitrags erhalten Sie eine -Bestätigung Ihrer Mitgliedschaft, eine Vereinssatzung und, soweit vorrätig, -die bisher verschickten Ausgaben der Mitgliedszeitschrift des Jahrgangs mit -weitereb Zusatzleistungen (CD-ROM etc.) und weitere Informationen. -<p> -Einen Mitgliedsantrag erhalten Sie -<ul> -<li>als PDF- oder als PostScript-Datei per - <a href="http://www.dante.de/dante/antrag/"><code>http://www.dante.de/dante/antrag/</code></a>, per - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/usergrps/dante/antrag.pdf"><code>usergrps/dante/antrag.pdf</code></a> bzw.  - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/usergrps/dante/antrag.ps"><code>usergrps/dante/antrag.ps</code></a> oder -<li>per Post: Fordern Sie über die oben genannte Adresse der - Geschäftsstelle ein Antragsformular an. -</ul> - -<p> -Der Mitgliedsbeitrag gilt für das laufende Kalenderjahr (1.1.-31.12.) -und beträgt -<ul> -<li>Einzelbeitrag für Privatpersonen: 45 Euro -<li>Ermäßigter Einzelbeitrag für Schüler/innen, Studierende, - Rentner/innen, Arbeitslose, Zivil- und Wehrdienstleistende - (entsprechende Bescheinigung notwendig!): 30 Euro -<li>für Institutionen des öffentlichen Rechts und - Forschungseinrichtungen: 65 Euro -<li>für Firmen, die TeX anwenden: 150 Euro -<li>für Firmen, die Produkte in Verbindung mit TeX - anbieten: 250 Euro -</ul> - - -<h3><a name="7">2.1.6 Ich habe den Mitgliedsantrag vor zwei bis drei Wochen - abgeschickt, den Beitrag gleich danach auf das Konto überwiesen - und bisher noch nichts erhalten. Ist diese Wartezeit normal?</a></h3> -<p> -Nein, ein Mitgliedsantrag wird normalerweise zügig bearbeitet, sobald -der Antrag per Post im Büro von DANTE e.V. eintrifft und überprüft -werden konnte, daß der Mitgliedsbeitrag auf dem angegebenen Konto -eingegangen ist. Bei einer ermäßigten Mitgliedschaft ist darauf zu -achten, daß die entsprechenden Bescheinigungen für das jeweilige -Kalenderjahr beigelegt wurden. Vor und nach Feiertagen und zu den -üblichen Urlaubszeiten sollte man jedoch bitte etwas geduldiger sein, -da das Büro während dieser Zeiten unbesetzt sein kann. - -<h2><a name="8">2.2 Anwendervereinigungen</a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="9">2.2.1 Gibt es weitere TeX-Anwendervereinigungen?</a></h3> -<p> -Neben DANTE e.V. gibt es noch weitere TeX-Anwendervereinigungen. Als -erstes ist hier die TUG zu nennen, die internationale ,TeX -Users Group`. Sie ist die erste und damit die älteste -TeX-Anwendervereinigung. -<div class="quote" align="center"> - -TeX Users Group<br /> -1466 NW Front Avenue<br /> -Suite 3141<br /> -Portland, OR 97209-2820, USA<br /> -Tel.: +1 503 223-9994<br /> -Fax: +1 503 223-3960<br /> -E-Mail: `<a href="mailto:tug@mail.tug.org"><code>tug@mail.tug.org</code></a>` -</div> - -<p> -Weitere Informationen über die TUG finden Sie auf CTAN im Verzeichnis -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/usergrps/tug/"><code>usergrps/tug/</code></a> oder dem WWW-Server <a href="http://www.tug.org/"><code>http://www.tug.org/</code></a>. -<p> -Neben TUG und DANTE e.V. gibt es weitere nationale Anwendervereinigungen. -Als Auswahl seien folgende Vereine genannt: -<div class="quote" align="center"> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>NTG</td> - <td>Nederlandstalige TeX Gebruikersgroep (Niederlande)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>GUST</td> - <td>Grupa Uzytkowników Systemu TeX (Polen)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>GUTenberg</td> - <td>Groupe francophone des Utilisateurs de TeX</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>(französischsprachige Länder)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>CsTUG</td> - <td>Ceskoslovenské sdruzení uzivatelu TeXu</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>(Tschechische/Slowakische Republik)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>UK TUG</td> - <td>UK TeX Users' Group (Großbritannien)</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<p> -Über einige dieser nationalen Anwendervereinigungen können Sie weitere -Informationen, Antragsformulare, Ankündigungen u.ä. auf CTAN in den -Verzeichnissen <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/usergrps/"><code>usergrps/</code></a> finden. -<p> -Außerdem finden Sie über die Seite <a href="http://www.dante.de/"><code>http://www.dante.de/</code></a> weitere -Informationen zu DANTE e.V., TUG, Verweise zu den WWW-Seiten der anderen -TeX-Anwendervereinigungen, einen Tagungs- und Veranstaltungskalender und -vieles mehr. - -<h3><a name="10">2.2.2 Mitgliedszeitschriften der Anwendervereinigungen</a></h3> -<p> -Jede der ,,großen`` TeX-Anwendervereinigungen gibt eine -Mitgliedszeitschrift und Vereinsnachrichten heraus: -<ul> -<li><a href="http://www.dante.de/dante/DTK/">,,Die TeXnische Komödie``</a> <br /> -Mitgliedszeitschrift von DANTE e.V., erscheint vierteljährlich, - deutsch. -<li><a href="http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/">TUGboat</a> - <a name="11" id="11"> </a> <br /> -Mitgliedszeitschrift der TUG, erscheint vierteljährlich (ein - Band ist Konferenzband der TUG-Konferenz), englisch, enthält - viele informative Artikel über TeX, METAFONT und Fonts. -<li>TeX and TUG News (TTN) - Erscheinen eingestellt. <br /> -Ehemalig separat herausgegebene Vereinsnachrichten der TUG, - erschien vierteljährlich, englisch, enthält aktuellere - Informationen über Vereinsinterna, Tips, Berichte etc.; nach - Ausgabe Vol. 4 No. 2 ist TTN in TUGboat integriert. -<li><a href="http://www.ntg.nl/maps/">MAPS (Minutes and APendiceS)</a> - <br /> -Mitgliedszeitschrift der NTG, erscheint halbjährlich, - niederländisch und englisch, enthält häufig Vorabdrucke und - Nachdrucke aus anderen Mitgliedszeitschriften, wie TUGboat, - Baskerville etc. -<li>Baskerville - <br /> -Mitgliedszeitschrift der UK TUG, erscheint 4-6mal jährlich - (eine Ausgabe ist die UK TUG TeX FAQ), englisch, enthält einige - Nachdrucke aus anderen Zeitschriften und Proceedings. -<li><a href="http://www.gutenberg.eu.org/publis/">Cahiers GUTenberg</a> - <br /> -Veröffentlichung von GUTenberg, erscheint 2-3mal jährlich, - französisch; die Cahiers sind nicht im Mitgliedsbeitrag enthalten, - sondern können und müssen extra abonniert werden. -<li><a href="http://www.gutenberg.eu.org/publis/">Lettre GUTenberg</a> - <br /> -Vereinsnachrichten von GUTenberg, erscheint 2-3mal jährlich, - französisch. -</ul> - - -<h2><a name="12">2.3 Tagungen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - -<h3><a name="13">2.3.1 Veranstaltungen</a></h3> -<p> -Die TeX-Anwendervereinigungen führen regelmäßig Tagungen, Tutorien, -Mitgliederversammlungen etc. durch: -<ul> -<li>DANTE e.V. -<p> - Jährliche Tagung, Mitgliederversammlung und Tutorien (3 bis 3 1/2 - Tage) im Frühjahr; meist im Februar oder März. -<p> - Jährliche Mitgliederversammlung mit Tutorien (1 bis 1 1/2 Tage) im - Herbst; meist im September oder Oktober. -<li>Europäische Anwendervereinigungen -<p> - Jährliche europäische Tagung; meist im September; entfällt im - allgemeinen in den Jahren, in denen die TUG in Europa eine Tagung - ausrichtet. -<li>TUG -<p> - Jährliche weltweite Tagung; meist Ende Juli, Anfang August; im - Wechsel an einem Ort der Westküste der USA, der Ostküste und in - Europa. -</ul> - -<p> -Auch Personen, die noch nicht Mitglied bei einer Anwendervereinigung -sind, können an den Tagungen teilnehmen. -<p> -Tutorien, die DANTE e.V. vor oder nach einer Mitgliederversammlung -durchführt, sind frei und können kostenlos besucht werden. - -<h3><a name="14">2.3.2 Veranstaltungskalender <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Im folgenden finden Sie eine Auswahl der in nächster Zeit -stattfindenden Tagungen im TeX-Umfeld. Die WWW-Seite -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - <a href="http://www.dante.de/events/"><code>http://www.dante.de/events/</code></a> -</div> - -enthält genauere Hinweise und Informationen. -<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> -<tr> -<td nowrap colspan="1">03.-05.03.2004: </td><td nowrap colspan="99"> DANTE 2004 - ,,15 Jahre DANTE e.V.`` </td></tr> -<tr> -<td nowrap colspan="1"> </td><td nowrap colspan="99"> 30. Mitgliederversammlung von DANTE e.V. </td></tr> -<tr> -<td nowrap colspan="1"> </td><td nowrap colspan="99"> Universität Darmstadt </td></tr> -<tr> -<td nowrap colspan="1">01.-03.05.2004(?) </td><td nowrap colspan="99"> BachoTeX 2004 </td></tr> -<tr> -<td nowrap colspan="1"> </td><td nowrap colspan="99"> Bachotek, nahe Brodnica, Polen </td></tr> -<tr> -<td nowrap colspan="1">30.08.-01.09.2004: </td><td nowrap colspan="99"> TUG 2004 - 25th annual meeting of TUG </td></tr> -<tr> -<td nowrap colspan="1"> </td><td nowrap colspan="99"> Xanthi, Griechenland </td></tr> -<tr> -<td nowrap colspan="1">Herbst 2004 </td><td nowrap colspan="99"> 31. Mitgliederversammlung von DANTE e.V. -</td></tr> -</table> - - -<h2><a name="15">2.4 Literatur <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="16">2.4.1 Bücherliste <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Es wird hier nur eine kleine Auswahl von hauptsächlich -deutschsprachigen Büchern vorgestellt, die weder den Anspruch erhebt, -vollständig noch objektiv zu sein. -<ul> - -<li><a name="graetzer97" id="graetzer97"> -Detig,</a> Christine: Der LaTeX Wegweiser. <br />MITP-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-8266-0256-0, 29,80 DM <br /><i>Anm.: Leicht verständliche Einführung in LaTeX mit den - wichtigsten LaTeX-Erweiterungspaketen und Hilfswerkzeugen, - für Anfänger. - <em>Die Auflage ist vergriffen, Restexemplare sind in modernen - Antiquariaten noch erhältlich.</em></i> -<li> -Knappen, Jörg: Schnell ans Ziel mit LaTeX2e. <br />Oldenbourg-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-486-24199-0, 48,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: Enthält Kapitel über Feinheiten des Text- und - Formelsatzes sowie einen Index vom Formelsymbol bis zu - Befehlsnamen, für Anfänger und Fortgeschrittene.</i> -<li> -Knuth, Donald E.: The TeXbook (englisch). <br />Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1996, - ISBN 0-201-13447-0, ISBN 0-201-13448-9 (Softcover) <br /><i>Anm.: <em>Das</em> Standardwerk über TeX, nicht für - LaTeX-Anfänger, da es TeX und dessen Programmierung sehr - genau beschreibt.</i> -<li> -Lamport, Leslie: Das LaTeX-Handbuch. <br />Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-89319-826-1, 69,90 DM <br /><i>Anm.: <em>Die</em> LaTeX-Referenz, für Anfänger.</i> -<li> - Goossens, Michel u.a.: Der LaTeX-Begleiter. <br />Addison-Wesley-Verlag, Nachdruck 2000, ISBN 3-82731-689-8, - 79,90 DM <br /><i>Anm.: Die Auflage des Jahres 2000 mit neuer ISBN entspricht - der aus dem Jahre 1995. - Tips, Tricks, viele LaTeX-Makropakete, für Fortgeschrittene und - fortgeschrittene Anfänger, aufgrund des Titelbildes das sog. ,Bernhardiner-Buch`; Kapitel 8 der englischen Fassung - ,,Higher Mathematics`` liegt in einer überarbeiteten Fassung - auf <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/companion-rev/ch8.ps"><code>info/companion-rev/ch8.ps</code></a> bzw. <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/companion-rev/ch8.pdf"><code>info/companion-rev/ch8.pdf</code></a> vor.</i> -<li> - Goossens, Michel; Rahtz, Sebastian; Mittelbach, Frank: - The LaTeX Graphics Companion (englisch). <br />Addison-Wesley-Longman-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 0-201-85469-4 <br /><i>Anm.: Ergänzt den LaTeX-Begleiter um alles, was mit - Graphikeinbindung, Farbe und PostScript-Schriften zu tun hat.</i> -<li> - Goossens, Michel; Rahtz, Sebastian et al.: - The LaTeX Web Companion: - Integrating TeX, HTML und XML (englisch). <br />Addison-Wesley-Longman-Verlag, 1999, ISBN 0-201-43311-7, - ca. 68,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: Enthält eine Beschreibung von pdfTeX mit - ,hyperref`, die Konverter LaTeX2HTML und TeX4ht, das - Browser-Plugin <tt>techexplorer</tt> und eine größere Abhandlung - über die Markup-Sprachen HTML, SGML, XML und deren zugehörige - Style-Sheet-Sprachen.</i> -<li> - Goossens, Michel; Rahtz, Sebastian: - Mit LaTeX ins Web: - Elektronisches Publizieren mit TeX, HTML und XML. <br />Addison-Wesley-Longman-Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-8273-1629-4, - 89,90,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: Deutsche Übersetzung von ,,The LaTeX Web - Companion``</i>. -<li> -Klöckl, Ingo: LaTeX2e, Tips und Tricks. <br />dpunkt-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2000, - ISBN 3-932588-37-1, 79,-- DM <br /><a href="http://www.dpunkt.de/buecher/3-932588-37-1.html"><code>http://www.dpunkt.de/buecher/3-932588-37-1.html</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Das Buch füllt die Lücke zwischen den existierenden - LaTeX-Einführungen bzw. -Referenzen und ,Der - LaTeX-Begleiter`, wenn man wissen will, wie man selbst - Anpassungen durchführt. Ein Kapitel besteht aus der Übersicht - fast aller auf CTAN vorhandener Schriften.</i> -<li> -Günther, Karsten: LaTeX Ge-Packt. <br />MITP-Verlag, 2002, - ISBN 3-8266-0785-6, 14,94 Euro <br /><i>Anm.: Umfangreiche Referenz für LaTeX2e im Kompaktformat, - vorwiegend für Anwender mit Vorkenntnissen, enthält auch Hinweise - auf nützliche TeX-Befehle und KOMA-Script.</i> -<li> -Dalheimer, Matthias Kalle: LaTeX kurz und gut. <br />O'Reilly, Köln, 1. Auflage, 1998, - ISBN 3-89721-204-8, 12,80 DM <br /><i>Anm.: Eine Kurzreferenz auf 64 Seiten, gut strukturiert - mit allen häufig benötigten LaTeX-Anweisungen, als Ergänzung - zu ausführlicherer Literatur gut geeignet.</i> -<li> -Abdelhamid, Rames: Das Vieweg LaTeX2e Buch. <br />Vieweg-Verlag Wiesbaden, 1995, ISBN 3-528-25145-X, 52,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: Für Anfänger.</i> -<li> -Günther, Karsten: Einführung in LaTeX2e - - Lehrbuch und Referenz. <br />dpunkt-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1996, ISBN 3-920993-36-5, 68,-- DM <br /><li> -Katzenbeisser, Stefan: Von der Idee zum Dokument - Einführung in - TeX und LaTeX. <br />Oldenbourg-Verlag, 2. Auflage, 1997, ISBN 3-486-24182-6, 68,-- DM <br /><li> -Maurer: Textverarbeitung mit LaTeX2e unter Unix. <br />Carl Hanser Verlag, München, ISBN 3-446-18909-2, 49,80 DM <br /><li> -Schwarz, Stefan; Potucek, Rudolf: Das TeXikon - Referenzhandbuch für - TeX, LaTeX und LaTeX2e. <br />Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-89319-690-0, 69,90 DM <br /><li> -Heilmann, Axel: LaTeX-Vademecum, Ein Kompaktführer für Einsteiger - und Fortgeschrittene. <br />Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-60522-3, 38,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: Kleines und praktisches Nachschlagewerk, kann und will - nicht den LaTeX-Begleiter ersetzen, ist aber eine gute - Ergänzung.</i> -<li> -Sowa, Friedhelm: TeX/LaTeX und Graphik, ein Überblick über die - Verfahren. <br />Springer-Verlag, 1994, ISBN 3-540-56468-3, 39,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: Der ,Nothelfer`, wenn es um TeX und Graphik geht.</i> -<li> - Schwarz, Norbert: Einführung in TeX incl. Version 3.0. <br />Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 3. überarbeitete Auflage, - Nachdruck 1993, ISBN 3-89319-345-6, 69,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: TeX und Plain-TeX, kein LaTeX(!), für Fortgeschrittene.</i> -<li> -Kopka, Helmut: LaTeX, Band 1: Einführung. <br />Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 2. Auflage, 2000, - ISBN 3-8273-1557-3, 79,90 DM <br /><i>Anm.: Ab der 2. Auflage auch LaTeX2e, im Anhang gute - Befehlsübersicht, für Anfänger.</i> -<li> -Kopka, Helmut: LaTeX, Band 2: Ergänzungen. <br />Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 2. überarbeitete Auflage, 1997, - ISBN 3-8273-1229-9, 69,90 DM <br /><i>Anm.: Name sagt alles, die 1. Auflage enthielt noch - LaTeX2e-Einführung.</i> -<li> -Kopka, Helmut: LaTeX, Band 3: Erweiterungen. <br />Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-89319-666-8, 69,90 DM <br /><i>Anm.: Interna von LaTeX2e und 2.09 sowie Low-Level-TeX-Befehle.</i> -<li> -Kopka, Helmut und Daly, Patrick W.: A Guide to LaTeX2e (englisch). <br />Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 2. Aufl., 1995, - ISBN 0-201-42777-X, ca. ??? DM <br /><i>Anm.: Englische Übersetzung des ,,Kopka`` mit vielen - Überarbeitungen und Anpassungen für englischsprachige Benutzer.</i> -<li> -Grätzer, George: An Introduction to LaTeX and AmS-LaTeX (englisch). - <br />Birkhäuser-Verlag, Boston, 1996, 2nd Printing, 1997, - ISBN 0-8176-3805-9, $58,50 <br /><i>Anm.: Ausführliche Darstellung von AmS-LaTeX und AmS-Fonts, - dadurch auch für anspruchsvollen Formelsatz.</i> -</ul> - -<p> -Hinweise: Als LaTeX-Anfänger sollte man sich ein ausführliches -Lehrbuch (z.B. ,Detig`, ,Abdelhamid`, ,Knappen`, -,Lamport`, ,Kopka`/Band 1, ,Kopka/Daly`) -besorgen. Frei verfügbare Literatur, wie die -LaTeX2e-Kurzbeschreibung (siehe <a href="#18">Frage 2.4.2</a>), reicht -Anfängern mit Computer-Vorkenntnissen eventuell auch aus. Sobald man -als LaTeX-Anwender die ersten Schritte gemacht hat, sind der -,LaTeX-Begleiter` und der ,LaTeX Graphics Companion` -eine wahre Fundgrube. Muß oder will man sein eigenes TeX-System -selbst installieren und verwalten, gibt der wenn auch mittlerweile -veraltete ,Walsh` eine gute Erklärung und Übersicht der -einzelnen Teile des Textsatzsystems TeX und darüber hinaus viele -Hinweise und eine Auswahl, was es sonst noch an Umgebungen, -Hilfsprogrammen, Schriften etc. gibt. -<p> -Das Standardwerk für TeX-Anfänger und alle Makroautoren ist Knuths -,The TeXbook`, das man sich auch zulegen sollte, wenn man zuerst -mit Hilfe des in Deutsch geschriebenen ,Schwarz (N.)` einsteigen -will. - -<h3><a name="18">2.4.2 Frei verfügbare Einführungen in (La)TeX, METAFONT und - verwandte Themen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Diese Dokumente sind von den Autoren als (La)TeX-Eingabedateien auf -CTAN zur freien Verfügung gestellt worden. Sie finden diese und -weitere Dokumente meist im Verzeichnis <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/"><code>info/</code></a>. Folgende Liste -stellt eine kleine Auswahl dar: -<ul> - -<li><a name="voss" id="voss"> -Schmidt,</a> Walter; Knappen, Jörg; Partl, Hubert et al.: - LaTeX2e-Kurzbeschreibung <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/lshort/german/"><code>info/lshort/german/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Zum Einstieg in LaTeX völlig ausreichend, für Anfänger.</i> -<li> -Oetiker, Tobias: The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2e<br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/"><code>info/lshort/english/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Basierte auf der LaTeX-Kurzbeschreibung, etwas ausführlicher. - In englischer Sprache, übersetzt in weitere Sprachen.</i> -<li> -Eijkhout, Victor: TeX by Topic, A TeXnician's reference. <br />Electronic version 1.0, Dezember 2001 <br /><a href="http://www.cs.utk.edu/~eijkhout/texbytopic.pdf"><code>http://www.cs.utk.edu/~eijkhout/texbytopic.pdf</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Eine gegenüber dem TeXbook andere Herangehensweise, - wie man TeX, dessen primitiven Anweisungen und Parameter und - die inneren Abläufe erklärt. Empfehlenswert.</i> -<li> -Schwarz, Norbert: Einführung in TeX. <br /><a href="http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/www-rz/schwanbs/TeX/"><code>http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/www-rz/schwanbs/TeX/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: PDF-Version der gedruckten 3. Auflage von 1991.</i> -<li> -Abrahams, Paul W.,; Hargreaves, Kathryn A.; Berry, Karl: - TeX for the impatient. <br />Free (GFDL) edition version 1.0, 2001 - (Original: Addison-Wesley, 1990) <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/impatient/"><code>info/impatient/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Buch über TeX und Plain-TeX, nicht LaTeX.</i> -<li> -Walsh, Norman: Making TeX Work. <br />Free version, 2002 - (Original: O'Reilly&Associates Inc., 1994, ISBN 1-56592-051-1) <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/makingtexwork/"><code>info/makingtexwork/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Gute Einführung und Übersicht; Fundgrube für Tools, - Makropakete, Schriften; teilweise mit genauerer Beschreibung.</i> -<li> -Greenberg, Harvey J.: A Simplified Introduction to LaTeX <br /><a href="http://www.cudenver.edu/~hgreenbe/aboutme/pubrec.html"><code>http://www.cudenver.edu/~hgreenbe/aboutme/pubrec.html</code></a> <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/simplified-latex/simplified-intro.ps"><code>info/simplified-latex/simplified-intro.ps</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Ausführliche Einführung in LaTeX zu Textsatz, Mathematiksatz, - Grafikeinbindung, BibTeX und vielen anderen Themen. - In englischer Sprache.</i> -<li> -Partl, Hubert; Kielhorn, Axel: Layout-Änderungen mit LaTeX <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/refman/"><code>macros/latex/contrib/refman/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Wie verändere ich X? Anhand von Beispielen aus - ,refman.sty`.</i> -<li> -Schrod, Joachim: The Components of TeX (englisch) <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/components-of-TeX/"><code>info/components-of-TeX/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Übersicht über die Teile und der von diesen Teilen angefaßten - Dateien eines TeX-Systems; für LaTeX 2.09 geschrieben, - aber immer noch für LaTeX2e nützlich.</i> -<li> -Warbrick, Jon: Essential LateX (englisch) <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/latex-essential/"><code>info/latex-essential/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: LaTeX 2.09, ganz kurz gefaßt.</i> -<li> -Doob, Michael: A Gentle Introduction to TeX (englisch) <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/gentle/"><code>info/gentle/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Kurzbeschreibung von TeX, nicht LaTeX!</i> -<li> -Tobin, Geoffrey: METAFONT for Beginners (englisch) <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/metafont-for-beginners.tex"><code>info/metafont-for-beginners.tex</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Enthält das Wichtigste, um mit METAFONT aus vorhandenen - mf-Sources Fonts zur Nutzung mit TeX zu generieren.</i> -<li> -Reckdahl, Keith: Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e (englisch) <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps"><code>info/epslatex.ps</code></a> <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.pdf"><code>info/epslatex.pdf</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Was Sie schon immer über die Einbindung von - Encapsulated-PostScript-(EPS)-Bildern, BoundingBox, die - Benutzung des ,graphics`-Pakets und weiterer - LaTeX-Umgebungen und -Pakete wie ,PSfrag` wissen - wollten.</i> -<li> -Jürgens, Manuela: - LaTeX - eine Einführung und ein bißchen mehr ...<br />Fern-Uni Hagen, 2000 <br /><a href="ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0260003.pdf"><code>ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0260003.pdf</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Einstiegsbroschüre in LaTeX</i>. -<li> -Jürgens, Manuela: - LaTeX - Fortgeschrittene Anwendungen (oder: Neues von den Hobbits)<br />Fern-Uni Hagen, 1995 <br /><a href="ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0279510.pdf"><code>ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0279510.pdf</code></a> - <br /><i>Anm.: Ergänzungen zur Einstiegsbroschüre.</i> -<li> -Jürgens, Manuela: - Verschlungene Anwendungen. Das X-Team: Xtem XEmacs - LaTeX2eAucTeX<br />Fern-Uni Hagen, 1995 <br /><a href="ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0029502.pdf"><code>ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0029502.pdf</code></a> -<li> -Banning, Ralf; Groeneveld, Heiko A.: - Textsatz und Layout mit LaTeX. <br />Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, - Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung, 1995<br /><a href="http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/zdv/schriften/latex-kurs.html"><code>http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/zdv/schriften/latex-kurs.html</code></a><br /><i>Anm.: Sehr ausführliche Hinweise zum Einstieg in LaTeX.</i> -<li> -Lamprecht, Heiner: - LaTeX2e - Eine Einführung. 1999.<br /><a href="http://agenda21.ggi.uni-tuebingen.de/heiner/latex/"><code>http://agenda21.ggi.uni-tuebingen.de/heiner/latex/</code></a> -<li> - Text Processing using LaTeX (englisch) <br /><a href="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/"><code>http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Sehr ausführliche Beschreibungen und Verweise zu LaTeX und - verwandten Themen.</i> -<li> - Computersatz mit LaTeX2e. Kurzeinführung. <br />Katholische Universität Eichstätt, 1996 <br /><a href="http://www.ku-eichstaett.de/urz/schriften/ltx2e.pdf"><code>http://www.ku-eichstaett.de/urz/schriften/ltx2e.pdf</code></a> -<li> - Makeindex. Sachregister erstellen mit LaTeX2e. <br />Katholische Universität Eichstätt, 1998 <br /><a href="http://www.ku-eichstaett.de/urz/schriften/makeidx.pdf"><code>http://www.ku-eichstaett.de/urz/schriften/makeidx.pdf</code></a> -<li> - Banning, Ralf; Groeneveld, Heiko A.: Textsatz und Layout mit LaTeX. <br />Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung. <br /><a href="http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/zdv/schriften/latex-kurs.html"><code>http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/zdv/schriften/latex-kurs.html</code></a> -<li> - Gonzato, Guido: LaTeX for Word Processor Users. 2001.<br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/latex4wp/latex4wp.pdf"><code>info/latex4wp/latex4wp.pdf</code></a> -<li> - Flynn, Peter: Beginner's LaTeX. 2001.<br /><a href="http://www.silmaril.ie/downloads/documents/beginlatex.pdf"><code>http://www.silmaril.ie/downloads/documents/beginlatex.pdf</code></a> -<li> - Voß, Herbert: Mathmode. 2003.<br /><a href="http://www.perce.de/LaTeX/math/Mathmode-TeX.pdf"><code>http://www.perce.de/LaTeX/math/Mathmode-TeX.pdf</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Eine Einführung in den Mathematiksatz unter Berücksichtigung - von AmS-LaTeX.</i> -</ul> - -<p> -Neben diesen Dokumenten, die noch zum Druck gedacht sind, gibt es -vermehrt auch nicht zum Druck gedachte ,Online-Quellen`: -<ul> -<li>Hypertext Help with LaTeX - <ul> -<li><a href="http://www.giss.nasa.gov/latex/"><code>http://www.giss.nasa.gov/latex/</code></a> - <li><a href="http://www-ti.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/~frech/latex/"><code>http://www-ti.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/~frech/latex/</code></a> - </ul> - -<li>LaTeX2e Help - <ul> -<li><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html"><code>info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html</code></a> - <li><a href="http://xm1.net.free.fr/kile/latexhelp.html"><code>http://xm1.net.free.fr/kile/latexhelp.html</code></a> - </ul> - -<li>David Bausum: TeX Primitive Control Sequences - <ul> -<li><a href="http://www.tug.org/utilities/plain/cseq.html"><code>http://www.tug.org/utilities/plain/cseq.html</code></a> - </ul> - -<li>Literaturverzeichnis zu TeX & Co. - <ul> -<li><a href="http://www.loria.fr/services/tex/english/texbib.html"><code>http://www.loria.fr/services/tex/english/texbib.html</code></a> - </ul> - -<li>Online tutorials on LaTeX (Indian TeX Users Group) - <ul> -<li><a href="http://www.tug.org.in/tutorial/tutorials.html"><code>http://www.tug.org.in/tutorial/tutorials.html</code></a> - </ul> - -<li>Übersicht zu vielen TeX- und verwandten Themen (,,Open - Directory Project``). - <ul> -<li><a href="http://dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Typesetting/"><code>http://dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Typesetting/</code></a> - </ul> - -<li>Links2Go - TeX and LaTeX - <ul> -<li><a href="http://www.links2go.com/topic/TeX_and_LaTeX"><code>http://www.links2go.com/topic/TeX_and_LaTeX</code></a> - </ul> - -<li>WebRing: TeX word processor system users and friends - <ul> -<li><a href="http://nav.webring.yahoo.com/hub?ring=texlatex&list"><code>http://nav.webring.yahoo.com/hub?ring=texlatex&list</code></a> - </ul> - -<li>Tim Love: LaTeX maths and graphics - <ul> -<li><a href="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_maths+pix/latex_maths+pix.html"><code>http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_maths+pix/latex_maths+pix.html</code></a> - </ul> - -<li>Tim Love: Advanced LaTeX - <ul> -<li><a href="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_advanced/latex_advanced.html"><code>http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_advanced/latex_advanced.html</code></a> - </ul> - -<li>Ado Haarer, Grit Segner: MakeIndex - ein Indexprozessor für LaTeX - <ul> -<li><a href="http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/services/software/textverarbeitung/makeindex/"><code>http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/services/software/textverarbeitung/makeindex/</code></a> - </ul> - -</ul> - - -<h3><a name="20">2.4.3 Typographie</a></h3> - - -<h4><a name="21">Bücher:</a></h4> -<p> - <ul> - -<li><a name="rechenberg02" id="rechenberg02"> -Tschichold,</a> Jan: Erfreuliche Drucksachen durch gute Typographie: - eine Fibel für jedermann. <br />Maro-Verlag, Augsburg, 2. Auflage 1992, - ISBN 3-87512-403-0, 32,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: allgemeiner Überblick, Elementarkenntnisse.</i> -<li> -Tschichold, Jan: Ausgewählte Aufsätze über Fragen der Gestalt des - Buches und der Typographie. <br />Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel, 2. Auflage 1987, - ISBN 3-7643-1946-1, 39,80 DM <br /><i>Anm.: Eines der wichtigsten Bücher über typographische Prinzipien - beim Buchsatz, Sammlung von Tschicholds ,klassischen` Artikel.</i> -<li> -Tschichold, Jan: Die neue Typographie. <br />Brinkmann und Bose, 3. Auflage 1995, ISBN 3-922660-23-1, 80,-- DM -<li> -Aicher, Otl: Typographie. <br />Ernst-Verlag, Lüdenscheid, 1988, ISBN 3-433-03090-6 -<li> -Spiekermann, Erik: Ursache & Wirkung: ein typografischer Roman. <br />Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, faksimilierter Nachdruck, 1994, - ISBN 3-87439-307-0, 38,-- DM -<li> -Simoneit, Manfred: Typographisches Gestalten. <br />Polygraph-Verlag, Frankfurt/M., 4. Auflage, 1993, - ISBN 3-87641-253-6, 256 S., 144,-- DM -<li> -Luidl, Philipp: Typografie. <br />Schlütersche Verlagsanstalt, 6. Auflage, 1989, - ISBN 3-87706-290-3, 146 S., 79,-- DM -<li> -Weidemann, Kurt: Wo der Buchstabe das Wort führt. <br />Cantz-Verlag, Ostfildern, 2. Auflage, 1997, - ISBN 3-89322-521-8, 168,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: <em>Sehr empfehlenswert</em>. Grundsätzliches über das Thema.</i> -<li> -Willberg, Hans Peter; Forssman, Friedrich: Erste Hilfe in Typographie: - Ratgeber für Gestaltung mit Schrift. <br />Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1999, ISBN 3-87439-474-3, 24,80 DM <br /><i>Anm.: <em>Sehr empfehlenswert</em> und preiswert ist dieses Buch und - sollte daher als Erstausstattung nicht fehlen, da knapp und praktisch - erste Hilfe in Typographie gegeben wird.</i> -<li> -Willberg, Hans Peter; Forssman, Friedrich: Lesetypographie. <br />Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1997, ISBN 3-87439-375-5, 168,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: Handbuch, das Anregungen geben will, Lösungsmöglichkeiten für - typographische Probleme vergleichend vorstellt; eher für - jemand, der schon Grundkenntnisse hat.</i> -<li> -Gulbins, Jürgen; Kahrmann, Christine: - Mut zur Typographie: Ein Kurs für Desktop-Publishing. <br />Springer-Verlag, 2. , erweiterte und überarbeitete Auflage, - 2000, ISBN 3-540-67541-8, 79,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: Für Anfänger sehr gut geeignet, auch als Nachschlagewerk.</i> -<li> -Bringhurst, Robert: The Elements of Typographic Style. <br />Hartley & Marks, 2. Auflage, 1996, ISBN 0-88179-132-6, ??? DM - <br /><i>Anm.: <em>Sehr empfehlenswert</em>, sagt kurz und knapp das Wesentliche - und weist auf viele Fehler hin.</i> -<li> -Peter Rechenberg: Technisches Schreiben. <br />Hanser Verlag, 1. Auflage, 2002, ISBN 3-446-21944-7, 19,90 DM -</ul> - - -<h4><a name="23">Sonstiges:</a></h4> -<p> - <ul> - -<li><a name="EurOP" id="EurOP"> -Charles</a> Poynton: Typography and Design. <br /><a href="http://www.inforamp.net/~poynton/Poynton-typo-design.html"><code>http://www.inforamp.net/~poynton/Poynton-typo-design.html</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Verweise und Hinweise zu Fragen der Typografie - (in englischer Sprache).</i> -<li> -Luc Devroye: General links on typography. <br /><a href="http://cgm.cs.mcgill.ca/~luc/fonts.html"><code>http://cgm.cs.mcgill.ca/~luc/fonts.html</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Eine Vielzahl von Verweisen zu Typografie und Schriften. - (meist in englischer Sprache).</i> -<li> -Markus Kuhn: Metric Typographic Units. <br /><a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/metric-typo.html"><code>http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/metric-typo.html</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Erklärungen zu typographischen Maßeinheiten - (in englischer Sprache).</i> -<li> -Charles Hedrick, New Brunswick Computing Services, Rutgers, The - State University of New Jersey. <br /><a href="http://www.nbcs.rutgers.edu/~hedrick/typography/"><code>http://www.nbcs.rutgers.edu/~hedrick/typography/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: 30-seitige (englische) Einführung in gute Typografie. - PDF-Datei in den Schriften Aldus, Minion, Janson, Warnock, - Documenta und bald auch Palatino, Adobe Garamond und ITC New - Baskerville erhältlich. Auch ein Werkzeug zur Konvertierung von - OpenType-Schriften in Expert-Type-1-Schriften ist dort für - Windows frei erhältlich.</i> -<li> -Axel Reichert: Typografie - Gestaltung einer Beispielklasse. <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/german/typografie/"><code>info/german/typografie/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Ausgehend von Grundlagen der Typografie wird an einer - Beispielklasse deren Umsetzung gezeigt. - Tutorium auf der Tagung DANTE'99.</i> -<li> -Axel Reichert: Satz von Tabellen. <br /><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/german/tabsatz/"><code>info/german/tabsatz/</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Anhand vieler Beispiele und der Verwendung von Zusatzpaketen - werden viele Feinheiten beim Satz von Tabellen erläutert. - Tutorium auf der Tagung DANTE'99.</i> -<li> -Psychologie, Uni Regensburg: Textsatz, eine Kurzanleitung. <br /><a href="http://pc1521.psychologie.uni-regensburg.de/student2001/Textsatz.html"><code>http://pc1521.psychologie.uni-regensburg.de/student2001/Textsatz.html</code></a> - <br /><i>Anm.: Ein paar grundsätzliche Dinge und Warnungen.</i> -<li> -Marion Neubauer: Mikrotypographie-Regeln. <br /><a href="http://www.dante.de/dante/DTK/dtk96_4/dtk96_4_neubauer_feinheiten.html"><code>http://www.dante.de/dante/DTK/dtk96_4/dtk96_4_neubauer_feinheiten.html</code></a><br /> -<a href="http://www.dante.de/dante/DTK/dtk97_1/dtk97_1_neubauer_feinheiten.html"><code>http://www.dante.de/dante/DTK/dtk97_1/dtk97_1_neubauer_feinheiten.html</code></a> -<li> -Yannis Haralambous: Drucksatz in gebrochenen Schriften. <br /><a href="http://genepi.louis-jean.com/omega/dante2000.pdf"><code>http://genepi.louis-jean.com/omega/dante2000.pdf</code></a> -<li> -FAQ: Typografie & Co <br /><a href="http://www.spic.de/webtypo/faq-typografie.html"><code>http://www.spic.de/webtypo/faq-typografie.html</code></a> (nicht mehr erreichbar)<br /><i>Anm.: (Noch) mit Vorsicht zu genießen, - enthält aber einige brauchbare Dinge und Links.</i> -<li> -EUR-OP: Interinstitutionelle Regeln für Veröffentlichungen. <br />Amt für amtliche Veröffentlichungen der Europäischen Gemeinschaften, -Luxembourg. <br /><a href="http://eur-op.eu.int/code/de/de-000500.htm"><code>http://eur-op.eu.int/code/de/de-000500.htm</code></a> <br /><i>Anm.: Enthält Richtlinien zum Schriftsatz und für deutschsprachige - Veröffentlichungen in der EU.</i> -</ul> - - -<h3><a name="25">2.4.4 Schriftenkataloge</a></h3> - -<ul> - -<li><a name="kernetal91" id="kernetal91"> -Sauthoff,</a> Daniel u.a.: Schriften erkennen: eine Typologie der - Satzschriften für Studenten, Grafiker, Setzer, Kunsterzieher und - alle PC-User. <br />Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, Neuausgabe, 1996, - ISBN 3-87439-373-9, 24,80 DM <br /><i>Anm.: Grundlage, Geschichte und einfacher Einstieg in die - Klassifikation von Schriften, für Einsteiger.</i> -<li> -Dinkel, Christina: Füßchen in Brunos Suppe: - ,,Schriften erkennen`` für Kinder. <br />Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1999. ISBN 3-87439-479-4, 24,80 DM <br /><i>Anm.: Eine spielerische, nicht nur für Kinder geeignete Einführung - in die Welt der Schriften anhand einer Geschichte.</i> -<li> -Kern, Michael; Koch, Sieghart (Hrsg.): ÜberSicht. <br />Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1991, - ISBN 3-87439-230-9, 429 S., 148,-- DM <br /><i>Anm.: 3 Indizes: Blindtextprobe, Zeichenvorrat der Schriften, - Buchstabenverzeichnis (alle ,,M`` auf einen Blick).</i> -</ul> - - -<h3><a name="27">2.4.5 Ich hab im Buch ,,Der LaTeX-Begleiter`` bzw. ,,The LaTeX Companion`` ein interessantes Paket gefunden. - Wo kann ich es auf CTAN finden?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Datei ,,<tt>companion.ctan</tt>`` zählt alle im Buch erwähnten Pakete auf. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>companion.ctan: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/companion.ctan"><code>info/companion.ctan</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="28">2.4.6 Mich interessiert, wie einige der Grafik-Beispiele im Buch - ,,The LaTeX Graphics Companion`` erzeugt wurden. Wo kann ich deren - Quelltext herbekommen?</a></h3> -<p> -Die Mehrzahl der Beispiele sind auf CTAN im Verzeichnis -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/lgc"><code>info/lgc</code></a> zu finden. Die Beispiele des Kapitels zu -,PSTricks`<a name="29" id="29"> sind</a> auch Bestandteil dessen -Dokumentation. -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>lgc: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/lgc"><code>info/lgc</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>PSTricks: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/graphics/pstricks/doc/test-pst.tex"><code>graphics/pstricks/doc/test-pst.tex</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. September 2003 erzeugt) -</address> -</div> - -<a href="allgemein.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="uebersicht.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a></body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/woher.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/woher.html deleted file mode 100644 index 8f9338d239c..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/html/woher.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1519 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- XML file produced from file: de-tex-faq.tex -- - -- using Hyperlatex v 2.5br (c) Otfried Cheong-- - -- on Emacs 20.7.1, Fri Sep 19 14:00:08 2003 --> -<head> -<title>DE-TeX-FAQ -- 4 Textsatzsystem TeX - Bezugsquellen</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" - content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="en" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Typesetting,Fonts,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Keywords" lang="de" - content="FAQ,TeX,LaTeX,Schriftsatz,Buchsatz,Schrift,DANTE e.V."> -<meta name="Author" - content="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> -<meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> -<meta name="Description" - content="German Speaking FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V."> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> - -</head> - - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> -<a href="uebersicht.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="makros1.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a><br /> -<b><tt>Zurück zu:  </tt></b><a href="uebersicht.html"><b>3 Textsatzsystem TeX - Übersicht</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Hoch zu:  </tt></b><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><b>Inhalt</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Weiter zu:  </tt></b><a href="makros1.html"><b>5 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I)</b></a><br /> -<b><tt>Mehr zu TeX et al.: </tt></b><a href="http://www.dante.de/"><b>DANTE e.V.</b></a><br /> -<hr /> - - <div align="center"> -<b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> - </div> -<hr /> - - -<h1 align=center>4 Textsatzsystem TeX - Bezugsquellen</h1> -<menu> -<li><a href="#1">4.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System?</a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#2">4.1.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System über ftp/Internet und E-Mail?</a> -<li><a href="#3">4.1.2 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System über Modem/Telefon?</a> -<li><a href="#4">4.1.3 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System auf CD-ROM?</a> -<li><a href="#5">4.1.4 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System auf CD-ROM, das leicht - installierbar oder sogar direkt von CD-ROM lauffähig ist?</a> -<li><a href="#7">4.1.5 Wie bekomme ich zu TeX-Software auf CD-ROM, die möglichst - alles rund um TeX enthält?</a> -<li><a href="#9">4.1.6 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System ... aus anderen - Software-Paketen?</a> -<li><a href="#10">4.1.7 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System als Mitglied von DANTE e.V.?</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#11">4.2 TeX-Implementierungen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#12">4.2.1 Ich suche für das Betriebssystem XYZ ein möglichst - komplettes, leicht installierbares TeX-System. <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#13">4.2.2 Unix (einschließlich Linux) <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#14">4.2.3 Windows 3.x/95/98/NT/2000 <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#15">4.2.4 OS/2, MS-DOS</a> -<li><a href="#16">4.2.5 OpenVMS</a> -<li><a href="#17">4.2.6 Apple MacOS</a> -<li><a href="#18">4.2.7 MacOS X (Unix)</a> -<li><a href="#19">4.2.8 BeOS (Intel/PowerPC):</a> -<li><a href="#20">4.2.9 Plan 9</a> -<li><a href="#21">4.2.10 Amiga</a> -<li><a href="#22">4.2.11 Atari ST</a> -<li><a href="#23">4.2.12 NeXT:</a> -<li><a href="#24">4.2.13 AtheOS:</a> -</menu> -<li><a href="#25">4.3 Editoren, Frontend-/GUI-Programme <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<menu> -<li><a href="#26">4.3.1 Welche Editoren soll ich verwenden? Gibt es graphische - Benutzungsoberflächen, die den Aufruf der einzelnen Programme - vereinfachen oder automatisieren?</a> -<li><a href="#27">4.3.2 Unix (einschließlich Linux) <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -<li><a href="#29">4.3.3 Windows 3.*/95/98/NT</a> -<li><a href="#31">4.3.4 MS-DOS</a> -<li><a href="#33">4.3.5 OS/2</a> -<li><a href="#35">4.3.6 Apple MacOS:</a> -<li><a href="#37">4.3.7 BeOS (Intel/PowerPC):</a> -<li><a href="#39">4.3.8 Amiga:</a> -<li><a href="#41">4.3.9 Gibt es ein WYSIWYG-Frontend für TeX? Ist damit ein - interaktives Gestalten möglich?</a> -<li><a href="#43">4.3.10 Gibt es bequeme Editoren für - BibTeX-Literaturdatenbankdateien? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a> -</menu> -</menu> -<hr align="center" width="70%" /> - -<h2><a name="1">4.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System?</a></h2> -<p> -Es gibt verschiedene Wege, wie Sie ein TeX-System beziehen können. -Falls Sie die notwendige Unterstützung (durch Hotline, Schulungen, -Updates u.ä.) sicherstellen wollen oder müssen, sollten Sie sich -an einen kommerziellen Anbieter wenden. -<p> -Beachten Sie bei den nachfolgenden Angeboten bitte, daß Sie bei frei -verfügbaren TeX-Versionen, Programmen und Schriften, die -,Shareware` sind, geringe Lizenzgebühren an die Autoren zu -entrichten haben. Außerdem dürfen einige Programme, Makrodateien, -Schriften etc. nicht oder nur nach Lizenzierung oder einer -individuellen Freigabe durch den Autor zu kommerziellen Zwecken -eingesetzt oder vertrieben werden. -<p> -An frei verfügbare TeX-Implementierungen können Sie per -<ol> -<li>ftp oder WWW (Internet), - <li>E-Mail, - <li>Modem/Telefon, - <li>CD-ROM oder - <li>als Bestandteil eines anderen Software-Paketes -</ol> - -kommen. Als Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. stehen Ihnen noch weitere und evtl. günstigere Angebote zur Auswahl (siehe -<a href="#10">Frage 4.1.7</a>). - -<h3><a name="2">4.1.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System über ftp/Internet und E-Mail?</a></h3> -<p> -CTAN, das ,Comprehensive TeX Archive Network`, und dessen -,Spiegel` können über ftp oder durch den ftp-Mailer auch über E-Mail -erreicht werden (siehe <a href="allgemein.html#11">Abschnitt 1.2</a>). - -<h3><a name="3">4.1.2 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System über Modem/Telefon?</a></h3> -<p> -Teile des CTAN-Inhalts können Sie in vielen Mailbox-Netzen auf einigen -,Knoten` erhalten, die ein TeX-Archiv anbieten. Informieren Sie sich -bitte bei anderen Benutzern des entsprechenden Mailbox-Netzes oder -einer Ansprechperson für dieses Netz. - -<h3><a name="4">4.1.3 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System auf CD-ROM?</a></h3> -<p> -Mittlerweile sind verschiedene CD-ROM-Angebote mit TeX-Software über -CD-ROM-Versender und in immer mehr Buchhandlungen zu finden. Bei -TeX-CD-ROMs kann man grob zwei Typen unterscheiden: -<ul> -<li>CD-ROMs, die einen kompletten Abzug oder Teile des CTAN-Inhalts - enthalten (einzelne oder mehrere CD-ROMs; meist komprimiert und - gepackt, damit auf eine CD-ROM mehr paßt und weil Datei- und - Verzeichnisnamen auf ISO-9660-CD-ROM nicht beliebig lang sein und - nur eine beschränkte Menge von Zeichen enthalten dürfen), -<li>CD-ROMs, die eine Ready-to-Run-Installation eines mehr oder - weniger kompletten TeX-Systems enthalten, das sogar ohne - Installation von der CD-ROM selbst lauffähig ist. -</ul> - -Weiter sollte man auf die Aktualität des Inhalts achten und auf die -mitgelieferte teils knappe, teils sehr ausführliche Dokumentation. -Besonders bei Ready-To-Run-Installationen ist letztere sehr wichtig! -<div class="quote" align="center"> - - Achtung: teilweise werden noch alte Auflagen von CD-ROMs (ohne - einen kräftigen Preisnachlaß) verkauft. CD-ROMs mit CTAN-Kopien, - deren Inhalt älter als ein Jahr ist, sollte man liegenlassen! -</div> - -<p> -Die Übersichten in <a href="#5">Frage 4.1.4</a> und -<a href="#7">Frage 4.1.5</a> sind aus den gesammelten Postings entstanden und -erheben weder den Anspruch auf Korrektheit, Vollständigkeit, noch auf -Aktualität. ,Stand` gibt bei CTAN-Abzügen nicht das -Erscheinungsdatum, sondern, soweit möglich, das Datum des Abzuges an. Neue -CD-ROM-Angebote, Korrekturen der kurzen Inhaltsbeschreibungen, Preise u.ä. bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>`! - -<h3><a name="5">4.1.4 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System auf CD-ROM, das leicht - installierbar oder sogar direkt von CD-ROM lauffähig ist?</a></h3> -<p> -Folgende CD-ROMs bieten ein aktuelles, leicht installierbares TeX-System für -bestimmte Betriebssysteme an: -<ul> -<li>CD ,TeX Live`<a name="6" id="6"> </a> -<p> - 5. Auflage, Einzel-CD mit Dokumentation - <table> - <tr> - <td>Stand:</td> - <td>Juni 2000 (für Version 5c)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>ISBN:</td> - <td>ISBN 3-931253-63-5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Preis:</td> - <td>für Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. ist ein Exemplar frei,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>sonst 29,90 DM für alle bei Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>URL:</td> - <td><a href="http://www.tug.org/texlive.html"><code>http://www.tug.org/texlive.html</code></a>,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.dante.de/software/cdrom/"><code>http://www.dante.de/software/cdrom/</code></a>, - <a href="http://www.lob.de?flag=dan"><code>http://www.lob.de?flag=dan</code></a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p> - Diese CD wird für Mitglieder der TUG, UK TUG und DANTE e.V. - zusammen mit der Mitgliedszeitschrift als Bonus ausgeliefert. - Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. erhielten ein Exemplar mit - Ausgabe 2/2000 der Mitgliedszeitschrift. -<p> - Enthält von CD-ROM lauffähiges TeX-System für viele - Unix-Plattformen (Linux, Solaris 2.7, IBM RS 6000 AIX 4.2, - HP9000 HPUX 10.20 u.v.m.), für Windows 95, 98, 2000 und NT und - mit Binaries für METAPOST, e-TeX, PDFTeX und Omega, basierend auf - dem teTeX-Paket 1.0 und web2c 7.3.1, mit sehr vielen - Makro-/Schrift-Paketen einschließlich Dokumentation. Zusätzlich - ist die Original-Verteilung von emTeX bzw. emTeXTDS (OS/2, - MS-DOS) neben vielen weiteren Programmquellen auf der CD-ROM. Als - Standard des CD-ROM-Dateisystems wurde ISO 9660 mit den - Rock-Ridge- und Joliet-Erweiterungen benutzt, so daß der nach dem - TeX-Directory-Standard (TDS) geordnete TeX-Baum durch die langen - Dateinamen in gemischter Groß-Klein-Schreibung einfacher verwendet - werden kann - auch für andere Plattformen! -<li>4allTeX - The ultimate TeX resource -<p> - 5. Auflage, Doppel-CD und ausführliches englisches Handbuch - <table> - <tr> - <td>Stand:</td> - <td>Mitte 1999</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Preis über die NTG:</td> - <td>5 Euro für die Doppel-CD</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>25 Euro für das Handbuch</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>URL:</td> - <td><a href="http://4tex.ntg.nl/"><code>http://4tex.ntg.nl/</code></a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p> - Enthält von CD-ROM lauffähiges fpTeX, dem Web2c für Win32, - eine große Anzahl von TeX-Forma- und Font-Dateien, Ghostscript - und viele weitere Zusatzprogramme, sowie Dokumentationen in den - Formaten HTML, PS und PDF. Die CD-ROM ist durch die - 4allTeX-Workbench, einer integrierter Benutzungsoberfläche, sehr - einfach zu installieren und zu bedienen. -<p> - Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. können die 5. Auflage der - 4allTeX-CD zum Preis von 3,-- DM über den Verein anfordern. - -</ul> - - -<h3><a name="7">4.1.5 Wie bekomme ich zu TeX-Software auf CD-ROM, die möglichst - alles rund um TeX enthält?</a></h3> -<p> -Folgende CD-ROMs enthalten einen aktuellen Abzug von CTAN (siehe -<a href="allgemein.html#11">Abschnitt 1.2</a>). Auf CTAN und damit auch auf diesen CD-ROMs findet -man für die meisten Betriebssysteme auch installierbare TeX-Systeme (siehe -<a href="#12">Frage 4.2.1</a>). Im Unterschied zu den CD-ROMs mit leicht -installierbaren TeX-Systeme wird man bei den CD-ROMs mit CTAN-Abzug nicht zu -den Installationsprogrammen geleitet. -<ul> -<li>TeX-Software, Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) - <a name="8" id="8"> </a> -<p> - Dreier-CD - <table> - <tr> - <td>Stand:</td> - <td>September 2000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>ISBN:</td> - <td>ISBN 3-931253-66-X</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Preis:</td> - <td>39,90 DM für alle bei Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>URL:</td> - <td><a href="http://www.dante.de/software/cdrom/"><code>http://www.dante.de/software/cdrom/</code></a>, <a href="http://www.lob.de?flag=dan"><code>http://www.lob.de?flag=dan</code></a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p> - Enthält fast kompletten CTAN-Abzug unkomprimiert auf drei CDs. - Für Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. lag ein Exemplar der Ausgabe 3/2000 - der Mitgliedszeitschrift kostenlos bei. -<p> - Die 4. Auflage des CTAN-Abzugs auf drei CDs vom Mai 1999 - ging jedem Mitglied von DANTE e.V. mit Ausgabe 3/1999 der - Mitgliedszeitschrift im Rahmen der Mitgliedschaft zu. Mit Ausgabe - 4/1997 gab es die 3. Auflage vom 25. Januar 1998 unter dem - Namen ,,TeX/LaTeX - CTAN-CD von DANTE e.V.`` als - Dreier-CD-Satz, mit Ausgabe 3/1996 und 2/1997 gab es die - 2. Auflage des CTAN-Abzugs vom 14. Dezember 1996 als - Doppel-CD und eine Update-CD mit den Änderungen des CTAN-Inhalts - zwischen Dezember 1996 und dem 12. Mai 1997. - -</ul> - - - - -<h3><a name="9">4.1.6 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System ... aus anderen - Software-Paketen?</a></h3> -<p> -Teilweise enthalten verschiedene Software-Pakete bereits eine -lauffähige TeX-Implementierung. So ist z.B. bei jedem Linux -ein komplettes TeX-System enthalten. - -<h3><a name="10">4.1.7 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System als Mitglied von DANTE e.V.?</a></h3> -<p> -Als Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. stehen Ihnen folgende weitere Angebote zur -Auswahl (siehe <a href="vereine.html#5">Frage 2.1.4</a>, wenn Sie wissen -wollen, wie Sie Mitglied werden können): -<ul> -<li>CTAN: - <ul> -<li>Falls Sie Zugriff auf das Internet haben, so können Sie - direkt auf CTAN zugreifen (siehe <a href="allgemein.html#11">Abschnitt 1.2</a>). - </ul> - -<li>CD-ROM: - <ul> -<li>CTAN-CD von DANTE e.V.: - Die 5. Auflage der Dreier-CD mit dem CTAN-Abzug von September - 2000 erhielt jedes Mitglied von DANTE e.V. mit Ausgabe 3/2000, die - vorherige 4. Auflage vom Mai 1999 mit Ausgabe - 3/1999 der Mitgliederzeitschrift. -<p> - Diese CD ist außerdem über Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung - (<a href="http://www.lob.de?flag=dan"><code>http://www.lob.de?flag=dan</code></a>) für 39,90 DM zu erhalten. - <li>CD ,TeX Live`: - Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. erhielten ein Exemplar der - 5. Auflage (Version 5c, Juni 2000) mit Ausgabe - 2/2000, ein Exemplar der 4. Auflage (April 1999) mit - Ausgabe 2/1999 der Mitgliedszeitschrift. -<p> - Diese CD ist außerdem über Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung - (<a href="http://www.lob.de?flag=dan"><code>http://www.lob.de?flag=dan</code></a>) für 29,90 DM zu erhalten. - <li>4allTeX - The ultimate TeX resource: - Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. erhielten ein Exemplar der - 4. Auflage (Dezember 1997) dieser CD-ROM mit - Ausgabe 1/1998 der Mitgliedszeitschrift. Exemplare der - 5. Auflage (Sommer 1999) können Mitglieder für 3,-- DM - beim Verein anfordern. -<li>CTAN/3 - Das TeX-/LaTeX-Archiv von DANTE e.V.: - ... ist veraltet (November 1995) und wird nicht mehr angeboten. - </ul> - -<li>Disketten und andere Medien per Post: - <ul> -<li>Für Mitglieder ohne Internet-Anschluss bietet DANTE e.V. den - Service an, TeX-Software per Disketten oder auf anderen Medien zu - verteilen. - </ul> - -</ul> - -Außerdem hat DANTE e.V. für einige Shareware-Angebote Sonderregelungen -für seine Mitglieder vereinbart. So wurde beispielsweise für das -TeX-Paket ,OzTeX` für MacOS-Rechner die Shareware-Gebühren -pauschal für alle Mitglieder bezahlt. - -<h2><a name="11">4.2 TeX-Implementierungen <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - -<h3><a name="12">4.2.1 Ich suche für das Betriebssystem XYZ ein möglichst - komplettes, leicht installierbares TeX-System. <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Auf CTAN findet man TeX-Systeme teils fertig installierbar, teils nur -als Sources in den Verzeichnissen unter ,,<tt>systems/</tt>``. Einige -Systeme kann man auch auf CD-ROMs finden (siehe -<a href="#1">Frage 4.1</a>), davon sind einige sehr einfach -installierbar und dokumentiert, also für Anfänger ideal. Da es der -Platz hier nicht zuläßt, auf alle Systeme genauer einzugehen, folgt -in den <a href="#15">Abschnitten 4.2.4</a>ff eine unvollständige -Aufzählung für verschiedene Betriebssysteme mit einer sehr knappen -Beschreibung. - -<h3><a name="13">4.2.2 Unix (einschließlich Linux) <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>web2c:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/web2c/"><code>systems/web2c/</code></a> -<p> - unvollständiges System, enthält ,nur` den Quellcode der - wichtigsten Programme eines TeX-Systems ((ML)TeX, METAFONT, METAPOST, - TeX+MF+WEB-Tools, BibTeX, dvicopy u.v.a.); TeX-System ist - mit Hilfe von ,web2c` relativ einfach auf alle Systeme mit - C-Compiler und Unix-ähnlicher C-Library portierbar, wobei die - aktuelle Version 7.2 schon Amiga-, OS/2- und Windows - NT-Unterstützung enthält. -<dt><b>teTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/2.0/"><code>systems/unix/teTeX/2.0/</code></a> -<p> - vollständiges System, über Skripte automatisch und sehr einfach - compilier- und installierbar, für viele weitverbreitete - Unix-Systeme demnächst auch fertige Binaries verfügbar, - teTeX v2.0 basiert auf der ,web2c` Version 7.4.5. -<p> - Ab der 4. Auflage der CD-ROM ,TeX Live` findet man - eine Variante von teTeX, die auf web2c v7.3 basiert, in einer von - der CD-ROM lauffähigen Version für viele Unix-Versionen! -<p> - Eine bequeme Möglichkeit, teTeX mittels WWW-Browser für - diverse Unix-Versionen zu laden, bietet die Seite -<p> - <a href="http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/search/tetex.html"><code>http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/search/tetex.html</code></a> -<dt><b>NTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/unix/ntex"><code>systems/unix/ntex</code></a> <br /> -<a href="http://www.langbein.org/software/ntex/"><code>http://www.langbein.org/software/ntex/</code></a> -<p> - vollständiges System, enthält viele landessprachliche - Anpassungen, auch für weniger verbreitete Sprachen, in neueren - Versionen werden neben Linux auch andere Plattformen unterstützt. - NTeX v1.x enthält unrechtmäßig veränderte, inkompatible - CM-Schriften, daher möglichst sofort auf v2.3.2 umsteigen! - Das System wurde seit August 1998 nicht mehr geändert. -<dt><b>VTeX/Lnx:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="http://www.micropress-inc.com/linux/"><code>http://www.micropress-inc.com/linux/</code></a> <br /> -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/vtex/"><code>systems/vtex/</code></a> -<p> - Ein TeX-System, das unmittelbar PDF- oder PostScript-Ausgabe - erzeugt; es ist kostenlos erhältlich und enthält ein komplettes - LaTeX. VTeX/Lnx läuft nur unter Linux (x86), nicht unter - anderen Unix-Varianten. -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="14">4.2.3 Windows 3.x/95/98/NT/2000 <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>fpTeX (Win32-Web2c, auch ,,teTeX für Windows`` genannt):</b></dt> -<dd> -<p> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/win32/fptex/"><code>systems/win32/fptex/</code></a>, - <a href="http://www.fptex.org"><code>http://www.fptex.org</code></a> -<p> - Basiert auf Web2c Version 7.x. In der aktuellen Version, die auch - ab der 6. Auflage der CD-ROM ,,TeX Live`` enthalten ist, - läuft die Installation sehr komfortabel entweder über eine - Standard-Installation oder über ein ausführliches Paketauswahlmenü - ab. - Auf Wunsch werden auch der PostScript-Interpreter - Ghostscript/GSView, die Editoren Emacs oder WinEdt sowie weitere - nützliche Software wie die Grafikbibliothek ImageMagick installiert. - Weitere Informationen finden sich in der Datei - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/win32/fptex/docs/fptex.pdf"><code>systems/win32/fptex/docs/fptex.pdf</code></a> - oder über die oben angegebene fpTeX-Homepage. -<dt><b>MikTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> -<p> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/win32/miktex/"><code>systems/win32/miktex/</code></a> -<p> - Für Windows 95 und NT (auch Versionen für Power-PC), genaueres - unter - <a href="http://www.miktex.org/"><code>http://www.miktex.org/</code></a> - und - <a href="http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~minten/NTTeXing/NTTeXing.html"><code>http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~minten/NTTeXing/NTTeXing.html</code></a> - sowie im Dokument ,,LaTeX, Emacs etc. for your PC`` - <a href="http://www.math.auc.dk/~dethlef/Tips/introduction.html"><code>http://www.math.auc.dk/~dethlef/Tips/introduction.html</code></a>. -<p> - Eine Installationsbeschreibung eines TeX-Gesamtsystems aus - MikTeX, Ghostview und WinEdt für Einsteiger findet man unter - <a href="http://www.dante.de/help/documentation/miktex/"><code>http://www.dante.de/help/documentation/miktex/</code></a> - und - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/german/MiKTeX-WinEdt-TrueType-Anleitung/latex.htm"><code>info/german/MiKTeX-WinEdt-TrueType-Anleitung/latex.htm</code></a> - Zu MikTeX, Ghostview und Emacs u.a. findet man hier Informationen: - <a href="http://www.math.auc.dk/~dethlef/Tips/introduction.html"><code>http://www.math.auc.dk/~dethlef/Tips/introduction.html</code></a> -<p> - LaTeX - ein komplettes Setup unter Windows: - <a href="http://www.joachimschlosser.de/Informatik/Tips/latexsystem.html"><code>http://www.joachimschlosser.de/Informatik/Tips/latexsystem.html</code></a> -<dt><b>WinEmTeX (ehemals: tex4win; emTeX für Windows):</b></dt> -<dd> -<p> - <a href="http://ipe.et.uni-magdeburg.de/~werner/winemtex.htm"><code>http://ipe.et.uni-magdeburg.de/~werner/winemtex.htm</code></a> -<p> - Komplette TeX-Distribution für Windows mit allen notwendigen - Teilen des emTeX-Paketes zusammen mit Ghostscript und dem Editor - WinEdit von Wilson Windowware, durch Installations-Skript sofort - funktionsfähig installierbar; durch Skriptsprache des Editors - sind alle TeX-Funktionen (übersetzen, Vorschau usw.) per Menu - oder Tastaturkürzel aufrufbar, Syntax-Hervorhebung durch Farbe; - integrierte BibTeX-Oberfläche, kontextsensitive LaTeX-Hilfe, - automatische Fontgenerierung; momentan nur Dokumentation in - deutsch. (Die unregistrierte Shareware-Version des Editors ist - auf Textlängen von 1000 Zeilen beschränkt!) -<dt><b>emTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> siehe <a href="#15">OS/2, MS-DOS</a> -<dt><b>web2c 7.0 (DJGPP-Port):</b></dt> -<dd> siehe <a href="#15">OS/2, MS-DOS</a> -<dt><b>BaKoMa TeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/systems/win32/bakoma/"><code>nonfree/systems/win32/bakoma/</code></a> -<p> - Shareware; vollständiges TeX-System mit integrierter Umgebung, - unterstützt skalierbare Schriften (OpenType, TrueType, PostScript - Type-1 und Type-3 inkl. Multiple-Master-Fonts), enthält - erweiterten BaKoMa-Schriftensatz. -<dt><b>TrueTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> <a href="http://idt.net/~truetex/"><code>http://idt.net/~truetex/</code></a> -<p> - Kommerzielles TeX-System -<dt><b>Y&Y TeX:</b></dt> -<dd> <a href="http://www.YandY.com/"><code>http://www.YandY.com/</code></a> -<p> - Kommerzielles TeX-System -<dt><b>VTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="http://www.micropress-inc.com/"><code>http://www.micropress-inc.com/</code></a> -<p> - Kommerzielles TeX-System -<dt><b>Scientific Word/Scientific WorkPlace:</b></dt> -<dd> -<p> - Kommerzielles TeX-System für Windows, Pseudo-WYSIWYG. -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="15">4.2.4 OS/2, MS-DOS</a></h3> - -<dl> -<dt><b>emTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/emtex/"><code>systems/msdos/emtex/</code></a> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip"><code>obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip</code></a> -<p> - Vollständiges System mit vielen Tools, leicht installierbar, - viele Erweiterungen (z.B. GUI) von fremden Autoren verfügbar; - findet man auf der CD-ROM ,4allTeX` in einer von der CD-ROM - lauffähigen Version! -<dt><b>emTeX/TDS:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/os2/emtex-contrib/emtexTDS/"><code>systems/os2/emtex-contrib/emtexTDS/</code></a> -<p> - Auf emTeX basierende TeX-Distribution für OS/2, aufgebaut - gemäß dem TDS-Standard. Ein Installationsskript richtet ein - betriebsfähiges (La)TeX mit zusätzlichen Paketen, Schriften, - Anpassung an zahlreiche Sprachen und Unterstützung für PostScript - ein. Die Installation benötigt zusätzlich Teile des - emTeX-Pakets. Dokumentation in Deutsch und Englisch. -<dt><b>PubliC (e-)TeX/MF/MP:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/dostp22/"><code>systems/msdos/dostp22/</code></a> -<p> - Minimal-Ausstattung an Programmen, Makros und Fonts, dafür voll - TDS-kompatibel, enthält <i>e</i>-TeX, leicht installierbar. -<dt><b>SbTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/sbtex/"><code>systems/msdos/sbtex/</code></a> -<dt><b>web2c-OS/2:</b></dt> -<dd> <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/os2/web2c-6.1/"><code>systems/os2/web2c-6.1/</code></a> -<p> - Portierung des ,web2c-6.1`-Pakets (siehe <a href="#13">Frage 4.2.2</a>, Unix) - für OS/2 (ab Version 2.0), unvollständiges System, enthält ,nur` den - Kern eines TeX-Systems. -<dt><b>web2c:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="http://archiv.leo.org/pub/comp/os/dos/gnu/djgpp/v2apps/tex/"><code>http://archiv.leo.org/pub/comp/os/dos/gnu/djgpp/v2apps/tex/</code></a> -<p> - Portierung von web2c 7.0 für MS-DOS, basiert auf gcc-Portierung - von D.J. Delorie, benötigt Teile des DJGPP-Runtime-Pakets, das - auch auf OS/2 und Windows 95/NT läuft. -<dt><b>OS/2 TeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/~kleinboe/g_os2tex.html"><code>http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/~kleinboe/g_os2tex.html</code></a> -<p> - Shareware (Registrierungsgebühr 70,-- DM), einfach zu - installierendes System mit eigenem Installationsprogramm, - TeX-Shell mit einfachem Syntax-Highlighting, PM DVI-Previewer, - Schriftarten-Server, unterstützt jeden installierten - OS/2-Druckertreiber. -<dt><b>4allTeX Workbench:</b></dt> -<dd> siehe <a href="#31">Frage 4.3.4</a> -<dt><b>VTeX/2:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="http://www.micropress-inc.com/os2/"><code>http://www.micropress-inc.com/os2/</code></a> <br /> -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/vtex/"><code>systems/vtex/</code></a> -<p> - Ein TeX-System, das unmittelbar PDF- oder PostScript-Ausgabe - erzeugt; es ist kostenlos erhältlich und enthält ein komplettes - LaTeX. VTeX/2 läuft nur unter OS/2, nicht unter MS-DOS und ist - nicht identisch mit VTeX für Windows. -</dl> - - - -<h3><a name="16">4.2.5 OpenVMS</a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>DECUS-TeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/OpenVMS/"><code>systems/OpenVMS/</code></a> -<p> - Dieses Verzeichnis enthält Zip-Archive der Quellen sowie der - vorkompilierten Images für OpenVMS (Alpha und VAX). Makrodateien, - Schriften etc. sind aus den anderen Teilen (<tt>macros/</tt>, - <tt>fonts/</tt>, <tt>languages/</tt>) des CTAN-Archivs zu besorgen. -<p> - DECUS-TeX ist eine vollständige, Ready-to-Run-Verteilung für OpenVMS - (Alpha und VAX). Die Images sind dieselben, wie sie auch von CTAN - erhältlich sind. Daneben enthält die Verteilung die gängigen Formate - (Plain, LaTeX, AmS-TeX), sowie XDVI, DVIPS, TEXINDEX und einige andere - Programme. Weiterhin sind alle Standard-Schriften (CM, LaTeX, AmS-TeX, - EC) enthalten. Der gesamte Umfang beträgt ca. 200MB (inkl. Quellen). - DECUS-TeX kann von DECUS München e.V., Freischützstr. 91, 81927 - München gegen einen Unkostenbeitrag auf folgenden Medien bezogen werden: - Magnetband 6250Bpi, TK50, DAT. -<p> - DECUS München e.V. hat die Distribution an DECUS U.S. zur - Aufnahme in die DECUS-Library weitergegeben, die seit einiger Zeit zweimal - jährlich auf CD erscheint. Darüberhinaus hat DECUS U.S. die - Distribution an Compaq (vormals DEC) als Beitrag für die Freeware-CD - weitergeben. Die Freeware-Version unterscheidet siuch nur in dem - ,Packaging` von der DECUS-Version; auf der Freeware-CD ist - <em>ein</em> ZIP-Archiv (VMS-Version von Unzip ist notwendig) vorhanden, - während DECUS vier Save-Sets verteilt. -<p> - Die aktuelle Freeware-CD (4.0, Stand Dezember 2000) wird an Kunden - zusammen mit der ,Consolidated Binary Distribution` ausgeliefert. - Daneben ist der Inhalt der Freeware-CD im Internet auf dem WWW-Server - von Compaq verfügbar. Einstiegspunkt ist beispielsweise - <a href="http://www.openvms.compaq.com/"><code>http://www.openvms.compaq.com/</code></a>. -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="17">4.2.6 Apple MacOS</a></h3> -<p> -Eine gute Übersicht über alle Implementierungen von TeX-Systemen und Teilen -davon (BibTeX etc.) sowie von Editoren und weiteren Tools für MacOS findet -man unter <a href="http://www.esm.psu.edu/mac-tex/"><code>http://www.esm.psu.edu/mac-tex/</code></a> -<dl> -<dt><b>OzTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/mac/oztex/"><code>systems/mac/oztex/</code></a> <br /> -<a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/systems/mac/oztex-german/"><code>nonfree/systems/mac/oztex-german/</code></a> -<p> - OzTeX-Homepage: -<a href="http://www.trevorrow.com/oztex/"><code>http://www.trevorrow.com/oztex/</code></a> -<p> - Teils Shareware, bitte mitgelieferte README-Dateien beachten! - (OzTeX-Shareware-Gebühr wurde für Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. bereits - pauschal bezahlt.) -<dt><b>CMacTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/systems/mac/cmactex/"><code>nonfree/systems/mac/cmactex/</code></a> -<p> - CMacTeX-Homepage: <a href="http://www.kiffe.com/cmactex.html"><code>http://www.kiffe.com/cmactex.html</code></a> -<p> - Shareware. Beruht auf Web2c-7.x. Enthält u.a. <i>e</i>-TeX, Omega, - pdfTeX, 8Bit-BibTeX, unterstützt PS-Schriften wahlweise im - pfb-, pfa- oder Mac-Format. -<dt><b>DirectTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/systems/mac/directtex/"><code>nonfree/systems/mac/directtex/</code></a> -<p> - Teils Shareware, bitte mitgelieferte README-Dateien - beachten! -<dt><b>Textures:</b></dt> -<dd> -<p> - Kommerzielles TeX-System, Pseudo-WYSIWYG -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="18">4.2.7 MacOS X (Unix)</a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>teTeX für MacOS X:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="http://www.rna.nl/tex.html"><code>http://www.rna.nl/tex.html</code></a>, - <a href="ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/comp/maxosx/tex-gs/"><code>ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/comp/maxosx/tex-gs/</code></a>, - <a href="http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/tetex.tar.gz"><code>http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/tetex.tar.gz</code></a> -<p> - vollständiges teTeX-System (siehe Beschreibung unter Unix/Linux) - mit Installationsanleitung und graphischem Frontend TeXShop. -<p> - TeXShop: <a href="http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/texshop.html"><code>http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/texshop.html</code></a> -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="19">4.2.8 BeOS (Intel/PowerPC):</a></h3> -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Ausführbare Programme - TeX (Web2C 7.2): </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.bebits.com/app/1130"><code>http://www.bebits.com/app/1130</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>DVI Viewer: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.bebits.com/app/1129"><code>http://www.bebits.com/app/1129</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Be-PDF: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.bebits.com/app/159"><code>http://www.bebits.com/app/159</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.frbug.org/pdf/"><code>http://www.frbug.org/pdf/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Ghostscript: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.bebits.com/app/797"><code>http://www.bebits.com/app/797</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://anobject.com/jehamby/Code/"><code>http://anobject.com/jehamby/Code/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="20">4.2.9 Plan 9</a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>TeX für Plan 9 from Bell Labs:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9dist/TeX.html"><code>http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9dist/TeX.html</code></a> -<p> - TeX-System für Plan 9. Dieses System enthält die Quellen, - ausführbare Programme für x86, Schriften und alle Anpassungen. -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="21">4.2.10 Amiga</a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>AmiWeb2C:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/amiga/amiweb2c/"><code>systems/amiga/amiweb2c/</code></a> -<p> - beruht auf Web2c-7.2, enthält METAPOST 0.641, <i>e</i>-TeX v2.0, - Omega 1.5 und pdfTeX 0.12; das System wird mangels - Zeit vom Autor nicht mehr weiterentwickelt. -<dt><b>PasTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/amiga/pastex/"><code>systems/amiga/pastex/</code></a> -<p> - vollständiges TeX-System; wegen Zeitmangel des Autors nicht mehr - weiterentwickelt. -<dt><b>AmigaTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="http://www.radicaleye.com"><code>http://www.radicaleye.com</code></a> -<p> - kommerzielles TeX-System; ist laut Auskunft auf der angegebenen - WWW-Seite nicht mehr verfügbar. -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="22">4.2.11 Atari ST</a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>Lindner-TeX/Birkhahn-MF:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/atari/lindner-tex/"><code>systems/atari/lindner-tex/</code></a> - <dt><b>CS-TeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/atari/cs-tex/"><code>systems/atari/cs-tex/</code></a> -<p> - veraltetes TeX-System von 1992, neuere Version als MultiTeX - kommerziell vertrieben (jedoch mittlerweile auch veraltet) -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="23">4.2.12 NeXT:</a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>TeX for NEXTSTEP/OpenStep:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="http://www.mathi.uni-heidelberg.de/~flight/stepTeX/"><code>http://www.mathi.uni-heidelberg.de/~flight/stepTeX/</code></a> -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="24">4.2.13 AtheOS:</a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>teTeX:</b></dt> -<dd> - <a href="http://www.atheos.cx/download/list.php3?full_desc"><code>http://www.atheos.cx/download/list.php3?full_desc</code></a> - <a href="ftp://atheos.sourceforge.net/pub/atheos/packages/"><code>ftp://atheos.sourceforge.net/pub/atheos/packages/</code></a> -<p> - TeX-System für AtheOS (Binär-Distribution). -</dl> - - - -<h2><a name="25">4.3 Editoren, Frontend-/GUI-Programme <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h2> - - -<h3><a name="26">4.3.1 Welche Editoren soll ich verwenden? Gibt es graphische - Benutzungsoberflächen, die den Aufruf der einzelnen Programme - vereinfachen oder automatisieren?</a></h3> -<p> -Grundsätzlich sollte man den Editor verwenden, mit dem man am besten -arbeiten kann. Denn: Man verbringt die meiste Zeit im Editor, nicht -nur zum Erstellen von (La)TeX-Dokumenten, sondern beim Erstellen -jedes Textes. -<p> -Die Listen in den folgenden Abschnitten stellen eine unvollständige -Auswahl von verfügbaren Bedienumgebungen und Editoren mit -(La)TeX-Unterstützung dar. Für die nicht explizit genannten Systeme -(wie Atari ST) gibt es ebenso an diese Systeme angepaßte -Bedienumgebungen. - -<h3><a name="27">4.3.2 Unix (einschließlich Linux) <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>,Emacs`<a name="28" id="28"> mit</a> AUCTeX-Mode:</b></dt> -<dd> - Unter X11 und GNU-Emacs 19.* oder 20.* (bzw. XEmacs) hat man Menüs, - Klammerungstest, sehr mächtige Eingabe-Shortcuts, mit ,font-lock` - Hervorhebung durch Farbe, Syntax-Check, Aufruf von TeX, Previewer und - weiterer Tools etc. - <dt><b>,xtem`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Eine in Tcl/Tk geschriebene, unter X11 laufende Bedienoberfläche, von der - aus die wichtigsten Programme eines TeX-Systems integriert werden können; - leicht konfigurierbar und wegen Verwendung von Tcl auch selbst relativ - einfach erweiterbar. - <dt><b>,FTE` - Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux:</b></dt> -<dd> - Nähere Beschreibung siehe unter ,Windows 3.*/95/98/NT`. - <dt><b>,NEdit`:</b></dt> -<dd> - X-Window/MOTIF-basierter Editor mit Syntax-Hervorhebung für zahlreiche - Programmiersprachen darunter auch LaTeX, BibTeX und LyX. Weniger - mächtig als Emacs, aber z.B. für Windows-Umsteiger leichter zu bedienen. - Zusätzlich zur standardmäßigen LaTeX-Unterstützung bietet das Paket - ,NEdit-LaTeX-Extensions` weitere nützliche Hilfen (AUCTeX-ähnlich). - <dt><b>,Glimmer`:</b></dt> -<dd> An den Gnome-Desktop angepaßter Editor mit - Syntax-Hervorhebung für zahlreiche Programmiersprachen, darunter auch - LaTeX. - <dt><b>,Kile`:</b></dt> -<dd> Bedienoberfläche/Editor mit Syntax-Hervorhebung, - Strukturdarstellung, integriertem DVI-Betrachter u.v.a.. Angepaßt an die - KDE-Oberfläche (X-Window). - <dt><b>,Ktexmaker2`:</b></dt> -<dd> Wird jetzt unter dem Namen ,Kile` - weiterentwickelt. - <dt><b>,Tk LaTeX Editor`:</b></dt> -<dd> Ein auf Tk basierender Editor mit - Syntax-Hervorhebung und vielen anderen Hilfsmittel. Ist vermutlich auf - verschiedenen Rechnerplattformen nutzbar. -</dl> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>AUCTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/auctex/"><code>support/auctex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>S. Kamphausen: XEmacs - Die Deutschsprachige Einleitung: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.skamphausen.de/xemacs/"><code>http://www.skamphausen.de/xemacs/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>xtem: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/xtem_texmenu/"><code>support/xtem_texmenu/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>NEdit: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://nedit.org/"><code>http://nedit.org/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/NEdit-LaTeX-Extensions/"><code>support/NEdit-LaTeX-Extensions/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="ftp://humbolt.geo.uu.nl/pub/mirror/NEdit/"><code>ftp://humbolt.geo.uu.nl/pub/mirror/NEdit/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Glimmer: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://glimmer.sourceforge.net/"><code>http://glimmer.sourceforge.net/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Ktexmaker2: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://xm1.net.free.fr/linux/"><code>http://xm1.net.free.fr/linux/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Kile: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://xm1.net.free.fr/kile/"><code>http://xm1.net.free.fr/kile/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Tk LaTeX Editor: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://conero.lrn.ru/index.php?module=soft"><code>http://conero.lrn.ru/index.php?module=soft</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="29">4.3.3 Windows 3.*/95/98/NT</a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>,NTemacs`<a name="30" id="30"> -</a> - GNU-Emacs mit AUCTeX-Mode für Win32:</b></dt> -<dd> <table> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/ntemacs.html"><code>http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/ntemacs.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~minten/NTTeXing/NTTeXing.html"><code>http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~minten/NTTeXing/NTTeXing.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - enthält eine FAQ zum GNU-Emacs unter Win32 und Hinweise zur - Installation eines vollständigen TeX-Systems einschließlich eines - an TeX angepaßten GNU-Emacs unter Win32. - <dt><b>,WinEdt` - Editor für Windows 3.11/95/98/NT:</b></dt> -<dd> - Shareware, hat Syntax-Highlighting, stellt Templates etc. für - LaTeX bereit; ist sehr gut auf Nutzerbedürfnisse anzupassen, - Support durch den Autor. - <dt><b>,TeX for Windows` - LaTeX-Editor für Windows 95/98/NT:</b></dt> -<dd> - Freeware, Formel-Editor, unterstützt LaTeX und BibTeX, - Aufruf von LaTeX, dviwin, dvips, ghostview, ... <dt><b>,FTE` - Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux:</b></dt> -<dd> - Frei verfügbar, Syntax-Highlighting; unterstützt neben LaTeX - etliche weitere Programmiersprachen. Vielseitig konfigurierbar. - <dt><b>,WinTeX 2000` - TeX Editor für Windows 95/98/NT:</b></dt> -<dd> - Hat Office 98 Look-and-Feel, Syntax-Highlighting, - Auto-Spell-Check, Thesaurus, BibTeX-Editor, Code-Templates. - <dt><b>,TeXnicCenter` - Editor und Oberfläche für Windows 95/98/NT:</b></dt> -<dd> - Frei verfügbar (GPL), bietet vielfältige Möglichkeiten, u.a. Syntax-Highlighting, Strukturansicht, Templates, über Menüs - vollständig konfigurierbar. - <dt><b>,Tcltexed` - Editor und Oberfläche:</b></dt> -<dd> - Frei verfügbar (GPL), programmiert unter Verwendung von Tcl/Tk - und damit unabhängig vom verwendeten Betriebssytem. Bietet - Syntax-Highlighting und gestattet es, externe Programme - einzubinden. - <dt><b>,WinShell`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Programm frei verfügbar, Quellen nicht. Unterstützt mehrere - Sprachen (englisch, deutsch, französisch), Projekte, mehrere - Dokumente, Start mit Kommandozeilenargumente, Syntax-Highlighting, - Einbindung externer Programme, Lesen von Unix-Dateien u.a. </dl> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>WinEdt: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/systems/win32/winedt/"><code>nonfree/systems/win32/winedt/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>TeX for Windows: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://maitai.wsi.tu-muenchen.de/wheller/"><code>http://maitai.wsi.tu-muenchen.de/wheller/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>(nicht mehr erreichbar)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>FTE: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://fte.sourceforge.net/"><code>http://fte.sourceforge.net/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>WinTeX 2000: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/systems/win32/wintex2000/"><code>nonfree/systems/win32/wintex2000/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.tex-tools.de/main.html"><code>http://www.tex-tools.de/main.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>TeXnicCenter: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/win32/TeXnicCenter/"><code>systems/win32/TeXnicCenter/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.ToolsCenter.org/products/texniccenter/"><code>http://www.ToolsCenter.org/products/texniccenter/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Tcltexed: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/tcltexed/"><code>support/tcltexed/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://studweb.studserv.uni-stuttgart.de/studweb/users/phy/phy10932/tcltexed.htm"><code>http://studweb.studserv.uni-stuttgart.de/studweb/users/phy/phy10932/tcltexed.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>WinShell: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.winshell.de"><code>http://www.winshell.de</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p> -Unter <a href="http://home.nexgo.de/itsfd/texwin.htm"><code>http://home.nexgo.de/itsfd/texwin.htm</code></a> ist eine Übersicht von -Free- und Shareware-Programmen zum Bearbeiten von TeX-, -LaTeX- und BibTeX-Dateien zu finden. - -<h3><a name="31">4.3.4 MS-DOS</a></h3> - -<dl> -<dt><b>,GNU-Emacs`<a name="32" id="32"> mit</a> AUCTeX-Mode:</b></dt> -<dd> - einen vollwertigen GNU Emacs 19.34 mit Pull-Down-Menüs, - Mausunterstützung und Faces gibt es auch für MS-DOS; nähere - Beschreibung siehe ,Unix` (<a href="#27">Frage 4.3.2</a>). - <dt><b>,4allTeX Workbench`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Bietet eine einfache, ausreichende Umgebung, in die man sehr einfach den - eigenen Editor und andere Programme einbinden kann (nur bis - 4. Auflage auch für MS-DOS; auf der CD-ROM bzw. im Paket - ,4allTeX`). - <dt><b>,Eddi4TeX`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Ist ein spezieller Editor mit Klammerungstest, Syntax-Checks, - Online-Hilfe, Hervorhebung durch Farbe etc., der durch eine - umfangreiche Makrosprache angepaßt und erweitert werden kann. - <dt><b>,TeXshell`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Ist eine einfache, einfach anpaßbare Umgebung, in die der eigene - Editor eingebunden werden kann. - <dt><b>,FTE`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Ein Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux. Nähere - Beschreibung siehe unter ,Windows 3.*/95/98/NT`. -</dl> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>4allTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip"><code>obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>(oder auf CD-ROM)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Eddi4TeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/e4t/"><code>systems/msdos/e4t/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>TeXshell: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/msdos/texshell/"><code>systems/msdos/texshell/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="33">4.3.5 OS/2</a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>,GNU-Emacs`<a name="34" id="34"> mit</a> AUCTeX-Mode:</b></dt> -<dd> - Einen vollwertigen GNU Emacs 19.33 mit Pull-Down-Menüs, - Mausunterstützung und Faces gibt es auch für OS/2; nähere - Beschreibung siehe unter <a href="#27">,Unix`</a>. - <dt><b>,EPM` (,Erweiterter Editor`, ist bei OS/2 dabei):</b></dt> -<dd> - PM-Anwendung, z.T. schon an TeX angepaßt (z.B. Syntax-Highlighting). Zusätzliche Pakete erweitern den Editor zu - einer integrierten TeX-Umgebung und sind für emTeX vorbereitet: - <ul> -<li>epmTeX: Menüunterstützung für TeX, DVI-Treiber usw., - LaTeX-Syntaxassistent, vielfältige Optionen. - <li>EPM TeX Front End: weiterentwickelte, neuere Variante von - epmTeX, unterstützt PostScript, einfache Installation und - Handhabung, deutschsprachige Anleitung. - </ul> - - <dt><b>,FSS TeXeditor`:</b></dt> -<dd> - WPS/PM-Programm, für die Verwendung von emTeX (optional - zusammen mit dvips/Ghostscript) vorkonfiguriert, verwaltet mehrere - TeX-Konfigurationen, mehrere Dateifenster, TeX-Befehle über - Menüs verfügbar, Textbausteine, eigene Makros erstellbar etc. (Freeware) - <dt><b>,FTE` - Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux:</b></dt> -<dd> - Nähere Beschreibung siehe unter ,Windows 3.*/95/98/NT`. -</dl> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>epmTeX: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/os2/epmtex/"><code>systems/os2/epmtex/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>EPM TeX Front End: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/os2/epmtfe/"><code>systems/os2/epmtfe/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>FSS TeXeditor: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/os2/texed/"><code>systems/os2/texed/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="35">4.3.6 Apple MacOS:</a></h3> -<p> -Eine gute Übersicht über alle Implementierungen von TeX-Systemen, Teilen -davon (BibTeX etc.) sowie von Editoren und weiteren Tools für MacOS -findet man unter <a href="http://www.esm.psu.edu/mac-tex/"><code>http://www.esm.psu.edu/mac-tex/</code></a> -<dl> -<dt><b>,Alpha`<a name="36" id="36"> </a>:</b></dt> -<dd> - Ist ein Texteditor mit sehr guter Unterstützung für LaTeX. - <dt><b>,iTeXMac`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Ist Texteditor und Bedienoberfläche zu TeX (teTeX-basierend). - Es ist frei verfügbar (GPL). -</dl> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Alpha: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/systems/mac/support/alpha/"><code>nonfree/systems/mac/support/alpha/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>(im Unterverzeichnis ,,<tt>contrib/</tt>`` findet man viele</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td>nützliche Dinge und Anpassungen für Alpha)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>iTeXMac: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/monge/j.laurens/iTeXMac/"><code>http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/monge/j.laurens/iTeXMac/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="37">4.3.7 BeOS (Intel/PowerPC):</a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>,TexEdit`<a name="38" id="38"> </a>:</b></dt> -<dd> - TeX-syntax-coloring text editor. -</dl> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>TexEdit: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.beatjapan.org/mirror/www.be.com/beware/Productivity/TexEdit.html"><code>http://www.beatjapan.org/mirror/www.be.com/beware/Productivity/TexEdit.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<h3><a name="39">4.3.8 Amiga:</a></h3> -<dl> -<dt><b>,MEmacs`<a name="40" id="40"> </a>:</b></dt> -<dd> - Ist eine abgespeckte Amiga-Version des GNU-Emacs, die im OS-Paket - enthalten ist. - <dt><b>,GoldED` v6.x:</b></dt> -<dd> - Editor, der TeX- bzw. LaTeX-Befehle entsprechend erkennt und - viele Hilfestellungen und Arbeitserleichterungen liefert, über eine - leistungsfähige ARexx-Schnittstelle kann TeX bzw. LaTeX, - DVI-Previewer und Druckertreiber per Mausklick angesteuert werden. -</dl> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>GoldED: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.members.tripod.com/golded"><code>http://www.members.tripod.com/golded</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - - -<h3><a name="41">4.3.9 Gibt es ein WYSIWYG-Frontend für TeX? Ist damit ein - interaktives Gestalten möglich?</a></h3> -<p> -Schon seit Jahren gibt es -,Textures`<a name="42" id="42"> auf</a> -MacOS-Rechner. Mit ,Scientific Word/Workplace` kam -vor einiger Zeit ein Äquivalent für Windows (PC) auf den -Markt. Beide Systeme haben gemein, daß sie kommerziell vertrieben -werden und daß Dokumente, Fonts u.ä. mit wenigen Einschränkungen mit -anderen TeX-Systemen ausgetauscht werden können. -<dl> -<dt><b>Lyx:</b></dt> -<dd> - ,Lyx` verwendet und legt - Dokumente in normalen Textdateien ab. Es verwendet einen eigenen - Markup-Stil mit eigenen Markup-Anweisungen, die als LaTeX-Paket in - der Datei ,,<tt>lyx.sty</tt>`` mitgeliefert werden. Lyx-Dokumente - können deshalb auch mit (La)TeX übersetzt und Teile daraus in - eigene Dokumente eingebunden werden. Vorhandene TeX-Dateien können durch - einen Import-Filter eingelesen werden. Ebenso können Lyx-Dateien nach - TeX, PDF, PostScript und ASCII exportiert werden. Lyx gibt es für - Unix/linux, Win32, OS/2 und MacOS X. Mehr Informationen, Source - bzw. Binaries für ,Lyx` und der benötigten Bibliothek - ,XForms` über -<table> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.lyx.org/"><code>http://www.lyx.org/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="ftp://ftp.lyx.org/pub/lyx/"><code>ftp://ftp.lyx.org/pub/lyx/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -Seit April 1998 gibt es eine an den KDE Desktop (Unix) angepaßte - Variante unter dem Namen - ,KLyx`, die mit KDE ausgeliefert wird, - jedoch nicht mit Lyx identisch ist. -<dt><b>TeXmacs:</b></dt> -<dd> - ,TeXmacs` ist ein Texteditor mit WYSIWYG-ähnlicher - Darstellung unter Beibehaltung logischer Strukturen. Einige der - Funktionen sind denen des Editors Emacs nachempfunden, wobei die - Bedienung erheblich einfacher ist. ,TeXmacs` ist auf - Systemen mit X-Window lauffähig und fertige Binaries für Linux - und Solaris sind verfügbar. Zur Darstellung werden direkt - TeX-Fonts verwendet. Außerdem existiert eine Schnittstelle zu dem - Computer-Algebrasystem <tt>pari</tt>. - <table> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.math.u-psud.fr/~anh/TeXmacs/TeXmacs.html"><code>http://www.math.u-psud.fr/~anh/TeXmacs/TeXmacs.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/systems/unix/TeXmacs"><code>systems/unix/TeXmacs</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<dt><b>e:doc:</b></dt> -<dd> - ,e:doc` ist ein Wordprocessor, - der eine WYSIWYG-ähnliche Darstellung bei Beibehaltung logischer - Strukturen bietet. Er ist unter Verwendung von ,Perl` und - ,Tk` geschrieben und somit auf den meisten Betriebssystemen - lauffähig. Derzeit ist das Projekt in einer frühen Phase. - <table> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://members.magnet.at/hfbuch/edoc/"><code>http://members.magnet.at/hfbuch/edoc/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<dt><b>THOT:</b></dt> -<dd> - ,THOT` - ist ein Editor, der es gestattet, ein Dokument anhand seiner - Struktur einzugeben bzw. zu modifizieren. Numerierung, Referenzen, - Index, Rechtschreibkorrektur u.a. werden unterstützt. - Ausgabeformate sind PostScript, LaTeX or HTML. Das Programm ist - frei verfügbar und kann unter Betriebssystemen mit - X-Window-Oberfläche genutzt werden. - <table> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.inrialpes.fr/opera/Thot.en.html"><code>http://www.inrialpes.fr/opera/Thot.en.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<dt><b>Cicero:</b></dt> -<dd> - ,Cicero` ist ein Wordprocessor, - der in C++ in Verbindung mit TCL/TK geschrieben ist und unter X-Window - läuft, Ausgabe kann in LaTeX und mit SGML-Tools aka - Linuxdoc-SGML erfolgen. Läuft unter Linux, evtl. auch auf anderen - Unix-Systemen. Cicero ist momentan noch im Entwicklungsstadium. - Mehr Informationen auf der WWW-Seite - <table> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://zeus.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de/~weis/cicero.html"><code>http://zeus.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de/~weis/cicero.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<dt><b>SciTeXt:</b></dt> -<dd> - ,SciTeXt` ist - ein Wordprocessor, der zu Anfang der Entwicklung unter X/Motif lief. - Zur Zeit wird das Programm nach Java portiert und soll somit auf den - meisten Rechnersystem lauffähig sein. Aufgrund des sehr frühen - Entwicklungsstadiums ist noch keine verwendbare Version verfügbar. - Mehr Informationen auf der WWW-Seite - <table> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="http://www.uni-paderborn.de/~SciTeXt/"><code>http://www.uni-paderborn.de/~SciTeXt/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"> - (Seit 1997 unverändert.)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="43">4.3.10 Gibt es bequeme Editoren für - BibTeX-Literaturdatenbankdateien? <img alt="»geändert«" border="0" src="upd-de.gif"></a></h3> -<p> -Die folgende Liste mit einigen Editoren und Frontend-Programme, zur -Eingabe und Manipulation von BibTeX-Literaturdatenbanken, ist noch -sehr unvollständig: -<dl> -<dt><b>,GNU-Emacs`<a name="44" id="44">/,XEmacs`</a> mit BibTeX-Mode:</b></dt> -<dd> - Der Editor Emacs ist für Unix, MS-DOS, OS/2, Win32, Amiga - und MacOS verfügbar. Quellenangaben in <a href="#25">Abschnitt 4.3</a>. -<dt><b>,BibGene`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Eine BibTeX-kompatible Literaturverwaltung für MacOS. Importiert - Dateien im BibTeX-Format, exportiert BibTeX-, - LaTeX-, RTF- und HTML-Dateien. -<dt><b>,bibview`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Für Linux und andere Unix-Versionen. -<dt><b>,Pybliographer`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Python/PyGTK-basiert, daher für Linux, andere Unix-Versionen und sonstige - Betriebssysteme, auf denen Python und PyGTK verfügbar ist. - Liest und schreibt auch die Formate Ovid, Refer und hat eine direkte - Schnittstelle zu Medline. Deutsche Sprachanpassung, aufgrund interner - Übersetzung ohne LaTeX-Kenntnisse nutzbar. -<dt><b>,SIXPACK`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Zum Editieren, Konvertieren (BibTeX-Format, refer, endnote, tib, - medline, html u.v.a.) und Verwalten von Literaturreferenzen. Für - Linux und andere Unix-Versionen. -<dt><b>,gBib`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Literaturverwaltung angepaßt an den Gnome-Desktop und LyX (siehe - <a href="#41">Abschnitt 4.3.9</a>). Für Linux und andere Unix-Versionen. -<dt><b>,tkbibtex`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Auf Tcl/Tk basierender Editor und Browser für BibTeX-Dateien. - Verwendbar unter jedem Betriebssystem mit installiertem Tcl/Tk. -<dt><b>,BibDB`:</b></dt> -<dd> - BibDB ist ein Programm zum Erzeugen und Verwalten von - Literaturreferenzen. BibDB verwendet das BibTeX-Format. Es - existieren Versionen für DOS und Windows. -<dt><b>,Barracuda`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Barracuda ist ein Verwaltungsprogramm für BibTeX-Dateien. - Es benötigt die Qt-Bibliotheken, die unter Linux verfügbar sind. -<dt><b>,scatman`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Mit dem Programm ,scatman` lassen sich Literaturdatenbanken - erstellen und in das BibTeX-Format exportieren. Auch der umgekehrte - Weg ist möglich. Das Programm ist Shareware und läuft unter Win32. -<dt><b>,synapsen`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Das Tool ,synapsen` ist ein in Java geschriebener, hypertextueller - Zettelkasten mit einer umfassenden BibTeX-Schnittstelle. -<dt><b>,JBibtexManager`:</b></dt> -<dd> - Ein ebenfalls in Java geschriebenes und damit plattformunabhängiges - frei verfügbares Programm. -</dl> - -<table> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Ralph Sontag: BibTeX-Frontends unter Unix: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2001/0013/data/"><code>http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2001/0013/data/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>bibview: </b></td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/utils/bibview-2.0/"><code>biblio/bibtex/utils/bibview-2.0/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>BibGene: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/bibs/bibgene"><code>http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/bibs/bibgene</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Pybliographer: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.gnome.org/pybliographer/"><code>http://www.gnome.org/pybliographer/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="ftp://ftp.gnome.org:21/pub/GNOME/stable/sources/pyblio/"><code>ftp://ftp.gnome.org:21/pub/GNOME/stable/sources/pyblio/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>SIXPACK: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.santafe.edu/~dirk/sixpack/"><code>http://www.santafe.edu/~dirk/sixpack/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>gBib: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://gbib.seul.org/"><code>http://gbib.seul.org/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>tkbibtex: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.cat.csiro.au/cmst/staff/pic/tkbibtex.html"><code>http://www.cat.csiro.au/cmst/staff/pic/tkbibtex.html</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>BibDB: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.mackichan.com/BibDB/default.htm"><code>http://www.mackichan.com/BibDB/default.htm</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td><a href="allgemein.html#11">CTAN:</a> <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/bibdb/"><code>support/bibdb/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>Barracuda: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://barracuda.sourceforge.net/"><code>http://barracuda.sourceforge.net/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>scatman: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~aschatt/"><code>http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~aschatt/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>synapsen: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://www.verzetteln.de/synapsen/"><code>http://www.verzetteln.de/synapsen/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> - <b>JBibtexManager: </b></td> - <td><a href="http://csb.stanford.edu/nbatada/JBibtexManager/"><code>http://csb.stanford.edu/nbatada/JBibtexManager/</code></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<p> -<hr /> -<div> -<div align="center"> - - <b>DE-TeX-FAQ (Version 72 vom September 2003)</b><br /> -<b>Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner</b> -</div> - -<hr /> -<address> -Kommentare zur FAQ bitte an `<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>` - - bitte keine Fragen zu TeX!<br /> -Mehr Informationen über TeX et al. finden Sie auf dem WWW-Server von - <a href="http://www.dante.de/">DANTE e.V.</a>.<br /> -(Diese HTML-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wurde am 19. September 2003 erzeugt) -</address> -</div> - -<a href="uebersicht.html"><img alt="Prev" src="previous.gif"></a><a href="de-tex-faq.html"><img alt="Up" src="up.gif"></a><a href="makros1.html"><img alt="Next" src="next.gif"></a></body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/index.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 5b1d85617f6..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,132 +0,0 @@ -<!-- $Id: index.html,v 2.3 2003/09/19 12:30:17 german Exp $ --> -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> - -<html> -<head> - <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> - - <title>DE-TeX-FAQ: German FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V.</title> - - <META NAME="Author" CONTENT="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> - <META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> - <META NAME="DESCRIPTION" - CONTENT="Eingangsdokument fuer die DE-TeX-FAQ"> - <link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> -</head> - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> - -<hr /> -<h1 align="center">DE-TeX-FAQ -- Fragen und Antworten über - TeX, LaTeX und DANTE e.V.</h1> -<hr /> - - -<p> Dieser Text enthält häufig gestellte Fragen und passende Antworten -zum TeX-System und DANTE e.V. </p> - -<blockquote> -<p> Copyright © 1995-2003 Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und -Thomas Hafner.</p> - -<p> Er kann über beliebige Medien frei verteilt werden, solange er -unverändert bleibt (inkl. diesem Hinweis). Die Autoren bitten bei -Verteilung über gedruckte Medien, Datenträger wie CD-ROM u.ä. um -Zusendung von mindestens drei Belegexemplaren. </p> -</blockquote> - -<p> Anregungen, Ergänzungen, Kommentare und Bemerkungen per E-Mail an -<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>. -(Hinweis: Wir beantworten <strong>keine</strong> Fragen zu und über -TeX!) </p> - -<address> -<p>Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner</p> -</address> - -<hr width="70%" /> - -<p>Hinweis: Eine Suche in der FAQ ist am einfachsten in der - <a href="txt/de-tex-faq.txt">Gesamt-Textversion</a> über die -Suchfunktion Ihres Browsers möglich. Alternativ kann man -über den Index/das Stichwortverzeichnis (außer in der -Textversion) die entsprechenden Fragen schnell finden.</p> - -<hr /> - -<table bgcolor="#CCCCCC" width="100%" - border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> -<tr> - <td align="center"><a href="txt/index.html">Text-Version</a></td> - <td align="center"><a href="html/de-tex-faq.html">HTML-Version</a></td> - <td align="center"><a href="de-tex-faq.pdf">PDF-Version</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<p> Die DE-TeX-FAQ hat folgende Struktur, deren Aufteilung sich aus -der Beschränkung auf maximal ca. 32 KByte pro Teil ergab: </p> - -<ul> -<li> Inhaltsverzeichnis </li> -<li> Teil 1: Allgemeines </li> -<li> Teil 2: Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur </li> -<li> Teil 3: Textsatzsystem TeX - Übersicht </li> -<li> Teil 4: Textsatzsystem TeX - Bezugsquellen </li> -<li> Teil 5: TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I) </li> -<li> Teil 6: TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II) </li> -<li> Teil 7: TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III) </li> -<li> Teil 8: TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV) </li> -<li> Teil 9: METAFONT und Schriften (I) </li> -<li> Teil 10: METAFONT und Schriften (II) </li> -<li> Teil 11: Tools/Utilities </li> -<li> <em>Index</em> </li> -</ul> - - -<p> Die FAQ liegt in folgenden Formaten zum Durchlesen vor: </p> - -<ul> -<li><a href="html/de-tex-faq.html">HTML</a></li> -<li><a href="txt/index.html">Text (ISO Latin-1)</a></li> -<li><a href="de-tex-faq.pdf">PDF</a> (ca. 1,5 MByte)</li> -</ul> - - - -<hr /> - -<h3>Hinweis:</h3> - -<p> Die Text-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ wird nicht nur in die Newsgroup - `<a href="news:de.comp.text.tex">de.comp.text.tex</a>' -verteilt, sondern auch zusätzlich als Crossposting in die Newsgroups - `<a href="news:de.answers">de.answers</a>' und - `<a href="news:news.answers">news.answers</a>'. Damit -kann man sie, mit einigen Tagen Verspätung, auch im FAQ-Archiv dieser -beiden Newsgroups auf - <a href="ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/de-tex-faq/"><code>rtfm.mit.edu</code></a> -und dessen `gespiegelten' Archiven finden. </p> - -<p> Auf CTAN kann man die Text-Version der DE-TeX-FAQ im Verzeichnis - <a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/help/de-tex-faq/"> - <code>help/de-tex-faq/</code></a> -finden. </p> - -<p> Die aktuelle Version in weiteren Formaten findet man auf dem - <a href="http://www.dante.de/faq/de-tex-faq/">WWW-Server von DANTE e.V.</a>. </p> - - -<hr /> -<div> -<address> -Copyright © 1995-2003 Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner;<br /> -$Revision: 2.3 $ ($Date: 2003/09/19 12:30:17 $) -by $Author: german $<a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer">.</a> -</address> -</div> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/de-tex-faq.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/de-tex-faq.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 34ea26e9cb8..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/de-tex-faq.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9498 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 1 --- - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Dieser Text enthält häufig gestellte Fragen und passende Antworten zum - Textsatzsystem TeX und zu DANTE e.V. - Er kann über beliebige Medien frei verteilt werden, solange er -unverändert bleibt (inklusive dieses Hinweises). Die Autoren bitten bei - Verteilung über gedruckte Medien, über Datenträger wie CD-ROM u.ä. um - Zusendung von mindestens drei Belegexemplaren. - Anregungen, Ergänzungen, Kommentare und Bemerkungen zur FAQ senden Sie - bitte per E-Mail an `detexfaq@dante.de' ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -Inhalt - - - 1 Allgemeines - - 1.1 Über diese FAQ - 1.2 CTAN, das `Comprehensive TeX Archive Network' - 1.3 Newsgroups und Diskussionslisten - - 2 Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur - - 2.1 DANTE e.V. - 2.2 Anwendervereinigungen - 2.3 Tagungen (*) - 2.4 Literatur (*) - - 3 Textsatzsystem TeX - Übersicht - - 3.1 Grundlegendes - 3.2 Welche TeX-Formate gibt es? Was ist LaTeX? - 3.3 Welche TeX-Weiterentwicklungen gibt es? - - 4 Textsatzsystem TeX - Bezugsquellen - - 4.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System? - 4.2 TeX-Implementierungen (*) - 4.3 Editoren, Frontend-/GUI-Programme (*) - - 5 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I) - - 5.1 LaTeX - Grundlegendes - 5.2 LaTeX - Probleme beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09 - 5.3 (Silben-)Trennung, Absatz-, Seitenumbruch - 5.4 Seitenlayout, Layout allgemein, Kopf- und Fußzeilen (*) - - 6 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II) - - 6.1 Abbildungen und Tafeln - 6.2 Tabellen - 6.3 Fußnoten, Endnoten etc. (*) - 6.4 Grafiken, Bilder, Farbe und andere Effekte (*) - - 7 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III) - - 7.1 Gliederung, Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und andere Verzeichnisse - 7.2 Literaturzitate, Literaturverzeichnis, BibTeX (*) - 7.3 \verb-Anweisung, verbatim- und Kommentar-Umgebungen (+) - 7.4 Zerbrechliche Anweisungen in `moving arguments' - - 8 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV) - - 8.1 Verschiedene Zeichen - 8.2 Mathematischer Formelsatz (*) - 8.3 Chemischer Struktur- und Formelsatz - 8.4 Notensatz (*) - 8.5 Verschiedenes (+) - - 9 METAFONT und Schriften - - 9.1 METAFONT und METAFONT-Hilfsprogramme - 9.2 Schriften - allgemein (*) - 9.3 TrueType-Schriften - - 10 METAFONT und Schriften (Fortsetzung) - - 10.1 Die Computer-Modern-Schriften und ihre Nachfolger (+) - 10.2 Alternativen zu den Computer-Modern-Schriften (*) - 10.3 Sonderschriften - - 11 Tools und Utilities - - 11.1 Tools zur Manipulation von dvi-Dateien - 11.2 Syntax-Checker - 11.3 Dokument-Konverter von bzw. in das (La)TeX-Markup-Format (*) - 11.4 TeX-Benutzungsoberflächen und Editoren (*) - 11.5 dvi-Treiber - Druckertreiber und Previewer - 11.6 Zeichenprogramme - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Neu hinzugekommene Abschnitte oder Abschnitte mit neuen Fragen und -Antworten sind durch ein Plus-Zeichen (+), Abschnitte mit geänderten -Fragen und Antworten sind durch ein Sternchen (*) markiert. Geringfügige -Textänderungen durch Korrektur von Ausdrucks- oder Rechtschreibfehlern -sind nicht markiert. - - -1 Allgemeines - - -1.1 Über diese FAQ - - -1.1.1 Entstehung und Erstellung - -Diese deutschsprachige FAQ (``frequently asked questions'' = Liste mit -häufig gestellten Fragen und Antworten) wurde durch die in der Newsgroup -`de.comp.text.tex' regelmäßig auftauchenden Fragen ``Was ist DANTE -e.V.?'', ``Was ist ``Die TeXnische Komödie''?'', ``Wie kann ich Mitglied -werden?'', ``Was kostet eine Mitgliedschaft?'' geboren. Aus diesem Grund -besteht ein Teil der FAQ aus Fragen über DANTE e.V. und den -entsprechenden Antworten. Aus der ca. 14KB großen, zweiteiligen ersten -Version vom 6. November 1995 ist innerhalb von zwei Monaten zuerst eine -vier-, dann eine achtteilige, ca. 90KB große FAQ-Liste entstanden, die -ab Oktober 1996 auf elf Teile angewachsen ist und mittlerweile eine -Größe von ca. 280KB Text erreicht. -Bis 1998 wurde die FAQ nur als reine Textversion gepflegt und -veröffentlicht. Im Oktober 1997 hat Rolf Niepraschk den Text der FAQ zur -weiteren Verarbeitung mit Hyperlatex umgesetzt, so daß daraus sowohl -eine Textversion der FAQ als auch Versionen in HTML- und anderen -Formaten generiert werden kann. Die Hyperlatex-Eingabe wurde in den -Folgemonaten von Fehlern befreit und erste Testversionen ab Februar 1998 -veröffentlicht. In dieser Zeit erfolgte die Pflege der offiziellen -Textversion und der Test-Hyperlatex-Quelle parallel. Im April 1999 stand -schließlich die 50. Ausgabe dieser FAQ der Öffentlichkeit in -verschiedenen Formaten zur Verfügung, die aus einer einzigen -Hyperlatex-Quelle erzeugt wurden. -Die DVI-, PostScript- und PDF-Versionen werden mit einem üblichen -teTeX-System erzeugt. Für die PDF-Version kommt pdfTeX zusammen mit dem -Paket `hyperref' zum Einsatz. Als Dokumentklasse finden die -Koma-Script-Klassen Verwendung. -Aus derselben Eingabequelle erstellt Hyperlatex die HTML-Version. Die -leider sehr beschränkten Möglichkeiten von Hyperlatex zur Generierung -eines Stichwortverzeichnisses wurden von einem der Autoren der FAQ -erweitert, da der Index für eine FAQ hilfreiche Dienste leisten kann. -Die Textversion wurde bis Version 57 (November 1999) mit Lynx aus einer -speziell angepaßten HTML-Version erstellt. Im Dezember 1999 wechselten -wir mit Version 58 von Lynx auf html2text, das auch HTML-Tabellen -verarbeiten kann. -Um diese Vielzahl von Zielformaten zu ermöglichen, besteht die -Eingabequelle der FAQ aus einer Menge von Treiberdateien, die für jedes -Format die notwendigen Deklarationen und Makro-Definitionen enthalten -und den eigentlichen Dateien mit den Fragen und Antworttexten. Das -Stichwortverzeichnis wird durch entsprechend definierte -Markup-Anweisungen für Pakete, Klassen, Schriften etc. automatisch und -durch viele weitere von uns manuell vorgenommene Eintragungen generiert. - -1.1.2 Erscheinungsweise - -Die Textversion der FAQ wird regelmäßig zur Monatsmitte in die -Newsgroups `de.comp.text.tex', `de.answers' und `news.answers' -verschickt. Die FAQ besteht aus mehreren Teilen, wobei jeder Teil ohne -News-Header nicht länger als ca. 32KB ist. - -1.1.3 Copyright - -Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner -Dieser Text kann über beliebige Medien frei verteilt werden, solange er -vollständig und unverändert bleibt (zusammen mit diesem Hinweis). Die -Autoren bitten allerdings bei Verteilung über gedruckte Medien, über -Datenträger wie CD-ROM u.a. um Zusendung von mindestens drei -Belegexemplaren. -In diesem Werk werden eingetragene Warenzeichen, Handelsnamen und -Gebrauchsnamen verwendet. Auch wenn diese nicht als solche -gekennzeichnet sind, gelten die entsprechenden Schutzbestimmungen. - -1.1.4 Archivierung - -Eine Kopie kann man über das World-Wide-Web (WWW) in - http://www.dante.de/faq/de-tex-faq/ -finden. -Da die FAQ in die Newsgroups `de.answers' und `news.answers' verschickt -wird, kann man die neueste Version in dem weltweiten FAQ-Archiv -ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/de-tex-faq/ und allen -Spiegeln dieses Archivs, u.a. den ftp-Servern des CTAN (siehe Abschnitt -1.2) in CTAN: help/de-tex-faq/, finden. Die Dateien auf diesen -ftp-Servern kann man sich auch mit Hilfe eines ftp-Mailer über E-Mail -zuschicken lassen (siehe Frage 1.2.4). - -1.1.5 Verwendete Abkürzungen - -Wird im Zusammenhang mit ftp-Adressen - CTAN: XXX -geschrieben, so ist dies als - ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/XXX -zu lesen. Statt ftp.dante.de kann auch jeder andere CTAN-Server -verwendet werden, wobei im Interesse einer geringeren Belastung des -Internet in Deutschland bevorzugt der deutsche CTAN-Server oder einer -seiner deutschen Spiegel genutzt werden sollte (siehe Frage 1.2). - -1.1.6 Verwendete Kodierung: - -Die Autoren schreiben den Text in ISO Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) und -verschicken ihn mit entsprechendem MIME-Mail-Header, so daß er von -korrekt konfigurierten Programmen problemlos und automatisch in andere -Kodierungen konvertiert werden kann. -Erhalten Sie diesen Text mit unlesbaren Umlauten und trägt ein -fehlerhaft konfiguriertes Gateway die Schuld daran, könnten Sie dies zum -Anlaß nehmen, die Verwalter der Gateways zu überreden, deren -Konfiguration zu korrigieren. Und bitte vorher überprüfen, ob nicht die -eigene Software, beispielsweise der eigene Newsreader an den unlesbaren -Umlauten Schuld trägt! Einen Artikel mit fehlerhaft kodierten Umlauten -kann man mit Hilfsprogrammen, wie `recode' (in jedem guten GNU-Archiv zu -finden) oder `charconv' in vielen Fällen korrigieren. Dazu folgt hier -eine Referenzliste der Umlaute und des scharfen s: - - Ae Oe Ue ae oe ue ss ('e 'i 'o) - Ä Ö Ü ä ö ü ß ( é í ó) - - -1.1.7 Mitwirkende an dieser FAQ - -Aktiv mitgewirkt haben bisher: - Bernd Raichle, Thomas Hafner, Luzia Dietsche, Ulrik Vieth, Matthias G. - Berberich, Olaf Kummer, Michael Wolf, Martin Schröder, Markus Kohm, - Marion Neubauer, em, Petra Humann, Ulrich Kuckert, Martin Mattel, -Wilfried Hennings, Karl Eichwalder, Anselm Lingnau, Jörg Knappen, Werner - Icking, Heinz Kusznier, Alexander Bugl, Jürgen Dollinger, Tilmann Böß, - Sebastian Kirsch, Ralph Schleicher, Marcus Otto, Ralf Gärtner, Rolf - Herzog, Reinhard Zierke, Klaus Höppner, Rainer Dorsch, Marcus Ohlhaut, - Günter Partosch, Andreas Schlechte, Heiko Nock, Tilman Raible, Hartmut -Goebel, Werner Liebscher, Lutz Pogrell, Hartmut Schirmer, Andreas Frick, - Tobias Burnus, Walter Schmidt, Christine Waigl, Helmut Geyer, Karl F. - Banke, Heinrich Goetzger, Peter Wyzlic, Rolf Niepraschk, Björn Lorenz, - Ronald G. Wichern, Thomas Behrens, Thomas Neumann, Stefan Ulrich, - Christoph Wutzke, Jörg Schulz, Klaus Dahlenberg, Axel Reichert, Karl - Heinz Marbaise, Karsten Tinnefeld, Schorsch Slickers, Martin Sander, -Thomas Pothmann, Hans Steffani, Werner Lemberg, Colin Marquardt, Michael - Streichsbier, Daniel Büchner, Thorsten Hansen, Michael Fischer von - Mollard, Norbert Roth, Thomas Henlich, Jens Berger, Jan Theofel, Arash - Esbati, Stephan Lehmke, Jürgen Göbel, Heiko Oberdiek, Thomas Lotze, - Martin Vaeth, Philipp Lehman, Peter Schuller, Frank Küster. -Herzlichen Dank für die bisher eingesandten Fragen und Korrekturen! Wir -hoffen, daß wir niemanden vergessen haben. Dank auch an diejenigen, die -uns etwas geschickt haben, die ihre Einsendung jedoch noch nicht in -dieser FAQ wiederfinden. Wir bitten um Verständnis, daß wir leider nie -die notwendige Zeit haben, sofort alle Einsendungen zu bearbeiten. - -1.1.8 Ihre Mitarbeit ist erwünscht! - -Eine FAQ ist nie fertiggestellt; es gibt immer etwas zu tun: - -* Korrekturlesen - Finden Sie falsche, fehlerhafte oder fehlende Querbezüge oder Verweise - auf ftp-Server, Literatur u.ä., korrigieren Sie fehlerhafte oder - unvollständige Antworten, verbessern Sie Rechtschreib- und - Ausdrucksfehler. -* Neuerungen/Updates - Überprüfen und ergänzen Sie die Listen, wie beispielsweise die - Übersicht der verfügbaren TeX-CD-ROM-Angebote, der - TeX-Implementierungen etc. Stimmen die Angaben, gibt es neuere - Versionen oder neue Angebote, sind Angebote veraltet bzw. vom Markt - genommen worden? -* Erweiterungen - Haben Sie eine neue Frage und die dazugehörige Antwort? Haben Sie - einen Vorschlag, wie man eine Antwort kürzer bzw. knapper formulieren - kann? Hinweise auf andere FAQ, Artikel, Übersichten etc. - -Bitte senden Sie uns _keine_ Fragen ohne Antworten! Wir bekommen relativ -häufig Fragen zu verschiedenen Dingen zugeschickt, da einige Leser -hoffen, daß wir diese beantworten können. Meist lautet unsere Antwort: -``Wende Dich an `de.comp.text.tex' oder eine der vielen anderen -Newsgroups oder Diskussionslisten!''. Es ist auch keine Lösung, uns dann -zu bitten, diese Frage weiterzuleiten - das kann jeder ebensogut selbst -tun. -Anregungen, Ergänzungen, Korrekturen, Verbesserungsvorschläge, neue -Fragen und Antworten senden Sie bitte per E-Mail an - `detexfaq@dante.de' -Danke schon jetzt im voraus! - Bernd Raichle - Rolf Niepraschk - Thomas Hafner - -1.2 CTAN, das `Comprehensive TeX Archive Network' - - -1.2.1 Was ist CTAN? - -CTAN steht für `Comprehensive TeX Archive Network'. Dies ist ein Verbund -von z.Z. drei Rechnern im Internet. Hierauf ist fast alles, was mit TeX -zu tun hat, zu finden. Die Server gleichen ihre Dateien untereinander -ab, so daß Sie auf jedem der drei Rechner dieselben Dateien finden -können. Dadurch ist es gleichgültig, wo Sie die Dateien holen. Sie -sollten aber bedenken, daß es am günstigsten ist, die Dateien bei dem -Server zu holen, der Ihnen am nächsten ist. Dies ist für den -deutschsprachigen Raum der von DANTE e.V. finanzierte ftp-Server - - ftp.dante.de /tex-archive/ (Mainz) - -Die beiden anderen ftp-Server sind - - ftp.tex.ac.uk /tex-archive/ (Cambridge, UK) - ctan.tug.org /tex-archive/ (Vermont, USA) - -Diese drei Rechner sind auch über die Namen `dante.ctan.org', -`cam.ctan.org' und `tug.ctan.org' erreichbar. -Neben diesen drei Rechnern, die das Rückgrat des CTAN bilden, existieren -viele weitere ftp-Server, die den kompletten CTAN-Inhalt oder Teile -davon `spiegeln'. Die aktuelle Liste dieser ftp-Server finden Sie in der -Datei ``CTAN.sites'' auf einem der CTAN-Server im Verzeichnis -``/tex-archive/''. Im deutschsprachigen Raum sind dies u.a. (Stand: -Juli 2000): - - ftp.univie.ac.at /packages/tex/ (Wien, A) - gd.tuwien.ac.at /publishing/tex/CTAN/ (Wien, A) - sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch /mirror/tex (Zürich, - CH) - ftp.uni-augsburg.de /pub/tex/ctan/ (Augsburg) - ftp.uni-bielefeld.de /pub/tex/ - (Bielefeld) - ftp.tu-chemnitz.de /pub/tex/ (Chemnitz) - ftp.gwdg.de /pub/dante/ - (Göttingen) - ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de /tex-archive (Hamburg) - ftp.uni-mainz.de /tex-archive (Mainz) - ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de /pub/tex/mirror/ftp.dante.de/ - (Saarbrücken) - ftp.uni-stuttgart.de /pub/tex/ - (Stuttgart) - - -1.2.2 Wieso liegen auch Dateien, die zu einem Paket gehören, auf CTAN -als Einzeldateien und nicht in gepackten Archivdateien? - -Die ftp-Server des CTAN und einige der ftp-Server, die den Inhalt von -CTAN spiegeln, sind in der Lage, alle Dateien eines Verzeichnisses -zusammenzupacken und `on-the-fly' zu komprimieren. Um herauszufinden, -welche Archivarten der von Ihnen benutzte Server unterstützt, lesen Sie -die Mitteilung, die Sie erhalten, wenn Sie den Server direkt ansprechen. -Möchte man alle Dateien des Verzeichnisses -``tex-archive/macros/latex/base/'' bekommen, reicht es, in das -übergeordnete Verzeichnis zu wechseln und eine der Endungen ``.tar'', -``.tar.gz'' oder ``.zip'' an den Namen des Verzeichnisses zu hängen. Um -alle Dateien im Verzeichnis als tar- oder ZIP-Datei zu erhalten: - - local> ftp ftp.dante.de - user: ftp - logging in anonymously ... - Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password. - password: ***************** - ftp> cd tex-archive/macros/latex - ftp> bin - ftp> get base.tar.gz - -oder - - ftp> get base.zip - -Bei Verwendung eines WWW-Browsers durch Eingabe der Adresse (URL) - - ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base.tar.gz - -oder - - ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base.zip - - -1.2.3 Wie suche ich auf CTAN nach der Datei `XYZ'? Ich kann ein Paket -mit Endung `.sty' nicht finden. - -Um nach einer Datei zu suchen, die im Namen beispielsweise `multicol' -enthält, kann man bei den ftp-Servern des CTAN (und einigen -Spiegel-ftp-Server) in der ftp-Sitzung die Anweisung - - ftp> quote site index multicol - -eingeben. Der Suchbegriff ist dabei ein regulärer Ausdruck, d.h. alle -besonderen Zeichen, wie das Zeichen `.', müssen mit einem doppelten -Backslash gequotet werden. Will man beispielsweise nach der Datei -``caption.sty'' suchen, so sollte man - - ftp> quote site index /caption\\. - -eingeben. Der führende Slash `/' und abschließende gequotete Punkt `.' -schränkt die Ergebnisliste stark ein. Außerdem führt die Suche nach -LaTeX-Paketen mit `.sty' nicht immer zum Ziel, da neuere Pakete meist in -docstrip-Archivdateien mit der Dateiendung `.dtx' eingepackt vorliegen. -Weitere Informationen findet man auf CTAN in den Dateien -``README.archive-features'' und ``README.site-commands''. -Eine ähnliche Möglichkeit, per WWW-Browser nach Dateien auf CTAN zu -suchen, bieten die Adressen - http://www.dante.de/cgi-bin/ctan-index -und - http://www.ctan.org/find.html - -1.2.4 Wie kann ich ohne Internet-Anschluß auf CTAN zugreifen? - -Falls Sie keinen Internet-Anschluß haben, können Sie auf den ftp-Server -auch über E-Mail mit Hilfe eines sogenannten `ftp-Mailer' zugreifen. -Beachten Sie bitte, daß bei unachtsamer Nutzung sehr große Datenmengen -verschickt werden können und die dazu notwendigen Ressourcen -(Übertragungszeit, Speicherplatz) zur Verfügung stehen müssen. Außerdem -sollten Sie daran denken, daß eventuell die Betreiber von -`Zwischenknoten', über die Ihre E-Mail weitergeleitet wird, für Ihre -übertragene Datenmenge mitzahlen müssen! Die Nutzung eines ftp-Mailer -ist im Maus-Netz nicht gestattet. -Weitere Informationen über den ftp-Mailer und die zu benutzenden -Anweisungen erhalten Sie mit einer E-Mail an `ftpmail@dante.de' mit dem -Inhalt ``help''. - -1.3 Newsgroups und Diskussionslisten - - -1.3.1 Was ist `de.comp.text.tex'? - -`de.comp.text.tex' ist die Newsgroup im deutschsprachigen Teil des -Usenet (bitte nicht mit Internet verwechseln!) zur Diskussion über TeX -und verwandte Themen. Die Newsgroup `de.comp.text.tex' wird durch -sogenannten Import auch in anderen Netzen angeboten. Um entsprechende -Rücksichtname (kurze Postings, keine Binärdateien etc.) wird gebeten. -Weiterhin sollte auf folgendes geachtet werden: - -* Verwendung einer korrekten Absenderadresse. -* Keinen Text in HTML-Kodierung sondern nur in Textformat versenden - (kann leicht in den üblichen Mail-Programmen so eingestellt werden). -* Keine ``Visitenkarten'' anhängen. -* Signaturangaben auf 4 Zeilen beschränken und mit der Zeile ``-- '' - einleiten. -* Die Verwendung von Umlauten und scharfem s in der Subject-Zeile - vermeiden. -* Bei Antworten sollte man die Subject-Zeile standardgemäß mit `Re: ' - einleiten und nicht, wie man es leider immer häufiger sieht, mit - Übersetzungen wie `AW: ' oder durchnumerierten Konstruktionen - `Re[2]: '. - -Weitere nützliche Hinweise enthält die Newsgroup `de.newusers.infos' -sowie die WWW-Seite ``Wie zitiere ich im Usenet?''. - -Wie zitiere ich im Usenet?: http://learn.to/quote - - - -1.3.2 Was ist TeX-D-L? - -TeX-D-L ist eine E-Mail-Diskussionsliste, die zur Kommunikation zwischen -Benutzern des Satzsystems TeX vor über einem Jahrzehnt eingerichtet -wurde. Die Diskussionssprache ist Deutsch. -Man kann sich auf dieser Liste mit einer E-Mail an - `listserv@listserv.dfn.de' -eintragen. Diese Mail sollte die Zeile - - subscribe tex-d-l <Vorname> <Nachname> - -enthalten, wobei man für <Vorname> <Nachname> den eigenen Namen angeben -muß. Die Liste kann man verlassen, indem man in einer E-Mail die Zeile -``unsubscribe tex-d-l'' an die Adresse `listserv@listserv.dfn.de' -schickt. Eine kurze Befehlsübersicht über die Bedienmöglichkeiten des -Programms, das die Liste verwaltet, erhält man mit der Zeile ``help'', -eine längere Beschreibung mit ``info''. -Die Beiträge zur Liste sind in Teilen unter CTAN: info/digests/tex-d-l/ -archiviert. Mit der Zeile ``index TEX-D-L'' erhält man eine Liste von -Archiven älterer Beiträge, die mit ``get filename NAME'' angefordert -werden können. -Listenbeiträge ab 1998 sind über die URL -http://www.listserv.dfn.de/archives/tex-d-l.html zugänglich. Von dieser -Seite hat man auch die Möglichkeit, sich mittels WWW-Browser in die -Liste ein- oder auszutragen. -Für die Art der versendeten E-Mails gilt ebenso das im vorigen Abschnitt -zur Newsgroup `de.comp.text.tex' gesagte. - -1.3.3 Was ist ``#tex''? - -``#tex'' ist ein Channel im _Internet Relay Chat_ (IRC), in dem -interaktiv über TeX, LaTeX und Konsorten diskutiert wird. Meist wird -deutsch gesprochen, Diskussionen auf englisch sind jedoch kein Problem. -Der Channel ist im allgemeinen rund um die Uhr besetzt, wenn auch nicht -immer mit der gleichen Aktivität. - -1.3.4 Gibt es noch weitere interessante Diskussionslisten zum Satzsystem -TeX? - -Ja - solche, die sich nur mit dem Satzsystem TeX beschäftigen oder auf -eine bestimmte Implementierung, Verteilung oder einen bestimmten Teil -konzentrieren. In allen unten genannten Diskussionslisten ist, falls im -Kommentar nichts Gegenteiliges steht, Englisch die gemeinsame Sprache. -In die nachstehenden Diskussionslisten trägt man sich wie folgt ein: -Falls die Verwaltungsadresse vom Typ `listserv@...' ist, so trägt man -sich mit einer Mail mit `subscribe <Listenname> <Vorname> <Nachname>' an -die angegebene Verwaltungsadresse ein. Für Verwaltungsadressen des Typs -`majordomo@...' muß die Angabe des eigenen <Vornamen> und <Nachnamen> -unterbleiben, in Ihrer Mail sollte also nur die Zeile `subscribe -<Listenname>' stehen. -Aus einer Liste kann man sich mit der Mail `unsubscribe <Listenname>' an -die Verwaltungsadresse `listserv@...' bzw. `majordomo@...' austragen. -Achtung: Diese Anweisungen nicht an die Listenadresse selbst schreiben, -da man sich damit nicht austrägt; im Gegenteil würde Ihre Mail dann an -_alle_ Listenteilnehmer weiterverteilt werden! - -Allgemeine Listen über das Satzsystem TeX - - -* CTAN-Ann - Ankündigungen zu Neuerwerbungen und Änderungen auf CTAN - (`majordomo@dante.de'). -* TeX-Euro - europäische TeX-Diskussionsliste - (`listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de'). -* TeXhax - TeX-Diskussionsliste in Digest-Form - (`TeXhax-Request@tex.ac.uk' - subscribe texhax); wird u.a. unter - http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/digests/hyper/ und - CTAN: info/digests/texhax/ archiviert. -* Ling-TeX - Linguistik und TeX (`Ling-TeX-request@ifi.uio.no') - siehe auch: http://www.ifi.uio.no/~dag/ling-tex.html. - - -Formate und Makropakete - - -* LaTeX-L - über die Entwicklung von LaTeX3, jedoch _nicht_ für Fragen - zu LaTeX! (`listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de') -* ntg-context - ConTeXt-Forum: Fragen, Ankündigungen, Fehler - (`majordomo@ntg.nl') -* ntg-ppchtex - Chemischer Formelsatz mit PPCHTeX (`majordomo@ntg.nl') -* pstricks - über PSTricks, ein TeX-Makro-Paket, welches die Nutzung - vieler Möglichkeiten der PostScript-Sprache in einer TeX-Syntax - anbietet (`pstricks-request@mail.tug.org' oder über - http://www.tug.org/cgi-bin/lwgate/pstricks). -* mutex - Notensatz unter TeX mit MuTeX, MusicTeX, MusiXTeX, etc. - (`majordomo@gmd.de'); wird unter http://www.gmd.de/Mail/mutex-archive/ - archiviert. -* xindy - über Xindy, den Makeindex-Nachfolger - (`xindy-request@iti.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de'). -* latex2html - über LaTeX2HTML, einen Konverter nach HTML - (`majordomo@tug.org' und http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/latex2html); - wird unter http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/mailing-lists/latex2html/ - archiviert. - - -TeX-Implementierungen und -Verteilungen - - -* tetex-announce - teTeX Users: nur Ankündigungen, keine Diskussion, - besonders geeignet für diejenigen, die ohnehin schon genug Mail - bekommen, bzw. Fragen und Antworten lieber in Newsgroups wie - `de.comp.text.tex' diskutieren möchten - (`majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de') -* tetex - Ankündigungen, Fragen und Antworten zu teTeX - (`majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de') -* tetex-pretest - Fragen und Antworten zur neuesten, noch nicht - offiziellen Version von teTeX (`majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de') -* fptex - Ankündigungen, Fragen und Antworten zu fpTeX (Win32) - (`majordomo@tug.org' und http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/fptex/) -* miktex - Ankündigungen, Fragen und Antworten zu MikTeX (Win32) - (`majordomo@dsts.dk') -* 4TeX - 4TeX/4allTeX: eine TeX-Workbench für MS-DOS-Rechner - (`listserv@nic.surfnet.nl'). -* emtex-user - Diskussionen über emTeX (`Majordomo@Physik.TU-Berlin.de') -* oztex-info - über OzTeX, ein TeX-System für Apple Macintosh - (`majordomo@maths.adelaide.edu.au'). -* oztex-announce - OzTeX: nur Ankündigungen neuer Versionen - (`majordomo@maths.adelaide.edu.au'). -* ntex - NTeX, a TeX System for Linux and other Unix Systems - (`ntex-request@machnix.mathematik.uni-stuttgart.de') -* tex-k - Support für web2c/kpathsea/xdvik/dvipsk/dviljk Users - (`majordomo@tug.org' und http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/tex-k/) -* lyx-users - Support für Nutzer von LyX, einer WYSIWYG-ähnlichen - Oberfläche, das LaTeX als Satzsystem verwendet - `lyx-users-request@kde.org') -* lyx-announce - Ankündigungen zu Neuerungen bei LyX - (`majordomo@via.ecp.fr') -* lyx - Diskussion zur Weiterentwicklung von LyX - (`majordomo@via.ecp.fr') -* klyx - Support für Nutzer von KLyx, einer Lyx-Implementierung, die an - den KDE-Desktop angepaßt ist (`klyx-request@kde.org') -* ntg-vtex - Diskussionen zum kommerziellen TeX-System `VTeX'; - (`majordomo@ntg.nl') - - -Erweiterungen an TeX - - -* NTS-L - über die Idee eines ``New Typesetting System'', eines - Nachfolgers des TeX-Systems (`listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de'). -* Omega - über Omega, ein weiterer TeX-Nachfolger (`listserv@ens.fr' - - SUBscribe omega). -* pdftex - über die Entwicklung und Benutzung von PDFTeX - (`majordomo@tug.org' und http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/pdftex/). -* ntg-toekomsttex- Liste der niederländischen `TeX future group', in der - über Erweiterungen am TeX-System diskutiert wird - (`majordomo@let.uu.nl'). - - -METAFONT, METAPOST und Schriften - - -* Metafont - über METAFONT, METAPOST und Meta-Fonts (`listserv@ens.fr' - - SUBscribe metafont). -* Metapost - über METAPOST - (http://www.ntg.nl/mailman/listinfo/metapost). -* tex-fonts - (`tex-fonts-request@math.utah.edu', nicht mehr erreichbar) -* fontinst - (`fontinst-request@cogs.susx.ac.uk') -* math-font-discuss - (`math-font-discuss-request@cogs.susx.ac.uk') - - -Umfeld - - -* typo-l - über Typografie (`listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie') -* sgml-l - über SGML (`listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de') - -und vieles mehr. Eine Übersicht der bei der TUGbeheimateten -Diskussionslisten gibt es auf der WWW-Seite -http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/. - -1.3.5 Gibt es noch weitere interessante Newsgroups zum Satzsystem TeX? - -Ja - solche, die sich nur mit dem Satzsystem TeX beschäftigen oder die -auf das engere und weitere Umfeld, wie beispielsweise Schriften, -PostScript, Design, Desktop Publishing (DTP) etc. eingehen. In allen -unten genannten Newsgroups ist, wenn im Kommentar nichts Gegenteiliges -steht, Englisch die gemeinsame Sprache. - -Allgemeine Listen über das Satzsystem TeX - - -* `comp.text.tex' - das Gegenstück zu `de.comp.text.tex' im - internationalen Bereich. - - -Umfeld - - -* `comp.fonts' -* `comp.programming.literate' -* `comp.lang.postscript' -* `comp.text.sgml' -* `comp.text.xml' - -und vieles mehr. - -1.3.6 Gibt es noch weitere FAQ-Listen? - - -* UK TUG TeX FAQ - ``Your 100+x Questions answered'' (in englisch). - Von der UK TUG wurde die frühere FAQ der Newsgroup `comp.text.tex' zur - Veröffentlichung in `Baskerville' (siehe Frage 2.2.2) neu bearbeitet - und stark ergänzt. Die FAQ ist im dvi-, ps- und pdf-Format, jedoch - nicht immer in der neuesten Version, in CTAN: help/uk-tex-faq/ zu - finden. Außerdem gibt es eine HTML-Version, die nach Begriffen - durchsucht werden kann. -* LaTeX-FAQ der Newsgroup `fr.comp.text.tex' (in französisch). - Diese FAQ wird monatlich gepostet und ist ca. 150KB groß. Sie wird - (noch) nicht nach `news.answers' gepostet, man kann sie daher nicht in - den FAQ-Archiven finden. Über WWW und CTAN ist jedoch eine Kopie - verfügbar. -* PDFTeX-FAQ (in englisch), - Oft gestellte Fragen zu PDFTeX, einer Modifikation von TeX, welche in - der Lage ist, Dateien im _Portable Document Format_ der Firma Adobe zu - erzeugen. -* Seminar-FAQ (in englisch). - Oft gestellte Fragen zum LaTeX-Paket `seminar', welches eine Vielzahl - von Möglichkeiten zum Erstellen von Folien bietet. -* PPCHTeX-FAQ (in deutsch). - Oft gestellte Fragen zum PPCHTeX-Paket, welches chemischen Formelsatz - mit TeX ermöglicht. - - -UK TUG TeX http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?introduction=yes -FAQ: - CTAN: help/uk-tex-faq/ -LaTeX-FAQ http://www.loria.fr/tex/divers.html -française: - CTAN: help/LaTeX-FAQ-francaise/ -PDFTeX-FAQ: http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/ -Seminar-FAQ: http://www.tug.org/applications/Seminar/ -PPCHTeX-FAQ: http://www.ntg.nl/context/document.htm - - - -1.3.7 Was sollte ich gelesen haben, bevor ich eine Frage in -`de.comp.text.tex' oder der Diskussionsliste TeX-D-L stelle? - -Zuerst: Die Kenntnis der `Netiquette' wird vorausgesetzt; sie ist in -`de.newusers.infos', `de.newusers.questions' oder ersatzweise bei Ihrem -Provider zu erhalten (siehe auch -http://www.netservice.ch/german/netiquette_ger.html). -Die Abschnitte `Bücherliste' und `frei verfügbare (La)TeX-Einführungen' -(siehe Abschnitte 2.4.1 und 2.4.2) enthalten einige Empfehlungen für -Bücher und kostenfrei erhältliche Einführungen und Übersichten, die sehr -viele der häufig gestellten Fragen beantworten. Wenn Sie sich vorläufig -keine Bücher zulegen wollen, sollten Sie dieses Angebot der kostenfrei -erhältlichen Artikel nutzen! -Jedes TeX-System enthält einen Satz Dokumentation, in dem meist nur sehr -kurz ein Überblick über das Satzsystem TeX gegeben wird, bevor auf -spezifische Besonderheiten dieses TeX-Systems eingegangen wird. Bevor -Sie Fragen zu Problemen mit diesem speziellen System stellen, sollten -Sie sicherstellen, ob diese nicht schon durch die mitgelieferte -Dokumentation beantwortet werden. Für einige TeX-Systeme, wie -beispielsweise emTeX, 4TeX/4allTeX (beide OS/2, MS-DOS, Windows), teTeX, -NTeX, web2c/kpathsea (Unix/Linux u.a.) gibt es eigene Diskussionslisten. -Haben Sie ein spezielles Problem mit einem dieser Systeme, sollten Sie -Ihre Frage in der zugehörigen Diskussionsliste stellen. -Bei Problemen mit LaTeX sollten Sie vorher auf alle Fälle den `User -Guide' gelesen haben, der als Datei ``usrguide.tex'' jedem LaTeX-Paket -beiliegen muß und die Neuerungen von LaTeX2e beschreibt. Auch die -anderen im LaTeX-Paket enthaltenen `Guides' enthalten wertvolle -Informationen über das sogenannte NFSS zur Schriftauswahl und Einbindung -neuer Schriften (`LaTeX2e font selection', Datei ``fntguide.tex''), die -Erstellung und Änderung von Klassen und Paketen (`LaTeX2e for class and -package writers', Datei ``clsguide.tex''), die Konfiguration -(`Configuration options for LaTeX2e', Datei ``cfgguide.tex'') und -erlaubten Änderungen und Anpassungen (`Modifying LaTeX2e', Datei -``modguide.tex''), weitere Pakete und Neuerungen (`LaTeX News', Dateien -``ltnews*.tex''). -Für LaTeX finden Sie außerdem noch sehr viele Informationen und Hinweise -auf Makro-Pakete im Buch `Der LaTeX-Begleiter' von Goossens, Mittelbach -und Samarin (siehe Frage 2.4.1) bzw. dem englischen Original `The LaTeX -Companion'. Schlagen Sie bitte zuerst dort nach - Sie werden -feststellen, daß sich dadurch sehr viele Fragen beantworten lassen. -Neben dem Buch `The LaTeX Companion' gibt es auch `The LaTeX Graphics -Companion', in dem Sie wertvolle Hinweise zu Graphikeinbindung, -PostScript-Graphiken, Verwendung von Farbe, der Einbindung von -PostScript-Schriften und Paketen wie XY-Pic oder PSTricks nachlesen -können. -Finden Sie in der verfügbaren Literatur keine Antwort, vergessen Sie -nicht, in Ihrer Frage an die Newsgroup bzw. die Diskussionsliste auch -Ihr Rechnersystem, Betriebssystem, Name der TeX-Implementierung bzw. --Verteilung, Version der verwendeten Programme, Makros u.ä. zu nennen. -Halten Sie Ihre Frage kurz. Geben Sie ein kurzes, aber vollständiges -Eingabebeispiel, das nur auf die notwendigsten Dateien zugreift. -Entfernen Sie beispielsweise in einem LaTeX-Dokument prinzipiell _alle_ -Pakete; belassen Sie dabei nur die Pakete, mit denen Ihr Problem -auftritt; verwenden Sie möglichst nur Standard- oder weit verbreitete -Pakete. Fügen Sie am Beginn Ihres (Minimal)-Dokuments die Anweisung -\listfiles ein, so dass in der Protokolldatei alle verwendeten Pakete -mit den Versionsnummern aufgeführt werden. So kann man Ihr Problem mit -möglichst geringem Aufwand nachvollziehen, und damit erhöht sich die -Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß Ihre Frage auch beantwortet wird! - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 1 --- ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 2 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -2 Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur - - -2.1 DANTE e.V. - - -2.1.1 Was ist DANTE e.V.? - -DANTE e.V. steht für Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX. Dies ist -der Zusammenschluß von deutschsprachigen TeX-Anwendern, TeXies, -TeXnikern und sonstigen TeX-Arbeitern in einer Gemeinschaft. Der Verein -wurde am 14. April 1989 in Heidelberg gegründet, ist in das -Vereinsregister eingetragen (e.V.) und vom Finanzamt als gemeinnützig -anerkannt worden. - -2.1.2 Wie erreiche ich DANTE e.V.? - - -Post: DANTE, Deutschsprachige Anwendervereingung TeX e.V. - Postfach 101840 - 69008 Heidelberg - Telefon: (06221) 29766 - Fax: (06221) 167906 -E-Mail: `dante@dante.de' - -Am einfachsten geht es via E-Mail, da sich unter der angegebenen -Telefonnummer in den meisten Fällen ein Anrufbeantworter meldet. - -2.1.3 Welchen Zweck hat DANTE e.V.? - -Dazu sagt die Satzung: -Zweck des Vereins ist es, alle Interessenten in geeigneter Weise bei der -Anwendung von TeX-Software zu unterstützen, insbesondere durch -Erfahrungsaustausch mit den Anwendern. Ferner soll die weitere -Entwicklung von TeX unterstützt werden. Hierzu gehören - - 1. die Beratung und Zusammenarbeit mit Anwendern der TeX-Software, - 2. die Unterbreitung von Mitgliedervorschlägen für zukünftige - Versionen und Komponenten der TeX-Software, - 3. die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen nationalen und internationalen - Benutzerorganisationen, - 4. die Förderung von Literatur, die TeX betrifft, - 5. die Vertretung nationaler Belange in der TeX Users Group, - 6. die Organisation von Schulungen. - - -2.1.4 Wieso sollte ich Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. werden? - -Natürlich wird niemand gezwungen, bei DANTE e.V. Mitglied zu werden. Es -sollte aber bedacht werden, daß die Dienstleistungen von DANTE e.V. nur -erbracht werden können, weil es Leute gibt, die DANTE e.V. unterstützen. -Neben diesem eher ideellen Grund hat eine Mitgliedschaft bei DANTE e.V. -auch sehr reelle Gründe: - -* Informationen aus erster Hand durch - - o die viermal im Jahr erscheinende Mitgliedszeitschrift ``Die - TeXnische Komödie'', - o _elektronische_ Medien in Form von E-Mail-Diskussionslisten wie - TeX-D-L, die archiviert über WWW-, FTP-Server oder die - Software-Verteilung bezogen werden können, - o den WWW-Server von DANTE e.V., erreichbar über http://www.dante.de/. - -* Bezug von Software, wie kompletten TeX-Systemen für Ihr Rechnersystem, - von Makropaketen und Schriften über - - o das CTAN (Comprehensive TeX Archive Network), an dessen Aufbau und - Verwaltung Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. maßgeblich beteiligt waren und - sind und dessen deutscher Knoten von DANTE e.V. finanziert wird, - o eine Software-Verteilung auf CD-ROM, darunter der CD-ROM-Satz mit - einer Kopie des CTAN-Servers und der CD ,,TeX Live'', die man im - Rahmen einer Mitgliedschaft zusätzlich bekommt. - -* Beratung und Schulung, wie beispielsweise - - o Tutorien im Rahmen der halbjährlich stattfindenden - Mitgliederversammlung bzw. Tagung, - o Beraterkreis für TeXnische Fragen, - o Kurse für Anfänger und Fortgeschrittene (auf Anfrage). - -* Kontaktmöglichkeiten über - - o nationale und internationale Tagungen, - o TeX-Tagungen und Mitgliederversammlungen (halbjährlich), - o regionale Stammtische (monatlich). - -* usw. - -Einige dieser Leistungen können auch von Nicht-Mitgliedern genutzt -werden. In der Regel stehen sie jedoch nur Mitgliedern im vollen Umfang -zur Verfügung! - -2.1.5 Wie werde ich Mitglied? - -Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. zu werden, ist einfach: Mitgliedsantrag -ausfüllen und unterschrieben an - DANTE, Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - Postfach 101840 - D-69008 Heidelberg -schicken. Den Mitgliedsbeitrag sollten Sie auf das auf dem Antrag -angegebene Konto überweisen. Bitte keine andere DANTE e.V. gehörende -Kontonummer verwenden, dies würde die Bearbeitung verzögern! Nach dem -Eingang Ihres Antrags und des Mitgliedsbeitrags erhalten Sie eine -Bestätigung Ihrer Mitgliedschaft, eine Vereinssatzung und, soweit -vorrätig, die bisher verschickten Ausgaben der Mitgliedszeitschrift des -Jahrgangs mit weitereb Zusatzleistungen (CD-ROM etc.) und weitere -Informationen. -Einen Mitgliedsantrag erhalten Sie - -* als PDF- oder als PostScript-Datei per - http://www.dante.de/dante/antrag/, per CTAN: usergrps/dante/antrag.pdf - bzw. CTAN: usergrps/dante/antrag.ps oder -* per Post: Fordern Sie über die oben genannte Adresse der - Geschäftsstelle ein Antragsformular an. - -Der Mitgliedsbeitrag gilt für das laufende Kalenderjahr (1.1.-31.12.) -und beträgt - -* Einzelbeitrag für Privatpersonen: 45 Euro -* Ermäßigter Einzelbeitrag für Schüler/innen, Studierende, - Rentner/innen, Arbeitslose, Zivil- und Wehrdienstleistende - (entsprechende Bescheinigung notwendig!): 30 Euro -* für Institutionen des öffentlichen Rechts und Forschungseinrichtungen: - 65 Euro -* für Firmen, die TeX anwenden: 150 Euro -* für Firmen, die Produkte in Verbindung mit TeX anbieten: 250 Euro - - -2.1.6 Ich habe den Mitgliedsantrag vor zwei bis drei Wochen abgeschickt, -den Beitrag gleich danach auf das Konto überwiesen und bisher noch -nichts erhalten. Ist diese Wartezeit normal? - -Nein, ein Mitgliedsantrag wird normalerweise zügig bearbeitet, sobald -der Antrag per Post im Büro von DANTE e.V. eintrifft und überprüft -werden konnte, daß der Mitgliedsbeitrag auf dem angegebenen Konto -eingegangen ist. Bei einer ermäßigten Mitgliedschaft ist darauf zu -achten, daß die entsprechenden Bescheinigungen für das jeweilige -Kalenderjahr beigelegt wurden. Vor und nach Feiertagen und zu den -üblichen Urlaubszeiten sollte man jedoch bitte etwas geduldiger sein, da -das Büro während dieser Zeiten unbesetzt sein kann. - -2.2 Anwendervereinigungen - - -2.2.1 Gibt es weitere TeX-Anwendervereinigungen? - -Neben DANTE e.V. gibt es noch weitere TeX-Anwendervereinigungen. Als -erstes ist hier die TUG zu nennen, die internationale `TeX Users Group'. -Sie ist die erste und damit die älteste TeX-Anwendervereinigung. - TeX Users Group - 1466 NW Front Avenue - Suite 3141 - Portland, OR 97209-2820, USA - Tel.: +1 503 223-9994 - Fax: +1 503 223-3960 - E-Mail: `tug@mail.tug.org' -Weitere Informationen über die TUG finden Sie auf CTAN im Verzeichnis -CTAN: usergrps/tug/ oder dem WWW-Server http://www.tug.org/. -Neben TUG und DANTE e.V. gibt es weitere nationale -Anwendervereinigungen. Als Auswahl seien folgende Vereine genannt: - - NTG Nederlandstalige TeX Gebruikersgroep (Niederlande) - GUST Grupa Uzytkowników Systemu TeX (Polen) - GUTenberg Groupe francophone des Utilisateurs de TeX - (französischsprachige Länder) - CsTUG Ceskoslovenské sdruzení uzivatelu TeXu - (Tschechische/Slowakische Republik) - UK TUG UK TeX Users' Group (Großbritannien) - -Über einige dieser nationalen Anwendervereinigungen können Sie weitere -Informationen, Antragsformulare, Ankündigungen u.ä. auf CTAN in den -Verzeichnissen CTAN: usergrps/ finden. -Außerdem finden Sie über die Seite http://www.dante.de/ weitere -Informationen zu DANTE e.V., TUG, Verweise zu den WWW-Seiten der anderen -TeX-Anwendervereinigungen, einen Tagungs- und Veranstaltungskalender und -vieles mehr. - -2.2.2 Mitgliedszeitschriften der Anwendervereinigungen - -Jede der ``großen'' TeX-Anwendervereinigungen gibt eine -Mitgliedszeitschrift und Vereinsnachrichten heraus: - -* ``Die TeXnische Komödie'' - Mitgliedszeitschrift von DANTE e.V., erscheint vierteljährlich, - deutsch. -* TUGboat - Mitgliedszeitschrift der TUG, erscheint vierteljährlich (ein Band ist - Konferenzband der TUG-Konferenz), englisch, enthält viele informative - Artikel über TeX, METAFONT und Fonts. -* TeX and TUG News (TTN) - Erscheinen eingestellt. - Ehemalig separat herausgegebene Vereinsnachrichten der TUG, erschien - vierteljährlich, englisch, enthält aktuellere Informationen über - Vereinsinterna, Tips, Berichte etc.; nach Ausgabe Vol. 4 No. 2 ist TTN - in TUGboat integriert. -* MAPS (Minutes and APendiceS) - Mitgliedszeitschrift der NTG, erscheint halbjährlich, niederländisch - und englisch, enthält häufig Vorabdrucke und Nachdrucke aus anderen - Mitgliedszeitschriften, wie TUGboat, Baskerville etc. -* Baskerville - Mitgliedszeitschrift der UK TUG, erscheint 4-6mal jährlich (eine - Ausgabe ist die UK TUG TeX FAQ), englisch, enthält einige Nachdrucke - aus anderen Zeitschriften und Proceedings. -* Cahiers GUTenberg - Veröffentlichung von GUTenberg, erscheint 2-3mal jährlich, - französisch; die Cahiers sind nicht im Mitgliedsbeitrag enthalten, - sondern können und müssen extra abonniert werden. -* Lettre GUTenberg - Vereinsnachrichten von GUTenberg, erscheint 2-3mal jährlich, - französisch. - - -2.3 Tagungen (*) - - -2.3.1 Veranstaltungen - -Die TeX-Anwendervereinigungen führen regelmäßig Tagungen, Tutorien, -Mitgliederversammlungen etc. durch: - -* DANTE e.V. - Jährliche Tagung, Mitgliederversammlung und Tutorien (3 bis 3 1/2 - Tage) im Frühjahr; meist im Februar oder März. - Jährliche Mitgliederversammlung mit Tutorien (1 bis 1 1/2 Tage) im - Herbst; meist im September oder Oktober. -* Europäische Anwendervereinigungen - Jährliche europäische Tagung; meist im September; entfällt im - allgemeinen in den Jahren, in denen die TUG in Europa eine Tagung - ausrichtet. -* TUG - Jährliche weltweite Tagung; meist Ende Juli, Anfang August; im Wechsel - an einem Ort der Westküste der USA, der Ostküste und in Europa. - -Auch Personen, die noch nicht Mitglied bei einer Anwendervereinigung -sind, können an den Tagungen teilnehmen. -Tutorien, die DANTE e.V. vor oder nach einer Mitgliederversammlung -durchführt, sind frei und können kostenlos besucht werden. - -2.3.2 Veranstaltungskalender (*) - -Im folgenden finden Sie eine Auswahl der in nächster Zeit stattfindenden -Tagungen im TeX-Umfeld. Die WWW-Seite - http://www.dante.de/events/ -enthält genauere Hinweise und Informationen. - -03.-05.03.2004: DANTE 2004 - ``15 Jahre DANTE e.V.'' - 30. Mitgliederversammlung von DANTE e.V. - Universität Darmstadt -01.-03.05.2004(?) BachoTeX 2004 - Bachotek, nahe Brodnica, Polen -30.08.-01.09.2004: TUG 2004 - 25th annual meeting of TUG - Xanthi, Griechenland -Herbst 2004 31. Mitgliederversammlung von DANTE e.V. - - -2.4 Literatur (*) - - -2.4.1 Bücherliste (*) - -Es wird hier nur eine kleine Auswahl von hauptsächlich deutschsprachigen -Büchern vorgestellt, die weder den Anspruch erhebt, vollständig noch -objektiv zu sein. - -* Detig, Christine: Der LaTeX Wegweiser. - MITP-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-8266-0256-0, 29,80 DM - Anm.: Leicht verständliche Einführung in LaTeX mit den wichtigsten - LaTeX-Erweiterungspaketen und Hilfswerkzeugen, für Anfänger. _Die - Auflage ist vergriffen, Restexemplare sind in modernen Antiquariaten - noch erhältlich._ -* Knappen, Jörg: Schnell ans Ziel mit LaTeX2e. - Oldenbourg-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-486-24199-0, 48,-- DM - Anm.: Enthält Kapitel über Feinheiten des Text- und Formelsatzes sowie - einen Index vom Formelsymbol bis zu Befehlsnamen, für Anfänger und - Fortgeschrittene. -* Knuth, Donald E.: The TeXbook (englisch). - Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1996, ISBN 0-201-13447-0, ISBN - 0-201-13448-9 (Softcover) - Anm.: _Das_ Standardwerk über TeX, nicht für LaTeX-Anfänger, da es TeX - und dessen Programmierung sehr genau beschreibt. -* Lamport, Leslie: Das LaTeX-Handbuch. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-89319-826-1, 69,90 DM - Anm.: _Die_ LaTeX-Referenz, für Anfänger. -* Goossens, Michel u.a.: Der LaTeX-Begleiter. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, Nachdruck 2000, ISBN 3-82731-689-8, 79,90 DM - Anm.: Die Auflage des Jahres 2000 mit neuer ISBN entspricht der aus - dem Jahre 1995. Tips, Tricks, viele LaTeX-Makropakete, für - Fortgeschrittene und fortgeschrittene Anfänger, aufgrund des - Titelbildes das sog. `Bernhardiner-Buch'; Kapitel 8 der englischen - Fassung ``Higher Mathematics'' liegt in einer überarbeiteten Fassung - auf CTAN: info/companion-rev/ch8.ps bzw. - CTAN: info/companion-rev/ch8.pdf vor. -* Goossens, Michel; Rahtz, Sebastian; Mittelbach, Frank: The LaTeX - Graphics Companion (englisch). - Addison-Wesley-Longman-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 0-201-85469-4 - Anm.: Ergänzt den LaTeX-Begleiter um alles, was mit Graphikeinbindung, - Farbe und PostScript-Schriften zu tun hat. -* Goossens, Michel; Rahtz, Sebastian et al.: The LaTeX Web Companion: - Integrating TeX, HTML und XML (englisch). - Addison-Wesley-Longman-Verlag, 1999, ISBN 0-201-43311-7, ca. 68,-- DM - Anm.: Enthält eine Beschreibung von pdfTeX mit `hyperref', die - Konverter LaTeX2HTML und TeX4ht, das Browser-Plugin techexplorer und - eine größere Abhandlung über die Markup-Sprachen HTML, SGML, XML und - deren zugehörige Style-Sheet-Sprachen. -* Goossens, Michel; Rahtz, Sebastian: Mit LaTeX ins Web: Elektronisches - Publizieren mit TeX, HTML und XML. - Addison-Wesley-Longman-Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-8273-1629-4, 89,90,-- DM - Anm.: Deutsche Übersetzung von ``The LaTeX Web Companion''. -* Klöckl, Ingo: LaTeX2e, Tips und Tricks. - dpunkt-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2000, ISBN 3-932588-37-1, 79,-- DM - http://www.dpunkt.de/buecher/3-932588-37-1.html - Anm.: Das Buch füllt die Lücke zwischen den existierenden - LaTeX-Einführungen bzw. -Referenzen und `Der LaTeX-Begleiter', wenn - man wissen will, wie man selbst Anpassungen durchführt. Ein Kapitel - besteht aus der Übersicht fast aller auf CTAN vorhandener Schriften. -* Günther, Karsten: LaTeX Ge-Packt. - MITP-Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-8266-0785-6, 14,94 Euro - Anm.: Umfangreiche Referenz für LaTeX2e im Kompaktformat, vorwiegend - für Anwender mit Vorkenntnissen, enthält auch Hinweise auf nützliche - TeX-Befehle und KOMA-Script. -* Dalheimer, Matthias Kalle: LaTeX kurz und gut. - O'Reilly, Köln, 1. Auflage, 1998, ISBN 3-89721-204-8, 12,80 DM - Anm.: Eine Kurzreferenz auf 64 Seiten, gut strukturiert mit allen - häufig benötigten LaTeX-Anweisungen, als Ergänzung zu ausführlicherer - Literatur gut geeignet. -* Abdelhamid, Rames: Das Vieweg LaTeX2e Buch. - Vieweg-Verlag Wiesbaden, 1995, ISBN 3-528-25145-X, 52,-- DM - Anm.: Für Anfänger. -* Günther, Karsten: Einführung in LaTeX2e - Lehrbuch und Referenz. - dpunkt-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1996, ISBN 3-920993-36-5, 68,-- DM -* Katzenbeisser, Stefan: Von der Idee zum Dokument - Einführung in TeX - und LaTeX. - Oldenbourg-Verlag, 2. Auflage, 1997, ISBN 3-486-24182-6, 68,-- DM -* Maurer: Textverarbeitung mit LaTeX2e unter Unix. - Carl Hanser Verlag, München, ISBN 3-446-18909-2, 49,80 DM -* Schwarz, Stefan; Potucek, Rudolf: Das TeXikon - Referenzhandbuch für - TeX, LaTeX und LaTeX2e. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-89319-690-0, 69,90 DM -* Heilmann, Axel: LaTeX-Vademecum, Ein Kompaktführer für Einsteiger und - Fortgeschrittene. - Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-60522-3, 38,-- DM - Anm.: Kleines und praktisches Nachschlagewerk, kann und will nicht den - LaTeX-Begleiter ersetzen, ist aber eine gute Ergänzung. -* Sowa, Friedhelm: TeX/LaTeX und Graphik, ein Überblick über die - Verfahren. - Springer-Verlag, 1994, ISBN 3-540-56468-3, 39,-- DM - Anm.: Der `Nothelfer', wenn es um TeX und Graphik geht. -* Schwarz, Norbert: Einführung in TeX incl. Version 3.0. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 3. überarbeitete Auflage, Nachdruck 1993, ISBN - 3-89319-345-6, 69,-- DM - Anm.: TeX und Plain-TeX, kein LaTeX(!), für Fortgeschrittene. -* Kopka, Helmut: LaTeX, Band 1: Einführung. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 2. Auflage, 2000, ISBN 3-8273-1557-3, 79,90 DM - Anm.: Ab der 2. Auflage auch LaTeX2e, im Anhang gute Befehlsübersicht, - für Anfänger. -* Kopka, Helmut: LaTeX, Band 2: Ergänzungen. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 2. überarbeitete Auflage, 1997, ISBN - 3-8273-1229-9, 69,90 DM - Anm.: Name sagt alles, die 1. Auflage enthielt noch - LaTeX2e-Einführung. -* Kopka, Helmut: LaTeX, Band 3: Erweiterungen. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-89319-666-8, 69,90 DM - Anm.: Interna von LaTeX2e und 2.09 sowie Low-Level-TeX-Befehle. -* Kopka, Helmut und Daly, Patrick W.: A Guide to LaTeX2e (englisch). - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 2. Aufl., 1995, ISBN 0-201-42777-X, ca. ??? DM - Anm.: Englische Übersetzung des ``Kopka'' mit vielen Überarbeitungen - und Anpassungen für englischsprachige Benutzer. -* Grätzer, George: An Introduction to LaTeX and AmS-LaTeX (englisch). - Birkhäuser-Verlag, Boston, 1996, 2nd Printing, 1997, ISBN - 0-8176-3805-9, $58,50 - Anm.: Ausführliche Darstellung von AmS-LaTeX und AmS-Fonts, dadurch - auch für anspruchsvollen Formelsatz. - -Hinweise: Als LaTeX-Anfänger sollte man sich ein ausführliches Lehrbuch -(z.B. `Detig', `Abdelhamid', `Knappen', `Lamport', `Kopka'/Band 1, -`Kopka/Daly') besorgen. Frei verfügbare Literatur, wie die -LaTeX2e-Kurzbeschreibung (siehe Frage 2.4.2), reicht Anfängern mit -Computer-Vorkenntnissen eventuell auch aus. Sobald man als -LaTeX-Anwender die ersten Schritte gemacht hat, sind der -`LaTeX-Begleiter' und der `LaTeX Graphics Companion' eine wahre -Fundgrube. Muß oder will man sein eigenes TeX-System selbst installieren -und verwalten, gibt der wenn auch mittlerweile veraltete `Walsh' eine -gute Erklärung und Übersicht der einzelnen Teile des Textsatzsystems TeX -und darüber hinaus viele Hinweise und eine Auswahl, was es sonst noch an -Umgebungen, Hilfsprogrammen, Schriften etc. gibt. -Das Standardwerk für TeX-Anfänger und alle Makroautoren ist Knuths `The -TeXbook', das man sich auch zulegen sollte, wenn man zuerst mit Hilfe -des in Deutsch geschriebenen `Schwarz (N.)' einsteigen will. - -2.4.2 Frei verfügbare Einführungen in (La)TeX, METAFONT und verwandte -Themen (*) - -Diese Dokumente sind von den Autoren als (La)TeX-Eingabedateien auf CTAN -zur freien Verfügung gestellt worden. Sie finden diese und weitere -Dokumente meist im Verzeichnis CTAN: info/. Folgende Liste stellt eine -kleine Auswahl dar: - -* Schmidt, Walter; Knappen, Jörg; Partl, Hubert et al.: - LaTeX2e-Kurzbeschreibung - CTAN: info/lshort/german/ - Anm.: Zum Einstieg in LaTeX völlig ausreichend, für Anfänger. -* Oetiker, Tobias: The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2e - CTAN: info/lshort/english/ - Anm.: Basierte auf der LaTeX-Kurzbeschreibung, etwas ausführlicher. In - englischer Sprache, übersetzt in weitere Sprachen. -* Eijkhout, Victor: TeX by Topic, A TeXnician's reference. - Electronic version 1.0, Dezember 2001 - http://www.cs.utk.edu/~eijkhout/texbytopic.pdf - Anm.: Eine gegenüber dem TeXbook andere Herangehensweise, wie man TeX, - dessen primitiven Anweisungen und Parameter und die inneren Abläufe - erklärt. Empfehlenswert. -* Schwarz, Norbert: Einführung in TeX. - http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/www-rz/schwanbs/TeX/ - Anm.: PDF-Version der gedruckten 3. Auflage von 1991. -* Abrahams, Paul W.,; Hargreaves, Kathryn A.; Berry, Karl: TeX for the - impatient. - Free (GFDL) edition version 1.0, 2001 (Original: Addison-Wesley, 1990) - - CTAN: info/impatient/ - Anm.: Buch über TeX und Plain-TeX, nicht LaTeX. -* Walsh, Norman: Making TeX Work. - Free version, 2002 (Original: O'Reilly&Associates Inc., 1994, ISBN - 1-56592-051-1) - CTAN: info/makingtexwork/ - Anm.: Gute Einführung und Übersicht; Fundgrube für Tools, Makropakete, - Schriften; teilweise mit genauerer Beschreibung. -* Greenberg, Harvey J.: A Simplified Introduction to LaTeX - http://www.cudenver.edu/~hgreenbe/aboutme/pubrec.html - CTAN: info/simplified-latex/simplified-intro.ps - Anm.: Ausführliche Einführung in LaTeX zu Textsatz, Mathematiksatz, - Grafikeinbindung, BibTeX und vielen anderen Themen. In englischer - Sprache. -* Partl, Hubert; Kielhorn, Axel: Layout-Änderungen mit LaTeX - CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/refman/ - Anm.: Wie verändere ich X? Anhand von Beispielen aus `refman.sty'. -* Schrod, Joachim: The Components of TeX (englisch) - CTAN: info/components-of-TeX/ - Anm.: Übersicht über die Teile und der von diesen Teilen angefaßten - Dateien eines TeX-Systems; für LaTeX 2.09 geschrieben, aber immer noch - für LaTeX2e nützlich. -* Warbrick, Jon: Essential LateX (englisch) - CTAN: info/latex-essential/ - Anm.: LaTeX 2.09, ganz kurz gefaßt. -* Doob, Michael: A Gentle Introduction to TeX (englisch) - CTAN: info/gentle/ - Anm.: Kurzbeschreibung von TeX, nicht LaTeX! -* Tobin, Geoffrey: METAFONT for Beginners (englisch) - CTAN: info/metafont-for-beginners.tex - Anm.: Enthält das Wichtigste, um mit METAFONT aus vorhandenen - mf-Sources Fonts zur Nutzung mit TeX zu generieren. -* Reckdahl, Keith: Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e (englisch) - CTAN: info/epslatex.ps - CTAN: info/epslatex.pdf - Anm.: Was Sie schon immer über die Einbindung von - Encapsulated-PostScript-(EPS)-Bildern, BoundingBox, die Benutzung des - `graphics'-Pakets und weiterer LaTeX-Umgebungen und -Pakete wie - `PSfrag' wissen wollten. -* Jürgens, Manuela: LaTeX - eine Einführung und ein bißchen mehr ... - Fern-Uni Hagen, 2000 - ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0260003.pdf - - Anm.: Einstiegsbroschüre in LaTeX. -* Jürgens, Manuela: LaTeX - Fortgeschrittene Anwendungen (oder: Neues - von den Hobbits) - Fern-Uni Hagen, 1995 - ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0279510.pdf - - Anm.: Ergänzungen zur Einstiegsbroschüre. -* Jürgens, Manuela: Verschlungene Anwendungen. Das X-Team: Xtem XEmacs - LaTeX2eAucTeX - Fern-Uni Hagen, 1995 - ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0029502.pdf -* Banning, Ralf; Groeneveld, Heiko A.: Textsatz und Layout mit LaTeX. - Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung, - 1995 - http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/zdv/schriften/latex-kurs.html - Anm.: Sehr ausführliche Hinweise zum Einstieg in LaTeX. -* Lamprecht, Heiner: LaTeX2e - Eine Einführung. 1999. - http://agenda21.ggi.uni-tuebingen.de/heiner/latex/ -* Text Processing using LaTeX (englisch) - http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/ - Anm.: Sehr ausführliche Beschreibungen und Verweise zu LaTeX und - verwandten Themen. -* Computersatz mit LaTeX2e. Kurzeinführung. - Katholische Universität Eichstätt, 1996 - http://www.ku-eichstaett.de/urz/schriften/ltx2e.pdf -* Makeindex. Sachregister erstellen mit LaTeX2e. - Katholische Universität Eichstätt, 1998 - http://www.ku-eichstaett.de/urz/schriften/makeidx.pdf -* Banning, Ralf; Groeneveld, Heiko A.: Textsatz und Layout mit LaTeX. - Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung. - http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/zdv/schriften/latex-kurs.html -* Gonzato, Guido: LaTeX for Word Processor Users. 2001. - CTAN: info/latex4wp/latex4wp.pdf -* Flynn, Peter: Beginner's LaTeX. 2001. - http://www.silmaril.ie/downloads/documents/beginlatex.pdf -* Voß, Herbert: Mathmode. 2003. - http://www.perce.de/LaTeX/math/Mathmode-TeX.pdf - Anm.: Eine Einführung in den Mathematiksatz unter Berücksichtigung von - AmS-LaTeX. - -Neben diesen Dokumenten, die noch zum Druck gedacht sind, gibt es -vermehrt auch nicht zum Druck gedachte `Online-Quellen': - -* Hypertext Help with LaTeX - - o http://www.giss.nasa.gov/latex/ - o http://www-ti.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/~frech/latex/ - -* LaTeX2e Help - - o CTAN: info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html - o http://xm1.net.free.fr/kile/latexhelp.html - -* David Bausum: TeX Primitive Control Sequences - - o http://www.tug.org/utilities/plain/cseq.html - -* Literaturverzeichnis zu TeX & Co. - - o http://www.loria.fr/services/tex/english/texbib.html - -* Online tutorials on LaTeX (Indian TeX Users Group) - - o http://www.tug.org.in/tutorial/tutorials.html - -* Übersicht zu vielen TeX- und verwandten Themen (``Open Directory - Project''). - - o http://dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Typesetting/ - -* Links2Go - TeX and LaTeX - - o http://www.links2go.com/topic/TeX_and_LaTeX - -* WebRing: TeX word processor system users and friends - - o http://nav.webring.yahoo.com/hub?ring=texlatex&list - -* Tim Love: LaTeX maths and graphics - - o http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_maths+pix/latex_maths+pix.html - -* Tim Love: Advanced LaTeX - - o http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_advanced/latex_advanced.html - -* Ado Haarer, Grit Segner: MakeIndex - ein Indexprozessor für LaTeX - - o http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/services/software/textverarbeitung/makeindex/ - - - -2.4.3 Typographie - - -Bücher: - - -* Tschichold, Jan: Erfreuliche Drucksachen durch gute Typographie: eine - Fibel für jedermann. - Maro-Verlag, Augsburg, 2. Auflage 1992, ISBN 3-87512-403-0, 32,-- DM - Anm.: allgemeiner Überblick, Elementarkenntnisse. -* Tschichold, Jan: Ausgewählte Aufsätze über Fragen der Gestalt des - Buches und der Typographie. - Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel, 2. Auflage 1987, ISBN 3-7643-1946-1, - 39,80 DM - Anm.: Eines der wichtigsten Bücher über typographische Prinzipien beim - Buchsatz, Sammlung von Tschicholds `klassischen' Artikel. -* Tschichold, Jan: Die neue Typographie. - Brinkmann und Bose, 3. Auflage 1995, ISBN 3-922660-23-1, 80,-- DM -* Aicher, Otl: Typographie. - Ernst-Verlag, Lüdenscheid, 1988, ISBN 3-433-03090-6 -* Spiekermann, Erik: Ursache & Wirkung: ein typografischer Roman. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, faksimilierter Nachdruck, 1994, ISBN - 3-87439-307-0, 38,-- DM -* Simoneit, Manfred: Typographisches Gestalten. - Polygraph-Verlag, Frankfurt/M., 4. Auflage, 1993, ISBN 3-87641-253-6, - 256 S., 144,-- DM -* Luidl, Philipp: Typografie. - Schlütersche Verlagsanstalt, 6. Auflage, 1989, ISBN 3-87706-290-3, 146 - S., 79,-- DM -* Weidemann, Kurt: Wo der Buchstabe das Wort führt. - Cantz-Verlag, Ostfildern, 2. Auflage, 1997, ISBN 3-89322-521-8, - 168,-- DM - Anm.: _Sehr empfehlenswert_. Grundsätzliches über das Thema. -* Willberg, Hans Peter; Forssman, Friedrich: Erste Hilfe in Typographie: - Ratgeber für Gestaltung mit Schrift. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1999, ISBN 3-87439-474-3, 24,80 DM - Anm.: _Sehr empfehlenswert_ und preiswert ist dieses Buch und sollte - daher als Erstausstattung nicht fehlen, da knapp und praktisch erste - Hilfe in Typographie gegeben wird. -* Willberg, Hans Peter; Forssman, Friedrich: Lesetypographie. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1997, ISBN 3-87439-375-5, 168,-- DM - Anm.: Handbuch, das Anregungen geben will, Lösungsmöglichkeiten für - typographische Probleme vergleichend vorstellt; eher für jemand, der - schon Grundkenntnisse hat. -* Gulbins, Jürgen; Kahrmann, Christine: Mut zur Typographie: Ein Kurs - für Desktop-Publishing. - Springer-Verlag, 2. , erweiterte und überarbeitete Auflage, 2000, ISBN - 3-540-67541-8, 79,-- DM - Anm.: Für Anfänger sehr gut geeignet, auch als Nachschlagewerk. -* Bringhurst, Robert: The Elements of Typographic Style. - Hartley & Marks, 2. Auflage, 1996, ISBN 0-88179-132-6, ??? DM - Anm.: _Sehr empfehlenswert_, sagt kurz und knapp das Wesentliche und - weist auf viele Fehler hin. -* Peter Rechenberg: Technisches Schreiben. - Hanser Verlag, 1. Auflage, 2002, ISBN 3-446-21944-7, 19,90 DM - - -Sonstiges: - - -* Charles Poynton: Typography and Design. - http://www.inforamp.net/~poynton/Poynton-typo-design.html - Anm.: Verweise und Hinweise zu Fragen der Typografie (in englischer - Sprache). -* Luc Devroye: General links on typography. - http://cgm.cs.mcgill.ca/~luc/fonts.html - Anm.: Eine Vielzahl von Verweisen zu Typografie und Schriften. (meist - in englischer Sprache). -* Markus Kuhn: Metric Typographic Units. - http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/metric-typo.html - Anm.: Erklärungen zu typographischen Maßeinheiten (in englischer - Sprache). -* Charles Hedrick, New Brunswick Computing Services, Rutgers, The State - University of New Jersey. - http://www.nbcs.rutgers.edu/~hedrick/typography/ - Anm.: 30-seitige (englische) Einführung in gute Typografie. PDF-Datei - in den Schriften Aldus, Minion, Janson, Warnock, Documenta und bald - auch Palatino, Adobe Garamond und ITC New Baskerville erhältlich. Auch - ein Werkzeug zur Konvertierung von OpenType-Schriften in - Expert-Type-1-Schriften ist dort für Windows frei erhältlich. -* Axel Reichert: Typografie - Gestaltung einer Beispielklasse. - CTAN: info/german/typografie/ - Anm.: Ausgehend von Grundlagen der Typografie wird an einer - Beispielklasse deren Umsetzung gezeigt. Tutorium auf der Tagung - DANTE'99. -* Axel Reichert: Satz von Tabellen. - CTAN: info/german/tabsatz/ - Anm.: Anhand vieler Beispiele und der Verwendung von Zusatzpaketen - werden viele Feinheiten beim Satz von Tabellen erläutert. Tutorium auf - der Tagung DANTE'99. -* Psychologie, Uni Regensburg: Textsatz, eine Kurzanleitung. - http://pc1521.psychologie.uni-regensburg.de/student2001/Textsatz.html - Anm.: Ein paar grundsätzliche Dinge und Warnungen. -* Marion Neubauer: Mikrotypographie-Regeln. - http://www.dante.de/dante/DTK/dtk96_4/dtk96_4_neubauer_feinheiten.html - http://www.dante.de/dante/DTK/dtk97_1/dtk97_1_neubauer_feinheiten.html -* Yannis Haralambous: Drucksatz in gebrochenen Schriften. - http://genepi.louis-jean.com/omega/dante2000.pdf -* FAQ: Typografie & Co - http://www.spic.de/webtypo/faq-typografie.html (nicht mehr erreichbar) - Anm.: (Noch) mit Vorsicht zu genießen, enthält aber einige brauchbare - Dinge und Links. -* EUR-OP: Interinstitutionelle Regeln für Veröffentlichungen. - Amt für amtliche Veröffentlichungen der Europäischen Gemeinschaften, - Luxembourg. - http://eur-op.eu.int/code/de/de-000500.htm - Anm.: Enthält Richtlinien zum Schriftsatz und für deutschsprachige - Veröffentlichungen in der EU. - - -2.4.4 Schriftenkataloge - - -* Sauthoff, Daniel u.a.: Schriften erkennen: eine Typologie der - Satzschriften für Studenten, Grafiker, Setzer, Kunsterzieher und alle - PC-User. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, Neuausgabe, 1996, ISBN 3-87439-373-9, - 24,80 DM - Anm.: Grundlage, Geschichte und einfacher Einstieg in die - Klassifikation von Schriften, für Einsteiger. -* Dinkel, Christina: Füßchen in Brunos Suppe: ``Schriften erkennen'' für - Kinder. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1999. ISBN 3-87439-479-4, 24,80 DM - Anm.: Eine spielerische, nicht nur für Kinder geeignete Einführung in - die Welt der Schriften anhand einer Geschichte. -* Kern, Michael; Koch, Sieghart (Hrsg.): ÜberSicht. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1991, ISBN 3-87439-230-9, 429 S., 148,-- DM - Anm.: 3 Indizes: Blindtextprobe, Zeichenvorrat der Schriften, - Buchstabenverzeichnis (alle ``M'' auf einen Blick). - - -2.4.5 Ich hab im Buch ``Der LaTeX-Begleiter'' bzw. ``The LaTeX -Companion'' ein interessantes Paket gefunden. Wo kann ich es auf CTAN -finden? - -Die Datei ``companion.ctan'' zählt alle im Buch erwähnten Pakete auf. - -companion.ctan: CTAN: info/companion.ctan - - - -2.4.6 Mich interessiert, wie einige der Grafik-Beispiele im Buch ``The -LaTeX Graphics Companion'' erzeugt wurden. Wo kann ich deren Quelltext -herbekommen? - -Die Mehrzahl der Beispiele sind auf CTAN im Verzeichnis CTAN: info/lgc -zu finden. Die Beispiele des Kapitels zu `PSTricks'sind auch Bestandteil -dessen Dokumentation. - -lgc: CTAN: info/lgc -PSTricks: CTAN: graphics/pstricks/doc/test-pst.tex - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 2 --- ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 3 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -3 Textsatzsystem TeX - Übersicht - - -3.1 Grundlegendes - - -3.1.1 Was ist TeX? - -TeX ist ein Textsatzsystem, das von Prof. Dr. Donald E. Knuth entwickelt -wurde. -Der Unterschied zu einer Textverarbeitung ist, daß hier Text nicht nur -verarbeitet, sondern auch gesetzt wird. Dies wird beispielsweise durch -das tiefergestellte E in dem Logo von TeX symbolisiert. Diese -Möglichkeit wird in dem vorliegenden Text durch das -kleingeschriebene `e' angedeutet. Außerdem dient die Schreibweise TeX -zur Unterscheidung von TEX. -Aussprache: TeX wird nicht so ausgesprochen, wie es geschrieben wird! -Aufgrund der griechischen Wurzel `tau epsilon chi' spricht man das `X' -in TeX wie ein ch- oder k-Laut, niemals wie ein `x'. Man spricht: `tech' -wie in Technik. -Persönliche Informationen über Donald E. Knuth, über seine Pläne und -wichtige Hinweise für die Benutzer von TeX und Leser seiner Bücher kann -man auf Knuths WWW-Seite - http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/ -finden. - -3.1.2 Was ist METAFONT? - -METAFONT ist wie TeX von Prof. Dr. Donald E. Knuth entwickelt worden. Es -erlaubt die Beschreibung einer Schrift oder einer Schriftfamilie durch -ein Programm, den sogenannten Meta-Font. Aus diesem Meta-Font kann -METAFONT nach Wahl verschiedener Parameter Schriften generieren, die TeX -verwenden kann. -Um mit TeX zu arbeiten, ist METAFONT nicht zwingend erforderlich. Es ist -auch möglich, beispielsweise mit PostScript-Schriften zu arbeiten. TeX -benötigt von einer Schrift nur die Maße der einzelnen Zeichen und -weitere schriftabhängige Parameter, wie beispielsweise die Breite eines -Wortzwischenraumes. Diese Informationen entnimmt TeX einer -TeX-Font-Metric-(tfm)-Datei. -METAPOSTist ein aus METAFONT abgeleitetes Programm zum Erstellen von -PostScript-Zeichnungen (siehe Frage 9.1.4). - -3.1.3 Worin besteht der Unterschied zwischen IniTeX und VirTeX bzw. -zwischen IniMF und VirMF? Was ist eine sogenannte Format-, was eine -Base-Datei? - -IniTeX und VirTeX sind beides Varianten des Programmes TeX, wobei IniTeX -Code für zusätzliche Initialisierungsroutinen und erweiterte -Datenstrukturen enthält, um beispielsweise Trennmusterdateien zu laden -und in kompakter Form wieder abzuspeichern oder eine Formatdatei zu -erzeugen. IniTeX wird dazu verwendet, die TeX-internen Datenstrukturen -zu initialisieren - daher der Name -, größere Makropakete wie LaTeX, -Schriftdateien und Trennmuster zu laden und in einer kompakten, schnell -wieder ladbaren Form, in der sogenannten Formatdatei, abzuspeichern. -Formatdateien haben die Dateinamensendung `.fmt' und den Vorgang, eine -Formatdatei mit IniTeX zu erzeugen, nennt man auch `ein Format dumpen'. -Die zusätzlichen Routinen und Datenstrukturen sind beim normalen -Gebrauch von TeX nicht notwendig, so daß diese in der VirTeX-Variante -nicht vorhanden sind. Dadurch kann man in VirTeX, dem `virgin' oder -jungfräulichem TeX, Speicherplatz sparen oder diesen für andere Zwecke -einzusetzen. VirTeX wird in den meisten TeX-Implementierungen unter dem -Namen `tex' aufgerufen, IniTeX entweder als ``initex'' oder über eine -spezielle Kommandozeilenoption wie ``tex -i'' oder ``tex -ini''. -Analog zu IniTeX und VirTeX gibt es auch von METAFONT zwei -Programmvarianten namens IniMF und VirMF. Statt Formatdatei heißt die -von IniMF erzeugte Datei Basedatei und besitzt die Dateinamensendung -`.base' (oder `.bas'). -Der Aufbau der Format- und Basedateien ist nicht standardisiert! Er ist -sowohl von der Implementierung, von der TeX- und MF-Version als auch für -dieselbe TeX- und MF-Version von verschiedenen Compile-Zeit-Parametern -abhängig. Diese Dateien sollen von TeX bzw. MF möglichst schnell geladen -werden können, so daß Implementierer hier betriebssystem- und -implementierungsabhängige Optimierungen vornehmen können. - -3.1.4 Was ist eine dvi-Datei, was ist ein dvi-Treiber, was ist der -DVI-Treiberstandard? - -TeX erzeugt als wichtigste Ausgabe eine dvi-Datei. Das Akronym `dvi' -steht für `DeVice-Independent', d.h. der interpretierte Inhalt dieser -Datei kann auf fast jedem möglichen Ausgabegerät ausgegeben werden. Ein -dvi-Treiber, ein spezielles Programm, liest eine dvi-Datei und wandelt -die in ihr enthaltenen Informationen in Steuerinformationen für einen -speziellen Drucker (z.B. in PostScript oder in PCL) oder zur Anzeige am -Bildschirm für ein spezielles Fenstersystem (wie X11) oder -Bildschirmtreiber. -Besonders hervorzuheben ist an TeX, daß _jede_ TeX-Implementierung für -dieselbe Eingabe (also Dokument, verwendete Makros, Schriften, -Trennmuster etc.) _unabhängig_ vom Ausgabegerät und dessen Auflösung -_immer_ dieselbe dvi-Datei erzeugt. TeX wählt also immer denselben -Absatz- und Seitenumbruch und dieselbe Plazierung von Zeichen, Linien -usw. auf der Seite. -dvi-Dateien enthalten alle Informationen, die zum Ausdruck oder zur -Anzeige der erzeugten Seiten notwendig sind. Jedoch sind in einer -dvi-Datei nicht die tatsächlichen Lettern der verwendeten Schriften und -das mit \special-Anweisungen eingebunde Material, wie Grafiken, -enthalten. Diese müssen vom dvi-Treiber aus anderen Quellen, wie z.B. -pk-Dateien bei Schriften, gelesen und an das Ausgabegerät geschickt -werden. dvi-Dateien verwenden die TeX-interne Zeichenkodierung. So liegt -beispielsweise der Argumenttext einer \special-Anweisung in der -dvi-Datei als eine in ASCII kodierte Zeichenkette vor. -Die dokumentierte Source des Programms `dvitype' dient gleichzeitig als -Referenzbeschreibung des dvi-Formats. Eine bessere, weil mit den -Mindestanforderungen an einen dvi-Treiber versehene Referenz ist der - DVI-Treiberstandard, Level 0 -den man in CTAN: dviware/driv-standard/level-0/ finden kann. In diesem -Standard findet man im Anhang neben einer Kopie der dvi-Beschreibung aus -`dvitype' noch die entsprechenden Beschreibungen des tfm-, gf- und -pk-Formates. Weitere Papiere, Berichte, Vorschläge etc. findet man in -CTAN: dviware/driv-standard/papers/. -Als ein Projekt der NTG-Future-Group (siehe Diskussionsliste 1.3.4) -laufen unter dem Titel ``DVI3 a new DVI standard'' Arbeiten zur -Vervollkommnung und Weiterentwicklung des DVI-Standards. Nähere -Informationen findet man unter http://dvi3.tiepmiep.dk/ und -http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~burnus/dviview/. - -3.1.5 Wozu dienen Dateien mit der Namensendung `.xyz'? - -Die einzelnen Programme und TeX-Formate des Textsatzsystems TeX -verwenden sehr viele Dateien mit unterschiedlichen Namensendungen. Damit -auch ein Anfänger relativ schnell einen Überblick erhält, folgt hier -eine Auflistung der häufigsten bzw. wichtigsten Dateinamensendungen, -sortiert nach Programmen, TeX-Formaten und weitverbreiteten -Implementierungen. - - (Plain-)TeX: - - - .tex - Standarddateinamensendung für alle Arten von - TeX-Eingabedateien, einige Makropakete wie LaTeX verwenden - andere Namensendungen, um zwischen Dokument- und den - notwendigen Makrodefinitionsdateien zu unterscheiden - - .fmt - TeX-Formatdatei (siehe Frage 3.1.3) - - .dvi - TeX-Ausgabedatei, enthält formatiertes Dokument (siehe Frage - 3.1.4) - - .pool, .poo - `String-Pool'-Datei, wird von IniTeX oder IniMF benötigt. - - .log - Protokolldatei eines TeX- oder MF-Laufs. - - .lis - Protokolldatei eines TeX- oder MF-Laufs unter dem - Betriebssystem OpenVMS. - - - METAFONT, Fonts und Tools: - - - .mf - MF-Eingabedatei - - .base - - .bas - MF-Formatdatei (siehe Frage 3.1.3) - - .tfm - MF-Ausgabe: TeX Font Metric (siehe Frage 9.1.2) - - .*gf - MF-Ausgabe: `generic font' (siehe Frage 9.1.2) - - .*pk - `packed raster' (siehe Frage 9.1.2) - - .*pxl - `pixel' (siehe Frage 9.1.2): veraltetes, durch - `.*pk'-Dateien abgelöstes Font-Bitmap-Format - - .pl - `property list', lesbare Darstellung der in einer tfm-Datei - enthaltenen Informationen - - .vf - `virtual font' (siehe Frage 9.1.3) - - .vpl - `virtual font property list' (siehe Frage 9.1.3) - - - METAPOST: - - - .mp - METAPOST-Eingabedatei - - .mem - METAPOST-Formatdatei (analog zu .fmt bzw. .base) - - .mps - METAPOST-Ausgabedatei; eine eps-Datei, die aufgrund ihrer - bekannten und einfachen Struktur mit Hilfe von TeX-Makros in - das pdf-Format wandelbar ist. - - .mpx - METAPOST-Eingabedatei, entstanden durch Aufruf von - `DVItoMP'. - - - Omega: - - - .otp - `Omega translation process', definiert Umkodierungsfilter - - .ocp - `Omega compiled process', compilierte Version einer - .otp-Datei - - .ofm - `Omega TeX font metric', erweiterte Version des .tfm-Formats - für Omega - - .opl - `Omega property list', lesbare Darstellung einer .ofm-Datei - - .ovf - `Omega virtual font', erweiterte Version des .vf-Formats - - .ovp - `Omega virtual font property list', lesbare Darstellung - einer .ovf-Datei - - - BibTeX: - - .bst - BibTeX-Style, enthält Anweisungen an BibTeX, wie die - Literaturangaben aus der .bib-Datei in die .bbl-Datei - geschrieben werden sollen - - .bib - BibTeX-Datenbank - - .blg - Protokolldatei eines BibTeX-Laufs - - .bbl - BibTeX-Ausgabe, meist in einer Form, die von LaTeX - eingelesen werden kann - - - MakeIndex: - - - .ist - MakeIndex-Style, enthält Anweisungen, wie aus den Einträgen - in der .idx/.glo-Datei die .ind/.gls-Datei generiert werden - soll - - .idx - Index-Datei, enthält die unsortierten Indexeinträge - - .ind - MakeIndex-Ausgabe: fertig erstellter Index - - .glo - Glossar-Datei, enthält analog zur .idx-Datei die - unsortierten Glossareinträge - - .gls - MakeIndex-Ausgabe: fertig erstelltes - Wörterverzeichnis/Glossar - - .ilg - Protokolldatei eines MakeIndex-Laufs - - - Texinfo (TeX-Format): - - - .texi - - .texinfo - - .txi - GNU-Texinfo-Dokumentquelldatei - - - docstrip-Archive (nicht nur für LaTeX-Makropakete verwendbar): - - - .dtx - docstrip-Archivdatei (siehe Frage 5.1.3), kann mit dem in - TeX geschriebenem Programm `docstrip' entpackt werden. - (docstrip: CTAN: macros/latex/base/docstrip.dtx und - CTAN: macros/latex/base/docstrip.ins) - Historisch: Diese Archive hatten anfänglich die Namensendung - .doc - - .ins - Instruktionsdatei zum Entpacken eines docstrip-Archivs - (siehe Frage 5.1.3); zum Entpacken reicht der Aufruf ``tex - filename.ins'', manchmal auch ``latex filename.ins''; - näheres bitte der mitgelieferten Dokumentation entnehmen! - - .drv - `Treiber'-Datei, für einige .dtx-Dateien zur Formatierung - der Dokumentation mit LaTeX verwendet - - .fdd - docstrip-Archiv der LaTeX-.fd-Dateien - - .mbs - docstrip-Archiv der Master-Bibliography-BibTeX-Styles des - Pakets `custom-bib' (siehe Frage 7.2.2) - - - LaTeX (TeX-Format): - - - .aux - Hilfsdatei, enthält Querverweise etc. - - .toc - Inhaltsverzeichnis - - .lof - Verzeichnis der Abbildungen - - .lot - Verzeichnis der Tafeln - - .ltx - Dokumentquelldatei, alternativ zur Namensendung .tex (auch - für LaTeX-Kernel-Dateien) - - .cls - - .clo - TeX-Eingabedatei mit Definitionen für die Dokumentenklasse - und die entsprechenden Klassen-Optionen - - .sty - TeX-Eingabedatei mit Definitionen eines LaTeX-Pakets; in - LaTeX 2.09 wurde diese Namensendung sowohl für Styles (in - 2e: Klassen) als auch Style-Options (in 2e: Pakete) benutzt - - .fd - TeX-Eingabedatei mit Font-Definition, enthält Tabellen, mit - denen die LaTeX-Spezifikation einer Schrift mittels - Encoding, Family, Series und Shape auf den Namen einer - .tfm-Datei abgebildet wird. Der Name der .fd-Datei besteht - aus Encoding und Family. - - .def - Runtime-Module des LaTeX-Kernels, die bei Bedarf geladen - werden (``latex209.def'' für Kompatibilitätsmodus, - ``slides.def'' für SliTeX), ebenso für einige Pakete, wie - beispielsweise für `inputenc', `fontenc' und `graphics'. - - .cfg - TeX-Eingabedatei mit Konfigurationsinformation - - .ldf - TeX-Eingabedatei mit der Language-Definition für eine - Sprache mit ihren Dialekten des babel-Pakets. (Historisch: - in älteren Babel-Versionen in .sty-Dateien) - - - MusiXTeX, PMX, M-Tx: - - - .mx1 - MusiXTeX-Ausgabe der 1. Phase als Eingabe für das Programm - MusiXFLX, das den Zeilenumbruch der Noten herstellt - - .mx2 - MusiXFLX-Ausgabe als Eingabe für die 2. MusiXTeX-Phase - - .mxl - MusiXFLX-Log-Datei - - .pmx - PMX-Eingabedaten - - .mtx - M-Tx-Eingabedaten - - - PostScript-Schriften: - - - .afm - Adobe Font Metric, in lesbarer ASCII-Darstellung - - .pfm - Printer Font Metric, in Windows-Darstellung - - .pfa - PostScript-Type-1-Schriftschnittprogramm in ASCII-Format, - enthält das Type-1-Programm zum Zeichnen jeder Letter - - .pfb - PostScript-Type-1-Schriftschnittprogramm in Binärformat - - - TeX-Implementierungen und Gerätetreiber: - - - .tcp - TeX-Code-Page-Definition (emTeX). - - .tcx - TeX-Code-Page-Definition (web2c v7.0, noch im Teststadium!) - - .enc - Encoding-Dateien für PostScript-Schriften (dvips) - - .map - Zuordnungstabellen für Fontnamen - - -Eine zwangsläufig unvollständige Liste von Dateinamensendungen kann man -auch im Buch `Der LaTeX-Begleiter' bzw. `LaTeX Companion' und im Buch -`Making TeX Work' (siehe Frage 2.4.1) und in `The Components of TeX' von -Joachim Schrod (siehe Frage 2.4.2) finden. - -3.1.6 Welche TeX-/METAFONT-/METAPOST-Versionen sind aktuell? - -Derzeit sind die folgenden Versionen aktuell: - -TeX: 3.14159 (seit März 1995) -plain.tex: 3.1415926 (seit August 1998) - -METAFONT: 2.7182 (seit August 1998) -plain.mf: 2.71 (seit Juni 1993) - -METAPOST: 0.641 (seit März 1998) (?) -dvitomp.web: 0.64 (seit Januar 1998) -plain.mp: 0.64 (seit Januar 1998) - -CM-Fonts: - (wichtige Änderungen 1992, - kleinere Änderungen März 1995, - kleinere Änderungen August 1998) - -tangle.web 4.4 (seit Februar 1993) -weave.web 4.4 (seit Januar 1992) -webmac.tex 4.1 (seit Mai 1990) - -Neue Versionen von TeX und METAFONT werden von Donald E. Knuth nur noch -in immer größer werdenden zeitlichen Abständen erstellt, so daß man -ältere Versionen auf alle Fälle durch die neueste Version ersetzen -sollte. -Leider hat Knuth für die CM-Fonts keine Versionsnummer vergeben, so daß -es schwieriger ist, die Versionen mit den meist nur geringen Änderungen -auseinanderzuhalten. Da Knuth umfangreichere Änderungen an den CM-Fonts -im Frühjahr 1992 durchgeführt hat, sollte man alle älteren -CM-Font-Versionen auf die neue Version bringen. Erkennbar sind die alten -Versionen beispielweise am horizontalen Querstrich am Fuß des großen -kalligraphischen T `$\mathcal{T}$' (bzw. `${\cal T}$'), der in der neuen -Version fehlt oder an der rundlicheren, s-förmigeren Form des kleinen -Deltas `$\delta$', da in neueren Versionen der obere Bogen nun etwas -winkliger ausgeführt wurde. Die aktuelle Version der CM-Font-Dateien -erkennt man an folgenden Zeilen: - - % THIS IS THE OFFICIAL COMPUTER MODERN SOURCE FILE cmr10.mf BY D E - KNUTH. - % IT MUST NOT BE MODIFIED IN ANY WAY UNLESS THE FILE NAME IS CHANGED! - -ACHTUNG: TeX-Pakete, wie emTeX, vergeben meist noch eine eigene -Versionsnummer für TeX und MF. Man sollte die oben angegebene, -offizielle Versionsnummer nicht mit diesen verwechseln. - -3.1.7 Was ist TDS, die `TeX Directory Structure'? - -Hauptfunktion von TDS ist die Festlegung einer Grundstruktur für ein -TeX-System. In dieser kann TeX samt Hilfswerkzeugen, Makropaketen, Fonts -etc. systematisch geordnet und damit für _alle_ Installationen und -Systeme gleich und einheitlich untergebracht werden. Somit können -implementierungsunabhängige Teile beispielsweise auch über NFS-Mounts -oder von CD-ROM für alle Systeme zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Die von -TDS festgelegte Grundstruktur ist offen, kann also jederzeit für weitere -Applikationen erweitert werden. -Der TDS-Standard richtet sich primär an TeX-Systemadministratoren und -Personen, die TeX-Distributionen zusammenstellen. Wenn Entwickler eines -TeX-Pakets von einer generell gültigen Verzeichnisstruktur ausgehen -können, kann auch die Installation eines Pakets leichter automatisiert -oder zumindest mit sehr präzisen Anweisungen versehen werden. Für -Endbenutzer ist eine solche wohldefinierte Systemstruktur ebenfalls von -Interesse, wenn sie sich mit der Ausstattung des Systems, das sie -benutzen, näher vertraut machen wollen. -Der aktuelle TDS-Vorschlag ist in verschiedenen Dateiformaten (DVI, -PostScript, HTML, Texinfo etc.) in CTAN: tds/ zu finden. Eine -exemplarische Implementierung des Standards stellt die CD-ROM ``TeX -Live'' dar. - -TDS: CTAN: tds/ - - - -3.2 Welche TeX-Formate gibt es? Was ist LaTeX? - - -3.2.1 Was ist ein (TeX-)Format? - -Das Programm TeX besteht aus einem Teil, mit dem Text und mathematische -Formeln gesetzt, Absätze umbrochen und alles zu Seiten zusammenmontiert -wird, und aus einem Makroprozessor. Dieser Makroprozessor stellt eine -mächtige, wenn auch für die meisten eine eher ungewohnte -Programmiermöglichkeit dar, mit der man den sehr einfachen Befehlssatz -von TeX durch eigene benutzerfreundlichere Makros ergänzen kann. Einen -abgeschlossenen Satz von solchen Makros nennt man Format. Eine -Formatdatei ist eine mit IniTeX durch `Dumpen' erzeugte Datei, die diese -Makros enthält (siehe Frage 3.1.3). Meist wird der Formatname auch für -das Programm VirTeX verwendet, wenn man die zugehörige Formatdatei lädt, -so daß man bei Verwendung des Formatnamens diese Mehrdeutigkeit bedenken -sollte. -Ohne vom Benutzer definierte Makros besitzt TeX nur ca. 300 primitive -`control sequences'. Davon sind ungefähr die Hälfte Anweisungen, die -andere Hälfte Parameter. Für einen Autor sind diese Anweisungen alleine -zu einfach und dürftig, so daß es ratsam ist, als Autor mächtigere und -damit einfacher benutzbare Anweisungen in Form von Makros zu verwenden. - -3.2.2 Was ist Plain-TeX? - -Donald E. Knuth hat für TeX ein Makropaket namens Plain-TeX erstellt und -diese Makros im Buch `The TeXbook' beschrieben. Dabei stellt Plain-TeX -einen minimalen Satz an Makros dar, um TeX sinnvoll verwenden zu können. -Zusätzlich enthält Plain-TeX einige Makros, wie `\beginsection' oder -`\proclaim', die man als Beispiel für komplexere Anweisungen ansehen -kann. -Wenn jemand sagt, daß er ``TeX programmiert'', so meint er -normalerweise, daß er in TeX und den Plain-TeX-Makros programmiert. - -3.2.3 Was ist LaTeX, LaTeX2e und LaTeX 2.09? - -LaTeX ist ein in den Jahren 1982-1986 von Leslie Lamport geschriebenes -Makropaket für TeX. Es erlaubt dem Autor eines Dokuments, die einzelnen -Teile gemäß ihrer logischen Bedeutung, wie z.B. `Überschrift', -`Aufzählung', `Aufzählungspunkt' usw., zu markieren. Anhand dieser -Markierungen, dem sogenannten `Markup' oder der Text-Auszeichnung, kann -(La)TeX das Dokument unter Verwendung eines vorgefertigten Layouts in -Buchdruck-Qualität setzen und mittels sogenannter Geräte-Treiber -ausdrucken. -Fast 10 Jahre war LaTeX in der Version 2.09 aktuell, wobei es zuletzt -immer mehr inkompatible Erweiterungen gab. Seit dem Juni 1994 ist -LaTeX2e die aktuelle Version. Diese wurde regelmäßig im Juni und -Dezember jeden Jahres auf den neuesten Stand gebracht. Ab Juni 2000 gibt -es nurmehr einmal jährlich eine neue Version. -Wenn in dieser FAQ von LaTeX die Rede ist, so ist immer LaTeX2e und -nicht LaTeX 2.09 gemeint. - -3.2.4 Welche (La)TeX-Makropakete gibt es? - -Es gibt mehrere unterschiedlich umfangreiche und gewartete Übersichten -über (La)TeX-Makropakete, die im folgenden ohne Wertung aufgezählt -werden: - -* The LaTeX Catalogue - CTAN: help/Catalogue/catalogue.html -* (La)TeX Navigator - http://tex.loria.fr -* LaTeX-Paketliste von Harald Axel Sommerfeldt - http://www.axel-sommerfeldt.de/latex/ -* Liste von Kerstin Schiebel - http://www.gsi.de/computing/TeX/latexsty.html -* Die Bücher ``Der LaTeX-Begleiter'', ``The LaTeX Companion'' und ``The - LaTeX Graphics Companion'' stellen viele Pakete vor. Diese Übersicht - kann jedoch naturgemäß nicht aktuell und vollständig sein. - - -3.2.5 Was ist AmS-TeX, AmS-LaTeX und LAMSTeX? Was sind die AmS-Fonts? - -AmS-TeX ist ein in den Jahren 1983-1985 von Michael D. Spivak für die -American Mathematical Society (AmS) geschriebenes Makropaket, das auf -Plain-TeX basiert. Es erweitert Plain-TeX um sehr viele für den -mathematischen Formelsatz notwendige Konstrukte. Dieses Makropaket wird -im Buch `The Joy of TeX' von Michael Spivak (2. Auflage, AmS, 1990, ISBN -0-821-82997-1) beschrieben. -Mit der weiteren Verbreitung von LaTeX entwickelt die AmS seit 1990 -mehrere auf LaTeX basierende Makropakete, die unter dem Namen AmS-LaTeX -zusammemgefaßt werden. Diese LaTeX-Pakete stellen einem Autor einen -Großteil der in AmS-TeX enthaltenen Konstrukte zur Verfügung. -LAMSTeX nennt sich Michael Spivaks Anpassung von AmS-TeX an LaTeX, die -jedoch nur einen sehr kleinen Nutzerkreis hat und nicht weit verbreitet -ist. -Für den mathematischen Formelsatz fehlen den von Donald E. Knuth -erstellten Schriften weitere dringend notwendige Zeichen. Diese werden -durch die AmS-Fonts zur Verfügung gestellt, die u.a. weitere -CM-Schriften, Euler-, `msam'-, `msbm'- und kyrillische Schriften -enthalten. - -3.2.6 Was ist Texinfo? - -Texinfo ist ein Dokumentationssystem, das zur Dokumentation der -GNU-Sofware verwendet wird. Die Dokumentation wird dabei in einer -Quelldatei mit der Dateinamensendung `.texi' (oder `.txi' bzw. -`.texinfo') abgelegt, aus der einerseits sogenannte `info'-Dateien, -einem on-line mit dem GNU-Emacsoder dem Programm `info' lesbarer -Hypertext, erzeugt werden können. Andererseits stellt die Quelldatei -eine TeX-Datei dar, zu deren Formatierung mit Plain-TeX zu Beginn das -Texinfo-Makropaket ``texinfo.tex'' automatisch hinzugeladen wird. Mit -den Programmen `makeinfo' (aus dem Paket Texinfo seit Version 4.0) und -`texi2html' ist die Konvertierung nach HTML möglich. Texinfo basiert auf -Plain-TeX. - -Texinfo: http://www.texinfo.org - CTAN: macros/texinfo - - - -3.2.7 Was ist ConTeXt? - -ConTeXt ist ein von Hans Hagen geschriebenes Makropaket für TeX. Es -erlaubt, ähnlich wie LaTeX, das Erstellen von Texten mit Hilfe von -Strukturmakros (Überschrift u.ä.). Bei der Erstellung wurde auf eine -leichte Benutzbarkeit und Flexibilität geachtet, zudem wird die -Erstellung interaktiver Texte unterstützt. Eine Besonderheit ist die -multilinguale Schnittstelle, die z.B. niederländisch, englisch und -deutsch unterstützt, sowie das Setzen von multilingualen Unterschriften -(`Tabelle' statt `Table' u.ä.). - -ConTeXt: http://www.pragma-ade.nl/ - http://www.ntg.nl/context/ - CTAN: macros/context/ -Berend de Boer: -LaTeX in proper http://www.xs4all.nl/~nederwar/tex/LaTeX2ConTeXt.pdf -ConTeXt:: - - - -3.3 Welche TeX-Weiterentwicklungen gibt es? - - -3.3.1 Was ist TeX-XeT bzw. TeX--XeT? - -Donald E. Knuth und Pierre MacKay entwickelten eine TeX-Erweiterung -namens TeX-XeT, die es erlaubt, Texte, die von links nach rechts -geschrieben werden, mit Texten, die von rechts nach links (Bsp: -arabisch, hebräisch) geschrieben werden, beliebig zu mischen. TeX-XeT -erzeugt jedoch sogenannte ivd-Dateien, d.h. dvi-Dateien mit zusätzlichen -dvi-Codes, die von üblichen dvi-Treibern nicht verstanden werden und -damit zu Fehlern oder zum Abbruch des dvi-Treibers führen. Diese -ivd-Dateien benötigen daher spezielle dvi-Treiber oder sie können mit -dem Programm `ivd2dvi' in gewöhnliche dvi-Dateien konvertiert werden. -Die TeX-Änderungen für TeX-XeT wurden in einem Artikel in TUGboat 8, -1987 (S. 14-15) veröffentlicht. -TeX--XeT ist eine TeX-XeT-Reimplementierung von Peter Breitenlohner. Im -Unterschied zu TeX-XeT erzeugt TeX--XeT gewöhnliche dvi-Dateien, die -somit von jedem dvi-Treiber gelesen werden können. Die neueste -verbesserte Version von TeX--XeT ist seit Version 1 Bestandteil von -e-TeX (siehe Frage 3.3.4). - -TeX--XeT: CTAN: systems/knuth/tex--xet/ -ivd2dvi: CTAN: dviware/ivd2dvi/ - - - -3.3.2 Was ist MLTeX? - -MLTeX ist eine TeX-Erweiterung von Michael J. Ferguson, die es -ermöglicht, daß auch mit den üblichen CM-Schriften Trennmuster mit -akzentuierten Zeichen verwendet und damit Wörter mit akzentuierten -Zeichen getrennt werden können. In Standard-TeX ist dies nicht möglich, -da es notwendig ist, daß die verwendete Schriften diese akzentuierten -Zeichen enthalten (siehe Frage 5.3.2). In MLTeX wird vorgegaukelt, daß -die akzentuierten Zeichen in den Schriften existieren, diese aber dann -durch sogenannte `character substitutions', die mit dem neuen Primitiv -\charsubdef definiert werden, durch tatsächlich in der Schrift -vorhandene Zeichen zusammengebaut. Bei Verwendung von T1-kodierten -Schriften, wie z.B. die EC-Schriften, ist MLTeX nicht mehr notwendig. -MLTeX hat sich aus verschiedenen Gründen hauptsächlich im -französischsprachigen Raum verbreitet. Aktuell ist Version 2.2 vom -Dezember 1995 von Bernd Raichle, der die weitere Pflege von MLTeX -übernommen hat. Ältere Versionen haben verschiedene Programmfehler, die -u.a. zu Problemen führen, falls MLTeX mit nichtlateinischen Schriften -(z.B. mit ArabTeX) verwendet wird. Mit ``mltextst.tex'' gibt es eine -Testdatei, um eine MLTeX-Implementierung auf die bekannten Fehler zu -testen. -Zur einfachen Nutzung der Fähigkeiten von MLTeX unter LaTeX gibt es seit -Dezember 1998 das LaTeX-Paket `mltex'. - -MLTeX: CTAN: systems/generic/mltex/ -mltextst.tex: CTAN: systems/generic/mltex/mltextst.tex -mltex: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/mltex - - - -3.3.3 Was ist NTS? - -TeX, METAFONT und die anderen Programme von Prof. Knuth wurden von ihm -in ihrem jetzigen Zustand eingefroren. Es werden nur noch Fehler -entfernt, jedoch wird es keine grundlegenden Änderungen und -Weiterentwicklungen dieser Programme geben. Momentan gibt es mehrere -Projekte, die die Weiterentwicklung des Textsatzsystems TeX zum Ziel -haben. -`NTS' (oder das `New Typesetting System') wird von der NTS-Gruppe unter -Leitung von Phil Taylor geplant. NTS ist eine radikale Neuentwicklung -eines Textsatzsystems, das jedoch weiterhin einen -TeX-Kompatibilitätsmodus haben wird. Die Realisierung von NTS ist -langfristig über mehrere Jahre angelegt, da hierzu größere Ressourcen -notwendig sind und erst beschafft werden müssen. -Momentan wird eine erste Version von NTS in der Programmiersprache Java -implementiert. Diese Version wird vollständig TeX-kompatibel sein und -noch keine Erweiterungen besitzen, jedoch durch die modularere -Programmierung leichter erweiterbar sein. Dieser erste Prototyp soll bis -Mitte 2000 fertiggestellt sein, im Frühjahr 2000 liefen bereits alle -Teile außer denjenigen, die den Tabellensatz bewerkstelligen. Die -endgültige Version wurde im Mai 2001 an die TeX-Welt verteilt. -Weitergehendes existiert momentan nur als Konzept und in Form einer -Liste von Anforderungen und Erweiterungswünschen. - -NTS: http://nts.tug.org/ - - - -3.3.4 Was ist e-TeX? Was ist Eetex? - -Unter dem Namen `e-TeX' (extended/enhanced TeX) wird unter der Leitung -von Peter Breitenlohner TeX um dringend benötigte Erweiterungen ergänzt. -Ein wichtiges Ziel von e-TeX ist dabei, weiterhin 100% kompatibel zu TeX -zu bleiben, solange die Erweiterungen nicht benutzt werden. Die -Entwicklung basiert auf dem aktuellen TeX-Quellcode in einem durch -WEB-Konstrukte erweiterten Standard-Pascal, so daß dies und die genannte -Zielsetzung gewisse Beschränkungen, wie der Verzicht auf eine dynamische -Speicherverwaltung, auferlegt, was grundlegende Neuerungen in e-TeX -anbelangt. Die erste Version von e-TeX wurde im Oktober 1996 auf der -Mitgliederversammlung von DANTE e.V. in Hamburg veröffentlicht. Fertig -benutzbare Implementierungen sind u.a. für VMS, MS-DOS (PublicTeX), -Windows 95/NT (Win32-Web2c), Amiga (AmiWeb2C) und Unix (Web2c v7.x mit -Patches zur Integration von e-TeX) verfügbar. -Eetex ist die ``Spielwiese'' der NTG-Future-Group (siehe -Diskussionsliste 1.3.4). Diese TeX-Erweiterung basiert auf e-TeX, -erweitert dieses jedoch um weitere vorgeschlagene Primitive. Das -Programm ist jedoch weder stabil noch fehlerfrei, sondern dient dazu, -Erweiterungsvorschläge in einem Prototypen auszutesten. Die erste -Version enthält Primitive zur leichteren und schnelleren Verarbeitung -von Listen und einen speziellen SGML-Lesemodus. Das Programm wird -momentan nur fertig für MS-DOS, Windows 95 und Linux verteilt. - -e-TeX: CTAN: systems/e-tex/ -Eetex: http://www.elvenkind.com/~taco/eetex/ - - - -3.3.5 Was ist Omega? - -Omega ist neben NTS/e-TeX das zweite Projekt, das sich mit der -Weiterentwicklung von TeX beschäftigt. -`Omega' wird von John Plaice und Yannis Haralambous entwickelt und ist -Anfang Dezember 1995 in einer zweiten Version veröffentlicht worden. Als -Basis von Omega dient der Quellcode von TeX und METAFONT, wobei beide -Programme um die Möglichkeit erweitert wurden, intern Zeichen in UNICODE -zu repräsentieren (pro Zeichen 16 bit statt 8 bit). Durch die Verwendung -von UNICODE und von sogenannten Ein- und Ausgabe-Filtern wird eine -Anpassung an verschiedene Sprachen sehr einfach. So kann beispielsweise -durch Wahl von entsprechenden Filtern ein Dokument sehr einfach in -arabischer Schrift gesetzt werden, in der ein einzelnes Zeichen abhängig -vom Kontext in bis zu vier möglichen Darstellungen gesetzt wird. - -Omega: http://omega.cse.unsw.edu.au/ - CTAN: systems/omega/ - - - -3.3.6 Was ist pdfTeX? - -`pdfTeX', das vormals TeX2PDF hieß, ist eine TeX-Variante, mit der man -sowohl die üblichen DVI-Dateien als auch direkt Dateien in Adobes -Portable-Document-Format, kurz PDF, erzeugen kann. Um die zusätzlichen -Möglichkeiten, wie Hyperlinks, Anmerkungen etc., die PDF bietet, auch -nutzen zu können, wurden weitere PDF-Primitive dem Makroprogrammierer -zur Verfügung gestellt. Das Makropaket `hyperref' unterstützt pdfTeX, -wobei die Benutzung von pdfTeX automatisch erkannt wird, aber auch durch -die Option `pdftex' angegeben werden kann. -pdfTeX wurde von Hàn Thê Thành entwickelt und Ende Februar 1997 in -ersten Testversionen veröffentlicht. Seitdem weist pdfTeX eine gute -Stabilität auf. Es wurden jedoch seitdem Funktionen hinzugefügt, die -dazu führten, daß sich Details auf Makroebene änderten. Dies führt dazu, -daß ältere Versionen von Makropaketen für pdfTeX nicht mehr fehlerfrei -mit neueren pdfTeX-Versionen laufen. - -pdfTeX: http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/ -pdfTeX: http://freshmeat.net/projects/pdftex/ - CTAN: systems/pdftex/ - (Source für Web2c v7.x, Binaries für einige Systeme) -hyperref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyperref -hyperref http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ -(aktuell): -thumbpdf: CTAN: support/thumbpdf/ -TeX and Solving Font Problems -PDF: - http://web.mit.edu/etheses/www/tex/texpdf.html -AcroTeX: Hinweise zu LaTeX und PDF - http://www.math.uakron.edu/~dpstory/acrotex.html -Einführung ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/unplugged/pdftex.dante01.pdf -in pdfTeX: -Timothy van -Zandt's http://zandtwerk.insead.fr/tex2pdf.html -notes: -Creating -quality -Adobe PDF http://www.adobe.com/support/techdocs/543e.htm -files from -TeX with -DVIPS: -PDF -Reference -Manual, http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/PDFSPEC.PDF -Version -1.3: -Thomas -Feuerstack: -Acrobat/PDF ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/unplugged/AcS01.pdf -...eine -Einführung: -Udo -Schuermann: -Linux http://ringlord.com/publications/latex-pdf-howto/ -LaTeX-PDF -HOW-TO: - - - -3.3.7 Was ist `ant'? - -`ant', geschrieben von Achim Blumensath, ist ein Scheme-basierter Ersatz -für TeX, der nicht mit dem Ziel vollständiger Kompatibilität, sondern -dem eines flexiblen und sauberen Designs entwickelt wurde. -Bei der aktuellen Version handelt es sich um einen pre-alpha Prototyp, -der als Diskussionsgrundlage und als Testumgebung für neue -Satzalgorithmen dienen soll. - -ant: http://www-mgi.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/~blume/Download.html - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 3 --- ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 4 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -4 Textsatzsystem TeX - Bezugsquellen - - -4.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System? - -Es gibt verschiedene Wege, wie Sie ein TeX-System beziehen können. Falls -Sie die notwendige Unterstützung (durch Hotline, Schulungen, Updates -u.ä.) sicherstellen wollen oder müssen, sollten Sie sich an einen -kommerziellen Anbieter wenden. -Beachten Sie bei den nachfolgenden Angeboten bitte, daß Sie bei frei -verfügbaren TeX-Versionen, Programmen und Schriften, die `Shareware' -sind, geringe Lizenzgebühren an die Autoren zu entrichten haben. -Außerdem dürfen einige Programme, Makrodateien, Schriften etc. nicht -oder nur nach Lizenzierung oder einer individuellen Freigabe durch den -Autor zu kommerziellen Zwecken eingesetzt oder vertrieben werden. -An frei verfügbare TeX-Implementierungen können Sie per - - 1. ftp oder WWW (Internet), - 2. E-Mail, - 3. Modem/Telefon, - 4. CD-ROM oder - 5. als Bestandteil eines anderen Software-Paketes - -kommen. Als Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. stehen Ihnen noch weitere und evtl. -günstigere Angebote zur Auswahl (siehe Frage 4.1.7). - -4.1.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System über ftp/Internet und E-Mail? - -CTAN, das `Comprehensive TeX Archive Network', und dessen `Spiegel' -können über ftp oder durch den ftp-Mailer auch über E-Mail erreicht -werden (siehe Abschnitt 1.2). - -4.1.2 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System über Modem/Telefon? - -Teile des CTAN-Inhalts können Sie in vielen Mailbox-Netzen auf einigen -`Knoten' erhalten, die ein TeX-Archiv anbieten. Informieren Sie sich -bitte bei anderen Benutzern des entsprechenden Mailbox-Netzes oder einer -Ansprechperson für dieses Netz. - -4.1.3 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System auf CD-ROM? - -Mittlerweile sind verschiedene CD-ROM-Angebote mit TeX-Software über -CD-ROM-Versender und in immer mehr Buchhandlungen zu finden. Bei -TeX-CD-ROMs kann man grob zwei Typen unterscheiden: - -* CD-ROMs, die einen kompletten Abzug oder Teile des CTAN-Inhalts - enthalten (einzelne oder mehrere CD-ROMs; meist komprimiert und - gepackt, damit auf eine CD-ROM mehr paßt und weil Datei- und - Verzeichnisnamen auf ISO-9660-CD-ROM nicht beliebig lang sein und nur - eine beschränkte Menge von Zeichen enthalten dürfen), -* CD-ROMs, die eine Ready-to-Run-Installation eines mehr oder weniger - kompletten TeX-Systems enthalten, das sogar ohne Installation von der - CD-ROM selbst lauffähig ist. - -Weiter sollte man auf die Aktualität des Inhalts achten und auf die -mitgelieferte teils knappe, teils sehr ausführliche Dokumentation. -Besonders bei Ready-To-Run-Installationen ist letztere sehr wichtig! - Achtung: teilweise werden noch alte Auflagen von CD-ROMs (ohne einen -kräftigen Preisnachlaß) verkauft. CD-ROMs mit CTAN-Kopien, deren Inhalt - älter als ein Jahr ist, sollte man liegenlassen! -Die Übersichten in Frage 4.1.4 und Frage 4.1.5 sind aus den gesammelten -Postings entstanden und erheben weder den Anspruch auf Korrektheit, -Vollständigkeit, noch auf Aktualität. `Stand' gibt bei CTAN-Abzügen -nicht das Erscheinungsdatum, sondern, soweit möglich, das Datum des -Abzuges an. Neue CD-ROM-Angebote, Korrekturen der kurzen -Inhaltsbeschreibungen, Preise u.ä. bitte an `detexfaq@dante.de'! - -4.1.4 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System auf CD-ROM, das leicht -installierbar oder sogar direkt von CD-ROM lauffähig ist? - -Folgende CD-ROMs bieten ein aktuelles, leicht installierbares TeX-System -für bestimmte Betriebssysteme an: - -* CD `TeX Live' - 5. Auflage, Einzel-CD mit Dokumentation - - Stand: Juni 2000 (für Version 5c) - ISBN: ISBN 3-931253-63-5 - Preis: für Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. ist ein Exemplar frei, - sonst 29,90 DM für alle bei Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung - URL: http://www.tug.org/texlive.html, - http://www.dante.de/software/cdrom/, http://www.lob.de?flag=dan - - Diese CD wird für Mitglieder der TUG, UK TUG und DANTE e.V. zusammen - mit der Mitgliedszeitschrift als Bonus ausgeliefert. Mitglieder von - DANTE e.V. erhielten ein Exemplar mit Ausgabe 2/2000 der - Mitgliedszeitschrift. - Enthält von CD-ROM lauffähiges TeX-System für viele Unix-Plattformen - (Linux, Solaris 2.7, IBM RS 6000 AIX 4.2, HP9000 HPUX 10.20 u.v.m.), - für Windows 95, 98, 2000 und NT und mit Binaries für METAPOST, e-TeX, - PDFTeX und Omega, basierend auf dem teTeX-Paket 1.0 und web2c 7.3.1, - mit sehr vielen Makro-/Schrift-Paketen einschließlich Dokumentation. - Zusätzlich ist die Original-Verteilung von emTeX bzw. emTeXTDS (OS/2, - MS-DOS) neben vielen weiteren Programmquellen auf der CD-ROM. Als - Standard des CD-ROM-Dateisystems wurde ISO 9660 mit den Rock-Ridge- - und Joliet-Erweiterungen benutzt, so daß der nach dem - TeX-Directory-Standard (TDS) geordnete TeX-Baum durch die langen - Dateinamen in gemischter Groß-Klein-Schreibung einfacher verwendet - werden kann - auch für andere Plattformen! -* 4allTeX - The ultimate TeX resource - 5. Auflage, Doppel-CD und ausführliches englisches Handbuch - - Stand: Mitte 1999 - Preis über die NTG: 5 Euro für die Doppel-CD - 25 Euro für das Handbuch - URL: http://4tex.ntg.nl/ - - Enthält von CD-ROM lauffähiges fpTeX, dem Web2c für Win32, eine große - Anzahl von TeX-Forma- und Font-Dateien, Ghostscript und viele weitere - Zusatzprogramme, sowie Dokumentationen in den Formaten HTML, PS und - PDF. Die CD-ROM ist durch die 4allTeX-Workbench, einer integrierter - Benutzungsoberfläche, sehr einfach zu installieren und zu bedienen. - Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. können die 5. Auflage der 4allTeX-CD zum - Preis von 3,-- DM über den Verein anfordern. - - -4.1.5 Wie bekomme ich zu TeX-Software auf CD-ROM, die möglichst alles -rund um TeX enthält? - -Folgende CD-ROMs enthalten einen aktuellen Abzug von CTAN (siehe -Abschnitt 1.2). Auf CTAN und damit auch auf diesen CD-ROMs findet man -für die meisten Betriebssysteme auch installierbare TeX-Systeme (siehe -Frage 4.2.1). Im Unterschied zu den CD-ROMs mit leicht installierbaren -TeX-Systeme wird man bei den CD-ROMs mit CTAN-Abzug nicht zu den -Installationsprogrammen geleitet. - -* TeX-Software, Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) - Dreier-CD - - Stand: September 2000 - ISBN: ISBN 3-931253-66-X - Preis: 39,90 DM für alle bei Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung - URL: http://www.dante.de/software/cdrom/, http://www.lob.de?flag=dan - - Enthält fast kompletten CTAN-Abzug unkomprimiert auf drei CDs. Für - Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. lag ein Exemplar der Ausgabe 3/2000 der - Mitgliedszeitschrift kostenlos bei. - Die 4. Auflage des CTAN-Abzugs auf drei CDs vom Mai 1999 ging jedem - Mitglied von DANTE e.V. mit Ausgabe 3/1999 der Mitgliedszeitschrift im - Rahmen der Mitgliedschaft zu. Mit Ausgabe 4/1997 gab es die 3. Auflage - vom 25. Januar 1998 unter dem Namen ``TeX/LaTeX - CTAN-CD von DANTE - e.V.'' als Dreier-CD-Satz, mit Ausgabe 3/1996 und 2/1997 gab es die - 2. Auflage des CTAN-Abzugs vom 14. Dezember 1996 als Doppel-CD und - eine Update-CD mit den Änderungen des CTAN-Inhalts zwischen Dezember - 1996 und dem 12. Mai 1997. - - -4.1.6 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System ... aus anderen Software-Paketen? - -Teilweise enthalten verschiedene Software-Pakete bereits eine lauffähige -TeX-Implementierung. So ist z.B. bei jedem Linux ein komplettes -TeX-System enthalten. - -4.1.7 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System als Mitglied von DANTE e.V.? - -Als Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. stehen Ihnen folgende weitere Angebote zur -Auswahl (siehe Frage 2.1.4, wenn Sie wissen wollen, wie Sie Mitglied -werden können): - -* CTAN: - - o Falls Sie Zugriff auf das Internet haben, so können Sie direkt auf - CTAN zugreifen (siehe Abschnitt 1.2). - -* CD-ROM: - - o CTAN-CD von DANTE e.V.: Die 5. Auflage der Dreier-CD mit dem - CTAN-Abzug von September 2000 erhielt jedes Mitglied von DANTE e.V. - mit Ausgabe 3/2000, die vorherige 4. Auflage vom Mai 1999 mit - Ausgabe 3/1999 der Mitgliederzeitschrift. - Diese CD ist außerdem über Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung - (http://www.lob.de?flag=dan) für 39,90 DM zu erhalten. - o CD `TeX Live': Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. erhielten ein Exemplar der - 5. Auflage (Version 5c, Juni 2000) mit Ausgabe 2/2000, ein Exemplar - der 4. Auflage (April 1999) mit Ausgabe 2/1999 der - Mitgliedszeitschrift. - Diese CD ist außerdem über Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung - (http://www.lob.de?flag=dan) für 29,90 DM zu erhalten. - o 4allTeX - The ultimate TeX resource: Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. - erhielten ein Exemplar der 4. Auflage (Dezember 1997) dieser CD-ROM - mit Ausgabe 1/1998 der Mitgliedszeitschrift. Exemplare der - 5. Auflage (Sommer 1999) können Mitglieder für 3,-- DM beim Verein - anfordern. - o CTAN/3 - Das TeX-/LaTeX-Archiv von DANTE e.V.: ... ist veraltet - (November 1995) und wird nicht mehr angeboten. - -* Disketten und andere Medien per Post: - - o Für Mitglieder ohne Internet-Anschluss bietet DANTE e.V. den Service - an, TeX-Software per Disketten oder auf anderen Medien zu verteilen. - - -Außerdem hat DANTE e.V. für einige Shareware-Angebote Sonderregelungen -für seine Mitglieder vereinbart. So wurde beispielsweise für das -TeX-Paket `OzTeX' für MacOS-Rechner die Shareware-Gebühren pauschal für -alle Mitglieder bezahlt. - -4.2 TeX-Implementierungen (*) - - -4.2.1 Ich suche für das Betriebssystem XYZ ein möglichst komplettes, -leicht installierbares TeX-System. (*) - -Auf CTAN findet man TeX-Systeme teils fertig installierbar, teils nur -als Sources in den Verzeichnissen unter ``systems/''. Einige Systeme -kann man auch auf CD-ROMs finden (siehe Frage 4.1), davon sind einige -sehr einfach installierbar und dokumentiert, also für Anfänger ideal. Da -es der Platz hier nicht zuläßt, auf alle Systeme genauer einzugehen, -folgt in den Abschnitten 4.2.4ff eine unvollständige Aufzählung für -verschiedene Betriebssysteme mit einer sehr knappen Beschreibung. - -4.2.2 Unix (einschließlich Linux) (*) - - - web2c: - CTAN: systems/web2c/ - unvollständiges System, enthält `nur' den Quellcode der - wichtigsten Programme eines TeX-Systems ((ML)TeX, METAFONT, - METAPOST, TeX+MF+WEB-Tools, BibTeX, dvicopy u.v.a.); TeX-System - ist mit Hilfe von `web2c' relativ einfach auf alle Systeme mit - C-Compiler und Unix-ähnlicher C-Library portierbar, wobei die - aktuelle Version 7.2 schon Amiga-, OS/2- und Windows - NT-Unterstützung enthält. - - teTeX: - CTAN: systems/unix/teTeX/2.0/ - vollständiges System, über Skripte automatisch und sehr einfach - compilier- und installierbar, für viele weitverbreitete - Unix-Systeme demnächst auch fertige Binaries verfügbar, teTeX v2.0 - basiert auf der `web2c' Version 7.4.5. - Ab der 4. Auflage der CD-ROM `TeX Live' findet man eine Variante - von teTeX, die auf web2c v7.3 basiert, in einer von der CD-ROM - lauffähigen Version für viele Unix-Versionen! - Eine bequeme Möglichkeit, teTeX mittels WWW-Browser für diverse - Unix-Versionen zu laden, bietet die Seite - http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/search/tetex.html - - NTeX: - CTAN: systems/unix/ntex - http://www.langbein.org/software/ntex/ - vollständiges System, enthält viele landessprachliche Anpassungen, - auch für weniger verbreitete Sprachen, in neueren Versionen werden - neben Linux auch andere Plattformen unterstützt. NTeX v1.x enthält - unrechtmäßig veränderte, inkompatible CM-Schriften, daher - möglichst sofort auf v2.3.2 umsteigen! Das System wurde seit - August 1998 nicht mehr geändert. - - VTeX/Lnx: - http://www.micropress-inc.com/linux/ - CTAN: systems/vtex/ - Ein TeX-System, das unmittelbar PDF- oder PostScript-Ausgabe - erzeugt; es ist kostenlos erhältlich und enthält ein komplettes - LaTeX. VTeX/Lnx läuft nur unter Linux (x86), nicht unter anderen - Unix-Varianten. - - -4.2.3 Windows 3.x/95/98/NT/2000 (*) - - - fpTeX (Win32-Web2c, auch ``teTeX für Windows'' genannt): - CTAN: systems/win32/fptex/, http://www.fptex.org - Basiert auf Web2c Version 7.x. In der aktuellen Version, die auch - ab der 6. Auflage der CD-ROM ``TeX Live'' enthalten ist, läuft die - Installation sehr komfortabel entweder über eine - Standard-Installation oder über ein ausführliches Paketauswahlmenü - ab. Auf Wunsch werden auch der PostScript-Interpreter - Ghostscript/GSView, die Editoren Emacs oder WinEdt sowie weitere - nützliche Software wie die Grafikbibliothek ImageMagick - installiert. Weitere Informationen finden sich in der Datei - CTAN: systems/win32/fptex/docs/fptex.pdf oder über die oben - angegebene fpTeX-Homepage. - - MikTeX: - CTAN: systems/win32/miktex/ - Für Windows 95 und NT (auch Versionen für Power-PC), genaueres - unter http://www.miktex.org/ und - http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~minten/NTTeXing/NTTeXing.html - sowie im Dokument ``LaTeX, Emacs etc. for your PC'' - http://www.math.auc.dk/~dethlef/Tips/introduction.html. - Eine Installationsbeschreibung eines TeX-Gesamtsystems aus MikTeX, - Ghostview und WinEdt für Einsteiger findet man unter - http://www.dante.de/help/documentation/miktex/ und - CTAN: info/german/MiKTeX-WinEdt-TrueType-Anleitung/latex.htm Zu - MikTeX, Ghostview und Emacs u.a. findet man hier Informationen: - http://www.math.auc.dk/~dethlef/Tips/introduction.html - LaTeX - ein komplettes Setup unter Windows: - http://www.joachimschlosser.de/Informatik/Tips/latexsystem.html - - WinEmTeX (ehemals: tex4win; emTeX für Windows): - http://ipe.et.uni-magdeburg.de/~werner/winemtex.htm - Komplette TeX-Distribution für Windows mit allen notwendigen - Teilen des emTeX-Paketes zusammen mit Ghostscript und dem Editor - WinEdit von Wilson Windowware, durch Installations-Skript sofort - funktionsfähig installierbar; durch Skriptsprache des Editors sind - alle TeX-Funktionen (übersetzen, Vorschau usw.) per Menu oder - Tastaturkürzel aufrufbar, Syntax-Hervorhebung durch Farbe; - integrierte BibTeX-Oberfläche, kontextsensitive LaTeX-Hilfe, - automatische Fontgenerierung; momentan nur Dokumentation in - deutsch. (Die unregistrierte Shareware-Version des Editors ist auf - Textlängen von 1000 Zeilen beschränkt!) - - emTeX: - siehe OS/2, MS-DOS - - web2c 7.0 (DJGPP-Port): - siehe OS/2, MS-DOS - - BaKoMa TeX: - CTAN: nonfree/systems/win32/bakoma/ - Shareware; vollständiges TeX-System mit integrierter Umgebung, - unterstützt skalierbare Schriften (OpenType, TrueType, PostScript - Type-1 und Type-3 inkl. Multiple-Master-Fonts), enthält - erweiterten BaKoMa-Schriftensatz. - - TrueTeX: - http://idt.net/~truetex/ - Kommerzielles TeX-System - - Y&Y TeX: - http://www.YandY.com/ - Kommerzielles TeX-System - - VTeX: - http://www.micropress-inc.com/ - Kommerzielles TeX-System - - Scientific Word/Scientific WorkPlace: - Kommerzielles TeX-System für Windows, Pseudo-WYSIWYG. - - -4.2.4 OS/2, MS-DOS - - - emTeX: - CTAN: systems/msdos/emtex/ - CTAN: obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip - Vollständiges System mit vielen Tools, leicht installierbar, viele - Erweiterungen (z.B. GUI) von fremden Autoren verfügbar; findet man - auf der CD-ROM `4allTeX' in einer von der CD-ROM lauffähigen - Version! - - emTeX/TDS: - CTAN: systems/os2/emtex-contrib/emtexTDS/ - Auf emTeX basierende TeX-Distribution für OS/2, aufgebaut gemäß - dem TDS-Standard. Ein Installationsskript richtet ein - betriebsfähiges (La)TeX mit zusätzlichen Paketen, Schriften, - Anpassung an zahlreiche Sprachen und Unterstützung für PostScript - ein. Die Installation benötigt zusätzlich Teile des emTeX-Pakets. - Dokumentation in Deutsch und Englisch. - - PubliC (e-)TeX/MF/MP: - CTAN: systems/msdos/dostp22/ - Minimal-Ausstattung an Programmen, Makros und Fonts, dafür voll - TDS-kompatibel, enthält e-TeX, leicht installierbar. - - SbTeX: - CTAN: systems/msdos/sbtex/ - - web2c-OS/2: - CTAN: systems/os2/web2c-6.1/ - Portierung des `web2c-6.1'-Pakets (siehe Frage 4.2.2, Unix) für - OS/2 (ab Version 2.0), unvollständiges System, enthält `nur' den - Kern eines TeX-Systems. - - web2c: - http://archiv.leo.org/pub/comp/os/dos/gnu/djgpp/v2apps/tex/ - Portierung von web2c 7.0 für MS-DOS, basiert auf gcc-Portierung - von D.J. Delorie, benötigt Teile des DJGPP-Runtime-Pakets, das - auch auf OS/2 und Windows 95/NT läuft. - - OS/2 TeX: - http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/~kleinboe/g_os2tex.html - Shareware (Registrierungsgebühr 70,-- DM), einfach zu - installierendes System mit eigenem Installationsprogramm, - TeX-Shell mit einfachem Syntax-Highlighting, PM DVI-Previewer, - Schriftarten-Server, unterstützt jeden installierten - OS/2-Druckertreiber. - - 4allTeX Workbench: - siehe Frage 4.3.4 - - VTeX/2: - http://www.micropress-inc.com/os2/ - CTAN: systems/vtex/ - Ein TeX-System, das unmittelbar PDF- oder PostScript-Ausgabe - erzeugt; es ist kostenlos erhältlich und enthält ein komplettes - LaTeX. VTeX/2 läuft nur unter OS/2, nicht unter MS-DOS und ist - nicht identisch mit VTeX für Windows. - - -4.2.5 OpenVMS - - - DECUS-TeX: - CTAN: systems/OpenVMS/ - Dieses Verzeichnis enthält Zip-Archive der Quellen sowie der - vorkompilierten Images für OpenVMS (Alpha und VAX). Makrodateien, - Schriften etc. sind aus den anderen Teilen (macros/, fonts/, - languages/) des CTAN-Archivs zu besorgen. - DECUS-TeX ist eine vollständige, Ready-to-Run-Verteilung für - OpenVMS (Alpha und VAX). Die Images sind dieselben, wie sie auch - von CTAN erhältlich sind. Daneben enthält die Verteilung die - gängigen Formate (Plain, LaTeX, AmS-TeX), sowie XDVI, DVIPS, - TEXINDEX und einige andere Programme. Weiterhin sind alle - Standard-Schriften (CM, LaTeX, AmS-TeX, EC) enthalten. Der gesamte - Umfang beträgt ca. 200MB (inkl. Quellen). DECUS-TeX kann von DECUS - München e.V., Freischützstr. 91, 81927 München gegen einen - Unkostenbeitrag auf folgenden Medien bezogen werden: Magnetband - 6250Bpi, TK50, DAT. - DECUS München e.V. hat die Distribution an DECUS U.S. zur Aufnahme - in die DECUS-Library weitergegeben, die seit einiger Zeit zweimal - jährlich auf CD erscheint. Darüberhinaus hat DECUS U.S. die - Distribution an Compaq (vormals DEC) als Beitrag für die - Freeware-CD weitergeben. Die Freeware-Version unterscheidet siuch - nur in dem `Packaging' von der DECUS-Version; auf der Freeware-CD - ist _ein_ ZIP-Archiv (VMS-Version von Unzip ist notwendig) - vorhanden, während DECUS vier Save-Sets verteilt. - Die aktuelle Freeware-CD (4.0, Stand Dezember 2000) wird an Kunden - zusammen mit der `Consolidated Binary Distribution' ausgeliefert. - Daneben ist der Inhalt der Freeware-CD im Internet auf dem - WWW-Server von Compaq verfügbar. Einstiegspunkt ist beispielsweise - http://www.openvms.compaq.com/. - - -4.2.6 Apple MacOS - -Eine gute Übersicht über alle Implementierungen von TeX-Systemen und -Teilen davon (BibTeX etc.) sowie von Editoren und weiteren Tools für -MacOS findet man unter http://www.esm.psu.edu/mac-tex/ - - OzTeX: - CTAN: systems/mac/oztex/ - CTAN: nonfree/systems/mac/oztex-german/ - OzTeX-Homepage: http://www.trevorrow.com/oztex/ - Teils Shareware, bitte mitgelieferte README-Dateien beachten! - (OzTeX-Shareware-Gebühr wurde für Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. - bereits pauschal bezahlt.) - - CMacTeX: - CTAN: nonfree/systems/mac/cmactex/ - CMacTeX-Homepage: http://www.kiffe.com/cmactex.html - Shareware. Beruht auf Web2c-7.x. Enthält u.a. e-TeX, Omega, - pdfTeX, 8Bit-BibTeX, unterstützt PS-Schriften wahlweise im pfb-, - pfa- oder Mac-Format. - - DirectTeX: - CTAN: nonfree/systems/mac/directtex/ - Teils Shareware, bitte mitgelieferte README-Dateien beachten! - - Textures: - Kommerzielles TeX-System, Pseudo-WYSIWYG - - -4.2.7 MacOS X (Unix) - - - teTeX für MacOS X: - http://www.rna.nl/tex.html, - ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/comp/maxosx/tex-gs/, - http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/tetex.tar.gz - vollständiges teTeX-System (siehe Beschreibung unter Unix/Linux) - mit Installationsanleitung und graphischem Frontend TeXShop. - TeXShop: http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/texshop.html - - -4.2.8 BeOS (Intel/PowerPC): - - -Ausführbare Programme - TeX (Web2C http://www.bebits.com/app/1130 -7.2): -DVI Viewer: http://www.bebits.com/app/1129 -Be-PDF: http://www.bebits.com/app/159 - http://www.frbug.org/pdf/ -Ghostscript: http://www.bebits.com/app/797 - http://anobject.com/jehamby/Code/ - - - -4.2.9 Plan 9 - - - TeX für Plan 9 from Bell Labs: - http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9dist/TeX.html - TeX-System für Plan 9. Dieses System enthält die Quellen, - ausführbare Programme für x86, Schriften und alle Anpassungen. - - -4.2.10 Amiga - - - AmiWeb2C: - CTAN: systems/amiga/amiweb2c/ - beruht auf Web2c-7.2, enthält METAPOST 0.641, e-TeX v2.0, - Omega 1.5 und pdfTeX 0.12; das System wird mangels Zeit vom Autor - nicht mehr weiterentwickelt. - - PasTeX: - CTAN: systems/amiga/pastex/ - vollständiges TeX-System; wegen Zeitmangel des Autors nicht mehr - weiterentwickelt. - - AmigaTeX: - http://www.radicaleye.com - kommerzielles TeX-System; ist laut Auskunft auf der angegebenen - WWW-Seite nicht mehr verfügbar. - - -4.2.11 Atari ST - - - Lindner-TeX/Birkhahn-MF: - CTAN: systems/atari/lindner-tex/ - - CS-TeX: - CTAN: systems/atari/cs-tex/ - veraltetes TeX-System von 1992, neuere Version als MultiTeX - kommerziell vertrieben (jedoch mittlerweile auch veraltet) - - -4.2.12 NeXT: - - - TeX for NEXTSTEP/OpenStep: - http://www.mathi.uni-heidelberg.de/~flight/stepTeX/ - - -4.2.13 AtheOS: - - - teTeX: - http://www.atheos.cx/download/list.php3?full_desc - ftp://atheos.sourceforge.net/pub/atheos/packages/ - TeX-System für AtheOS (Binär-Distribution). - - -4.3 Editoren, Frontend-/GUI-Programme (*) - - -4.3.1 Welche Editoren soll ich verwenden? Gibt es graphische -Benutzungsoberflächen, die den Aufruf der einzelnen Programme -vereinfachen oder automatisieren? - -Grundsätzlich sollte man den Editor verwenden, mit dem man am besten -arbeiten kann. Denn: Man verbringt die meiste Zeit im Editor, nicht nur -zum Erstellen von (La)TeX-Dokumenten, sondern beim Erstellen jedes -Textes. -Die Listen in den folgenden Abschnitten stellen eine unvollständige -Auswahl von verfügbaren Bedienumgebungen und Editoren mit -(La)TeX-Unterstützung dar. Für die nicht explizit genannten Systeme (wie -Atari ST) gibt es ebenso an diese Systeme angepaßte Bedienumgebungen. - -4.3.2 Unix (einschließlich Linux) (*) - - - `Emacs' mit AUCTeX-Mode: - Unter X11 und GNU-Emacs 19.* oder 20.* (bzw. XEmacs) hat man - Menüs, Klammerungstest, sehr mächtige Eingabe-Shortcuts, mit - `font-lock' Hervorhebung durch Farbe, Syntax-Check, Aufruf von - TeX, Previewer und weiterer Tools etc. - - `xtem': - Eine in Tcl/Tk geschriebene, unter X11 laufende Bedienoberfläche, - von der aus die wichtigsten Programme eines TeX-Systems integriert - werden können; leicht konfigurierbar und wegen Verwendung von Tcl - auch selbst relativ einfach erweiterbar. - - `FTE' - Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux: - Nähere Beschreibung siehe unter `Windows 3.*/95/98/NT'. - - `NEdit': - X-Window/MOTIF-basierter Editor mit Syntax-Hervorhebung für - zahlreiche Programmiersprachen darunter auch LaTeX, BibTeX und - LyX. Weniger mächtig als Emacs, aber z.B. für Windows-Umsteiger - leichter zu bedienen. Zusätzlich zur standardmäßigen - LaTeX-Unterstützung bietet das Paket `NEdit-LaTeX-Extensions' - weitere nützliche Hilfen (AUCTeX-ähnlich). - - `Glimmer': - An den Gnome-Desktop angepaßter Editor mit Syntax-Hervorhebung für - zahlreiche Programmiersprachen, darunter auch LaTeX. - - `Kile': - Bedienoberfläche/Editor mit Syntax-Hervorhebung, - Strukturdarstellung, integriertem DVI-Betrachter u.v.a.. Angepaßt - an die KDE-Oberfläche (X-Window). - - `Ktexmaker2': - Wird jetzt unter dem Namen `Kile' weiterentwickelt. - - `Tk LaTeX Editor': - Ein auf Tk basierender Editor mit Syntax-Hervorhebung und vielen - anderen Hilfsmittel. Ist vermutlich auf verschiedenen - Rechnerplattformen nutzbar. - - -AUCTeX: CTAN: support/auctex/ -S. Kamphausen: XEmacs - Die http://www.skamphausen.de/xemacs/ -Deutschsprachige Einleitung: -xtem: CTAN: support/xtem_texmenu/ -NEdit: http://nedit.org/ - CTAN: support/NEdit-LaTeX-Extensions/ - ftp://humbolt.geo.uu.nl/pub/mirror/NEdit/ -Glimmer: http://glimmer.sourceforge.net/ -Ktexmaker2: http://xm1.net.free.fr/linux/ -Kile: http://xm1.net.free.fr/kile/ -Tk LaTeX Editor: http://conero.lrn.ru/index.php?module=soft - - - -4.3.3 Windows 3.*/95/98/NT - - - `NTemacs' - GNU-Emacs mit AUCTeX-Mode für Win32: - - http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/ntemacs.html - http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~minten/NTTeXing/NTTeXing.html - - - enthält eine FAQ zum GNU-Emacs unter Win32 und Hinweise zur - Installation eines vollständigen TeX-Systems einschließlich eines - an TeX angepaßten GNU-Emacs unter Win32. - - `WinEdt' - Editor für Windows 3.11/95/98/NT: - Shareware, hat Syntax-Highlighting, stellt Templates etc. für - LaTeX bereit; ist sehr gut auf Nutzerbedürfnisse anzupassen, - Support durch den Autor. - - `TeX for Windows' - LaTeX-Editor für Windows 95/98/NT: - Freeware, Formel-Editor, unterstützt LaTeX und BibTeX, Aufruf von - LaTeX, dviwin, dvips, ghostview, ... - - `FTE' - Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux: - Frei verfügbar, Syntax-Highlighting; unterstützt neben LaTeX - etliche weitere Programmiersprachen. Vielseitig konfigurierbar. - - `WinTeX 2000' - TeX Editor für Windows 95/98/NT: - Hat Office 98 Look-and-Feel, Syntax-Highlighting, - Auto-Spell-Check, Thesaurus, BibTeX-Editor, Code-Templates. - - `TeXnicCenter' - Editor und Oberfläche für Windows 95/98/NT: - Frei verfügbar (GPL), bietet vielfältige Möglichkeiten, u.a. - Syntax-Highlighting, Strukturansicht, Templates, über Menüs - vollständig konfigurierbar. - - `Tcltexed' - Editor und Oberfläche: - Frei verfügbar (GPL), programmiert unter Verwendung von Tcl/Tk und - damit unabhängig vom verwendeten Betriebssytem. Bietet - Syntax-Highlighting und gestattet es, externe Programme - einzubinden. - - `WinShell': - Programm frei verfügbar, Quellen nicht. Unterstützt mehrere - Sprachen (englisch, deutsch, französisch), Projekte, mehrere - Dokumente, Start mit Kommandozeilenargumente, Syntax-Highlighting, - Einbindung externer Programme, Lesen von Unix-Dateien u.a. - - -WinEdt: CTAN: nonfree/systems/win32/winedt/ -TeX for http://maitai.wsi.tu-muenchen.de/wheller/ -Windows: - (nicht mehr erreichbar) -FTE: http://fte.sourceforge.net/ -WinTeX 2000: CTAN: nonfree/systems/win32/wintex2000/ - http://www.tex-tools.de/main.html -TeXnicCenter: CTAN: systems/win32/TeXnicCenter/ - http://www.ToolsCenter.org/products/texniccenter/ -Tcltexed: CTAN: support/tcltexed/ - http://studweb.studserv.uni-stuttgart.de/studweb/users/phy/phy10932/tcltexed.htm -WinShell: http://www.winshell.de - - -Unter http://home.nexgo.de/itsfd/texwin.htm ist eine Übersicht von Free- -und Shareware-Programmen zum Bearbeiten von TeX-, LaTeX- und -BibTeX-Dateien zu finden. - -4.3.4 MS-DOS - - - `GNU-Emacs' mit AUCTeX-Mode: - einen vollwertigen GNU Emacs 19.34 mit Pull-Down-Menüs, - Mausunterstützung und Faces gibt es auch für MS-DOS; nähere - Beschreibung siehe `Unix' (Frage 4.3.2). - - `4allTeX Workbench': - Bietet eine einfache, ausreichende Umgebung, in die man sehr - einfach den eigenen Editor und andere Programme einbinden kann - (nur bis 4. Auflage auch für MS-DOS; auf der CD-ROM bzw. im Paket - `4allTeX'). - - `Eddi4TeX': - Ist ein spezieller Editor mit Klammerungstest, Syntax-Checks, - Online-Hilfe, Hervorhebung durch Farbe etc., der durch eine - umfangreiche Makrosprache angepaßt und erweitert werden kann. - - `TeXshell': - Ist eine einfache, einfach anpaßbare Umgebung, in die der eigene - Editor eingebunden werden kann. - - `FTE': - Ein Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux. Nähere - Beschreibung siehe unter `Windows 3.*/95/98/NT'. - - -4allTeX: CTAN: obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip - (oder auf CD-ROM) -Eddi4TeX: CTAN: systems/msdos/e4t/ -TeXshell: CTAN: systems/msdos/texshell/ - - - -4.3.5 OS/2 - - - `GNU-Emacs' mit AUCTeX-Mode: - Einen vollwertigen GNU Emacs 19.33 mit Pull-Down-Menüs, - Mausunterstützung und Faces gibt es auch für OS/2; nähere - Beschreibung siehe unter `Unix'. - - `EPM' (`Erweiterter Editor', ist bei OS/2 dabei): - PM-Anwendung, z.T. schon an TeX angepaßt (z.B. - Syntax-Highlighting). Zusätzliche Pakete erweitern den Editor zu - einer integrierten TeX-Umgebung und sind für emTeX vorbereitet: - - * epmTeX: Menüunterstützung für TeX, DVI-Treiber usw., - LaTeX-Syntaxassistent, vielfältige Optionen. - * EPM TeX Front End: weiterentwickelte, neuere Variante von - epmTeX, unterstützt PostScript, einfache Installation und - Handhabung, deutschsprachige Anleitung. - - - `FSS TeXeditor': - WPS/PM-Programm, für die Verwendung von emTeX (optional zusammen - mit dvips/Ghostscript) vorkonfiguriert, verwaltet mehrere - TeX-Konfigurationen, mehrere Dateifenster, TeX-Befehle über Menüs - verfügbar, Textbausteine, eigene Makros erstellbar etc. (Freeware) - - `FTE' - Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux: - Nähere Beschreibung siehe unter `Windows 3.*/95/98/NT'. - - -epmTeX: CTAN: systems/os2/epmtex/ -EPM TeX Front End: CTAN: systems/os2/epmtfe/ -FSS TeXeditor: CTAN: systems/os2/texed/ - - - -4.3.6 Apple MacOS: - -Eine gute Übersicht über alle Implementierungen von TeX-Systemen, Teilen -davon (BibTeX etc.) sowie von Editoren und weiteren Tools für MacOS -findet man unter http://www.esm.psu.edu/mac-tex/ - - `Alpha': - Ist ein Texteditor mit sehr guter Unterstützung für LaTeX. - - `iTeXMac': - Ist Texteditor und Bedienoberfläche zu TeX (teTeX-basierend). Es - ist frei verfügbar (GPL). - - -Alpha: CTAN: nonfree/systems/mac/support/alpha/ - (im Unterverzeichnis ``contrib/'' findet man viele - nützliche Dinge und Anpassungen für Alpha) -iTeXMac: http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/monge/j.laurens/iTeXMac/ - - - -4.3.7 BeOS (Intel/PowerPC): - - - `TexEdit': - TeX-syntax-coloring text editor. - - -TexEdit: http://www.beatjapan.org/mirror/www.be.com/beware/Productivity/TexEdit.html - - - -4.3.8 Amiga: - - - `MEmacs': - Ist eine abgespeckte Amiga-Version des GNU-Emacs, die im OS-Paket - enthalten ist. - - `GoldED' v6.x: - Editor, der TeX- bzw. LaTeX-Befehle entsprechend erkennt und viele - Hilfestellungen und Arbeitserleichterungen liefert, über eine - leistungsfähige ARexx-Schnittstelle kann TeX bzw. LaTeX, - DVI-Previewer und Druckertreiber per Mausklick angesteuert werden. - - -GoldED: http://www.members.tripod.com/golded - - - -4.3.9 Gibt es ein WYSIWYG-Frontend für TeX? Ist damit ein interaktives -Gestalten möglich? - -Schon seit Jahren gibt es `Textures'auf MacOS-Rechner. Mit `Scientific -Word/Workplace' kam vor einiger Zeit ein Äquivalent für Windows (PC) auf -den Markt. Beide Systeme haben gemein, daß sie kommerziell vertrieben -werden und daß Dokumente, Fonts u.ä. mit wenigen Einschränkungen mit -anderen TeX-Systemen ausgetauscht werden können. - - Lyx: - `Lyx' verwendet und legt Dokumente in normalen Textdateien ab. Es - verwendet einen eigenen Markup-Stil mit eigenen - Markup-Anweisungen, die als LaTeX-Paket in der Datei ``lyx.sty'' - mitgeliefert werden. Lyx-Dokumente können deshalb auch mit (La)TeX - übersetzt und Teile daraus in eigene Dokumente eingebunden werden. - Vorhandene TeX-Dateien können durch einen Import-Filter eingelesen - werden. Ebenso können Lyx-Dateien nach TeX, PDF, PostScript und - ASCII exportiert werden. Lyx gibt es für Unix/linux, Win32, OS/2 - und MacOS X. Mehr Informationen, Source bzw. Binaries für `Lyx' - und der benötigten Bibliothek `XForms' über - - http://www.lyx.org/ - ftp://ftp.lyx.org/pub/lyx/ - - - Seit April 1998 gibt es eine an den KDE Desktop (Unix) angepaßte - Variante unter dem Namen `KLyx', die mit KDE ausgeliefert wird, - jedoch nicht mit Lyx identisch ist. - - TeXmacs: - `TeXmacs' ist ein Texteditor mit WYSIWYG-ähnlicher Darstellung - unter Beibehaltung logischer Strukturen. Einige der Funktionen - sind denen des Editors Emacs nachempfunden, wobei die Bedienung - erheblich einfacher ist. `TeXmacs' ist auf Systemen mit X-Window - lauffähig und fertige Binaries für Linux und Solaris sind - verfügbar. Zur Darstellung werden direkt TeX-Fonts verwendet. - Außerdem existiert eine Schnittstelle zu dem - Computer-Algebrasystem pari. - - http://www.math.u-psud.fr/~anh/TeXmacs/TeXmacs.html - CTAN: systems/unix/TeXmacs - - - - e:doc: - `e:doc' ist ein Wordprocessor, der eine WYSIWYG-ähnliche - Darstellung bei Beibehaltung logischer Strukturen bietet. Er ist - unter Verwendung von `Perl' und `Tk' geschrieben und somit auf den - meisten Betriebssystemen lauffähig. Derzeit ist das Projekt in - einer frühen Phase. - - http://members.magnet.at/hfbuch/edoc/ - - - - THOT: - `THOT' ist ein Editor, der es gestattet, ein Dokument anhand - seiner Struktur einzugeben bzw. zu modifizieren. Numerierung, - Referenzen, Index, Rechtschreibkorrektur u.a. werden unterstützt. - Ausgabeformate sind PostScript, LaTeX or HTML. Das Programm ist - frei verfügbar und kann unter Betriebssystemen mit - X-Window-Oberfläche genutzt werden. - - http://www.inrialpes.fr/opera/Thot.en.html - - - - Cicero: - `Cicero' ist ein Wordprocessor, der in C++ in Verbindung mit - TCL/TK geschrieben ist und unter X-Window läuft, Ausgabe kann in - LaTeX und mit SGML-Tools aka Linuxdoc-SGML erfolgen. Läuft unter - Linux, evtl. auch auf anderen Unix-Systemen. Cicero ist momentan - noch im Entwicklungsstadium. Mehr Informationen auf der WWW-Seite - - http://zeus.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de/~weis/cicero.html - - - - SciTeXt: - `SciTeXt' ist ein Wordprocessor, der zu Anfang der Entwicklung - unter X/Motif lief. Zur Zeit wird das Programm nach Java portiert - und soll somit auf den meisten Rechnersystem lauffähig sein. - Aufgrund des sehr frühen Entwicklungsstadiums ist noch keine - verwendbare Version verfügbar. Mehr Informationen auf der - WWW-Seite - - http://www.uni-paderborn.de/~SciTeXt/ - (Seit 1997 unverändert.) - - - - -4.3.10 Gibt es bequeme Editoren für -BibTeX-Literaturdatenbankdateien? (*) - -Die folgende Liste mit einigen Editoren und Frontend-Programme, zur -Eingabe und Manipulation von BibTeX-Literaturdatenbanken, ist noch sehr -unvollständig: - - `GNU-Emacs'/`XEmacs' mit BibTeX-Mode: - Der Editor Emacs ist für Unix, MS-DOS, OS/2, Win32, Amiga und - MacOS verfügbar. Quellenangaben in Abschnitt 4.3. - - `BibGene': - Eine BibTeX-kompatible Literaturverwaltung für MacOS. Importiert - Dateien im BibTeX-Format, exportiert BibTeX-, LaTeX-, RTF- und - HTML-Dateien. - - `bibview': - Für Linux und andere Unix-Versionen. - - `Pybliographer': - Python/PyGTK-basiert, daher für Linux, andere Unix-Versionen und - sonstige Betriebssysteme, auf denen Python und PyGTK verfügbar - ist. Liest und schreibt auch die Formate Ovid, Refer und hat eine - direkte Schnittstelle zu Medline. Deutsche Sprachanpassung, - aufgrund interner Übersetzung ohne LaTeX-Kenntnisse nutzbar. - - `SIXPACK': - Zum Editieren, Konvertieren (BibTeX-Format, refer, endnote, tib, - medline, html u.v.a.) und Verwalten von Literaturreferenzen. Für - Linux und andere Unix-Versionen. - - `gBib': - Literaturverwaltung angepaßt an den Gnome-Desktop und LyX (siehe - Abschnitt 4.3.9). Für Linux und andere Unix-Versionen. - - `tkbibtex': - Auf Tcl/Tk basierender Editor und Browser für BibTeX-Dateien. - Verwendbar unter jedem Betriebssystem mit installiertem Tcl/Tk. - - `BibDB': - BibDB ist ein Programm zum Erzeugen und Verwalten von - Literaturreferenzen. BibDB verwendet das BibTeX-Format. Es - existieren Versionen für DOS und Windows. - - `Barracuda': - Barracuda ist ein Verwaltungsprogramm für BibTeX-Dateien. Es - benötigt die Qt-Bibliotheken, die unter Linux verfügbar sind. - - `scatman': - Mit dem Programm `scatman' lassen sich Literaturdatenbanken - erstellen und in das BibTeX-Format exportieren. Auch der - umgekehrte Weg ist möglich. Das Programm ist Shareware und läuft - unter Win32. - - `synapsen': - Das Tool `synapsen' ist ein in Java geschriebener, hypertextueller - Zettelkasten mit einer umfassenden BibTeX-Schnittstelle. - - `JBibtexManager': - Ein ebenfalls in Java geschriebenes und damit - plattformunabhängiges frei verfügbares Programm. - - -Ralph Sontag: -BibTeX-Frontends http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2001/0013/data/ -unter Unix: -bibview: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/utils/bibview-2.0/ -BibGene: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/bibs/bibgene -Pybliographer: http://www.gnome.org/pybliographer/ - ftp://ftp.gnome.org:21/pub/GNOME/stable/sources/pyblio/ -SIXPACK: http://www.santafe.edu/~dirk/sixpack/ -gBib: http://gbib.seul.org/ -tkbibtex: http://www.cat.csiro.au/cmst/staff/pic/tkbibtex.html -BibDB: http://www.mackichan.com/BibDB/default.htm - CTAN: support/bibdb/ -Barracuda: http://barracuda.sourceforge.net/ -scatman: http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~aschatt/ -synapsen: http://www.verzetteln.de/synapsen/ -JBibtexManager: http://csb.stanford.edu/nbatada/JBibtexManager/ - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 4 --- ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 5 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -5 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I) - - -5.1 LaTeX - Grundlegendes - - -5.1.1 Was benötige ich, wenn ich von LaTeX 2.09 auf LaTeX2e umsteigen -bzw. eine neuere LaTeX-Version installieren will? - -Grundsätzlich sollte man sich beim Umstieg von 2.09 oder beim Update -einer älteren 2e-Version immer die komplette LaTeX-Distribution im -Verzeichnis ``base'' besorgen und installieren, nie einzelne Dateien -oder nur einzelne Class-Dateien. Nach dem Entpacken der Distribution und -Installation der einzelnen Dateien ist ein neues Format zu generieren. -Die Anleitung ``install.txt'' enthält genauere Informationen und -wichtige Hinweise - bitte durchlesen! - - Notwendig: - - - * alle Dateien im Verzeichnis ``base''. - * alle Zusatzpakete wie `graphics' und damit alle Dateien in den - Verzeichnissen unter dem Verzeichnis ``required''. - * die zusätzlichen CM-Schriften `cmmib' und `cmbsy' in den - Designgrößen 5, 6, 7, 8 und 9 Punkt. - - - Optional, da schon in ``base'' enthalten: - - - * Will man sich, insbesondere auf langsameren Rechnern, das - Entpacken der dtx-Dateien in ``base'' sparen, benötigt man noch - zusätzlich die Dateien im Verzeichnis ``unpacked''. - * Ebenso befindet sich im Verzeichnis ``doc'' die schon - formatierte Dokumentation, also die Dateien - ``base/???guide.tex''. - - - -base: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - CTAN: macros/latex/required/ -line/lcircle/lasy: CTAN: fonts/latex/mf/ - CTAN: fonts/latex/tfm/ -cmmib/cmbsy: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/sources/extracm/ - CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/tfm/ - oder - CTAN: fonts/cm/sauter/ -optional: CTAN: macros/latex/unpacked/ - CTAN: macros/latex/doc/ - - - -5.1.2 Ich habe gehört, daß es für meine LaTeX-Versionen Patches gibt. -Welche Dateien benötige ich, was muß ich tun? - -Für jeden LaTeX-Patch benötigt man immer zumindest die Datei -``patches.txt'' -. Sie beschreibt genau, welche weitere Dateien man noch zu einem -_kompletten_ Patch benötigt. In vielen Fällen gibt es neben der Datei -``ltpatch.ltx'' -, die LaTeX-Kernel-Patches enthält, noch neue Versionen weiterer -Dateien! Näheres in -``patches.txt'' -. -Nachdem man die Dateien geholt und installiert hat, muß ein neues Format -erstellt und installiert werden, damit die Patches in ``ltpatch.ltx'' -aktiv werden. Zur Kontrolle: Danach sollte beim Formatieren eines -Dokuments nach der Meldung `LaTeX2e <1999/06/01>' noch der Zusatz `patch -level X' erscheinen, wobei `X' mit dem installierten Patch -übereinstimmen muß. - -patches.txt: CTAN: macros/latex/base/patches.txt - - - -5.1.3 Was kann ich mit einer Datei mit Endung `.dtx' anfangen? Benötige -ich dazu auf alle Fälle LaTeX? - -Dateien mit `.dtx' sind sogenannte `docstrip archive files', also ein -Archiv, aus dem man mit dem Programm `docstrip' verschiedene Dateien -entpacken kann. Zum Entpacken benötigen Sie nur die Datei -``docstrip.tex'' - oder -``docstrip.dtx'' - und das Programm TeX. ``docstrip.tex'' können Sie mit LaTeX 2.09, -LaTeX2e und auch mit Plain-TeX verwenden. -Wie Sie eine `.dtx'-Datei entpacken müssen, sollten Sie aus einer -Beschreibung zu Beginn der `.dtx'-Datei oder einer separaten -README-Datei entnehmen können. Existiert eine gleichnamige Datei mit -Endung `.ins', so können Sie in den meisten Fällen das `.dtx'-Archiv -``file.dtx'' mit ``tex file.ins'' entpacken. In der Regel erzeugt dieser -Aufruf eine oder mehrere `.sty'-Dateien sowie weitere Hilfs- und -Beispieldateien. Näheres entnehmen Sie bitte der Beschreibung des -Archivs. -Die Dokumentation eines Pakets und der Makros sind ebenso in einem -`.dtx'-Archiv enthalten. Zum Formatieren dieser Dokumentation benötigen -Sie jedoch ein installiertes LaTeX2e - für einige ältere Archive reicht -auch noch das alte LaTeX 2.09. Üblicherweise kann die Dokumentation -(`.dvi'-Datei) durch ``latex file.dtx'' oder ``latex file.drv'' erzeugt -werden. -Ein Befehlsindex eines Paketes kann i.d.R. durch - - makeindex -s gind.ist file - -und einen anschließenden erneuten LaTeX-Lauf erzeugt werden. -Bei der Erzeugung der Dokumentation wird der dokumentierte Quellcode -meist nicht aufgenommen; um ihn einzuschließen, kann vor dem LaTeX-Lauf -im aktuellen Verzeichnis eine Datei ``ltxdoc.cfg'' angelegt werden, die -die folgende Zeile enthält: - - \AtBeginDocument{\AlsoImplementation} - -Näheres ist, falls vorhanden, der mitgelieferten Beschreibung des -Archivs zu entnehmen. -Hinweis: Mit LaTeX ab Dezember 1995 wurde eine Version des Tool -``docstrip.dtx'' verteilt, das gleichzeitig mehrere Dateien aus einem -Archiv entpacken kann und damit um einiges schneller ist. Deshalb lohnt -es sich, wenn Sie eine ältere Version benutzen, diese durch die neue -Version zu ersetzen. - -docstrip: CTAN: macros/latex/base/docstrip.dtx - CTAN: macros/latex/base/docstrip.ins - (Bestandteil von LaTeX, kann aber auch mit Plain-TeX - verwendet - werden!) - - -5.1.4 Wie installiert man am besten ein neues Paket, eine neue Klasse -oder eine neue Schrift in einem bestehenden TeX-System? - -Aktuelle TeX-Systeme legen alle Dateien in einer hierarchischen Struktur -gemäß dem TeX-Directory-Structure-Standard (TDS, siehe Frage 3.1.7) an. -Das Wurzelverzeichnis eines solchen Baumes lautet meist ``texmf''. Unter -teTeX, fpTeX und anderen TeX-Systemen werden die Suchpfade in der Datei -``texmf.cnf'' angegeben, deren Ort man mit ``kpsewhich texmf.cnf'' -herausfinden kann. -Für nachträglich installierte Pakete empfiehlt es sich, diese in einer -eigenen lokalen Verzeichnishierarchie zu installieren (beispielsweise -unter dem Verzeichnis ``texmf.local'', siehe Variable TEXMFLOCAL in -``texmf.cnf''). -Besteht ein LaTeX-Paket nach dem eventuell notwendigen Entpacken der -dtx-Dateien aus einer Einzeldatei, so wird diese in der TDS-Hierarchie -in ``texmf.local/tex/latex/misc/'' abgelegt. Gehören zu dem Paket -mehrere sty-, cls-, fd- oder ähnliche Dateien, so werden diese in ein -neu erzeugtes Verzeichnis unter ``texmf.local/tex/latex/_Paketname_'' -verschoben. -Schriften, Dokumentation, BibTeX-Dateien, dvips-Konfigurationsdateien -u.ä. werden analog gemäß TDS in entsprechende Unterverzeichnisse unter -``texmf.local'' verschoben. Näheres sollte in der README-Datei des -Pakets erläutert sein. -Zum Abschluss darf man nicht vergessen, die sogenannte -_Filename-Database_ auf den aktuellen Stand zu bringen, da sonst die neu -installierten Dateien nicht gefunden werden. Näheres finden Sie in der -Dokumentation Ihres TeX-Systems und unter Frage 8.5.10. -Einige TeX-Systeme bieten ein Konfigurations-Werkzeug, um zusätzliche -Pakete nachträglich zu installieren oder vorhandene Pakete zu -aktualisieren. Unter fpTeX geht dies über das Setup-Menü, unter MikTeX -verwendet man das Options-Tool. Beide sorgen nach der Änderung -automatisch für die Aktualisierung der Dateinamens-Datenbank. - -Managing a one-person TeX http://www.ctan.org/installationadvice/ -system: - - - -5.1.5 Wie gehe ich am besten vor, wenn ich eine bestehende LaTeX-Klasse -ändern bzw. an meine eigenen Vorgaben anpassen will? - -Statt von einer bestehenden Klasse wie ``article.cls'' eine Kopie unter -eigenem Namen, hier als Beispiel ``detexfaq.cls'', anzulegen, empfiehlt -es sich, eine schon bestehende Klasse zu laden und anschließend alle -notwendigen Änderungen durchzuführen. Hierzu bietet LaTeX eine Reihe von -Möglichkeiten, die in der Dokumentation für Klassen-Autoren -``clsguide.tex'' beschrieben sind. Als einfaches Beispiel hätte damit -die neue Klasse ``detexfaq.cls'', in der als Standard-Optionen -`11pt,a4paper' verwendet werden und die beiden Pakete `german' und -`remreset' bereits implizit geladen werden, folgendes Aussehen: - - %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CUT HERE - %% detexfaq.cls -- DE-TeX-FAQ's modified ``article.cls'' - \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}\relax - \ProvidesClass{detexfaq}[2000/05/11 Article Class from DE-TeX-FAQ] - %% Lade nun ``article.cls'', wobei als Default-Optionen ``11pt'' und - %% A4-Papierformat als Default gesetzt werden (fuer diese muss - explizit - %% eine Deklaration hier vorhanden sein) und alle weiteren vom Autor - %% gegebenen Optionen einfach `durchgereicht' werden: - \DeclareOption{a4paper}{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} - \DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} - \DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} - \ExecuteOptions{a4paper,11pt} - \ProcessOptions\relax - \LoadClass{article} - %% Ab hier kann man Aenderungen an den Makros der geladenen Klasse - %% durchfuehren (bitte mit \renewenvironment oder \renewcommand!), - %% Pakete hinzuladen und/oder eigene Anweisungen und Umgebungen - %% definieren: - \RequirePackage{german} - \RequirePackage{remreset} - %% Schliesslich wird die Klassendatei `sauber' beendet': - \endinput - %% End of ``detexfaq.cls'' - %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CUT HERE - -Diese Vorgehensweise hat einige Vorteile. So bleibt die eigene -Klassendatei relativ klein und enthält nur die notwendigen Änderungen -und Ergänzungen. Ändert sich an der verwendeten Klasse etwas, z.B. -werden Fehler korrigiert, so sind in den meisten Fällen keinerlei -Änderung an der eigenen Klassendatei zum Nachvollziehen dieser -Änderungen notwendig. Daneben dokumentiert man explizit, von welcher -Klasse und Versionsnummer man als Basis ausgegangen ist, zumal diese -Klasse und alle geladenen Pakete mit ihren Versionsnummern bei einem im -Dokumentkopf eingefügten \listfiles auftauchen. - -clsguide.tex: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - - - -5.1.6 Wie kann ich unter LaTeX eine Anweisung mit optionalem Parameter -definieren? - -In LaTeX kann man mit den Anweisungen \newcommand, \renewcommand, -\newenvironment und \renewenvironment eigene Anweisungen und Umgebungen -definieren, die einen optionalen Parameter als erstes Argument besitzen. -Nähere Informationen finden sich in der Dokumentation für Autoren -``usrguide.tex''. - -usrguide.tex: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - - - -5.1.7 Wie erkenne ich bei einer Anweisung mit optionalem Parameter, ob -dieser vom Autor angegeben wurde? - -Mit Hilfe des im Paket `ifthen' definierten Vergleichs \equal kann man -das optionale Argument mit dem voreingestellten Wert vergleichen. Das -folgende Beispiel geht davon aus, daß der voreingestellte Wert leer sein -soll: - - \usepackage{ifthen} - \newcommand{\meineanweisung}[2][]{% #1 = optional, #2 = notwendig - \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{% - % Autor hat kein oder leeres optionales Argument angegeben - }{% - % Autor hat optionales Argument angegeben - }} - - -ifthen: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - - - -5.1.8 Wie kann ich in LaTeX eine Anweisung mit mehr als einem optionalen -Parameter definieren? - -Mit \newcommand kann man nur ein Makro mit einem einzigen optionalen -Parameter definieren. Will man ein Makro mit mehr als einem optionalen -Parameter definieren, so muß man hierzu mehrere Makros mit jeweils einem -optionalen Parameter definieren, die den Wert des Parameters -zwischenspeichern und das nächste Makro aufrufen. -Hier ist ein Beispiel für ein Makro \cubic[a][b][c]{d} mit drei -optionalen Argumenten: - - \newcommand{\erstesargument}{} - \newcommand{\zweitesargument}{} - - \newcommand{\cubic}[1][a]{% erstes optionales Argument - \begingroup % Definitionen von \...argument lokal halten - \renewcommand{\erstesargument}{#1}% opt. Argument speichern - \cubicZwei} - \newcommand{\cubicZwei}[1][b]{% zweites optionales Argument - \renewcommand{\zweitesargument}{#1}% opt. Argument speichern - \cubicDrei} - \newcommand{\cubicDrei}[2][c]{% drittes opt. + notwendiges Argument - \({\erstesargument}x^3+{\zweitesargument}x^2+#1x+#2\)% - \endgroup} - -Eine weitere Möglichkeit bietet das Paket `twoopt': - - \newcommandtwoopt{\Cmd}[3][DefaultA][DefaultB]{Args: #1, #2, #3} - -In Anlehnung an die Standard-LaTeX-Definitionen existieren auch die -Anweisungen \renewcommandtwoopt und \providecommandtwoopt. - -twoopt: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/ - - - -5.1.9 Wie kann ich innerhalb des optionalen Arguments einer Anweisung -zusätzliche eckige Klammern, beispielsweise die eines optionalen -Arguments einer anderen Anweisung, verwenden? - -Im Unterschied zu den geschwungenen Klammern {...}, die immer paarweise -und korrekt geschachtelt werden müssen, sucht LaTeX bei eckigen Klammern -einfach nach der nächsten schließenden eckigen Klammer ], ohne auf -korrekte Schachtelung dieser Klammern zu achten. Um dies zu verhindern, -muß man einfach innerhalb der eckigen Klammern [...] ein geschweiftes -Klammerpaar einfügen, wie dies hier als Beispiel für \twocolumn gezeigt -wird: - - \twocolumn[{ ... \sqrt[3]{x^2} ... }] - - -5.2 LaTeX - Probleme beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09 - - -5.2.1 Anweisungen wie \tenrm, \twlrm, \fivrm etc., die von einigen -Paketen wie PiCTeX verwendet werden, sind nicht mehr definiert. Was muß -ich da ändern? - -Diese Namen für Schriften wurden nie dokumentiert und sollten im alten -LaTeX 2.09 nur LaTeX-intern verwendet werden. Da das Fontauswahlschema -namens NFSS2 in LaTeX2e komplett neu geschrieben wurde, sind diese -ehemals internen Namen nicht mehr vorhanden. Es ist daher am besten, -diese alten Pakete so umzuschreiben, daß diese internen Schriftnamen -nicht mehr verwendet werden. In der Zwischenzeit kann man mit Hilfe des -Paketes `rawfonts' diese Namen nachdefinieren, wie z.B. mit - - \usepackage[only,fivrm]{rawfonts} - -für PiCTeX. - -rawfonts.sty: CTAN: macros/latex/required/ - - - -5.2.2 Beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09 mit NFSS (Version 1) auf LaTeX2e -ändert sich auch das Verhalten der Anweisungen \rm, \bf, \it etc. auf -das Verhalten des Original-LaTeX 2.09. Wie bekomme ich das alte -inkompatible Verhalten von NFSS Version 1? - -Mit dem Paket `newlfont' erhält man das Verhalten von NFSS v1, ohne daß -man in den meisten Fällen das Dokument ändern muß: - - \usepackage{newlfont} - -Für neue Dokumente sollte man jedoch besser gleich die neuen Anweisungen -\textrm{...}, \textbf{...}, \textit{...} etc. verwenden. Diese -Anweisungen haben darüber hinaus den Vorteil, daß eine eventuell -notwendige `italic correction' automatisch eingefügt wird. - -newlfont.sty: CTAN: macros/latex/required/ - - - -5.2.3 Einige mathematische Symbole (\Box, \lhd, \leadsto, \Join, \mho, -\sqsubset etc.) sind nicht mehr definiert - wieso? - -Die LaTeX-Symbolschriften `lasy10' und `lasyb10' enthalten nur sehr -wenige relativ selten benutzte Symbole. Daher werden diese Schriften in -LaTeX2e nicht mehr standardmäßig geladen, sondern müssen vom Benutzer -durch Laden von `latexsym' aktiviert werden: - - \usepackage{latexsym} - - -5.2.4 Kann es sein, daß es in LaTeX2e den Parameter \footheight und die -internen Parameter \@maxsep und \@dblmaxsep nicht mehr gibt? Gibt es -einen Ersatz? - -Der Parameter \footheight und die internen Parameter \@maxsep und -\@dblmaxsep wurden in LaTeX 2.09 nie ausgewertet. Deshalb wurden sie in -LaTeX2e entfernt, um die dadurch gesparten Längenregister für andere -Zwecke einsetzen zu können. Zur Anpassung von alten Dokumentstilen an -LaTeX2e kann man daher eine Zuweisung an diese Parameter einfach -ersatzlos streichen. - -5.2.5 Mit älteren Dokumentklassen bekomme ich den Fehler `! Undefined -control sequence.' oder `! LaTeX Error: \mit undefined.' für die -Schriften \mit und \cal. Wieso? - -Bis LaTeX2e <1994/12/01> wurden \cal und \mit im Kernel definiert. Weil -diese Definitionen aber in jeder Standard-Dokumentklasse durch robustere -Varianten ersetzt werden, hat das LaTeX-Team beschlossen, \cal und \mit -nicht mehr im Kernel vorzudefinieren. Damit ist es aber erforderlich, -daß alle Dokumentklassen, die \cal und \mit nicht definieren oder mit -\renewcommand umdefinieren, angepaßt werden müssen. Bei den -Standard-Dokumentklassen hat das niemand bemerkt, da die notwendigen -Anpassungen dieser Dateien automatisch mit einer neuen LaTeX-Version -mitinstalliert werden. - -5.3 (Silben-)Trennung, Absatz-, Seitenumbruch - - -5.3.1 Wie kann ich LaTeX an die neue deutsche Rechtschreibung anpassen? -Gibt es Trennmuster für die neuen Trennregeln? - -Die ``alten'' Trennmuster wurden von Hand so angepaßt, daß die neuen -Trennregeln beachtet werden, wobei die Trennung weiterhin eher nach -Wortherkunft und nicht nach strikter Silbentrennung, die ebenfalls -erlaubt ist, erfolgt. Diese Trennmuster sind in der Datei -``dehyphn.tex'' (vormals ``gnhyph01.tex'') verfügbar. Um diese -Trennmuster nutzen zu können, benötigt man ``german.sty'' ab -Version 2.5e. - -dehyphn: CTAN: language/hyphenation/dehyphn.tex -german.sty: CTAN: language/german/ - - - -5.3.2 Warum trennt (La)TeX Worte mit Umlauten nicht oder nicht korrekt? - -Wie TeX Worte mit Umlauten trennt, hängt davon ab, ob die verwendete -Schrift Umlaute als eigene Lettern enthält und ob man auf diese Lettern -durch entsprechende Paket-Deklarationen beim Setzen eines Textes auch -zugreift. -Bei den alten CM-Schriften muß TeX Umlaute aus einem Buchstaben und -einem Akzent zusammenbasteln, da diese keine Lettern für Umlaute -enthalten. Diese Akzent-Konstruktion irritiert TeXs Trennalgorithmus, -und so trennt TeX nur den Wortteil bis zum ersten Umlaut. Im Paket -`german' und _einigen_ Babel-Versionen wird durch einen aus dem TeXbook -(Anhang D, S. 394, \allowhyphens) entnommenen Trick erreicht, daß alle -Wortteile zwischen den Umlauten einzeln getrennt werden. Bei dieser -Vorgehensweise werden nicht alle Trennstellen gefunden oder es treten -teilweise falsche Trennungen (Bsp.: "ubert-ragen statt "uber-tra-gen) -auf. -Abhilfe schaffen nur Schriften, die die Umlaute und andere akzentuierte -Zeichen als einzelne Lettern enthalten. Ein Beispiel hierfür sind alle -T1-kodierten Schriften, darunter die EC-Schriftfamilie (siehe Frage -10.1.3) und die T1-kodierten PostScript-Schriften. Unter neueren -Versionen von LaTeX und `german.sty' bzw. Babel lassen sich T1-kodierte -Schriften recht einfach durch die Deklaration - - \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} - -in der Präambel des Dokuments verwenden. - -5.3.3 Wie kann ich Trennungsausnahmen mit Umlauten in \hyphenation -verwenden? - -Auch hier gilt, daß man in \hyphenation in den Trennungsausnahmen nur -Zeichen verwenden kann, für die auch Lettern in der momentan benutzten -Schrift existieren (siehe Frage 5.3.2). Da mit CM-Schriften die Umlaute -aus zwei Lettern zusammengesetzt werden müssen, kann man für Wörter mit -Umlauten keine Trennungsausnahmen angeben. Erst bei Verwendung von -T1-kodierten Schriften, wie der EC-Schriftfamilie, oder auch von -Schriften in einer entsprechenden anderen Kodierung, die eigene Lettern -für Umlaute enthalten, kann man Trennungsausnahmen angeben. -Hier ist ein einfaches Beispiel (`german.sty' ist hier nur zum -Umschalten auf die deutschen Trennmuster ``dehypht.tex'' notwendig): - - \documentclass{article} - \usepackage{german} - \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} - \hyphenation{Ver-st\"ar-ker-aus-gang} - \begin{document} - \showhyphens{Verst\"arkerausgang} - % ohne Trennausnahme: Ver-st^^e4r-ke-r-aus-gang - % mit Trennausnahme: Ver-st^^e4r-ker-aus-gang - \end{document} - - -5.3.4 Wie kann ich `Hurenkinder' (engl. widows), also einzelne Zeilen -eines Absatzes am Kopf von Buchseiten, bzw. -`Schusterjungen/Waisenkinder' (engl. clubs), einzelne Absatzzeilen auf -der Seite unten, verhindern? - -TeX kennt die Parameter \widowpenalty und \clubpenalty, mit denen man -die `Strafpunkte' festlegen kann, falls ein Hurenkind bzw. ein -Schusterjunge beim Seitenumbruch entstehen sollte. Außerdem gibt es noch -den Parameter \displaywidowpenalty für Hurenkinder nach einer -abgesetzten mathematischen Formel. Da TeX den Wert 10000 als unendlich -große Strafe interpretiert, kann man mit den Zeilen - - \clubpenalty = 10000 - \widowpenalty = 10000 \displaywidowpenalty = 10000 - -Hurenkinder und Schusterjungen komplett unterdrücken. (Das Paket -`schuster' enthält genau diese Zeilen.) -Man sollte jedoch bedenken, daß man bei einem Satzspiegel mit fester -Höhe (\flushbottom) und registerhaltigem Satz Hurenkinder und -Schusterjungen nur schwerlich verhindern kann - insbesondere wenn man -dies bei zweiseitigem Druck für jede Doppelseite beachten muß. Hier ist -es oft besser, die einzelne Zeile zuzulassen oder zu versuchen, einen -Absatz durch geringfügige Umformulierung eine Zeile länger oder kürzer -zu machen. -Weiterhin gibt es die Möglichkeit, Absätze, die schon sehr voll sind, -mit \looseness=1 um eine Zeile zu dehnen oder Absätze, die recht leer -sind, mit \looseness=-1 um eine Zeile zu kürzen. Manchmal führt dies -jedoch zu merklichen Änderungen des Grauwerts des Absatzes. (Achtung: -Der Wert von \looseness gilt außerhalb von Listen-Umgebungen nur für den -aktuellen Absatz. Innerhalb einer Listen-Umgebung muß die Zuweisung -zusammen mit \par durch eine Gruppe lokal gehalten werden {\looseness=1 -\par}, wenn die Änderung nur für einen Absatz gelten soll.) - -5.3.5 Wie muß in LaTeX die Datei ``hyphen.cfg'' aussehen, um die -deutschen Trennmuster ``dehypht.tex'' (vormals ``ghyph31.tex'') in das -LaTeX-Format einzubinden? - -Eine Anleitung zur Installation der deutschen Trennmuster enthält -``gerdoc'', die Kurzbeschreibung des German-Styles vom Mai 1997. Diese -Anleitung beschreibt auch die Installation der Trennmuster in Plain-TeX -und LaTeX 2.09. Beispiel von ``hyphen.cfg'' für LaTeX: - - %% Konfigurationsdatei -- Trennmuster: `hyphen.cfg' - \message{== Loading hyphenation patterns:} - - \chardef\l@USenglish=\language - \chardef\l@english=\l@USenglish %% british english als `Dialekt' - \input hyphen - - \newlanguage\l@german \language=\l@german - \chardef\l@austrian=\l@german - \input dehypht - - \newlanguage\l@ngerman \language=\l@ngerman - \input dehyphn - - %% weitere Sprachen nach folgendem Schema: - % \newlanguage\l@SPRACHE \language=\l@SPRACHE - % \chardef\l@DIALEKT=\l@SPRACHE - % \input SPRACHhyphen - - %% Default-Trennmuster: USenglish - \language=\l@USenglish \lefthyphenmin=2 \righthyphenmin=3 - \endinput - -_Hinweis:_ Einige Distributionen benutzen stillschweigend die Datei -``hyphen.cfg'' aus dem Babel-Paket. Außerdem wurde meist ``hyphen.tex'' -in ``ushyph1.tex'' umbenannt, um unter dem Namen ``hyphen.tex'' die -Datei ``hyphen.cfg'' aus Babel auch für Plain-TeX einbinden zu können. -In diesem Fall führt ein ``\input hyphen'', wie im obigen Beispiel -beschrieben, zu einer Endlosschleife! - -gerdoc: CTAN: language/german/gerdoc.tex - - - -5.3.6 Wieso werden Texte in `typewriter'-Schriften nicht getrennt? Gibt -es eine Möglichkeit, daß doch getrennt werden kann? - -TeX trennt nur, wenn die aktuell verwendete Schrift einen Divis -(Trennungsstrich) besitzt. Dazu ist jeder Schrift ein Divis durch den -Parameter \hyphenchar<font> zugeordnet, der bei den meisten Schriften -auf den Wert `\-, also auf das Zeichen ``-'', gesetzt ist. Bei den -`typewriter'-Schriften ist dieser Wert aber auf -1 gesetzt, d.h. auf ein -nicht vorhandenes Zeichen. Damit ist die Trennung für diese Schriften -unterdrückt, was in den meisten Fällen auch sinnvoll ist. -Will man dennoch, daß TeX einen in `typewriter' gesetzten Textteil -automatisch trennt, so muß man den \hyphenchar für diese Schriften auf -`\- setzen. Dies geht in LaTeX am einfachsten, wenn man die Anweisung -\ttfamily umdefiniert: - - \newcommand{\origttfamily}{}% sollte noch nicht definiert sein! - \let\origttfamily=\ttfamily % alte Definition von \ttfamily sichern - \renewcommand{\ttfamily}{\origttfamily \hyphenchar\font=`\-} - -Man könnte alternativ dazu auch die Dateien ``*cmtt*.fd'' ändern und die -Anweisung \hyphenchar\font\m@ne in \DeclareFontFamily entfernen. Dies -ist jedoch nicht ratsam, wenn man Texte an andere weitergeben will, da -man dann nicht vergessen darf, die so geänderten `*.fd'-Dateien -mitzugeben. -Für LaTeX 2.09 (oder analog auch für Plain-TeX) muß das Makro \tt -umdefiniert werden: - - \newcommand{\origtt}{} - \let\origtt=\tt - \renewcommand{\tt}{\origtt \hyphenchar\font=`\-} - -Wichtiger Hinweis: TeX kann eine Schrift unter unterschiedlichen Namen -laden, wobei TeX alle diese Schriften nur ein einziges Mal lädt und für -die anderen Schriften nur `Aliases' anlegt. Daher gibt es -\hyphenchar<font> nur einmal pro `echten' Font und \hyphenchar<font> ist -wie auch \fontdimen<font> ein besonderer Parameter: Alle Zuweisungen an -\hyphenchar<font> werden _immer_ global ausgeführt. Außerdem sieht sich -TeX diesen Parameter erst am Absatzende beim Umbruch dieses Absatzes an, -so daß mit obiger Änderung nicht möglich ist, die Trennung für einen in -`typewriter' gesetzten Textteil zu ermöglichen, für einen anderen im -selben Absatz zu verbieten. -Eine weitere Methode, Trennungen für `typewriter'-Schriften zu erlauben, -bietet das Paket `hyphenat': - - \usepackage[htt]{hyphenat} - -Darüber hinaus kann es auch benutzt werden, um Trennung selektiv zu -erlauben oder zu verbieten. - -hyphenat: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyphenat/ - - - -5.3.7 Warum trennt LaTeX Wörter mit Bindestrich nicht bzw. nur am -Bindestrich, auch wenn die Trennausnahmeliste diese enthält? - -TeX fügt nach dem aktuellen Trennzeichen implizit (fast) immer einen -sogenannten \discretionary ein, der wie \- eine explizite Trennstelle -angibt. Da sowohl \- als auch \discretionary dazu führen, daß die -Trennung in den übrigen Wortteilen unterdrückt wird, werden solche -Wörter außer am Trennstrich nicht mehr getrennt. Dieses eigenwillige -Verhalten von TeX ist für Sprachen, in denen wenige Bindestriche -verwendet werden, günstig und sinnvoll, da zusätzliche Trennungen in -solchen Wörtern meist die Lesbarkeit erschweren. -Um Wörter mit Bindestrichen dennoch zu trennen, existieren zwei -Möglichkeiten: Man gibt im Dokumenttext bei diesen Wörtern, insbesondere -wo schlecht getrennt werden kann, mit \- oder "- weitere mögliche -Trennstellen vor oder man verwendet "= anstelle des Bindestrichs. -Näheres ist hierzu der Dokumentation des Paketes `german' zu entnehmen. -Die andere Möglichkeit, die bislang nur von Experten umgesetzt werden -kann, besteht bei Schriften, die eine zweite Letter für einen -Bindestrich besitzen. Für diese Schriften kann man diese zweite Letter -als Trennstrich deklarieren. Zusammen mit den zusätzlichen Trennmustern -in ``hypht1.tex'' ist damit eine automatische Trennung von Wörtern mit -Bindestrichen und deren Aufnahme in die Trennausnahmeliste möglich. - -german.sty: CTAN: language/german/ -hypht1.tex: CTAN: language/hyphenation/hypht1.tex - - - -5.4 Seitenlayout, Layout allgemein, Kopf- und Fußzeilen (*) - - -5.4.1 Gibt es neben den Standard-LaTeX-Klassen auch Klassen mit einem -`europäischeren' Design? - -Die NTG hat verschiedene Klassenentwickelt, die im Vergleich zum Layout -der Standard-LaTeX-Klassen kleinere Überschriften und eine -einheitlichere Einrückung der Absätze und Listen definieren. -Das KOMA-Script-Paket enthält ebenfalls Klassen (`scrartcl', `scrreprt', -`scrbook' und `scrlettr'), die die Standardklassen ersetzen. Es wurden -dort eine Vielzahl von Änderungen eingeführt, die ein günstigeres -Aussehen bewirken. So wird z.B. der Satzspiegel besser an das -Papierformat angeglichen. Nähere Einzelheiten enthält die ausführliche -Beschreibung in der beigefügten Datei ``scrguide.dvi''. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -NTG-Klassen: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass/ - - - -5.4.2 Ich suche eine Klasse für Briefe, die weitgehend die verschiedenen -DIN-Normen und deutschen Gepflogenheiten berücksichtigt. - -Unter LaTeX 2.09 ist `dinbrief' weit verbreitet, der von anderen Autoren -auch für LaTeX2e verfügbar gemacht wurde. Darüber hinaus findet man im -KOMA-Script-Paket die Klasse `scrlettr' und es gibt mit `g-brief' und -`akletter' noch weitere Beispiele für angepaßte Klassen. - -dinbrief: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/dinbrief/ -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -g-brief: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/g-brief/ -akletter: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/akletter/ - (Anm.: `akletter' hieß in früheren Version `myletter', ein - schlechter, - weil häufig gewählter Name.) - - -5.4.3 Gibt es eine bequemere Möglichkeit, ein Seitenlayout anzugeben, -als dadurch, Parameter, wie \textheight, einzeln zu verändern? - -Mit dem Paket `typearea' aus dem KOMA-Script-Paket kann man den Anteil -des Textbereichs an der Gesamtseite abhängig von der Schriftgröße nach -Tschicholds (siehe Frage 2.4.2) n-Teilungder Seite berechnen lassen - - \documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{...} % Ausgangspapiergroesse - % BCOR1cm: zusaetzlich 1cm Rand fuer die Bindung. - % DIV10: fuer 11pt-Schrift wird 10-Teilung verwendet, bei `oneside' - % nimmt der Text 7/10 der Restseite ein. - \usepackage[BCOR1cm]{typearea} - -Die Verteilung der Ränder erfolgt dabei automatisch nach typographischen -Gesichtspunkten. Diverse Papiergrößen sowie Hoch- und Querformat werden -unterstützt, zusätzliche Formate können definiert werden, und auch die -Option `twoside' wird korrekt behandelt. Ausführliche Informationen dazu -findet man in der beigefügten Datei ``scrguide.dvi''. -Mit diesem Paket, das einem die Berechnung eines wohldefinierten -Satzspiegels abnehmen kann, kann man auch die LaTeX-Parameter für den -Textbereich durch eine einfache Schnittstelle setzen: - - \documentclass[a4paper]{...} % Ausgangspapiergroesse - \usepackage{typearea} - \areaset[1cm]% % Zusaetzlicher Rand fuer die Bindung - {18cm}{25cm} % Textbreite und Hoehe - -Neben `typearea' gibt es mit `vmargin' und `geometry' drei weitere -Pakete, mit denen man die LaTeX-Parameter leichter setzen kann. Bei -`vmargin' haben die Makroaufrufe eine festgelegte Parameterreihenfolge, -`geometry' dagegen benutzt das Paket `keyval', mit dem die Parameter in -beliebiger Reihenfolge angegeben werden können: - - \usepackage{geometry} - \geometry{left=1.5cm,textwidth=18cm,top=1.5cm,textheight=25cm} - - - \usepackage{vmargin} - \setpapersize{A4} - \setmargins{1.5cm}{1.5cm}% % linker & oberer Rand - {18cm}{25cm}% % Textbreite und -hoehe - {12pt}{25pt}% % Kopfzeilenhoehe und -abstand - {0pt}{30pt}% % \footheight (egal) und Fusszeilenabstand - -Eine gute Möglichkeit der visuellen Kontrolle des Ergebnisses bietet das -Paket `layouts'. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -script: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/script/ -geometry: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/geometry/ -vmargin: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/vmargin/ -layouts: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/layouts - - - -5.4.4 Wieso ist mit der Klasse `book' oder mit der Klassenoption -`twoside' der innere Rand kleiner als der äußere? - -Bei doppelseitiger Formatierung werden die Seitenränder so gewählt, daß -sie nicht für eine einzelne Seite sondern für eine aufgeschlagene -Doppelseite passen. Bei dieser bilden die Ränder der beiden Seiten drei -vertikale weiße Streifen (links außen, mittig, rechts außen), die gleich -breit sein sollen. Da der mittlere Streifen aus den Rändern zweier -Seiten gebildet wird, sind diese auch nur halb so breit. Aus diesem -Grund legt man unter LaTeX die Werte für \evensidemargin und -\oddsidemargin, also für den linken Rand der geraden (linken) und den -der ungeraden (rechten) Seite, entsprechend fest. Näheres findet sich -u.a. in der Dokumentation der KOMA-Script-Klassen. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ - - - -5.4.5 Gibt es einen einfachen Weg, die Seitennummer als `Seite 1 von 16' -anzugeben? - -Mit dem Paket `lastpage' erhält man durch ``\pageref{LastPage}'' eine -Referenz auf die Seitennummer der letzten Seite. Das Paket `count1to' -bietet mit ``\pageref{TotalPages}'' eine Referenz auf die Gesamtzahl der -Seiten. Selbiges leistet das Paket `totpages', wobei man mit -``\ref{TotPages}'' die Gesamtzahl aller Seiten, mit -``\pageref{TotPages}'' die Seitennummer der letzten Seite erhalten kann. -Diese `pageref'-Anweisungen können unter Zuhilfenahme des Paketes -`fancyhdr' oder des Paketes `scrpage' aus dem KOMA-Script-Paket in der -Form `\thepage{} von \pageref{LastPage}' in die Kopf- oder Fußzeilen -eingefügt werden. - -lastpage: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/lastpage/ -count1to: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ms/ -totpages: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/totpages/ -fancyhdr: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/ -Kurzbeschreibung: CTAN: info/german/fancyhdr/ -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ - - - -5.4.6 Wie kann ich den Kolumnentitel, die Kopfzeile der Seite, oder die -Fußzeile nach meinen Wünschen gestalten, z.B. mit einem Strich versehen? - -Mit dem Paket `scrpage' und den Klassen aus dem KOMA-Script-Paket oder -mit dem Paket `fancyhdr' kann man die Kopf- und Fußzeile einer Seite -fast beliebig festlegen. Beide Pakete enthalten eine ausführliche -Dokumentation, die auch auf andere Probleme eingeht und dafür Lösungen -und Tips hat. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -fancyhdr: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/ -Kurzbeschreibung: CTAN: info/german/fancyhdr/ - - - -5.4.7 Wie kann ich einem zweispaltig gesetzten Text (Klassenoption -`twocolumn') eine beide Spalten übergreifende Überschrift und -Zusammenfassung voransetzen? - -Will man nur mit \maketitle eine Überschrift mit den Autorenangaben -einspaltig in voller Breite über beide Spalten setzen, so verwendet man -die Klassenoption `twocolumn' und ändert sonst nichts, da dies bei den -Standard-Klassen und den meisten anderen Klassen automatisch vorgesehen -ist. -Soll jedoch zusätzlich zur Überschrift noch weiterer Text wie eine -Zusammenfassung einspaltig gesetzt werden, muß man auf die Klassenoption -`twocolumn' verzichten und stattdessen die Anweisung \twocolumn -verwenden. Diese hat ein optionales Argument, in der man diejenigen -Textteile angibt, die einspaltig über die gesamte Breite gesetzt werden -sollen. Da die Anweisung \maketitle und die Umgebung `abstract' jedoch -nicht einfach im optionalen Argument von \twocolumn verwendet werden -kann, muß man zu einem kleinen, leider nicht ganz sauberen Trick mit -\csname@twocolumnfalse\endcsname greifen. - - \documentclass[...]{article} - ... - \begin{document} - \twocolumn[{\csname @twocolumnfalse\endcsname - \maketitle - \begin{abstract} - ... - \end{abstract} - }] - ... - \end{document} - -Innerhalb des optionalen Arguments von \twocolumn funktionieren leider -keine Fußnoten und damit tauchen auch für die Anweisung \thanks in der -Autorenliste keine Fußnoten auf. Werden diese benötigt, muß man sie von -Hand mit \footnotetext nach dem optionalen Argument setzen. - -5.4.8 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß der Beginn eines Absatzes eingezogen -wird? Ich will Absätze stattdessen mit zusätzlichem Durchschuß -markieren. (*) - -Meist kommt auf diese Frage - \setlength{\parskip}{\baselineskip} \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} -als Antwort, jedoch fügt LaTeX \parskip auch an verschiedenen anderen -Plätzen ein, u.a. auch zu Beginn und am Ende einer Liste und zwischen -den Listenelementen. Dies kann man mit dem Paket `parskip' von Hubert -Partl zum Teil verhindern, wenn auch nicht komplett. -Weitergehende Lösungen finden sich in den KOMA-Script- und NTG-Klassen. -Die KOMA-Script-Klassen kennen die Klassenoption `parskip' und -verschiedene Varianten davon. Zu den NTG-Klassen gehören `artikel3', -`rapport3' und `boek3', die ebenfalls ein Layout ohne Absatzeinzug und -mit zusätzlichen Durchschuß bieten. -Ob man nun den Beginn eines neuen Absatzes mit einem Einzug oder mit -einem zusätzlichen Durchschuß markiert, ist immer wieder Anlaß zu mehr -oder weniger ausgiebigen Diskussionen. Um einen weitverbreiteten Irrtum -auszuräumen: Der einzuglose Satz hat im ``deutschen Buchsatz'' keine -Tradition. Einzugloser Satz, ob nun mit oder ohne zusätzlichen -Durchschuß, ist im Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftensatz weit verbreitet, so -daß er manchen vertrauter erscheint als der traditionelle Buchsatz mit -Einzug. Letztendlich sollte man bei der Wahl, ob mit oder ohne Einzug, -an den Leser denken; wie einfach dieser einen neuen Absatz, den Beginn -eines neuen Teils der niedergeschriebenen Gedankenfolge, immer klar und -deutlich erkennen kann. - -parskip.sty: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/parskip.sty -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -NTG-Klassen: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass/ - - - -5.4.9 Wie kann ich den Durchschuß meines Dokuments vergrößern, wenn ich -beispielsweise ein Dokument mit 1,5- oder 2-fachem Zeilenabstand -abliefern soll? - -Abgesehen davon, daß man eine solch starke Vergrößerung des -Zeilenabstand vermeiden sollte, hilft das Paket `setspace': - - \usepackage{setspace} - \doublespacing % doppelzeilig oder - %\onehalfspacing % anderthalbzeilig - - -setspace: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/setspace/ - - - -5.4.10 Wieso bekomme ich mit \pagestyle{empty} dennoch eine Seitennummer -auf der ersten Seite mit dem Artikeltitel? - -Fast alle LaTeX-Klassen definieren die Anweisung \maketitle so, daß für -diese Seite mit \thispagestyle auf den Seitenstil `plain' umgeschalten -wird. \thispagestyle überschreibt damit den gewählten Seitenstil für -diese eine Seite. Um dies zu verhindern, muß man entweder eine besser -geeignete Klasse wählen, die Definition in der Klasse ändern oder -folgenden Trick anwenden: _Direkt_ nach der Anweisung \maketitle wird -\thispagestyle{empty} eingefügt. Alternativ kann das Paket `nopageno' -verwendet werden. - -nopageno: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/carlisle/nopageno.sty - - - -5.4.11 Wie kann ich mein gesamtes LaTeX-Dokument im Querformat setzen? - -Zu diesem Zweck ist bei der Dokumentenklasse die Klassen-Option -`landscape' anzugeben. Zusätzlich muß dem verwendeten dvi-Treiber die -nun vom Standard abweichende Seitengröße mitgeteilt werden. Im Falle von -`dvips' kann man dies statt per Kommandozeilenoption mit Hilfe des -Pakets `geometry' erreichen. - - \usepackage[dvips]{geometry} - - -geometry: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/geometry/ - - - -5.4.12 Wie kann ich Teile meines Dokumentes im Querformat setzen? - -Dokumentteile können nur gedreht werden, wenn dies auch vom verwendeten -dvi-Gerätetreiber unterstützt wird. In den meisten Fällen bedeutet dies, -daß die dvi-Datei nach PostScript zu konvertieren ist. Zum Betrachten -und Ausdrucken ist ein PostScript-Viewer wie beispielsweise `gv' oder -`gsview' unter Verwendung von `Ghostscript' geeignet. -Das LaTeX-Bundle `graphics' enthält das Paket `lscape', das eine -`landscape'-Umgebung zur Verfügung stellt. Der Inhalt dieser Umgebung -wird um 90 Grad gegen den Uhrzeigersinn gedreht und auf eine eigene -Seite plaziert. Zu Beginn und am Ende der Umgebung wird ein \clearpage -ausgeführt: - - \usepackage{lscape} - % etc. - \begin{landscape} - \begin{figure} - gedrehte Abbildung - \caption{gedrehte Unterschrift} - \end{figure} - % evtl. noch weitere Abbildungen/normaler Text/etc. - \end{landscape} - % etc. - -Wird ein Dokument mit solcherart gedrehten Seiten per pdfLaTeX zu einer -pdf-Datei kompiliert, wäre es wünschenswert, wenn die gedrehten Seiten -bei Betrachtung mit `Acrobat Reader' in aufrechter Schrift, also um -90 Grad gedreht, dargestellt würden. In diesem Fall ist das Paket -`pdflscape' zu verwenden, das wiederum das Paket `lscape' lädt und um -entsprechende PDF-Anweisungen ergänzt: - - \usepackage{pdflscape} - % ... - -Will man nicht ganze Seiten drehen oder stören die implizit ausgeführten -\clearpage-Anweisungen, so kann man auch nur die Anweisung \rotatebox -aus dem Paket `graphics' verwenden: - - \usepackage{graphics} % oder `graphicx' - % etc. - \begin{figure} - \rotatebox{90}{% - \begin{minipage}{.6\textheight} - gedrehte Abbildung - \caption{gedrehte Unterschrift} - \end{minipage}% - } - \end{figure} - -Das Paket `rotating' bietet statt der einfachen \rotatebox-Anweisung mit -all ihren Nachteilen (Stichwort: `verbatim'!) die Umgebungen `rotate', -`turn' und `sideways', innerhalb der man (fast) beliebigen Text -plazieren kann. Für den Spezialfall, daß eine Abbildung bzw. Tafel wie -mit der Umgebung `landscape' eine komplette Seite füllt und um 90 Grad -gegen den Uhrzeigersinn gedreht werden soll, gibt es die den `figure'- -und `table'- entsprechenden `sidewaysfigure'- und -`sidewaystable'-Umgebungen. Außerdem ist eine ältere Version dieses -Pakets auch für LaTeX 2.09 verfügbar. -Mehr über diese Pakete findet man in der Dokumentation ``grfguide.tex'' -des `graphics'-Bundle, der mit `rotating' mitgelieferten Dokumentation -und dem Buch `Der LaTeX-Begleiter' (siehe Frage 2.4.1) sowie in Keith -Reckdahls Artikel `Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e' (siehe Frage -2.4.2). - -lscape: CTAN: macros/latex/required/graphics/ -pdflscape: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/ -rotating: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/rotating -epslatex: CTAN: info/epslatex.ps - CTAN: info/epslatex.pdf - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 5 --- ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 6 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -6 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II) - - -6.1 Abbildungen und Tafeln - - -6.1.1 Wieso werden die meisten meiner Abbildungen an das Ende des -Kapitels oder Dokuments verschoben? - -Das optionale Argument der `figure'- oder `table'-Umgebung _schränkt_ -die Plazierungsmöglichkeiten auf die angegebenen Orte ein. Mit dem -optionalen Argument gibt man also _nicht_, wie oft fälschlich geglaubt -und weiterverbreitet wird, die Plazierung für weitere Orte an. Deshalb -nie Plazierungsangaben nur auf [h] einschränken, sondern mindestens -einen weiteren Ort mit angeben! Grund: Kann die Abbildung nicht `h'ier -plaziert werden, darf sie nirgendwo anders gesetzt werden und wird nach -hinten an das Ende des Kapitels bzw. des Dokuments geschoben. Da LaTeX -die Reihenfolge der Abbildungen bzw. der Tafeln nicht verändert, werden -alle nachfolgenden Abbildungen bzw. Tafeln mit dieser nicht plazierbaren -Abbildung oder Tafel nach hinten verschoben. Genau dasselbe kann -passieren, wenn die Plazierungsbeschränkung mit [p] angegeben wird, das -Bild kleiner als \floatpagefraction ist und das nächste Bild nicht -zusammen mit diesem auf eine Seite paßt. Ebenso bei einer Beschränkung -auf [t] und einem Bild, das größer als \topfraction ist, dto. für [b] -und \bottomfraction. -Tip: Lassen Sie zu Beginn das optionale Argument der `figure'- oder -`table'-Umgebung weg - es ist nicht ohne Grund ein _optionales_ Argument -dieser Umgebungen! Fügen Sie später für eine Endfassung Ihres Dokuments -nur an den Stellen ein optionales Argument mit -Plazierungseinschränkungen ein, wenn z.B. eine bestimmte Abbildung oder -Tafel auf einer eigenen Seite oder auf einer Seite oben erscheinen -sollte. -Weitere Hinweise finden Sie in - -* Axel Reichert: ``Gleitobjekte - die richtige Schmierung'' - CTAN: info/german/gleitobjekte/ -* Axel Reichert: ``Satz von Tabellen'' - CTAN: info/german/tabsatz/ -* Piet van Oostrum: ``Floats in LaTeX'' - http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet/floats/ - - -6.1.2 Wie kann ich die Default-Plazierungseinschränkungen ändern? Ich -möchte meine Abbildungen auch `h'ier plazieren, ohne jedesmal das -optionale Argument angeben zu müssen. - -In LaTeX werden diese Angaben, die sogenannten `float placement -specifier' für die `figure'- und `table'-Umgebungen, in den Makros -\fps@figure und \fps@table abgelegt. Durch die Redefinitionen - - \renewcommand{\fps@figure}{htbp} - \renewcommand{\fps@table}{htbp} - -(diese Zeilen mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother klammern oder in eine -sty-Datei schreiben, siehe auch Frage 8.5.1) fügt man noch die -`h'ier-Plazierung hinzu. -Die Standard-LaTeX-Klassen setzen die Default-Plazierungen auf `tbp', -untersagen also die `h'ier-Plazierung einer Abbildung bzw. Tafel. Dies -ist in den meisten Fällen auch sinnvoll, da Abbildungen und Tafeln nur -dazu dienen, die Aussagen im Text durch beispielsweise eine -anschaulichere Darstellung oder kompakte Übersicht zu unterstützen. Die -Abbildung oder Tafel ist damit _nicht_ integraler Bestandteil des -Textes, sondern ein dem Text noch zusätzlich zugeordneter Bestandteil -des Dokuments. Daher sollten diese den Text nicht unterbrechen, was eine -`h'ier-Plazierung zweifellos tun würde. Somit ist der Default `tbp' in -den meisten Fällen sinnvoll. - -6.1.3 Wie muß ich die `float'-Parameter ändern, so daß die Abbildungen -und Tafeln günstiger innerhalb eines Abschnitts verteilt werden? - -Der Plazierungsalgorithmus von LaTeX erledigt diese Aufgabe eigentlich -sehr gut, wenn man einmal selbst durchzuspielen versucht, wohin man -selbst unter den gegebenen Bedingungen und Wechselwirkungen eine -Abbildung oder eine Tafel hinsetzen bzw. schieben würde. Ist man mit dem -Ergebnis dennoch nicht ganz zufrieden, kann man einmal folgendes -probieren: -Zuerst sollte man die Plazierungsbeschränkungen an allen `figure'- und -`table'-Umgebungen entfernen. Anschließend kann man die Parameter des -Plazierungsalgorithmus ändern: -Eine oder mehrere Abbildungen kommen erst auf eine eigene Seite, eine -sogenannte `float page', wenn diese mindestens 60% der Seite einnehmen. -Damit gibt es weniger `float pages', die nur halbvoll sind. -Empfehlenswert ist ein Wert zwischen 50% und 80%, je nachdem wie viele -Abbildungen existieren, wie groß und wie unterschiedlich groß diese -Abbildungen sind. - - \renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{.6}% vorher: .5 - -Von einer Seite muß neben den Abbildungen, die `h'ere, `t'op und -`b'ottom plaziert werden, noch mindestens 15% Text erscheinen. Diesen -Wert sollte man nicht zu klein wählen, um nicht nur Seiten zu erzeugen, -bei denen man den Text suchen muß. Bei vielen Bildern lieber den Wert -von \floatpagefraction kleiner wählen. Empfehlenswert ist ein Wert -zwischen 10% und 30%. - - \renewcommand{\textfraction}{.15} % vorher: .2 - -Maximaler Anteil der Seite, die für Abbildungen, die `t'op bzw. `b'ottom -plaziert werden, verwendet werden darf. Diese Werte sollte man nicht zu -groß wählen, bei vielen Abbildungen lieber den Wert von -\floatpagefraction kleiner wählen. Insbesondere \bottomfraction sollte -man klein halten, da Abbildungen gewöhnlich auf einer Seite oben -vermutet werden. Empfehlenswert sind Werte zwischen 50% und 85% für -\topfraction und 20% bis 50% für \bottomfraction. Einer dieser beiden -Werte sollte stets größer als \floatpagefraction sein! (\topfraction -sollte nie auf 1.0, \textfraction nie auf 0.0 gesetzt werden!) - - \renewcommand{\topfraction}{.8} % vorher: .7 - \renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{.5} % vorher: .3 - -Maximale Anzahl der Abbildungen und Tafeln, die auf einer Seite `t'op -bzw. `b'ottom bzw. insgesamt auf der Seite plaziert werden. Hat man -viele kleine Abbildungen sollte man diese Werte erhöhen. Will man -Abbildungen möglichst auf eine `float page' setzen, sollte man -`topnumber' und `bottomnumber' auf 0 setzen und \floatpagefraction bis -auf 0.01 erniedrigen. - - \setcounter{topnumber}{3} % vorher: 2 - \setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} % vorher: 1 - \setcounter{totalnumber}{5} % vorher: 3 - -Im zweispaltigen Textsatz können Abbildungen und Tafeln nur oben auf der -Seite plaziert werden, so daß es hierfür nur zwei weitere Parameter -gibt, die den Parametern \floatpagefraction und \topfraction für -einspaltigen Satz entsprechen. Werden Abbildungen oben plaziert, so -können Abbildungen und Tafeln über beide Spalten maximal \dbltopfraction -Platz einnehmen. Schließlich gibt \dblfloatpagefraction eine Untergrenze -an, ab der erst eine eigene `float page' probiert wird. - - \renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{.8} % vorher: .7 - \renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{.6}% vorher: .5 - -Nachdem man mit den geänderten Plazierungsparametern ein -zufriedenstellendes Ergebnis erzielt hat, kann man durch gezielten -Einsatz des optionalen Arguments der `figure'- bzw. `table'-Umgebung -einzelne ungünstig plazierte Abbildungen und Tafeln entsprechend -verschieben. Hierbei sollte man nur die nicht erwünschte Plazierung -entfernen, also z.B. [bp] angeben, falls eine `t'op-Plazierung ungünstig -ist. -Die Bedeutung dieser Parameter wird anschaulich in bildlicher Form in -dem Artikel `The layouts package: User manual' (`layman') von Peter R. -Wilson beschrieben. Die für die verwendete Dokumentenklasse geltenden -Werte können mit dem zugehörigen LaTeX-Paket `layouts' angezeigt und -einfach testweise geändert werden. `layouts' zeigt darüberhinaus auch -viele weitere für das Layout eines Dokumentes wichtigen Parameter an. - -layouts: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/layouts -layman: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/layouts/layman.tex - - - -6.1.4 Wie kann ich die Fehlermeldung `! LaTeX Error: Too many -unprocessed floats.' vermeiden? - -LaTeX reserviert für alle `floats', also die Fließumgebungen `figure'- -und `table'-Umgebungen, eines Dokuments 18 sogenannte -Insertion-Registertupel. Wenn eine Fließumgebung nicht sofort auf eine -Seite plaziert werden kann, wird es in eines dieser Register -zwischengespeichert. Müssen mehr als 18 Fließumgebungen -zwischengespeichert werde, erhält man diese Fehlermeldung. Es gibt vier -Möglichkeiten, wieso dies geschieht: - - 1. Meist stehen die optionalen Argumente der `figure'- oder - `table'-Umgebung im Widerspruch zu den Plazierungsparametern oder - letztere sind zu restriktiv eingestellt. Beispielsweise kann eine - `figure', die höher als der Parameter \topfraction ist und aufgrund - des optionalen Arguments [t] nur oben plaziert werden darf, nicht - auf eine Seite gesetzt werden. Aus diesem Grund sollte man den - optionalen Parameter _nicht_ setzen und wenn, dann _alle_ außer den - nicht gewünschten Plazierungsorte angeben. - 2. Werden die Parameter \...fraction ungünstig gesetzt, so kann es - ebenfalls sein, dass einige Fließumgebungen nicht auf eine Seite - gesetzt werden können. Näheres findet sich in Frage 6.1.1 und in - Keith Reckdahls Artikel `Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e' - (epslatex). - 3. In einigen wenigen Fällen, wo sehr viele Fließumgebungen und viele - mit \marginpar eingefügte Marginalen, die die gleichen Register - teilen, verwendet werden, sind mehr als 18 Register notwendig. Hier - kann das Paket `morefloats' weiterhelfen, dass deren Zahl auf 36 - erhöht. Leider hat man dadurch 18 Savebox-, Zähler-, Längen- und - Glue-Register weniger, so daß man jetzt evtl. auf den Fehler `No - room for a new ...' stößt. - 4. Bestehen Textteile nur aus Fließumgebungen ohne oder mit nur wenig - Text, versagt LaTeX Plazierungsalgorithmus, da hier nichts ist, in - denen sie ``fließen'' können. In diesen Fällen gibt es folgende - Abhilfen: - - 1. Schreiben Sie mehr erläuternden Text oder verteilen Sie die - Fließumgebungen besser im existierenden Text. - 2. Fügen Sie die Anweisung \clearpage zwischen einige - Fließumgebungen, um LaTeX zu zwingen, alle gespeicherten - Fließumgebungen auf eigene Seiten zu setzen. Diese Lösung ist - mit Arbeit verbunden, da meist mehrere Versuche notwendig - sind, um nur wenig gefüllte Seiten zu vermeiden und diese bei - Änderungen wiederholt werden müssen. \afterpage{\clearpage} - ist etwas besser, aber auch hier muß man manuell nacharbeiten, - um nur teilgefüllte Seiten zu vermeiden. - 3. Wenn kein Text vorhanden ist, in der die Fließumgebungen - fließen können, so sollte man besser nicht-fließende - Umgebungen verwenden. - - - -epslatex: CTAN: info/epslatex.ps - CTAN: info/epslatex.pdf -morefloats: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/morefloats.sty - - - -6.1.5 Wie kann ich es erreichen, daß zwei Abbildungen nicht auf -verschiedenen Seiten, sondern möglichst direkt untereinander plaziert -werden? - -In eine einzige `figure'- bzw. `table'-Umgebung können auch mehrere -Abbildungen oder Tafeln gesetzt und mit eigenen Unterschriften versehen -werden: - - \begin{figure} - erstes Bild - \caption{erstes Bild} - \vspace{\floatsep} % zusaetzlicher Abstand zwischen zwei `floats' - zweites Bild - \caption{zweites Bild} - \end{figure} - -Alle Abbildungen oder Tafeln einer Umgebung werden dann nicht mehr -getrennt. Aus diesem Grund sollte man auch darauf achten, daß eine -`figure'- oder `table'-Umgebung durch zu viele Abbildungen und Tafeln -nicht zu hoch wird. - -6.1.6 Wie kann ich in einer Abbildung zwei Bilder nebeneinander setzen? - -Man kann zum Beispiel zwei `minipage'-Umgebungen verwenden, wobei man -dann auch mit deren optionalem Argument die Ausrichtung der beiden -Bilder angeben kann: - - \begin{figure} - \begin{minipage}[b]{.4\linewidth} % [b] => Ausrichtung an \caption - Bild links - \caption{Bildunterschrift links} - \end{minipage} - \hspace{.1\linewidth}% Abstand zwischen Bilder - \begin{minipage}[b]{.4\linewidth} % [b] => Ausrichtung an \caption - Bild rechts - \caption{Bildunterschrift rechts} - \end{minipage} - \end{figure} - -Ein sehr viel bequemerer Weg, um mehrere zusammengehörende Abbildungen -oder Tafeln in einer Float-Umgebung zu setzen, bietet das Paket -`subfigure'. Hierzu stellt das Paket die Anweisungen \subfigure und -\subtable zur Verfügung. Die Formatierung der Einzelabbildungen läßt -sich sehr leicht anpassen. - -subfigure: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/subfigure/ - - - -6.1.7 Wie kann ich eine Abbildung (`figure') und eine Tafel (`table') -nebeneinander setzen? - -Verwendet man statt der Anweisung \caption die im Paket `capt-of' -definierte Anweisung \captionof, so ist es möglich, eine eigentlich zu -einer anderen Fließumgebung gehörige Beschriftung zu erreichen. Wie hier -gezeigt - - \usepackage{capt-of} - ... - \begin{figure} - \begin{minipage}{.5\linewidth} - Abbildung - \caption{Abbildung} - \end{minipage}% - \begin{minipage}{.5\linewidth} - Tafel - \captionof{table}{Tafel} - % auch: \captionof{table}[Eintrag im Verzeichnis]{Tafel} - \end{minipage} - \end{figure} - -kann man eine Abbildung und eine Tafel nebeneinander setzen, wobei die -Unterschriften auch in das jeweilige Verzeichnis gelangen. Die Anweisung -\captionof ist auch geeignet, um nichtgleitende Abbildungen mit einer -Bildunterschrift zu versehen. - -capt-of: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/capt-of.sty - - - -6.1.8 Wie kann ich mehrere zusammengehörige Abbildungen bzw. Tafeln -entsprechend mit 1a, 1b etc. numerieren? - -Das Paket `subfigure' bietet die Anweisungen \subfigure und \subtable -an, mit der man dies innerhalb der gewohnten `figure'- oder -`table'-Umgebung erreichen kann. - -subfigure: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/subfigure/ - - - -6.1.9 Gibt es bei der Option `twocolumn' die Möglichkeit, Abbildungen -(`figure') und Tafeln (`table') über beide Spalten, also die gesamte -Textbreite einer Seite zu setzen? - -Statt `figure'- die `figure*'-, statt `table'- die `table*'-Umgebung -verwenden. - -6.1.10 Wieso bekomme ich Fehlermeldungen, wenn ich eine -`figure'-Umgebung in andere Umgebungen oder Anweisungen einfüge? - -Eine `figure'- oder `table'-Umgebung ist ein sogenannter `float', d.h. -der Inhalt ``fließt'' an eine andere Stelle. Deshalb darf diese Umgebung -nicht innerhalb einer anderen, wie `minipage', \parbox o.ä. verwendet -werden. Die Eingabe - - \begin{minipage}{5cm} %% FALSCH! - \begin{figure} - Bild - \caption{text} - \end{figure} - \end{minipage} - -ist daher falsch und erzeugt den in der Frage genannten Fehler. Korrekt -und auch logisch einsichtiger ist es, wenn man den Inhalt der -`figure'-Umgebung in eine `minipage' packt, also diese _in_ die -`figure'-Umgebung setzt: - - \begin{figure} - \begin{minipage}{5cm} %% KORREKT! - Bild - \caption{text} - \end{minipage} - \end{figure} - - -6.1.11 Wie kann ich das Layout der Bildunterschriften (\caption) -verändern? - -LaTeX verwendet die interne Anweisung \@makecaption{Bild Nr}{Text}, um -die Bildunterschrift inkl. Bildnummer zu setzen. Indem man diese -Anweisung verändert, die in der Dokumentklasse definiert wird, kann man -das Layout ändern. Will man nur die Bildnummer (z.B. ``Abbildung 1'') -ändern, so reicht es oftmals aus, die interne Anweisung \fnum@figure -bzw. für Tafeln \fnum@table entsprechend umzudefinieren. -Zur Vereinfachung gibt es einige leicht zu verwendende Pakete: `caption' -bzw. `caption2' haben viele Optionen; diese Pakete ermöglichen die -Variation der Schriftart und -größe und des Layouts (zentriert, -überhängend, Absatz mit Einrückung usw.). Beispiel: - - \usepackage[bf]{caption2} - \renewcommand{\captionfont}{\small\itshape} - -für einen etwas kleineren und kursiv gesetzten Unterschriftentext, wobei -die Bildnummer weiterhin fett gesetzt wird. -Um die Benennung zu ändern, wenn man also statt ``Abbildung'' -beispielsweise ``Abb.'' verwenden möchte, erreicht man dies durch - - \renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.} - -Im Falle einer Tafel muß analog dazu \tablename umdefiniert werden. -(Achtung: Bitte weitere Hinweise in Frage Frage 8.5.9 beachten!) -Wollen Sie die Zählweise der Abbildungs- bzw. Tabellennumerierung -ändern, so beachten Sie auch Frage Frage 8.5.2. -Speziellere Lösungen existieren natürlich auch oder sind teilweise in -einigen Dokumentklassen enthalten. So enthalten die NTG-und -KOMA-Script-Klassen beispielsweise Anweisungen, um alle Fonts (Sections, -Captions, Running Heads) zu verändern. - -epslatex: CTAN: info/epslatex.ps - CTAN: info/epslatex.pdf -caption/caption2: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/caption -NTG-Klassen: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -hangcaption: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/misc/hangcaption.sty -isucaption: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/misc/isucaption.sty - - - -6.1.12 Wie kann ich die Unterschriften (\caption) neben eine Abbildung -oder eine Tafel setzen? - -Zu diesem Zweck ist das Paket `sidecap' gedacht. - -sidecap: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/sidecap - - - -6.1.13 Wie kann ich Abbildungen oder Tafeln, die nicht innerhalb einer -`figure'- oder `table'-Umgebung stehen, dennoch mit einer -Bildunterschrift (Legende) versehen? - -Keith Reckdahls Artikel `Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e' (epslatex) -enthält die Beschreibung eines entsprechenden Tricks. Das Paket -`capt-of' (siehe auch Frage 6.1.7) implementiert diesen und stellt eine -entsprechende Anweisungen zum Satz von Legenden für nicht-gleitende -Abbildungen zur Verfügung. - -capt-of: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/capt-of.sty - - - -6.1.14 Wie kann man neue Typen von Gleitumgebungen (`floats') z.B. für -weitere Arten von Tafeln oder Programm-Code erzeugen? - -Prinzipiell muß man für einen neuen Typ von Gleitumgebung einige Makros -definieren. Beispielsweise sind für die zu definierenden Umgebungen -`faqtable' und `faqtable*' die folgenden Anweisungen (in eine .sty-Datei -schreiben, da interne Anweisungen!) notwendig, - - \newcounter{faqtable}[section] - %\renewcommand{\thefaqtable}{\thesection.\arabic{table}} - %% \thefaqtable wird bereits durch \newcounter definiert - \renewcommand{\fps@faqtable}{tp} % nicht `h' bzw. `b' - \renewcommand{\ftype@faqtable}{4} % type is a power of two! - \renewcommand{\ext@faqtable}{lot} % Endung der Hilfsdatei - \renewcommand{\fnum@faqtable}{FAQ-Tabelle~\thefaqtable} - \newenvironment{faqtable}{\@float{faqtable}}{\end@float} - \newenvironment{faqtable*}{\@dblfloat{faqtable}}{\end@dblfloat} - -wobei damit noch keine Anpassungen des Inhaltsverzeichnisses, ein -eigenes Inhaltsverzeichnis oder sonstige Anpassungen des Layouts -durchgeführt sind. Mehr Informationen dazu findet man im Buch `Der -LaTeX-Begleiter' (siehe Frage 2.4.1). -Sehr viel einfacher geht dies mit dem Paket `float', mit dem z.B. obiges -auch der normale LaTeX-Benutzer mit der simplen Anweisung - \newfloat{faqtable}{tp}{lot}[section] -definieren kann. Daneben sind auch schon einige `float'-Layouts -vordefiniert und können ebenso einfach verwendet werden. - -float: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/float - - - -6.1.15 Abbildungen und Tafeln sollen _immer_ nach dem ersten Verweis auf -sie gesetzt werden. Wie? Es ist möglich, daß LaTeX sie vor der -Abschnittsüberschrift plaziert. Wie unterbinde ich das? - -Mit dem LaTeX-Paket `flafter', das Bestandteil jeder LaTeX-Verteilung -ist, werden Abbildungen und Tafeln nie vor dem Text plaziert, in dem sie -im Dokument angegeben werden. Damit LaTeX sie also nie vor dem ersten -Verweis plaziert, schiebt man die entsprechende `figure'- bzw. -`table'-Umgebung einfach hinter die erste \ref- bzw. \pageref-Anweisung. - -flafter: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - CTAN: macros/latex/unpacked/ - - - -6.1.16 Gibt es eine einfache Möglichkeit, eine Abbildung oder Tafel -innerhalb des normalen Textes zu setzen, sie also mit dem normalen Text -umfließen zu lassen? - -Hierfür gibt es mittlerweile eine große Anzahl von Paketen mit -unterschiedlichen Beschränkungen und Vor- und Nachteilen, die Piet van -Oostrum in einer Liste, die er unregelmäßig nach `comp.text.tex' postet, -aufzählt: - `flow', `floatflt' (für LaTeX2e, Vorgänger `floatfig' ist für LaTeX - 2.09), `picinpar' (veraltet), `picins', `window', `wrapfig'. -Empfohlen werden: `picins' (funktioniert auch in Listen-Umgebungen), -`floatflt' und `wrapfig' (unterstützen neben `figure'- auch -`table'-Umgebungen), da diese am meisten können und die wenigsten Fehler -aufweisen. - -picins: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/picins -floatflt: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/floatflt -wrapfig: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/wrapfig/ - - - -6.1.17 Wieso erhalte ich bei einigen Abbildungen falsche Querverweise, -obwohl ich doch die \label-Anweisung innerhalb der `figure'-Umgebung -verwendet habe? - -Die \label-Anweisung muß _nach_ der Anweisung folgen, die für die -Numerierung und damit auch für die `Verankerung' des Verweises sorgt. -Solche Verankerungsanweisungen sind z.B. \section oder \caption, die -`figure'-Umgebung dagegen ist keine. Daher muß das \label _nach_ der -entsprechenden \caption folgen: - - \begin{figure} - ... Abbildung ... - \caption{Dies ist eine Abbildung} - \label{fig:beispielabbildung} - \end{figure} - - -6.1.18 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Abbildungen oder Tafeln, die alleine -auf einer sonst leeren Seite plaziert werden, bündig mit der -Seitenoberkante statt vertikal zentriert erscheinen? - -Für die Zentrierung von Float-Objekten sind die internen Längenparameter -\@fptop, \@fpsep und \@fpbot verantwortlich. Um die vertikale -Zentrierung aufzuheben, ist daher \@fptop im Dokumentkopf oder in einer -eigenen Paketdatei auf eine unflexible Länge zu setzen: - - \setlength{\@fptop}{0pt} - -(Bitte beachten, daß \@fptop ein interner Parameter ist und außerhalb -einer Paketdatei mit \makeatletter/\makeatother geklammert werden muß.) -Diese Änderung gilt dann für _alle_ Float-Objekte, also sowohl -Abbildungen als auch Tafeln. - -6.2 Tabellen - - -6.2.1 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß sich eine Tabelle über mehrere Seiten -erstreckt? - -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es die beiden Pakete `longtable' und `supertabular' -sowie `ltxtable', welches die Möglichkeiten von `longtable' und -`tabularx' in sich vereinigt. -`longtable' benutzt auf jeder Seite die gleiche Spaltenbreite, während -`supertabular' auf jeder Seite die Spaltenbreite neu berechnet. -`supertabular' funktioniert im Gegensatz zu `longtable' auch mit der -Klassenoption `twocolumn'. `tabularx' ist nicht direkt für mehrseitige -Tabellen gedacht, sondern zum Austreiben einer Tabelle auf eine -bestimmte Breite. Eine mehrseitige Tabelle kann mit `ltxtable' auf eine -bestimme Breite ausgetrieben werden, wofür auch die Pakete `longtable' -und `tabularx' erforderlich sind. - -longtable: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -tabularx: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -supertabular: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/supertabular -ltxtable: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/carlisle - - - -6.2.2 Wie kann ich einzelne Felder oder größere Bereiche einer Tabelle -farbig oder grau hinterlegen? - -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es die beiden Pakete `colortbl' und `colortab'. -Nähere Hinweise sind den beiliegenden Dokumentationen oder dem Buch -``The LaTeX Graphics Companion'' (siehe Frage 2.4.1) zu entnehmen. - -colortbl: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/carlisle -colortab: CTAN: macros/generic/colortab/ - - - -6.2.3 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß sich eine Tabelle über die gesamte -Spalten- bzw. Textbreite (oder über eine andere vorgegebene Breite) -erstreckt? - -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es das Paket `tabularx' sowie `ltxtable', welches -die Möglichkeiten von `longtable' und `tabularx' in sich vereinigt. -`tabularx' ermöglicht das Austreiben einer Tabelle auf eine bestimmte -Breite. Hierzu wird ein neuer Spaltentyp `X' definiert, der sich wie -eine `p'-Spalte verhält, ohne daß man jedoch die Breite explizit angeben -muß. Stattdessen wird von `tabularx' die für alle `X'-Spalten zur -Verfügung stehende Gesamtbreite berechnet und jeder `X'-Spalte ein -entsprechender Bruchteil davon zugewiesen. Eine mehrseitige Tabelle kann -mit `ltxtable' auf eine bestimme Breite ausgetrieben werden, wofür auch -die Pakete `longtable' und `tabularx' erforderlich sind. - -tabularx: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -ltxtable: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/carlisle - - - -6.2.4 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Zahlen in einer Tabelle am -Dezimaltrennzeichen ausgerichtet werden? - -Die LaTeX-Pakete `dcolumn' und `rccol' (erfordert `fltpoint') sind dazu -geeignet. Letzteres gestattet auch das Runden der Zahlen. - -dcolumn: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -rccol: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/rccol/ - - - -6.2.5 Wie kann ich in einer tabular-Umgebung eine Spalte speziell -setzen, ohne dies in jedem Eintrag zu wiederholen? - -Das Paket `array' erweitert die Umgebungen `array' und `tabular' um -weitere Deklarationen, wie >, <, !, m oder p, in der Tabellenpräambel. -So wird bei ``>{text}'' der Teil ``text'' direkt vor die folgende Spalte -eingefügt, so daß beispielsweise nach - - \begin{tabular}{c>{\scshape}cc} - -die zweite der drei Spalten in Kapitälchen gesetzt wird. - -array: CTAN: macros/latex/required/ - - - -6.2.6 Wieso kann ich in einer tabular-Umgebung die letzte Spalte nicht -mit \raggedright linksbündig setzen? - -\raggedright definiert die Anweisung \\ um, die in den Umgebungen -`tabular' und `array' zur Markierung des Zeilenendes benutzt wird. In -LaTeX2e und den Paketen `array' und `longtable' existiert daher seit -Dezember 1994 die neue Anweisung \tabularnewline, die man für diesen -Zweck anstelle von \\ verwenden kann. -Für andere Pakete und ältere Versionen kann man auch folgenden Trick aus -dem Buch `Der LaTeX-Begleiter' (siehe Abschnitt 2.4.1) anwenden: - - \newcommand{\PreserveBackslash}[1]{% - \let\temp=\\#1\let\\=\temp} - -Statt einem einfachen \raggedright verwendet man in einer Tabelle dann -\PreserveBackslash{\raggedright}. -Ebenfalls nützlich ist in diesem Zusammenhang die folgende Zeile - - \usepackage[NewCommands]{ragged2e} - -zu Beginn des Dokuments. Damit wird eine bessere Trennung innerhalb -eines mittels \raggedright linksbündig mit rechtem Flatterrand gesetzten -Absatzes bewirkt. - -ragged2e: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ms/ - - - -6.2.7 Wie erreiche ich, daß mit `tabular' erstellte Tabellen bündig mit -dem linken Rand gesetzt werden? - -Zwischen den Spalten einer `tabular', aber auch links von der ersten und -rechts von der letzten Spalte, wird üblicherweise ein Zwischenraum der -Breite \tabcolsep eingefügt. Um diesen zu unterdrücken, muß man in die -Tabellenpräambel die Anweisung ``@{}'' einfügen, also beispielsweise - - \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} - ... % ^^^ ^^^ - \end{tabular} - -Die Anweisung ``@{text}'' sorgt dafür, daß ``text'' _statt_ eines -Spaltenzwischenraums eingefügt wird. ``@{}'' unterdrückt also, daß -zwischen zwei Spalten Zwischenraum eingefügt wird. Daran sollte man auch -bei \multicolumn-Anweisungen denken, die sich über die erste bzw. letzte -Spalte etwa einer dreispaltigen Tabelle erstrecken: - - \multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{Spalten 1 und 2} & bla \\ - -bzw. - - bla & \multicolumn{2}{l@{}}{Spalten 2 und 3} \\ - - -6.3 Fußnoten, Endnoten etc. (*) - - -6.3.1 Die Fußnoten sollen gesammelt am Ende des Kapitels erscheinen. - - -endnotes: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/endnotes.sty - - - -6.3.2 Ich möchte meine Fußnoten auf jeder Seite neu beginnend -durchzählen, d.h. auf jeder Seite soll mit `1' begonnen werden. - - -footnpag: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/footnpag - - - -6.3.3 Ich möchte den maximal von den Fußnoten eingenommenen Platz auf 10 -Zeilen beschränken. Wie? - -Das Längenregister \dimen\footins gibt die maximale Höhe der Box mit den -Fußnoten für eine Seite an. Nach - - \setlength{\dimen\footins}{10\baselineskip} - -wird dieser Platz von normalerweise 8 Inch (ca. 20,5 cm) auf ca. 10 -Zeilen beschränkt. - -6.3.4 Wie erreiche ich eine andere Formatierung der Fußnoten? - -Mit dem Paket `footmisc' von Robin Fairbairns (hatte bis Januar 1998 -noch den Namen `footnote') kann man sehr einfach einige andere -Formatierungen auswählen. Ansonsten findet man im Buch `Der -LaTeX-Begleiter' nähere Informationen. - -footmisc: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/footmisc/ - - - -6.3.5 Wie erhalte ich eine Fußnote innerhalb einer `figure' oder -`table'? Es erscheint zwar eine Markierung, aber kein Fußnotentext. (*) - -In Gleitumgebungen funktionieren keine Fußnoten, da diese mitgleiten -müßten, was ohne sehr viel Aufwand nicht möglich ist. Abhilfe kann man -dadurch schaffen, daß man Fußnoten innerhalb einer \caption vermeidet -und den Fußnotentext in die Unterschrift mit einbindet. Ansonsten kann -man die Abbildung oder Tafel in eine `minipage'-Umgebung einklammern, so -daß der Fußnotentext mit in die Gleitumgebung gesetzt wird und somit -mitgleiten kann. Die dann meist störende Abgrenzungslinie kann man mit -\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{} innerhalb der `minipage'-Umgebung -vermeiden. - - \begin{figure} - \begin{minipage}{\linewidth} - \renewcommand{\footnoterule}{} - ... Abbildung mit \footnote{...} ... - \end{minipage} - \caption{ ... } - \end{figure} - -Eine weitere Möglichkeit bietet das Paket `threeparttable': - - \begin{figure} - \begin{threeparttable} - Abbildung oder Tabelle mit Fu"snote\tnote{1} - \medskip - \begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize - \item[1] Wichtiger Fu"snotentext... - \end{tablenotes} - \end{threeparttable} - \caption{ ... } - \end{figure} - - -threeparttable: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/threeparttable.sty - - - -6.3.6 Wie kann ich Fußnoten in mehreren Gruppen getrennt voneinander auf -einer Seite erscheinen lassen? - -Das Paket `manyfoot' erlaubt die Deklaration zusätzlicher -Fußnotenebenen, die zudem noch auf zwei Arten gesetzt werden können. - -manyfoot: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ncctools/ - - - -6.3.7 Wie erreiche ich, daß meine Fußnoten nicht am Text ``hängen'' -sondern unten auf der Seite gesetzt werden? - -Das Paket `footmisc' bietet mit der Option `bottom' einen Weg, wenn -durch die Deklaration \raggedbottom die Seitenhöhe flattert. In diesem -Fall setzt LaTeX die Fußnote mit etwas vertikalen Abstand -(\skip\footins) an den Text, so daß die Fußnoten ebenso mitflattern. -Fußnoten werden normalerweise am Fuße des Fließtextes und nicht der -Seite gesetzt, also _oberhalb_ einer eventuell vorhandenen unten -plazierten Fließumgebung. Mit dem Paket `stfloats' werden die Fußnoten -an die Unterkante des Satzspiegels verschoben. - -footmisc: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/footmisc/ -stfloats: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/sttools/ - - - -6.3.8 Wie kann ich eine Fußnote in einer Kapitel- oder -Abschnittsüberschrift setzen? - -Wie in Frage 7.4.2 erläutert, müssen zerbrechliche Anweisungen wie -\footnote in einem `moving argument' mit \protect geschützt werden, also -beispielsweise - - \section{Titel des Abschnitts\protect\footnote{Fasse dich kurz!}} - -Bei Fußnoten ist dies jedoch nicht sinnvoll, da diese dann auch im -Inhaltsverzeichnis und im lebenden Kolumnentitel auftauchen würde. Hier -ist es besser, das optionale Argument der Überschriftsanweisungen zu -verwenden: - - \section[Titel des Abschnitts]% - {Titel des Abschnitts\footnote{Fasse dich kurz!}} - - -6.4 Grafiken, Bilder, Farbe und andere Effekte (*) - - -6.4.1 Wie kann ich Grafiken in mein (La)TeX-Dokument einfügen? (*) - -Die LaTeX-Pakete `graphics' bzw. `graphicx' definieren die Anweisung -\includegraphics, welche einen einfachen Weg darstellt, die Einbindung -von Grafiken in ein LaTeX-Dokument in einer weitgehend -systemunabhängigen Syntax vorzunehmen. Die früher für denselben Zweck -verwendeten Anweisungen \psfig, \epsfig, \epsfbox usw. (enthalten in den -Paketen `psfig', `epsf' und `epsfig') sollten nicht mehr verwendet -werden, da sie teilweise fehlerhaft sind, nur für ausgewählte Treiber -funktionieren und auch nicht weiterentwickelt werden. -Neben \includegraphics werden weitere nützliche Befehle zum Skalieren -und Rotieren definiert. Die Größe der Grafik, die von LaTeX benötigt -wird, um entsprechend Platz für die Grafik zu lassen, wird bei -Encapsulated-PostScript-(EPS-)Dateien direkt aus dem -`BoundingBox'-Kommentar in der EPS-Datei gelesen. Bei anderen, -insbesondere bei binär vorliegenden Grafikformaten wie `gif' oder `pcx' -kann die Größe in einer begleitenden Textdatei bzw. im optionalen -Argument der Anweisung \includegraphics angegeben werden. Mit dem -Paketparameter `draft' des Paketes `graphics' kann man LaTeX -veranlassen, in die dvi-Datei nur einen Rahmen in der Größe der Grafik -statt des Verweises auf die Grafikdatei einzufügen, was das Betrachten -beschleunigt und zum Korrekturlesen manchmal hilfreich ist. -Die Grafikinformation kann bei EPS-Dateien sowohl als Vektoren als auch -in Form von Angaben zur Position der einzelnen Grapkikpunkte -(Pixelgrafik) enthalten sein. Wenn möglich, sollte man immer -Vektorgrafiken bevorzugen, da sie ohne Qualitätsverluste skaliert werden -können. Ist man, wie bei gescannten Bildern, auf Pixelgrafiken -angewiesen, so sollte man zur Vermeidung von Qualitätsverlusten darauf -achten, daß die Auflösung der Grafik derjenigen des Druckers entspricht. -Man bedenke auch, daß Grautöne nur mit besser auflösenden Ausgabegeräten -(mind. 600dpi, besser mehr) gut wiedergegeben werden. -Um vorhandene Pixelgrafiken nach EPS zu wandeln, kann man die -Exportfunktion etlicher Grafikprogramme nutzen. Es gibt darüberhinaus -die beiden Programme `jpeg2ps' und `tiff2ps', die sehr kompakte -EPS-Dateien erzeugen. Sie erfordern Ausgabegeräte, die `PostScript -Level 2' beherrschen, wie beispielsweise alle modernen PS-Drucker und -neue Ghostscript-Versionen. Alternativ kann man zur Konvertierung von -JPEG nach EPS auch `imgtops2' verwenden, das in der EPS-Ausgabe -DCT-Kompression nutzt und so sehr kompakte EPS-Dateien erzeugt. Zur -Konvertierung von Pixelgrafiken, die im Format PNG, aber auch TIFF, JPEG -und Netpbm vorliegen, in EPS für Geräte mit PostScript Level 1, 2 -oder 3, gibt es das Programm `bmeps', für TIFF auch `tif2eps', das -Ghostscript voraussetzt. Ein weiteres Programm, welches eine Vielzahl -von Grafikformaten konvertieren kann, ist `convert', das Bestandteil der -Programmsammlung `ImageMagick' ist. Es steht ebenfalls für viele -Betriebssysteme zur Verfügung. Da die meisten dvi-Preview-Programme -enthaltene EPS-Grafiken nicht darstellen können, empfiehlt es sich, die -dvi-Datei nach PostScript zu wandeln und dann ein -PostScript-Preview-Programm (`gv', `gsview', `ghostview', `Ghostscript' -etc.) zu verwenden. -Sehr ausführliche und gut verständliche Hinweise zu diesem Thema enthält -Keith Reckdahls Artikel `Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e' (epslatex) -und das Buch `The LaTeX Graphics Companion' von Michel Goossens u.a. -sowie `TeX/LaTeX und Graphik, ein Überblick über die Verfahren' von -Friedhelm Sowa (siehe Abschnitte 2.4.1 und 2.4.2). - -graphics/graphicx: CTAN: macros/latex/required/graphics/ -graphicx CTAN: macros/plain/graphics/ -(Plain-TeX): -epslatex (Keith CTAN: info/epslatex.ps -Reckdahl): - CTAN: info/epslatex.pdf -Graphics and Colour -with LaTeX (Patrick http://www.linmpi.mpg.de/~daly/latex/grf.htm -W. Daly): -LaTeX2e und Grafik -(Sebastian http://www.loh-fi.de/howto/latex.htm -Lohmeier): -jpeg2ps: http://www.pdflib.com/jpeg2ps/ - CTAN: nonfree/support/jpeg2ps/ -imgtops2: http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/dougz/postscript/imgtops2/ -tiff2ps: CTAN: graphics/tiff/ -tif2eps: CTAN: support/pstools/tif2eps/ -bmeps: CTAN: support/bmeps/ -gif2eps: http://www.zib.de/Visual/software/ -ImageMagick: http://www.imagemagick.org/ - - - -6.4.2 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß anstelle der Grafiken nur leerer Platz -in der Größe der Grafiken im LaTeX-Dokument erscheint? - -Mit der Option `draft' der Pakete `graphics' bzw. `graphicx' - - \usepackage[draft]{graphicx} - -erreicht man, daß statt der Grafiken nur ein Rahmen in Größe der Grafik -gezeichnet wird. Zusätzlich wird der Name der einzufügenden Datei in -diesen Rahmen geschrieben. -Tip: Verwendet man die Option `draft' in der Klassendeklaration, so gilt -diese auch für das Paket `graphicx'. Diese globale Option kann jedoch -mit der Paketoption `final' wieder überschrieben werden. -Will man weder Rahmen noch Dateinamen erhalten, so kann man das Paket -`crop' in der folgenden Weise nutzen: - - \usepackage[nographics]{crop}[2001/10/07] - -Den gegenteiligen Effekt erreicht man mit der Paketoption `notext'. - -crop: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/crop/ - - - -6.4.3 Wie kann ich mit TeX farbigen Text setzen? - -Das LaTeX-Bundle `graphics' enthält das Paket `color', das Befehle zur -Verfügung stellt, mit denen man Textteile einfärben, eine Box oder den -Hintergrund einer Seite farbig hinterlegen kann. Dies funktioniert -natürlich nur, wenn das Ausgabegerät (Drucker, Bildschirm) dazu in der -Lage ist und der dvi-Treiber die dazu notwendige Funktionalität hat, -entsprechende \special-Anweisungen mit den Farbbefehlen auszuwerten. -Um das Paket `color' an verschiedene Ausgabegeräte und dvi-Treiber -anzupassen, muß eine entsprechende Definitionsdatei für den jeweiligen -Treiber vorhanden sein bzw. noch erstellt werden. Auf jedem System -sollte in der Datei ``color.cfg'' eine dvi-Treiber-Definition als -Default angegeben sein. Das Paket `color' läßt sich dann wie folgt -verwenden: - - \usepackage{color} - -Will man in einem Dokument einen vom Standard abweichenden dvi-Treiber -verwenden, so kann man den Namen der dvi-Treiber-Definition als -Paket-Option angeben: - - - \usepackage[dvips]{color} - -erzeugt eine dvi-Datei mit Farb-\special-Anweisungen für den -dvi-PostScript-Treiber `dvips'. Danach kann man die entstehende -dvi-Datei auch mit anderen dvi-Treibern übersetzen bzw. ausdrucken, -jedoch werden in den meisten Fällen die Farb-\special-Anweisungen nicht -erkannt und mit einer Warnung ignoriert. -Eine genauere Beschreibung der einzelnen Anweisungen und der vorhandenen -Definitionsdateien findet man in der Anleitung `grfguide' im Paket -`graphics'. - -graphics/color: CTAN: macros/latex/required/graphics/ - - - -6.4.4 Bei mit `XFig' erstellten und exportierten Zeichnungen erhalte ich -bei der Einbindung in LaTeX den Fehler, daß \SetFigFont nicht definiert -ist. Was ist falsch? - -Das Programm `fig2dev', das XFig zum Wandeln und Exportieren von -Fig-Bildern aufruft, hat in den Versionen vor Version 3.1pl1 einen -Fehler, der dazu führt, daß das Makro \SetFigFont nicht immer definiert -ist. Nach einem Update des Paketes `Transfig', welches `fig2dev' -enthält, verschwindet der Fehler. Kann man auf den Update nicht warten, -bietet sich auch als Einfachstlösung die Definition -\newcommand{\SetFigFont}[3]{} in der Dokumentpräambel an. - -transfig/fig2dev: CTAN: graphics/transfig/ - - - -6.4.5 Bei Verwendung von PiCTeX erhalte ich die Meldung `No room for a -new \dimen'. Wie kann ich das vermeiden? - -PiCTeX verwendet sehr viele von TeXs Zähler- und Längenregistern und -wenn noch weitere Pakete hinzugeladen werden, die ebenso Register -benötigen, gehen die jeweils 256 vorhandenen, von denen LaTeX bereits -nicht wenige benötigt, aus. Die erste Lösung besteht in der Verwendung -des ConTeXt-Moduls `m-pictex' von Hans Hagen, das beim Laden von PiCTeX -dafür sorgt, daß statt Längen- an einigen Stellen Glue-Register -verwendet werden. Eine alternative Lösung besteht in der Verwendung des -Paketes `pictexwd', eines von Andreas Schrell veränderten PiCTeX, das -weniger Längenregister benutzt. -Eine weitere Lösungsmöglichkeit besteht darin, die größere Anzahl an -Registern zu nutzen, die e-TeX zur Verfügung stellt. Verwendet man LaTeX -(Aufruf: elatex), muß das Paket `etex' vor PiCTeX geladen werden, um von -e-TeX zu profitieren. - -m-pictex.tex, m-pictex.sty: CTAN: macros/context/cont-tmf.zip -pictexwd: CTAN: graphics/pictex/addon/ -etex.sty ist momentan nur in teTeX und fpTeX enthalten. - - - -6.4.6 Was kann ich tun, wenn eine Grafik im EPS-Format beim Einfügen in -ein LaTeX-Dokument Probleme bereitet? - -Nicht selten erzeugen Grafikprogramme beim Speichern der Ergebnisse im -PostScript-Code keine oder eine fehlerhafte Boundingbox-Kommentarzeile. -Diese Angabe ist jedoch beim Einfügen der Grafik in ein LaTeX-Dokument -unbedingt erforderlich, da sonst der benötigte Platz nicht korrekt -berechnet werden kann. Der im folgenden testweise eingefügte Rahmen -zeigt die Größe der Boundingbox in Relation zur Grafik: - - \usepackage{graphicx} - % ... - \begin{figure} - \setlength{\fboxsep}{-\fboxrule}\fbox{\includegraphics{dateiname}} - \end{figure} - -Ist die Boundingbox-Zeile fehlerhaft, kann folgendermaßen vorgegangen -werden: - - Manuelle Korrektur: - - Man lade die EPS-Datei in einen PostScript-Viewer und notiere sich - die Koordinaten der linken unteren (ll,lr) und der rechten oberen - (ul,ur) Ecke des interessierenden Teils der Grafik, wobei die - Maßeinheit bp (big points) verwendet werden muß. Diese Werte füge - man mit Hilfe eines ASCII-Editors im Anschluß an die Zeile - ``%!PS-Adobe ...'' am Anfang der EPS-Datei hinzu bzw. korrigiere - die vorhandene Angabe entsprechend: - - %%BoundingBox: ll lr ul ur - - Statt des Eintrags in die EPS-Datei können die Werte auch als - optionale Parameter der `\includegraphics'-Anweisung angegeben - werden: - - \includegraphics[bb= ll lr ul ur]{dateiname} - - - Automatische Korrektur: - - Man verwende das Programm `epstool' in der folgenden Weise: - - epstool -b -c -oausgabedatei.eps eingabedatei.eps - - In der Datei ``eingabedatei.eps'' befinde sich die fehlerhafte - Grafik, danach enthält ``ausgabedatei.eps'' die korrigierte - Grafik. `epstool' erfordert die vorherige Installation des - PostScript-Interpreters `Ghostscript'. - Alternativ dazu kann versucht werden, das Problem unter Verwendung - des Programms `epstopdf' zu lösen: - - epstopdf --nogs --outfile=ausgabedatei.eps eingabedatei.eps - - Liegt die Grafik in Form einer einseitigen PostScript-Datei vor, - kann man mit Hilfe des Programms `ps2eps' versuchen, diese in eine - EPS-Datei mit korrekter BoundingBox-Angabe umzuwandeln: - - ps2eps eingabedatei.ps - - `ps2eps' erfordert ebenfalls das Programm `Ghostscript' sowie - `perl'. - -Sollte trotz korrekter Angabe der BoundingBox ein ungünstiges Ergebnis -entstehen, kann es daran liegen, daß die EPS-Datei fälschlicherweise -PostScript-Anweisungen enthält, die auch den Bereich außerhalb der -BoundingBox verändern. Mit der Option [clip] der Anweisung -`\includegraphics' wird die Ausgabe auf den Bereich der BoundingBox -beschränkt. - -epstool/gsview: ftp://support/ghostscript/ghostgum/ -epstopdf: http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/ -ps2eps: CTAN: support/ps2eps/ -Ghostscript (GPL): CTAN: support/ghostscript/gnu/ -Ghostscript (AFPL): CTAN: nonfree/support/ghostscript/aladdin/ - - - -6.4.7 Warum werden Pixelgrafiken in pdf-Dateien, die ich mit pdfTeX -erzeugt habe, verzerrt oder mit falschen Farben dargestellt? - -Vermutlich ist die Ursache die veraltete fehlerhafte -pdfTeX-Version 0.13d. Abhilfe schafft die Verwendung einer aktuellen -Version (z.B. 0.14f oder neuer). Bei dieser Gelegenheit empfiehlt es -sich, die im Zusammenhang mit dem LaTeX-Paket `graphicx' wichtige Datei -``pdftex.def'' und das LaTeX-Paket `hyperref' ebenfalls zu erneuern. - -pdftex.def: http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/ -~: CTAN: macros/latex/required/graphics -hyperref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/ -~: http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ - - - -6.4.8 Wie kann ich unter Windows Bilder, Grafiken etc. mit LaTeX -verwenden? - -Um Bilder u.ä. aus Windows-Programmen in LaTeX einzubinden, sollte man -diese im EPS-Format in eine Datei drucken. Da es mit den EPS-Dateien, -die die Standard-EPS-Druckertreiber unter Windows erzeugen, immer wieder -zu Problemen kommt, sollte man stattdessen die PostScript-Druckertreiber -von Adobe installieren (siehe Frage 11.3.6). -Damit die EPS-Datei nun problemlos und korrekt unter LaTeX mit der -Anweisung \includegraphics eingebunden werden kann, ist die -Bounding-Box-Angabe in der Datei zu bestimmen und eventuell zu -korrigieren (siehe Frage 6.4.6). - -6.4.9 Woher kann ich eine Dokumentation zum (La)TeX-Paket `pictex' -bekommen? - -Leider ist die Originaldokumentation nur käuflich von der Firma -``Personal TeX, Inc.'' zu erhalten. Ersatzweise kann man die frei -verfügbare Dokumentation zu dem Programm `mathspic' verwenden. -`mathspic' ist ein unter DOS/Windows verwendbares Filterprogramm zum -vereinfachten Erstellen von PiCTeX-Grafiken. - -Personal TeX, Inc.: http://www.pctex.com -mathspic: CTAN: graphics/pictex/mathspic/mpicm21.pdf - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 6 --- ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 7 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -7 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III) - - -7.1 Gliederung, Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und andere Verzeichnisse - - -7.1.1 Beim Formatieren von \tableofcontents erhalte ich sehr viele -Meldungen mit ``overfull \hbox''. Woran liegt das? - -Die Seitennummer wird in eine Box der Breite \@pnumwidth gesetzt. Der in -den Standardklassen hierfür verwendete Wert von 1.55em kann in manchen -Situationen (Seitennummer>=1000, breiterer Font) zu klein sein. Abhilfe: - - \renewcommand{\@pnumwidth}{2em}% statt `2em' evtl. groesserer Wert - -Eventuell muß man dann auch den Wert im Makro \@tocrmarg anpassen. Da -man ein internes Makro ändert, ist diese Anweisung in eine .sty-Datei -oder mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother geklammert in die -Dokumentpräambel zu schreiben. -Längere Abschnittsnummern können eine andere Ursache dieses Fehlers -sein. Hier muß man in den Definitionen der Makros \l@<type>, wie z.B. -\l@section, im Aufruf des Makros \@dottedtocline das dritte Argument -entsprechend vergrößern. Näheres hierzu im Buch ``Der LaTeX-Begleiter'' -(siehe Frage 2.4.1). - -7.1.2 Bei einem Artikel mit sehr vielen Abschnitten und Unterabschnitten -``klebt'' die Überschrift im `toc' direkt hinter der Abschnittsnummer. -Kann man den Platz verbreitern? - -In der Datei der verwendeten Klasse wird das Aussehen einer Zeile in den -Verzeichnissen durch ein Makro namens `\l@<typ>' festgelegt. Für eine -\subsection ist dies das Makro \l@subsection, das z.B. in -``article.cls'' durch - - \newcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}} - -definiert ist. Die Länge 1.5em gibt an, wie breit der Einschub vom -linken Rand ist, die Länge 2.3em, wie breit der Platz für die -Abschnittsnummer sein soll. Will man diese vergrößern, kann man dies -beispielsweise mit - - \renewcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{3.3em}} - -in einer .sty-Datei oder mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother geklammert -in der Dokumentpräambel. Mehr dazu findet man im Buch ``Der -LaTeX-Begleiter'' (siehe Frage 2.4.1). -Sehr viel einfacher geht dies mit dem Paket `tocloft', das einem die -volle Kontrolle über die Formatierung der einzelnen Verzeichnisse -erlaubt. Es benötigt noch das Paket `stdclsdv'. - -tocloft: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/tocloft -stdclsdv: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/stdclsdv - - - -7.1.3 Warum werden die durch \subsubsection angegebenen Abschnitte nicht -mehr numeriert? - -Jeder Gliederungsebene ist in LaTeX eine Nummer zugeordnet: - --1 part 1 section 3 subsubsection 5 subparagraph - 0 chapter 2 subsection 4 paragraph - -Bei der Klasse `article' existiert der Befehl \chapter nicht, und \part -erhält die Nummer 0 zugeordnet. -Die Gliederungsebene, bis zu der numeriert wird, legt der Zähler -`secnumdepth' fest. Die Standardklassen setzen diesen Zähler auf den -Wert 2, also bis \subsection. Um auch für tieferliegende Ebenen eine -Numerierung zu erhalten, muß der Zähler entsprechend erhöht werden. Mit -\setcounter{secnumdepth}{4} werden die Überschriften der Ebenen bis -\paragraph mit einer Nummer versehen, auch wenn dies nur in den -allerwenigsten Fällen sinnvoll ist. -Um die Numerierung von Überschriften im Dokument vollständig zu -verhindern, muß man den Zähler `secnumdepth' auf den Wert -2 gesetzt -werden. Ein Inhaltsverzeichnis wird dennoch erzeugt, da dies durch den -Zähler `tocdepth' gesteuert wird. - -7.1.4 Wie erreiche ich, daß Abschnittsüberschriften ein anderes Aussehen -bekommen? - -Die LaTeX-Anweisungen \section, \subsection etc. werden in den -Klassendateien wie z.B. ``article.cls'' definiert. (In LaTeX 2.09 wurden -sie dagegen in den Hilfsdateien wie z.B. ``art10.sty'' definiert.) Die -Definitionen verwenden dabei die allgemeinere Anweisung \@startsection, -in deren sechstem Argument man Formatieranweisungen angeben kann. Zur -Änderung kopiert man sich die Definition aus ``article.cls'' bzw. die -entsprechende Klassendatei in eine .sty-Datei, ändert \newcommand (bzw. -\def) zu \renewcommand und fügt die Anweisung \centering zu den -bestehenden Formatieranweisungen hinzu: - - \renewcommand{\section}{% - \@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% - {2.3ex plus.2ex}% - {\normalfont\Large\bfseries \centering}} - -Man vergesse nicht, diese Definition mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother -zu klammern oder in eine .sty-Datei zu schreiben! -Mit dem Paket `titlesec' können Abschnittsüberschriften noch einfacher -angepaßt werden. Beispielsweise erhält man mit - - \usepackage{titlesec} - \titleformat{\section}% - {\normalfont\Large\bfseries \filcenter}% - {\thesection}% - {1em}% - {}% - -eine Zentrierung der \section-Überschriften. Hierbei wurde \filcenter, -eine spezielle Anweisung des Pakets verwendet, jedoch kann auch -\centering verwendet werden. Die Anweisung \titleformat hat ein -optionales Argument, mit dem man beispielsweise wie bei \paragraph -eingebettete oder in den Rand ragende Überschriften erhalten kann. -Abstände zwischen Überschrift und Text werden mit der Anweisung -\titlespacing vorgegeben. -Ebenso erleichtert das Paket `sectsty' die Änderung der -Abschnittsüberschriften in den LaTeX-Standardklassen. -Bei Verwendung einer aktuellen Version der -Klassen lassen sich -beispielweise die Schriftart, die Ausrichtung sowie weiteres ebenfalls -leicht anpassen. - -titlesec: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/titlesec -sectsty: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/sectsty -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ - - - -7.1.5 Warum werden die durch \subsubsection angegebenen Abschnitte nicht -mehr ins Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen? - -Ebenso wie der Zähler `secnumdepth' die Gliederungsebene festlegt, bis -zu der Abschnitte numeriert werden, legt der Zähler `tocdepth' die -Gliederungsebene fest, bis zu der Abschnitte in das Inhaltsverzeichnis -aufgenommen werden. Beispielsweise werden nach der Anweisung -\setcounter{tocdepth}{4} alle Abschnitte einschließlich der -\paragraph-Ebene in das Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen (siehe dazu Frage -7.1.3). Diese Anweisung muß in der Präambel, auf jeden Fall vor -\tableofcontents verwendet werden. - -7.1.6 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß z.B. \subsection usw. im Anhang in -das Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen werden? - -Der Zähler `tocdepth' wird nur beim \tableofcontents ausgewertet, also -nur beim Satz und nicht bei der Erstellung der .toc-Datei. Daher hat -eine Änderung von `tocdepth' nach dem Befehl \appendix keine Wirkung. -Stattdessen muß man dafür sorgen, daß die Änderung von `tocdepth' mit -\addtocontents in die .toc-Datei gelangt: - - \documentclass{article} - % - \newcommand{\settocdepth}[1]{% - \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\setcounter{tocdepth}{#1}}} - % - \begin{document} - \tableofcontents - \section{Abschnitt} - \subsection{Unterabschnitt} - blabla - % - \appendix - \settocdepth{1} - % - \section{Abschnitt} - \subsection{Unterabschnitt} - \subsubsection{Unterunterabschnitt} - blabla - \end{document} - - -7.1.7 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Literatur-, Abbildungs-, Tabellen- und -sonstige Verzeichnisse in das Inhaltsverzeichnis mit aufgenommen werden? - -Diese Verzeichnisse werden normalerweise nicht in das Inhaltsverzeichnis -aufgenommen. Wenn dies dennoch notwendig ist oder erwünscht wird, kann -man es am einfachsten mit den Dokumentklassen des KOMA-Script-Paketes -erreichen, da diese Klassen die hierfür gedachten Optionen `liststotoc', -`bibtotoc' bzw. `bibtotocnumbered' und `idxtotoc' kennen. -Bei Verwendung anderer Klassen kann eventuell das Paket `tocbibind' -weiterhelfen. Ansonsten könnte man als letzte Lösung unmittelbar vor die -Anweisungen \bibliography, \listoftables, \listoffigures und \printindex -die Anweisungen - - \clearpage - \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\refname} - -schreiben. Statt \refname ist evtl. \bibname bzw. \listtablename, -\listfigurename oder \indexname einzusetzen; `section' kann bei -Verwendung der Dokumentklassen `report' und `book' durch `chapter' -ersetzt werden. Außerdem muß bei Verwendung der Klassenoption `twoside', -die bei `book' voreingestellt ist, \clearpage durch \cleardoublepage -ersetzt werden. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -tocbibind: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/tocbibind/ - - - -7.1.8 Wie kann ich die Formatierung der automatisch erzeugten Inhalts-, -Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnisse ändern? - -Mit dem Paket `titletoc', das zusammen mit dem Paket `titlesec' verteilt -und dokumentiert wird, kann man sehr frei die Formatierung der -Inhaltsverzeichniseinträge ändern. Daneben gibt es noch das Paket -`tocloft', mit dem man ebenso die Formatierung des Inhalts-, Abbildungs- -und Tabellenverzeichnisses anpassen kann. - -titletoc/titlesec: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/titlesec/ -tocloft: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/tocloft/ - - - -7.1.9 Wie kann ich mit \ref nicht nur die Abschnittsnummer, sondern auch -den Text einer Abschnittsüberschrift erhalten? - -Das Paket `titleref' stellt hierzu die Anweisung \titleref, der analog -zu \ref und \pageref den Text einer Abschnittsüberschrift oder -Abbildungsunterschrift liefert. Hierzu muß die Anweisung \label _nach_ -den Abschnittsanweisungen und \caption erfolgen und darf _nicht_ im -Argument angegeben werden. -Im `hyperref'-Bündel existiert mit `nameref' ein weiteres Paket, das -diese Funktionalität anbietet.Dieses definiert die Anweisung \nameref. -Insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit der Erzeugung von pdf-Dateien sollte -diese Lösung bevorzugt werden. - -titleref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/titleref.sty -nameref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/ - - - -7.1.10 Wie kann ich in einem Stichwortverzeichnis oder einem -Literaturverzeichnis noch Text zwischen die Überschrift und die -Verzeichnisliste bekommen? - -Hierfür muß man die Umgebung `thebibliography' bzw. `theindex' -umdefinieren. Man kopiert sich dazu die Definition dieser Umgebungen aus -der Klassendatei in eine eigene Paketdatei, ersetzt die Anweisung -\newenvironment durch \renewenvironment. Anschließend fügt man zwischen -der Überschrift, die mit \section oder \chapter erzeugt wird und der -Listen-Umgebung die Anweisungen - - \renewenvironment{\thebibliography}[1]{% - \section*{\refname - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% - % vvvv--- neu - \thebibliographyhook - \renewcommand{\thebibliographyhook}{}% Hook ruecksetzen - % ^^^^--- neu - \list{\@biblabel{\arabic{enumiv}}}% - ... - -wie hier für `thebibliography' gezeigt, ein. -Für das Stichwortverzeichnis werden diese Zeilen, diesmal mit -\theindexhook, in die entsprechend zu ändernde Definition der Umgebung -`theindex' eingefügt. Bei dieser muß man darauf achten, die beiden -Zeilen _in_ das optionale Argument der Anweisung \twocolumn einzufügen, -wenn der Text über beide Spalten gehen soll. -Schließlich werden diese ``Haken'' mit der neuen Definition - - \newcommand{\thebibliographyhook}{} % Standard-Wert: kein Text - \newcommand{\theindexhook}{} % Standard-Wert: kein Text - -auf einen Wert gesetzt, der das bisherige Verhalten nicht verändert. -Will man nun zusätzlichen Text einfügen, so wird der jeweilige Hook -direkt vor dem entsprechenden Verzeichnis per \renewcommand auf den -gewünschten Text gesetzt. -Von Version 2.6c an bieten die Dokumentklassen des KOMA-Script-Paketes -einen noch einfacheren Weg mit den Anweisungen `\setbibpreamble' und -`\setindexpreamble'. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ - - - -7.1.11 Wie kann ich mehrere Verzeichnisse in der Art des -Stichwortverzeichnisses, z.B. ein zusätzliches Autorenverzeichnis, -anlegen? - -Zu diesem Zweck geeignet sind die LaTeX-Pakete `camel' und `multind'. - -camel: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/camel/ -multind: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/misc/multind.sty - - - -7.1.12 In meinem LaTeX-Dokument fehlen die Einträge im Inhalts-, -Tabellen- und Abbildungsverzeichnis, obwohl die Dateien .toc, .lot bzw. -.lof vorhanden sind. Ich benutze das Paket `fancybox'. - -Diese Besonderheit verschwindet mit einer aktuelleren Version des -Paketes `fanycbox', mindestens Version 1.3. Um sicherzustellen, daß man -eine einigermaßen aktuelle Version benützt, kann man beim Laden des -Pakets das Datum angeben: - - \usepackage{fancybox}[2000/09/19] - - -fancybox: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancybox/ - - - -7.1.13 Wie mache ich alle Labels von Querverweisen sichtbar und wie -erhalte ich eine Liste dieser Labels? - -Mit dem Paket `showkeys' aus dem `tools'-Bündel werden alle Querverweise -im Dokument als Marginalien gesetzt. -Eine Liste der Labels eines Dokuments erhält man mit Hilfsdokument -``lablst.tex'', das zu Beginn den Namen des Dokuments, die -Dokumentklasse als auch die durch Kommata getrennte Liste aller -verwendeten Pakete erfrägt. Dieses Hilfsdokument liegt jeder -LaTeX-Verteilung bei. - -lablst.tex: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ -showkeys: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ - - - -7.1.14 Wie kann ich erreichen, dass Referenzen in einem LaTeX-Dokument, -das ich nach PDF umwandle, als _Hyperlinks_ angezeigt werden, und kann -man auch _Bookmarks_ (Lesezeichen) automatisch entsprechend dem -Inhaltsverzeichnis erstellen lassen? - -All dies und vieles mehr wird automatisch von dem Paket `hyperref' -erledigt. Neben der automatischen Erzeugung von _Hyperlinks_ und -_Bookmarks_ stellt das Paket zusätzliche Befehle zur Verfügung, mit -denen Benutzer ihren Dokumenten weitere Hypertext-Elemente hinzufügen -können. Auch das Setzen bestimmter PDF-Dokumenteigenschaften -(Autorinformationen, Seitenübergänge) und die ``Steuerung'' des -`acroread' aus einem Dokument heraus sind mit dem Paket möglich. - -hyperref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/ -hyperref (beta-Version): http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ - - - -7.1.15 Um PDF zu erzeugen, binde ich das Paket `hyperref' ein, aber beim -Betrachten mit `acroread' werden keine _Hyperlinks_ und auch keine -_Bookmarks_ angezeigt. Seltsamerweise zeigen `xdvi' bzw. `yap' bei -Betrachten der dvi-Datei korrekte _Hyperlinks_ an. - -Da es sehr viele Methoden gibt, LaTeX-Dokumente in PDF zu wandeln, wobei -die dafür verwendeten Programme jeweils eine andere Notation verwenden, -wie Links angegeben werden, ist `hyperref' auf die Verwendung von -`Treibern' angeweisen, die für jede Methode der PDF-Erstellung -festlegen, wie Links spezifiziert werden. -Wird kein Treiber explizit angegeben (als Paketoption; die Dokumentation -erklärt, wie das geht), so muss `hyperref' raten, welcher Treiber zu -verwenden ist. Wird pdfTeX zur Übersetzung verwendet, so wird -automatisch der passende Treiber verwendet; bei Benutzung von LaTeX ist -der Standardtreiber jedoch fast immer `hypertex', was beispielsweise von -`xdvi' und `yap' verstanden wird, jedoch zur Umwandlung in PDF -ungeeignet ist. -Wenn dieser (falsche) Treiber verwendet wird, so ist in der -Protokolldatei die Zeile - - - *hyperref using default driver hypertex* - -zu finden. -In diesem Fall muß entweder ein Treiber explizit als Paketoption -angegeben werden (Vorsicht, dies kann dazu führen, daß nun die -Übersetzung mit pdfTeX nicht mehr funktioniert!), oder es muß ein -passender Standardtreiber eingestellt werden. -Hierfür eignet sich die Datei ``hyperref.cfg'', die von `hyperref' -automatisch nachgeladen wird, wenn sie (an passender Stelle) existiert. -Ob eine solche Datei existiert und geladen wird, ist aus der -Protokolldatei ersichtlich. -Wenn man PDF mit LaTeX, `dvips' und Acrobat Distiller erstellt, ist der -korrekte Treiber `dvips'. Diesen legt man als Standardtreiber fest, -indem man der Datei ``hyperref.cfg'' die folgenden Zeilen hinzufügt -(bzw. eine Datei mit diesem Inhalt neu erstellt): - - \@ifundefined{pdfoutput}{% - \let\pdfoutput=\@undefined - \ExecuteOptions{dvips}% - }{}% - - -7.1.16 Wieso werden, wenn ich unter Verwendung des Pakets `hyperref' auf -dem Umweg über PostScript pdf-Dateien erzeuge (mit `ps2pdf' oder `Adobe -Acrobat Distiller'), plötzlich alle Texte, die als Links dienen, -insbesondere die Abschnittsüberschriften im Inhaltsverzeichnis nicht -mehr umbrochen? - -Das Paket `hyperref' kennt die Option `breaklinks', die festlegt, ob -Links umbrochen werden dürfen. Diese Option ist bei Verwendung von -pdfLaTeX automatisch aktiv, bei `dvips' oder `ps2pdf' aber nicht, da der -im letzteren Fall verwendete pdfmark-Mechanismus einen Umbruch von Links -nicht zuläßt. Es ist in diesem Fall also auf keinen Fall möglich, den -Umbruch von Links ``verlustfrei'' zuzulassen. Eine saubere Lösung dieses -Dilemmas besteht zur Zeit ausschließlich in der Verwendung eines -Systems, das den Linkumbruch erlaubt, wie etwa pdfTeX oder VTeX. -Man könnte die Paketoption `breaklinks' bei `hyperref' auch direkt -angeben, muß dann aber damit leben, daß die im Umbruchfall erstellten -Links nicht oder nur eingeschränkt funktionieren. -Ein total kaputtes Inhaltsverzeichnis kann man weiterhin durch Angabe -der Option `linktocpage' vermeiden, die bewirkt, daß die Links im -Inhaltsverzeichnis den Seitenangaben statt den Abschnittstiteln -unterlegt werden. - -7.1.17 Wie erstelle ich ein Glossar? - -Um ein Wortverzeichnis mit Erklärungen oder im weiteren Sinne ein -Verzeichnis von benutzten Begriffen mit Erklärungen, wie beispielsweise -von Formelzeichen oder von Abkürzungen, zu erstellen, bietet LaTeX mit -den Anweisungen \makeglossary und \glossary die Möglichkeit, Einträge -vorzunehmen. Jedoch verbleibt es beim Autor, diese Einträge zu sortieren -und zu formatieren. -Um die Einträge zu sortieren wird meist `makeindex', `xindy' oder -BibTeX, eventuell ergänzt um ein Zusatzprogramm, verwendet. Zur -Formatierung und zur leichteren oder differenzierteren Eingabe verwendet -man ein entsprechendes LaTeX-Paket. -Das Paket `nomencl' ist entstanden, um Verzeichnisse von Formelzeichen -anzulegen, kann aber darüberhinaus noch mehr. Datenbanken mit -Abkürzungen etc. verwaltet das Paket `gloss' mit Hilfe von BibTeX. Das -Tool `glosstex' erstellt automatisch ein Glossar, ein -Abkürzungsverzeichnis oder ganz allgemein sortierte Listen. Es -kombiniert die Funktionalität von `acronym', `nomencl' und `glotex' und -kann ebenfalls Datenbanken verwalten. Mit dem Paket `makeglos' kann in -ein Dokument ein Glossar eingebunden werden, das beispielsweise mit -`makeindex' oder `xindy' erstellt wurde. Dieses Paket ist weniger -umfangreich als `glosstex'. - -nomencl: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/nomencl -gloss: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/gloss -glosstex: CTAN: support/glosstex/ -acronym: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/acronym -glotex: CTAN: indexing/glo+idxtex/ -makeglos: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/makeglos - - - -7.2 Literaturzitate, Literaturverzeichnis, BibTeX (*) - - -7.2.1 Wie kann ich im Text mit dem Autor/Jahreszahl o.ä. zitieren? - -Hierfür gibt es eine größere Anzahl von Paketen, wie `natbib', `theapa' -oder `cite', die dies erlauben. - -natbib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/natbib/ -theapa: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/theapa/ -cite: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/cite/ - - - -7.2.2 Wie kann ich das BibTeX-Stylefile xyz.bst so abändern, daß an -Stelle X ein/kein Komma/Punkt erscheint, daß der Eintrag Y anders -formatiert wird etc.? - -Die Programmiersprache von BibTeX, in der die .bst-Dateien geschrieben -sind, ist in der Datei ``btxhak.tex'' beschrieben, die jedem -BibTeX-Paket beiliegen sollte. Bevor man diese für die meisten -ungewohnte Sprache lernt, sollte man zuerst überprüfen, ob die eigenen -Wünsche schon durch das Paket `custom-bib' abgedeckt werden können. -Dieses Paket enthält ein menügesteuertes, in TeX selbst geschriebenes -Erzeugungsprogramm, das aus einer Master-bst-Datei eine bst-Datei mit -den ausgewählten Eigenschaften erzeugt. - -custom-bib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/custom-bib/ -btxdoc/btxhak: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/ - - - -7.2.3 Gibt es ans Deutsche angepaßte .bst-Dateien? (*) - -Ja, zum Beispiel kann man mit dem in Frage 7.2.2 genannten Paket -`custom-bib' .bst-Dateien für verschiedene Sprachen, darunter auch -Deutsch, generieren. -Unter http://www.fh-hamburg.de/pers/Lorenzen/bibtex/ findet man in den -Dateien ``abbrvdin.zip'', ``alphadin.zip'', ``plaindin.zip'', -``unsrtdin.zip'' und ``natdin.zip'' an DIN angepaßte -BibTeX-Style-Dateien. ``natdin.bst'' ermöglicht -Verfasser-Jahr-Zitierweisen zusammen mit DIN-Zitierstandard. Der -BibTeX-Style ``dinat.bst'' ist eine verbesserte Versionen von -``natdin.bst''. - -Online-Tutorial: http://www.din1505.informationskompetenz.net/ -dinat: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/contrib/german/dinat/ - - -Außerdem gibt es folgende angepaßte .bst-Dateien und -Pakete (ohne -Gewähr, unvollständig, Reihenfolge ist _keine_ Wertung): - -abstyles: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/contrib/abstyles/ -germbib: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/contrib/germbib/ -geralpha: CTAN: obsolete/biblio/bibtex/contrib/geralpha/ - - - -7.2.4 Wie kann ich statt der eckigen Klammern [1] im Text bzw. im -Literaturverzeichnis hochgestellte Ziffern, runde Klammern (1) oder -Schrägstriche /1/ verwenden? - -Für die Form der Labels im Text ist die interne Anweisung \@cite, für -die Form im Literaturverzeichnis die interne Anweisung \@biblabel -anzupassen. Deren Standarddefinitionen lauten: - - \newcommand{\@cite}[2]{[{#1\if@tempswa , #2\fi}]} - \newcommand{\@biblabel}[1]{[#1]} - -Will man statt der eckigen Klammern Schrägstriche, so lauten die -Redefinitionen - - \renewcommand{\@cite}[2]{/{#1\if@tempswa , #2\fi}/} - \renewcommand{\@biblabel}[1]{/#1/} - -Nicht vergessen: Redefinitionen von internen Anweisungen (= enthalten -ein `@' im Namen) müssen entweder in ein .sty-File geschrieben oder in -der Präambel des Dokuments durch \makeatletter ... \makeatother -geklammert werden! -Die Pakete `cite' und `overcite' definieren Befehle, wie \citeleft und -\citeright, die die Klammern erzeugen und die der Benutzer mit -\renewcommand sehr einfach umdefinieren kann. Nach - - \usepackage{cite} - \renewcommand{\citeleft}{(} - \renewcommand{\citeright}{)} - -bekommt man statt eckiger Klammern [1] runde Klammern (1). -Das Paket `overcite' erlaubt es außerdem, Zitatstellen im Text mit -hochgestellten Ziffern zu markieren. - -cite, overcite: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/cite/ - - - -7.2.5 Wie erreiche ich, daß innerhalb eines \cite im Dokumenttext -umbrochen werden darf? - -Das Paket `cite' definiert die Zitieranweisung von LaTeX so um, daß ein -Zeilenumbruch möglich ist. - -cite: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/cite/ - - - -7.2.6 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß die Wörter im Titel eines -.bib-Eintrages kleingeschrieben werden? - -Entweder den Titel komplett oder alle groß zu schreibenden Wörter -einzeln noch einmal klammern, also in der .bib-Datei statt - - title = {Fragen und Antworten} - -einfach - - title = {{Fragen und Antworten}} - -oder - - title = {{Fragen} und {Antworten}} - -eingeben. -Eine alternative Lösung (oder besser: Ergänzung der Klammerung) ist die -Änderung oder Verwendung einer entsprechend geänderten bst-Datei, in der -bei der Formatierung des Titels und anderer Teile eines Eintrages die -BibTeX-Anweisung `change.case$' _nicht_ ausgeführt wird. Dies sollte bei -den an das Deutsche angepaßten bst-Dateien (siehe Frage 7.2.3) bereits -der Fall sein, im Paket `custom-bib' (siehe Frage 7.2.2) kann die -Umwandlung über einen Menüpunkt ausgewählt werden. - -7.2.7 Bei Labels wie [Rai95], die aus Teilen des Autorennamens gebildet -werden, treten Fehler bei Autorennamen mit Umlauten auf; wie kann ich -das verhindern? - -Damit BibTeX die Konstruktion `\"a' für Umlaute als ein einzelnes -Zeichen korrekt erkennen kann, muß der Umlaut mit einer zusätzlichen -Klammerung im Eintrag in der .bib-Datei eingegeben werden, also als -`{\"a}' oder `{\ss}'. Tip: BibTeX-Dokumentation in ``btxdoc'' lesen! - -btxdoc: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/ - - - -7.2.8 Kann ich Umlaute direkt in einer .bib-Datei verwenden? - -Jein. Einige neuere BibTeX-Implementierungen erlauben die Ein- und -Ausgabe von Umlauten und anderen akzentuierten Zeichen. Will man diese -Dateien jedoch an Personen mit anderen Rechnersystemen und anderen -BibTeX-Implementierungen weitergeben, sollte man sich auf die -Standard-Kodierung mit `{\"a}' etc. beschränken. -Im Schlüssel eines Verweises, also dem Argument von \cite, ebenso wie im -Schlüssel eines .bib-Eintrages, also dem ersten Wort des Eintrags, darf -man _keine Umlaute_ verwenden. Hier sollte man sich auf die 26 Klein- -und 26 Großbuchstaben, die 10 Ziffern und die Satzzeichen beschränken. -Der Grund liegt darin, daß dieser Schlüssel von (La)TeX an BibTeX -übergeben werden muß und ein Schlüssel mit Umlauten auf diesem Wege -eventuell zu einer anderen Zeichenkette expandiert werden kann, die im -BibTeX-Lauf mit keinem Schlüssel in der .bib-Datei übereinstimmt. -Dadurch kann dann der Eintrag von BibTeX bzw. von (La)TeX nicht gefunden -werden. - -8-Bit-BibTeX: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/8-bit/ - - - -7.2.9 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß mehrere Zitate [5,3,1,7,6] zu -[1,3,5-7] sortiert und zusammengefaßt werden? - -Je nach Art der bevorzugten Darstellung der Zitate im Text erreicht man -dies mit den Paketen `cite' oder `overcite' sowie `natbib' (Optionen: -``numbers,sort&compress''). Sollen im endgültigen Dokument die Zitate -unter Verwendung des Pakets `hyperref' anklickbar werden, ist die -letztgenannte Lösung zu bevorzugen. Ergänzend kann das Paket `hypernat' -benutzt werden, um auch die Wirkung der `hyperref'-Optionen `backref' -und `pagebackref' in diesem Fall sicherzustellen. - -cite, overcite: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/cite/ -natbib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/natbib/ -hypernat: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/ - - - -7.2.10 Wie kann man in einem Dokument verschiedene Abschnitte mit -eigenen Literaturverzeichnissen versehen? - -Die Pakete `chapterbib' und `bibunits' erlauben es, mehrere -Literaturverzeichnisse in einem Dokument zu verwenden, solange diese in -eigenen Abschnitten stehen. Bei `chapterbib' muß jeder der Abschnitte in -einer getrennt mit \include{...} einzubindenden Datei stehen. Beide -Pakete (`bibunits' ab Version 2.1) arbeiten problemlos mit anderen -Paketen wie `natbib' zusammenarbeitet. - -chapterbib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/cite/ -bibunits: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/bibunits/ - - - -7.2.11 Wie kann man ein thematisch untergliedertes Literaturverzeichnis -erstellen? - -Das Paket `bibtopic', vormals `bibtopics', ermöglicht die -Untergliederung eines Literaturverzeichnisses, wobei allerdings die -.bib-Datenbankdatei entsprechend der Gliederung in mehrere Dateien -aufgeteilt werden muß. Ein alternatives Paket ist `multibib', bei dem -die Aufteilung der .bib-Datenbankdatei nicht nötig ist. - -bibtopic: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/bibtopic/ -multibib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/multibib/ - - - -7.2.12 Wie kann ich in einer BibTeX-Datenbank WWW- oder ftp-Quellen, die -als URL vorliegen, zitieren? - -Die Quellen können mit den üblichen BibTeX-Styles auf unterschiedliche -Art und Weise zitiert werden. Eine Variante ist - - @manual{KEITH, - author = "Keith Reckdahl", - title = "Using Imported Graphics in \LaTeXe\ Documents", - year = "1997", - month = dec, - note = "CTAN: \url{tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps}"} - -und eine weitere - - @misc{GRANT, - author = "Michael C. Grant and David Carlisle", - title = "The PSFrag system, version~3", - year = "1996", - month = nov, - howpublished = "CTAN: \url{tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/% - supported/psfrag/pfgguide.tex}"} - -In beiden Fällen wird das LaTeX-Paket `url' verwendet, um den Umbruch -der Adressen zu erreichen (siehe Frage 7.3.10). Auf dieses Paket kann -verzichtet werden, wenn bereits das Paket `hyperref', mindestens -Version 6.70s (2000-08-31) oder aktueller, benutzt wird. -Wird das `hyperref' _nicht_ verwendet, so solle man das Prozentzeichen -am Zeilenende entfernen, da dann das Paket `url' dieses dann mit -ausgeben würde. -Wird das Paket `jurabib' verwendet, so kann man auch einfach wie folgt -zitieren: - - @manual{KEITH, - author = "Keith Reckdahl", - title = "Using Imported Graphics in \LaTeXe\ Documents", - year = "1997", - month = dec, - url = "ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps"} - - -url: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/url.sty -hyperref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/ -jurabib: http://www.jurabib.org/ - - - -7.2.13 Gibt es einen Weg, daß \cite gleich die komplette Literaturstelle -liefert? - -Dies geht zwar nicht direkt mit der Anweisung \cite, aber im Paket -`bibentry', das `natbib' beiliegt, gibt es die Anweisung \bibentry, die -die vollständige Literaturangabe liefert. Näheres ist der mitgelieferten -Dokumentation zu entnehmen. Eine Alternative bietet das Paket -`inlinebib', das man allerdings nur mit dem beigefügten -``inlinebib.bst'' verwenden kann. Auch das Paket `jurabib' ist in der -Lage, z.B. mittels \fullcite oder der Option ``citefull=all'' bzw. -``citefull=first'' eine vollständige Literaturstelle zu liefern. Es kann -jedoch nur mit den `jurabib'-eigenen BibTeX-Stil ``jurabib'' verwendet -werden. - -bibentry: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/natbib/ -inlinebib: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/contrib/inlinebib/ -jurabib: http://www.jurabib.org/ -~: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/jurabib/ - - - -7.2.14 Wie kann ich mit Kurzformen von Autor und Titel zitieren oder -zwischen Kurz- und Langformen wechseln? - -Das Paket `jurabib' bietet dazu die Eintragsfelder juraauthor und -juratitle an, in die man die zu verwendende Kurzform des Autors bzw. des -Titels einträgt. Es bietet auch die Option ``citefull=first'', mit dem -bei Erstnennung eines Werkes eine vollständige Literaturstelle -erscheint, bei den weiteren Zitaten erscheinen jedoch nur noch die -angegebenen Kurzformen. Werden keine Kurzformen angegeben, werden sie -(größtenteils) von `jurabib' generiert. Auch `inlinebib' bietet Felder -für Kurzformen an. - -inlinebib: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/contrib/inlinebib/ -jurabib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/jurabib/ - - - -7.2.15 Wie kann ich die Einträge in @phdthesis mit ``Diplomarbeit'' oder -ähnlicher Klassifikation auszeichnen? - -Im einfachsten Fall kann man die Art der These durch die Eigenschaft -type üeberschreiben, also mit type="Dissertation". Soll als -Standard-Wert etwas anderes verwendet werden, so muß man die .bst-Datei -anpassen. - -7.3 \verb-Anweisung, verbatim- und Kommentar-Umgebungen (+) - - -7.3.1 Wieso kann ich \verb nicht im Argument einer anderen Anweisung wie -\footnote, \parbox u.ä. verwenden? Wieso geht dies mit LaTeX2e nicht -mehr, obwohl es mit LaTeX 2.09 ging? - -Dies ging in LaTeX 2.09 auch nur, solange innerhalb des Arguments von -\verb keine Zeichen mit besonderer Bedeutung verwendet wurden. Für diese -Fälle hätte ein einfaches {\tt ...} auch ausgereicht. Die Eingabe -``\footnote{\verb+\cite+}'' liefert auch mit LaTeX 2.09 Fehler mit einer -sehr kryptischen Fehlermeldung, deshalb wird diese falsche Benutzung in -LaTeX2e mit der aussagekräftigeren Fehlermeldung `! LaTeX Error: \verb -illegal in command argument.' verhindert. -Benutzt man das Paket `fancyvrb' und verwendet man in der Präambel des -Dokuments die von diesem Paket definierte Anweisung \VerbatimFootnotes, -so können, anders als in Standard-LaTeX, innerhalb von Fußnoten -\verb-Anweisungen verwendet werden. - -fancyvrb: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb - - - -7.3.2 Wieso bekomme ich die Fehlermeldung `! LaTeX Error: \verb ended by -end of line.', wenn ich im Argument von \verb in der Eingabe ein -Zeilenende habe? - -LaTeX 2.09 war bei \verb sehr viel toleranter und hat den Zeilenwechsel -innerhalb des Arguments von \verb erlaubt, obwohl dies keinen Sinn -macht, da \verb nur für kurze Textstücke gedacht ist und im formatierten -Ergebnis kein Zeilenumbruch sichtbar wurde. -Aus diesen Gründen wird nun in LaTeX2e ein eventuell vorhandenes -Zeilenende im Argument von \verb als Fehler gemeldet. Dies hat den -Vorteil, daß ein versehentlich vergessenes Argumentendezeichen sehr früh -erkannt und mit einer sinnvoller Fehlermeldung angezeigt werden kann. -Als Seiteneffekt kann hierdurch auch die Verwendung von \verb im -Argument einer anderen Anweisung erkannt und angezeigt werden. -Eine Abhilfe ist sehr einfach möglich, indem man in der Eingabe einen -Zeilenwechsel im Argument von \verb vermeidet. - -7.3.3 Wie kann ich eine eigene `verbatim'-Umgebung definieren? - -Die intuitive Definition - \newenvironment{myverbatim}{% - \begin{verbatim}% - }{% - \end{verbatim}% - } -einer solchen Umgebung ist nicht möglich, da `verbatim' `festverdrahtet' -nach der Zeichenkette `\end{verbatim}' sucht, so daß die neue Umgebung -das `\end{myverbatim}' nicht als Ende erkennen kann. -Um dennoch `verbatim'-ähnliche Umgebungen definieren zu können, gibt es -mehrere Pakete: - -* `alltt' beläßt die drei Zeichen \, { und } in ihrer besonderen - Bedeutung, ist daher keine vollständige verbatim-Umgebung. -* `verbatim' (von Rainer Schöpf et al.) erlaubt die Definition eigener - `verbatim'-Umgebungen, wie z.B. - \newenvironment{myverbatim}{% - \verbatim % <== nicht \begin{verbatim} ! - }{% - \endverbatim % <== nicht \end{verbatim} ! - } -* `moreverb' und `fancyvrb' enthalten weitere Umgebungen, die - unterschiedliche `verbatim'-ähnliche Umgebungen vordefiniert enthalten - oder mit denen man solche definieren kann. - - -alltt: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - CTAN: macros/latex/unpacked/ - CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/misc/alltt.sty -verbatim: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -moreverb: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/moreverb -fancyvrb: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb - - - -7.3.4 Wie kann ich Programm-Code in mein LaTeX-Dokument einbinden? - -Neben der Möglichkeit, kurze Abschnitte `verbatim' einzubinden, gibt es -verschiedene Tools, die automatisch LaTeX-Code mit den entsprechenden -Syntaxhervorhebungen erzeugen: - -* `listings' - Reine LaTeX-Lösung; unterstützt viele Programmiersprachen; in neueren - Versionen kann `listings' zusätzlich einige der Möglichkeiten des - Pakets `fancyvrb' nutzen. -* `lgrind' - C-Programm und LaTeX-Style, für LaTeX2e; unterstützt sehr viele - Programmiersprachen. -* `tiny_c2l' - lex-Programm und LaTeX-Style; unterstützt neben C auch C++ und Java; - kann überlange Zeilen umbrechen. - - -listings: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/listings/ -lgrind: CTAN: nonfree/support/lgrind/ -tiny_C2l: CTAN: support/tiny_c2l/ - - - -7.3.5 Wie kann ich den Inhalt einer Datei innerhalb einer -`verbatim'-Umgebung darstellen? - -`verbatim' (von Rainer Schöpf et al.) stellt für diese Zwecke die -Anweisung \verbatiminput{Dateiname} zur Verfügung. Die Pakete `moreverb' -und `fancyvrb' stellen weitere Anweisungen und Umgebungen zur Verfügung. - -verbatim: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -moreverb: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/moreverb -fancyvrb: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb - - - -7.3.6 Wie erreiche ich, dass innerhalb einer `verbatim'-Umgebung Umlaute -und andere Sonderzeichen zu sehen sind? (+) - -Zu diesem Zweck ist es nötig, die Art der Kodierung dieser Zeichen -anzugeben. Siehe dazu Frage 8.5.3. - -7.3.7 Wie kann ich Zeilennummern zu meinem Text hinzufügen? - -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es die beiden LaTeX-Pakete `lineno' und `numline'. -Handelt es sich um Programmcode, der numeriert werden soll, sind jedoch -die in Frage 7.3.4 genannten Lösungen zu bevorzugen. - -lineno: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/lineno -numline: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/numline - - - -7.3.8 Gibt es eine Kommentarumgebung, mit der ich größere Textteile -auskommentieren kann? - -Um Teile eines Textes auszukommentieren, kann man entweder zwei sehr -einfache TeX-Konstrukte verwenden, oder man bedient sich spezieller -Pakete, die unterschiedlich mächtige Kommentar-Umgebungen anbieten. -Zu den einfachen Konstrukten, die TeX selbst anbietet, zählt zum einen -die Einklammerung des zu ignorierenden Textes mit den TeX-Primitiven -\iffalse ... \fi: - - \iffalse - Kommentartext, wird sehr schnell ueberlesen - \fi - -Hier sollten im Kommentartext keine \if...-, \else- und \fi-Tokens (bzw. -diese müssen korrekt geschachtelt sein), keine `outer'-Makros oder -unerlaubte Zeichen auftauchen, da diese zu einem Fehler oder vielleicht -zu doch nicht auskommentierten Textteilen führen können. -Ein anderes, einfaches Verfahren ist die Verwendung eines Makros, wobei -der auszukommentierende Text in dessen Argument geschrieben wird: - - \newcommand{\kommentar}[1]{} - % ... - \kommentar{% - Kommentartext, wird als Argument gelesen und ignoriert - }% - -Auch hier sollten die oben genannten Tokens nicht im Kommentartext -auftauchen, außerdem darf der Kommentartext nicht zu lang sein, da sonst -TeXs `main memory' überlaufen könnte. -Spezielle Kommentarumgebungen beseitigen diese Einschränkungen - und -haben meist selbst eigene Einschränkungen. `verbatim' aus dem -`tools'-Bündel definiert eine sehr einfache Umgebung namens `comment', -die man jedoch nicht schachteln kann. Weiterhin gibt es noch `xcomment' -(von Timothy van Zandt), eine speziell an die Erfordernisse des Paketes -`seminar' angepaßte und abgespeckte Version des `verbatim'. Mit -`comment' (von Victor Eijkhout) kann man neue Kommentarumgebungen -definieren, die mit \includecomment- und \excludecomment-Deklarationen -aus- und eingeblendet werden können. - -verbatim: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -xcomment: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/seminar/inputs/xcomment.sty -comment: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/comment/ - - - -7.3.9 Wie kann ich mehrere Versionen eines Textes erstellen oder -bedingte Textteile verwenden? - -Auf der einen Seite kann man die in Frage 7.3.8 beschriebenen -Kommentarumgebungen entsprechend verwenden. Daneben gibt es mit den -Paketen `version', `optional' und dem bereits erwähnten `comment' -Erweiterungen, mit denen man über Flags im Dokumentkopf Textteile -bedingt ein- oder ausblenden kann. - -version: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/version.sty -optional: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/optional.sty -comment: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/comment/ - - - -7.3.10 Ich will \verb z.B. für Dateinamen, E-Mail-Adressen und URL -verwenden. Wie schaffe ich es, daß innerhalb von \verb an geeigneten -Stellen getrennt wird? - -Für einige Anwendungen, wo man evtl. \verb benutzen könnte, gibt es auch -spezielle Lösungen, die für den Anwendungszweck besser geeignet sind. So -gibt es beispielsweise die Pakete `url' und `path' für Dateinamen, -E-Mail- und WWW-Adressen, bei denen nur an bestimmten Stellen umbrochen -werden darf, dies aber bereits automatisch geschieht. - -url: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/url.sty -path: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/path.sty - - - -7.4 Zerbrechliche Anweisungen in `moving arguments' - - -7.4.1 Was sind `fragile commands'/zerbrechliche Anweisungen, was sind -`moving arguments'? - -Der Text, den ein Autor im Argument von Anweisungen wie \caption, -\section etc. angibt, kann an mehreren Stellen in einem Dokument gesetzt -werden. Der Argumenttext von \section wird z.B. als Kapitelüberschrift -gesetzt und taucht evtl. nochmals im Inhaltsverzeichnis oder im -Seitenkopf bzw. -fuß auf. Diese Argumente nennt man `moving arguments', -da sie vom Platz, wo ein Autor sie angibt, auch zu anderen Stellen -verschoben werden. -Die korrekte Ausführung von `zerbrechlichen Anweisungen' hängt intern -von Zuweisungen ab. Innerhalb eines `moving argument' werden diese -Zuweisungen jedoch nicht durchgeführt, so daß solche Anweisungen -`zerbrechen'. Zu den zerbrechlichen Anweisungen zählen unter anderem -\cite, \ref, \pageref für Literatur- und Querverweise, \footnote, -\footnotemark, die Anweisungen \small, \large etc. zur Wahl der -Schriftgröße, mathematische Formelzeichen wie \sqrt, \notin, \overbrace -und viele mehr (siehe Frage 7.4.2, Bemerkung am Ende). - -7.4.2 Wie kann ich innerhalb des Arguments von \caption, \section etc. -Anweisungen wie \cite, \ref, \pageref oder \footnote verwenden, ohne -Fehler wie `! Argument of \@sect has an extra }.' oder `! Use of -\@chapter doesn't match its definition.' zu erhalten? - -Zerbrechliche Befehle wie \cite müssen im `moving argument' der -Anweisung \caption mit \protect geschützt werden, d.h. statt - - \caption{Bildunterschrift~\cite{PartlKnappen95}} - -ist ein \protect direkt und _ohne_ geschweifte Klammern vor die zu -schützende Anweisung zu setzen: - - \caption{Bildunterschrift~\protect\cite{PartlKnappen95}} - -Anweisungen wie \caption, \section etc. haben außerdem noch die -Möglichkeit, in einem optionalen Argument den zu `verschiebenden -Argumenttext' anzugeben. Das heißt, obiges könnte auch in - - \caption[Bildunterschrift]% - {Bildunterschrift~\cite{PartlKnappen95}} - -umformuliert werden. Jetzt ist das optionale Argument in []-Klammern das -`moving argument', in dem Sie zerbrechliche Anweisungen mit \protect -schützen müssen! -Beginnend mit LaTeX von Dezember 1995 sind Anweisungen wie \cite und -Anweisungen mit optionalem Argument, wie \sqrt, nicht mehr zerbrechlich -und benötigen damit kein \protect mehr. Dennoch sollten Sie diese -Anweisungen weiterhin mit \protect schützen, wenn Sie Ihre Dokumente -anderen zukommen lassen wollen. - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 7 --- ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 8 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -8 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV) - - -8.1 Verschiedene Zeichen - - -8.1.1 Wie bekomme ich ein Gradzeichen? - -Das Gradzeichen erhält man am einfachsten mit LaTeX mittels - - \newcommand{\grad}{\ensuremath{^\circ}} - -Da die Anweisung \ensuremath in LaTeX 2.09 nicht existiert, muß man hier -den konventionellen Weg wählen (der auch in LaTeX2e funktioniert): - - \newcommand{\grad}{\mbox{\(\mathsurround=0pt{}^\circ\)}} - -Hat man schon die `Text-Companion'-Schrift der EC-Schriftfamilie -installiert, kann man mit dem Paket `textcomp', das seit Dezember 1997 -Bestandteil von LaTeX ist, auf ein Gradzeichen mit \textdegree und auf -ein fertig zusammengesetztes Grad-Celsius-Zeichen mit \textcelsius -zugreifen. In der mittlerweile veralteten Testversion von `textcomp' -mußte statt \textcelsius noch \textcentigrade verwendet werden. - -ec/tc-fonts: CTAN: fonts/ec/ - - - -8.1.2 Wo finde ich ein Promillezeichen? Ich möchte endlich 1,1Promille -statt 0,11\% eingeben können. - -Die beste Lösung bietet die in den Text-Companion-(tc)-Schriften der -EC-Schriftfamilie vorhandene Letter für ein Promillezeichen, da sie auch -von der Form zum üblichen Prozentzeichen der Schrift passt: - - \usepackage{textcomp} - \textperthousand - -Falls man die Text-Companion-Schriften nicht verwenden will, kann man -alternativ die Schrift `wasy' verwenden, in der ebenso eine Letter für -ein Promillezeichen existiert: - - \usepackage{wasysym} - \permil - -Sind beide Schriften nicht verfügbar, kann man folgende, in ``Die -TeXnische Komödie'' vom Dezember 1993 erschienene Lösung verwenden, die -auf der TeXbook-Lösung zu Übung 11.6, S. 67 und 311, basiert (an LaTeX2e -angepaßt [br]): - - \newcommand{\promille}{% - \relax\ifmmode\promillezeichen - \else\leavevmode\(\mathsurround=0pt\promillezeichen\)\fi} - \newcommand{\promillezeichen}{% - \kern-.05em% - \raise.5ex\hbox{\the\scriptfont0 0}% - \kern-.15em/\kern-.15em% - \lower.25ex\hbox{\the\scriptfont0 00}} - -Die zusätzliche \(..\)-Umgebung im Makro \promille ist für LaTeX2e -zwingend notwendig, da sonst in einigen Fällen Zeichen fehlen könnten. -(Man könnte auch die Anweisung \ensuremath aus LaTeX2e verwenden.) -Leider paßt das erzeugte Promillezeichen von der Form her nicht zum -Prozentzeichen. - -textcomp: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ -ec/tc-fonts: CTAN: fonts/ec/ -wasysym: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/ -wasy: CTAN: fonts/wasy2/ - CTAN: fonts/wasy2/ps-type1/hoekwater/ - - - -8.1.3 Ich benötige einen liegenden bzw. gedrehten `dagger' oder ein -ähnliches liegendes Zeichen. Wie? - -Entweder sucht man nach einem fertigen Font mit einem solchen Symbol -oder ändert die Quelle eines Fonts, falls dieser beispielweise als -METAFONT-Datei vorliegt, und fügt in die Quelle eine Operation zum -Drehen eines Zeichens ein. -Falls der dvi-Gerätetreiber in der Lage ist, Teile der Ausgabe zu drehen -(wie die meisten PostScript-Treiber), kann man unter LaTeX die Anweisung -\rotatebox aus dem `graphicx'-Package verwenden: - - \rotatebox[origin=c]{90}{\(\dagger\)} - - -graphicx: CTAN: macros/latex/required/graphics/ - - - -8.1.4 Wie erzeuge ich ein Zeichen für `trademark' (TM), `registered -trademark' (R) oder `copyright' (C)? - -Diese Zeichen durch Box-Konstruktionen zusammenzubauen, ergibt in den -meisten Fällen sehr unbefriedigende Ergebnisse. Unter LaTeX hat man mit -der Anweisung \textcircled{<Zeichen>} eine sehr einfache Möglichkeit -dafür, jedoch erhält man nur für einzelne Zeichen, wie für das `c' im -Copyright-Zeichen \copyright, ein einigermaßen gutes Ergebnis. Eine -erste Näherung für das Trademark-Zeichen (TM) ist -\DeclareRobustCommand{\trademark}{\ensuremath{^{\mathrm{TM}}}}. -Sehr viel einfacher und besser sind die fertigen Zeichen, wie -\texttrademark, aus den `Text-Companion'-Fonts `tc...' aus dem -`EC'-Schrift-Paket. Unter LaTeX gibt es zur einfachen Einbindung das -`textcomp'-Package. -Beginnend mit LaTeX von Dezember 1995 gibt es standardmäßig neben der -Definition für das Copyright-Zeichen auch Definitionen für die Zeichen -`trademark' und `registered trademark' (\texttrademark, -\textregistered). Seit LaTeX vom Dezember 1997 ist das Paket `textcomp' -in der LaTeX-Verteilung enthalten. - -tc-Fonts: CTAN: fonts/ec/ -Liste der tc-Fonts: CTAN: info/symbols/text/ - - - -8.1.5 Wie kann man ein nicht kursives griechisches mu erzeugen? - -In den Text-Companion-Fonts befindet sich ein aufrechtes mu, das man -beispielsweise für Mengenangaben benötigt. - - \usepackage{textcomp} % seit 1997/12/01 in der Standardverteilung - \textmu - - -8.1.6 Wie bekomme ich das Währungssymbol für den Euro? - -Die `Text-Companion'-Fonts enthalten das Euro-Symbol, wobei dieses nicht -der offiziell festgelegten Version entspricht. - - \usepackage{textcomp} - \texteuro - {\sffamily\texteuro} - -Ebenso kann man sich notfalls ein eigenes, ebenso nicht konformes -Euro-Symbol zusammensetzen: - - \newcommand\euro{{\sffamily C% - \makebox[0pt][l]{\kern-.70em\mbox{--}}% - \makebox[0pt][l]{\kern-.68em\raisebox{.25ex}{--}}}} - -Mit dem Paket `eurosym' gibt es einen Satz an Fonts mit dem Euro-Symbol, -das der offiziell festgelegten Form des Symbols entspricht. Mitgeliefert -wird ein LaTeX-Paket zur Einbindung, so daß man mit \euro ein -offizielles zur Schriftgröße passendes Euro-Symbol erhält. Abweichend -von der offiziellen Vorgabe wird es, um ein besseres Schriftbild zu -erreichen, auch fett und schräg gesetzt. -Dieselbe Anweisung \euro unterstützt auch das Paket `europs'. Es -erfordert die bei Adobe verfügbaren PostScript-Fonts mit dem -Euro-Symbol. Daneben existiert mit dem Paket `eurosans' eine weitere -LaTeX-Einbindung, das das Euro-Symbol aus der von Adobe erstellten -PostScript-Font-Familie `EuroSans' verwendet. -Daneben enthält auch die im PostScript-Type-1-Format vorliegende Schrift -`Martin Vogels Symbole (marvosym)' ein Euro-Symbol. In dieser Schrift -ist außerdem jeweils ein Euro-Symbol, das zu den Schriften Times, -Helvetica und Courier paßt, enthalten. - - \usepackage{marvosym} % bei der Schrift enthalten - \EUR - \EURtm \EURhv \EURcr - -Und auch das Paket `China2e', mit dem chinesische Kalendersymbole -erzeugt werden können, enthält Fonts mit dem Euro-Symbol, das man mit -der Anweisung \Euro bekommt. -Desweiteren kann im Zusammenhang mit der Verwendung von Euro-Symbolen -das Paket `euro' sehr hilfreich sein. Es bietet vielfältige -Möglichkeiten der Umrechnung von Euro in andere Währungen und umgekehrt. -Verwendet man das Paket `mathpazo' bekommt man ein Eurozeichen, welches -auf die Grundschrift `Palatino' abgestimmt ist. - - \usepackage{mathpazo} - \ppleuro - - -eurosym: CTAN: fonts/eurosym/ -europs: CTAN: fonts/euro/latex/europs/ - http://www.adobe.com/ -eurosans: CTAN: fonts/euro/latex/eurosans/ -marvosym: CTAN: fonts/psfonts/marvosym/ -china2e: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/china2e/ -euro: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/euro/ -mathpazo: CTAN: fonts/mathpazo/ -Walter Schmidt: Wie bekomme http://home.vr-web.de/was/x/latexeuro.pdf -ich...: - - - -8.1.7 Wie bekomme ich ein Entspricht-Symbol? - -Ein Entspricht-Symbol kann man sich entweder mit - - \newcommand{\entspricht}{\mathrel{\widehat{=}}} - -oder mit - - \newcommand{\entspricht}{\stackrel{\scriptscriptstyle\wedge}{=}} - -definieren. Die Anweisung \mathrel{}, die in \stackrel implizit bereits -enthalten ist, sorgt dafür, daß korrekte Abstände vor und nach einem so -definierten Symbol verwendet werden. - -8.1.8 Wie bekomme ich das Symbol für Durchmesser? - -Die einfachste Lösung ist \O{}. Empfehlenswerter ist jedoch ein Symbol -aus den AmS-Schriften: - - \usepackage{amssymb} - \(\varnothing\) - - -AmS-Fonts: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/ -amssymb: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/latex/ - - - -8.1.9 Wie kann ich ``\'', ``<'', ``>'' und weitere Sonderzeichen im Text -benutzen? - -Die Zeichen, die in LaTeX eine besondere Bedeutung haben, und andere -Sonderzeichen mußten früher mehr oder weniger kompliziert erzeugt werden -oder man mußte auf den Formelsatz ausweichen. Unter LaTeX2e gibt es nun -einfachere Anweisungen, wobei man eine LaTeX-Version vom Dezember 1995 -oder neuer verwenden sollte. Unter anderem sind folgende Symbole -definiert: - -Text-Anweisung Formelsatz Symbol oder Symbol-Beschreibung -\textbackslash \backslash \ -\textbar \mid | -\textless < < -\textgreater > > -\textasciicircum \hat ^ -\textasciitilde \tilde ~ -\textbullet \bullet gefüllter Kreis auf halber Höhe -\textperiodcentered \cdot · -\textvisiblespace (n.v.) sichtbares Leerzeichen - -Näheres findet man in der Datei ``usrguide.tex'' (``LaTeX2e for -authors''). - -usrguide: CTAN: macros/latex/base/usrguide.tex - - - -8.1.10 Wie bekomme ich die Symbole für Laplace-, Fourier- und -Z-Transformation? - -Das LaTeX-Paket `trfsigns' bietet diese Symbole. - -trfsigns: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/trfsigns - - - -8.1.11 Wie kann ich einen _Smiley_ und einen _Frownie_ setzen? - -Eine einfache Version erhält man mit - - \newcommand{\frownie}{\texttt{:-(}} - \newcommand{\smiley}{\texttt{;-)}} - -und mit dem Paket `wasysym' kann man die Symbole aus den Schriften -`wasy' mit den Anweisungen \smiley und \frownie bekommen. - -wasysym: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/ -wasy: CTAN: fonts/wasy2/ - CTAN: fonts/wasy2/ps-type1/hoekwater/ - - - -8.1.12 Das Zeichen := sieht schlecht aus, wie kann ich erreichen, daß -der Doppelpunkt in seiner Höhe zum Gleichheitszeichen paßt? - -Mit der Konstruktion \mathrel{\mathop{:}} läßt sich der Doppelpunkt auf -der mathematischen Achse zentrieren, die auch die Mitte des -Gleichheitszeichens bestimmt. -Mit dem folgenden Makro von Donald Arseneau wird der Doppelpunkt im -mathematischen Modus generell umgestellt: - - \mathchardef\ordinarycolon\mathcode`\: - \mathcode`\:=\string"8000 - \begingroup \catcode`\:=\active - \gdef:{\mathrel{\mathop\ordinarycolon}} - \endgroup - - -8.2 Mathematischer Formelsatz (*) - - -8.2.1 Für Zahlenbereiche möchte ich die Symbole für N, Z, Q, R, C mit -Doppelstrich verwenden. Wie bekomme ich diese Zeichen? - -Ursprünglich wurden diese Symbole mit fetten Buchstaben geschrieben. Da -dies mit Kreide auf einer Tafel (`blackboard') sehr umständlich wäre, -hat man die Schreibweise mit den Doppelstrichen erfunden. Die einfachste -Möglichkeit ist daher, die Symbole einfach fett zu drucken, also -\mathbf{N} (bzw. {\bf N} in Plain-TeX und LaTeX 2.09). -Bevorzugt man die Darstellung mit Doppelstrichen, dann ist man in der -Regel mit den Mengenzeichen aus den AmS-Symbolschriften gut bedient: -Nach Laden des Pakets `amssymb' steht mit der Anweisung \mathbb ein -mathematisches Alphabet für Mengenzeichen zur Verfügung, beispielsweise -\mathbb{N} für die Menge der natürlichen Zahlen. Man beachte, dass nur -die Großbuchstaben verfügbar sind, sowie ein k mit Doppelstrich durch -die Anweisung \Bbbk. AmS-Symbole stehen teilweise auch für andere als -die voreingestellten CM-Mathematikschriften zur Verfügung; man beachte -die Dokumentation zur jeweiligen Schriftfamilie. -Es gibt aber auch folgende Schriften, die Buchstaben mehr oder weniger -so wie `an der Tafel geschrieben' enthalten: - -* `bbold' (von Alain Jeffrey) - ohne Serifen, zwei dünne Striche, vollständiger Zeichensatz. -* `mathbbol' (von Jörg Knappen) - definiert AmS-(La)TeXs \mathbb-Anweisung so um, daß statt der - Original-AmS- die `bbold'-Schriften verwendet werden. -* `doublestroke' (von Olaf Kummer) - mit Serifen (ein dicker und ein dünner Strich) und in neuer Version - ohne Serifen (gleichmäßige Dicke), nur Großbuchstaben und 1, k, h. -* `bbm' (von Gilles F. Robert) - sollte allen Wünschen gerecht werden, alle Varianten, wie fett, mit - oder ohne Serifen etc. -* `mathpazo' - enthält die Symbole I, C, N, Q, R und Z, abgestimmt auf die Schrift - `Palatino' (Beispiel in CTAN: fonts/mathpazo/pazotest.pdf. - -Die Auswahl einer dieser Schriften ist reine Geschmackssache. Eine Hilfe -dazu bietet die Übersicht in der PostScript-Datei ``blackboard.ps''. Man -beachte, dass nur die eingangs genannten AmS-Symbole sowie die Schrift -`mathpazo' im Type-1-Format verfügbar sind; alle anderen gibt es bisher -nur im METAFONT-Format. - -amssymb: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/latex/ -bbold: CTAN: fonts/bbold/ -mathbbol: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/jknappen/ -doublestroke: CTAN: fonts/doublestroke/ -bbm: CTAN: fonts/cm/bbm/ - CTAN: fonts/cm/sauter/holin/bbm/ - CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/bbm -blackboard.ps: CTAN: info/symbols/blackboard/blackboard.ps -mathpazo: CTAN: fonts/mathpazo - - - -8.2.2 Für Lagrange-Dichten hätte ich gern ein geschwungenes L; -\mathcal{L} ist nicht das, was ich wünsche! - -Schreibschriftbuchstaben für den Mathematiksatz (nur Großbuchstaben) -sind in den `rsfs'-Schriften (Ralph Smith Formal Script) enthalten. Sie -können mit dem Paket `mathrsfs' und dem Befehl \mathscr{L} eingebunden -werden. Das Paket `calrsfs' ergibt Schreibschriftbuchstaben anstelle der -kalligraphischen Buchstaben mit dem Befehl \mathcal{L}. - -rsfs: CTAN: fonts/rsfs/ - CTAN: fonts/cm/sauter/holin/rsfs/b-rsfs.mf -mathrsfs: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/jknappen/ -calrsfs: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/calrsfs/ - - - -8.2.3 Ich suche das Zeichen ... für den Formelsatz, und kann es nicht in -den Standard-Fonts finden? - -Zeichen, die in den CM-Fonts fehlen, sind mit wirklich sehr großer -Wahrscheinlichkeit in den AmS-Fonts `msam' oder `msbm' vorhanden. Die -Einbindung in LaTeX erfolgt mit dem Paket `amsfonts', die Einbindung in -Plain-TeX mit ``\input amssym.tex''. Nähers dazu siehe auch -``amsfndoc.tex''. -Eine umfassende Übersicht von Symbolen mit Angabe der Bezugsquellen -enthält ``The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List'' von Scott Pakin. - -amsfonts: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/ -amssym: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/plaintex/amssym.tex -amsfndoc.tex: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/doc/amsfndoc.tex -symbols: CTAN: info/symbols/ -comprehensive: CTAN: info/symbols/comprehensive/ - - - -8.2.4 Warum fügt TeX in einer mathematischen Formel hinter einem -Dezimalkomma einen kleinen Zwischenraum ein? - -Die meisten TeX-Makropakete und -Formate gehen davon aus, daß man einen -Dezimalpunkt statt eines -kommas verwendet. Für den Dezimalpunkt, der in -einer mathematischen Formel die Bedeutung eines `Ordinary'-Symbols hat, -wird daher zwischen Ziffern kein zusätzlicher Zwischenraum eingefügt. -Das Komma hat in Formeln die Bedeutung eines `Punctuation'-Symbols, man -kann es daher als Trennzeichen in einer Aufzählung verwenden, da TeX mit -einem kleinen Zwischenraum dafür sorgt, daß Formeln wie `f(x, y)' gut -aussehen. -Das Problem des falschen Abstandes für ein Dezimalkomma kann man auf -verschiedene Arten beheben. Für einzelne Fälle mag es reichen, das Komma -einfach mit {...} zu klammern, da geklammerte Formelteile diesselben -Abstände wie ein `Ordinary'-Symbol bekommen: - - $\pi = 3{,}1415\ldots$ - -Eine andere Methode erklärt das Komma zu einem `Ordinary'-Symbol statt -eines Trennzeichens: - - %%%% alte Definition: - %% \mathcode`\,="613B - %%%% neue Definition: - \mathcode`\,="013B - -und wenn man statt der \mathcode-Zuweisung die Anweisung -\DeclareMathSymbol in LaTeX verwendet: - - %%%% alte Definition: - %% \DeclareMathSymbol{,}{\mathpunct}{letters}{"3B} - %%%% neue Definition: - \DeclareMathSymbol{,}{\mathord}{letters}{"3B} - -Der Preis hierfür ist natürlich, daß in `f(x,y)' der zusätzliche -Zwischenraum fehlt. Aber auch das läßt sich in den Griff bekommen: -Das Paket `icomma' ändert die Definition des Kommazeichen so, daß es im -mathematischen Modus zwischen `3,1415' und `f(x, y)' unterscheiden kann: -Steht hinter dem Komma ein Leerzeichen, ist das Trennzeichen mit etwas -Abstand gemeint, ansonsten das Dezimalkomma. Im Unterschied zu ähnlichen -Lösungen funktioniert diese Paket mit beliebigen Mathematik-Fonts. -Mit dem Paket `ziffer' ist das Leerzeichen nach dem Komma, um Mengen -oder Argumente zu kennzeichnen, bis auf einige Ausnahmen nicht -notwendig, so dass bestehende Texte nicht verändert werden müssen. - -icomma: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/was/ -ziffer: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/ziffer.sty - - - -8.2.5 AmS-LaTeX: Was ist der Unterschied zwischen dem Paket `amstex' und -`amsmath'? - -Dies wird in der Datei ``diffs-m.txt'' des AmS-LaTeX-Packages erläutert: -In AmS-LaTeX Version 1.0 und 1.1, beide nur für LaTeX 2.09, war `amstex' -das Hauptpaket, das mehr oder weniger direkt aus Michael Spivaks -AmS-TeX-Makros entstanden ist. AmS-LaTeX Version 1.2 für LaTeX2e enthält -nun neben `amstex' ein neues Paket namens `amsmath', das nun unabhängig -von `amstex' weiterentwickelt werden kann. `amstex' kann dadurch -eingefroren werden, so daß alte Dokumente weiterhin unverändert -formatiert werden können. Für neue Dokumente sollte man `amsmath' -verwenden, da nur noch dieses Paket unterstützt und weiterentwickelt -wird. Die Unterschiede zwischen `amsmath' und `amstex' sind der -Dokumentation in der Datei ``diffs-m.txt'' zu entnehmen. - -amslatex: CTAN: macros/latex/required/amslatex/ -AmS-LaTeX: http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html -The amsmath http://www.ams.org/tex/amsmath.html -package: -diffs-m.txt: CTAN: macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/diffs-m.txt - - - -8.2.6 Wieso bekomme ich mit AmS-LaTeX, wenn ich eigene Umgebungen, die -`equation', `gather' `align', `alignat', `flalignat' oder `split' -verwenden, Fehlermeldungen? - -Mit AmS-LaTeX funktionieren Definitionen wie - - \newenvironment{myalign}{\begin{align}}{\end{align}} - \newcommand{\ba}{\begin{align}} - \newcommand{\ea}{\end{align}} - -nicht mehr, weil diese Umgebungen zuerst die komplette Formel einlesen -müssen, da die Satzalgorithmen so geschrieben sind, daß diese Formel -mehrmals durchlaufen werden muß. -Damit man dennoch eigene Umgebungen definieren kann, ist statt -\begin{align} die Anweisung \align, statt \end{align} die Anweisung -\endalign in der Definition zu verwenden: - - \newenvironment{myalign}{\align}{\endalign} - -Die Definition von Abkürzungsmakros für diese Umgebungen, wie oben -gezeigt, ist zwar mit einem Trick möglich. Jedoch sollten Umgebungen -grundsätzlich auch als solche im Dokument erkennbar sein, so daß von -solchen Abkürzungsmakros abgeraten und der Trick nicht verraten wird. -Näheres findet man in der Datei ``technote.tex'', das Teil der -Dokumentation von AmS-LaTeX ist. - -technote.tex: CTAN: macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/technote.tex - - - -8.2.7 AmS-Fonts: Ein altes Dokument benutzt die Fonts `msxm' und `msym'. -Wo kann ich diese finden? - -Die Fonts `msxm' und `msym' sind veraltet und wurden vor einigen Jahren -durch die Fonts namens `msam' und `msbm' ersetzt. Beide Fonts sind im -AmS-Font-Paket enthalten. -Selbst wenn man die Quellprogramme für die beiden veralteten Fonts -`msxm' und `msym' hätte, könnte man aus diesen keine gf- oder pk-Dateien -erzeugen, da die Fonts `msxm' und `msym' mit dem Vorgänger des aktuellen -METAFONT-Programmes namens `MF79' in der Sprache `SAIL' geschrieben -waren. Aus diesem Grund wurden die beiden Fonts auch nur als pxl- oder -pk-Dateien verteilt. -Als Ersatz gibt es mit `msx2mas' einen Satz virtueller Fonts für `msxm' -und `msym', die die Symbole der vorhandenen Schriften `msam' und `msbm' -verfügbar machen. - -msxm/msym: CTAN: fonts/vf-files/msx2msa/ - - - -8.2.8 Das Integral- und Summationszeichen ist für Dokumente, die in 11pt -oder gar 12pt gesetzt sind, zu klein. - -Den Math-Extension-Font `cmex10', aus dem die `großen' Symbole stammen, -sollte man nicht einfach vergrößern, da einige Parameter dieses -besonderen Fonts den mathematischen Formelsatz in TeX bestimmen. Da es -bisher für 11pt und 12pt keine speziellen Math-Extension-Fonts gibt, -verwendet LaTeX für alle Schriftgrößen den 10pt-Font `cmex10'. -Mit dem Paket `exscale' verwendet LaTeXs skalierte `cmex10'-Fonts und -paßt die Anweisungen \big, \bigg etc. entsprechend an. - -exscale: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - - - -8.2.9 Wie vermeide ich den Fehler `! Double superscript.', den ich für -$a^b^c$ erhalte? - -Der Term a hoch b hoch c ist nicht eindeutig, da er entweder als (a^b)^c -oder als a^(b^c) interpretiert werden kann. Anstatt nun eine -möglicherweise falsche Interpretation des Terms anzunehmen, meldet TeX -obigen Fehler. Diesen muß man durch explizite Klammerung ${a^b}^c$ bzw. -$a^{b^c}$ auflösen, was dann zu Unterschieden in den Schriftgrößen -führt. -Das gleiche Problem stellt sich auch bei mehrfacher Indizierung $a_b_c$, -wo man die Mehrdeutigkeit ebenso durch Klammerung auflösen muß. - -8.2.10 Wie setzt man physikalische Einheiten, etwa Längenangaben? (*) - -Es gelten einigen Grundregeln, von denen die meisten das Paket `units' -automatisch korrekt erledigt: - -* In wissenschaftlichen Werken werden Einheiten aufrecht und vor allem - bei längeren Ausdrücken, etwa $F = 400\,\mathrm{kN}$, im Mathe-Modus - gesetzt. -* Falls die Integration etwa in einen halbfetten Textteil wichtiger als - die physikalische Korrektheit ist, sollte Textmodus, etwa \textbf{... - 3\,m ...}, verwendet werden. Hinweis: Der Unterschied zwischen Text- - und Mathemodus wird deutlicher, wenn man mittels - \renewcommand{\familydefault}{cmss} eine Serifenlose verwendet. -* Zwischen Zahl und Dimension findet kein Zeilenumbruch statt. -* Als Abstand zwischen Zahl und Dimension wählt man \,. Dagegen sehen - die Richtlinien des Springer-Verlags ~ als Abstand vor. -* Einheiten werden _nicht_ in eckige Klammern, wie etwa [N], gesetzt. - Die richtige Schreibweise ist $[F] = \mathrm{N}$. -* In Tabellen stehen Einheiten in runden Klammern in einer eigenen Zeile - im Tabellenkopf, nicht etwa in jeder Zelle: - - ========================= - Erhoehte Reduktion Druck - bei Rolle 44 - (mm) (MPa) - ------------------------- - 5 8 - ... - - -Mehr Formatierungsoptionen, beispielsweise für den Abstand zwischen -Maßzahl und Einheit, und sehr viele Makros für Einheiten (z.B. Ohm, -Hertz) bietet das Paket `SIunits'. Darin ist außerdem eine ausführliche -Erörterung der SI-Einheiten enthalten. Zahlen und Einheiten werden von -diesem Paket jedoch in der meist serifenbehafteten Mathematikschrift -gesetzt, auch wenn eine serifenlose Brotschrift verwendet wird. Dieses -Problem löst das Paket `fancyunits', das das Paket `SIunits' fast ohne -Änderung eines bestehenden Dokuments ersetzen kann. - -units: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/units -SIunits: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/SIunits -fancyunits: http://tina.nat.uni-magdeburg.de/heiko/LaTeX/Tips_und_Tricks/fancyunits - - - -8.2.11 Wie erhalte ich kursive große griechische Buchstaben? - -Während im mathematischen Modus für kleine griechische Buchstaben kursiv -als richtige Schreibweise gewählt wird, erscheinen große griechische -Buchstaben senkrecht. Das Paket `fixmath' ändert dies bei den -üblicherweise verwendeten CM-Schriften. Die Pakete zur Benutzung anderer -mathematischer Schriften haben teilweise eine Option, die dazu führt, -daß große griechische Buchstaben ebenfalls kursiv gesetzt werden. Hierzu -bitte die Dokumentation der jeweiligen Pakete durchlesen. - -fixmath: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/was/ - - - -8.3 Chemischer Struktur- und Formelsatz - - -8.3.1 Wie kann ich chemische Strukturformeln mit LaTeX setzen? - -Die folgenden Pakete sind eine unvollständige Auswahl (Freiwillige?!). -Ob sie unter LaTeX2e, LaTeX 2.09 oder Plain-TeX verwendbar sind, muß, -falls dies nicht vermerkt ist, selbst getestet werden. - -* PPCHTeX: Typesetting Chemical Formulas in TeX, von Hans Hagen und A.F. - Otten - Auf PiCTeX oder PSTricks basierendes Paket, mittlerweile das - flexibelste und umfangreichste Paket. PPCHTeX ist für das TeX-Format - ConTeXt entwickelt worden, kann aber auch mit Plain-TeX und LaTeX (2e - und 2.09) eingesetzt werden. Eine ältere Version ist in den - Proceedings of the 9th European TeX Conference EuroTeX'95, Arnhem, - S. 197-222 und TUGboat 17(1), März 1996, S. 54-66 beschrieben. Für - PPCHTeX gibt es eine mail-basierte Diskussionsliste (siehe Frage - 1.3.4). -* XymTeX: A Macro Package for Typsetting Chemical Structural Formulas, - von Shinsaku Fujita - Dieses System ist nach PPCHTeX das umfangreichste. Es verwendet - vorgefertigte Molekülklassen, in denen die Atompositionen vom Anwender - belegt werden können. Durch die `Kondensation' solcher Klassen lassen - sich so ziemlich alle denkbaren Moleküle zaubern. Ohne Handbuch, das - 127 Seiten besitzt, und Zeit aber eher unbrauchbar, weil sehr - kompliziert. Eine Beschreibung findet sich auch in der TUGboat 16(1), - S. 81-88. -* Chemstruct: Chemische Strukturformeln mit TeX, von Michael Ramek - Hier gibt man im wesentlichen von einem Bezugsatom ausgehend die Art - und die Himmelsrichtung der Bindung an und gelangt so recht schnell zu - brauchbaren Ergebnissen. So hangelt man sich von Atom zu Atom... - (Handbuch mit 18 Seiten). -* ChemTeX: Typesetting Chemical Equations using LaTeX - Scheint auch mit Molekülklassen zu arbeiten, wenn auch längst nicht so - komplex wie XymTeX, damit anwendungsfreundlicher, aber auch nur für - einen begrenzten Satz an Strukturen geeignet... (Handbuch mit - 42 Seiten). -* Chemsym: Chemical Symbols, von Mats Dahlgren - Vereinfacht die Eingabe und den Satz von chemischen Summenformeln und - Reaktionsgleichungen, indem Anweisungen für den Satz der Elemente - inklusive Hoch- und Tiefstellung und eine große Menge von chemischen - Symbolen vordefiniert werden. Für LaTeX2e, mit Dokumentation. -* streeTeX: One more Macro Package for typesetting Structural Formulae - with LaTeX - streeTeX, ein Kunstwort aus `structure' und `tree', verwendet - emTeX-Specials zum Zeichnen der Moleküle. Molekülbindungen werden - dabei von einem Atom ausgehend in 12 verschiedene Richtungen - gezeichnet. Außerdem können NMR-Massenspektren gezeichnet werden. - (Handbuch mit 20 Seiten, englisch oder russisch) -* OCHEM - OCHEM ist ein Paket für den Satz chemischer Strukturformeln und - Reaktionsschemata. Es besteht aus einem Perl-Script, das in einer - speziellen Sprache formulierte Reaktionen in LaTeX- oder - PostScript-Graphiken konvertiert, die automatisch in ein Dokument - eingebunden werden können. Elemente eines Schemas sind Formeln, die - lineare, verzweigte oder konvergente Reaktionsketten bilden und - automatisch angeordnet werden. Elemente einer Formel sind Bindungen - (Richtung/Länge), Textsymbole und Ringe bzw. allgemeine Strukturen. - Die Beschreibung erfolgt teilweise nach geometrischen Gesichtspunkten, - teilweise durch abstrakte Befehle. (Handbuch mit vielen Seiten und - Beispielen) - -Daneben gibt es noch Programme wie ChemDraw, ChemWindow o.ä., bei denen -man die erstellte Strukturformel als PS-Datei ausgeben und dann in -(La)TeX einbinden kann. - -PPCHTeX: http://www.pragma-ade.nl/ppchtex.htm - CTAN: macros/context/cont-ppc.zip -PPCHTeX-Datenbank: http://www.walram.de/ppchtex/ -XymTeX: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/xymtex/ -chemstruct: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/chemstruct/ -chemtex: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/chemtex/ -chemsym: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/chemsym/ -streeTeX: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/streetex/ -OCHEM: CTAN: support/ochem/ - - - -8.3.2 Bei der Verwendung des Paketes `chemtex' mit LaTeX2e erhalte ich -bei der Zuweisung \textfont1=\tenrm einen Fehler. Abhilfen? - -\tenrm ist ein alter, nur intern in LaTeX 2.09 zu verwendender Name -eines Font (siehe auch Frage 5.2 ``LaTeX2e - Probleme beim Umstieg''). -Mit dem Paket `rawfonts' kann man diese Namen (nach-)definieren: - - \usepackage[only,tenrm]{rawfonts} - - -rawfonts: CTAN: macros/latex/required/ - - - -8.3.3 Das Makro \chemical, das u.a. auch in Helmut Kopka, ``LaTeX - eine -Einführung'' beschrieben wird, funktioniert nicht. Was muß man ändern? - -Der im Makro (das aus dem TeXbook stammt!) verwendete Name \tensy des -Math-Symbol-Font ist nur in Plain-TeX und LaTeX 2.09 definiert. LaTeX2e -lädt darüber hinaus die für den mathematischen Formelsatz notwendigen -Fonts erst zu Beginn der ersten zu setzenden Formel, so daß man auch -durch Nachdefinition mit Hilfe des Paketes `rawfonts' in bestimmten -Situationen einen Fehler bekommen kann. -Hier ist eine für LaTeX2e verwendbare Definition von \chemical (die man -in eine .sty-Datei schreiben oder mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother -klammern muß): - - %% Anpassung an LaTeX(2e) von Bernd Raichle - \DeclareRobustCommand{\chemical}[1]{% - {\(\m@th - \edef\resetfontdimens{\noexpand\)% - \fontdimen16\textfont2=\the\fontdimen16\textfont2 - \fontdimen17\textfont2=\the\fontdimen17\textfont2\relax}% - \fontdimen16\textfont2=2.7pt \fontdimen17\textfont2=2.7pt - \mathrm{#1}% - \resetfontdimens}} - - -8.4 Notensatz (*) - - -8.4.1 Wie kann ich mit TeX Noten setzen? (*) - -Notensatz mit TeX begann vor vielen Jahren mit dem Paket MuTeX, mit dem -einstimmiger Notensatz möglich war. Auf dessen Basis entwickelte Daniel -Taupin MusicTeX, das durch Ergänzungen insbesondere von Ross Mitchell -und Andreas Egler zu MusiXTeX wurde. Von Egler gibt es auch noch eine -Testversion namens OpusTeX. Die MuTeX-Entwicklung wurde schon vor der -endgültigen Fertigstellung eingestellt. MusicTeX wird gewartet, MusiXTeX -wird gewartet und weiterentwickelt. -MuTeX, MusicTeX und MusiXTeX sind auf CTAN verfügbar. Neue Benutzer -sollten ausschließlich MusiXTeX verwenden und möglichst auch einen der -Präprozessoren wie beispielsweise `PMX' oder speziell für Chor- und -Liedsatz `M-Tx'. Zu diesen drei Paketen gibt es in LaTeX geschriebene -Dokumentation: MusiXTeX 116 Seiten, PMX 18 Seiten, M-Tx 34 Seiten. -Ein weiteres Projekt, welches sich mit dem Notensatz befaßt, ist -`LilyPond'. - -MusicTeX: CTAN: macros/musictex/ -MusiXTeX: CTAN: macros/musixtex -MuTeX, -MusicTeX http://icking-music-archive.sunsite.dk/ -und -MusiXTeX: -~: http://icking-music-archive.sunsite.dk/software/indexmt6.html -LilyPond: http://www.cs.uu.nl/~hanwen/lilypond/ -GuitarTeX: http://guitartex.sourceforge.net - - - -8.4.2 Wer kann mir bei Fragen zu Notensatz mit TeX helfen? - -Hilfe findet man oft in der MuTeX-Mailing-Liste (siehe Frage 1.3.4). - -8.5 Verschiedenes (+) - - -8.5.1 Ich erhalte die Fehlermeldung `! You can't use \spacefactor in -vertical mode.' oder `Command \@ already defined.'. Mache ich etwas -falsch? - -In den meisten Fällen liegt die Schuld an der Verwendung oder -Neudefinition eines Makros beginnend mit \@, also einem At-Zeichen `@' -am Anfang des Namens, in einem Dokument. Das At-Zeichen `@' ist aber -nicht als Bestandteil eines Makronamens innerhalb des Dokuments erlaubt. -Beispielsweise tritt der Fehler bei der Definition - - \renewcommand{section}{% - \@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{-3.5ex plus-1ex minus-.2ex}% - {2.3ex plus.2ex}{\normalfont\Large\bfseries}} - -in der Dokumentpräambel auf. -Vermeiden kann man diesen Fehler, indem man die Definition in eine -.sty-Datei verschiebt oder in der Präambel mit \makeatletter ... -\makeatother klammert, wie beispielsweise - - \makeatletter - \@removefromreset{footnote}{chapter} - \makeatother - - -8.5.2 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß ein Zähler bei Erhöhung eines anderen -Zählers zurückgesetzt bzw. nicht zurückgesetzt wird? - -Mit der Deklaration \@addtoreset{equation}{section} kann man erreichen, -daß der Gleichungszähler immer dann auf Null zurückgesetzt wird, wenn -der Abschnittszähler erhöht wird. Diese Deklaration wird implizit -aufgerufen, wenn man in der Deklaration des Gleichungszählers das -optionale Argument verwendet, also \newcounter{equation}[section]. Soll -das Gegenteil erreicht werden, so wird das Paket `remreset' benötigt, -das die Deklaration \@removefromreset implementiert, mit der man durch -\@removefromreset{equation}{section} obiges nachträglich wieder -rückgängig machen kann. -Einfacher geht es mit den Anweisungen \counterwithin und -\counterwithout, die das Paket `chngcntr' definiert. Beispiel: - - \counterwithin{equation}{section} - -Näheres ist der Beschreibung am Ende der Datei ``chngcntr.sty'' zu -entnehmen. - -remreset: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/carlisle/remreset.sty -chngcntr: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/chngcntr.sty - - - -8.5.3 Kann ich auch auf meinem System Umlaute und andere Sonderzeichen -direkt mit der Tastatur in mein LaTeX-Dokument eingeben? - -Ja. Zu diesem Zweck dient das Standard-LaTeX-Paket `inputenc'. Es setzt -die leider nicht standardisierten Zeichen mit einem Code>127 in eine -einheitliche für TeX verständliche Kodierung um. Damit dies so wie -gewünscht erfolgt, muß als Paketoption die zutreffende Kodierung des -jeweiligen Betriebssystems angegeben werden: - \usepackage[Kodierung]{inputenc} -Die folgenden Angaben und weitere sind für `Kodierung' möglich: - -latin1 - Die meisten Unix-Systeme und VMS. -ansinew - Windows 3.x, 9x, NT. Unwesentliche - Abweichungen zu `latin1'. -cp437de - MSDOS. -cp850 - OS/2, auch mit MSDOS, falls - explizit -die Codepage IBM-850 benutzt wird. -applemac - Apple-Macintosh. - -Dokumente, die unter Verwendung von `inputenc' geschrieben sind, können -trotz unterschiedlicher Zeichenkodierung in den meisten Fällen auch auf -fremden Systemen übersetzt werden. Eine Mischung unterschiedlicher -Kodierungen ist allerdings nicht möglich. Siehe dazu auch - -8.5.4 Wie kann ich Umlaute in Texinfo-Dokumenten verwenden? Gibt es eine -deutsche/internationalisierte Version von Texinfo? - -Mit der aktuellen Version 4.0 können Umlaute mit dem Makro @" (Bsp: -@"A), Akzente mit @' (Bsp: @'e) usw. eingegeben werden. Darüberhinaus -existieren auch die Lettern wie @ss{}, die Ligaturen @AE{}, @ae{}, @OE{} -und @oe{}, die Lettern mit Ring @AA{} und @aa{}, die durchgestrichenen -Lettern @O{} und @o{} und einige mehr. -Die Unterstützung auch der deutschen Sprache ist in neueren Versionen -bereits enthalten. - - http://texinfo.org - - - -8.5.5 Wie kann ich die Fehlermeldung `Text line contains an invalid -character' abstellen, die ich unter emTeX bekomme, sobald ich Umlaute -verwende? - -Um Umlaute verwenden zu können, muß man unter emTeX eine Formatdatei -``8-bit clean'' erzeugen, da sonst alle Zeichen mit Code>127 auf das -Zeichen 127 (= ^^?) abgebildet werden, das in TeX normalerweise als -`invalid' deklariert ist. ``8-bit clean'' werden Formatdateien mit - - makefmt 8bit ... - -(bzw. `tex -i -8 ...') erstellt. - -8.5.6 Wie kann man mit LaTeX Serienbriefe erstellen? - -Die Klasse `scrlettr' des KOMA-Script-Paketes und die Klasse `akletter', -beide zur Erstellung von Briefen gedacht, unterstützen die Erstellung -von Serienbriefen. Neben diesen gibt es mit den LaTeX-Paketen `mailing', -`textmerg', `finder', `formletter' und `tk_Brief' noch weitere Pakete -für Serienbriefe. -Für eine kleinere Anzahl von Serienbriefen kann man den Text des Briefes -auch in einem Makro mit \newcommand definieren, wobei man die für jeden -Empfänger unterschiedlichen Textteile diesem Makro als Parameter -übergibt. Anschließend wird dieses Makro dann mehrmals mit jeweiliger -Anrede, Name, Straße, Ort usw. aufgerufen. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -akletter: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/akletter/ -mailing: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/mailing/ -textmerg: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/textmerg/ -finder: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/letters/finder/ -formletter: CTAN: macros/generic/formlett/ -tk_Brief: http://www.deres-mueller.de/tk_Brief/ - - - -8.5.7 Wie kann ich in LaTeX mehrere `enumerate'-Umgebungen verwenden, -ohne daß der Zähler immer wieder zurückgesetzt wird? - -Mit dem im Paket `mdwlist' enthaltenen Anweisungen \suspend{enumerate} -und \resume{enumerate} kann der Zähler für die Aufzählungspunkte -entsprechend gesetzt werden. -Das `expdlist' bietet mit der Anweisung \listpart die Möglichkeit, in -Listen Einschübe einzuflechten. Benötigt man mehrere zusammengehörige -Aufzählungslisten nur wegen dieser Einschübe, so ist dieses Paket die -bessere Lösung. - -mdwlist: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/mdwtools/ -expdlist: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/expdlist/ - - - -8.5.8 Wie kann ich den Dateinamen meines LaTeX-Dokuments innerhalb des -Dokuments ausgeben? - -Man verwende - - \jobname.tex - -für diesen Zweck. Eine portable Lösung, um auch das Verzeichnis, in dem -sich die Datei befindet, zu erhalten, existiert nicht. - -8.5.9 Meine Versuche, \figurename, \tablename o.ä. bei Verwendung des -Pakets `babel' umzudefinieren, mißlingen. Was kann ich tun? - -Die naheliegende Lösung - - \renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.} - \renewcommand{\tablename}{Tab.} - -funktioniert so mit dem Paket `german', wenn danach die Sprache nicht -gewechselt wird. -Das Paket `babel' schaltet jedoch erst zu Beginn des Dokuments auf die -gewählte Sprache um. In diesem Fall werden dann \figurename und -\tablename auf die in `babel' definierten Standardwerte `Abbildung' bzw. -`Tabelle' gesetzt. Mit folgender Definition kann das Problem gelöst -werden: - - \usepackage[german]{babel} - - \addto\captionsgerman{% - \renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.}% - \renewcommand{\tablename}{Tab.}% - } - -Bei Verwendung der neuen deutschen Rechtschreibung ist entsprechend - - \usepackage[ngerman]{babel} - - \addto\captionsngerman{% - \renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.}% - \renewcommand{\tablename}{Tab.}% - } - -einzufügen. - -8.5.10 Ich habe neue Dateien zu dem TeX-Baum hinzugefügt, wieso werden -sie von TeX bzw. LaTeX nicht gefunden? - -Um die Suche nach Dateien zu beschleunigen, verwenden einige TeX-Systeme -eine Datenbank mit den Dateinamen im TeX-Baum. Werden neue Dateien -hinzugefügt oder Dateien entfernt, so muß man bei diesen Systemen die -Datenbank auf den aktuellen Stand bringen. -Unter teTeX oder fpTeX geht das durch Aufruf von ``mktexlsr'' oder -``texconfig rehash''; in älteren Versionen muß man ``texhash'' -verwenden. -Unter MikTeX sollte man fehlende Komponenten über das -MikTeX-Options-Tool installieren, das automatisch die Datenbank der -Dateinamen auf den aktuellen Stand bringt. Um diese Datenbank für den -TeXMF- und den lokalen Verzeichnisbaum in allen sonstigen Fällen zu -aktualisieren, klickt man auf `Start', `Programme', `MikTeX', `MikTeX -Options' und dort auf der Registerkarte `Roots' auf `Refresh FNDB' oder -man ruft in der MS-DOS-Eingabeaufforderung ``initexmf -u'' auf. - -8.5.11 Wenn ich versuche, mit der Anweisung \tracingall Fehler in meinem -LaTeX-Dokument zu finden, erhalte ich viele unnütze Informationen. Kann -man das ändern? - -Bei Verwendung des LaTeX-Pakets `trace' werden viele dieser oft unnützen -Informationen unterdrückt. Mit den enthaltenen Anweisungen \traceon und -\traceoff lassen sich die zu untersuchenden Bereiche weiter -einschränken. Besonders günstige Ergebnisse werden mit eLaTeX erzielt -(siehe Frage 3.3.4). Näheres ist in der Paketbeschreibung nachzulesen. - -trace: http://www.latex-project.org/code/experimental/trace/ - - - -8.5.12 Wieso bekomme ich bei einem Acute-Akzentzeichen oder einem -Anführungszeichen eine Fehlermeldung statt des gewünschten Zeichens? - -Bei der Eingabe eines Apostrophzeichens für \'e, "' oder '' kommt es bei -Benutzung einer entsprechenden Tastaturbelegung immer wieder vor, daß -man statt des Apostrophs (Code 29 in ASCII) auf der Tastatur das ähnlich -aussehende Akzentzeichen (Code 180 in ISO Latin-1) verwendet. - -8.5.13 Wie kann ich den üblichen Absatzeinzug auch innerhalb von -`minipage' bzw. `\parbox' erhalten? - -Die üblichen Einstellungen von LaTeX sind derart, daß innerhalb einer -`minipage' oder einer `\parbox' Absätze ohne Einzug und mit vertikalem -Abstand gesetzt werden. Will man dies ändern, so kann man für -Einzelfälle die entsprechenden Längenregister anpassen: - - \begin{minipage}{...} - \setlength{\parindent}{1em} - \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} - ... - \end{minipage} - -Soll diese Änderung für alle Umgebungen einheitlich erfolgen, so ist -eine der beiden internen Anweisungen `\@minipagerestore' oder -`\@parboxrestore' zu ändern. `\@minipagerestore' wirkt nur auf -`minipage'-Umgebungen, während `\@parboxrestore' neben `minipage' auch -auf `\parbox' als auch auf andere Umgebungen und Anweisungen (wie -Fließumgebungen, `\caption', `\marginpar', Fußnoten) wirkt. Folgendes -Beispiel zeigt die Änderung von `\@minipagerestore', wobei man diese -Zeilen in eine .sty-Datei oder mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother -geklammert in die Dokumentpräambel schreiben muß: - - \newcommand{\orig@minipagerestore}{} - \let\orig@minipagerestore=\@minipagerestore - \renewcommand{\@minipagerestore}{% - \orig@minipagerestore - \setlength{\parindent}{1em}% - \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% - } - - -8.5.14 Wie kann ich die Schriftgröße relativ zur aktuell verwendeten -eine Stufe kleiner oder größer wählen? - -Mit dem Paket `relsize' kann man die Schriftgröße um einige Stufen -kleiner oder größer als die aktuell verwendete wählen. Hierzu dienen die -Anweisungen \smaller, \larger oder \relsize{n} bzw. \textsmaller{text}, -\textlarger{text} und \mathsmaller{formel}, \mathlarger{formel}. -Will man die Schriftgröße aller Fußnoten, Bildunterschriften oder -Überschriften um eine Stufe kleiner oder größer wählen, so ist es besser -die Makros für Fußnoten, Unterschriften bzw. Überschriften entsprechend -abzuändern. Dies kann sehr einfach mit Paketen wie `footmisc', -`caption2', `titlesec' oder `sectsty', die an anderer Stelle erwähnt -werden, erfolgen. - -relsize: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/relsize.sty - - - -8.5.15 Wie verwende ich (La)TeX zusammen mit METAPOST? - -Der Artikel ``Some Experiences in Running METAFONT and METAPOST'' von -Peter Wilson beschreibt die Verwendung von METAPOST in LaTeX. - -Peter Wilson: -Some CTAN: info/metafp.pdf -Experiences...: -~: CTAN: info/metafp.ps -Vincent -Zoonekynd: http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~zoonek/LaTeX/Metapost/metapost.html -Métapost -exemples: -~: CTAN: info/metapost/examples/ - - - -8.5.16 Wie kann ich ein LaTeX-Makro umdefinieren und dabei auf dessen -bisherige Bedeutung zugreifen? - -Die einfache Vorgehensweise eine vorhandene Anweisung \foo durch -beispielsweise - - \renewcommand{\foo}[1]{% - ... tue was ... \foo{#1} ... nochmal was ...} - -funktioniert nicht, da sich \foo immer wieder selbst (rekursiv) aufrufen -würde, man also eine Endlosschleife hätte. Um diese zu vermeiden, muß -man zuerst die Bedeutung des Makro \foo unter einem anderen Makronamen -retten und diesen dann in der neuen Definition verwenden: - - % Die Originaldefinition des Makros unter einem neuen Namen retten. - % Sicherstellen, dass der neue Name bislang undefiniert ist: - \newcommand{\origfoo}{} - % Originaldefinition unter neuem Namen merken: - \let\origfoo=\foo - % - % Makro nun neu definieren: - \renewcommand{\foo}[1]{% - ... tue was ... - \origfoo{#1}% - ... nochmal was ...} - - -8.5.17 Wie kann ich ein Zeichen hoch- oder tiefstellen, ohne den -Mathematikmodus zu benutzen? - -Für das Hochstellen von Zeichen ohne Einschaltung des Mathematikmodus -bietet LaTeX die Anweisung \textsuperscript an. -Mit den folgenden Definitionen, die analog der Definiton von -\textsuperscript sind, erhält man eine entsprechende Anweisung -\textsubscript zum Tiefstellen von Zeichen: - - \DeclareRobustCommand*\textsubscript[1]{% - \@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}} - \newcommand{\@textsubscript}[1]{% - {\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}} - -Da diese Definitionen LaTeX-interne Anweisungen verwenden, müssen sie in -eine Paketdatei oder in \makeatletter ... \makeatother geklammert -werden. -Die Pakete `subscript' und `lhelp' sowie die aktuelle Version der -KOMA-Script-Klassen enthalten bereits diese Definition und ist daher -einer eigenen Definition vorzuziehen. - -subscript: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fragments/subscript.sty -lhelp: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/lhelp - - - -8.5.18 Wie kann ich das aktuelle Datum oder die aktuelle Uhrzeit in mein -Dokument einbauen? - -Die Anweisung \today liefert die sprachabhängig formatierte Darstellung -des aktuellen Datums, beispielsweise ,,September 19, 2003''. -Das Paket `scrtime' des KOMA-Script-Paketes stellt die Anweisung -\thistime zur Verfügung, mit der die aktuelle Uhrzeit in der Form hh:mm -ausgegeben wird. -Im Buch ,,Der LaTeX-Begleiter'' bei der Beschreibung des Paket `calc' -findet man als Anwendungsbeispiel eine von KOMA-Script unabhängige -Lösung, die wie \thistime das TeX-Register \time auswertet. -Eine komfortable Lösung zur unterschiedlichen Datumsdarstellung bietet -das Paket `isodate'. Hier werden neben der ``alten'' und ``neuen'' -deutschen Darstellung auch österreichische, US-englische, französische, -dänische und norwegische Formate unterstützt. -Für Uhrzeiten und Uhrzeitbereichen in unterschiedlicher Darstellung -dient das Paket `uhrzeit'. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -isodate: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/isodate/ -uhrzeit: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/uhrzeit/ - - - -8.5.19 Wie kann ich das Aussehen von Listenumgebungen, speziell deren -vertikale Abstände, auf einfache Weise verändern? - -Die Pakete `mdwlist', `paralist' und `expdlist' bieten verschiedene -Möglichkeiten, das Aussehen von Listen zu beeinflussen. Dabei können -sowohl die Einrückungstiefen und vertikale Abstände als auch das -Aussehen der Marken bei `description'-artige Listen angepaßt werden. -Außerdem stehen vordefinierte kompakte Listen, bei `paralist' auch -innerhalb des fließenden Textes, zur Verfügung. - -mdwlist: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/mdwtools/ -paralist: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/paralist/ -expdlist: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/expdlist/ - - - -8.5.20 Wie kann ich den Wert eines Längenregister im Text oder in der -Protokollausgabe anzeigen lassen? - -Leider bietet LaTeX hier keine Anweisungen an, aber man kann sich -dennoch einfacher TeX-Mittel bedienen. Der Wert eines Längenregister -\laenge wird in der Protokollausgabe mit \showthe\laenge ausgegeben; zur -Ausgabe wird der Formatierlauf unterbrochen und kann mit _Return_ -fortgesetzt werden. Für die Anzeige im Text ist die Anweisung -\the\laenge hilfreich, die zum Wert des Längenregisters expandiert. -Beide Anweisungen geben den Wert in Punkten an, für andere Einheiten muß -selbst umgerechnet werden. Zum Umrechnen eignet sich das Paket -`printlen'. - -printlen: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/printlen.sty - - - -8.5.21 Wie kann ich mit LaTeX Bildschirmpräsentationen erzeugen? - -Es gibt etliche meist auf dem PDF-Format basierende Lösungen. Einen -guten Überblick bietet die folgende Adresse. - -Michael Wiedmann: -Screen http://www.miwie.org/presentations/presentations.html -Presentation -Tools: - - - -8.5.22 Welche veralteten oder ungünstigen LaTeX-Pakete und -LaTeX-Anweisungen sollte ich meiden? (+) - -Die in der folgenden unvollständige Aufstellung unter ``zu ersetzen -durch'' gemachten Angaben sollten, auch wenn sie hier nicht näher -begründet werden können, befolgt werden. Es handelt sich _nicht_ -vorrangig um formale Gründe, die diesen Empfehlungen zugrunde liegen. Im -Zweifelsfall ziehe man geeignete Dokumentationen zu Rate. - -veraltetes/ungünstiges Paket zu ersetzen durch -a4, a4wide Klassenoption a4paper -caption caption2 -doublespace setspace -epsfig, epsf graphicx -fancyheadings fancyhdr -floatfig, picinpar picins, floatflt, wrapfig -umlaut inputenc -\usepackage{isolatin1} \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} -natdin dinat -scrlettr scrlettr2 -scrpage scrpage2 -\usepackage{t1enc} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} -times oder pslatex mathptmx, helvet, courier -palatino mathpazo, helvet, courier -\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} Nur eines der beiden Pakete ist sinnvoll. -\usepackage{ngerman} - - - -veraltete/ungünstige Anweisung zu ersetzen durch -\it, \rm, \bf \itshape, \rmfamily, \bfseries - \textit{...}, \textrm{...}, \textbf{...} -Texthervorhebung mit: \emph{...} (_oft so gemeint_) -\textit{...} -\parindent0pt \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} -center-Umgebung innerhalb \centering -von figure-Umgebungen -\\, um im Fließtext einen Leerzeile oder \par -Absatz zu beginnen -\usepackage[treiber] \usepackage{graphicx} -{graphicx} (_meistens möglich_) -\includegraphics \includegraphics{dateiname} -{dateiname.endung} (_meistens möglich_) -$$...$$ \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 8 --- ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 9 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -9 METAFONT und Schriften - - -9.1 METAFONT und METAFONT-Hilfsprogramme - - -9.1.1 Was ist ein Meta-Font? - -Um die einzelnen Zeichen einer Schrift, eines Font, auf Papier zu -bringen, muß man wissen, an welchen Stellen das Papier mit Druckerfarbe -geschwärzt werden soll und an welchen nicht. Diese Information kann auf -verschiedene Arten repräsentiert werden: Die einfachste Form ist die -`Bitmap' bzw. `Pixelmap', d.h. jedes Zeichen wird gerastert und für -jeden einzelnen Punkt im Raster (= Pixel) wird abgespeichert, ob diese -Stelle geschwärzt werden soll. Eine Bitmap-Repräsentation hat jedoch den -Nachteil, daß man diese nicht ohne weiteres vergrößern, verkleinern oder -die Rasterung an eine andere Auflösung eines Ausgabegeräts anpassen -kann, da man in den meisten Fällen unerwünschte Seiteneffekte bekommt -(Stufen, Moiré-Effekte, dünnere Linien verschwinden bei Verkleinerung, -als regelmäßige oder unregelmäßige Muster sichtbare Rasterung u.ä.). -Man verwendet zur Beschreibung der Ausmaße und der Form eines Zeichens -daher besser eine rasterungs-, also auflösungsunabhängige -Repräsentation. Dazu gibt es nun mehrere Verfahren: -In METAFONT legt man Linienzüge durch Punkte und durch diese Punkte -festgelegte Spline-Kurven fest und zieht diese mit einem vorher -definierten `Pinsel' nach. Durch die Form und die Lage des verwendeten -Pinsels können mit denselben Kurven sehr unterschiedliche Zeichenformen -erzeugt werden. Nachdem das Zeichen aus einzelnen Kurvenzügen definiert -und mit unterschiedlichen Pinseln gezeichnet wurde, rastert METAFONT die -dadurch eingefärbten Flächenteile und erzeugt daraus einen Font in Form -einer Bitmap. Da METAFONT zur Programmierung einer solchen -Font-Beschreibung eine Programmiersprache definiert, kann ein -Font-Designer einer Font-Beschreibung beliebig viele Parameter mitgeben, -die die Form und Ausmaße der einzelnen Zeichen der erzeugten Schrift in -unterschiedlichen Richtungen verändern. Wegen dieser Möglichkeit, aus -einer einzigen Beschreibung durch Wahl verschiedener Parameter viele -verschiedene Schriften erzeugen zu können, nennt man diese -Font-Beschreibungen auch `Meta-Font'. Man kann also durch Wahl der in -einem Meta-Font definierten Parameter unterschiedliche Fonts in -verschiedenen Größen erzeugen. Durch Angabe der gewünschten Auflösung -und weiterer Parameter des Ausgabegeräts kann wiederum für einen solchen -Font eine optimal an das jeweilige Ausgabegerät angepaßte -Bitmap-Wiedergabe dieses Fonts erzeugt werden. -Neben dieser von METAFONT verwendeten Beschreibung eines Fonts in Form -von mit Pinseln gezeichneten Spline-Kurven kann man die Form eines -Zeichens auch durch die Angabe des Umrisses der zu schwärzenden Fläche -beschreiben. Auch hier werden wiederum Spline-Kurven zur Beschreibung -der Umrisse eines Zeichens verwendet. Diese Beschreibung in Form eines -sogenannten `Outline' wird beispielsweise in PostScript-Schriften -verwendet. - -9.1.2 Was sind tfm-, pl-, gf-, pk-, pxl-Dateien? - -Neben dem Aussehen der einzelnen Zeichen in einem Font werden noch -weitere Informationen über jedes einzelne Zeichen und über -schrift-globale Parameter benötigt: Von jedem Zeichen muß TeX die -Ausmaße in Form von Breite, Höhe und Tiefe in Bezug zur Grundlinie -wissen. Zu bildende Ligaturen (z.B. f+f => ff), das Kerning zwischen -zwei Zeichen (z.B. Unterschneidung bei `Ta') und beispielsweise der zu -verwendende Wortabstand sind weitere Informationen, die über einen Font -abgelegt sein müssen, da sie von TeX benötigt werden. -Diese Informationen liest TeX aus der `TeX Font Metric' oder kurz -tfm-Datei. Die Programme `pltotf' und `tftopl' wandeln die Informationen -in einer tfm-Datei in eine lesbare Form, die `Property List' oder kurz -pl-Datei um. -In den gf- (Generic Font), pxl- (Pixel) und pk- (Packed Pixel) Dateien -sind die Bitmap-Repräsentationen jedes Zeichens einer Schrift abgelegt. -Da pk- und pxl-Dateien genau dieselben Informationen enthalten, die -pxl-Dateien jedoch mehr Platz benötigen, werden diese heutzutage nicht -mehr verwendet und unterstützt. Mit den Programmen `gftopk' und `pktogf' -können die Bitmap-Repräsentationen ineinander umgewandelt werden. Da -gf-Dateien in der Lage sind, in einer Bitmap neben den einzelnen Pixeln -noch weitere Informationen zu enthalten (z.B. `special'-Anweisungen), -können bei dieser Umwandlung Informationen verloren gehen. Da jedoch nur -sehr wenige Programme und Gerätetreiber diese zusätzlichen Informationen -verwenden und die pk-Darstellung viel kompakter ist, sind gf-Dateien -normalerweise nur für METAFONT wichtig. -METAFONT erzeugt aus einer mf-Source eine tfm-Datei mit der -auflösungs_un_abhängigen `TeX Font Metric' und eine auflösungsabhängige -gf-Datei. Aus der gf-Datei wird üblicherweise mit `gftopk' eine pk-Datei -erzeugt. -TeX verwendet nur die Informationen in der tfm-Datei, die Bitmap in der -gf- bzw. der pk-Datei wird von TeX _nicht_ gelesen. Ein Gerätetreiber, -der eine dvi-Datei druckt oder darstellt, verwendet die pk-Dateien und -in einigen Fällen auch die tfm-Datei. - -9.1.3 Was sind virtuelle Fonts, was vpl-, vf-Dateien? - -Ein virtueller Font ist, wie der Name schon sagt, eine Schrift, die -keine real (in Form einer Bitmap) existierenden Zeichen enthält. -Stattdessen wird in einem virtuellen Font auf andere Schriften und die -dort enthaltene Zeichen verwiesen. Durch diesen `Trick' kann man -beispielsweise die Kodierung der Zeichen in einer Schrift umdefinieren -oder eine Schrift aus Zeichen mehrerer Schriften zusammensetzen, um so -z.B. einzelne Zeichen durch andere zu ersetzen. Darüber hinaus kann man -in virtuellen Fonts auch einzelne Zeichen aus mehreren Zeichen -zusammensetzen, indem man beispielsweise fertig akzentuierte Zeichen aus -dem entsprechenden Akzent- und Basiszeichen bildet. Eine weitere -Anwendung für virtuelle Fonts ist die Verwendung einer Ersatzschrift für -eine nicht verfügbare Schrift, die dieser möglichst nahekommt und -dieselben TeX-Font-Metric-Informationen besitzt. -Eine vf-Datei enthält die Definition eines solchen virtuellen Fonts in -binärer, sehr kompakter Form. Dieser vf-Datei muß eine tfm-Datei -zugeordnet sein, in der TeX die `TeX Font Metric' für diese Schrift -finden kann. Eine vpl-Datei ist eine für den Menschen lesbare -Darstellung der vf- und tfm-Datei in Form von `Property Lists'. Mit dem -Programm `vptovf' kann aus einer vpl-Datei eine vf- und die zugehörige -tfm-Datei erzeugt werden, mit `vftovp' bekommt man aus diesen beiden -Dateien wieder die vpl-Datei. -TeX `weiß' nichts von virtuellen Fonts. TeX liest keine vf-Dateien, -sondern benötigt nur die zugehörige tfm-Datei, aus der nicht ersichtlich -ist, ob dies ein `realer' oder ein virtueller Font ist. vf-Dateien -werden nur von den Gerätetreibern verwendet. Für Treiber, die (noch) -keine virtuellen Fonts unterstützen, kann das Programm `dvicopy' -verwendet werden, um eine dvi-Datei in eine dvi-Datei umzuwandeln, in -der alle virtuellen Fonts `aufgelöst' worden sind, also nur noch `reale' -Fonts verwendet werden. Achtung: Die meisten verfügbaren virtuellen -Fonts sind unabhängig vom Ausgabegerät, sie können jedoch auch abhängig -vom Ausgabegerät sein! - -9.1.4 Was ist METAPOST? - -METAPOST ist ein aus METAFONT abgeleitetes Programm zum Erstellen von -PostScript-Zeichnungen, das von John Hobby, einem ehemaligen Mitarbeiter -von Donald E. Knuth, entwickelt wurde. Die METAPOST-Sprache ist sehr eng -verwandt mit METAFONT, unterstützt aber einige zusätzliche Features, wie -beispielsweise das Beschriften von Abbildungen in TeX über einen -Präprozessor (dies setzt den dvi-Treiber `dvips' voraus). -Um eine Zeichnung zu erstellen, muss man ein METAPOST-Programm schreiben -und compilieren. Diese Arbeitsweise ähnelt METAFONT, ist somit eben ganz -anders als die sonst gewohnten Grafik-/Malprogramme. METAPOST ist dafür -aber gut für berechnete Zeichnungen geeignet oder zum Plotten von -Funktionen oder Datenwerten. Knuth benutzt es selbst für Zeichnungen in -seinen Büchern. Das Programm ist erst seit Anfang 1995 frei erhältlich, -vorher nur nach Abschluß eines `non-disclosure agreement'. -Implementierungen von METAPOST existieren mittlerweile für sehr viele -Plattformen: - -* Web2c: CTAN: systems/web2c/ - Web2c enthält ab Version 7.0 METAPOST-Sources, wobei Web2c - mittlerweile neben Unix auch Amiga, OS/2 und Windows 95/98/NT und BeOS - unterstützt. -* teTeX: CTAN: systems/unix/teTeX/ - Ab teTeX Version 0.4 ist METAPOST enthalten. -* Amiga: CTAN: systems/amiga/amiweb2c/ (Andreas Scherer) - Siehe auch Web2c. -* OS2: Siehe Web2c. -* Windows 95/NT: Siehe Web2c. -* DOS: CTAN: systems/msdos/metapost/ (Piet van Oostrum) - paßt zu emTeX - CTAN: systems/msdos/dostp22/ (Peter Breitenlohner) - integriert in PubliC-(e-)TeX/MF/MP, TDS-kompatibel -* MacOS: CTAN: nonfree/systems/mac/cmactex/ (Tom Kiffe) - -Seit März 2000 ist für METAPOST auch der graphische Editor `Metagraf' -öffentlich verfügbar, der gerade entwickelt wird. Er ist in Java -geschrieben und somit auf vielen Betriebssystem lauffähig. - -METAPOST: http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/hobby/MetaPost.html - CTAN: graphics/metapost/ -Peter Wilson: -Some CTAN: info/metafp.pdf -Experiences...: - CTAN: info/metafp.ps -Hans Hagen: http://www.pragma-ade.com/pragma-ade/general/manuals/beta/metafun-p.pdf -metafun: -Denis Roegel: -The metaobj -tutorial and http://www.loria.fr/~roegel/TeX/momanual.pdf -reference -manual: -METAOBJ: CTAN: graphics/metapost/contrib/macros/metaobj/ -Metagraf: http://w3.mecanica.upm.es/metapost/metagraf.html - - - -9.1.5 Was ist MFT? - -`mft' ist ein Programm, das aus METAFONT-Quellcode eine TeX-Datei -erzeugt, mit der dieser Quellcode schön formatiert erscheint. Damit es -wirklich schön aussieht, sind zusätzliche Kommentare im Quellcode -notwendig. Nur sehr wenige Autoren von METAFONT verwenden `mft'. - -9.1.6 Beim Übersetzen einer mf-Datei erhalte ich immer eine gf-Datei mit -Endung `.2602gf' (bzw. `.260' bei Filesystemen, die nur drei Zeichen als -Datei-Extension zulassen). Wieso? - -Zur Erzeugung einer Schrift für ein bestimmtes Ausgabegerät benötigt -METAFONT eine Beschreibung in Form einer `Mode Definition' (kurz: -`mode_def'), in der u.a. die Auflösung des Ausgabegeräts festgelegt -wird. METAFONT wird meist mit - - mf \mode:=<Mode-Name>; mag:=<Magnification>; input <Font-Filename> - -aufgerufen (unter Unix Quote-Zeichen ' um die Argumente im -METAFONT-Aufruf nicht vergessen!), wobei mit <Mode-Name> der Namen einer -solchen `mode_def' anzugeben ist. Wird kein `mode' angegeben oder ist -<Mode-Name> unbekannt, verwendet METAFONT den Proof-Mode, der einen -Korrekturabzug der Schrift erstellt. Damit die Zeichen in diesem -Korrekturabzug groß genug sind, verwendet METAFONT dazu die Auflösung -2602dpi (= `dots per inch'). Falls dies nicht erwünscht war, sollte man -überprüfen, ob der `mode' korrekt gesetzt wurde, ob <Mode-Name> -beispielsweise korrekt angegeben wurde (Schreibfehler!) und ob -<Mode-Name> bei der Erstellung der base-Datei (`Dumpen' der Datei -``plain.mf'') mit `mode_def' definiert wurde. - -9.1.7 Wozu benötige ich für jeden Druckertyp eine andere Anpassung in -Form einer `mode_def'? Wo finde ich für den Drucker XYZ eine solche -Anpassung? - -Jedes Ausgabegerät hat unterschiedliche Charakteristiken. Zum einen -unterscheiden sie sich in der Auflösung, zum anderen beispielsweise auch -in der Größe eines gezeichneten Pixels. So wird bei einem -Tintenstrahldrucker im Vergleich zu einem Laserdrucker in den meisten -Fällen ein einzelner Punkt etwas größer ausfallen. Sehr große -Unterschiede treten prinzipbedingt beim Vergleich von sogenannten -`schwarz'- und `weiß'-schreibenden Laserdruckern auf. Auch wird beim -Schnitt zweier Kurven (z.B. in der Mitte des Zeichens `X') die -geschwärzte Fläche etwas größer ausfallen, da die Druckerfarbe abhängig -vom Druckprinzip und vom Druckwerk mehr oder weniger ineinander -verlaufen kann. Damit METAFONT all diese und weitere Eigenschaften eines -Ausgabegeräts bei der Erzeugung der Bitmap-Rasterung eines Zeichens in -Betracht ziehen kann, werden die einzelnen Parameterwerte für ein -Ausgabegerät in einer `Mode Definition' mit der Anweisung `mode_def' -abgelegt. -Da die Erstellung einer neuen `Mode Definition' für ein Ausgabegerät -einiges an Arbeit (Testdruck, überprüfen, anpassen, Testdruck usw.) -bedeutet, wurden von Karl Berry alle bisher für verschiedene -Ausgabegeräte gefundenen `Mode Definitions' in der Datei ``modes.mf'' -gesammelt. Da ``modes.mf'' neben den `Mode Definitions' noch dafür -sorgt, daß man verschiedene Informationen (z.B. `coding scheme') über -einen Font setzen kann und diese korrekt abgelegt werden, ist diese -Datei jedem empfohlen. - -modes.mf: CTAN: fonts/modes/modes-3.5.mf -(Hinweis: Seit Februar 2002 gibt es die Version 3.5 mit -Voreinstellungen für neuere Drucker) - - - -9.1.8 Kann ich aus einer vorhandenen tfm-Datei die mf-Source erzeugen? -Gibt es dafür ein Programm? - -Nein. tfm-Dateien enthalten keine Bitmap- oder ähnliche Information über -das Aussehen der Zeichen in einer Schrift. Daher kann aus einem tfm-File -weder eine pk-Datei noch die mf-Source restauriert werden. -Es ist jedoch möglich, aus einer pk- und der tfm-Datei einer Schrift -eine mf-Source zu erstellen. Dabei ist das entstehende Resultat jedoch -kein _Meta_-Font mehr, sondern `nur' noch ein mf-Programm für genau -diese Schrift. Das Ergebnis ist je nach Aufwand mehr oder weniger gut -und verlangt in den meisten Fällen noch einiges an Handarbeit, so daß -sich der Aufwand nur in seltenen Fällen lohnt. - -9.1.9 Wie kann ich nur die tfm-Dateien einer Schrift erzeugen? - -In der Datei ``modes.mf'' ist dafür die Mode-Definition `nullmode' -gedacht, in der neben der tfm- zwar auch eine gf-Datei erzeugt wird, -jedoch in einer Auflösung von 101dpi, so daß dies schneller als mit -300dpi oder 600dpi geschieht. - -9.2 Schriften - allgemein (*) - - -9.2.1 Gibt es eine Schrift XYZ? Wo finde ich diese? - -Als erste Informationsquelle sollte man die Liste ``metafont-list'' der -verfügbaren METAFONT-Schriften nach der gesuchten Schrift durchsehen. -Diese Liste enthält eine kurze Beschreibung und Klassifikation der -meisten Schriften, die man auf CTAN im Verzeichnis ``CTAN: fonts/'' -finden kann. -Beschränkt man sich nicht nur auf in METAFONT-Quellen vorhandene -Schriften, kann man auch Schriften in PostScript-Type-1- oder -Type-3-Form, PCL-Schriften u.a. auf verschiedenen ftp-Servern finden. -Existieren für diese Schriften Font-Metriken, die man in eine tfm-Datei -umwandeln kann, sind sie sehr einfach unter (La)TeX verwendbar (evtl. -nach Umkodierung mittels virtueller Fonts). Verschiedene Programme dafür -findet man auf CTAN im Verzeichnis ``CTAN: fonts/utilities/'', fertige -Anpassungen findet man für weitverbreitete Schriften ebenso unter -``CTAN: fonts/''. - -metafont-list: CTAN: info/metafont-list -Liste de fontes -au format MF sur http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~zoonek/LaTeX/MF/liste.html -les archives -CTAN: -Zeichensätze und http://www.loria.fr/services/tex/german/fontes.html -Symbole: -dpunkt-Verlag: http://www.dpunkt.de/produkte/latex/fonts/ -Adobe Type http://www.adobe.com/type/ -Library: -symbols: CTAN: info/symbols/ -comprehensive: CTAN: info/symbols/comprehensive/ -Luc Devroye: Font http://cgm.cs.mcgill.ca/~luc/fonts.html -Pages: - - - -9.2.2 Wie installiere ich mit `dvips' eine neue PostScript-Schrift, so -daß ich diese unter (La)TeX verwenden kann? - -Schritt 0 - Dokumentation lesen: -Zuerst sollte man sich die Dokumentation zum `dvips' durchlesen. Diese -beschreibt die wichtigsten Schritte, auch wenn die dort beschriebenen -Dateinamen und die Kodierungen für die PS-Schriften veraltet sind (gilt -zumindest für die Dokumentation bis `dvips' Version 5.58). Außerdem -sollte man `Filenames for TeX fonts' von Karl Berry in der Version 2.0 -(oder neuer) durchlesen, in dem ein für alle TeX-Systeme verwendbares, -einheitliches Namensschema beschrieben wird. -Schritt 1 - TeX-Anpassungen besorgen oder selbst generieren: -Gibt es auf CTAN im `psfonts'-Verzeichnis bereits fertige Anpassungen? -Wenn ja, sollte man diese verwenden. Wenn nein, sollte man sich das Tool -`fontinst' besorgen, mit dem man relativ einfach aus der mit dem -PostScript-Font mitgelieferten afm-Datei die notwendigen virtuellen -Fonts (vf-Dateien) mit den entsprechenden Fontkodierungen und -Font-Definitions-(fd)-Dateien für LaTeX erzeugen lassen kann. Für -Textschriften sollten zumindest vf-Dateien für OT1-Kodierung, besser -auch noch für T1-Kodierung erzeugt werden. -Schritt 2 - PS- und TeX-Font-Dateien installieren: -Nach Schritt 1 sollten beispielsweise für die Schrift `URW Antiqua -Regular Roman Condensed' bzw. nach Berrys Namenschema `uaqr...c...' -folgende Dateien vorhanden sein: - -* PS-Schrift und zugehörige Font-Metrik: uaqr8ac.{pfb,afm} -* virtueller Font, zugehörige TeX-Font-Metriken und PS-Reencoding: - uaqr8rc.{vpl,vf,tfm} TeX Base-1 Encoding (unkodiert, - Adobe-Std.-Encoding) - uaqr7tc.{vpl,vf,tfm} TeX-Text-/OT1-/CM-Encoding (`7-bit') - uaqr8tc.{vpl,vf,tfm} Cork-TeX-Text-/T1-/EC-Encoding (`8-bit') - 8r.enc PS-Reencoding, in `fontname' enthalten -* LaTeX-Font-Definition-Files: - ot1uaq.fd (vormals: OT1uaq.fd) - t1uaq.fd (vormals: T1uaq.fd) - ts1uaq.fd - antiqua.sty - -und noch einige weitere Dateien für die `slanted'- und `small -caps'-Varianten, die man mit `fontinst' erzeugen kann. -Diese Dateien werden nun in folgende Verzeichnisse gelegt: - *.fd, *.sty => TEXINPUTS (TeX) - *.tfm => TEXFONTS bzw. `T'-Eintrag (TeX + dvips) - *.vf => `V'-Eintrag oder VFFONTS (dvips) - *.pfb/pfa => `H'-Eintrag oder DVIPSHEADERS (dvips) -Schritt 3 - Map-Datei des PS-Fonts für `dvips' erzeugen: -Map-Datei für `dvips' erzeugen, in der die Zuordnung des Font-Namens in -TeX zu dem in PS verwendeten festgelegt wird und evtl. die zu ladenden -pfb-/pfa- und PS-Reencoding-Dateien angegeben werden. In unserem -Beispiel enthält die Map-Datei `uaq.map' die Zeile - - uaqr8rc URWAntiquaT-RegularCondensed "TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont" - <8r.enc <uaqr8ac.pfb - -(dies muß eine einzige Zeile sein, sie wurde hier nur umbrochen, um eine -zu lange Zeile zu vermeiden!) und evtl. noch Zeilen für weitere -Schriften und Varianten. -Diese Map-Datei in ein Verzeichnis legen, in dem `dvips' nach -PS-Header-Dateien sucht (Umgebungsvariable DVIPSHEADERS bzw. `H'-Eintrag -in ``config.ps''). -Schritt 4 - `dvips'-Konfigurationsdatei anpassen: -Konfigurationsdatei ``config.ps'' des `dvips' ändern: Die in Schritt 3 -erstellte Map-Datei durch die in ``config.ps'' neu einzutragende Zeile - - p +uaq.map - -zusätzlich zur Standard-Map-Datei ``psfonts.map'' laden. (Ältere -`dvips'-Versionen verstehen das `+' nicht; bei diesen muß man den Inhalt -der Map-Datei ``uaq.map'' an die Datei ``psfonts.map'' anhängen und die -obige Zeile in ``config.ps'' ist wegzulassen.) Außerdem sollte man noch -überprüfen, ob das Verzeichnis, in dem die Map-Datei und die -pfb-/pfa-Dateien zu finden sind, im Suchpfad nach PS-Header-Dateien -enthalten ist (DVIPSHEADERS bzw. `H'-Eintrag in ``config.ps''). -Schritt 5 - Anpassungen testen und verwenden: -Mit LaTeX kann man unsere Beispielschrift einfach mittels des Pakets -`antiqua' verwenden, da diese Schrift damit als `\rmdefault'-Schrift -verwendet wird. Ohne dieses Package kann man auch durch die Anweisung -`\usefont'{OT1}{uaq}{m}{n} diese Schrift kurz austesten. LaTeX müßte -dazu die fd- und tfm-Dateien finden und einlesen können. `dvips' benutzt -dann die angepaßte Konfigurationsdatei, die virtuellen Schriften -``uaqr*.vf'', die Map-Datei ``uaq.map'', die eigentliche PS-Schrift -``uaqr8ac.pfb'' und schließlich noch ``8r.enc''. -Für die PostScript-Schriften, die standardmäßig mit den meisten -PostScript-fähigen Druckern mitgeliefert werden, als auch für einige -freie Schriften und die Lucida-Schriftfamilie existiert in Form von -`psnfss' eine Menge von LaTeX-Paketen. -Unter Plain-TeX kann man diese Schrift relativ einfach z.B. durch die -Anweisung \font\rmantiqua=uaqr7tc laden und anschließend verwenden. Zur -Verwendung der T1-kodierten Variante ``uaqr8tc'' sind, wie bei der -Verwendung der EC-Schriften unter Plain-TeX, noch einige Anpassungen -notwendig. -Unter LaTeX 2.09 gilt dasselbe wie für Plain-TeX, nur sollte man hier -besser \newfont{\rmantiqua}{uaqr7tc} verwenden. Will man diese Schrift -und deren Varianten statt den CM-Schriften in einem Dokument verwenden, -so sind größere Änderungen notwendig, die den Rahmen dieser FAQ sprengen -würden. Am einfachsten ist ein Umstieg auf eine aktuelle LaTeX-Version! - -dvips.tex: CTAN: dviware/dvips/ -fontname: CTAN: info/fontname/ -8r.enc: CTAN: info/fontname/8r.enc -psfonts: CTAN: fonts/psfonts/ - CTAN: fonts/psfonts/urw/antiqua/ - (unsere Beispielschrift) -fontinst: CTAN: fonts/utilities/fontinst/ - http://www.tug.org/applications/fontinst/ -psnfss: CTAN: macros/latex/required/psnfss - CTAN: info/installing_psnfss_on_emtex.pdf -PostScript Type -1 fonts (Nelson http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/fonts/postscript-type-1-fonts.html -Beebe): -Walter Schmidt: -Schriften für http://home.vr-web.de/was/fonts.html -TeX: -Tobias -Regenbrecht: -Integration von http://www.regenbrecht.net/psfonts/psfonts_tetex.html -PostScript-Fonts -in LaTeX2e: - - - -9.2.3 Warum sind die Buchstaben in meiner pdf-Datei von schlechter -Qualität? (*) - -Schriften in pdf-Dateien werden mit schlechter Qualität dargestellt (und -evtl. auch gedruckt), wenn sie in der pdf-Datei als Bitmaps enthalten -sind, also nicht in Form von Vektorfonts. Um das zu verhindern, ist auf -folgende Punkte zu achten: - -* Es dürfen im Dokument nur solche Schriften verwendet werden, die im - Format Type-1 (PostScript) oder TrueType vorhanden sind. Welche das - sind, sollte aus der Dokumentation des TeX-Systems hervorgehen. - Schriften, die ausschließlich im Metafont-Format existieren, können - hingegen in pdf-Dateien nur in Form von Bitmaps benutzt werden, sind - also nach Möglichkeit zu vermeiden. -* Wenn Schriften sowohl im Metafont-Format als auch als Type-1 oder - TrueType vorliegen, dann müssen die beteiligten Programme so - konfiguriert sein, dass sie nicht die Metafont-Version verwenden. In - aktuellen TeX-Distributionen ist das zumindest für pdfTeX - normalerweise der Fall. - -Die häufigsten Fehlerquellen sind: - -* Es werden die EC- und TC-Fonts benutzt, ohne dass diese im - Type-1-Format vorliegen. Abhilfe: EC/TC-Fonts im Type-1-Format - beschaffen und installieren (siehe Frage 10.1.7) oder stattdessen die - AE-Fonts verwenden (siehe ebenfalls Frage 10.1.8) -* Wenn die pdf-Datei auf dem Weg über `dvips' und nachfolgende - Umwandlung ins pdf-Format erzeugt wurde, dann hat `dvips' die - CM-Schriften im Metafont-Format und damit in einer Bitmap-Version - verwendet, obwohl diese auch als Type-1 existieren. Dies ist häufig - das voreingestellte Verhalten von `dvips'. Abhilfe: `dvips' mit einer - passenden Option aufrufen, so dass alle vorhandenen Type-1-Fonts auch - tatsächlich verwendet werden. Wie diese Option lautet, hängt von - jeweiligen TeX-System ab; beachten Sie dessen Dokumentation! Mit - vielen Systemen funktioniert: - - - dvips -Ppdf -G0 - - Beachten Sie dabei, dass CM-Schriften oft für bestimmte mathematische - Symbole benötigt werden, auch wenn die Grundschrift eines Dokuments - nicht Computer-Modern ist, z.B. mit Paketen wie `mathptmx'. -* Die pdf-Datei wurde aus PostScript durch Umwandlung mit dem Programm - `Ghostscript' erzeugt, wobei eine ältere Version (< 6.51) zum Einsatz - kam. Diese Programmversionen wandeln aber (fast) alle Fonts (auch - Vektorfonts!) in Bitmaps um. Sie sind als veraltet anzusehen und - sollten durch eine neuere Version (6.51 oder besser) ersetzt werden, - die mit Vektorfonts umgehen kann. - - -Ghostscript: CTAN: nonfree/support/ghostscript/ -Fonts in LaTeX: Item, -www.mamster.net/tex/latex-fontfaq-amster-burton.pdf: -WWW-Link Fonts in LaTeX: Item, http://www.mamster.net/tex/latex-fontfaq-amster-burton.pdf -http://www.mamster.net/tex/latex-fontfaq-amster-burton.pdf: -link) Matthew Amster-Burton: The Sooper-Simple Guide to -Type 1 Fonts in LaTeX: - - - -9.2.4 In einer mit `dvips' erzeugten PostScript-Datei fehlen die -Ligaturen und andere Zeichen. - -Dieses Problem kann auftreten, wenn die .ps-Datei unter Verwendung der -dvips-Option -Ppdf erzeugt wurde. Abhilfe: Ergänzen Sie beim Aufruf von -dvips die Option -G0: - - dvips -Ppdf -G0 ... - -Hintergrund: Die Option -Ppdf manipuliert u.a. den Zeichensatz der -verwendeten Schriften, um einen potentiellen Fehler des `Acrobat Reader' -4.0 zu umgehen. Das ist jedoch nur dann überhaupt relevant, wenn die -.ps-Datei später in PDF umgewandelt wird, und es funktioniert außerdem -nur bei Fonts mit 128 Zeichen (z.B. CM); mit anderen Fonts führt es -dazu, dass Zeichen verloren gehen. Mit der zusätzlichen Option -G0 wird -dieses Verhalten abgestellt. Version 4.0 des Acrobat Reader ist -mittlerweile veraltet und dürfte wegen zahlreicher Mängel sowieso kaum -noch verwendet werden, so dass es wenig Sinn macht, sie weiterhin zu -berücksichtigen. -Vorsicht: Es sind auch Implementierungen von `dvips' im Umlauf, mit -denen das beschriebene Verhalten schon ohne die Option -Ppdf auftritt. -Die zusätzliche Option -G0 behebt das Problem dann ebenfalls. - -9.2.5 Warum werden mit der Suchfunktion des Programms `Acrobat Reader' -keine Worte gefunden, die Umlaute enthalten? - -Ein Voraussetzung dafür ist die Verwendung von T1-kodierten Schriften. -Die oftmals günstige Lösung mit dem Paket `ae' - - \usepackage{ae} - -um auf die `CM'-Schriften in T1-Kodierung zugreifen zu können, versagt -leider hinsichtlich der Umlaute und anderer akzentuierter Buchstaben, da -diese auch bei Verwendung dieses Paketes intern aus mehreren Lettern -zusammengesetzt werden. Um das Problem zu umgehen, sollte man Schriften -in T1-Kodierung verwenden, in denen die Umlaute tatsächlich enthalten -sind, wie etwa die EC-Fonts (Type1-Versionen; Frage 10.1.7) oder die -PostScript-Basisfonts (siehe Frage 10.2.1). - -9.3 TrueType-Schriften - - -9.3.1 Wie kann ich TrueType-Schriften in LaTeX verwenden? - -TeX bzw. LaTeX benötigt von jeder Schrift, egal in welchem Format sie -vorliegt, nur die tfm-Dateien einer Schrift. Erst der Treiber für das -Ausgabegerät benötigt die Schrift selbst und hier ist es vom Treiber -abhängig, in welchem Format die Schrift vorliegen darf. Historisch kommt -fast jeder Treiber mit PK-Dateien bzw. METAFONT-Dateien, aus denen -PK-Dateien erzeugt werden können, zurecht. Ebenso ist die Unterstützung -von PS-Schriftformaten weit verbreitet. -Erzeugt man mit pdfTeX PDF-Dateien, so kann pdfTeX TrueType-Schriften -direkt verwenden und einbetten. -Sonst gibt es, wie oben erwähnt, prinzipiell drei Möglichkeiten: - -* `ttf2pk': - Dieses Programm konvertiert beliebige TrueType-Schriften (auch - asiatische!) in PK-Dateien. `ttf2pk' übernimmt dabei analog zu - `gsftopk' bei PS-Schriften das _Rendering_ für Anwendungen, die - TrueType-Schriften nicht unterstützen. Quellcode, Dokumentation etc. - findet man im FreeType-Paket: http://www.freetype.org/projects.html - MikTeX und fpTeX enthalten bereits Binaries; die neuesten - teTeX-Distributionen ab Version 1.0 haben Unterstützung für `ttf2pk' - in den Skripten (man muß also nur `ttf2pk' kompilieren). -* TTF => PS-Fonts: - Auch hier gibt es mehrere Ansätze. - - o `ttf2pfb': - Konvertiert TrueType-Fonts (auch asiatische!) in Type-1 - PostScript-Schriften. Nachteile: Unterstützung von Komposit-TTFs - derzeit nur beschränkt möglich; außerdem geht das Hinting (d.h. die - Anpassung an kleine Schriftgrößen) verloren. - http://www.freetype.org/projects.html - o `ttf2pt1': - `ttf2pt1' kann asiatische Fonts bzw. Fonts mit mehr als 256 Glyphen - behandeln, wobei die allgemeine Beschränkung, daß ein - Encoding-Vektor nur 256 Elemente haben kann, jedoch davon unabhängig - besteht; kann auch Metriken im .afm-Format erzeugen, so daß - Kerning-Informationen nicht verlorengehen. - http://www.netspace.net.au/~mheath/ttf2pt1/ - o TTF => PS-Fonts im Type-42-Format: - Erzeugt eine `Wrapper-Datei' um den TrueType-Font. `Ghostscript' und - neuere PS-Interpreter haben ein eingebautes TrueType-Modul, welches - das Type-42-Format verstehen kann - allerdings ist der - TrueType-Rasterer von älteren Ghostscript-Versionen eher schlecht. - (Das Programm kann vermutlich keine asiatische Fonts bzw. Fonts mit - mehr als 256 Glyphen behandeln.) - - Prinzipiell geht bei der Konvertierung von TrueType-Schriften nach - Type-1 das _Hinting_ verloren. Nähere Informationen hierzu findet man - in den Texten http://www.truetype.demon.co.uk/ttandt1.htm und - http://www.truetype.demon.co.uk/tthints.htm. -* `ttf2mf': - [nie verwendet; kann vermutlich asiatische Fonts bzw. Fonts mit mehr - als 256 Glyphen nicht behandeln.] - CTAN: nonfree/support/ttf2mf/ - -Weitere Informationen findet man unter den folgenden URLs: - -FreeType: http://www.freetype.org -Otfried Cheong: Using TrueType http://www.cs.uu.nl/~otfried/Pdftex/ -fonts in PdfLaTeX: - - -Zur Verwendung oder Integration von `ttf2pk' findet man weiteres unter -den folgenden URLs: - -Damir Rakityansky: -Using TrueType -fonts with TeX http://www.radamir.com/tex/ttf-tex.htm -(LaTeX) and pdfTeX -(pdfLaTeX): -Damir Rakityansky -(dt. Ü.): -Benutzung von CTAN: info/german/MiKTeX-WinEdt-TrueType-Anleitung/ttf.htm -TrueType-Schriften -unter TeX...: -ttf2tex: CTAN: support/ttf2tex/ - - -Zur Konvertierung von TrueType-Schriften in eine PS-Schrift findet man -mehr unter der folgenden URL: - -Harald Harders: Using TrueType fonts with CTAN: info/TrueType/index.html -teTeX and dvips: - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 9 --- ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 10 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -10 METAFONT und Schriften (Fortsetzung) - - -10.1 Die Computer-Modern-Schriften und ihre Nachfolger (+) - - -10.1.1 Gibt es die CM-Fonts auch als PostScript-(Type-1)-Schriften? - -Die Knuth'sche Computer-Modern-(CM)-Familie, die zusätzlichen -LaTeX-CM-Fonts und die AmS-Fonts zum mathematischen Formelsatz wurden -von Bluesky und Y&Y ins Type-1-Format umgesetzt und der Öffentlichkeit -frei verwendbar zur Verfügung gestellt. Die in diesem `Bluesky'-Paket -noch fehlenden Schriften, wie einige AmS-Fonts, die Logo- und -Manual-Fonts, sind inzwischen ebenso im Type-1-Format verfügbar. - -Bluesky: CTAN: fonts/cm/ps-type1/bluesky/ -AmS-Fonts: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/ps-type1/ -Logo: CTAN: fonts/mflogo/ps-type1/hoekwater/ -Manual: CTAN: fonts/manual/ps-type1/hoekwater/ - - - -10.1.2 Wie kann ich die CM-Fonts mit beliebigen Schriftgrößen verwenden? - -Das Paket `type1cm' von David Carlisle enthält geänderte -Font-Deklaratonen für die CM-Schriften, in denen die üblichen festen -Größenabstufungen durch Bereiche abgedeckt werden. Seine Verwendung ist -vorzugsweise in Verbindung mit Type-1-Fonts sinnvoll; ansonsten werden -möglicherweise sehr viele oder sehr große Pixelfonts erzeugt und -gespeichert - -type1cm: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/type1cm/ - - - -10.1.3 Was sind EC- und TC-Schriften? - -Mit `EC' und `TC' bezeichnet man Fonts mit dem Aussehen von Knuths -CM-Schriften, aber einem Zeichenvorrat entsprechend der `europäischen' -T1- und TS1-Kodierung. Die EC-Schriften sind ebenso stabil wie die -CM-Schriften, d.h. die .tfm-Dateien dieser Schriftfamilien werden sich -nicht mehr ändern. - -10.1.4 Wie kann ich mit LaTeX die neuen EC/TC-Schriften verwenden? - -Um mit LaTeX die EC-Schriften ohne viel Aufwand benutzen zu können, -benötigt man die LaTeX-Version vom Dezember 1996 oder neuer. Mit dieser -muss nurmehr in der Präambel die Zeile \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} -eingefügt werden. -Um die zusätzlichen Textsymbole der TC-Fonts nutzen zu k”nnen, ist das -Paket `textcomp' zu laden: \usepackage{textcomp}. - -10.1.5 Gibt es die zu den EC-Schriften gehörenden Schriften für den -mathematischen Formelsatz? - -Nein, leider noch nicht. Zur Zeit existiert ein gemeinsames -LaTeX3-/TUG-Technical-Working-Group-(TWG)-Projekt; Barbara Beeton, -Herausgeberin des TUGboat und Mitarbeiterin bei der American -Mathematical Society (AmS), ist Vorsitzende dieser TWG. Die -Arbeitsgruppe hat die nicht-triviale Aufgabe, alle benötigten -mathematischen Zeichen zusammenzutragen und entsprechende -Schriftkodierungen festzulegen. Informationen über die bisher -erarbeiteten Konzepte kann man in http://www.tug.org/twg/mfg finden. - -10.1.6 Wieso werden bei Verwendung von EC-Schriften noch die alten -CM-Schriften geladen? Ich dachte, dass die EC- die CM-Schriften -vollständig ersetzen können? - -Da noch keine mathematischen Schriften speziell für die EC-Schriften -existieren, werden die der CM-Schriften verwendet. Die CM-Textschriften -enthalten jedoch die großen griechischen Buchstaben für den -mathematischen Formelsatz, so dass auch weiterhin diese Textschriften -zusätzlich zu den EC-Textschriften geladen werden müssen. - -10.1.7 Gibt es die EC- und TC-Fonts auch im PostScript-(Type-1)-Format? - -Bis vor einiger Zeit gab es die EC/TC-Schriften nicht im Type-1-Format; -inzwischen existieren jedoch mehrere kommerzielle und freie Versionen: -MicroPress Inc. bietet sämtliche 666 Schriftschnitte der EC- und -TC-Schriften im Type-1-Format kommerziell an. -Kostenlos verfügbar sind zwei weitere Sammlungen von Type-1-Fonts: -`CM-Super' von Vladimir Volovich und `Tt2001' von Szabó Péter. -`CM-Super' enthält auch die Computer-Modern-Schriften mit kyrillischem -Zeichensatz (LH-Fonts). Momentan weisen beide Sammlungen noch geringe -qualitative Mängel auf. -Die kommerzielle Schriftfamilie `EM' von Y&Y enthält zwar alle Lettern -der EC-Schriften, jedoch unterscheiden sich die Metriken von den -Original-EC-Schriften; außerdem werden beträchtlich weniger verschiedene -Entwurfsgrößen benutzt. Man erhält daher einen anderen Umbruch, so dass -sie keinen wirklichen Ersatz darstellen. Andererseits sind sie, im -Gegensatz zu den originalen EC-Fonts, auch mit Anwendungen aus der -nicht-TeX-Welt verwendbar (`ATM-kompatibel'). -Sollte keines der genannten Pakete verfügbar sein, kann man als -`Notlösung' zu den AE- oder ZE-Fonts greifen (siehe Frage 10.1.8). - -EC-Type-1 http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/ecfonts/ecmain.htm -(MicroPress): -CM-Super: CTAN: fonts/ps-type1/cm-super/ -Tt2001: CTAN: fonts/ps-type1/ec/ - http://www.inf.bme.hu/~pts/textrace/ -EM (Y&Y): http://www.yandy.com/em.htm - - - -10.1.8 Was sind die `AE'- und `ZE'-Schriften? - -Ein nicht ganz vollwertiger Ersatz von EC-Schriften im Type-1-Format -besteht darin, spezielle _virtuelle Fonts_ zu benutzen. Diese virtuellen -Fonts stellen (fast) den kompletten T1-Zeichensatz bereit, greifen -letztlich auf die OT1-kodierten CM-Fonts zurück, und da letztere in -praktisch jedem TeX-System im Type-1-Format verfügbar sind, bekommt man -somit auch einen Ersatz für die EC-Schriften im Type-1-Format. -Allerdings unterscheiden sich die Metriken und die verfügbaren -Entwurfsgrößen von den echten EC-Fonts, so dass sich ein anderer Umbruch -ergibt. -Solche virtuellen Schriften sind unter den Namen `Almost-European' (AE) -und `ZE' verfügbar. Man beachte aber, dass nicht _alle_ Zeichen des -T1-Encodings bereitgestellt werden. Auch wird nur der T1-Zeichenvorrat -simuliert, nicht aber TS1, so dass die Textcompanion-Symbole wie z.B. -`\textmu' nicht verfügbar sind. Für einige der fehlenden Zeichen gibt es -Ersatzlösungen. So erhält man die mit den AE-Schriften nicht -darstellbaren französischen Anführungszeichen durch zusätzliches -Einbinden des Paketes `aeguill'. Es extrahiert französische `Guillemets' -aus anderen Schriften, vorzugsweise aus den `PL'-Schriften, einer -polnischen Variante der CM-Schriften mit einigen zusätzlichen -europäischen Zeichen. Die PL-Schriften liegen als METAFONT- und als -PostScript-Type-1-Schriften vor, die dieselben Metrikdateien verwenden. -Um sie in ihrer Kodierung OT4 benutzen zu können, müssen die -dazugehörigen Fontdefinitionsdateien aus dem Bündel `platex' installiert -sein. Optional kann das Paket `aeguill' aber auch auf andere, -standardmäßig vorhandene Fonts, zurückgreifen. - -ae: CTAN: fonts/ae/ -ze: CTAN: fonts/zefonts/ -aeguill: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/aeguill/ -PL-Schriften (Type-1): CTAN: language/polish/plpsfont/ -platex: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/platex/ - - - -10.1.9 Ich erhalte die Meldung `LaTeX Font Warning: Some font shapes -were not available, defaults substituted'. Was hat das zu bedeuten? (+) - -Bei LaTeX ist es möglich, Kombinationen von Schriftattributen -anzufordern, die bei der verwendeten Schrift nicht verfügbar sind. So -wird beispielsweise bei der Kombination von ``Kapitälchen'' und `Fett' -in der Standard-Codierung OT1 mit CM-Fonts: - - \documentclass{article} - \begin{document} - \textsc{Test \textbf{Test}} - \end{document} - -von LaTeX folgende Warnung gemeldet: - - LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `OT1/cmr/bx/sc' undefined - (Font) using `OT1/cmr/bx/n' instead on input line 4. - -Diese Warnung besagt, dass in der Codierung OT1 in der Familie cmr -(Roman) und der `Font series' bx (Fett) kein `Font shape' sc -(Kapitälchen) verfügbar ist und stattdessen `Font shape' n (Normal) -verwendet wird. -Immer, wenn LaTeX solche Ersetzungen vornimmt, meldet es für alle -Ersetzungen zusammen am Schluss noch `LaTeX Font Warning: Some font -shapes were not available, defaults substituted', weil Meldungen am Ende -des LaTeX-Laufs nicht so leicht übersehen werden. -Welche Ersetzung LaTeX vornimmt, ist in den .fd-Dateien definiert. -Näheres dazu ist in dem LaTeX-Standarddokument `selection: Kurzname im -Text, fntguide/fntguide.html: Paketname selection: Kurzname im Text, -html/fntguide/fntguide.html: Paketname LaTeX2e font selection' zu -finden. - -10.1.10 Was kann ich tun, wenn ich eine Meldung über eine nicht -vorhandene Schriftkombination erhalte? (+) - -Grundsätzlich gibt es in diesem Fall nur zwei Möglichkeiten. Zum einen -kann man natürlich nach Schriften suchen, bei denen die gewünschte -Kombination vorhanden ist. So sind beispielsweise fette Kapitälchen in -der Standardschrift CM nicht vorhanden, in den EC-Fonts hingegen sehr -wohl. Fügt man daher im Beispiel aus Frage Frage 10.1.9 die Zeile - - \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} - -ein, so verschwindet die Meldung. -Alternativ kann man auf die entsprechende Kombination schlicht -verzichten. In einigen Fällen genügt es daszu, die Warnung schlicht zu -ignorrieren. Man kann aber auch die Notwendigkeit der Kombination -beseitigen. Hat man beispielsweise serifenlose Überschriften -voreingestellt, benötigt jedoch unbedingt Kapitälchen in den -Überschriften, so hat man das Problem, dass es sehr wenige Schriften mit -serifenlosen Kapitälchen gibt. Eine einfache Lösung besteht nun darin, -die Voreinstellung der Überschriften in eine Serifenschrift zu ändern. -Viele unterschiedliche Warnungen über nicht vorhandene -Schriftkombinationen können auch ein Hinweis sein, dass versucht wird, -übermäßig viele Schriften zu kombinieren. Aus typografischer Sicht -könnte die Eliminierung der Kombinationen eine gute Lösung sein. Man -sollte nämlich nie zu viele Schriftarten miteinander kombinieren. - -10.2 Alternativen zu den Computer-Modern-Schriften (*) - - -10.2.1 Wie kann ich die PostScript-Basisschriften (Times, Helvetica -usw.) mit LaTeX verwenden? - -Die Pakete und Metrikdateien des `PSNFSS'-Bündels unterstützen die -Verwendung der 35 PostScript-Basisschriften mit LaTeX. `PSNFSS' ist -Bestandteil jedes LaTeX-Systems. - - Times: - Das Paket `mathptmx' deklariert `Times' als Grundschrift und lädt - dazu passende Mathematikschriften, die aus verschiedenen frei - verfügbaren Fonts (z.B. `Symbol') zusammengesetzt sind. - - Palatino: - Die Pakete `mathpazo' und `mathpple' legen `Palatino' als - Grundschrift fest und laden dazu passende Mathematikschriften, die - aus frei verfügbaren Fonts zusammengesetzt sind. Im Wesentlichen - unterscheiden sich die Pakete durch das Aussehen der griechischen - Buchstaben und einiger mathematischer Symbole; das ältere - Paket`mathpple' greift dafür vor allem auf (modifizierte) - Euler-Fonts zurück, während `mathpazo' ein neu entworfenes - mathematisches Alphabet `Pazo' verwendet. - - Helvetica: - Das Paket `helvet' legt `Helvetica' als serifenlose Schrift fest. - - Courier: - Das Paket `courier' legt `Courier' als Schreibmaschinenschrift - fest. - - ZapfDingbats - und andere Symbolschriften werden vom Paket `pifont' unterstützt. - -Weitere Pakete unterstützen die Schriftfamilien `NewCenturySchoolbook', -`Bookman', `AvantGarde' und `ZapfChancery'. PSNFSS unterstützt auch die -Verwendung der Schriftfamilien `Bitstream Charter' und `Adobe Utopia'. -Sie gehören nicht zu den Base35-Fonts, sind aber kostenlos verfügbar und -sollten standardmäßig Bestandteil jedes LaTeX-Systems sein. -Siehe die Dokumentation zu PSNFSS (`Using common PostScript fonts with -LaTeX'). - -psnfss: CTAN: macros/latex/required/psnfss - - - -10.2.2 Wie kann ich ein ganzes Dokument in serifenloser Schrift (z.B. -Helvetica) setzen? (*) - -Die Anweisung - - \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} - -in der Präambel legt serifenlose Schrift als Grundschrift für das -gesamte Dokument fest; das ist diejenige Schriftfamilie, die sonst mit -der Anweisung `\sffamily' gewählt würde. Per Voreinstellung ist das -`CM-Sans'. Möchte man diese gegen `Helvetica' austauschen, ist -zusätzlich das Paket `helvet' (siehe Frage 10.2.1) zu laden: - - \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} - \usepackage{helvet} - -Beachte, dass in beiden Fällen LaTeXs Mathematikschriften _nicht_ -geändert werden! Die für den Mathematiksatz voreingestellten Schriften -der CM-Familie harmonieren jedoch nur schlecht mit `CM-Sans' und -überhaupt nicht mit `Helvetica', so dass die genannten Lösungen -untauglich sind, falls auch mathematische Formeln zu setzen sind. -Es gibt überhaupt nur zwei serifenlose Schriftfamilien, die für TeX -geeignete Mathematikschriften (inkl. der AmS-Symbole) enthalten. Beide -werden zusammen mit Makropaketen für die Verwendung mit LaTeX verteilt: - - CM-Bright: - Eine aus den CM-Fonts abgeleitete Schriftfamilie; heller und - weniger ``aufdringlich'' als `CM-Sans'. Sie ist auf CTAN sowohl im - Metafont- als auch im PostScript-Format erhältlich. Die Schriften - im Type-1-Format gehören teilweise zur Sammlung CM-Super (siehe - Frage 10.1.7), die restlichen wurden von H.~Harders (`hfbright') - zur Verfügung gestellt. Ein vollständiges Paket der - CM-Bright-Fonts im Type-1-Format wird auch kommerziell von der Fa. - MicroPress Inc. angeboten. - - HV-Math: - Eine Helvetica-`Clone', mit erweitertem Zeichensatz und - Mathematikschriften; im Type-1-Format von MicroPress Inc. - erhältlich. - -Die Schriftfamilie `Arial' ist lediglich eine Nachahmung der -`Helvetica', mit geringen Unterschieden bei den Zeichenformen. Sie wird -von vielen Programmen als Ersatz für die echte Helvetica verwendet, z.T. -ohne dass dies vom Anwender zu beeinflussen ist. Mit TeX kann und sollte -man stets `Helvetica' oder `HV-Math' verwenden, siehe oben! - -CM-Bright: CTAN: fonts/cmbright/ - CTAN: fonts/ps-type1/cm-super/ - CTAN: fonts/ps-type1/hfbright/ - http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/ -HV-Math: http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/ - - - -10.2.3 Welche anderen als die CM-Schriften sind mit LaTeX ohne großen -Aufwand verwendbar? - -Vergleichsweise problemlos lassen sich mit LaTeX solche Schriften -einsetzen, die komplett mit allen nötigen TeX-spezifischen Metriken und -Makrodateien verteilt werden (bzw. in üblichen TeX-Distributionen -vorhanden sind). Idealerweise sollten außerdem dazu passende -Mathematikschriften vorhanden sein. - -Schriftfamilien mit Mathematikfonts - - - Times: - Siehe Frage 10.2.1. Neben den vom Paket `mathptmx' verwendeten - Mathematikschriften gibt es auch kommerzielle, die eine deutlich - höhere Qualität aufweisen: `TM-Math' (MicroPress, enthält auch - zusätzliche Textsymbole und die AmS-Symbolfonts), `MathTime' und - `MathTimePro' (Y&Y). - - Palatino: - Siehe Frage 10.2.1. Neben den von dem Paketen `mathpple' und - `mathpazo' verwendeten Mathematikschriften gibt es noch die - kommerziellen `PA-Math'-Fonts (MicroPress) mit deutlich besserer - Qualität und zusätzlichen Textsymbolen. - - LucidaBright: - Eine umfangreiche Schrift-`Sippe', bestehend aus Roman-, - Sansserif- und Schreibmaschinen-Schriften, zahlreichen Sonder- und - Zierschriften und allen Mathematikfonts für Verwendung mit - plainTeX oder LaTeX, einschl. der AmS-Symbole. Nur im - Type-1-Format. Kommerziell erhältlich bei Y&Y. - - Concrete: - Eine serifenbetonte Antiqua-Schrift; die Grundschrift von Donald - Knuths Buch `Concrete Mathematics'; aus der CM-Familie abgeleitet. - Enthält neben Textfonts auch alle Mathematikschriften für (La)TeX - inkl. der AmS-Symbole. Im Metafont-Format kostenlos und - Bestandteil der meisten TeX-Systeme; im Type-1-Format von - MicroPress vertrieben. LaTeX-Paket: `ccfonts' - - CM-Bright: - siehe Frage 10.2.2. - - Helvetica/HV-Math: - siehe Frage 10.2.2. - - BA-Math: - Eine Antiqua-Schrift im Stil der `Baskerville', mit - Mathematikschriften für LaTeX; Type-1-Format. Erhältlich bei - MicroPress. - - IF-Math: - Eine Tekton-`Clone' mit Mathematikschriften für LaTeX; - Type-1-Format. Erhältlich bei MicroPress. - - -Schriftfamilien ohne Mathematikfonts - - - AvantGarde, Bookman, Charter, Helvetica, NewCenturySchoolbook, Utopia: - Die Verwendung dieser Schriftfamilien wird durch die Pakete des - PSNFSS-Bündels unterstützt, siehe Frage 10.2.1. - - LucidaBrightSO: - Die wichtigsten Textschriften der LucidaBright-Familie (_nicht_ - die Mathematikschriften!) sind auch als Bestandteil von - `StarOffice' 5.2 verfügbar. Im Gegensatz zur Variante von Y&Y - (siehe oben) enthalten sie neben den lateinischen auch kyrillische - Zeichensätze und sind kostenlos erhältlich. - - Pandora: - Frei verfügbare, speziell für die Verwendung mit (La)TeX - entworfene Schriftfamilie mit Roman-, Sansserif- und - Schreibmaschinen-Schriften. Etwas auffällig und verspielt. Nur mit - OT1-Zeichensatz, nur im Metafont-Format. - - Malvern: - Frei verfügbare, speziell für TeX entworfene Familie von - serifenlosen Schriften. Nur mit OT1- und T1-Zeichensatz verfügbar, - keine TS1-Kodierung; nur im Metafont-Format. - - Litaraturnaya: - Schriftfamilie mit lateinischen und kyrillischen Zeichensätzen. - Nur Type-1-Format. Kostenlos erhältlich. - - -Generische Mathematikfonts - - - Die Mathematikschriften TM-Math, MathTime, MathTimePro - (siehe oben) wurden ursprünglich für die Verwendung mit der - `Times' entworfen, lassen sich aber auch mit ähnlichen - Schriftfamilien verwenden; dies wird auch von den dazu gehörenden - Makropaketen unterstützt. - - LucidaNewMath - Die zu LucidaBright (siehe oben) gehörenden Mathematikschriften - lassen sich auch mit anderen Schriftfamilien kombinieren. Ein - entsprechendes Makropaket `lucbmath' wird zusammen mit den - Schriften ausgeliefert. - - Die mathematischen Euler-Fonts - wurden ursprünglich für die Verwendung mit der Schriftfamilie - Concrete entworfen (die inzwischen eigene Mathematikfonts bekommen - hat). - Die Euler-Fonts lassen sich sehr gut auch mit ganz anderen - Textschriften als Concrete kombinieren. Sie passen insbesondere - gut zu verschiedenen Renaissance-Antiquas (z.B. Garamond, Sabon, - Minion, Palatino). Dies wird durch das neuere Paket `eulervm' und - dazu gehörende virtuelle Fonts unterstützt. - Die LaTeX-Pakete `euler' und `beton' stellten eine ad-hoc-Lösung - für die Kombination Concrete/Euler dar, die die Typografie vom - Donald Knuths Buch `Concrete Mathematics' in LaTeX nachbildet; sie - sind veraltet und sollten nicht mehr verwendet werden. - - -MicroPress: http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/ -Y&Y: http://www.yandy.com/ -Concrete: CTAN: fonts/concrete/ - CTAN: fonts/ecc/ - CTAN: fonts/concmath/ -Pandora: CTAN: fonts/pandora/ -Anpassungen zu -LucidaBright aus ftp://ftp.ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/lucidaso/ -StarOffice: -Literaturnaya: ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/literat/ -eulervm: CTAN: fonts/eulervm/ - - - -10.2.4 Wo finde ich TeX-Anpassungen für handelsübliche Type-1-Fonts? - -Außerhalb der Welt von TeX existiert ein riesiges Angebot an -digitalisierten Schriften. Um sie auch mit (La)TeX verwenden zu können -benötigt man zusätzlich zu den eigentlichen Fonts TeX-spezifische -Metrik-, Font-Map- und .fd-Dateien. Falls man diese nicht selbst -erstellen kann oder will (siehe Frage 9.2.2), kann man auf vorgefertigte -Anpassungen zurückgreifen. - -psfonts: CTAN: fonts/psfonts -(z.T. veraltet und nur mangelhaft dokumentiert) -Walter Schmidt: Schriften für TeX: http://home.vr-web.de/was/fonts.html - - - -10.3 Sonderschriften - - -10.3.1 Gibt es eine Schönschrift/Handschrift? - -Mit `calligra' gibt es eine kalligraphische Schrift (nur im -Metafont-Format), eine schön ausgeführte Schmuckschrift. Eine weitere -Schönschrift (ebenfalls im Metafont-Format) ist die `twcal', die -ursprünglich auf der vereinfachten Ausgangsschrift `va' basiert, jedoch -durch viele Änderungen und Ligaturen weichere, durchgezogene Übergänge -erhalten hat. Mit den Paketen `calligra' und `twcal' gibt es -LaTeX-Anpassungen für beide gleichnamigen Schriften. -Zu den PostScript-Standardfonts gehört der `normale' Schnitt der Schrift -`ZapfChancery'. Metriken und Makrodateien dafür gehören zum -PSNFSS-Bündel, siehe Frage 10.2.1. -Im Type-1-Format ist die Schrift `BrushScriptX' kostenlos verfügbar. Sie -ähnelt der kommerziellen Schrift BrushScript von Adobe. Zusammen mit dem -Font wird ein passendes Makropaket verteilt. -Ebenfalls im Type-1-Format ist die Schrift `Augie' als Freeware -erhältlich, zusammen mit den nötigen Anpassungen zur Verwendung mit TeX; -sie ist aus einer typischen amerikanischen Schülerhandschrift -abgeleitet. - -calligra: CTAN: fonts/calligra/ -twcal: CTAN: fonts/twcal/ -(METAFONT-Quellen und Paket für LaTeX 2.09) - CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/gene/fundus/ -(Paket für LaTeX) -BrushScriptX: CTAN: fonts/brushscr/ -Augie: CTAN: fonts/augie/ - - - -10.3.2 Ich suche eine Sütterlin, Fraktur, Schwabacher, Gotische Schrift. - -Yannis Haralambous hat einen Satz dieser altdeutschen Schriften auf der -Tagung EuroTeX'91 in Cork/Irland vorgestellt. Neben den reinen -Brotschriften hat er auch noch mit der Schrift `yinit' große Initialen -als Schmuckschrift hinzugefügt. Die Einbindung dieser Schriften ist für -LaTeX2e im Paket `oldgerm', das Bestandteil von `mfnfss' ist, enthalten. -Mit dem Paket `yfonts' existiert eine Alternative, die mit german.sty -funktioniert und diese Schriften trotz ihrer unkonventionellen Kodierung -in LaTeX2e einbindet; ein Makro ermöglicht es, einen Absatz mit einer -eingezogenen Zierinitiale zu schmücken. -Zu der Sütterlin-Schrift `suet14' und ihrer schräggestellten Variante -`schwell' wurde in der Newsgroup de.comp.tex (dem damaligen Vorgänger -von `de.comp.text.tex') angemerkt: ``Die Fonts sehen wirklich klasse -aus. Allerdings hat das kleine `a' keinen Kringel (Schleifchen) rechts -oben, was es nach Brockhaus und alten Schulunterlagen haben sollte. Auch -das `k' scheint etwas abzuweichen.'' - -Y.H.: CTAN: fonts/gothic/yfrak/ - CTAN: fonts/gothic/yswab/ - CTAN: fonts/gothic/ygoth/ - CTAN: fonts/gothic/yinit/ -mfnfss: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/mfnfss -yfonts: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/yfonts -cmfrak: CTAN: fonts/gothic/cmfrak/ -sueterlin/schwell: CTAN: fonts/gothic/sueterlin/ - - - -10.3.3 Gibt es die lateinische bzw. die vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift, -mit der man das Schreiben in der ersten Klasse begonnen hat? - - -la: CTAN: fonts/la/ -va: CTAN: fonts/va/ - - - -10.3.4 Gibt es eine Schrift mit Mediävalziffern/Minuskelziffern? Wie -kann ich alle Zahlen in einem Dokument mit Mediävalziffern setzen? - -Mediävalziffern erhält man in Plain-TeX durch \oldstyle{1234567890}, in -LaTeX mit \oldstylenums{1234567890}, da TeXs Math-Italic-Schriften diese -Ziffernform bereits enthalten. -Will man alle Zahlen in einem Dokument in Mediävalziffern ausgeben, ohne -diese explizit mit `\oldstyle' bzw. `\oldstylenums' auszeichnen zu -müssen, so benötigt man spezielle Text-Fonts, in denen die meist -üblichen Versalziffern durch Mediävalziffern ersetzt wurden. Dies ist -z.B. in den ECO-Schriften der Fall, die auf den EC-Schriften basieren -und die als ``virtuelle Schriften'' die Ziffernformen ersetzen. - -ECO-Fonts: CTAN: fonts/eco/ - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 10 --- ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 11 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -11 Tools und Utilities - - -11.1 Tools zur Manipulation von dvi-Dateien - - -11.1.1 Ich möchte durch doppelseitigen Druck und entsprechende Faltung -eine Broschüre in DIN A5 mit Hilfe von DIN A4-Bögen erstellen. - -Mit `dvidvi' oder `dvibook' lassen sich die Seiten in einer dvi-Datei so -umordnen, daß auf einem Papierbogen die entsprechenden Seiten -doppelseitig gedruckt werden können. Neben diesen -dvi-Manipulationsprogrammen können auch einige dvi-Gerätetreiber die -Seiten so gedreht und sortiert ausgeben, daß man diese zu einer -Broschüre bzw. die einzelnen Bogenpäckchen zu einem dickeren Buch binden -kann. Beispiele für solche Treiber sind `dvidrv' (emTeX-Paket, OS/2 und -MS-DOS) `dvi_dot' (MultiTeX-Paket, Atari ST), DVI 3.xx (Atari ST). -Hilfreich ist hierbei neben der Fähigkeit, die Seiten entsprechend -anzuordnen, daß man die Signaturgröße, d.h. die Größe eines Heftchens, -über einen Parameter angeben kann (Bsp: `section-count' bei den -emTeX-Treibern). Verwendet man PostScript, so kann man mit `psbook' (aus -den PostScript-Utilities) statt der Seiten in der dvi-Datei auch die -Seiten in der aus der dvi-Datei erzeugten PostScript-Datei umordnen. -Dabei sollte man darauf achten, daß die PostScript-Dateien sogenannte -`strukturierte Kommentare' enthalten, da `psbook', andere -PostScript-Utilities und beispielsweise auch `ghostview' diese -Kommentare benötigen, um den Vorspann und die einzelnen Seiten -voneinander trennen zu können. In `dvips' darf man die Option -N (`No -structured comments') daher _nicht_ verwenden! -Lösungsbeispiel mit `dvidvi' und `dvips': - - # Vorderseiten: - dvidvi -m '4:-1,2(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp1.dvi - dvips -t landscape tmp1.dvi - # - # Rueckseiten: - dvidvi -m '4:-3,0(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp2.dvi - dvips -t landscape tmp2.dvi - # - # danach zuerst die Vorderseiten in `tmp1.ps' ausdrucken, diese in - # den Drucker so einlegen, dass die letzte Vorderseite zuerst - # eingezogen wird, und dann die Rueckseiten in `tmp2.ps' ausdrucken. - -Lösungsbeispiel mit `psbook', `pstops' und `dvips': -Damit `dvips' auch weiterverarbeitbare PostScript-Seiten im -DIN A5-Format erzeugen kann, muß in die `dvips'-Konfigurationsdatei -``config.ps'' noch folgender Eintrag hinzugefügt werden: - - @ A5 148.5mm 210mm - @+ %%PaperSize: A5 - @+ ! %%DocumentPaperSizes: A5 - -Anschließend können die folgenden Anweisungen abgesetzt werden: - - # Ausgabe im Hochformat in DIN A5 - dvips -t a5 -o tmp.ps datei.dvi - -und nach dem Erzeugen der A5-großen Seiten anschließend - - # Sortieren der Seiten der PS-Datei, Signaturgroesse: je 16 Seiten - # ergibt 4 Boegen (doppelseitig und gefaltet) - psbook -s16 tmp.ps tmp-sorted.ps - # Zusammenfassen von 4 Seiten auf ein DIN A4-Blatt - pstops '4:0L(21cm,0)+1L(21cm,14.85cm),2R(0,29.7cm)+3R(0,14.85cm)' \ - tmp-sorted.ps datei.ps - -Die Veränderung von ``config.ps'' und die Option -t a5 beim Aufruf von -`dvips' kann entfallen, wenn das Programm `psresize' verwendet wird: - - # Ausgabe im Hochformat (in DIN A5) - dvips -o tmp-in.ps datei.dvi - # Korrigiere Papiergroessenangabe von A4 auf A5 - psresize -Pa4 -pa5 tmp-in.ps tmp.ps - -Man beachte, daß unter manchen Betriebssystemen die Hochkommata -entfallen oder durch doppelte Hochkommata ersetzt werden müssen. Der -Backslash am Ende der letzten Anweisung zeigt an, daß diese und die -nachfolgende Zeile zusammengehören! - -dvidvi: CTAN: dviware/dvidvi/ -dvibook: CTAN: dviware/dvibook/ -psbook: CTAN: support/psutils/ -psresize: CTAN: support/psutils/ -(unterhalb von CTAN: systems findet man Binaries dieser Programme für -verschiedene Systeme) -Print Output as Booklet: http://www.lyx.org/help/PS/ps.php#booklet - - - -11.1.2 Ich möchte aus einer bereits fertigen, jedoch für DIN A4 -formatierte Broschüre durch Verkleinerung, doppelseitigen Druck und -entsprechende Faltung eine Broschüre in DIN A5 erstellen. - -In Frage 11.1.1 wurden bereits entsprechende Programme vorgestellt, mit -denen die Manipulationen durchgeführt werden können. Im Unterschied zu -der dort vorgestellten Lösung sind nun die Seiten zusätzlich von DIN A4 -auf DIN A5 zu verkleinern. Diese Skalierung ist typographisch nicht -empfehlenswert; eine Layout-Änderung und Neuformatierung der Vorlage auf -DIN A5, um eine Skalierung zu vermeiden, wäre besser. -Lösungsbeispiel mit `dvidvi' und `dvips': - - # Vorderseiten: - dvidvi -m '4:-1,2(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp1.dvi - dvips -t landscape -x 707 tmp1.dvi - # - # Rueckseiten: - dvidvi -m '4:-3,0(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp2.dvi - dvips -t landscape -x 707 tmp2.dvi - # - # danach zuerst die Vorderseiten in `tmp1.ps' ausdrucken, diese in - # den Drucker so einlegen, dass die letzte Vorderseite zuerst - # eingezogen wird, und dann die Rueckseiten in `tmp2.ps' ausdrucken. - -Lösungsbeispiel mit `psbook', `pstops' und `dvips': - - # Ausgabe im Querformat und auf DIN A5 (= 1/sqrt{2}) verkleinert - dvips -t landscape -x 707 -o tmp.ps datei.dvi - # Sortieren der Seiten der PS-Datei, Signaturgroesse: je 16 Seiten - # ergibt 4 Boegen (doppelseitig und gefaltet) - psbook -s16 tmp.ps tmp-sorted.ps - # Zusammenfassen auf eine DIN A4-Seite - pstops '2:0(.744cm,.744cm)+1(.744cm,-14.106cm)' tmp-sorted.ps datei.ps - -Man beachte, daß unter manchen Betriebssystemen die Hochkommata -entfallen oder durch doppelte Hochkommata ersetzt werden müssen. - -11.1.3 Wenn ich A5-Seiten auf A4-Bögen anordne, warum erscheint das -Ergebnis immer stark verschoben? - -In Frage 11.1.1 und Frage 11.1.2 wurde bereits vorgestellt, wie -normalerweise eine Broschüre in DIN A5 erstellt werden kann. Dabei kann -jedoch das Problem auftreten, dass das Ergebnis stark verschoben ist und -deshalb nicht auf einen Papierbogen passt. Dieser Effekt tritt auf, wenn -durch ein Paket das Papersize-Special in die DVI-Datei geschrieben wird. -Dies geschieht beispielsweise beim Paket `geometry' bei Verwendung der -Option `dvips' oder beim Paket `typearea' aus dem KOMA-Script-Paket bei -Verwendung der Option `dvips' oder der Option `pagesize'. -Die Lösung für das Problem ist in diesem Fall ganz einfach. Verzichten -Sie auf die entsprechende Option und gehen Sie dann wie in den Antworten -beschrieben vor. -Wenn Sie eine DVI-Datei erhalten und feststellen wollen, ob ein -entsprechendes Special enthalten ist, können Sie das mit Hilfe des -Programms `dvitype' erreichen. Gibt `dvitype' unmittelbar nach der Zeile - - <nn>: begin of page1 - -eine Zeile - - <nn>: xxx 'papersize=597.50793pt,845.04694pt' - -aus, dann ist ein solches Special enthalten und das Problem wird -auftreten. <nn> ist dabei ein Zahlwert, der von Datei zu Datei -unterschiedlich sein kann. Obige Werte hinter ``papersize='' sind -natürlich vom eingestellten Papierformat abhängig. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -geometry: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/geometry/ - - - -11.1.4 Wie kann ich bei doppelseitigem Druck jede zweite Seite umgedreht -drucken lassen? - -Doppelseitige Drucker geben die zweite Seite meist über die längere -Kante gewendet aus, so daß hintere Seite eines Papierblattes ``falsch -herum'' gedruckt wird. Mit einem PostScript-fähigen Drucker und dem -Programm `pstops' (aus den PostScript-Utilities) kann dies problemlos -korrigiert werden, indem jede zweite Seite mit der Option `U' -(upside-down) auf den Kopf gestellt wird: - - pstops '2:0,1U(21cm,29.7cm)' datei.ps datei-2r.ps - -Will man wie in Frage 11.1.1 oder Frage 11.1.2 Broschüren erstellen, -sind die dort gezeigten Verfahren durchzuführen. Anschließend ist dann -obige Zeile auf das Ergebnis anzuwenden. - -pstops: CTAN: support/psutils/ - - - -11.1.5 Ist es möglich, zwei dvi-Dateien zu einer zusammenzumontieren? -Kann ich einzelne Seiten aus einer dvi-Datei in eine dvi-Datei -schreiben? - -`dviconcat', das im `dvibook'-Paket enthalten ist, hängt dvi-Dateien -aneinander. Mit `dviselect' aus demselben Paket kann man einzelne Seiten -bzw. Folgen von Seiten aus einer dvi-Datei extrahieren. - -dvibook: CTAN: dviware/dvibook/ - - - -11.1.6 Eine vorhandene PostScript-Datei enthält Grafiken, die ich für -einen anderen Zweck wiederverwenden will. Was kann ich tun? - -Das Programm `psrip' kann in vielen Fällen enthaltene EPS-Grafiken aus -einer PostScript-Datei extrahieren. - -psrip: CTAN: support/psrip/ - - - -11.2 Syntax-Checker - - -11.2.1 Ich möchte ein LaTeX-Dokument möglichst schnell auf Fehler -überprüfen. - -In LaTeX gibt es das Paket `syntonly', das durch die Anweisung -`\syntaxonly' in der Dokumentpräambel einige LaTeX-Interna so -umdefiniert, daß kein oder nur spärlich dvi-Code erzeugt und so der -Übersetzungslauf beschleunigt wird. Dabei werden weiterhin die meisten -Fehler, insbesonders syntaktische, von TeX gemeldet. Jedoch können auch -weitere Fehler gemeldet werden, wenn Makros von den intern jetzt nicht -mehr erzeugten Strukturen abhängen. `syntonly' benötigt die tfm-Datei -für den Font `dummy'. - -syntonly: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ -dummy: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/sources/dummy.mf - CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/tfm/dummy.tfm - - - -11.2.2 Gibt es auch noch Syntax-Checker, die schneller sind? - -Externe Syntax-Checker, wie `lacheck', `ChkTeX' oder `texchk', sind -schneller, jedoch kann es vorkommen, daß sie z.B. bei -`verbatim'-ähnlichen Umgebungen sehr viele Fehler melden, obwohl keine -existieren. Meist ignorieren diese Programme auch \input- und -\include-Anweisungen, so daß die einzelnen Dokumentdateien separat -getestet werden müssen. Sie sind jedoch schnell und ideal zum Finden von -Fehlern durch inkorrekte Schachtelung von Gruppen/Umgebungen. - -lacheck: CTAN: support/lacheck/ - C/lex-Source von `lacheck' (war früher - im AucTeX-Paket enthalten). -ChkTeX: CTAN: support/chktex/ - Sources und Binaries für verschiedene - Architekturen. -texchk: CTAN: obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip -disk05/texcheck.zip enthalten. Binary ist im emTeX- und damit auch im -Der Quelltext wurde in der 4allTeX-Paket in disk05/texcheck.zip -Newsgroup `comp.sources.unix' enthalten. Der Quelltext wurde in der -verteilt.: link) Newsgroup `comp.sources.unix' verteilt. - - -11.3 Dokument-Konverter von bzw. in das (La)TeX-Markup-Format (*) - - -11.3.1 Ich habe ein Dokument für XYZ vorliegen und möchte es in (La)TeX -umwandeln. Gibt es ein Konvertierungsprogramm? - -Für relativ viele Dokumentformate gibt es Programme, die diese in eine -(La)TeX-Eingabedatei mit entsprechendem Markup umwandeln. Leider können -die meisten dieser Programme nur eine a) unvollständige Konvertierung -durchführen, b) ein (La)TeX-Dokument mit schlechtem Markup erzeugen oder -c) brechen mit Fehlern ab oder stürzen im schlimmsten Fall ab. Dies -liegt an unterschiedlichen Gründen, wie z.B. daran, daß die -Markup-Möglichkeiten des anderen Programms nicht mächtig genug sind oder -daß das Dateiformat nicht offiziell dokumentiert vorliegt und daher nur -unvollständig und fehlerhaft `re-engineered' wurde. Es ist daher besser, -wenn Sie nicht allzu viel von diesen Konvertierungsprogrammen erwarten -und sich darauf einstellen, daß Sie noch nacharbeiten müssen. -Konvertierungsprogramme, die (La)TeX-Dokumente erzeugen, existieren für -Word, WordPerfect, RTF, SGML, HTML, troff, Scribe u.v.m. - -11.3.2 Ich habe ein (La)TeX-Dokument vorliegen und möchte es in eine -Form für XYZ umwandeln. Gibt es ein Konvertierungsprogramm? - -Es existieren relativ viele Konvertierungsprogramme, um ein -LaTeX-Dokument in eine Form zu wandeln, um das Dokument oder Teile -daraus in anderen Programmen weiterzuverwenden. Auch hier muß man mehr -oder weniger Abstriche machen, wenn ein Dokument a) nicht strukturiert -eingegeben und konsistent mit LaTeX-Markup versehen wurde, b) spezielle -LaTeX-Pakete und -Erweiterungen verwendet, c) mathematische Formeln, -Tabellen und Grafiken mit der `picture'-Umgebung enthält oder d) das -Konvertierungsprogramm spezielle Markup-Deklarationen benötigt. Sie -müssen daher auch hier entweder das entstandene Ergebnis nachbearbeiten -oder ihr LaTeX-Dokument vorher entsprechend anpassen. -Konvertierungsprogramme, die aus (La)TeX-Dokumenten ein anderes Format -erzeugen, existieren für RTF (Word/WordPerfect), gewöhnlichen -ASCII-Text, HTML, Portable Document Format (PDF) von Adobe u.v.m.. - -11.3.3 Konvertierungsprogramme für MS Word (for Windows), WordPerfect -(for Windows), allgemein für `Rich Text Format' (RTF) sowie für weitere -Formate? - -LaTeX zwingt den Autor, sein Dokument in strukturierter Form einzugeben, -während Textverarbeitungsprogramme wie Word und WordPerfect auch die -unstrukturierte Eingabe eines Dokuments erlauben, was leider auch die -meisten Autoren tun. Daher ist es nur sehr schwer und mit viel Aufwand -möglich, ein unstrukturiertes Dokument automatisch in eine strukturierte -LaTeX-Eingabe umzusetzen. Für die Textverarbeitungsprogramme existieren -jedoch auch sogenannte Dokumentvorlagen. Werden vom Autor eines -Dokuments die zusätzlichen Strukturierungsmöglichkeiten einer solchen -Dokumentvorlage `sauber' und konsistent verwendet, ist eine automatische -Umsetzung in eine klar strukturierte LaTeX-Eingabedatei über einen -`internen' Konverter (z.B. durch Makros des Textverarbeitungsprogrammes) -möglich. -Eine Übersicht über eine Vielzahl von Konvertierungsprogrammen zwischen -(La)TeX-Dokumenten und RTF-/Word/WP-Dokumenten hat Wilfried Hennings in -seiner FAQ unter - http://www.tug.org/utilities/texconv/ -veröffentlicht, die man auch unter - CTAN: help/wp-conv/ -finden kann. Im folgenden sind diese Programme daher nur knapp -aufgezählt. - - RTF/Word/WordPerfect => LaTeX (nichtkommerziell): - - * RTF (Word/WordPerfect) => LaTeX: - - o rtf2TeX CTAN: support/rtf2tex/ - o rtf2LaTeX http://members.home.net/setlur/rtf2latex2e/, - CTAN: support/rtf2latex/ - o rtfLaTeX CTAN: support/rtflatex/ - o w2latex CTAN: support/w2latex/ - o wvLaTeX http://wvware.sourceforge.net/ - o GNU UnRTF http://www.geocities.com/tuorfa/unrtf.html - - * WinWord 2.0 und 6.0 => LaTeX: - - o WINW2LTX CTAN: support/winw2ltx/ (Dokumentvorlagen, interner - Konverter!) - - * WordPerfect => LaTeX: - - o WP2LaTeX CTAN: support/wp2latex/ - o TeXPerfect CTAN: support/texperf/ - o WP2x - - * Word => LaTeX: - - o word_tex CTAN: support/word_tex/ (Dokumentvorlagen, interner - Konverter!) - o WORD2TeX http://www.word2tex.com/, CTAN: support/word2tex/ - o WD2LaTeX - o CATDOC CTAN: support/catdoc/ - o Word2x CTAN: tools/word2x - o W2T http://www.fi.muni.cz/~nygryn/w2t/ - - * Word => HTML: - - o wvHtml http://wvware.sourceforge.net/ - o GNU UnRTF http://www.geocities.com/tuorfa/unrtf.html - - * Word => Text/PostScript: - - o AntiWord http://www.winfield.demon.nl/index.html - o wvText http://wvware.sourceforge.net/ - - - - RTF/Word/WordPerfect => LaTeX (kommerziell): - - * Word/WordPerfect => (La)TeX: - - o ``Publishing Companion'' von K-Talk Communications Inc. - URL: http://www.ktalk.com - - * RTF => LaTeX: - - o Scientific Word/Scientific WorkPlace (enthält RTF inkl. math - => LaTeX) von TCI Software Research - - * Math => Plain-TeX: - - o MathType Formeleditor von Design Science - URL: http://www.mathtype.com/mathtype/ - - - - Excel-Tabellen => LaTeX (nichtkommerziell): - - * Excel2Latex - http://www.jam-software.com/software.html - CTAN: support/excel2latex - * xl2Latex - CTAN: support/xl2latex/ - * Tabular - http://www.hsh.no/~ag/tabular/ (nicht mehr erreichbar) - - - LaTeX => RTF/Word/WordPerfect (nichtkommerziell): - - * LaTeX => RTF, Windows Help RTF, HTML, wxHelp - - o TeX2RTF 1.47 CTAN: support/tex2rtf/ - URL: ftp://ftp.aiai.ed.ac.uk/pub/packages/tex2rtf/ - http://web.ukonline.co.uk/julian.smart/tex2rtf/ - - * LaTeX => RTF - - o latex2rtf - CTAN: support/latex2rtf/ - - - - LaTeX => RTF/Word/WordPerfect (kommerziell): - - * TeX/LaTeX => WordPerfect/Word - - o TexPort - URL: http://www.ktalk.com - o tex2doc - URL: - http://webplanet.lion.cc/jupiter/320094/software/Tex2doc.html - - - - LaTeX => Framemaker (nicht kommerziell): - - Framemaker => LaTeX (nicht kommerziell): - URL: http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/framemaker/ - - -11.3.4 Konvertierungsprogramme zwischen HTML und LaTeX? - -Eine Übersicht über eine Vielzahl von Konvertierungsprogrammen zwischen -(La)TeX- und HTML-Dokumenten hat Günter Partosch in seiner Liste -```Gleichzeitiges' Publizieren in HTML und LaTeX'' unter -http://www.uni-giessen.de/~g029/TeX/converters.html veröffentlicht. - -11.3.5 Konvertierungsprogramme von (La)TeX in einfaches Textformat? - -Da das Ergebnis eines TeX-Laufs ein druckreifes Dokument darstellt, bei -dem ein gefälliges Aussehen durch unterschiedliche Schriftarten und --kodierungen u.a. ereicht wird, ist die Reduktion auf das einfache -Textformat nicht so einfach, wie man vielleicht glaubt. Die folgenden -Wege führen zu einem Endergebnis, welches mehr oder weniger die zugrunde -liegende Formatierung erahnen läßt: - -* `dvi2tty' - Ein dvi-Treiber, der das Ergebnis auf alphanumerischen Terminals - darstellen oder in eine Datei ausgeben kann. -* `catdvi' - Ein dvi-Treiber, der wie `dvi2tty' Text liefert. Baut auf der - kpathsea-Bibliothek von Web2C auf und läuft damit nur auf - Betriebssystemen, auf denen diese existiert. -* `ps2ascii' - Bestandteil des Programmpaketes `Ghostscript'. Erfordert die vorherige - Wandlung der dvi-Datei nach PostScript. -* `pstotext' - Benutzt ebenfalls Ghostscript zur Wandlung, wobei bessere Ergebnisse - als mit `ps2ascii' erzielt werden. -* `pdftotext' - Bestandteil des Programmpaketes `Xpdf'. Erfordert die vorherige - Erzeugung einer pdf-Datei. Es werden recht gute Ergebnisse erzielt. -* LaTeX => HTML => txt - Vorherige Wandlung der LaTeX-Datei nach HTML (siehe Frage 11.3.4). Die - Wandlung vom HTML- in das Textformat kann mit Hilfe eines Web-Browsers - (z.B. `lynx') oder mit anderen speziellen Konvertierungsprogrammen - geschehen. - Für die DE-TeX-FAQ wird `html2text' zur Wandlung von HTML- in - Textdateien verwendet. Diese Programm liegt im Quellcode vor und die - Formatierung der verschiedenen HTML-Konstrukte läßt sich durch eine - Style-Konfigurationsdatei anpassen. Für DOS existiert mit `htmstrip' - ein ähnliches Programm. - - -dvi2tty: CTAN: nonfree/dviware/dvi2tty/ -catdvi: http://www.iki.fi/gaia/programs/catdvi/ -ps2ascii: CTAN: support/ghostscript/ -pstotext: http://www.research.digital.com/SRC/virtualpaper/ -pdftotext: CTAN: support/xpdf/ -pdftotext/Xpdf: http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/ -html2text: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~mbayer/tools/html2text.html - ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/apps/www/converters/ -htmstrip: http://www.erols.com/waynesof/ - - - -11.3.6 Wie kann ich Excel-Diagramme, Powerpoint-Zeichnungen oder andere -Windows-Bilder mit LaTeX verwenden? (*) - -Adobe stellt für Windows PostScript-Druckertreiber zur Verfügung. Damit -hat man die Möglichkeit, ein Dokument als EPS abzuspeichern, auch wenn -das Windows-Programm keinen EPS-Export vorsieht. Frage 6.4.1 führt aus, -wie man EPS-Bilder in LaTeX-Dokumente einbindet. Sollten die wie oben -angegeben erzeugten EPS-Bilder fehlerhafte Abmessungen aufweisen, so -kann der Tip in Frage 6.4.6 helfen. Weitere Informationen zum -Drucker-Treiber für Windows 95/98 und NT/2000/XP, sowie zu den -Einstellungen des Drucker-Treibers über eine PPD-Datei, gibt es auf dem -Adobe-Web-Server. -Es empfiehlt sich, zusammen mit dem PostScript-Druckertreiber auch die -Adobe PPD-Dateien herunterzuladen. Diese enthalten eine Acrobat -Distiller PPD-Datei, die für die Erstellung von EPS-Dateien optimiert -ist, welche nicht direkt auf einem bestimmten Drucker ausgegeben werden -sollen, sondern zur Weiterverarbeitung (einschließlich PDF-Erstellung) -gedacht sind. - -Printer Drivers for http://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/pdrvwin.htm -Windows: -Erstellen von -EPS-Grafiken unter CTAN: info/german/grafik/eps_anleitung.html -Windows: - - - -11.4 TeX-Benutzungsoberflächen und Editoren (*) - - -11.4.1 Emacs: Wie kann ich erreichen, daß für deutsche Texte das -Doublequote nicht durch `` bzw.'' ersetzt wird? - -In vielen, wenn auch nicht allen Fällen erkennt AucTeX, eine -empfehlenswerte Erweiterung des Emacs-TeX-Mode, durch die Verwendung des -Pakets `german' in der Dokumentpräambel, daß dieses Verhalten -ausgeschaltet werden soll. Falls nicht, kann man zwei Doublequotes -eingeben, um einen einzelnen Doublequote zu erhalten. -Einfacher ist es, wenn man dieses Verhalten abschaltet oder ändert. -Beispielsweise in dem man in die Startup-Datei ``.emacs'' die Zeilen - - (add-hook 'TeX-mode-hook - (function (lambda () - ;; - ;; 1. besondere Behandlung fuer dt. Texte (u.a. fuer ") - (TeX-run-style-hooks "german") ;; nur AucTeX - ;; - ;; 2. gesonderte Behandlung von " ganz abschalten - ; (local-set-key "\"" 'self-insert-command) - ;; - ;; 3. je ein " statt ``...'' einfuegen: - ; (setq TeX-open-quote "\"") - ; (setq TeX-close-quote "\"") - ;; - ;; 4. "`..."' statt ``...'' einfuegen: - ; (setq TeX-open-quote "\"`") - ; (setq TeX-close-quote "\"'") - ))) - -einfügt und je nach Wunsch eine der vier Varianten auskommentiert läßt. -Ab AucTeX v9.x kann man auch in der Datei ``.emacs'' einfach - - (setq TeX-quote-after-quote t) - -schreiben, um dieses Verhalten abzuschalten. -Achtung: Für den TeX-Mode der Standard-Emacs-Verteilung muß der Teil -`TeX-' in den Symbolen als `tex-' kleingeschrieben werden. Einige -Erweiterungen funktionieren nur mit AucTeX. - -11.4.2 Emacs: Ich will direkt Umlaute verwenden können, jedoch sollten -diese in `\"a' oder `"a' umgewandelt werden, damit ich sie problemlos -weitergeben kann. - -Die Emacs-Library-Datei `iso-cvt' wandelt automatisch beim Laden und -Speichern eines Textes die Umlaute von bzw. in die entsprechenden TeX- -bzw. German-Style-Makro-Notation. Folgendes Code-Schnipsel funktioniert -nur mit AucTeX und einer neueren Version der Library-Datei `iso-cvt'. - - (require 'iso-cvt) - (add-hook 'LaTeX-mode-hook - (function (lambda () - ;; Setze Anfuehrungszeichen etc. fuer Style german - (TeX-run-style-hooks "german") - ;; - ;; Lade Buffer und wandle nach ISO Latin-1: - (format-encode-buffer 'plain) - ;; Speichere Buffer in "gtex" = german.sty-Notation ("a etc.): - (format-decode-buffer 'gtex)))) - -Will man das entgegengesetzte Verhalten, soll also Emacs bei Eingabe -eines Umlauts statt des einzelnen Umlautzeichens direkt die aus mehreren -Zeichen bestehende TeX-Makro-Notation erzeugen, so kann man dies durch -Änderung der entsprechenden `Key-Map' erreichen. Beispielsweise durch -folgenden unvollständig gezeigten Code: - - (add-hook 'TeX-mode-hook - (function (lambda () - (local-set-key [228] - (function (lambda () (interactive) - (insert "\"a") - ;; oder - ; (insert "\\\"a") - ))) - ;; weitere Zuweisungen mit analogem Aufbau - ;; fuer die anderen Umlaute und das scharfe s - ))) - -Wenn man dies verwendet, wäre es noch ratsam, mit etwas zusätzlichem -Emacs-Lisp-Code beim Löschen eines so erzeugten `Umlautes' nicht nur ein -Zeichen, sondern alle Zeichen des kompletten Makros zu entfernen. -Achtung: Für den TeX-Mode der Standard-Emacs-Verteilung muß statt des -Symbols `TeX-mode-hook' das kleingeschriebene Symbol `tex-mode-hook' -verwendet werden. Einige Erweiterungen funktionieren nur mit AucTeX. - -11.4.3 Emacs: Wie kann ich Symbole leichter eingeben oder anschaulicher -bei der Eingabe darstellen? (*) - -Das Paket x-symbol zeigt unter XEmacs oder Emacs 21 sehr viele Symbole -in einer Semi-WYSIWYG-Darstellung. Zusätzlich erweitert es die Menüs, so -dass man in diesen nach Symbolen suchen kann. - -x-symbol: http://x-symbol.sourceforge.net - - - -11.5 dvi-Treiber - Druckertreiber und Previewer - - -11.5.1 Wieso zeigt Xdvi das polnische L oder für \sqrt[n]{2} das `n' -nicht an, obwohl es beim Ausdruck auf einem Drucker korrekt vorhanden -ist? - -Xdvi sollte in diesem Fall die Warnung ``Note: overstrike characters may -be incorrect.'' ausgeben. Bei Zeichen, die aus mehreren, übereinander -gesetzten Einzelzeichen erzeugt werden, löscht Xdvi zur schnelleren -Ausgabe Teile des bzw. der darunterliegenden Einzelzeichen. In den -Manual-Seiten zu Xdvi findet man dazu mehr im Abschnitt zu den Optionen -`-thorough/-copy'. (Nicht vergessen: Xdvi ist nur ein Previewer für -niedrigstauflösende Ausgabegeräte mit ca. 90-100dpi!) -Mit `xdvi +copy file.dvi' (oder mit `-thorough -nogrey') sollte man das -`n' in obiger Wurzel erhalten, ohne diese Optionen erscheint nur die -Wurzel. Die gleiche Wirkung erreicht man mit dem Eintrag `XDvi*thorough: -true' in der Datei `XDvi' (X-Resource-Datei). Diese Datei befindet sich -bei der teTeX-Distribution im Verzeichnis ``.../texmf/xdvi/'' bzw. sonst -in ``.../lib/X11/app-defaults/''. - -11.5.2 Benutze ich Ghostscript 4.0 zur Anzeige von PostScript-Grafiken -in Xdvi erhalte ich den Fehler `/undefinedfilename in --file--'. -Abhilfe? - -Dies ist ein inzwischen gut bekannter Fehler. Die momentan einfachste -Abhilfe besteht darin, mindestens Version 4.03 oder neuer zu benutzen. -Ist dies nicht möglich, kann man in der Zwischenzeit an die -Ghostscript-Datei `gs_init.ps' die Zeile - - $error /newerror false put - -anhängen. In kurzer Zeit dürfte auch eine neue xdvi-Version erscheinen -(bzw. ist schon erschienen), die diesen Fehler beseitigt. - -11.5.3 Wieso weisen Satzbelichter meine mit `dvips' oder den `psutils' -erzeugten PostScript-Dateien mit der Meldung zurück, daß diese kein -korrektes PostScript konform zu DSC 3.0 wären? - -Kommentare in einer PostScript-Datei sollen den Konventionen für -`Structured Comments', den sogenannten `Document Structuring -Conventions' (DSC), genügen. Ältere Versionen von `dvips' und den -Programmen `pstops', `psbook', `psselect' etc. der PostScript-Utilities -erzeugen jedoch beispielsweise einen nicht ganz korrekten Kommentar für -`%%Pages:'. Hier darf nur _eine_ einzige Zahl folgen, die die Seitenzahl -angibt. Ältere Versionen von `dvips' und der PostScript-Utilities geben -jedoch noch eine zweite Zahl aus, so daß Software, die den `Document -Structuring Conventions' Version 3.0 strikt folgt, solche -PostScript-Dateien, die mit - - %!PS-Adobe-3.0 - -beginnen, als fehlerhaft zurückweist. - -11.5.4 Wie kann ich mein Dokument so nach PostScript wandeln, daß alle -Seiten gespiegelt erzeugt werden? - -Durch die Option -h kann man mit `dvips' noch zusätzlichen -PostScript-Code in einer sogenannten Header-Datei hinzuladen. Zum -Spiegeln sämtlicher Seiten existiert die Header-Datei ``mirr.hd'', die -man durch - - dvips -h mirr.hd document.dvi - -hinzuladen kann. Eine weitere in größerem Maße treiberunabhängige -Möglichkeit, da auf den Paketen `graphics' und `color' basierend, bietet -das LaTeX-Paket `crop'. Neben der Spiegelung von Seiten mit der -Paketoption `mirror' können diese mit der Option `invert' auch -invertiert, also weiß auf schwarz, ausgegeben werden. - -mirr.hd: CTAN: macros/generic/TeX-PS/mirr.hd -crop: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/crop/ - - - -11.5.5 Was kann ich tun, wenn mein Drucker Teile meines Dokuments, die -sich weit am unteren Blattrand befinden, nicht druckt? - -Zuerst ist zu prüfen, ob möglicherweise ein falsches Papierformat -eingestellt ist. Der Druck vom Ergebnis des folgenden LaTeX-Aufrufs - - latex testpage - -ist ein guter Test, um falsche Druckereinstellungen herauszufinden. -Fällt dieser Test zufriedenstellend aus, kann versucht werden, das -Problem dadurch zu lösen, daß die betreffenden Seiten kopfstehend an den -Drucker geschickt werden. Mit den beiden folgenden Verfahren kann man -kopfstehende Seiten unter Verwendung von PostScript erzeugen. - - pstops "U(210mm,297mm)" original.ps kopfstehend.ps - -oder im LaTeX-Dokument - - \usepackage[rotate]{crop}[2000/02/02] - - -pstops: CTAN: support/psutils -crop: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/crop/ - - - -11.6 Zeichenprogramme - - -11.6.1 Wie bringe ich `XFig' dazu, beim Exportieren von Graphiken nach -(La)TeX Formeln nicht auszukommentieren, sondern so zu übernehmen? - -Über das Menü `Text Flags' (ab `XFig' Version 3) muß man für diese Texte -das sogenannte Special-Flag setzen, damit diese ohne jede Änderung in -die (La)TeX-Datei exportiert werden. Dies kann man bei schon -gezeichneten Textobjekten auch nachträglich über den Menüpunkt `Edit' -ändern. -Das Special-Flag kann man auch beim Aufruf von `XFig' über die Option -`-spec[ialtext]' oder über die X11-Resource `Fig*specialtext' setzen. -Dies bewirkt, daß für _neue_ Textobjekte standardmäßig das Special-Flag -gesetzt wird. - -11.6.2 Warum funktioniert das DOS-Programm `TeXCad' nicht mehr auf -meinem neuen Rechner? - -Es kann an einem Fehler in der Unit CRT des zum Kompilieren verwendeten -`Borland Pascal 7' liegen, der sich bei schnellen Prozessoren im Abbruch -mit der Fehlermeldung - - Runtime error 200 at XXX:YYYY - -äußert. Nähere Informationen dazu und Wege zur Abhilfe finden sich unter -dem Stichwort ``tppatch''. - -tppatch: http://www.brain.uni-freiburg.de/~klaus/pascal/runerr200/download.html - ftp://ftp.heise.de/ct/ctsi/bppatch.zip - ftp://ftp.heise.de/ct/ctsi/ctbppat.zip - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 11 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.1.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.1.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 15597b436bb..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.1.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,741 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 1 --- - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Dieser Text enthält häufig gestellte Fragen und passende Antworten zum - Textsatzsystem TeX und zu DANTE e.V. - Er kann über beliebige Medien frei verteilt werden, solange er -unverändert bleibt (inklusive dieses Hinweises). Die Autoren bitten bei - Verteilung über gedruckte Medien, über Datenträger wie CD-ROM u.ä. um - Zusendung von mindestens drei Belegexemplaren. - Anregungen, Ergänzungen, Kommentare und Bemerkungen zur FAQ senden Sie - bitte per E-Mail an `detexfaq@dante.de' ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -Inhalt - - - 1 Allgemeines - - 1.1 Über diese FAQ - 1.2 CTAN, das `Comprehensive TeX Archive Network' - 1.3 Newsgroups und Diskussionslisten - - 2 Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur - - 2.1 DANTE e.V. - 2.2 Anwendervereinigungen - 2.3 Tagungen (*) - 2.4 Literatur (*) - - 3 Textsatzsystem TeX - Übersicht - - 3.1 Grundlegendes - 3.2 Welche TeX-Formate gibt es? Was ist LaTeX? - 3.3 Welche TeX-Weiterentwicklungen gibt es? - - 4 Textsatzsystem TeX - Bezugsquellen - - 4.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System? - 4.2 TeX-Implementierungen (*) - 4.3 Editoren, Frontend-/GUI-Programme (*) - - 5 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I) - - 5.1 LaTeX - Grundlegendes - 5.2 LaTeX - Probleme beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09 - 5.3 (Silben-)Trennung, Absatz-, Seitenumbruch - 5.4 Seitenlayout, Layout allgemein, Kopf- und Fußzeilen (*) - - 6 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II) - - 6.1 Abbildungen und Tafeln - 6.2 Tabellen - 6.3 Fußnoten, Endnoten etc. (*) - 6.4 Grafiken, Bilder, Farbe und andere Effekte (*) - - 7 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III) - - 7.1 Gliederung, Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und andere Verzeichnisse - 7.2 Literaturzitate, Literaturverzeichnis, BibTeX (*) - 7.3 \verb-Anweisung, verbatim- und Kommentar-Umgebungen (+) - 7.4 Zerbrechliche Anweisungen in `moving arguments' - - 8 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV) - - 8.1 Verschiedene Zeichen - 8.2 Mathematischer Formelsatz (*) - 8.3 Chemischer Struktur- und Formelsatz - 8.4 Notensatz (*) - 8.5 Verschiedenes (+) - - 9 METAFONT und Schriften - - 9.1 METAFONT und METAFONT-Hilfsprogramme - 9.2 Schriften - allgemein (*) - 9.3 TrueType-Schriften - - 10 METAFONT und Schriften (Fortsetzung) - - 10.1 Die Computer-Modern-Schriften und ihre Nachfolger (+) - 10.2 Alternativen zu den Computer-Modern-Schriften (*) - 10.3 Sonderschriften - - 11 Tools und Utilities - - 11.1 Tools zur Manipulation von dvi-Dateien - 11.2 Syntax-Checker - 11.3 Dokument-Konverter von bzw. in das (La)TeX-Markup-Format (*) - 11.4 TeX-Benutzungsoberflächen und Editoren (*) - 11.5 dvi-Treiber - Druckertreiber und Previewer - 11.6 Zeichenprogramme - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Neu hinzugekommene Abschnitte oder Abschnitte mit neuen Fragen und -Antworten sind durch ein Plus-Zeichen (+), Abschnitte mit geänderten -Fragen und Antworten sind durch ein Sternchen (*) markiert. Geringfügige -Textänderungen durch Korrektur von Ausdrucks- oder Rechtschreibfehlern -sind nicht markiert. - - -1 Allgemeines - - -1.1 Über diese FAQ - - -1.1.1 Entstehung und Erstellung - -Diese deutschsprachige FAQ (``frequently asked questions'' = Liste mit -häufig gestellten Fragen und Antworten) wurde durch die in der Newsgroup -`de.comp.text.tex' regelmäßig auftauchenden Fragen ``Was ist DANTE -e.V.?'', ``Was ist ``Die TeXnische Komödie''?'', ``Wie kann ich Mitglied -werden?'', ``Was kostet eine Mitgliedschaft?'' geboren. Aus diesem Grund -besteht ein Teil der FAQ aus Fragen über DANTE e.V. und den -entsprechenden Antworten. Aus der ca. 14KB großen, zweiteiligen ersten -Version vom 6. November 1995 ist innerhalb von zwei Monaten zuerst eine -vier-, dann eine achtteilige, ca. 90KB große FAQ-Liste entstanden, die -ab Oktober 1996 auf elf Teile angewachsen ist und mittlerweile eine -Größe von ca. 280KB Text erreicht. -Bis 1998 wurde die FAQ nur als reine Textversion gepflegt und -veröffentlicht. Im Oktober 1997 hat Rolf Niepraschk den Text der FAQ zur -weiteren Verarbeitung mit Hyperlatex umgesetzt, so daß daraus sowohl -eine Textversion der FAQ als auch Versionen in HTML- und anderen -Formaten generiert werden kann. Die Hyperlatex-Eingabe wurde in den -Folgemonaten von Fehlern befreit und erste Testversionen ab Februar 1998 -veröffentlicht. In dieser Zeit erfolgte die Pflege der offiziellen -Textversion und der Test-Hyperlatex-Quelle parallel. Im April 1999 stand -schließlich die 50. Ausgabe dieser FAQ der Öffentlichkeit in -verschiedenen Formaten zur Verfügung, die aus einer einzigen -Hyperlatex-Quelle erzeugt wurden. -Die DVI-, PostScript- und PDF-Versionen werden mit einem üblichen -teTeX-System erzeugt. Für die PDF-Version kommt pdfTeX zusammen mit dem -Paket `hyperref' zum Einsatz. Als Dokumentklasse finden die -Koma-Script-Klassen Verwendung. -Aus derselben Eingabequelle erstellt Hyperlatex die HTML-Version. Die -leider sehr beschränkten Möglichkeiten von Hyperlatex zur Generierung -eines Stichwortverzeichnisses wurden von einem der Autoren der FAQ -erweitert, da der Index für eine FAQ hilfreiche Dienste leisten kann. -Die Textversion wurde bis Version 57 (November 1999) mit Lynx aus einer -speziell angepaßten HTML-Version erstellt. Im Dezember 1999 wechselten -wir mit Version 58 von Lynx auf html2text, das auch HTML-Tabellen -verarbeiten kann. -Um diese Vielzahl von Zielformaten zu ermöglichen, besteht die -Eingabequelle der FAQ aus einer Menge von Treiberdateien, die für jedes -Format die notwendigen Deklarationen und Makro-Definitionen enthalten -und den eigentlichen Dateien mit den Fragen und Antworttexten. Das -Stichwortverzeichnis wird durch entsprechend definierte -Markup-Anweisungen für Pakete, Klassen, Schriften etc. automatisch und -durch viele weitere von uns manuell vorgenommene Eintragungen generiert. - -1.1.2 Erscheinungsweise - -Die Textversion der FAQ wird regelmäßig zur Monatsmitte in die -Newsgroups `de.comp.text.tex', `de.answers' und `news.answers' -verschickt. Die FAQ besteht aus mehreren Teilen, wobei jeder Teil ohne -News-Header nicht länger als ca. 32KB ist. - -1.1.3 Copyright - -Copyright © 1995-2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner -Dieser Text kann über beliebige Medien frei verteilt werden, solange er -vollständig und unverändert bleibt (zusammen mit diesem Hinweis). Die -Autoren bitten allerdings bei Verteilung über gedruckte Medien, über -Datenträger wie CD-ROM u.a. um Zusendung von mindestens drei -Belegexemplaren. -In diesem Werk werden eingetragene Warenzeichen, Handelsnamen und -Gebrauchsnamen verwendet. Auch wenn diese nicht als solche -gekennzeichnet sind, gelten die entsprechenden Schutzbestimmungen. - -1.1.4 Archivierung - -Eine Kopie kann man über das World-Wide-Web (WWW) in - http://www.dante.de/faq/de-tex-faq/ -finden. -Da die FAQ in die Newsgroups `de.answers' und `news.answers' verschickt -wird, kann man die neueste Version in dem weltweiten FAQ-Archiv -ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/de-tex-faq/ und allen -Spiegeln dieses Archivs, u.a. den ftp-Servern des CTAN (siehe Abschnitt -1.2) in CTAN: help/de-tex-faq/, finden. Die Dateien auf diesen -ftp-Servern kann man sich auch mit Hilfe eines ftp-Mailer über E-Mail -zuschicken lassen (siehe Frage 1.2.4). - -1.1.5 Verwendete Abkürzungen - -Wird im Zusammenhang mit ftp-Adressen - CTAN: XXX -geschrieben, so ist dies als - ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/XXX -zu lesen. Statt ftp.dante.de kann auch jeder andere CTAN-Server -verwendet werden, wobei im Interesse einer geringeren Belastung des -Internet in Deutschland bevorzugt der deutsche CTAN-Server oder einer -seiner deutschen Spiegel genutzt werden sollte (siehe Frage 1.2). - -1.1.6 Verwendete Kodierung: - -Die Autoren schreiben den Text in ISO Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) und -verschicken ihn mit entsprechendem MIME-Mail-Header, so daß er von -korrekt konfigurierten Programmen problemlos und automatisch in andere -Kodierungen konvertiert werden kann. -Erhalten Sie diesen Text mit unlesbaren Umlauten und trägt ein -fehlerhaft konfiguriertes Gateway die Schuld daran, könnten Sie dies zum -Anlaß nehmen, die Verwalter der Gateways zu überreden, deren -Konfiguration zu korrigieren. Und bitte vorher überprüfen, ob nicht die -eigene Software, beispielsweise der eigene Newsreader an den unlesbaren -Umlauten Schuld trägt! Einen Artikel mit fehlerhaft kodierten Umlauten -kann man mit Hilfsprogrammen, wie `recode' (in jedem guten GNU-Archiv zu -finden) oder `charconv' in vielen Fällen korrigieren. Dazu folgt hier -eine Referenzliste der Umlaute und des scharfen s: - - Ae Oe Ue ae oe ue ss ('e 'i 'o) - Ä Ö Ü ä ö ü ß ( é í ó) - - -1.1.7 Mitwirkende an dieser FAQ - -Aktiv mitgewirkt haben bisher: - Bernd Raichle, Thomas Hafner, Luzia Dietsche, Ulrik Vieth, Matthias G. - Berberich, Olaf Kummer, Michael Wolf, Martin Schröder, Markus Kohm, - Marion Neubauer, em, Petra Humann, Ulrich Kuckert, Martin Mattel, -Wilfried Hennings, Karl Eichwalder, Anselm Lingnau, Jörg Knappen, Werner - Icking, Heinz Kusznier, Alexander Bugl, Jürgen Dollinger, Tilmann Böß, - Sebastian Kirsch, Ralph Schleicher, Marcus Otto, Ralf Gärtner, Rolf - Herzog, Reinhard Zierke, Klaus Höppner, Rainer Dorsch, Marcus Ohlhaut, - Günter Partosch, Andreas Schlechte, Heiko Nock, Tilman Raible, Hartmut -Goebel, Werner Liebscher, Lutz Pogrell, Hartmut Schirmer, Andreas Frick, - Tobias Burnus, Walter Schmidt, Christine Waigl, Helmut Geyer, Karl F. - Banke, Heinrich Goetzger, Peter Wyzlic, Rolf Niepraschk, Björn Lorenz, - Ronald G. Wichern, Thomas Behrens, Thomas Neumann, Stefan Ulrich, - Christoph Wutzke, Jörg Schulz, Klaus Dahlenberg, Axel Reichert, Karl - Heinz Marbaise, Karsten Tinnefeld, Schorsch Slickers, Martin Sander, -Thomas Pothmann, Hans Steffani, Werner Lemberg, Colin Marquardt, Michael - Streichsbier, Daniel Büchner, Thorsten Hansen, Michael Fischer von - Mollard, Norbert Roth, Thomas Henlich, Jens Berger, Jan Theofel, Arash - Esbati, Stephan Lehmke, Jürgen Göbel, Heiko Oberdiek, Thomas Lotze, - Martin Vaeth, Philipp Lehman, Peter Schuller, Frank Küster. -Herzlichen Dank für die bisher eingesandten Fragen und Korrekturen! Wir -hoffen, daß wir niemanden vergessen haben. Dank auch an diejenigen, die -uns etwas geschickt haben, die ihre Einsendung jedoch noch nicht in -dieser FAQ wiederfinden. Wir bitten um Verständnis, daß wir leider nie -die notwendige Zeit haben, sofort alle Einsendungen zu bearbeiten. - -1.1.8 Ihre Mitarbeit ist erwünscht! - -Eine FAQ ist nie fertiggestellt; es gibt immer etwas zu tun: - -* Korrekturlesen - Finden Sie falsche, fehlerhafte oder fehlende Querbezüge oder Verweise - auf ftp-Server, Literatur u.ä., korrigieren Sie fehlerhafte oder - unvollständige Antworten, verbessern Sie Rechtschreib- und - Ausdrucksfehler. -* Neuerungen/Updates - Überprüfen und ergänzen Sie die Listen, wie beispielsweise die - Übersicht der verfügbaren TeX-CD-ROM-Angebote, der - TeX-Implementierungen etc. Stimmen die Angaben, gibt es neuere - Versionen oder neue Angebote, sind Angebote veraltet bzw. vom Markt - genommen worden? -* Erweiterungen - Haben Sie eine neue Frage und die dazugehörige Antwort? Haben Sie - einen Vorschlag, wie man eine Antwort kürzer bzw. knapper formulieren - kann? Hinweise auf andere FAQ, Artikel, Übersichten etc. - -Bitte senden Sie uns _keine_ Fragen ohne Antworten! Wir bekommen relativ -häufig Fragen zu verschiedenen Dingen zugeschickt, da einige Leser -hoffen, daß wir diese beantworten können. Meist lautet unsere Antwort: -``Wende Dich an `de.comp.text.tex' oder eine der vielen anderen -Newsgroups oder Diskussionslisten!''. Es ist auch keine Lösung, uns dann -zu bitten, diese Frage weiterzuleiten - das kann jeder ebensogut selbst -tun. -Anregungen, Ergänzungen, Korrekturen, Verbesserungsvorschläge, neue -Fragen und Antworten senden Sie bitte per E-Mail an - `detexfaq@dante.de' -Danke schon jetzt im voraus! - Bernd Raichle - Rolf Niepraschk - Thomas Hafner - -1.2 CTAN, das `Comprehensive TeX Archive Network' - - -1.2.1 Was ist CTAN? - -CTAN steht für `Comprehensive TeX Archive Network'. Dies ist ein Verbund -von z.Z. drei Rechnern im Internet. Hierauf ist fast alles, was mit TeX -zu tun hat, zu finden. Die Server gleichen ihre Dateien untereinander -ab, so daß Sie auf jedem der drei Rechner dieselben Dateien finden -können. Dadurch ist es gleichgültig, wo Sie die Dateien holen. Sie -sollten aber bedenken, daß es am günstigsten ist, die Dateien bei dem -Server zu holen, der Ihnen am nächsten ist. Dies ist für den -deutschsprachigen Raum der von DANTE e.V. finanzierte ftp-Server - - ftp.dante.de /tex-archive/ (Mainz) - -Die beiden anderen ftp-Server sind - - ftp.tex.ac.uk /tex-archive/ (Cambridge, UK) - ctan.tug.org /tex-archive/ (Vermont, USA) - -Diese drei Rechner sind auch über die Namen `dante.ctan.org', -`cam.ctan.org' und `tug.ctan.org' erreichbar. -Neben diesen drei Rechnern, die das Rückgrat des CTAN bilden, existieren -viele weitere ftp-Server, die den kompletten CTAN-Inhalt oder Teile -davon `spiegeln'. Die aktuelle Liste dieser ftp-Server finden Sie in der -Datei ``CTAN.sites'' auf einem der CTAN-Server im Verzeichnis -``/tex-archive/''. Im deutschsprachigen Raum sind dies u.a. (Stand: -Juli 2000): - - ftp.univie.ac.at /packages/tex/ (Wien, A) - gd.tuwien.ac.at /publishing/tex/CTAN/ (Wien, A) - sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch /mirror/tex (Zürich, - CH) - ftp.uni-augsburg.de /pub/tex/ctan/ (Augsburg) - ftp.uni-bielefeld.de /pub/tex/ - (Bielefeld) - ftp.tu-chemnitz.de /pub/tex/ (Chemnitz) - ftp.gwdg.de /pub/dante/ - (Göttingen) - ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de /tex-archive (Hamburg) - ftp.uni-mainz.de /tex-archive (Mainz) - ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de /pub/tex/mirror/ftp.dante.de/ - (Saarbrücken) - ftp.uni-stuttgart.de /pub/tex/ - (Stuttgart) - - -1.2.2 Wieso liegen auch Dateien, die zu einem Paket gehören, auf CTAN -als Einzeldateien und nicht in gepackten Archivdateien? - -Die ftp-Server des CTAN und einige der ftp-Server, die den Inhalt von -CTAN spiegeln, sind in der Lage, alle Dateien eines Verzeichnisses -zusammenzupacken und `on-the-fly' zu komprimieren. Um herauszufinden, -welche Archivarten der von Ihnen benutzte Server unterstützt, lesen Sie -die Mitteilung, die Sie erhalten, wenn Sie den Server direkt ansprechen. -Möchte man alle Dateien des Verzeichnisses -``tex-archive/macros/latex/base/'' bekommen, reicht es, in das -übergeordnete Verzeichnis zu wechseln und eine der Endungen ``.tar'', -``.tar.gz'' oder ``.zip'' an den Namen des Verzeichnisses zu hängen. Um -alle Dateien im Verzeichnis als tar- oder ZIP-Datei zu erhalten: - - local> ftp ftp.dante.de - user: ftp - logging in anonymously ... - Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password. - password: ***************** - ftp> cd tex-archive/macros/latex - ftp> bin - ftp> get base.tar.gz - -oder - - ftp> get base.zip - -Bei Verwendung eines WWW-Browsers durch Eingabe der Adresse (URL) - - ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base.tar.gz - -oder - - ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/base.zip - - -1.2.3 Wie suche ich auf CTAN nach der Datei `XYZ'? Ich kann ein Paket -mit Endung `.sty' nicht finden. - -Um nach einer Datei zu suchen, die im Namen beispielsweise `multicol' -enthält, kann man bei den ftp-Servern des CTAN (und einigen -Spiegel-ftp-Server) in der ftp-Sitzung die Anweisung - - ftp> quote site index multicol - -eingeben. Der Suchbegriff ist dabei ein regulärer Ausdruck, d.h. alle -besonderen Zeichen, wie das Zeichen `.', müssen mit einem doppelten -Backslash gequotet werden. Will man beispielsweise nach der Datei -``caption.sty'' suchen, so sollte man - - ftp> quote site index /caption\\. - -eingeben. Der führende Slash `/' und abschließende gequotete Punkt `.' -schränkt die Ergebnisliste stark ein. Außerdem führt die Suche nach -LaTeX-Paketen mit `.sty' nicht immer zum Ziel, da neuere Pakete meist in -docstrip-Archivdateien mit der Dateiendung `.dtx' eingepackt vorliegen. -Weitere Informationen findet man auf CTAN in den Dateien -``README.archive-features'' und ``README.site-commands''. -Eine ähnliche Möglichkeit, per WWW-Browser nach Dateien auf CTAN zu -suchen, bieten die Adressen - http://www.dante.de/cgi-bin/ctan-index -und - http://www.ctan.org/find.html - -1.2.4 Wie kann ich ohne Internet-Anschluß auf CTAN zugreifen? - -Falls Sie keinen Internet-Anschluß haben, können Sie auf den ftp-Server -auch über E-Mail mit Hilfe eines sogenannten `ftp-Mailer' zugreifen. -Beachten Sie bitte, daß bei unachtsamer Nutzung sehr große Datenmengen -verschickt werden können und die dazu notwendigen Ressourcen -(Übertragungszeit, Speicherplatz) zur Verfügung stehen müssen. Außerdem -sollten Sie daran denken, daß eventuell die Betreiber von -`Zwischenknoten', über die Ihre E-Mail weitergeleitet wird, für Ihre -übertragene Datenmenge mitzahlen müssen! Die Nutzung eines ftp-Mailer -ist im Maus-Netz nicht gestattet. -Weitere Informationen über den ftp-Mailer und die zu benutzenden -Anweisungen erhalten Sie mit einer E-Mail an `ftpmail@dante.de' mit dem -Inhalt ``help''. - -1.3 Newsgroups und Diskussionslisten - - -1.3.1 Was ist `de.comp.text.tex'? - -`de.comp.text.tex' ist die Newsgroup im deutschsprachigen Teil des -Usenet (bitte nicht mit Internet verwechseln!) zur Diskussion über TeX -und verwandte Themen. Die Newsgroup `de.comp.text.tex' wird durch -sogenannten Import auch in anderen Netzen angeboten. Um entsprechende -Rücksichtname (kurze Postings, keine Binärdateien etc.) wird gebeten. -Weiterhin sollte auf folgendes geachtet werden: - -* Verwendung einer korrekten Absenderadresse. -* Keinen Text in HTML-Kodierung sondern nur in Textformat versenden - (kann leicht in den üblichen Mail-Programmen so eingestellt werden). -* Keine ``Visitenkarten'' anhängen. -* Signaturangaben auf 4 Zeilen beschränken und mit der Zeile ``-- '' - einleiten. -* Die Verwendung von Umlauten und scharfem s in der Subject-Zeile - vermeiden. -* Bei Antworten sollte man die Subject-Zeile standardgemäß mit `Re: ' - einleiten und nicht, wie man es leider immer häufiger sieht, mit - Übersetzungen wie `AW: ' oder durchnumerierten Konstruktionen - `Re[2]: '. - -Weitere nützliche Hinweise enthält die Newsgroup `de.newusers.infos' -sowie die WWW-Seite ``Wie zitiere ich im Usenet?''. - -Wie zitiere ich im Usenet?: http://learn.to/quote - - - -1.3.2 Was ist TeX-D-L? - -TeX-D-L ist eine E-Mail-Diskussionsliste, die zur Kommunikation zwischen -Benutzern des Satzsystems TeX vor über einem Jahrzehnt eingerichtet -wurde. Die Diskussionssprache ist Deutsch. -Man kann sich auf dieser Liste mit einer E-Mail an - `listserv@listserv.dfn.de' -eintragen. Diese Mail sollte die Zeile - - subscribe tex-d-l <Vorname> <Nachname> - -enthalten, wobei man für <Vorname> <Nachname> den eigenen Namen angeben -muß. Die Liste kann man verlassen, indem man in einer E-Mail die Zeile -``unsubscribe tex-d-l'' an die Adresse `listserv@listserv.dfn.de' -schickt. Eine kurze Befehlsübersicht über die Bedienmöglichkeiten des -Programms, das die Liste verwaltet, erhält man mit der Zeile ``help'', -eine längere Beschreibung mit ``info''. -Die Beiträge zur Liste sind in Teilen unter CTAN: info/digests/tex-d-l/ -archiviert. Mit der Zeile ``index TEX-D-L'' erhält man eine Liste von -Archiven älterer Beiträge, die mit ``get filename NAME'' angefordert -werden können. -Listenbeiträge ab 1998 sind über die URL -http://www.listserv.dfn.de/archives/tex-d-l.html zugänglich. Von dieser -Seite hat man auch die Möglichkeit, sich mittels WWW-Browser in die -Liste ein- oder auszutragen. -Für die Art der versendeten E-Mails gilt ebenso das im vorigen Abschnitt -zur Newsgroup `de.comp.text.tex' gesagte. - -1.3.3 Was ist ``#tex''? - -``#tex'' ist ein Channel im _Internet Relay Chat_ (IRC), in dem -interaktiv über TeX, LaTeX und Konsorten diskutiert wird. Meist wird -deutsch gesprochen, Diskussionen auf englisch sind jedoch kein Problem. -Der Channel ist im allgemeinen rund um die Uhr besetzt, wenn auch nicht -immer mit der gleichen Aktivität. - -1.3.4 Gibt es noch weitere interessante Diskussionslisten zum Satzsystem -TeX? - -Ja - solche, die sich nur mit dem Satzsystem TeX beschäftigen oder auf -eine bestimmte Implementierung, Verteilung oder einen bestimmten Teil -konzentrieren. In allen unten genannten Diskussionslisten ist, falls im -Kommentar nichts Gegenteiliges steht, Englisch die gemeinsame Sprache. -In die nachstehenden Diskussionslisten trägt man sich wie folgt ein: -Falls die Verwaltungsadresse vom Typ `listserv@...' ist, so trägt man -sich mit einer Mail mit `subscribe <Listenname> <Vorname> <Nachname>' an -die angegebene Verwaltungsadresse ein. Für Verwaltungsadressen des Typs -`majordomo@...' muß die Angabe des eigenen <Vornamen> und <Nachnamen> -unterbleiben, in Ihrer Mail sollte also nur die Zeile `subscribe -<Listenname>' stehen. -Aus einer Liste kann man sich mit der Mail `unsubscribe <Listenname>' an -die Verwaltungsadresse `listserv@...' bzw. `majordomo@...' austragen. -Achtung: Diese Anweisungen nicht an die Listenadresse selbst schreiben, -da man sich damit nicht austrägt; im Gegenteil würde Ihre Mail dann an -_alle_ Listenteilnehmer weiterverteilt werden! - -Allgemeine Listen über das Satzsystem TeX - - -* CTAN-Ann - Ankündigungen zu Neuerwerbungen und Änderungen auf CTAN - (`majordomo@dante.de'). -* TeX-Euro - europäische TeX-Diskussionsliste - (`listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de'). -* TeXhax - TeX-Diskussionsliste in Digest-Form - (`TeXhax-Request@tex.ac.uk' - subscribe texhax); wird u.a. unter - http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/digests/hyper/ und - CTAN: info/digests/texhax/ archiviert. -* Ling-TeX - Linguistik und TeX (`Ling-TeX-request@ifi.uio.no') - siehe auch: http://www.ifi.uio.no/~dag/ling-tex.html. - - -Formate und Makropakete - - -* LaTeX-L - über die Entwicklung von LaTeX3, jedoch _nicht_ für Fragen - zu LaTeX! (`listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de') -* ntg-context - ConTeXt-Forum: Fragen, Ankündigungen, Fehler - (`majordomo@ntg.nl') -* ntg-ppchtex - Chemischer Formelsatz mit PPCHTeX (`majordomo@ntg.nl') -* pstricks - über PSTricks, ein TeX-Makro-Paket, welches die Nutzung - vieler Möglichkeiten der PostScript-Sprache in einer TeX-Syntax - anbietet (`pstricks-request@mail.tug.org' oder über - http://www.tug.org/cgi-bin/lwgate/pstricks). -* mutex - Notensatz unter TeX mit MuTeX, MusicTeX, MusiXTeX, etc. - (`majordomo@gmd.de'); wird unter http://www.gmd.de/Mail/mutex-archive/ - archiviert. -* xindy - über Xindy, den Makeindex-Nachfolger - (`xindy-request@iti.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de'). -* latex2html - über LaTeX2HTML, einen Konverter nach HTML - (`majordomo@tug.org' und http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/latex2html); - wird unter http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/mailing-lists/latex2html/ - archiviert. - - -TeX-Implementierungen und -Verteilungen - - -* tetex-announce - teTeX Users: nur Ankündigungen, keine Diskussion, - besonders geeignet für diejenigen, die ohnehin schon genug Mail - bekommen, bzw. Fragen und Antworten lieber in Newsgroups wie - `de.comp.text.tex' diskutieren möchten - (`majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de') -* tetex - Ankündigungen, Fragen und Antworten zu teTeX - (`majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de') -* tetex-pretest - Fragen und Antworten zur neuesten, noch nicht - offiziellen Version von teTeX (`majordomo@informatik.uni-hannover.de') -* fptex - Ankündigungen, Fragen und Antworten zu fpTeX (Win32) - (`majordomo@tug.org' und http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/fptex/) -* miktex - Ankündigungen, Fragen und Antworten zu MikTeX (Win32) - (`majordomo@dsts.dk') -* 4TeX - 4TeX/4allTeX: eine TeX-Workbench für MS-DOS-Rechner - (`listserv@nic.surfnet.nl'). -* emtex-user - Diskussionen über emTeX (`Majordomo@Physik.TU-Berlin.de') -* oztex-info - über OzTeX, ein TeX-System für Apple Macintosh - (`majordomo@maths.adelaide.edu.au'). -* oztex-announce - OzTeX: nur Ankündigungen neuer Versionen - (`majordomo@maths.adelaide.edu.au'). -* ntex - NTeX, a TeX System for Linux and other Unix Systems - (`ntex-request@machnix.mathematik.uni-stuttgart.de') -* tex-k - Support für web2c/kpathsea/xdvik/dvipsk/dviljk Users - (`majordomo@tug.org' und http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/tex-k/) -* lyx-users - Support für Nutzer von LyX, einer WYSIWYG-ähnlichen - Oberfläche, das LaTeX als Satzsystem verwendet - `lyx-users-request@kde.org') -* lyx-announce - Ankündigungen zu Neuerungen bei LyX - (`majordomo@via.ecp.fr') -* lyx - Diskussion zur Weiterentwicklung von LyX - (`majordomo@via.ecp.fr') -* klyx - Support für Nutzer von KLyx, einer Lyx-Implementierung, die an - den KDE-Desktop angepaßt ist (`klyx-request@kde.org') -* ntg-vtex - Diskussionen zum kommerziellen TeX-System `VTeX'; - (`majordomo@ntg.nl') - - -Erweiterungen an TeX - - -* NTS-L - über die Idee eines ``New Typesetting System'', eines - Nachfolgers des TeX-Systems (`listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de'). -* Omega - über Omega, ein weiterer TeX-Nachfolger (`listserv@ens.fr' - - SUBscribe omega). -* pdftex - über die Entwicklung und Benutzung von PDFTeX - (`majordomo@tug.org' und http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/pdftex/). -* ntg-toekomsttex- Liste der niederländischen `TeX future group', in der - über Erweiterungen am TeX-System diskutiert wird - (`majordomo@let.uu.nl'). - - -METAFONT, METAPOST und Schriften - - -* Metafont - über METAFONT, METAPOST und Meta-Fonts (`listserv@ens.fr' - - SUBscribe metafont). -* Metapost - über METAPOST - (http://www.ntg.nl/mailman/listinfo/metapost). -* tex-fonts - (`tex-fonts-request@math.utah.edu', nicht mehr erreichbar) -* fontinst - (`fontinst-request@cogs.susx.ac.uk') -* math-font-discuss - (`math-font-discuss-request@cogs.susx.ac.uk') - - -Umfeld - - -* typo-l - über Typografie (`listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie') -* sgml-l - über SGML (`listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de') - -und vieles mehr. Eine Übersicht der bei der TUGbeheimateten -Diskussionslisten gibt es auf der WWW-Seite -http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/. - -1.3.5 Gibt es noch weitere interessante Newsgroups zum Satzsystem TeX? - -Ja - solche, die sich nur mit dem Satzsystem TeX beschäftigen oder die -auf das engere und weitere Umfeld, wie beispielsweise Schriften, -PostScript, Design, Desktop Publishing (DTP) etc. eingehen. In allen -unten genannten Newsgroups ist, wenn im Kommentar nichts Gegenteiliges -steht, Englisch die gemeinsame Sprache. - -Allgemeine Listen über das Satzsystem TeX - - -* `comp.text.tex' - das Gegenstück zu `de.comp.text.tex' im - internationalen Bereich. - - -Umfeld - - -* `comp.fonts' -* `comp.programming.literate' -* `comp.lang.postscript' -* `comp.text.sgml' -* `comp.text.xml' - -und vieles mehr. - -1.3.6 Gibt es noch weitere FAQ-Listen? - - -* UK TUG TeX FAQ - ``Your 100+x Questions answered'' (in englisch). - Von der UK TUG wurde die frühere FAQ der Newsgroup `comp.text.tex' zur - Veröffentlichung in `Baskerville' (siehe Frage 2.2.2) neu bearbeitet - und stark ergänzt. Die FAQ ist im dvi-, ps- und pdf-Format, jedoch - nicht immer in der neuesten Version, in CTAN: help/uk-tex-faq/ zu - finden. Außerdem gibt es eine HTML-Version, die nach Begriffen - durchsucht werden kann. -* LaTeX-FAQ der Newsgroup `fr.comp.text.tex' (in französisch). - Diese FAQ wird monatlich gepostet und ist ca. 150KB groß. Sie wird - (noch) nicht nach `news.answers' gepostet, man kann sie daher nicht in - den FAQ-Archiven finden. Über WWW und CTAN ist jedoch eine Kopie - verfügbar. -* PDFTeX-FAQ (in englisch), - Oft gestellte Fragen zu PDFTeX, einer Modifikation von TeX, welche in - der Lage ist, Dateien im _Portable Document Format_ der Firma Adobe zu - erzeugen. -* Seminar-FAQ (in englisch). - Oft gestellte Fragen zum LaTeX-Paket `seminar', welches eine Vielzahl - von Möglichkeiten zum Erstellen von Folien bietet. -* PPCHTeX-FAQ (in deutsch). - Oft gestellte Fragen zum PPCHTeX-Paket, welches chemischen Formelsatz - mit TeX ermöglicht. - - -UK TUG TeX http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?introduction=yes -FAQ: - CTAN: help/uk-tex-faq/ -LaTeX-FAQ http://www.loria.fr/tex/divers.html -française: - CTAN: help/LaTeX-FAQ-francaise/ -PDFTeX-FAQ: http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/ -Seminar-FAQ: http://www.tug.org/applications/Seminar/ -PPCHTeX-FAQ: http://www.ntg.nl/context/document.htm - - - -1.3.7 Was sollte ich gelesen haben, bevor ich eine Frage in -`de.comp.text.tex' oder der Diskussionsliste TeX-D-L stelle? - -Zuerst: Die Kenntnis der `Netiquette' wird vorausgesetzt; sie ist in -`de.newusers.infos', `de.newusers.questions' oder ersatzweise bei Ihrem -Provider zu erhalten (siehe auch -http://www.netservice.ch/german/netiquette_ger.html). -Die Abschnitte `Bücherliste' und `frei verfügbare (La)TeX-Einführungen' -(siehe Abschnitte 2.4.1 und 2.4.2) enthalten einige Empfehlungen für -Bücher und kostenfrei erhältliche Einführungen und Übersichten, die sehr -viele der häufig gestellten Fragen beantworten. Wenn Sie sich vorläufig -keine Bücher zulegen wollen, sollten Sie dieses Angebot der kostenfrei -erhältlichen Artikel nutzen! -Jedes TeX-System enthält einen Satz Dokumentation, in dem meist nur sehr -kurz ein Überblick über das Satzsystem TeX gegeben wird, bevor auf -spezifische Besonderheiten dieses TeX-Systems eingegangen wird. Bevor -Sie Fragen zu Problemen mit diesem speziellen System stellen, sollten -Sie sicherstellen, ob diese nicht schon durch die mitgelieferte -Dokumentation beantwortet werden. Für einige TeX-Systeme, wie -beispielsweise emTeX, 4TeX/4allTeX (beide OS/2, MS-DOS, Windows), teTeX, -NTeX, web2c/kpathsea (Unix/Linux u.a.) gibt es eigene Diskussionslisten. -Haben Sie ein spezielles Problem mit einem dieser Systeme, sollten Sie -Ihre Frage in der zugehörigen Diskussionsliste stellen. -Bei Problemen mit LaTeX sollten Sie vorher auf alle Fälle den `User -Guide' gelesen haben, der als Datei ``usrguide.tex'' jedem LaTeX-Paket -beiliegen muß und die Neuerungen von LaTeX2e beschreibt. Auch die -anderen im LaTeX-Paket enthaltenen `Guides' enthalten wertvolle -Informationen über das sogenannte NFSS zur Schriftauswahl und Einbindung -neuer Schriften (`LaTeX2e font selection', Datei ``fntguide.tex''), die -Erstellung und Änderung von Klassen und Paketen (`LaTeX2e for class and -package writers', Datei ``clsguide.tex''), die Konfiguration -(`Configuration options for LaTeX2e', Datei ``cfgguide.tex'') und -erlaubten Änderungen und Anpassungen (`Modifying LaTeX2e', Datei -``modguide.tex''), weitere Pakete und Neuerungen (`LaTeX News', Dateien -``ltnews*.tex''). -Für LaTeX finden Sie außerdem noch sehr viele Informationen und Hinweise -auf Makro-Pakete im Buch `Der LaTeX-Begleiter' von Goossens, Mittelbach -und Samarin (siehe Frage 2.4.1) bzw. dem englischen Original `The LaTeX -Companion'. Schlagen Sie bitte zuerst dort nach - Sie werden -feststellen, daß sich dadurch sehr viele Fragen beantworten lassen. -Neben dem Buch `The LaTeX Companion' gibt es auch `The LaTeX Graphics -Companion', in dem Sie wertvolle Hinweise zu Graphikeinbindung, -PostScript-Graphiken, Verwendung von Farbe, der Einbindung von -PostScript-Schriften und Paketen wie XY-Pic oder PSTricks nachlesen -können. -Finden Sie in der verfügbaren Literatur keine Antwort, vergessen Sie -nicht, in Ihrer Frage an die Newsgroup bzw. die Diskussionsliste auch -Ihr Rechnersystem, Betriebssystem, Name der TeX-Implementierung bzw. --Verteilung, Version der verwendeten Programme, Makros u.ä. zu nennen. -Halten Sie Ihre Frage kurz. Geben Sie ein kurzes, aber vollständiges -Eingabebeispiel, das nur auf die notwendigsten Dateien zugreift. -Entfernen Sie beispielsweise in einem LaTeX-Dokument prinzipiell _alle_ -Pakete; belassen Sie dabei nur die Pakete, mit denen Ihr Problem -auftritt; verwenden Sie möglichst nur Standard- oder weit verbreitete -Pakete. Fügen Sie am Beginn Ihres (Minimal)-Dokuments die Anweisung -\listfiles ein, so dass in der Protokolldatei alle verwendeten Pakete -mit den Versionsnummern aufgeführt werden. So kann man Ihr Problem mit -möglichst geringem Aufwand nachvollziehen, und damit erhöht sich die -Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß Ihre Frage auch beantwortet wird! - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 1 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.10.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.10.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0fca8f2ad9b..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.10.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,549 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 10 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -10 METAFONT und Schriften (Fortsetzung) - - -10.1 Die Computer-Modern-Schriften und ihre Nachfolger (+) - - -10.1.1 Gibt es die CM-Fonts auch als PostScript-(Type-1)-Schriften? - -Die Knuth'sche Computer-Modern-(CM)-Familie, die zusätzlichen -LaTeX-CM-Fonts und die AmS-Fonts zum mathematischen Formelsatz wurden -von Bluesky und Y&Y ins Type-1-Format umgesetzt und der Öffentlichkeit -frei verwendbar zur Verfügung gestellt. Die in diesem `Bluesky'-Paket -noch fehlenden Schriften, wie einige AmS-Fonts, die Logo- und -Manual-Fonts, sind inzwischen ebenso im Type-1-Format verfügbar. - -Bluesky: CTAN: fonts/cm/ps-type1/bluesky/ -AmS-Fonts: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/ps-type1/ -Logo: CTAN: fonts/mflogo/ps-type1/hoekwater/ -Manual: CTAN: fonts/manual/ps-type1/hoekwater/ - - - -10.1.2 Wie kann ich die CM-Fonts mit beliebigen Schriftgrößen verwenden? - -Das Paket `type1cm' von David Carlisle enthält geänderte -Font-Deklaratonen für die CM-Schriften, in denen die üblichen festen -Größenabstufungen durch Bereiche abgedeckt werden. Seine Verwendung ist -vorzugsweise in Verbindung mit Type-1-Fonts sinnvoll; ansonsten werden -möglicherweise sehr viele oder sehr große Pixelfonts erzeugt und -gespeichert - -type1cm: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/type1cm/ - - - -10.1.3 Was sind EC- und TC-Schriften? - -Mit `EC' und `TC' bezeichnet man Fonts mit dem Aussehen von Knuths -CM-Schriften, aber einem Zeichenvorrat entsprechend der `europäischen' -T1- und TS1-Kodierung. Die EC-Schriften sind ebenso stabil wie die -CM-Schriften, d.h. die .tfm-Dateien dieser Schriftfamilien werden sich -nicht mehr ändern. - -10.1.4 Wie kann ich mit LaTeX die neuen EC/TC-Schriften verwenden? - -Um mit LaTeX die EC-Schriften ohne viel Aufwand benutzen zu können, -benötigt man die LaTeX-Version vom Dezember 1996 oder neuer. Mit dieser -muss nurmehr in der Präambel die Zeile \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} -eingefügt werden. -Um die zusätzlichen Textsymbole der TC-Fonts nutzen zu k”nnen, ist das -Paket `textcomp' zu laden: \usepackage{textcomp}. - -10.1.5 Gibt es die zu den EC-Schriften gehörenden Schriften für den -mathematischen Formelsatz? - -Nein, leider noch nicht. Zur Zeit existiert ein gemeinsames -LaTeX3-/TUG-Technical-Working-Group-(TWG)-Projekt; Barbara Beeton, -Herausgeberin des TUGboat und Mitarbeiterin bei der American -Mathematical Society (AmS), ist Vorsitzende dieser TWG. Die -Arbeitsgruppe hat die nicht-triviale Aufgabe, alle benötigten -mathematischen Zeichen zusammenzutragen und entsprechende -Schriftkodierungen festzulegen. Informationen über die bisher -erarbeiteten Konzepte kann man in http://www.tug.org/twg/mfg finden. - -10.1.6 Wieso werden bei Verwendung von EC-Schriften noch die alten -CM-Schriften geladen? Ich dachte, dass die EC- die CM-Schriften -vollständig ersetzen können? - -Da noch keine mathematischen Schriften speziell für die EC-Schriften -existieren, werden die der CM-Schriften verwendet. Die CM-Textschriften -enthalten jedoch die großen griechischen Buchstaben für den -mathematischen Formelsatz, so dass auch weiterhin diese Textschriften -zusätzlich zu den EC-Textschriften geladen werden müssen. - -10.1.7 Gibt es die EC- und TC-Fonts auch im PostScript-(Type-1)-Format? - -Bis vor einiger Zeit gab es die EC/TC-Schriften nicht im Type-1-Format; -inzwischen existieren jedoch mehrere kommerzielle und freie Versionen: -MicroPress Inc. bietet sämtliche 666 Schriftschnitte der EC- und -TC-Schriften im Type-1-Format kommerziell an. -Kostenlos verfügbar sind zwei weitere Sammlungen von Type-1-Fonts: -`CM-Super' von Vladimir Volovich und `Tt2001' von Szabó Péter. -`CM-Super' enthält auch die Computer-Modern-Schriften mit kyrillischem -Zeichensatz (LH-Fonts). Momentan weisen beide Sammlungen noch geringe -qualitative Mängel auf. -Die kommerzielle Schriftfamilie `EM' von Y&Y enthält zwar alle Lettern -der EC-Schriften, jedoch unterscheiden sich die Metriken von den -Original-EC-Schriften; außerdem werden beträchtlich weniger verschiedene -Entwurfsgrößen benutzt. Man erhält daher einen anderen Umbruch, so dass -sie keinen wirklichen Ersatz darstellen. Andererseits sind sie, im -Gegensatz zu den originalen EC-Fonts, auch mit Anwendungen aus der -nicht-TeX-Welt verwendbar (`ATM-kompatibel'). -Sollte keines der genannten Pakete verfügbar sein, kann man als -`Notlösung' zu den AE- oder ZE-Fonts greifen (siehe Frage 10.1.8). - -EC-Type-1 http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/ecfonts/ecmain.htm -(MicroPress): -CM-Super: CTAN: fonts/ps-type1/cm-super/ -Tt2001: CTAN: fonts/ps-type1/ec/ - http://www.inf.bme.hu/~pts/textrace/ -EM (Y&Y): http://www.yandy.com/em.htm - - - -10.1.8 Was sind die `AE'- und `ZE'-Schriften? - -Ein nicht ganz vollwertiger Ersatz von EC-Schriften im Type-1-Format -besteht darin, spezielle _virtuelle Fonts_ zu benutzen. Diese virtuellen -Fonts stellen (fast) den kompletten T1-Zeichensatz bereit, greifen -letztlich auf die OT1-kodierten CM-Fonts zurück, und da letztere in -praktisch jedem TeX-System im Type-1-Format verfügbar sind, bekommt man -somit auch einen Ersatz für die EC-Schriften im Type-1-Format. -Allerdings unterscheiden sich die Metriken und die verfügbaren -Entwurfsgrößen von den echten EC-Fonts, so dass sich ein anderer Umbruch -ergibt. -Solche virtuellen Schriften sind unter den Namen `Almost-European' (AE) -und `ZE' verfügbar. Man beachte aber, dass nicht _alle_ Zeichen des -T1-Encodings bereitgestellt werden. Auch wird nur der T1-Zeichenvorrat -simuliert, nicht aber TS1, so dass die Textcompanion-Symbole wie z.B. -`\textmu' nicht verfügbar sind. Für einige der fehlenden Zeichen gibt es -Ersatzlösungen. So erhält man die mit den AE-Schriften nicht -darstellbaren französischen Anführungszeichen durch zusätzliches -Einbinden des Paketes `aeguill'. Es extrahiert französische `Guillemets' -aus anderen Schriften, vorzugsweise aus den `PL'-Schriften, einer -polnischen Variante der CM-Schriften mit einigen zusätzlichen -europäischen Zeichen. Die PL-Schriften liegen als METAFONT- und als -PostScript-Type-1-Schriften vor, die dieselben Metrikdateien verwenden. -Um sie in ihrer Kodierung OT4 benutzen zu können, müssen die -dazugehörigen Fontdefinitionsdateien aus dem Bündel `platex' installiert -sein. Optional kann das Paket `aeguill' aber auch auf andere, -standardmäßig vorhandene Fonts, zurückgreifen. - -ae: CTAN: fonts/ae/ -ze: CTAN: fonts/zefonts/ -aeguill: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/aeguill/ -PL-Schriften (Type-1): CTAN: language/polish/plpsfont/ -platex: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/platex/ - - - -10.1.9 Ich erhalte die Meldung `LaTeX Font Warning: Some font shapes -were not available, defaults substituted'. Was hat das zu bedeuten? (+) - -Bei LaTeX ist es möglich, Kombinationen von Schriftattributen -anzufordern, die bei der verwendeten Schrift nicht verfügbar sind. So -wird beispielsweise bei der Kombination von ``Kapitälchen'' und `Fett' -in der Standard-Codierung OT1 mit CM-Fonts: - - \documentclass{article} - \begin{document} - \textsc{Test \textbf{Test}} - \end{document} - -von LaTeX folgende Warnung gemeldet: - - LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `OT1/cmr/bx/sc' undefined - (Font) using `OT1/cmr/bx/n' instead on input line 4. - -Diese Warnung besagt, dass in der Codierung OT1 in der Familie cmr -(Roman) und der `Font series' bx (Fett) kein `Font shape' sc -(Kapitälchen) verfügbar ist und stattdessen `Font shape' n (Normal) -verwendet wird. -Immer, wenn LaTeX solche Ersetzungen vornimmt, meldet es für alle -Ersetzungen zusammen am Schluss noch `LaTeX Font Warning: Some font -shapes were not available, defaults substituted', weil Meldungen am Ende -des LaTeX-Laufs nicht so leicht übersehen werden. -Welche Ersetzung LaTeX vornimmt, ist in den .fd-Dateien definiert. -Näheres dazu ist in dem LaTeX-Standarddokument `selection: Kurzname im -Text, fntguide/fntguide.html: Paketname selection: Kurzname im Text, -html/fntguide/fntguide.html: Paketname LaTeX2e font selection' zu -finden. - -10.1.10 Was kann ich tun, wenn ich eine Meldung über eine nicht -vorhandene Schriftkombination erhalte? (+) - -Grundsätzlich gibt es in diesem Fall nur zwei Möglichkeiten. Zum einen -kann man natürlich nach Schriften suchen, bei denen die gewünschte -Kombination vorhanden ist. So sind beispielsweise fette Kapitälchen in -der Standardschrift CM nicht vorhanden, in den EC-Fonts hingegen sehr -wohl. Fügt man daher im Beispiel aus Frage Frage 10.1.9 die Zeile - - \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} - -ein, so verschwindet die Meldung. -Alternativ kann man auf die entsprechende Kombination schlicht -verzichten. In einigen Fällen genügt es daszu, die Warnung schlicht zu -ignorrieren. Man kann aber auch die Notwendigkeit der Kombination -beseitigen. Hat man beispielsweise serifenlose Überschriften -voreingestellt, benötigt jedoch unbedingt Kapitälchen in den -Überschriften, so hat man das Problem, dass es sehr wenige Schriften mit -serifenlosen Kapitälchen gibt. Eine einfache Lösung besteht nun darin, -die Voreinstellung der Überschriften in eine Serifenschrift zu ändern. -Viele unterschiedliche Warnungen über nicht vorhandene -Schriftkombinationen können auch ein Hinweis sein, dass versucht wird, -übermäßig viele Schriften zu kombinieren. Aus typografischer Sicht -könnte die Eliminierung der Kombinationen eine gute Lösung sein. Man -sollte nämlich nie zu viele Schriftarten miteinander kombinieren. - -10.2 Alternativen zu den Computer-Modern-Schriften (*) - - -10.2.1 Wie kann ich die PostScript-Basisschriften (Times, Helvetica -usw.) mit LaTeX verwenden? - -Die Pakete und Metrikdateien des `PSNFSS'-Bündels unterstützen die -Verwendung der 35 PostScript-Basisschriften mit LaTeX. `PSNFSS' ist -Bestandteil jedes LaTeX-Systems. - - Times: - Das Paket `mathptmx' deklariert `Times' als Grundschrift und lädt - dazu passende Mathematikschriften, die aus verschiedenen frei - verfügbaren Fonts (z.B. `Symbol') zusammengesetzt sind. - - Palatino: - Die Pakete `mathpazo' und `mathpple' legen `Palatino' als - Grundschrift fest und laden dazu passende Mathematikschriften, die - aus frei verfügbaren Fonts zusammengesetzt sind. Im Wesentlichen - unterscheiden sich die Pakete durch das Aussehen der griechischen - Buchstaben und einiger mathematischer Symbole; das ältere - Paket`mathpple' greift dafür vor allem auf (modifizierte) - Euler-Fonts zurück, während `mathpazo' ein neu entworfenes - mathematisches Alphabet `Pazo' verwendet. - - Helvetica: - Das Paket `helvet' legt `Helvetica' als serifenlose Schrift fest. - - Courier: - Das Paket `courier' legt `Courier' als Schreibmaschinenschrift - fest. - - ZapfDingbats - und andere Symbolschriften werden vom Paket `pifont' unterstützt. - -Weitere Pakete unterstützen die Schriftfamilien `NewCenturySchoolbook', -`Bookman', `AvantGarde' und `ZapfChancery'. PSNFSS unterstützt auch die -Verwendung der Schriftfamilien `Bitstream Charter' und `Adobe Utopia'. -Sie gehören nicht zu den Base35-Fonts, sind aber kostenlos verfügbar und -sollten standardmäßig Bestandteil jedes LaTeX-Systems sein. -Siehe die Dokumentation zu PSNFSS (`Using common PostScript fonts with -LaTeX'). - -psnfss: CTAN: macros/latex/required/psnfss - - - -10.2.2 Wie kann ich ein ganzes Dokument in serifenloser Schrift (z.B. -Helvetica) setzen? (*) - -Die Anweisung - - \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} - -in der Präambel legt serifenlose Schrift als Grundschrift für das -gesamte Dokument fest; das ist diejenige Schriftfamilie, die sonst mit -der Anweisung `\sffamily' gewählt würde. Per Voreinstellung ist das -`CM-Sans'. Möchte man diese gegen `Helvetica' austauschen, ist -zusätzlich das Paket `helvet' (siehe Frage 10.2.1) zu laden: - - \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} - \usepackage{helvet} - -Beachte, dass in beiden Fällen LaTeXs Mathematikschriften _nicht_ -geändert werden! Die für den Mathematiksatz voreingestellten Schriften -der CM-Familie harmonieren jedoch nur schlecht mit `CM-Sans' und -überhaupt nicht mit `Helvetica', so dass die genannten Lösungen -untauglich sind, falls auch mathematische Formeln zu setzen sind. -Es gibt überhaupt nur zwei serifenlose Schriftfamilien, die für TeX -geeignete Mathematikschriften (inkl. der AmS-Symbole) enthalten. Beide -werden zusammen mit Makropaketen für die Verwendung mit LaTeX verteilt: - - CM-Bright: - Eine aus den CM-Fonts abgeleitete Schriftfamilie; heller und - weniger ``aufdringlich'' als `CM-Sans'. Sie ist auf CTAN sowohl im - Metafont- als auch im PostScript-Format erhältlich. Die Schriften - im Type-1-Format gehören teilweise zur Sammlung CM-Super (siehe - Frage 10.1.7), die restlichen wurden von H.~Harders (`hfbright') - zur Verfügung gestellt. Ein vollständiges Paket der - CM-Bright-Fonts im Type-1-Format wird auch kommerziell von der Fa. - MicroPress Inc. angeboten. - - HV-Math: - Eine Helvetica-`Clone', mit erweitertem Zeichensatz und - Mathematikschriften; im Type-1-Format von MicroPress Inc. - erhältlich. - -Die Schriftfamilie `Arial' ist lediglich eine Nachahmung der -`Helvetica', mit geringen Unterschieden bei den Zeichenformen. Sie wird -von vielen Programmen als Ersatz für die echte Helvetica verwendet, z.T. -ohne dass dies vom Anwender zu beeinflussen ist. Mit TeX kann und sollte -man stets `Helvetica' oder `HV-Math' verwenden, siehe oben! - -CM-Bright: CTAN: fonts/cmbright/ - CTAN: fonts/ps-type1/cm-super/ - CTAN: fonts/ps-type1/hfbright/ - http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/ -HV-Math: http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/ - - - -10.2.3 Welche anderen als die CM-Schriften sind mit LaTeX ohne großen -Aufwand verwendbar? - -Vergleichsweise problemlos lassen sich mit LaTeX solche Schriften -einsetzen, die komplett mit allen nötigen TeX-spezifischen Metriken und -Makrodateien verteilt werden (bzw. in üblichen TeX-Distributionen -vorhanden sind). Idealerweise sollten außerdem dazu passende -Mathematikschriften vorhanden sein. - -Schriftfamilien mit Mathematikfonts - - - Times: - Siehe Frage 10.2.1. Neben den vom Paket `mathptmx' verwendeten - Mathematikschriften gibt es auch kommerzielle, die eine deutlich - höhere Qualität aufweisen: `TM-Math' (MicroPress, enthält auch - zusätzliche Textsymbole und die AmS-Symbolfonts), `MathTime' und - `MathTimePro' (Y&Y). - - Palatino: - Siehe Frage 10.2.1. Neben den von dem Paketen `mathpple' und - `mathpazo' verwendeten Mathematikschriften gibt es noch die - kommerziellen `PA-Math'-Fonts (MicroPress) mit deutlich besserer - Qualität und zusätzlichen Textsymbolen. - - LucidaBright: - Eine umfangreiche Schrift-`Sippe', bestehend aus Roman-, - Sansserif- und Schreibmaschinen-Schriften, zahlreichen Sonder- und - Zierschriften und allen Mathematikfonts für Verwendung mit - plainTeX oder LaTeX, einschl. der AmS-Symbole. Nur im - Type-1-Format. Kommerziell erhältlich bei Y&Y. - - Concrete: - Eine serifenbetonte Antiqua-Schrift; die Grundschrift von Donald - Knuths Buch `Concrete Mathematics'; aus der CM-Familie abgeleitet. - Enthält neben Textfonts auch alle Mathematikschriften für (La)TeX - inkl. der AmS-Symbole. Im Metafont-Format kostenlos und - Bestandteil der meisten TeX-Systeme; im Type-1-Format von - MicroPress vertrieben. LaTeX-Paket: `ccfonts' - - CM-Bright: - siehe Frage 10.2.2. - - Helvetica/HV-Math: - siehe Frage 10.2.2. - - BA-Math: - Eine Antiqua-Schrift im Stil der `Baskerville', mit - Mathematikschriften für LaTeX; Type-1-Format. Erhältlich bei - MicroPress. - - IF-Math: - Eine Tekton-`Clone' mit Mathematikschriften für LaTeX; - Type-1-Format. Erhältlich bei MicroPress. - - -Schriftfamilien ohne Mathematikfonts - - - AvantGarde, Bookman, Charter, Helvetica, NewCenturySchoolbook, Utopia: - Die Verwendung dieser Schriftfamilien wird durch die Pakete des - PSNFSS-Bündels unterstützt, siehe Frage 10.2.1. - - LucidaBrightSO: - Die wichtigsten Textschriften der LucidaBright-Familie (_nicht_ - die Mathematikschriften!) sind auch als Bestandteil von - `StarOffice' 5.2 verfügbar. Im Gegensatz zur Variante von Y&Y - (siehe oben) enthalten sie neben den lateinischen auch kyrillische - Zeichensätze und sind kostenlos erhältlich. - - Pandora: - Frei verfügbare, speziell für die Verwendung mit (La)TeX - entworfene Schriftfamilie mit Roman-, Sansserif- und - Schreibmaschinen-Schriften. Etwas auffällig und verspielt. Nur mit - OT1-Zeichensatz, nur im Metafont-Format. - - Malvern: - Frei verfügbare, speziell für TeX entworfene Familie von - serifenlosen Schriften. Nur mit OT1- und T1-Zeichensatz verfügbar, - keine TS1-Kodierung; nur im Metafont-Format. - - Litaraturnaya: - Schriftfamilie mit lateinischen und kyrillischen Zeichensätzen. - Nur Type-1-Format. Kostenlos erhältlich. - - -Generische Mathematikfonts - - - Die Mathematikschriften TM-Math, MathTime, MathTimePro - (siehe oben) wurden ursprünglich für die Verwendung mit der - `Times' entworfen, lassen sich aber auch mit ähnlichen - Schriftfamilien verwenden; dies wird auch von den dazu gehörenden - Makropaketen unterstützt. - - LucidaNewMath - Die zu LucidaBright (siehe oben) gehörenden Mathematikschriften - lassen sich auch mit anderen Schriftfamilien kombinieren. Ein - entsprechendes Makropaket `lucbmath' wird zusammen mit den - Schriften ausgeliefert. - - Die mathematischen Euler-Fonts - wurden ursprünglich für die Verwendung mit der Schriftfamilie - Concrete entworfen (die inzwischen eigene Mathematikfonts bekommen - hat). - Die Euler-Fonts lassen sich sehr gut auch mit ganz anderen - Textschriften als Concrete kombinieren. Sie passen insbesondere - gut zu verschiedenen Renaissance-Antiquas (z.B. Garamond, Sabon, - Minion, Palatino). Dies wird durch das neuere Paket `eulervm' und - dazu gehörende virtuelle Fonts unterstützt. - Die LaTeX-Pakete `euler' und `beton' stellten eine ad-hoc-Lösung - für die Kombination Concrete/Euler dar, die die Typografie vom - Donald Knuths Buch `Concrete Mathematics' in LaTeX nachbildet; sie - sind veraltet und sollten nicht mehr verwendet werden. - - -MicroPress: http://www.micropress-inc.com/fonts/ -Y&Y: http://www.yandy.com/ -Concrete: CTAN: fonts/concrete/ - CTAN: fonts/ecc/ - CTAN: fonts/concmath/ -Pandora: CTAN: fonts/pandora/ -Anpassungen zu -LucidaBright aus ftp://ftp.ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/lucidaso/ -StarOffice: -Literaturnaya: ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/literat/ -eulervm: CTAN: fonts/eulervm/ - - - -10.2.4 Wo finde ich TeX-Anpassungen für handelsübliche Type-1-Fonts? - -Außerhalb der Welt von TeX existiert ein riesiges Angebot an -digitalisierten Schriften. Um sie auch mit (La)TeX verwenden zu können -benötigt man zusätzlich zu den eigentlichen Fonts TeX-spezifische -Metrik-, Font-Map- und .fd-Dateien. Falls man diese nicht selbst -erstellen kann oder will (siehe Frage 9.2.2), kann man auf vorgefertigte -Anpassungen zurückgreifen. - -psfonts: CTAN: fonts/psfonts -(z.T. veraltet und nur mangelhaft dokumentiert) -Walter Schmidt: Schriften für TeX: http://home.vr-web.de/was/fonts.html - - - -10.3 Sonderschriften - - -10.3.1 Gibt es eine Schönschrift/Handschrift? - -Mit `calligra' gibt es eine kalligraphische Schrift (nur im -Metafont-Format), eine schön ausgeführte Schmuckschrift. Eine weitere -Schönschrift (ebenfalls im Metafont-Format) ist die `twcal', die -ursprünglich auf der vereinfachten Ausgangsschrift `va' basiert, jedoch -durch viele Änderungen und Ligaturen weichere, durchgezogene Übergänge -erhalten hat. Mit den Paketen `calligra' und `twcal' gibt es -LaTeX-Anpassungen für beide gleichnamigen Schriften. -Zu den PostScript-Standardfonts gehört der `normale' Schnitt der Schrift -`ZapfChancery'. Metriken und Makrodateien dafür gehören zum -PSNFSS-Bündel, siehe Frage 10.2.1. -Im Type-1-Format ist die Schrift `BrushScriptX' kostenlos verfügbar. Sie -ähnelt der kommerziellen Schrift BrushScript von Adobe. Zusammen mit dem -Font wird ein passendes Makropaket verteilt. -Ebenfalls im Type-1-Format ist die Schrift `Augie' als Freeware -erhältlich, zusammen mit den nötigen Anpassungen zur Verwendung mit TeX; -sie ist aus einer typischen amerikanischen Schülerhandschrift -abgeleitet. - -calligra: CTAN: fonts/calligra/ -twcal: CTAN: fonts/twcal/ -(METAFONT-Quellen und Paket für LaTeX 2.09) - CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/gene/fundus/ -(Paket für LaTeX) -BrushScriptX: CTAN: fonts/brushscr/ -Augie: CTAN: fonts/augie/ - - - -10.3.2 Ich suche eine Sütterlin, Fraktur, Schwabacher, Gotische Schrift. - -Yannis Haralambous hat einen Satz dieser altdeutschen Schriften auf der -Tagung EuroTeX'91 in Cork/Irland vorgestellt. Neben den reinen -Brotschriften hat er auch noch mit der Schrift `yinit' große Initialen -als Schmuckschrift hinzugefügt. Die Einbindung dieser Schriften ist für -LaTeX2e im Paket `oldgerm', das Bestandteil von `mfnfss' ist, enthalten. -Mit dem Paket `yfonts' existiert eine Alternative, die mit german.sty -funktioniert und diese Schriften trotz ihrer unkonventionellen Kodierung -in LaTeX2e einbindet; ein Makro ermöglicht es, einen Absatz mit einer -eingezogenen Zierinitiale zu schmücken. -Zu der Sütterlin-Schrift `suet14' und ihrer schräggestellten Variante -`schwell' wurde in der Newsgroup de.comp.tex (dem damaligen Vorgänger -von `de.comp.text.tex') angemerkt: ``Die Fonts sehen wirklich klasse -aus. Allerdings hat das kleine `a' keinen Kringel (Schleifchen) rechts -oben, was es nach Brockhaus und alten Schulunterlagen haben sollte. Auch -das `k' scheint etwas abzuweichen.'' - -Y.H.: CTAN: fonts/gothic/yfrak/ - CTAN: fonts/gothic/yswab/ - CTAN: fonts/gothic/ygoth/ - CTAN: fonts/gothic/yinit/ -mfnfss: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/mfnfss -yfonts: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/yfonts -cmfrak: CTAN: fonts/gothic/cmfrak/ -sueterlin/schwell: CTAN: fonts/gothic/sueterlin/ - - - -10.3.3 Gibt es die lateinische bzw. die vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift, -mit der man das Schreiben in der ersten Klasse begonnen hat? - - -la: CTAN: fonts/la/ -va: CTAN: fonts/va/ - - - -10.3.4 Gibt es eine Schrift mit Mediävalziffern/Minuskelziffern? Wie -kann ich alle Zahlen in einem Dokument mit Mediävalziffern setzen? - -Mediävalziffern erhält man in Plain-TeX durch \oldstyle{1234567890}, in -LaTeX mit \oldstylenums{1234567890}, da TeXs Math-Italic-Schriften diese -Ziffernform bereits enthalten. -Will man alle Zahlen in einem Dokument in Mediävalziffern ausgeben, ohne -diese explizit mit `\oldstyle' bzw. `\oldstylenums' auszeichnen zu -müssen, so benötigt man spezielle Text-Fonts, in denen die meist -üblichen Versalziffern durch Mediävalziffern ersetzt wurden. Dies ist -z.B. in den ECO-Schriften der Fall, die auf den EC-Schriften basieren -und die als ``virtuelle Schriften'' die Ziffernformen ersetzen. - -ECO-Fonts: CTAN: fonts/eco/ - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 10 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.11.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.11.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 62d5cf57a3a..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.11.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,749 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 11 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -11 Tools und Utilities - - -11.1 Tools zur Manipulation von dvi-Dateien - - -11.1.1 Ich möchte durch doppelseitigen Druck und entsprechende Faltung -eine Broschüre in DIN A5 mit Hilfe von DIN A4-Bögen erstellen. - -Mit `dvidvi' oder `dvibook' lassen sich die Seiten in einer dvi-Datei so -umordnen, daß auf einem Papierbogen die entsprechenden Seiten -doppelseitig gedruckt werden können. Neben diesen -dvi-Manipulationsprogrammen können auch einige dvi-Gerätetreiber die -Seiten so gedreht und sortiert ausgeben, daß man diese zu einer -Broschüre bzw. die einzelnen Bogenpäckchen zu einem dickeren Buch binden -kann. Beispiele für solche Treiber sind `dvidrv' (emTeX-Paket, OS/2 und -MS-DOS) `dvi_dot' (MultiTeX-Paket, Atari ST), DVI 3.xx (Atari ST). -Hilfreich ist hierbei neben der Fähigkeit, die Seiten entsprechend -anzuordnen, daß man die Signaturgröße, d.h. die Größe eines Heftchens, -über einen Parameter angeben kann (Bsp: `section-count' bei den -emTeX-Treibern). Verwendet man PostScript, so kann man mit `psbook' (aus -den PostScript-Utilities) statt der Seiten in der dvi-Datei auch die -Seiten in der aus der dvi-Datei erzeugten PostScript-Datei umordnen. -Dabei sollte man darauf achten, daß die PostScript-Dateien sogenannte -`strukturierte Kommentare' enthalten, da `psbook', andere -PostScript-Utilities und beispielsweise auch `ghostview' diese -Kommentare benötigen, um den Vorspann und die einzelnen Seiten -voneinander trennen zu können. In `dvips' darf man die Option -N (`No -structured comments') daher _nicht_ verwenden! -Lösungsbeispiel mit `dvidvi' und `dvips': - - # Vorderseiten: - dvidvi -m '4:-1,2(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp1.dvi - dvips -t landscape tmp1.dvi - # - # Rueckseiten: - dvidvi -m '4:-3,0(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp2.dvi - dvips -t landscape tmp2.dvi - # - # danach zuerst die Vorderseiten in `tmp1.ps' ausdrucken, diese in - # den Drucker so einlegen, dass die letzte Vorderseite zuerst - # eingezogen wird, und dann die Rueckseiten in `tmp2.ps' ausdrucken. - -Lösungsbeispiel mit `psbook', `pstops' und `dvips': -Damit `dvips' auch weiterverarbeitbare PostScript-Seiten im -DIN A5-Format erzeugen kann, muß in die `dvips'-Konfigurationsdatei -``config.ps'' noch folgender Eintrag hinzugefügt werden: - - @ A5 148.5mm 210mm - @+ %%PaperSize: A5 - @+ ! %%DocumentPaperSizes: A5 - -Anschließend können die folgenden Anweisungen abgesetzt werden: - - # Ausgabe im Hochformat in DIN A5 - dvips -t a5 -o tmp.ps datei.dvi - -und nach dem Erzeugen der A5-großen Seiten anschließend - - # Sortieren der Seiten der PS-Datei, Signaturgroesse: je 16 Seiten - # ergibt 4 Boegen (doppelseitig und gefaltet) - psbook -s16 tmp.ps tmp-sorted.ps - # Zusammenfassen von 4 Seiten auf ein DIN A4-Blatt - pstops '4:0L(21cm,0)+1L(21cm,14.85cm),2R(0,29.7cm)+3R(0,14.85cm)' \ - tmp-sorted.ps datei.ps - -Die Veränderung von ``config.ps'' und die Option -t a5 beim Aufruf von -`dvips' kann entfallen, wenn das Programm `psresize' verwendet wird: - - # Ausgabe im Hochformat (in DIN A5) - dvips -o tmp-in.ps datei.dvi - # Korrigiere Papiergroessenangabe von A4 auf A5 - psresize -Pa4 -pa5 tmp-in.ps tmp.ps - -Man beachte, daß unter manchen Betriebssystemen die Hochkommata -entfallen oder durch doppelte Hochkommata ersetzt werden müssen. Der -Backslash am Ende der letzten Anweisung zeigt an, daß diese und die -nachfolgende Zeile zusammengehören! - -dvidvi: CTAN: dviware/dvidvi/ -dvibook: CTAN: dviware/dvibook/ -psbook: CTAN: support/psutils/ -psresize: CTAN: support/psutils/ -(unterhalb von CTAN: systems findet man Binaries dieser Programme für -verschiedene Systeme) -Print Output as Booklet: http://www.lyx.org/help/PS/ps.php#booklet - - - -11.1.2 Ich möchte aus einer bereits fertigen, jedoch für DIN A4 -formatierte Broschüre durch Verkleinerung, doppelseitigen Druck und -entsprechende Faltung eine Broschüre in DIN A5 erstellen. - -In Frage 11.1.1 wurden bereits entsprechende Programme vorgestellt, mit -denen die Manipulationen durchgeführt werden können. Im Unterschied zu -der dort vorgestellten Lösung sind nun die Seiten zusätzlich von DIN A4 -auf DIN A5 zu verkleinern. Diese Skalierung ist typographisch nicht -empfehlenswert; eine Layout-Änderung und Neuformatierung der Vorlage auf -DIN A5, um eine Skalierung zu vermeiden, wäre besser. -Lösungsbeispiel mit `dvidvi' und `dvips': - - # Vorderseiten: - dvidvi -m '4:-1,2(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp1.dvi - dvips -t landscape -x 707 tmp1.dvi - # - # Rueckseiten: - dvidvi -m '4:-3,0(148.5mm,0mm)' datei.dvi tmp2.dvi - dvips -t landscape -x 707 tmp2.dvi - # - # danach zuerst die Vorderseiten in `tmp1.ps' ausdrucken, diese in - # den Drucker so einlegen, dass die letzte Vorderseite zuerst - # eingezogen wird, und dann die Rueckseiten in `tmp2.ps' ausdrucken. - -Lösungsbeispiel mit `psbook', `pstops' und `dvips': - - # Ausgabe im Querformat und auf DIN A5 (= 1/sqrt{2}) verkleinert - dvips -t landscape -x 707 -o tmp.ps datei.dvi - # Sortieren der Seiten der PS-Datei, Signaturgroesse: je 16 Seiten - # ergibt 4 Boegen (doppelseitig und gefaltet) - psbook -s16 tmp.ps tmp-sorted.ps - # Zusammenfassen auf eine DIN A4-Seite - pstops '2:0(.744cm,.744cm)+1(.744cm,-14.106cm)' tmp-sorted.ps datei.ps - -Man beachte, daß unter manchen Betriebssystemen die Hochkommata -entfallen oder durch doppelte Hochkommata ersetzt werden müssen. - -11.1.3 Wenn ich A5-Seiten auf A4-Bögen anordne, warum erscheint das -Ergebnis immer stark verschoben? - -In Frage 11.1.1 und Frage 11.1.2 wurde bereits vorgestellt, wie -normalerweise eine Broschüre in DIN A5 erstellt werden kann. Dabei kann -jedoch das Problem auftreten, dass das Ergebnis stark verschoben ist und -deshalb nicht auf einen Papierbogen passt. Dieser Effekt tritt auf, wenn -durch ein Paket das Papersize-Special in die DVI-Datei geschrieben wird. -Dies geschieht beispielsweise beim Paket `geometry' bei Verwendung der -Option `dvips' oder beim Paket `typearea' aus dem KOMA-Script-Paket bei -Verwendung der Option `dvips' oder der Option `pagesize'. -Die Lösung für das Problem ist in diesem Fall ganz einfach. Verzichten -Sie auf die entsprechende Option und gehen Sie dann wie in den Antworten -beschrieben vor. -Wenn Sie eine DVI-Datei erhalten und feststellen wollen, ob ein -entsprechendes Special enthalten ist, können Sie das mit Hilfe des -Programms `dvitype' erreichen. Gibt `dvitype' unmittelbar nach der Zeile - - <nn>: begin of page1 - -eine Zeile - - <nn>: xxx 'papersize=597.50793pt,845.04694pt' - -aus, dann ist ein solches Special enthalten und das Problem wird -auftreten. <nn> ist dabei ein Zahlwert, der von Datei zu Datei -unterschiedlich sein kann. Obige Werte hinter ``papersize='' sind -natürlich vom eingestellten Papierformat abhängig. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -geometry: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/geometry/ - - - -11.1.4 Wie kann ich bei doppelseitigem Druck jede zweite Seite umgedreht -drucken lassen? - -Doppelseitige Drucker geben die zweite Seite meist über die längere -Kante gewendet aus, so daß hintere Seite eines Papierblattes ``falsch -herum'' gedruckt wird. Mit einem PostScript-fähigen Drucker und dem -Programm `pstops' (aus den PostScript-Utilities) kann dies problemlos -korrigiert werden, indem jede zweite Seite mit der Option `U' -(upside-down) auf den Kopf gestellt wird: - - pstops '2:0,1U(21cm,29.7cm)' datei.ps datei-2r.ps - -Will man wie in Frage 11.1.1 oder Frage 11.1.2 Broschüren erstellen, -sind die dort gezeigten Verfahren durchzuführen. Anschließend ist dann -obige Zeile auf das Ergebnis anzuwenden. - -pstops: CTAN: support/psutils/ - - - -11.1.5 Ist es möglich, zwei dvi-Dateien zu einer zusammenzumontieren? -Kann ich einzelne Seiten aus einer dvi-Datei in eine dvi-Datei -schreiben? - -`dviconcat', das im `dvibook'-Paket enthalten ist, hängt dvi-Dateien -aneinander. Mit `dviselect' aus demselben Paket kann man einzelne Seiten -bzw. Folgen von Seiten aus einer dvi-Datei extrahieren. - -dvibook: CTAN: dviware/dvibook/ - - - -11.1.6 Eine vorhandene PostScript-Datei enthält Grafiken, die ich für -einen anderen Zweck wiederverwenden will. Was kann ich tun? - -Das Programm `psrip' kann in vielen Fällen enthaltene EPS-Grafiken aus -einer PostScript-Datei extrahieren. - -psrip: CTAN: support/psrip/ - - - -11.2 Syntax-Checker - - -11.2.1 Ich möchte ein LaTeX-Dokument möglichst schnell auf Fehler -überprüfen. - -In LaTeX gibt es das Paket `syntonly', das durch die Anweisung -`\syntaxonly' in der Dokumentpräambel einige LaTeX-Interna so -umdefiniert, daß kein oder nur spärlich dvi-Code erzeugt und so der -Übersetzungslauf beschleunigt wird. Dabei werden weiterhin die meisten -Fehler, insbesonders syntaktische, von TeX gemeldet. Jedoch können auch -weitere Fehler gemeldet werden, wenn Makros von den intern jetzt nicht -mehr erzeugten Strukturen abhängen. `syntonly' benötigt die tfm-Datei -für den Font `dummy'. - -syntonly: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ -dummy: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/sources/dummy.mf - CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/tfm/dummy.tfm - - - -11.2.2 Gibt es auch noch Syntax-Checker, die schneller sind? - -Externe Syntax-Checker, wie `lacheck', `ChkTeX' oder `texchk', sind -schneller, jedoch kann es vorkommen, daß sie z.B. bei -`verbatim'-ähnlichen Umgebungen sehr viele Fehler melden, obwohl keine -existieren. Meist ignorieren diese Programme auch \input- und -\include-Anweisungen, so daß die einzelnen Dokumentdateien separat -getestet werden müssen. Sie sind jedoch schnell und ideal zum Finden von -Fehlern durch inkorrekte Schachtelung von Gruppen/Umgebungen. - -lacheck: CTAN: support/lacheck/ - C/lex-Source von `lacheck' (war früher - im AucTeX-Paket enthalten). -ChkTeX: CTAN: support/chktex/ - Sources und Binaries für verschiedene - Architekturen. -texchk: CTAN: obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip -disk05/texcheck.zip enthalten. Binary ist im emTeX- und damit auch im -Der Quelltext wurde in der 4allTeX-Paket in disk05/texcheck.zip -Newsgroup `comp.sources.unix' enthalten. Der Quelltext wurde in der -verteilt.: link) Newsgroup `comp.sources.unix' verteilt. - - -11.3 Dokument-Konverter von bzw. in das (La)TeX-Markup-Format (*) - - -11.3.1 Ich habe ein Dokument für XYZ vorliegen und möchte es in (La)TeX -umwandeln. Gibt es ein Konvertierungsprogramm? - -Für relativ viele Dokumentformate gibt es Programme, die diese in eine -(La)TeX-Eingabedatei mit entsprechendem Markup umwandeln. Leider können -die meisten dieser Programme nur eine a) unvollständige Konvertierung -durchführen, b) ein (La)TeX-Dokument mit schlechtem Markup erzeugen oder -c) brechen mit Fehlern ab oder stürzen im schlimmsten Fall ab. Dies -liegt an unterschiedlichen Gründen, wie z.B. daran, daß die -Markup-Möglichkeiten des anderen Programms nicht mächtig genug sind oder -daß das Dateiformat nicht offiziell dokumentiert vorliegt und daher nur -unvollständig und fehlerhaft `re-engineered' wurde. Es ist daher besser, -wenn Sie nicht allzu viel von diesen Konvertierungsprogrammen erwarten -und sich darauf einstellen, daß Sie noch nacharbeiten müssen. -Konvertierungsprogramme, die (La)TeX-Dokumente erzeugen, existieren für -Word, WordPerfect, RTF, SGML, HTML, troff, Scribe u.v.m. - -11.3.2 Ich habe ein (La)TeX-Dokument vorliegen und möchte es in eine -Form für XYZ umwandeln. Gibt es ein Konvertierungsprogramm? - -Es existieren relativ viele Konvertierungsprogramme, um ein -LaTeX-Dokument in eine Form zu wandeln, um das Dokument oder Teile -daraus in anderen Programmen weiterzuverwenden. Auch hier muß man mehr -oder weniger Abstriche machen, wenn ein Dokument a) nicht strukturiert -eingegeben und konsistent mit LaTeX-Markup versehen wurde, b) spezielle -LaTeX-Pakete und -Erweiterungen verwendet, c) mathematische Formeln, -Tabellen und Grafiken mit der `picture'-Umgebung enthält oder d) das -Konvertierungsprogramm spezielle Markup-Deklarationen benötigt. Sie -müssen daher auch hier entweder das entstandene Ergebnis nachbearbeiten -oder ihr LaTeX-Dokument vorher entsprechend anpassen. -Konvertierungsprogramme, die aus (La)TeX-Dokumenten ein anderes Format -erzeugen, existieren für RTF (Word/WordPerfect), gewöhnlichen -ASCII-Text, HTML, Portable Document Format (PDF) von Adobe u.v.m.. - -11.3.3 Konvertierungsprogramme für MS Word (for Windows), WordPerfect -(for Windows), allgemein für `Rich Text Format' (RTF) sowie für weitere -Formate? - -LaTeX zwingt den Autor, sein Dokument in strukturierter Form einzugeben, -während Textverarbeitungsprogramme wie Word und WordPerfect auch die -unstrukturierte Eingabe eines Dokuments erlauben, was leider auch die -meisten Autoren tun. Daher ist es nur sehr schwer und mit viel Aufwand -möglich, ein unstrukturiertes Dokument automatisch in eine strukturierte -LaTeX-Eingabe umzusetzen. Für die Textverarbeitungsprogramme existieren -jedoch auch sogenannte Dokumentvorlagen. Werden vom Autor eines -Dokuments die zusätzlichen Strukturierungsmöglichkeiten einer solchen -Dokumentvorlage `sauber' und konsistent verwendet, ist eine automatische -Umsetzung in eine klar strukturierte LaTeX-Eingabedatei über einen -`internen' Konverter (z.B. durch Makros des Textverarbeitungsprogrammes) -möglich. -Eine Übersicht über eine Vielzahl von Konvertierungsprogrammen zwischen -(La)TeX-Dokumenten und RTF-/Word/WP-Dokumenten hat Wilfried Hennings in -seiner FAQ unter - http://www.tug.org/utilities/texconv/ -veröffentlicht, die man auch unter - CTAN: help/wp-conv/ -finden kann. Im folgenden sind diese Programme daher nur knapp -aufgezählt. - - RTF/Word/WordPerfect => LaTeX (nichtkommerziell): - - * RTF (Word/WordPerfect) => LaTeX: - - o rtf2TeX CTAN: support/rtf2tex/ - o rtf2LaTeX http://members.home.net/setlur/rtf2latex2e/, - CTAN: support/rtf2latex/ - o rtfLaTeX CTAN: support/rtflatex/ - o w2latex CTAN: support/w2latex/ - o wvLaTeX http://wvware.sourceforge.net/ - o GNU UnRTF http://www.geocities.com/tuorfa/unrtf.html - - * WinWord 2.0 und 6.0 => LaTeX: - - o WINW2LTX CTAN: support/winw2ltx/ (Dokumentvorlagen, interner - Konverter!) - - * WordPerfect => LaTeX: - - o WP2LaTeX CTAN: support/wp2latex/ - o TeXPerfect CTAN: support/texperf/ - o WP2x - - * Word => LaTeX: - - o word_tex CTAN: support/word_tex/ (Dokumentvorlagen, interner - Konverter!) - o WORD2TeX http://www.word2tex.com/, CTAN: support/word2tex/ - o WD2LaTeX - o CATDOC CTAN: support/catdoc/ - o Word2x CTAN: tools/word2x - o W2T http://www.fi.muni.cz/~nygryn/w2t/ - - * Word => HTML: - - o wvHtml http://wvware.sourceforge.net/ - o GNU UnRTF http://www.geocities.com/tuorfa/unrtf.html - - * Word => Text/PostScript: - - o AntiWord http://www.winfield.demon.nl/index.html - o wvText http://wvware.sourceforge.net/ - - - - RTF/Word/WordPerfect => LaTeX (kommerziell): - - * Word/WordPerfect => (La)TeX: - - o ``Publishing Companion'' von K-Talk Communications Inc. - URL: http://www.ktalk.com - - * RTF => LaTeX: - - o Scientific Word/Scientific WorkPlace (enthält RTF inkl. math - => LaTeX) von TCI Software Research - - * Math => Plain-TeX: - - o MathType Formeleditor von Design Science - URL: http://www.mathtype.com/mathtype/ - - - - Excel-Tabellen => LaTeX (nichtkommerziell): - - * Excel2Latex - http://www.jam-software.com/software.html - CTAN: support/excel2latex - * xl2Latex - CTAN: support/xl2latex/ - * Tabular - http://www.hsh.no/~ag/tabular/ (nicht mehr erreichbar) - - - LaTeX => RTF/Word/WordPerfect (nichtkommerziell): - - * LaTeX => RTF, Windows Help RTF, HTML, wxHelp - - o TeX2RTF 1.47 CTAN: support/tex2rtf/ - URL: ftp://ftp.aiai.ed.ac.uk/pub/packages/tex2rtf/ - http://web.ukonline.co.uk/julian.smart/tex2rtf/ - - * LaTeX => RTF - - o latex2rtf - CTAN: support/latex2rtf/ - - - - LaTeX => RTF/Word/WordPerfect (kommerziell): - - * TeX/LaTeX => WordPerfect/Word - - o TexPort - URL: http://www.ktalk.com - o tex2doc - URL: - http://webplanet.lion.cc/jupiter/320094/software/Tex2doc.html - - - - LaTeX => Framemaker (nicht kommerziell): - - Framemaker => LaTeX (nicht kommerziell): - URL: http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/framemaker/ - - -11.3.4 Konvertierungsprogramme zwischen HTML und LaTeX? - -Eine Übersicht über eine Vielzahl von Konvertierungsprogrammen zwischen -(La)TeX- und HTML-Dokumenten hat Günter Partosch in seiner Liste -```Gleichzeitiges' Publizieren in HTML und LaTeX'' unter -http://www.uni-giessen.de/~g029/TeX/converters.html veröffentlicht. - -11.3.5 Konvertierungsprogramme von (La)TeX in einfaches Textformat? - -Da das Ergebnis eines TeX-Laufs ein druckreifes Dokument darstellt, bei -dem ein gefälliges Aussehen durch unterschiedliche Schriftarten und --kodierungen u.a. ereicht wird, ist die Reduktion auf das einfache -Textformat nicht so einfach, wie man vielleicht glaubt. Die folgenden -Wege führen zu einem Endergebnis, welches mehr oder weniger die zugrunde -liegende Formatierung erahnen läßt: - -* `dvi2tty' - Ein dvi-Treiber, der das Ergebnis auf alphanumerischen Terminals - darstellen oder in eine Datei ausgeben kann. -* `catdvi' - Ein dvi-Treiber, der wie `dvi2tty' Text liefert. Baut auf der - kpathsea-Bibliothek von Web2C auf und läuft damit nur auf - Betriebssystemen, auf denen diese existiert. -* `ps2ascii' - Bestandteil des Programmpaketes `Ghostscript'. Erfordert die vorherige - Wandlung der dvi-Datei nach PostScript. -* `pstotext' - Benutzt ebenfalls Ghostscript zur Wandlung, wobei bessere Ergebnisse - als mit `ps2ascii' erzielt werden. -* `pdftotext' - Bestandteil des Programmpaketes `Xpdf'. Erfordert die vorherige - Erzeugung einer pdf-Datei. Es werden recht gute Ergebnisse erzielt. -* LaTeX => HTML => txt - Vorherige Wandlung der LaTeX-Datei nach HTML (siehe Frage 11.3.4). Die - Wandlung vom HTML- in das Textformat kann mit Hilfe eines Web-Browsers - (z.B. `lynx') oder mit anderen speziellen Konvertierungsprogrammen - geschehen. - Für die DE-TeX-FAQ wird `html2text' zur Wandlung von HTML- in - Textdateien verwendet. Diese Programm liegt im Quellcode vor und die - Formatierung der verschiedenen HTML-Konstrukte läßt sich durch eine - Style-Konfigurationsdatei anpassen. Für DOS existiert mit `htmstrip' - ein ähnliches Programm. - - -dvi2tty: CTAN: nonfree/dviware/dvi2tty/ -catdvi: http://www.iki.fi/gaia/programs/catdvi/ -ps2ascii: CTAN: support/ghostscript/ -pstotext: http://www.research.digital.com/SRC/virtualpaper/ -pdftotext: CTAN: support/xpdf/ -pdftotext/Xpdf: http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/ -html2text: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~mbayer/tools/html2text.html - ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/apps/www/converters/ -htmstrip: http://www.erols.com/waynesof/ - - - -11.3.6 Wie kann ich Excel-Diagramme, Powerpoint-Zeichnungen oder andere -Windows-Bilder mit LaTeX verwenden? (*) - -Adobe stellt für Windows PostScript-Druckertreiber zur Verfügung. Damit -hat man die Möglichkeit, ein Dokument als EPS abzuspeichern, auch wenn -das Windows-Programm keinen EPS-Export vorsieht. Frage 6.4.1 führt aus, -wie man EPS-Bilder in LaTeX-Dokumente einbindet. Sollten die wie oben -angegeben erzeugten EPS-Bilder fehlerhafte Abmessungen aufweisen, so -kann der Tip in Frage 6.4.6 helfen. Weitere Informationen zum -Drucker-Treiber für Windows 95/98 und NT/2000/XP, sowie zu den -Einstellungen des Drucker-Treibers über eine PPD-Datei, gibt es auf dem -Adobe-Web-Server. -Es empfiehlt sich, zusammen mit dem PostScript-Druckertreiber auch die -Adobe PPD-Dateien herunterzuladen. Diese enthalten eine Acrobat -Distiller PPD-Datei, die für die Erstellung von EPS-Dateien optimiert -ist, welche nicht direkt auf einem bestimmten Drucker ausgegeben werden -sollen, sondern zur Weiterverarbeitung (einschließlich PDF-Erstellung) -gedacht sind. - -Printer Drivers for http://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/pdrvwin.htm -Windows: -Erstellen von -EPS-Grafiken unter CTAN: info/german/grafik/eps_anleitung.html -Windows: - - - -11.4 TeX-Benutzungsoberflächen und Editoren (*) - - -11.4.1 Emacs: Wie kann ich erreichen, daß für deutsche Texte das -Doublequote nicht durch `` bzw.'' ersetzt wird? - -In vielen, wenn auch nicht allen Fällen erkennt AucTeX, eine -empfehlenswerte Erweiterung des Emacs-TeX-Mode, durch die Verwendung des -Pakets `german' in der Dokumentpräambel, daß dieses Verhalten -ausgeschaltet werden soll. Falls nicht, kann man zwei Doublequotes -eingeben, um einen einzelnen Doublequote zu erhalten. -Einfacher ist es, wenn man dieses Verhalten abschaltet oder ändert. -Beispielsweise in dem man in die Startup-Datei ``.emacs'' die Zeilen - - (add-hook 'TeX-mode-hook - (function (lambda () - ;; - ;; 1. besondere Behandlung fuer dt. Texte (u.a. fuer ") - (TeX-run-style-hooks "german") ;; nur AucTeX - ;; - ;; 2. gesonderte Behandlung von " ganz abschalten - ; (local-set-key "\"" 'self-insert-command) - ;; - ;; 3. je ein " statt ``...'' einfuegen: - ; (setq TeX-open-quote "\"") - ; (setq TeX-close-quote "\"") - ;; - ;; 4. "`..."' statt ``...'' einfuegen: - ; (setq TeX-open-quote "\"`") - ; (setq TeX-close-quote "\"'") - ))) - -einfügt und je nach Wunsch eine der vier Varianten auskommentiert läßt. -Ab AucTeX v9.x kann man auch in der Datei ``.emacs'' einfach - - (setq TeX-quote-after-quote t) - -schreiben, um dieses Verhalten abzuschalten. -Achtung: Für den TeX-Mode der Standard-Emacs-Verteilung muß der Teil -`TeX-' in den Symbolen als `tex-' kleingeschrieben werden. Einige -Erweiterungen funktionieren nur mit AucTeX. - -11.4.2 Emacs: Ich will direkt Umlaute verwenden können, jedoch sollten -diese in `\"a' oder `"a' umgewandelt werden, damit ich sie problemlos -weitergeben kann. - -Die Emacs-Library-Datei `iso-cvt' wandelt automatisch beim Laden und -Speichern eines Textes die Umlaute von bzw. in die entsprechenden TeX- -bzw. German-Style-Makro-Notation. Folgendes Code-Schnipsel funktioniert -nur mit AucTeX und einer neueren Version der Library-Datei `iso-cvt'. - - (require 'iso-cvt) - (add-hook 'LaTeX-mode-hook - (function (lambda () - ;; Setze Anfuehrungszeichen etc. fuer Style german - (TeX-run-style-hooks "german") - ;; - ;; Lade Buffer und wandle nach ISO Latin-1: - (format-encode-buffer 'plain) - ;; Speichere Buffer in "gtex" = german.sty-Notation ("a etc.): - (format-decode-buffer 'gtex)))) - -Will man das entgegengesetzte Verhalten, soll also Emacs bei Eingabe -eines Umlauts statt des einzelnen Umlautzeichens direkt die aus mehreren -Zeichen bestehende TeX-Makro-Notation erzeugen, so kann man dies durch -Änderung der entsprechenden `Key-Map' erreichen. Beispielsweise durch -folgenden unvollständig gezeigten Code: - - (add-hook 'TeX-mode-hook - (function (lambda () - (local-set-key [228] - (function (lambda () (interactive) - (insert "\"a") - ;; oder - ; (insert "\\\"a") - ))) - ;; weitere Zuweisungen mit analogem Aufbau - ;; fuer die anderen Umlaute und das scharfe s - ))) - -Wenn man dies verwendet, wäre es noch ratsam, mit etwas zusätzlichem -Emacs-Lisp-Code beim Löschen eines so erzeugten `Umlautes' nicht nur ein -Zeichen, sondern alle Zeichen des kompletten Makros zu entfernen. -Achtung: Für den TeX-Mode der Standard-Emacs-Verteilung muß statt des -Symbols `TeX-mode-hook' das kleingeschriebene Symbol `tex-mode-hook' -verwendet werden. Einige Erweiterungen funktionieren nur mit AucTeX. - -11.4.3 Emacs: Wie kann ich Symbole leichter eingeben oder anschaulicher -bei der Eingabe darstellen? (*) - -Das Paket x-symbol zeigt unter XEmacs oder Emacs 21 sehr viele Symbole -in einer Semi-WYSIWYG-Darstellung. Zusätzlich erweitert es die Menüs, so -dass man in diesen nach Symbolen suchen kann. - -x-symbol: http://x-symbol.sourceforge.net - - - -11.5 dvi-Treiber - Druckertreiber und Previewer - - -11.5.1 Wieso zeigt Xdvi das polnische L oder für \sqrt[n]{2} das `n' -nicht an, obwohl es beim Ausdruck auf einem Drucker korrekt vorhanden -ist? - -Xdvi sollte in diesem Fall die Warnung ``Note: overstrike characters may -be incorrect.'' ausgeben. Bei Zeichen, die aus mehreren, übereinander -gesetzten Einzelzeichen erzeugt werden, löscht Xdvi zur schnelleren -Ausgabe Teile des bzw. der darunterliegenden Einzelzeichen. In den -Manual-Seiten zu Xdvi findet man dazu mehr im Abschnitt zu den Optionen -`-thorough/-copy'. (Nicht vergessen: Xdvi ist nur ein Previewer für -niedrigstauflösende Ausgabegeräte mit ca. 90-100dpi!) -Mit `xdvi +copy file.dvi' (oder mit `-thorough -nogrey') sollte man das -`n' in obiger Wurzel erhalten, ohne diese Optionen erscheint nur die -Wurzel. Die gleiche Wirkung erreicht man mit dem Eintrag `XDvi*thorough: -true' in der Datei `XDvi' (X-Resource-Datei). Diese Datei befindet sich -bei der teTeX-Distribution im Verzeichnis ``.../texmf/xdvi/'' bzw. sonst -in ``.../lib/X11/app-defaults/''. - -11.5.2 Benutze ich Ghostscript 4.0 zur Anzeige von PostScript-Grafiken -in Xdvi erhalte ich den Fehler `/undefinedfilename in --file--'. -Abhilfe? - -Dies ist ein inzwischen gut bekannter Fehler. Die momentan einfachste -Abhilfe besteht darin, mindestens Version 4.03 oder neuer zu benutzen. -Ist dies nicht möglich, kann man in der Zwischenzeit an die -Ghostscript-Datei `gs_init.ps' die Zeile - - $error /newerror false put - -anhängen. In kurzer Zeit dürfte auch eine neue xdvi-Version erscheinen -(bzw. ist schon erschienen), die diesen Fehler beseitigt. - -11.5.3 Wieso weisen Satzbelichter meine mit `dvips' oder den `psutils' -erzeugten PostScript-Dateien mit der Meldung zurück, daß diese kein -korrektes PostScript konform zu DSC 3.0 wären? - -Kommentare in einer PostScript-Datei sollen den Konventionen für -`Structured Comments', den sogenannten `Document Structuring -Conventions' (DSC), genügen. Ältere Versionen von `dvips' und den -Programmen `pstops', `psbook', `psselect' etc. der PostScript-Utilities -erzeugen jedoch beispielsweise einen nicht ganz korrekten Kommentar für -`%%Pages:'. Hier darf nur _eine_ einzige Zahl folgen, die die Seitenzahl -angibt. Ältere Versionen von `dvips' und der PostScript-Utilities geben -jedoch noch eine zweite Zahl aus, so daß Software, die den `Document -Structuring Conventions' Version 3.0 strikt folgt, solche -PostScript-Dateien, die mit - - %!PS-Adobe-3.0 - -beginnen, als fehlerhaft zurückweist. - -11.5.4 Wie kann ich mein Dokument so nach PostScript wandeln, daß alle -Seiten gespiegelt erzeugt werden? - -Durch die Option -h kann man mit `dvips' noch zusätzlichen -PostScript-Code in einer sogenannten Header-Datei hinzuladen. Zum -Spiegeln sämtlicher Seiten existiert die Header-Datei ``mirr.hd'', die -man durch - - dvips -h mirr.hd document.dvi - -hinzuladen kann. Eine weitere in größerem Maße treiberunabhängige -Möglichkeit, da auf den Paketen `graphics' und `color' basierend, bietet -das LaTeX-Paket `crop'. Neben der Spiegelung von Seiten mit der -Paketoption `mirror' können diese mit der Option `invert' auch -invertiert, also weiß auf schwarz, ausgegeben werden. - -mirr.hd: CTAN: macros/generic/TeX-PS/mirr.hd -crop: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/crop/ - - - -11.5.5 Was kann ich tun, wenn mein Drucker Teile meines Dokuments, die -sich weit am unteren Blattrand befinden, nicht druckt? - -Zuerst ist zu prüfen, ob möglicherweise ein falsches Papierformat -eingestellt ist. Der Druck vom Ergebnis des folgenden LaTeX-Aufrufs - - latex testpage - -ist ein guter Test, um falsche Druckereinstellungen herauszufinden. -Fällt dieser Test zufriedenstellend aus, kann versucht werden, das -Problem dadurch zu lösen, daß die betreffenden Seiten kopfstehend an den -Drucker geschickt werden. Mit den beiden folgenden Verfahren kann man -kopfstehende Seiten unter Verwendung von PostScript erzeugen. - - pstops "U(210mm,297mm)" original.ps kopfstehend.ps - -oder im LaTeX-Dokument - - \usepackage[rotate]{crop}[2000/02/02] - - -pstops: CTAN: support/psutils -crop: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/crop/ - - - -11.6 Zeichenprogramme - - -11.6.1 Wie bringe ich `XFig' dazu, beim Exportieren von Graphiken nach -(La)TeX Formeln nicht auszukommentieren, sondern so zu übernehmen? - -Über das Menü `Text Flags' (ab `XFig' Version 3) muß man für diese Texte -das sogenannte Special-Flag setzen, damit diese ohne jede Änderung in -die (La)TeX-Datei exportiert werden. Dies kann man bei schon -gezeichneten Textobjekten auch nachträglich über den Menüpunkt `Edit' -ändern. -Das Special-Flag kann man auch beim Aufruf von `XFig' über die Option -`-spec[ialtext]' oder über die X11-Resource `Fig*specialtext' setzen. -Dies bewirkt, daß für _neue_ Textobjekte standardmäßig das Special-Flag -gesetzt wird. - -11.6.2 Warum funktioniert das DOS-Programm `TeXCad' nicht mehr auf -meinem neuen Rechner? - -Es kann an einem Fehler in der Unit CRT des zum Kompilieren verwendeten -`Borland Pascal 7' liegen, der sich bei schnellen Prozessoren im Abbruch -mit der Fehlermeldung - - Runtime error 200 at XXX:YYYY - -äußert. Nähere Informationen dazu und Wege zur Abhilfe finden sich unter -dem Stichwort ``tppatch''. - -tppatch: http://www.brain.uni-freiburg.de/~klaus/pascal/runerr200/download.html - ftp://ftp.heise.de/ct/ctsi/bppatch.zip - ftp://ftp.heise.de/ct/ctsi/ctbppat.zip - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 11 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.2.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.2.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6ac6343cb2f..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.2.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,723 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 2 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -2 Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur - - -2.1 DANTE e.V. - - -2.1.1 Was ist DANTE e.V.? - -DANTE e.V. steht für Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX. Dies ist -der Zusammenschluß von deutschsprachigen TeX-Anwendern, TeXies, -TeXnikern und sonstigen TeX-Arbeitern in einer Gemeinschaft. Der Verein -wurde am 14. April 1989 in Heidelberg gegründet, ist in das -Vereinsregister eingetragen (e.V.) und vom Finanzamt als gemeinnützig -anerkannt worden. - -2.1.2 Wie erreiche ich DANTE e.V.? - - -Post: DANTE, Deutschsprachige Anwendervereingung TeX e.V. - Postfach 101840 - 69008 Heidelberg - Telefon: (06221) 29766 - Fax: (06221) 167906 -E-Mail: `dante@dante.de' - -Am einfachsten geht es via E-Mail, da sich unter der angegebenen -Telefonnummer in den meisten Fällen ein Anrufbeantworter meldet. - -2.1.3 Welchen Zweck hat DANTE e.V.? - -Dazu sagt die Satzung: -Zweck des Vereins ist es, alle Interessenten in geeigneter Weise bei der -Anwendung von TeX-Software zu unterstützen, insbesondere durch -Erfahrungsaustausch mit den Anwendern. Ferner soll die weitere -Entwicklung von TeX unterstützt werden. Hierzu gehören - - 1. die Beratung und Zusammenarbeit mit Anwendern der TeX-Software, - 2. die Unterbreitung von Mitgliedervorschlägen für zukünftige - Versionen und Komponenten der TeX-Software, - 3. die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen nationalen und internationalen - Benutzerorganisationen, - 4. die Förderung von Literatur, die TeX betrifft, - 5. die Vertretung nationaler Belange in der TeX Users Group, - 6. die Organisation von Schulungen. - - -2.1.4 Wieso sollte ich Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. werden? - -Natürlich wird niemand gezwungen, bei DANTE e.V. Mitglied zu werden. Es -sollte aber bedacht werden, daß die Dienstleistungen von DANTE e.V. nur -erbracht werden können, weil es Leute gibt, die DANTE e.V. unterstützen. -Neben diesem eher ideellen Grund hat eine Mitgliedschaft bei DANTE e.V. -auch sehr reelle Gründe: - -* Informationen aus erster Hand durch - - o die viermal im Jahr erscheinende Mitgliedszeitschrift ``Die - TeXnische Komödie'', - o _elektronische_ Medien in Form von E-Mail-Diskussionslisten wie - TeX-D-L, die archiviert über WWW-, FTP-Server oder die - Software-Verteilung bezogen werden können, - o den WWW-Server von DANTE e.V., erreichbar über http://www.dante.de/. - -* Bezug von Software, wie kompletten TeX-Systemen für Ihr Rechnersystem, - von Makropaketen und Schriften über - - o das CTAN (Comprehensive TeX Archive Network), an dessen Aufbau und - Verwaltung Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. maßgeblich beteiligt waren und - sind und dessen deutscher Knoten von DANTE e.V. finanziert wird, - o eine Software-Verteilung auf CD-ROM, darunter der CD-ROM-Satz mit - einer Kopie des CTAN-Servers und der CD ,,TeX Live'', die man im - Rahmen einer Mitgliedschaft zusätzlich bekommt. - -* Beratung und Schulung, wie beispielsweise - - o Tutorien im Rahmen der halbjährlich stattfindenden - Mitgliederversammlung bzw. Tagung, - o Beraterkreis für TeXnische Fragen, - o Kurse für Anfänger und Fortgeschrittene (auf Anfrage). - -* Kontaktmöglichkeiten über - - o nationale und internationale Tagungen, - o TeX-Tagungen und Mitgliederversammlungen (halbjährlich), - o regionale Stammtische (monatlich). - -* usw. - -Einige dieser Leistungen können auch von Nicht-Mitgliedern genutzt -werden. In der Regel stehen sie jedoch nur Mitgliedern im vollen Umfang -zur Verfügung! - -2.1.5 Wie werde ich Mitglied? - -Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. zu werden, ist einfach: Mitgliedsantrag -ausfüllen und unterschrieben an - DANTE, Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - Postfach 101840 - D-69008 Heidelberg -schicken. Den Mitgliedsbeitrag sollten Sie auf das auf dem Antrag -angegebene Konto überweisen. Bitte keine andere DANTE e.V. gehörende -Kontonummer verwenden, dies würde die Bearbeitung verzögern! Nach dem -Eingang Ihres Antrags und des Mitgliedsbeitrags erhalten Sie eine -Bestätigung Ihrer Mitgliedschaft, eine Vereinssatzung und, soweit -vorrätig, die bisher verschickten Ausgaben der Mitgliedszeitschrift des -Jahrgangs mit weitereb Zusatzleistungen (CD-ROM etc.) und weitere -Informationen. -Einen Mitgliedsantrag erhalten Sie - -* als PDF- oder als PostScript-Datei per - http://www.dante.de/dante/antrag/, per CTAN: usergrps/dante/antrag.pdf - bzw. CTAN: usergrps/dante/antrag.ps oder -* per Post: Fordern Sie über die oben genannte Adresse der - Geschäftsstelle ein Antragsformular an. - -Der Mitgliedsbeitrag gilt für das laufende Kalenderjahr (1.1.-31.12.) -und beträgt - -* Einzelbeitrag für Privatpersonen: 45 Euro -* Ermäßigter Einzelbeitrag für Schüler/innen, Studierende, - Rentner/innen, Arbeitslose, Zivil- und Wehrdienstleistende - (entsprechende Bescheinigung notwendig!): 30 Euro -* für Institutionen des öffentlichen Rechts und Forschungseinrichtungen: - 65 Euro -* für Firmen, die TeX anwenden: 150 Euro -* für Firmen, die Produkte in Verbindung mit TeX anbieten: 250 Euro - - -2.1.6 Ich habe den Mitgliedsantrag vor zwei bis drei Wochen abgeschickt, -den Beitrag gleich danach auf das Konto überwiesen und bisher noch -nichts erhalten. Ist diese Wartezeit normal? - -Nein, ein Mitgliedsantrag wird normalerweise zügig bearbeitet, sobald -der Antrag per Post im Büro von DANTE e.V. eintrifft und überprüft -werden konnte, daß der Mitgliedsbeitrag auf dem angegebenen Konto -eingegangen ist. Bei einer ermäßigten Mitgliedschaft ist darauf zu -achten, daß die entsprechenden Bescheinigungen für das jeweilige -Kalenderjahr beigelegt wurden. Vor und nach Feiertagen und zu den -üblichen Urlaubszeiten sollte man jedoch bitte etwas geduldiger sein, da -das Büro während dieser Zeiten unbesetzt sein kann. - -2.2 Anwendervereinigungen - - -2.2.1 Gibt es weitere TeX-Anwendervereinigungen? - -Neben DANTE e.V. gibt es noch weitere TeX-Anwendervereinigungen. Als -erstes ist hier die TUG zu nennen, die internationale `TeX Users Group'. -Sie ist die erste und damit die älteste TeX-Anwendervereinigung. - TeX Users Group - 1466 NW Front Avenue - Suite 3141 - Portland, OR 97209-2820, USA - Tel.: +1 503 223-9994 - Fax: +1 503 223-3960 - E-Mail: `tug@mail.tug.org' -Weitere Informationen über die TUG finden Sie auf CTAN im Verzeichnis -CTAN: usergrps/tug/ oder dem WWW-Server http://www.tug.org/. -Neben TUG und DANTE e.V. gibt es weitere nationale -Anwendervereinigungen. Als Auswahl seien folgende Vereine genannt: - - NTG Nederlandstalige TeX Gebruikersgroep (Niederlande) - GUST Grupa Uzytkowników Systemu TeX (Polen) - GUTenberg Groupe francophone des Utilisateurs de TeX - (französischsprachige Länder) - CsTUG Ceskoslovenské sdruzení uzivatelu TeXu - (Tschechische/Slowakische Republik) - UK TUG UK TeX Users' Group (Großbritannien) - -Über einige dieser nationalen Anwendervereinigungen können Sie weitere -Informationen, Antragsformulare, Ankündigungen u.ä. auf CTAN in den -Verzeichnissen CTAN: usergrps/ finden. -Außerdem finden Sie über die Seite http://www.dante.de/ weitere -Informationen zu DANTE e.V., TUG, Verweise zu den WWW-Seiten der anderen -TeX-Anwendervereinigungen, einen Tagungs- und Veranstaltungskalender und -vieles mehr. - -2.2.2 Mitgliedszeitschriften der Anwendervereinigungen - -Jede der ``großen'' TeX-Anwendervereinigungen gibt eine -Mitgliedszeitschrift und Vereinsnachrichten heraus: - -* ``Die TeXnische Komödie'' - Mitgliedszeitschrift von DANTE e.V., erscheint vierteljährlich, - deutsch. -* TUGboat - Mitgliedszeitschrift der TUG, erscheint vierteljährlich (ein Band ist - Konferenzband der TUG-Konferenz), englisch, enthält viele informative - Artikel über TeX, METAFONT und Fonts. -* TeX and TUG News (TTN) - Erscheinen eingestellt. - Ehemalig separat herausgegebene Vereinsnachrichten der TUG, erschien - vierteljährlich, englisch, enthält aktuellere Informationen über - Vereinsinterna, Tips, Berichte etc.; nach Ausgabe Vol. 4 No. 2 ist TTN - in TUGboat integriert. -* MAPS (Minutes and APendiceS) - Mitgliedszeitschrift der NTG, erscheint halbjährlich, niederländisch - und englisch, enthält häufig Vorabdrucke und Nachdrucke aus anderen - Mitgliedszeitschriften, wie TUGboat, Baskerville etc. -* Baskerville - Mitgliedszeitschrift der UK TUG, erscheint 4-6mal jährlich (eine - Ausgabe ist die UK TUG TeX FAQ), englisch, enthält einige Nachdrucke - aus anderen Zeitschriften und Proceedings. -* Cahiers GUTenberg - Veröffentlichung von GUTenberg, erscheint 2-3mal jährlich, - französisch; die Cahiers sind nicht im Mitgliedsbeitrag enthalten, - sondern können und müssen extra abonniert werden. -* Lettre GUTenberg - Vereinsnachrichten von GUTenberg, erscheint 2-3mal jährlich, - französisch. - - -2.3 Tagungen (*) - - -2.3.1 Veranstaltungen - -Die TeX-Anwendervereinigungen führen regelmäßig Tagungen, Tutorien, -Mitgliederversammlungen etc. durch: - -* DANTE e.V. - Jährliche Tagung, Mitgliederversammlung und Tutorien (3 bis 3 1/2 - Tage) im Frühjahr; meist im Februar oder März. - Jährliche Mitgliederversammlung mit Tutorien (1 bis 1 1/2 Tage) im - Herbst; meist im September oder Oktober. -* Europäische Anwendervereinigungen - Jährliche europäische Tagung; meist im September; entfällt im - allgemeinen in den Jahren, in denen die TUG in Europa eine Tagung - ausrichtet. -* TUG - Jährliche weltweite Tagung; meist Ende Juli, Anfang August; im Wechsel - an einem Ort der Westküste der USA, der Ostküste und in Europa. - -Auch Personen, die noch nicht Mitglied bei einer Anwendervereinigung -sind, können an den Tagungen teilnehmen. -Tutorien, die DANTE e.V. vor oder nach einer Mitgliederversammlung -durchführt, sind frei und können kostenlos besucht werden. - -2.3.2 Veranstaltungskalender (*) - -Im folgenden finden Sie eine Auswahl der in nächster Zeit stattfindenden -Tagungen im TeX-Umfeld. Die WWW-Seite - http://www.dante.de/events/ -enthält genauere Hinweise und Informationen. - -03.-05.03.2004: DANTE 2004 - ``15 Jahre DANTE e.V.'' - 30. Mitgliederversammlung von DANTE e.V. - Universität Darmstadt -01.-03.05.2004(?) BachoTeX 2004 - Bachotek, nahe Brodnica, Polen -30.08.-01.09.2004: TUG 2004 - 25th annual meeting of TUG - Xanthi, Griechenland -Herbst 2004 31. Mitgliederversammlung von DANTE e.V. - - -2.4 Literatur (*) - - -2.4.1 Bücherliste (*) - -Es wird hier nur eine kleine Auswahl von hauptsächlich deutschsprachigen -Büchern vorgestellt, die weder den Anspruch erhebt, vollständig noch -objektiv zu sein. - -* Detig, Christine: Der LaTeX Wegweiser. - MITP-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-8266-0256-0, 29,80 DM - Anm.: Leicht verständliche Einführung in LaTeX mit den wichtigsten - LaTeX-Erweiterungspaketen und Hilfswerkzeugen, für Anfänger. _Die - Auflage ist vergriffen, Restexemplare sind in modernen Antiquariaten - noch erhältlich._ -* Knappen, Jörg: Schnell ans Ziel mit LaTeX2e. - Oldenbourg-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-486-24199-0, 48,-- DM - Anm.: Enthält Kapitel über Feinheiten des Text- und Formelsatzes sowie - einen Index vom Formelsymbol bis zu Befehlsnamen, für Anfänger und - Fortgeschrittene. -* Knuth, Donald E.: The TeXbook (englisch). - Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1996, ISBN 0-201-13447-0, ISBN - 0-201-13448-9 (Softcover) - Anm.: _Das_ Standardwerk über TeX, nicht für LaTeX-Anfänger, da es TeX - und dessen Programmierung sehr genau beschreibt. -* Lamport, Leslie: Das LaTeX-Handbuch. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-89319-826-1, 69,90 DM - Anm.: _Die_ LaTeX-Referenz, für Anfänger. -* Goossens, Michel u.a.: Der LaTeX-Begleiter. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, Nachdruck 2000, ISBN 3-82731-689-8, 79,90 DM - Anm.: Die Auflage des Jahres 2000 mit neuer ISBN entspricht der aus - dem Jahre 1995. Tips, Tricks, viele LaTeX-Makropakete, für - Fortgeschrittene und fortgeschrittene Anfänger, aufgrund des - Titelbildes das sog. `Bernhardiner-Buch'; Kapitel 8 der englischen - Fassung ``Higher Mathematics'' liegt in einer überarbeiteten Fassung - auf CTAN: info/companion-rev/ch8.ps bzw. - CTAN: info/companion-rev/ch8.pdf vor. -* Goossens, Michel; Rahtz, Sebastian; Mittelbach, Frank: The LaTeX - Graphics Companion (englisch). - Addison-Wesley-Longman-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 0-201-85469-4 - Anm.: Ergänzt den LaTeX-Begleiter um alles, was mit Graphikeinbindung, - Farbe und PostScript-Schriften zu tun hat. -* Goossens, Michel; Rahtz, Sebastian et al.: The LaTeX Web Companion: - Integrating TeX, HTML und XML (englisch). - Addison-Wesley-Longman-Verlag, 1999, ISBN 0-201-43311-7, ca. 68,-- DM - Anm.: Enthält eine Beschreibung von pdfTeX mit `hyperref', die - Konverter LaTeX2HTML und TeX4ht, das Browser-Plugin techexplorer und - eine größere Abhandlung über die Markup-Sprachen HTML, SGML, XML und - deren zugehörige Style-Sheet-Sprachen. -* Goossens, Michel; Rahtz, Sebastian: Mit LaTeX ins Web: Elektronisches - Publizieren mit TeX, HTML und XML. - Addison-Wesley-Longman-Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-8273-1629-4, 89,90,-- DM - Anm.: Deutsche Übersetzung von ``The LaTeX Web Companion''. -* Klöckl, Ingo: LaTeX2e, Tips und Tricks. - dpunkt-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2000, ISBN 3-932588-37-1, 79,-- DM - http://www.dpunkt.de/buecher/3-932588-37-1.html - Anm.: Das Buch füllt die Lücke zwischen den existierenden - LaTeX-Einführungen bzw. -Referenzen und `Der LaTeX-Begleiter', wenn - man wissen will, wie man selbst Anpassungen durchführt. Ein Kapitel - besteht aus der Übersicht fast aller auf CTAN vorhandener Schriften. -* Günther, Karsten: LaTeX Ge-Packt. - MITP-Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-8266-0785-6, 14,94 Euro - Anm.: Umfangreiche Referenz für LaTeX2e im Kompaktformat, vorwiegend - für Anwender mit Vorkenntnissen, enthält auch Hinweise auf nützliche - TeX-Befehle und KOMA-Script. -* Dalheimer, Matthias Kalle: LaTeX kurz und gut. - O'Reilly, Köln, 1. Auflage, 1998, ISBN 3-89721-204-8, 12,80 DM - Anm.: Eine Kurzreferenz auf 64 Seiten, gut strukturiert mit allen - häufig benötigten LaTeX-Anweisungen, als Ergänzung zu ausführlicherer - Literatur gut geeignet. -* Abdelhamid, Rames: Das Vieweg LaTeX2e Buch. - Vieweg-Verlag Wiesbaden, 1995, ISBN 3-528-25145-X, 52,-- DM - Anm.: Für Anfänger. -* Günther, Karsten: Einführung in LaTeX2e - Lehrbuch und Referenz. - dpunkt-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1996, ISBN 3-920993-36-5, 68,-- DM -* Katzenbeisser, Stefan: Von der Idee zum Dokument - Einführung in TeX - und LaTeX. - Oldenbourg-Verlag, 2. Auflage, 1997, ISBN 3-486-24182-6, 68,-- DM -* Maurer: Textverarbeitung mit LaTeX2e unter Unix. - Carl Hanser Verlag, München, ISBN 3-446-18909-2, 49,80 DM -* Schwarz, Stefan; Potucek, Rudolf: Das TeXikon - Referenzhandbuch für - TeX, LaTeX und LaTeX2e. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-89319-690-0, 69,90 DM -* Heilmann, Axel: LaTeX-Vademecum, Ein Kompaktführer für Einsteiger und - Fortgeschrittene. - Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-60522-3, 38,-- DM - Anm.: Kleines und praktisches Nachschlagewerk, kann und will nicht den - LaTeX-Begleiter ersetzen, ist aber eine gute Ergänzung. -* Sowa, Friedhelm: TeX/LaTeX und Graphik, ein Überblick über die - Verfahren. - Springer-Verlag, 1994, ISBN 3-540-56468-3, 39,-- DM - Anm.: Der `Nothelfer', wenn es um TeX und Graphik geht. -* Schwarz, Norbert: Einführung in TeX incl. Version 3.0. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 3. überarbeitete Auflage, Nachdruck 1993, ISBN - 3-89319-345-6, 69,-- DM - Anm.: TeX und Plain-TeX, kein LaTeX(!), für Fortgeschrittene. -* Kopka, Helmut: LaTeX, Band 1: Einführung. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 2. Auflage, 2000, ISBN 3-8273-1557-3, 79,90 DM - Anm.: Ab der 2. Auflage auch LaTeX2e, im Anhang gute Befehlsübersicht, - für Anfänger. -* Kopka, Helmut: LaTeX, Band 2: Ergänzungen. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 2. überarbeitete Auflage, 1997, ISBN - 3-8273-1229-9, 69,90 DM - Anm.: Name sagt alles, die 1. Auflage enthielt noch - LaTeX2e-Einführung. -* Kopka, Helmut: LaTeX, Band 3: Erweiterungen. - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-89319-666-8, 69,90 DM - Anm.: Interna von LaTeX2e und 2.09 sowie Low-Level-TeX-Befehle. -* Kopka, Helmut und Daly, Patrick W.: A Guide to LaTeX2e (englisch). - Addison-Wesley-Verlag, 2. Aufl., 1995, ISBN 0-201-42777-X, ca. ??? DM - Anm.: Englische Übersetzung des ``Kopka'' mit vielen Überarbeitungen - und Anpassungen für englischsprachige Benutzer. -* Grätzer, George: An Introduction to LaTeX and AmS-LaTeX (englisch). - Birkhäuser-Verlag, Boston, 1996, 2nd Printing, 1997, ISBN - 0-8176-3805-9, $58,50 - Anm.: Ausführliche Darstellung von AmS-LaTeX und AmS-Fonts, dadurch - auch für anspruchsvollen Formelsatz. - -Hinweise: Als LaTeX-Anfänger sollte man sich ein ausführliches Lehrbuch -(z.B. `Detig', `Abdelhamid', `Knappen', `Lamport', `Kopka'/Band 1, -`Kopka/Daly') besorgen. Frei verfügbare Literatur, wie die -LaTeX2e-Kurzbeschreibung (siehe Frage 2.4.2), reicht Anfängern mit -Computer-Vorkenntnissen eventuell auch aus. Sobald man als -LaTeX-Anwender die ersten Schritte gemacht hat, sind der -`LaTeX-Begleiter' und der `LaTeX Graphics Companion' eine wahre -Fundgrube. Muß oder will man sein eigenes TeX-System selbst installieren -und verwalten, gibt der wenn auch mittlerweile veraltete `Walsh' eine -gute Erklärung und Übersicht der einzelnen Teile des Textsatzsystems TeX -und darüber hinaus viele Hinweise und eine Auswahl, was es sonst noch an -Umgebungen, Hilfsprogrammen, Schriften etc. gibt. -Das Standardwerk für TeX-Anfänger und alle Makroautoren ist Knuths `The -TeXbook', das man sich auch zulegen sollte, wenn man zuerst mit Hilfe -des in Deutsch geschriebenen `Schwarz (N.)' einsteigen will. - -2.4.2 Frei verfügbare Einführungen in (La)TeX, METAFONT und verwandte -Themen (*) - -Diese Dokumente sind von den Autoren als (La)TeX-Eingabedateien auf CTAN -zur freien Verfügung gestellt worden. Sie finden diese und weitere -Dokumente meist im Verzeichnis CTAN: info/. Folgende Liste stellt eine -kleine Auswahl dar: - -* Schmidt, Walter; Knappen, Jörg; Partl, Hubert et al.: - LaTeX2e-Kurzbeschreibung - CTAN: info/lshort/german/ - Anm.: Zum Einstieg in LaTeX völlig ausreichend, für Anfänger. -* Oetiker, Tobias: The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2e - CTAN: info/lshort/english/ - Anm.: Basierte auf der LaTeX-Kurzbeschreibung, etwas ausführlicher. In - englischer Sprache, übersetzt in weitere Sprachen. -* Eijkhout, Victor: TeX by Topic, A TeXnician's reference. - Electronic version 1.0, Dezember 2001 - http://www.cs.utk.edu/~eijkhout/texbytopic.pdf - Anm.: Eine gegenüber dem TeXbook andere Herangehensweise, wie man TeX, - dessen primitiven Anweisungen und Parameter und die inneren Abläufe - erklärt. Empfehlenswert. -* Schwarz, Norbert: Einführung in TeX. - http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/www-rz/schwanbs/TeX/ - Anm.: PDF-Version der gedruckten 3. Auflage von 1991. -* Abrahams, Paul W.,; Hargreaves, Kathryn A.; Berry, Karl: TeX for the - impatient. - Free (GFDL) edition version 1.0, 2001 (Original: Addison-Wesley, 1990) - - CTAN: info/impatient/ - Anm.: Buch über TeX und Plain-TeX, nicht LaTeX. -* Walsh, Norman: Making TeX Work. - Free version, 2002 (Original: O'Reilly&Associates Inc., 1994, ISBN - 1-56592-051-1) - CTAN: info/makingtexwork/ - Anm.: Gute Einführung und Übersicht; Fundgrube für Tools, Makropakete, - Schriften; teilweise mit genauerer Beschreibung. -* Greenberg, Harvey J.: A Simplified Introduction to LaTeX - http://www.cudenver.edu/~hgreenbe/aboutme/pubrec.html - CTAN: info/simplified-latex/simplified-intro.ps - Anm.: Ausführliche Einführung in LaTeX zu Textsatz, Mathematiksatz, - Grafikeinbindung, BibTeX und vielen anderen Themen. In englischer - Sprache. -* Partl, Hubert; Kielhorn, Axel: Layout-Änderungen mit LaTeX - CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/refman/ - Anm.: Wie verändere ich X? Anhand von Beispielen aus `refman.sty'. -* Schrod, Joachim: The Components of TeX (englisch) - CTAN: info/components-of-TeX/ - Anm.: Übersicht über die Teile und der von diesen Teilen angefaßten - Dateien eines TeX-Systems; für LaTeX 2.09 geschrieben, aber immer noch - für LaTeX2e nützlich. -* Warbrick, Jon: Essential LateX (englisch) - CTAN: info/latex-essential/ - Anm.: LaTeX 2.09, ganz kurz gefaßt. -* Doob, Michael: A Gentle Introduction to TeX (englisch) - CTAN: info/gentle/ - Anm.: Kurzbeschreibung von TeX, nicht LaTeX! -* Tobin, Geoffrey: METAFONT for Beginners (englisch) - CTAN: info/metafont-for-beginners.tex - Anm.: Enthält das Wichtigste, um mit METAFONT aus vorhandenen - mf-Sources Fonts zur Nutzung mit TeX zu generieren. -* Reckdahl, Keith: Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e (englisch) - CTAN: info/epslatex.ps - CTAN: info/epslatex.pdf - Anm.: Was Sie schon immer über die Einbindung von - Encapsulated-PostScript-(EPS)-Bildern, BoundingBox, die Benutzung des - `graphics'-Pakets und weiterer LaTeX-Umgebungen und -Pakete wie - `PSfrag' wissen wollten. -* Jürgens, Manuela: LaTeX - eine Einführung und ein bißchen mehr ... - Fern-Uni Hagen, 2000 - ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0260003.pdf - - Anm.: Einstiegsbroschüre in LaTeX. -* Jürgens, Manuela: LaTeX - Fortgeschrittene Anwendungen (oder: Neues - von den Hobbits) - Fern-Uni Hagen, 1995 - ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0279510.pdf - - Anm.: Ergänzungen zur Einstiegsbroschüre. -* Jürgens, Manuela: Verschlungene Anwendungen. Das X-Team: Xtem XEmacs - LaTeX2eAucTeX - Fern-Uni Hagen, 1995 - ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/broschueren/a0029502.pdf -* Banning, Ralf; Groeneveld, Heiko A.: Textsatz und Layout mit LaTeX. - Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung, - 1995 - http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/zdv/schriften/latex-kurs.html - Anm.: Sehr ausführliche Hinweise zum Einstieg in LaTeX. -* Lamprecht, Heiner: LaTeX2e - Eine Einführung. 1999. - http://agenda21.ggi.uni-tuebingen.de/heiner/latex/ -* Text Processing using LaTeX (englisch) - http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/ - Anm.: Sehr ausführliche Beschreibungen und Verweise zu LaTeX und - verwandten Themen. -* Computersatz mit LaTeX2e. Kurzeinführung. - Katholische Universität Eichstätt, 1996 - http://www.ku-eichstaett.de/urz/schriften/ltx2e.pdf -* Makeindex. Sachregister erstellen mit LaTeX2e. - Katholische Universität Eichstätt, 1998 - http://www.ku-eichstaett.de/urz/schriften/makeidx.pdf -* Banning, Ralf; Groeneveld, Heiko A.: Textsatz und Layout mit LaTeX. - Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung. - http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/zdv/schriften/latex-kurs.html -* Gonzato, Guido: LaTeX for Word Processor Users. 2001. - CTAN: info/latex4wp/latex4wp.pdf -* Flynn, Peter: Beginner's LaTeX. 2001. - http://www.silmaril.ie/downloads/documents/beginlatex.pdf -* Voß, Herbert: Mathmode. 2003. - http://www.perce.de/LaTeX/math/Mathmode-TeX.pdf - Anm.: Eine Einführung in den Mathematiksatz unter Berücksichtigung von - AmS-LaTeX. - -Neben diesen Dokumenten, die noch zum Druck gedacht sind, gibt es -vermehrt auch nicht zum Druck gedachte `Online-Quellen': - -* Hypertext Help with LaTeX - - o http://www.giss.nasa.gov/latex/ - o http://www-ti.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/~frech/latex/ - -* LaTeX2e Help - - o CTAN: info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html - o http://xm1.net.free.fr/kile/latexhelp.html - -* David Bausum: TeX Primitive Control Sequences - - o http://www.tug.org/utilities/plain/cseq.html - -* Literaturverzeichnis zu TeX & Co. - - o http://www.loria.fr/services/tex/english/texbib.html - -* Online tutorials on LaTeX (Indian TeX Users Group) - - o http://www.tug.org.in/tutorial/tutorials.html - -* Übersicht zu vielen TeX- und verwandten Themen (``Open Directory - Project''). - - o http://dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Typesetting/ - -* Links2Go - TeX and LaTeX - - o http://www.links2go.com/topic/TeX_and_LaTeX - -* WebRing: TeX word processor system users and friends - - o http://nav.webring.yahoo.com/hub?ring=texlatex&list - -* Tim Love: LaTeX maths and graphics - - o http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_maths+pix/latex_maths+pix.html - -* Tim Love: Advanced LaTeX - - o http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_advanced/latex_advanced.html - -* Ado Haarer, Grit Segner: MakeIndex - ein Indexprozessor für LaTeX - - o http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/services/software/textverarbeitung/makeindex/ - - - -2.4.3 Typographie - - -Bücher: - - -* Tschichold, Jan: Erfreuliche Drucksachen durch gute Typographie: eine - Fibel für jedermann. - Maro-Verlag, Augsburg, 2. Auflage 1992, ISBN 3-87512-403-0, 32,-- DM - Anm.: allgemeiner Überblick, Elementarkenntnisse. -* Tschichold, Jan: Ausgewählte Aufsätze über Fragen der Gestalt des - Buches und der Typographie. - Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel, 2. Auflage 1987, ISBN 3-7643-1946-1, - 39,80 DM - Anm.: Eines der wichtigsten Bücher über typographische Prinzipien beim - Buchsatz, Sammlung von Tschicholds `klassischen' Artikel. -* Tschichold, Jan: Die neue Typographie. - Brinkmann und Bose, 3. Auflage 1995, ISBN 3-922660-23-1, 80,-- DM -* Aicher, Otl: Typographie. - Ernst-Verlag, Lüdenscheid, 1988, ISBN 3-433-03090-6 -* Spiekermann, Erik: Ursache & Wirkung: ein typografischer Roman. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, faksimilierter Nachdruck, 1994, ISBN - 3-87439-307-0, 38,-- DM -* Simoneit, Manfred: Typographisches Gestalten. - Polygraph-Verlag, Frankfurt/M., 4. Auflage, 1993, ISBN 3-87641-253-6, - 256 S., 144,-- DM -* Luidl, Philipp: Typografie. - Schlütersche Verlagsanstalt, 6. Auflage, 1989, ISBN 3-87706-290-3, 146 - S., 79,-- DM -* Weidemann, Kurt: Wo der Buchstabe das Wort führt. - Cantz-Verlag, Ostfildern, 2. Auflage, 1997, ISBN 3-89322-521-8, - 168,-- DM - Anm.: _Sehr empfehlenswert_. Grundsätzliches über das Thema. -* Willberg, Hans Peter; Forssman, Friedrich: Erste Hilfe in Typographie: - Ratgeber für Gestaltung mit Schrift. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1999, ISBN 3-87439-474-3, 24,80 DM - Anm.: _Sehr empfehlenswert_ und preiswert ist dieses Buch und sollte - daher als Erstausstattung nicht fehlen, da knapp und praktisch erste - Hilfe in Typographie gegeben wird. -* Willberg, Hans Peter; Forssman, Friedrich: Lesetypographie. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1997, ISBN 3-87439-375-5, 168,-- DM - Anm.: Handbuch, das Anregungen geben will, Lösungsmöglichkeiten für - typographische Probleme vergleichend vorstellt; eher für jemand, der - schon Grundkenntnisse hat. -* Gulbins, Jürgen; Kahrmann, Christine: Mut zur Typographie: Ein Kurs - für Desktop-Publishing. - Springer-Verlag, 2. , erweiterte und überarbeitete Auflage, 2000, ISBN - 3-540-67541-8, 79,-- DM - Anm.: Für Anfänger sehr gut geeignet, auch als Nachschlagewerk. -* Bringhurst, Robert: The Elements of Typographic Style. - Hartley & Marks, 2. Auflage, 1996, ISBN 0-88179-132-6, ??? DM - Anm.: _Sehr empfehlenswert_, sagt kurz und knapp das Wesentliche und - weist auf viele Fehler hin. -* Peter Rechenberg: Technisches Schreiben. - Hanser Verlag, 1. Auflage, 2002, ISBN 3-446-21944-7, 19,90 DM - - -Sonstiges: - - -* Charles Poynton: Typography and Design. - http://www.inforamp.net/~poynton/Poynton-typo-design.html - Anm.: Verweise und Hinweise zu Fragen der Typografie (in englischer - Sprache). -* Luc Devroye: General links on typography. - http://cgm.cs.mcgill.ca/~luc/fonts.html - Anm.: Eine Vielzahl von Verweisen zu Typografie und Schriften. (meist - in englischer Sprache). -* Markus Kuhn: Metric Typographic Units. - http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/metric-typo.html - Anm.: Erklärungen zu typographischen Maßeinheiten (in englischer - Sprache). -* Charles Hedrick, New Brunswick Computing Services, Rutgers, The State - University of New Jersey. - http://www.nbcs.rutgers.edu/~hedrick/typography/ - Anm.: 30-seitige (englische) Einführung in gute Typografie. PDF-Datei - in den Schriften Aldus, Minion, Janson, Warnock, Documenta und bald - auch Palatino, Adobe Garamond und ITC New Baskerville erhältlich. Auch - ein Werkzeug zur Konvertierung von OpenType-Schriften in - Expert-Type-1-Schriften ist dort für Windows frei erhältlich. -* Axel Reichert: Typografie - Gestaltung einer Beispielklasse. - CTAN: info/german/typografie/ - Anm.: Ausgehend von Grundlagen der Typografie wird an einer - Beispielklasse deren Umsetzung gezeigt. Tutorium auf der Tagung - DANTE'99. -* Axel Reichert: Satz von Tabellen. - CTAN: info/german/tabsatz/ - Anm.: Anhand vieler Beispiele und der Verwendung von Zusatzpaketen - werden viele Feinheiten beim Satz von Tabellen erläutert. Tutorium auf - der Tagung DANTE'99. -* Psychologie, Uni Regensburg: Textsatz, eine Kurzanleitung. - http://pc1521.psychologie.uni-regensburg.de/student2001/Textsatz.html - Anm.: Ein paar grundsätzliche Dinge und Warnungen. -* Marion Neubauer: Mikrotypographie-Regeln. - http://www.dante.de/dante/DTK/dtk96_4/dtk96_4_neubauer_feinheiten.html - http://www.dante.de/dante/DTK/dtk97_1/dtk97_1_neubauer_feinheiten.html -* Yannis Haralambous: Drucksatz in gebrochenen Schriften. - http://genepi.louis-jean.com/omega/dante2000.pdf -* FAQ: Typografie & Co - http://www.spic.de/webtypo/faq-typografie.html (nicht mehr erreichbar) - Anm.: (Noch) mit Vorsicht zu genießen, enthält aber einige brauchbare - Dinge und Links. -* EUR-OP: Interinstitutionelle Regeln für Veröffentlichungen. - Amt für amtliche Veröffentlichungen der Europäischen Gemeinschaften, - Luxembourg. - http://eur-op.eu.int/code/de/de-000500.htm - Anm.: Enthält Richtlinien zum Schriftsatz und für deutschsprachige - Veröffentlichungen in der EU. - - -2.4.4 Schriftenkataloge - - -* Sauthoff, Daniel u.a.: Schriften erkennen: eine Typologie der - Satzschriften für Studenten, Grafiker, Setzer, Kunsterzieher und alle - PC-User. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, Neuausgabe, 1996, ISBN 3-87439-373-9, - 24,80 DM - Anm.: Grundlage, Geschichte und einfacher Einstieg in die - Klassifikation von Schriften, für Einsteiger. -* Dinkel, Christina: Füßchen in Brunos Suppe: ``Schriften erkennen'' für - Kinder. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1999. ISBN 3-87439-479-4, 24,80 DM - Anm.: Eine spielerische, nicht nur für Kinder geeignete Einführung in - die Welt der Schriften anhand einer Geschichte. -* Kern, Michael; Koch, Sieghart (Hrsg.): ÜberSicht. - Verlag H. Schmidt, Mainz, 1991, ISBN 3-87439-230-9, 429 S., 148,-- DM - Anm.: 3 Indizes: Blindtextprobe, Zeichenvorrat der Schriften, - Buchstabenverzeichnis (alle ``M'' auf einen Blick). - - -2.4.5 Ich hab im Buch ``Der LaTeX-Begleiter'' bzw. ``The LaTeX -Companion'' ein interessantes Paket gefunden. Wo kann ich es auf CTAN -finden? - -Die Datei ``companion.ctan'' zählt alle im Buch erwähnten Pakete auf. - -companion.ctan: CTAN: info/companion.ctan - - - -2.4.6 Mich interessiert, wie einige der Grafik-Beispiele im Buch ``The -LaTeX Graphics Companion'' erzeugt wurden. Wo kann ich deren Quelltext -herbekommen? - -Die Mehrzahl der Beispiele sind auf CTAN im Verzeichnis CTAN: info/lgc -zu finden. Die Beispiele des Kapitels zu `PSTricks'sind auch Bestandteil -dessen Dokumentation. - -lgc: CTAN: info/lgc -PSTricks: CTAN: graphics/pstricks/doc/test-pst.tex - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 2 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.3.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.3.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4da874db3c7..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.3.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,851 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 3 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -3 Textsatzsystem TeX - Übersicht - - -3.1 Grundlegendes - - -3.1.1 Was ist TeX? - -TeX ist ein Textsatzsystem, das von Prof. Dr. Donald E. Knuth entwickelt -wurde. -Der Unterschied zu einer Textverarbeitung ist, daß hier Text nicht nur -verarbeitet, sondern auch gesetzt wird. Dies wird beispielsweise durch -das tiefergestellte E in dem Logo von TeX symbolisiert. Diese -Möglichkeit wird in dem vorliegenden Text durch das -kleingeschriebene `e' angedeutet. Außerdem dient die Schreibweise TeX -zur Unterscheidung von TEX. -Aussprache: TeX wird nicht so ausgesprochen, wie es geschrieben wird! -Aufgrund der griechischen Wurzel `tau epsilon chi' spricht man das `X' -in TeX wie ein ch- oder k-Laut, niemals wie ein `x'. Man spricht: `tech' -wie in Technik. -Persönliche Informationen über Donald E. Knuth, über seine Pläne und -wichtige Hinweise für die Benutzer von TeX und Leser seiner Bücher kann -man auf Knuths WWW-Seite - http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/ -finden. - -3.1.2 Was ist METAFONT? - -METAFONT ist wie TeX von Prof. Dr. Donald E. Knuth entwickelt worden. Es -erlaubt die Beschreibung einer Schrift oder einer Schriftfamilie durch -ein Programm, den sogenannten Meta-Font. Aus diesem Meta-Font kann -METAFONT nach Wahl verschiedener Parameter Schriften generieren, die TeX -verwenden kann. -Um mit TeX zu arbeiten, ist METAFONT nicht zwingend erforderlich. Es ist -auch möglich, beispielsweise mit PostScript-Schriften zu arbeiten. TeX -benötigt von einer Schrift nur die Maße der einzelnen Zeichen und -weitere schriftabhängige Parameter, wie beispielsweise die Breite eines -Wortzwischenraumes. Diese Informationen entnimmt TeX einer -TeX-Font-Metric-(tfm)-Datei. -METAPOSTist ein aus METAFONT abgeleitetes Programm zum Erstellen von -PostScript-Zeichnungen (siehe Frage 9.1.4). - -3.1.3 Worin besteht der Unterschied zwischen IniTeX und VirTeX bzw. -zwischen IniMF und VirMF? Was ist eine sogenannte Format-, was eine -Base-Datei? - -IniTeX und VirTeX sind beides Varianten des Programmes TeX, wobei IniTeX -Code für zusätzliche Initialisierungsroutinen und erweiterte -Datenstrukturen enthält, um beispielsweise Trennmusterdateien zu laden -und in kompakter Form wieder abzuspeichern oder eine Formatdatei zu -erzeugen. IniTeX wird dazu verwendet, die TeX-internen Datenstrukturen -zu initialisieren - daher der Name -, größere Makropakete wie LaTeX, -Schriftdateien und Trennmuster zu laden und in einer kompakten, schnell -wieder ladbaren Form, in der sogenannten Formatdatei, abzuspeichern. -Formatdateien haben die Dateinamensendung `.fmt' und den Vorgang, eine -Formatdatei mit IniTeX zu erzeugen, nennt man auch `ein Format dumpen'. -Die zusätzlichen Routinen und Datenstrukturen sind beim normalen -Gebrauch von TeX nicht notwendig, so daß diese in der VirTeX-Variante -nicht vorhanden sind. Dadurch kann man in VirTeX, dem `virgin' oder -jungfräulichem TeX, Speicherplatz sparen oder diesen für andere Zwecke -einzusetzen. VirTeX wird in den meisten TeX-Implementierungen unter dem -Namen `tex' aufgerufen, IniTeX entweder als ``initex'' oder über eine -spezielle Kommandozeilenoption wie ``tex -i'' oder ``tex -ini''. -Analog zu IniTeX und VirTeX gibt es auch von METAFONT zwei -Programmvarianten namens IniMF und VirMF. Statt Formatdatei heißt die -von IniMF erzeugte Datei Basedatei und besitzt die Dateinamensendung -`.base' (oder `.bas'). -Der Aufbau der Format- und Basedateien ist nicht standardisiert! Er ist -sowohl von der Implementierung, von der TeX- und MF-Version als auch für -dieselbe TeX- und MF-Version von verschiedenen Compile-Zeit-Parametern -abhängig. Diese Dateien sollen von TeX bzw. MF möglichst schnell geladen -werden können, so daß Implementierer hier betriebssystem- und -implementierungsabhängige Optimierungen vornehmen können. - -3.1.4 Was ist eine dvi-Datei, was ist ein dvi-Treiber, was ist der -DVI-Treiberstandard? - -TeX erzeugt als wichtigste Ausgabe eine dvi-Datei. Das Akronym `dvi' -steht für `DeVice-Independent', d.h. der interpretierte Inhalt dieser -Datei kann auf fast jedem möglichen Ausgabegerät ausgegeben werden. Ein -dvi-Treiber, ein spezielles Programm, liest eine dvi-Datei und wandelt -die in ihr enthaltenen Informationen in Steuerinformationen für einen -speziellen Drucker (z.B. in PostScript oder in PCL) oder zur Anzeige am -Bildschirm für ein spezielles Fenstersystem (wie X11) oder -Bildschirmtreiber. -Besonders hervorzuheben ist an TeX, daß _jede_ TeX-Implementierung für -dieselbe Eingabe (also Dokument, verwendete Makros, Schriften, -Trennmuster etc.) _unabhängig_ vom Ausgabegerät und dessen Auflösung -_immer_ dieselbe dvi-Datei erzeugt. TeX wählt also immer denselben -Absatz- und Seitenumbruch und dieselbe Plazierung von Zeichen, Linien -usw. auf der Seite. -dvi-Dateien enthalten alle Informationen, die zum Ausdruck oder zur -Anzeige der erzeugten Seiten notwendig sind. Jedoch sind in einer -dvi-Datei nicht die tatsächlichen Lettern der verwendeten Schriften und -das mit \special-Anweisungen eingebunde Material, wie Grafiken, -enthalten. Diese müssen vom dvi-Treiber aus anderen Quellen, wie z.B. -pk-Dateien bei Schriften, gelesen und an das Ausgabegerät geschickt -werden. dvi-Dateien verwenden die TeX-interne Zeichenkodierung. So liegt -beispielsweise der Argumenttext einer \special-Anweisung in der -dvi-Datei als eine in ASCII kodierte Zeichenkette vor. -Die dokumentierte Source des Programms `dvitype' dient gleichzeitig als -Referenzbeschreibung des dvi-Formats. Eine bessere, weil mit den -Mindestanforderungen an einen dvi-Treiber versehene Referenz ist der - DVI-Treiberstandard, Level 0 -den man in CTAN: dviware/driv-standard/level-0/ finden kann. In diesem -Standard findet man im Anhang neben einer Kopie der dvi-Beschreibung aus -`dvitype' noch die entsprechenden Beschreibungen des tfm-, gf- und -pk-Formates. Weitere Papiere, Berichte, Vorschläge etc. findet man in -CTAN: dviware/driv-standard/papers/. -Als ein Projekt der NTG-Future-Group (siehe Diskussionsliste 1.3.4) -laufen unter dem Titel ``DVI3 a new DVI standard'' Arbeiten zur -Vervollkommnung und Weiterentwicklung des DVI-Standards. Nähere -Informationen findet man unter http://dvi3.tiepmiep.dk/ und -http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~burnus/dviview/. - -3.1.5 Wozu dienen Dateien mit der Namensendung `.xyz'? - -Die einzelnen Programme und TeX-Formate des Textsatzsystems TeX -verwenden sehr viele Dateien mit unterschiedlichen Namensendungen. Damit -auch ein Anfänger relativ schnell einen Überblick erhält, folgt hier -eine Auflistung der häufigsten bzw. wichtigsten Dateinamensendungen, -sortiert nach Programmen, TeX-Formaten und weitverbreiteten -Implementierungen. - - (Plain-)TeX: - - - .tex - Standarddateinamensendung für alle Arten von - TeX-Eingabedateien, einige Makropakete wie LaTeX verwenden - andere Namensendungen, um zwischen Dokument- und den - notwendigen Makrodefinitionsdateien zu unterscheiden - - .fmt - TeX-Formatdatei (siehe Frage 3.1.3) - - .dvi - TeX-Ausgabedatei, enthält formatiertes Dokument (siehe Frage - 3.1.4) - - .pool, .poo - `String-Pool'-Datei, wird von IniTeX oder IniMF benötigt. - - .log - Protokolldatei eines TeX- oder MF-Laufs. - - .lis - Protokolldatei eines TeX- oder MF-Laufs unter dem - Betriebssystem OpenVMS. - - - METAFONT, Fonts und Tools: - - - .mf - MF-Eingabedatei - - .base - - .bas - MF-Formatdatei (siehe Frage 3.1.3) - - .tfm - MF-Ausgabe: TeX Font Metric (siehe Frage 9.1.2) - - .*gf - MF-Ausgabe: `generic font' (siehe Frage 9.1.2) - - .*pk - `packed raster' (siehe Frage 9.1.2) - - .*pxl - `pixel' (siehe Frage 9.1.2): veraltetes, durch - `.*pk'-Dateien abgelöstes Font-Bitmap-Format - - .pl - `property list', lesbare Darstellung der in einer tfm-Datei - enthaltenen Informationen - - .vf - `virtual font' (siehe Frage 9.1.3) - - .vpl - `virtual font property list' (siehe Frage 9.1.3) - - - METAPOST: - - - .mp - METAPOST-Eingabedatei - - .mem - METAPOST-Formatdatei (analog zu .fmt bzw. .base) - - .mps - METAPOST-Ausgabedatei; eine eps-Datei, die aufgrund ihrer - bekannten und einfachen Struktur mit Hilfe von TeX-Makros in - das pdf-Format wandelbar ist. - - .mpx - METAPOST-Eingabedatei, entstanden durch Aufruf von - `DVItoMP'. - - - Omega: - - - .otp - `Omega translation process', definiert Umkodierungsfilter - - .ocp - `Omega compiled process', compilierte Version einer - .otp-Datei - - .ofm - `Omega TeX font metric', erweiterte Version des .tfm-Formats - für Omega - - .opl - `Omega property list', lesbare Darstellung einer .ofm-Datei - - .ovf - `Omega virtual font', erweiterte Version des .vf-Formats - - .ovp - `Omega virtual font property list', lesbare Darstellung - einer .ovf-Datei - - - BibTeX: - - .bst - BibTeX-Style, enthält Anweisungen an BibTeX, wie die - Literaturangaben aus der .bib-Datei in die .bbl-Datei - geschrieben werden sollen - - .bib - BibTeX-Datenbank - - .blg - Protokolldatei eines BibTeX-Laufs - - .bbl - BibTeX-Ausgabe, meist in einer Form, die von LaTeX - eingelesen werden kann - - - MakeIndex: - - - .ist - MakeIndex-Style, enthält Anweisungen, wie aus den Einträgen - in der .idx/.glo-Datei die .ind/.gls-Datei generiert werden - soll - - .idx - Index-Datei, enthält die unsortierten Indexeinträge - - .ind - MakeIndex-Ausgabe: fertig erstellter Index - - .glo - Glossar-Datei, enthält analog zur .idx-Datei die - unsortierten Glossareinträge - - .gls - MakeIndex-Ausgabe: fertig erstelltes - Wörterverzeichnis/Glossar - - .ilg - Protokolldatei eines MakeIndex-Laufs - - - Texinfo (TeX-Format): - - - .texi - - .texinfo - - .txi - GNU-Texinfo-Dokumentquelldatei - - - docstrip-Archive (nicht nur für LaTeX-Makropakete verwendbar): - - - .dtx - docstrip-Archivdatei (siehe Frage 5.1.3), kann mit dem in - TeX geschriebenem Programm `docstrip' entpackt werden. - (docstrip: CTAN: macros/latex/base/docstrip.dtx und - CTAN: macros/latex/base/docstrip.ins) - Historisch: Diese Archive hatten anfänglich die Namensendung - .doc - - .ins - Instruktionsdatei zum Entpacken eines docstrip-Archivs - (siehe Frage 5.1.3); zum Entpacken reicht der Aufruf ``tex - filename.ins'', manchmal auch ``latex filename.ins''; - näheres bitte der mitgelieferten Dokumentation entnehmen! - - .drv - `Treiber'-Datei, für einige .dtx-Dateien zur Formatierung - der Dokumentation mit LaTeX verwendet - - .fdd - docstrip-Archiv der LaTeX-.fd-Dateien - - .mbs - docstrip-Archiv der Master-Bibliography-BibTeX-Styles des - Pakets `custom-bib' (siehe Frage 7.2.2) - - - LaTeX (TeX-Format): - - - .aux - Hilfsdatei, enthält Querverweise etc. - - .toc - Inhaltsverzeichnis - - .lof - Verzeichnis der Abbildungen - - .lot - Verzeichnis der Tafeln - - .ltx - Dokumentquelldatei, alternativ zur Namensendung .tex (auch - für LaTeX-Kernel-Dateien) - - .cls - - .clo - TeX-Eingabedatei mit Definitionen für die Dokumentenklasse - und die entsprechenden Klassen-Optionen - - .sty - TeX-Eingabedatei mit Definitionen eines LaTeX-Pakets; in - LaTeX 2.09 wurde diese Namensendung sowohl für Styles (in - 2e: Klassen) als auch Style-Options (in 2e: Pakete) benutzt - - .fd - TeX-Eingabedatei mit Font-Definition, enthält Tabellen, mit - denen die LaTeX-Spezifikation einer Schrift mittels - Encoding, Family, Series und Shape auf den Namen einer - .tfm-Datei abgebildet wird. Der Name der .fd-Datei besteht - aus Encoding und Family. - - .def - Runtime-Module des LaTeX-Kernels, die bei Bedarf geladen - werden (``latex209.def'' für Kompatibilitätsmodus, - ``slides.def'' für SliTeX), ebenso für einige Pakete, wie - beispielsweise für `inputenc', `fontenc' und `graphics'. - - .cfg - TeX-Eingabedatei mit Konfigurationsinformation - - .ldf - TeX-Eingabedatei mit der Language-Definition für eine - Sprache mit ihren Dialekten des babel-Pakets. (Historisch: - in älteren Babel-Versionen in .sty-Dateien) - - - MusiXTeX, PMX, M-Tx: - - - .mx1 - MusiXTeX-Ausgabe der 1. Phase als Eingabe für das Programm - MusiXFLX, das den Zeilenumbruch der Noten herstellt - - .mx2 - MusiXFLX-Ausgabe als Eingabe für die 2. MusiXTeX-Phase - - .mxl - MusiXFLX-Log-Datei - - .pmx - PMX-Eingabedaten - - .mtx - M-Tx-Eingabedaten - - - PostScript-Schriften: - - - .afm - Adobe Font Metric, in lesbarer ASCII-Darstellung - - .pfm - Printer Font Metric, in Windows-Darstellung - - .pfa - PostScript-Type-1-Schriftschnittprogramm in ASCII-Format, - enthält das Type-1-Programm zum Zeichnen jeder Letter - - .pfb - PostScript-Type-1-Schriftschnittprogramm in Binärformat - - - TeX-Implementierungen und Gerätetreiber: - - - .tcp - TeX-Code-Page-Definition (emTeX). - - .tcx - TeX-Code-Page-Definition (web2c v7.0, noch im Teststadium!) - - .enc - Encoding-Dateien für PostScript-Schriften (dvips) - - .map - Zuordnungstabellen für Fontnamen - - -Eine zwangsläufig unvollständige Liste von Dateinamensendungen kann man -auch im Buch `Der LaTeX-Begleiter' bzw. `LaTeX Companion' und im Buch -`Making TeX Work' (siehe Frage 2.4.1) und in `The Components of TeX' von -Joachim Schrod (siehe Frage 2.4.2) finden. - -3.1.6 Welche TeX-/METAFONT-/METAPOST-Versionen sind aktuell? - -Derzeit sind die folgenden Versionen aktuell: - -TeX: 3.14159 (seit März 1995) -plain.tex: 3.1415926 (seit August 1998) - -METAFONT: 2.7182 (seit August 1998) -plain.mf: 2.71 (seit Juni 1993) - -METAPOST: 0.641 (seit März 1998) (?) -dvitomp.web: 0.64 (seit Januar 1998) -plain.mp: 0.64 (seit Januar 1998) - -CM-Fonts: - (wichtige Änderungen 1992, - kleinere Änderungen März 1995, - kleinere Änderungen August 1998) - -tangle.web 4.4 (seit Februar 1993) -weave.web 4.4 (seit Januar 1992) -webmac.tex 4.1 (seit Mai 1990) - -Neue Versionen von TeX und METAFONT werden von Donald E. Knuth nur noch -in immer größer werdenden zeitlichen Abständen erstellt, so daß man -ältere Versionen auf alle Fälle durch die neueste Version ersetzen -sollte. -Leider hat Knuth für die CM-Fonts keine Versionsnummer vergeben, so daß -es schwieriger ist, die Versionen mit den meist nur geringen Änderungen -auseinanderzuhalten. Da Knuth umfangreichere Änderungen an den CM-Fonts -im Frühjahr 1992 durchgeführt hat, sollte man alle älteren -CM-Font-Versionen auf die neue Version bringen. Erkennbar sind die alten -Versionen beispielweise am horizontalen Querstrich am Fuß des großen -kalligraphischen T `$\mathcal{T}$' (bzw. `${\cal T}$'), der in der neuen -Version fehlt oder an der rundlicheren, s-förmigeren Form des kleinen -Deltas `$\delta$', da in neueren Versionen der obere Bogen nun etwas -winkliger ausgeführt wurde. Die aktuelle Version der CM-Font-Dateien -erkennt man an folgenden Zeilen: - - % THIS IS THE OFFICIAL COMPUTER MODERN SOURCE FILE cmr10.mf BY D E - KNUTH. - % IT MUST NOT BE MODIFIED IN ANY WAY UNLESS THE FILE NAME IS CHANGED! - -ACHTUNG: TeX-Pakete, wie emTeX, vergeben meist noch eine eigene -Versionsnummer für TeX und MF. Man sollte die oben angegebene, -offizielle Versionsnummer nicht mit diesen verwechseln. - -3.1.7 Was ist TDS, die `TeX Directory Structure'? - -Hauptfunktion von TDS ist die Festlegung einer Grundstruktur für ein -TeX-System. In dieser kann TeX samt Hilfswerkzeugen, Makropaketen, Fonts -etc. systematisch geordnet und damit für _alle_ Installationen und -Systeme gleich und einheitlich untergebracht werden. Somit können -implementierungsunabhängige Teile beispielsweise auch über NFS-Mounts -oder von CD-ROM für alle Systeme zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Die von -TDS festgelegte Grundstruktur ist offen, kann also jederzeit für weitere -Applikationen erweitert werden. -Der TDS-Standard richtet sich primär an TeX-Systemadministratoren und -Personen, die TeX-Distributionen zusammenstellen. Wenn Entwickler eines -TeX-Pakets von einer generell gültigen Verzeichnisstruktur ausgehen -können, kann auch die Installation eines Pakets leichter automatisiert -oder zumindest mit sehr präzisen Anweisungen versehen werden. Für -Endbenutzer ist eine solche wohldefinierte Systemstruktur ebenfalls von -Interesse, wenn sie sich mit der Ausstattung des Systems, das sie -benutzen, näher vertraut machen wollen. -Der aktuelle TDS-Vorschlag ist in verschiedenen Dateiformaten (DVI, -PostScript, HTML, Texinfo etc.) in CTAN: tds/ zu finden. Eine -exemplarische Implementierung des Standards stellt die CD-ROM ``TeX -Live'' dar. - -TDS: CTAN: tds/ - - - -3.2 Welche TeX-Formate gibt es? Was ist LaTeX? - - -3.2.1 Was ist ein (TeX-)Format? - -Das Programm TeX besteht aus einem Teil, mit dem Text und mathematische -Formeln gesetzt, Absätze umbrochen und alles zu Seiten zusammenmontiert -wird, und aus einem Makroprozessor. Dieser Makroprozessor stellt eine -mächtige, wenn auch für die meisten eine eher ungewohnte -Programmiermöglichkeit dar, mit der man den sehr einfachen Befehlssatz -von TeX durch eigene benutzerfreundlichere Makros ergänzen kann. Einen -abgeschlossenen Satz von solchen Makros nennt man Format. Eine -Formatdatei ist eine mit IniTeX durch `Dumpen' erzeugte Datei, die diese -Makros enthält (siehe Frage 3.1.3). Meist wird der Formatname auch für -das Programm VirTeX verwendet, wenn man die zugehörige Formatdatei lädt, -so daß man bei Verwendung des Formatnamens diese Mehrdeutigkeit bedenken -sollte. -Ohne vom Benutzer definierte Makros besitzt TeX nur ca. 300 primitive -`control sequences'. Davon sind ungefähr die Hälfte Anweisungen, die -andere Hälfte Parameter. Für einen Autor sind diese Anweisungen alleine -zu einfach und dürftig, so daß es ratsam ist, als Autor mächtigere und -damit einfacher benutzbare Anweisungen in Form von Makros zu verwenden. - -3.2.2 Was ist Plain-TeX? - -Donald E. Knuth hat für TeX ein Makropaket namens Plain-TeX erstellt und -diese Makros im Buch `The TeXbook' beschrieben. Dabei stellt Plain-TeX -einen minimalen Satz an Makros dar, um TeX sinnvoll verwenden zu können. -Zusätzlich enthält Plain-TeX einige Makros, wie `\beginsection' oder -`\proclaim', die man als Beispiel für komplexere Anweisungen ansehen -kann. -Wenn jemand sagt, daß er ``TeX programmiert'', so meint er -normalerweise, daß er in TeX und den Plain-TeX-Makros programmiert. - -3.2.3 Was ist LaTeX, LaTeX2e und LaTeX 2.09? - -LaTeX ist ein in den Jahren 1982-1986 von Leslie Lamport geschriebenes -Makropaket für TeX. Es erlaubt dem Autor eines Dokuments, die einzelnen -Teile gemäß ihrer logischen Bedeutung, wie z.B. `Überschrift', -`Aufzählung', `Aufzählungspunkt' usw., zu markieren. Anhand dieser -Markierungen, dem sogenannten `Markup' oder der Text-Auszeichnung, kann -(La)TeX das Dokument unter Verwendung eines vorgefertigten Layouts in -Buchdruck-Qualität setzen und mittels sogenannter Geräte-Treiber -ausdrucken. -Fast 10 Jahre war LaTeX in der Version 2.09 aktuell, wobei es zuletzt -immer mehr inkompatible Erweiterungen gab. Seit dem Juni 1994 ist -LaTeX2e die aktuelle Version. Diese wurde regelmäßig im Juni und -Dezember jeden Jahres auf den neuesten Stand gebracht. Ab Juni 2000 gibt -es nurmehr einmal jährlich eine neue Version. -Wenn in dieser FAQ von LaTeX die Rede ist, so ist immer LaTeX2e und -nicht LaTeX 2.09 gemeint. - -3.2.4 Welche (La)TeX-Makropakete gibt es? - -Es gibt mehrere unterschiedlich umfangreiche und gewartete Übersichten -über (La)TeX-Makropakete, die im folgenden ohne Wertung aufgezählt -werden: - -* The LaTeX Catalogue - CTAN: help/Catalogue/catalogue.html -* (La)TeX Navigator - http://tex.loria.fr -* LaTeX-Paketliste von Harald Axel Sommerfeldt - http://www.axel-sommerfeldt.de/latex/ -* Liste von Kerstin Schiebel - http://www.gsi.de/computing/TeX/latexsty.html -* Die Bücher ``Der LaTeX-Begleiter'', ``The LaTeX Companion'' und ``The - LaTeX Graphics Companion'' stellen viele Pakete vor. Diese Übersicht - kann jedoch naturgemäß nicht aktuell und vollständig sein. - - -3.2.5 Was ist AmS-TeX, AmS-LaTeX und LAMSTeX? Was sind die AmS-Fonts? - -AmS-TeX ist ein in den Jahren 1983-1985 von Michael D. Spivak für die -American Mathematical Society (AmS) geschriebenes Makropaket, das auf -Plain-TeX basiert. Es erweitert Plain-TeX um sehr viele für den -mathematischen Formelsatz notwendige Konstrukte. Dieses Makropaket wird -im Buch `The Joy of TeX' von Michael Spivak (2. Auflage, AmS, 1990, ISBN -0-821-82997-1) beschrieben. -Mit der weiteren Verbreitung von LaTeX entwickelt die AmS seit 1990 -mehrere auf LaTeX basierende Makropakete, die unter dem Namen AmS-LaTeX -zusammemgefaßt werden. Diese LaTeX-Pakete stellen einem Autor einen -Großteil der in AmS-TeX enthaltenen Konstrukte zur Verfügung. -LAMSTeX nennt sich Michael Spivaks Anpassung von AmS-TeX an LaTeX, die -jedoch nur einen sehr kleinen Nutzerkreis hat und nicht weit verbreitet -ist. -Für den mathematischen Formelsatz fehlen den von Donald E. Knuth -erstellten Schriften weitere dringend notwendige Zeichen. Diese werden -durch die AmS-Fonts zur Verfügung gestellt, die u.a. weitere -CM-Schriften, Euler-, `msam'-, `msbm'- und kyrillische Schriften -enthalten. - -3.2.6 Was ist Texinfo? - -Texinfo ist ein Dokumentationssystem, das zur Dokumentation der -GNU-Sofware verwendet wird. Die Dokumentation wird dabei in einer -Quelldatei mit der Dateinamensendung `.texi' (oder `.txi' bzw. -`.texinfo') abgelegt, aus der einerseits sogenannte `info'-Dateien, -einem on-line mit dem GNU-Emacsoder dem Programm `info' lesbarer -Hypertext, erzeugt werden können. Andererseits stellt die Quelldatei -eine TeX-Datei dar, zu deren Formatierung mit Plain-TeX zu Beginn das -Texinfo-Makropaket ``texinfo.tex'' automatisch hinzugeladen wird. Mit -den Programmen `makeinfo' (aus dem Paket Texinfo seit Version 4.0) und -`texi2html' ist die Konvertierung nach HTML möglich. Texinfo basiert auf -Plain-TeX. - -Texinfo: http://www.texinfo.org - CTAN: macros/texinfo - - - -3.2.7 Was ist ConTeXt? - -ConTeXt ist ein von Hans Hagen geschriebenes Makropaket für TeX. Es -erlaubt, ähnlich wie LaTeX, das Erstellen von Texten mit Hilfe von -Strukturmakros (Überschrift u.ä.). Bei der Erstellung wurde auf eine -leichte Benutzbarkeit und Flexibilität geachtet, zudem wird die -Erstellung interaktiver Texte unterstützt. Eine Besonderheit ist die -multilinguale Schnittstelle, die z.B. niederländisch, englisch und -deutsch unterstützt, sowie das Setzen von multilingualen Unterschriften -(`Tabelle' statt `Table' u.ä.). - -ConTeXt: http://www.pragma-ade.nl/ - http://www.ntg.nl/context/ - CTAN: macros/context/ -Berend de Boer: -LaTeX in proper http://www.xs4all.nl/~nederwar/tex/LaTeX2ConTeXt.pdf -ConTeXt:: - - - -3.3 Welche TeX-Weiterentwicklungen gibt es? - - -3.3.1 Was ist TeX-XeT bzw. TeX--XeT? - -Donald E. Knuth und Pierre MacKay entwickelten eine TeX-Erweiterung -namens TeX-XeT, die es erlaubt, Texte, die von links nach rechts -geschrieben werden, mit Texten, die von rechts nach links (Bsp: -arabisch, hebräisch) geschrieben werden, beliebig zu mischen. TeX-XeT -erzeugt jedoch sogenannte ivd-Dateien, d.h. dvi-Dateien mit zusätzlichen -dvi-Codes, die von üblichen dvi-Treibern nicht verstanden werden und -damit zu Fehlern oder zum Abbruch des dvi-Treibers führen. Diese -ivd-Dateien benötigen daher spezielle dvi-Treiber oder sie können mit -dem Programm `ivd2dvi' in gewöhnliche dvi-Dateien konvertiert werden. -Die TeX-Änderungen für TeX-XeT wurden in einem Artikel in TUGboat 8, -1987 (S. 14-15) veröffentlicht. -TeX--XeT ist eine TeX-XeT-Reimplementierung von Peter Breitenlohner. Im -Unterschied zu TeX-XeT erzeugt TeX--XeT gewöhnliche dvi-Dateien, die -somit von jedem dvi-Treiber gelesen werden können. Die neueste -verbesserte Version von TeX--XeT ist seit Version 1 Bestandteil von -e-TeX (siehe Frage 3.3.4). - -TeX--XeT: CTAN: systems/knuth/tex--xet/ -ivd2dvi: CTAN: dviware/ivd2dvi/ - - - -3.3.2 Was ist MLTeX? - -MLTeX ist eine TeX-Erweiterung von Michael J. Ferguson, die es -ermöglicht, daß auch mit den üblichen CM-Schriften Trennmuster mit -akzentuierten Zeichen verwendet und damit Wörter mit akzentuierten -Zeichen getrennt werden können. In Standard-TeX ist dies nicht möglich, -da es notwendig ist, daß die verwendete Schriften diese akzentuierten -Zeichen enthalten (siehe Frage 5.3.2). In MLTeX wird vorgegaukelt, daß -die akzentuierten Zeichen in den Schriften existieren, diese aber dann -durch sogenannte `character substitutions', die mit dem neuen Primitiv -\charsubdef definiert werden, durch tatsächlich in der Schrift -vorhandene Zeichen zusammengebaut. Bei Verwendung von T1-kodierten -Schriften, wie z.B. die EC-Schriften, ist MLTeX nicht mehr notwendig. -MLTeX hat sich aus verschiedenen Gründen hauptsächlich im -französischsprachigen Raum verbreitet. Aktuell ist Version 2.2 vom -Dezember 1995 von Bernd Raichle, der die weitere Pflege von MLTeX -übernommen hat. Ältere Versionen haben verschiedene Programmfehler, die -u.a. zu Problemen führen, falls MLTeX mit nichtlateinischen Schriften -(z.B. mit ArabTeX) verwendet wird. Mit ``mltextst.tex'' gibt es eine -Testdatei, um eine MLTeX-Implementierung auf die bekannten Fehler zu -testen. -Zur einfachen Nutzung der Fähigkeiten von MLTeX unter LaTeX gibt es seit -Dezember 1998 das LaTeX-Paket `mltex'. - -MLTeX: CTAN: systems/generic/mltex/ -mltextst.tex: CTAN: systems/generic/mltex/mltextst.tex -mltex: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/mltex - - - -3.3.3 Was ist NTS? - -TeX, METAFONT und die anderen Programme von Prof. Knuth wurden von ihm -in ihrem jetzigen Zustand eingefroren. Es werden nur noch Fehler -entfernt, jedoch wird es keine grundlegenden Änderungen und -Weiterentwicklungen dieser Programme geben. Momentan gibt es mehrere -Projekte, die die Weiterentwicklung des Textsatzsystems TeX zum Ziel -haben. -`NTS' (oder das `New Typesetting System') wird von der NTS-Gruppe unter -Leitung von Phil Taylor geplant. NTS ist eine radikale Neuentwicklung -eines Textsatzsystems, das jedoch weiterhin einen -TeX-Kompatibilitätsmodus haben wird. Die Realisierung von NTS ist -langfristig über mehrere Jahre angelegt, da hierzu größere Ressourcen -notwendig sind und erst beschafft werden müssen. -Momentan wird eine erste Version von NTS in der Programmiersprache Java -implementiert. Diese Version wird vollständig TeX-kompatibel sein und -noch keine Erweiterungen besitzen, jedoch durch die modularere -Programmierung leichter erweiterbar sein. Dieser erste Prototyp soll bis -Mitte 2000 fertiggestellt sein, im Frühjahr 2000 liefen bereits alle -Teile außer denjenigen, die den Tabellensatz bewerkstelligen. Die -endgültige Version wurde im Mai 2001 an die TeX-Welt verteilt. -Weitergehendes existiert momentan nur als Konzept und in Form einer -Liste von Anforderungen und Erweiterungswünschen. - -NTS: http://nts.tug.org/ - - - -3.3.4 Was ist e-TeX? Was ist Eetex? - -Unter dem Namen `e-TeX' (extended/enhanced TeX) wird unter der Leitung -von Peter Breitenlohner TeX um dringend benötigte Erweiterungen ergänzt. -Ein wichtiges Ziel von e-TeX ist dabei, weiterhin 100% kompatibel zu TeX -zu bleiben, solange die Erweiterungen nicht benutzt werden. Die -Entwicklung basiert auf dem aktuellen TeX-Quellcode in einem durch -WEB-Konstrukte erweiterten Standard-Pascal, so daß dies und die genannte -Zielsetzung gewisse Beschränkungen, wie der Verzicht auf eine dynamische -Speicherverwaltung, auferlegt, was grundlegende Neuerungen in e-TeX -anbelangt. Die erste Version von e-TeX wurde im Oktober 1996 auf der -Mitgliederversammlung von DANTE e.V. in Hamburg veröffentlicht. Fertig -benutzbare Implementierungen sind u.a. für VMS, MS-DOS (PublicTeX), -Windows 95/NT (Win32-Web2c), Amiga (AmiWeb2C) und Unix (Web2c v7.x mit -Patches zur Integration von e-TeX) verfügbar. -Eetex ist die ``Spielwiese'' der NTG-Future-Group (siehe -Diskussionsliste 1.3.4). Diese TeX-Erweiterung basiert auf e-TeX, -erweitert dieses jedoch um weitere vorgeschlagene Primitive. Das -Programm ist jedoch weder stabil noch fehlerfrei, sondern dient dazu, -Erweiterungsvorschläge in einem Prototypen auszutesten. Die erste -Version enthält Primitive zur leichteren und schnelleren Verarbeitung -von Listen und einen speziellen SGML-Lesemodus. Das Programm wird -momentan nur fertig für MS-DOS, Windows 95 und Linux verteilt. - -e-TeX: CTAN: systems/e-tex/ -Eetex: http://www.elvenkind.com/~taco/eetex/ - - - -3.3.5 Was ist Omega? - -Omega ist neben NTS/e-TeX das zweite Projekt, das sich mit der -Weiterentwicklung von TeX beschäftigt. -`Omega' wird von John Plaice und Yannis Haralambous entwickelt und ist -Anfang Dezember 1995 in einer zweiten Version veröffentlicht worden. Als -Basis von Omega dient der Quellcode von TeX und METAFONT, wobei beide -Programme um die Möglichkeit erweitert wurden, intern Zeichen in UNICODE -zu repräsentieren (pro Zeichen 16 bit statt 8 bit). Durch die Verwendung -von UNICODE und von sogenannten Ein- und Ausgabe-Filtern wird eine -Anpassung an verschiedene Sprachen sehr einfach. So kann beispielsweise -durch Wahl von entsprechenden Filtern ein Dokument sehr einfach in -arabischer Schrift gesetzt werden, in der ein einzelnes Zeichen abhängig -vom Kontext in bis zu vier möglichen Darstellungen gesetzt wird. - -Omega: http://omega.cse.unsw.edu.au/ - CTAN: systems/omega/ - - - -3.3.6 Was ist pdfTeX? - -`pdfTeX', das vormals TeX2PDF hieß, ist eine TeX-Variante, mit der man -sowohl die üblichen DVI-Dateien als auch direkt Dateien in Adobes -Portable-Document-Format, kurz PDF, erzeugen kann. Um die zusätzlichen -Möglichkeiten, wie Hyperlinks, Anmerkungen etc., die PDF bietet, auch -nutzen zu können, wurden weitere PDF-Primitive dem Makroprogrammierer -zur Verfügung gestellt. Das Makropaket `hyperref' unterstützt pdfTeX, -wobei die Benutzung von pdfTeX automatisch erkannt wird, aber auch durch -die Option `pdftex' angegeben werden kann. -pdfTeX wurde von Hàn Thê Thành entwickelt und Ende Februar 1997 in -ersten Testversionen veröffentlicht. Seitdem weist pdfTeX eine gute -Stabilität auf. Es wurden jedoch seitdem Funktionen hinzugefügt, die -dazu führten, daß sich Details auf Makroebene änderten. Dies führt dazu, -daß ältere Versionen von Makropaketen für pdfTeX nicht mehr fehlerfrei -mit neueren pdfTeX-Versionen laufen. - -pdfTeX: http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/ -pdfTeX: http://freshmeat.net/projects/pdftex/ - CTAN: systems/pdftex/ - (Source für Web2c v7.x, Binaries für einige Systeme) -hyperref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyperref -hyperref http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ -(aktuell): -thumbpdf: CTAN: support/thumbpdf/ -TeX and Solving Font Problems -PDF: - http://web.mit.edu/etheses/www/tex/texpdf.html -AcroTeX: Hinweise zu LaTeX und PDF - http://www.math.uakron.edu/~dpstory/acrotex.html -Einführung ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/unplugged/pdftex.dante01.pdf -in pdfTeX: -Timothy van -Zandt's http://zandtwerk.insead.fr/tex2pdf.html -notes: -Creating -quality -Adobe PDF http://www.adobe.com/support/techdocs/543e.htm -files from -TeX with -DVIPS: -PDF -Reference -Manual, http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/PDFSPEC.PDF -Version -1.3: -Thomas -Feuerstack: -Acrobat/PDF ftp://ftp.fernuni-hagen.de/pub/pdf/urz-broschueren/unplugged/AcS01.pdf -...eine -Einführung: -Udo -Schuermann: -Linux http://ringlord.com/publications/latex-pdf-howto/ -LaTeX-PDF -HOW-TO: - - - -3.3.7 Was ist `ant'? - -`ant', geschrieben von Achim Blumensath, ist ein Scheme-basierter Ersatz -für TeX, der nicht mit dem Ziel vollständiger Kompatibilität, sondern -dem eines flexiblen und sauberen Designs entwickelt wurde. -Bei der aktuellen Version handelt es sich um einen pre-alpha Prototyp, -der als Diskussionsgrundlage und als Testumgebung für neue -Satzalgorithmen dienen soll. - -ant: http://www-mgi.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/~blume/Download.html - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 3 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.4.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.4.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4e44d3c844f..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.4.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,987 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 4 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -4 Textsatzsystem TeX - Bezugsquellen - - -4.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System? - -Es gibt verschiedene Wege, wie Sie ein TeX-System beziehen können. Falls -Sie die notwendige Unterstützung (durch Hotline, Schulungen, Updates -u.ä.) sicherstellen wollen oder müssen, sollten Sie sich an einen -kommerziellen Anbieter wenden. -Beachten Sie bei den nachfolgenden Angeboten bitte, daß Sie bei frei -verfügbaren TeX-Versionen, Programmen und Schriften, die `Shareware' -sind, geringe Lizenzgebühren an die Autoren zu entrichten haben. -Außerdem dürfen einige Programme, Makrodateien, Schriften etc. nicht -oder nur nach Lizenzierung oder einer individuellen Freigabe durch den -Autor zu kommerziellen Zwecken eingesetzt oder vertrieben werden. -An frei verfügbare TeX-Implementierungen können Sie per - - 1. ftp oder WWW (Internet), - 2. E-Mail, - 3. Modem/Telefon, - 4. CD-ROM oder - 5. als Bestandteil eines anderen Software-Paketes - -kommen. Als Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. stehen Ihnen noch weitere und evtl. -günstigere Angebote zur Auswahl (siehe Frage 4.1.7). - -4.1.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System über ftp/Internet und E-Mail? - -CTAN, das `Comprehensive TeX Archive Network', und dessen `Spiegel' -können über ftp oder durch den ftp-Mailer auch über E-Mail erreicht -werden (siehe Abschnitt 1.2). - -4.1.2 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System über Modem/Telefon? - -Teile des CTAN-Inhalts können Sie in vielen Mailbox-Netzen auf einigen -`Knoten' erhalten, die ein TeX-Archiv anbieten. Informieren Sie sich -bitte bei anderen Benutzern des entsprechenden Mailbox-Netzes oder einer -Ansprechperson für dieses Netz. - -4.1.3 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System auf CD-ROM? - -Mittlerweile sind verschiedene CD-ROM-Angebote mit TeX-Software über -CD-ROM-Versender und in immer mehr Buchhandlungen zu finden. Bei -TeX-CD-ROMs kann man grob zwei Typen unterscheiden: - -* CD-ROMs, die einen kompletten Abzug oder Teile des CTAN-Inhalts - enthalten (einzelne oder mehrere CD-ROMs; meist komprimiert und - gepackt, damit auf eine CD-ROM mehr paßt und weil Datei- und - Verzeichnisnamen auf ISO-9660-CD-ROM nicht beliebig lang sein und nur - eine beschränkte Menge von Zeichen enthalten dürfen), -* CD-ROMs, die eine Ready-to-Run-Installation eines mehr oder weniger - kompletten TeX-Systems enthalten, das sogar ohne Installation von der - CD-ROM selbst lauffähig ist. - -Weiter sollte man auf die Aktualität des Inhalts achten und auf die -mitgelieferte teils knappe, teils sehr ausführliche Dokumentation. -Besonders bei Ready-To-Run-Installationen ist letztere sehr wichtig! - Achtung: teilweise werden noch alte Auflagen von CD-ROMs (ohne einen -kräftigen Preisnachlaß) verkauft. CD-ROMs mit CTAN-Kopien, deren Inhalt - älter als ein Jahr ist, sollte man liegenlassen! -Die Übersichten in Frage 4.1.4 und Frage 4.1.5 sind aus den gesammelten -Postings entstanden und erheben weder den Anspruch auf Korrektheit, -Vollständigkeit, noch auf Aktualität. `Stand' gibt bei CTAN-Abzügen -nicht das Erscheinungsdatum, sondern, soweit möglich, das Datum des -Abzuges an. Neue CD-ROM-Angebote, Korrekturen der kurzen -Inhaltsbeschreibungen, Preise u.ä. bitte an `detexfaq@dante.de'! - -4.1.4 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System auf CD-ROM, das leicht -installierbar oder sogar direkt von CD-ROM lauffähig ist? - -Folgende CD-ROMs bieten ein aktuelles, leicht installierbares TeX-System -für bestimmte Betriebssysteme an: - -* CD `TeX Live' - 5. Auflage, Einzel-CD mit Dokumentation - - Stand: Juni 2000 (für Version 5c) - ISBN: ISBN 3-931253-63-5 - Preis: für Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. ist ein Exemplar frei, - sonst 29,90 DM für alle bei Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung - URL: http://www.tug.org/texlive.html, - http://www.dante.de/software/cdrom/, http://www.lob.de?flag=dan - - Diese CD wird für Mitglieder der TUG, UK TUG und DANTE e.V. zusammen - mit der Mitgliedszeitschrift als Bonus ausgeliefert. Mitglieder von - DANTE e.V. erhielten ein Exemplar mit Ausgabe 2/2000 der - Mitgliedszeitschrift. - Enthält von CD-ROM lauffähiges TeX-System für viele Unix-Plattformen - (Linux, Solaris 2.7, IBM RS 6000 AIX 4.2, HP9000 HPUX 10.20 u.v.m.), - für Windows 95, 98, 2000 und NT und mit Binaries für METAPOST, e-TeX, - PDFTeX und Omega, basierend auf dem teTeX-Paket 1.0 und web2c 7.3.1, - mit sehr vielen Makro-/Schrift-Paketen einschließlich Dokumentation. - Zusätzlich ist die Original-Verteilung von emTeX bzw. emTeXTDS (OS/2, - MS-DOS) neben vielen weiteren Programmquellen auf der CD-ROM. Als - Standard des CD-ROM-Dateisystems wurde ISO 9660 mit den Rock-Ridge- - und Joliet-Erweiterungen benutzt, so daß der nach dem - TeX-Directory-Standard (TDS) geordnete TeX-Baum durch die langen - Dateinamen in gemischter Groß-Klein-Schreibung einfacher verwendet - werden kann - auch für andere Plattformen! -* 4allTeX - The ultimate TeX resource - 5. Auflage, Doppel-CD und ausführliches englisches Handbuch - - Stand: Mitte 1999 - Preis über die NTG: 5 Euro für die Doppel-CD - 25 Euro für das Handbuch - URL: http://4tex.ntg.nl/ - - Enthält von CD-ROM lauffähiges fpTeX, dem Web2c für Win32, eine große - Anzahl von TeX-Forma- und Font-Dateien, Ghostscript und viele weitere - Zusatzprogramme, sowie Dokumentationen in den Formaten HTML, PS und - PDF. Die CD-ROM ist durch die 4allTeX-Workbench, einer integrierter - Benutzungsoberfläche, sehr einfach zu installieren und zu bedienen. - Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. können die 5. Auflage der 4allTeX-CD zum - Preis von 3,-- DM über den Verein anfordern. - - -4.1.5 Wie bekomme ich zu TeX-Software auf CD-ROM, die möglichst alles -rund um TeX enthält? - -Folgende CD-ROMs enthalten einen aktuellen Abzug von CTAN (siehe -Abschnitt 1.2). Auf CTAN und damit auch auf diesen CD-ROMs findet man -für die meisten Betriebssysteme auch installierbare TeX-Systeme (siehe -Frage 4.2.1). Im Unterschied zu den CD-ROMs mit leicht installierbaren -TeX-Systeme wird man bei den CD-ROMs mit CTAN-Abzug nicht zu den -Installationsprogrammen geleitet. - -* TeX-Software, Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) - Dreier-CD - - Stand: September 2000 - ISBN: ISBN 3-931253-66-X - Preis: 39,90 DM für alle bei Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung - URL: http://www.dante.de/software/cdrom/, http://www.lob.de?flag=dan - - Enthält fast kompletten CTAN-Abzug unkomprimiert auf drei CDs. Für - Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. lag ein Exemplar der Ausgabe 3/2000 der - Mitgliedszeitschrift kostenlos bei. - Die 4. Auflage des CTAN-Abzugs auf drei CDs vom Mai 1999 ging jedem - Mitglied von DANTE e.V. mit Ausgabe 3/1999 der Mitgliedszeitschrift im - Rahmen der Mitgliedschaft zu. Mit Ausgabe 4/1997 gab es die 3. Auflage - vom 25. Januar 1998 unter dem Namen ``TeX/LaTeX - CTAN-CD von DANTE - e.V.'' als Dreier-CD-Satz, mit Ausgabe 3/1996 und 2/1997 gab es die - 2. Auflage des CTAN-Abzugs vom 14. Dezember 1996 als Doppel-CD und - eine Update-CD mit den Änderungen des CTAN-Inhalts zwischen Dezember - 1996 und dem 12. Mai 1997. - - -4.1.6 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System ... aus anderen Software-Paketen? - -Teilweise enthalten verschiedene Software-Pakete bereits eine lauffähige -TeX-Implementierung. So ist z.B. bei jedem Linux ein komplettes -TeX-System enthalten. - -4.1.7 Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System als Mitglied von DANTE e.V.? - -Als Mitglied bei DANTE e.V. stehen Ihnen folgende weitere Angebote zur -Auswahl (siehe Frage 2.1.4, wenn Sie wissen wollen, wie Sie Mitglied -werden können): - -* CTAN: - - o Falls Sie Zugriff auf das Internet haben, so können Sie direkt auf - CTAN zugreifen (siehe Abschnitt 1.2). - -* CD-ROM: - - o CTAN-CD von DANTE e.V.: Die 5. Auflage der Dreier-CD mit dem - CTAN-Abzug von September 2000 erhielt jedes Mitglied von DANTE e.V. - mit Ausgabe 3/2000, die vorherige 4. Auflage vom Mai 1999 mit - Ausgabe 3/1999 der Mitgliederzeitschrift. - Diese CD ist außerdem über Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung - (http://www.lob.de?flag=dan) für 39,90 DM zu erhalten. - o CD `TeX Live': Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. erhielten ein Exemplar der - 5. Auflage (Version 5c, Juni 2000) mit Ausgabe 2/2000, ein Exemplar - der 4. Auflage (April 1999) mit Ausgabe 2/1999 der - Mitgliedszeitschrift. - Diese CD ist außerdem über Lehmanns Fachbuchhandlung - (http://www.lob.de?flag=dan) für 29,90 DM zu erhalten. - o 4allTeX - The ultimate TeX resource: Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. - erhielten ein Exemplar der 4. Auflage (Dezember 1997) dieser CD-ROM - mit Ausgabe 1/1998 der Mitgliedszeitschrift. Exemplare der - 5. Auflage (Sommer 1999) können Mitglieder für 3,-- DM beim Verein - anfordern. - o CTAN/3 - Das TeX-/LaTeX-Archiv von DANTE e.V.: ... ist veraltet - (November 1995) und wird nicht mehr angeboten. - -* Disketten und andere Medien per Post: - - o Für Mitglieder ohne Internet-Anschluss bietet DANTE e.V. den Service - an, TeX-Software per Disketten oder auf anderen Medien zu verteilen. - - -Außerdem hat DANTE e.V. für einige Shareware-Angebote Sonderregelungen -für seine Mitglieder vereinbart. So wurde beispielsweise für das -TeX-Paket `OzTeX' für MacOS-Rechner die Shareware-Gebühren pauschal für -alle Mitglieder bezahlt. - -4.2 TeX-Implementierungen (*) - - -4.2.1 Ich suche für das Betriebssystem XYZ ein möglichst komplettes, -leicht installierbares TeX-System. (*) - -Auf CTAN findet man TeX-Systeme teils fertig installierbar, teils nur -als Sources in den Verzeichnissen unter ``systems/''. Einige Systeme -kann man auch auf CD-ROMs finden (siehe Frage 4.1), davon sind einige -sehr einfach installierbar und dokumentiert, also für Anfänger ideal. Da -es der Platz hier nicht zuläßt, auf alle Systeme genauer einzugehen, -folgt in den Abschnitten 4.2.4ff eine unvollständige Aufzählung für -verschiedene Betriebssysteme mit einer sehr knappen Beschreibung. - -4.2.2 Unix (einschließlich Linux) (*) - - - web2c: - CTAN: systems/web2c/ - unvollständiges System, enthält `nur' den Quellcode der - wichtigsten Programme eines TeX-Systems ((ML)TeX, METAFONT, - METAPOST, TeX+MF+WEB-Tools, BibTeX, dvicopy u.v.a.); TeX-System - ist mit Hilfe von `web2c' relativ einfach auf alle Systeme mit - C-Compiler und Unix-ähnlicher C-Library portierbar, wobei die - aktuelle Version 7.2 schon Amiga-, OS/2- und Windows - NT-Unterstützung enthält. - - teTeX: - CTAN: systems/unix/teTeX/2.0/ - vollständiges System, über Skripte automatisch und sehr einfach - compilier- und installierbar, für viele weitverbreitete - Unix-Systeme demnächst auch fertige Binaries verfügbar, teTeX v2.0 - basiert auf der `web2c' Version 7.4.5. - Ab der 4. Auflage der CD-ROM `TeX Live' findet man eine Variante - von teTeX, die auf web2c v7.3 basiert, in einer von der CD-ROM - lauffähigen Version für viele Unix-Versionen! - Eine bequeme Möglichkeit, teTeX mittels WWW-Browser für diverse - Unix-Versionen zu laden, bietet die Seite - http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/search/tetex.html - - NTeX: - CTAN: systems/unix/ntex - http://www.langbein.org/software/ntex/ - vollständiges System, enthält viele landessprachliche Anpassungen, - auch für weniger verbreitete Sprachen, in neueren Versionen werden - neben Linux auch andere Plattformen unterstützt. NTeX v1.x enthält - unrechtmäßig veränderte, inkompatible CM-Schriften, daher - möglichst sofort auf v2.3.2 umsteigen! Das System wurde seit - August 1998 nicht mehr geändert. - - VTeX/Lnx: - http://www.micropress-inc.com/linux/ - CTAN: systems/vtex/ - Ein TeX-System, das unmittelbar PDF- oder PostScript-Ausgabe - erzeugt; es ist kostenlos erhältlich und enthält ein komplettes - LaTeX. VTeX/Lnx läuft nur unter Linux (x86), nicht unter anderen - Unix-Varianten. - - -4.2.3 Windows 3.x/95/98/NT/2000 (*) - - - fpTeX (Win32-Web2c, auch ``teTeX für Windows'' genannt): - CTAN: systems/win32/fptex/, http://www.fptex.org - Basiert auf Web2c Version 7.x. In der aktuellen Version, die auch - ab der 6. Auflage der CD-ROM ``TeX Live'' enthalten ist, läuft die - Installation sehr komfortabel entweder über eine - Standard-Installation oder über ein ausführliches Paketauswahlmenü - ab. Auf Wunsch werden auch der PostScript-Interpreter - Ghostscript/GSView, die Editoren Emacs oder WinEdt sowie weitere - nützliche Software wie die Grafikbibliothek ImageMagick - installiert. Weitere Informationen finden sich in der Datei - CTAN: systems/win32/fptex/docs/fptex.pdf oder über die oben - angegebene fpTeX-Homepage. - - MikTeX: - CTAN: systems/win32/miktex/ - Für Windows 95 und NT (auch Versionen für Power-PC), genaueres - unter http://www.miktex.org/ und - http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~minten/NTTeXing/NTTeXing.html - sowie im Dokument ``LaTeX, Emacs etc. for your PC'' - http://www.math.auc.dk/~dethlef/Tips/introduction.html. - Eine Installationsbeschreibung eines TeX-Gesamtsystems aus MikTeX, - Ghostview und WinEdt für Einsteiger findet man unter - http://www.dante.de/help/documentation/miktex/ und - CTAN: info/german/MiKTeX-WinEdt-TrueType-Anleitung/latex.htm Zu - MikTeX, Ghostview und Emacs u.a. findet man hier Informationen: - http://www.math.auc.dk/~dethlef/Tips/introduction.html - LaTeX - ein komplettes Setup unter Windows: - http://www.joachimschlosser.de/Informatik/Tips/latexsystem.html - - WinEmTeX (ehemals: tex4win; emTeX für Windows): - http://ipe.et.uni-magdeburg.de/~werner/winemtex.htm - Komplette TeX-Distribution für Windows mit allen notwendigen - Teilen des emTeX-Paketes zusammen mit Ghostscript und dem Editor - WinEdit von Wilson Windowware, durch Installations-Skript sofort - funktionsfähig installierbar; durch Skriptsprache des Editors sind - alle TeX-Funktionen (übersetzen, Vorschau usw.) per Menu oder - Tastaturkürzel aufrufbar, Syntax-Hervorhebung durch Farbe; - integrierte BibTeX-Oberfläche, kontextsensitive LaTeX-Hilfe, - automatische Fontgenerierung; momentan nur Dokumentation in - deutsch. (Die unregistrierte Shareware-Version des Editors ist auf - Textlängen von 1000 Zeilen beschränkt!) - - emTeX: - siehe OS/2, MS-DOS - - web2c 7.0 (DJGPP-Port): - siehe OS/2, MS-DOS - - BaKoMa TeX: - CTAN: nonfree/systems/win32/bakoma/ - Shareware; vollständiges TeX-System mit integrierter Umgebung, - unterstützt skalierbare Schriften (OpenType, TrueType, PostScript - Type-1 und Type-3 inkl. Multiple-Master-Fonts), enthält - erweiterten BaKoMa-Schriftensatz. - - TrueTeX: - http://idt.net/~truetex/ - Kommerzielles TeX-System - - Y&Y TeX: - http://www.YandY.com/ - Kommerzielles TeX-System - - VTeX: - http://www.micropress-inc.com/ - Kommerzielles TeX-System - - Scientific Word/Scientific WorkPlace: - Kommerzielles TeX-System für Windows, Pseudo-WYSIWYG. - - -4.2.4 OS/2, MS-DOS - - - emTeX: - CTAN: systems/msdos/emtex/ - CTAN: obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip - Vollständiges System mit vielen Tools, leicht installierbar, viele - Erweiterungen (z.B. GUI) von fremden Autoren verfügbar; findet man - auf der CD-ROM `4allTeX' in einer von der CD-ROM lauffähigen - Version! - - emTeX/TDS: - CTAN: systems/os2/emtex-contrib/emtexTDS/ - Auf emTeX basierende TeX-Distribution für OS/2, aufgebaut gemäß - dem TDS-Standard. Ein Installationsskript richtet ein - betriebsfähiges (La)TeX mit zusätzlichen Paketen, Schriften, - Anpassung an zahlreiche Sprachen und Unterstützung für PostScript - ein. Die Installation benötigt zusätzlich Teile des emTeX-Pakets. - Dokumentation in Deutsch und Englisch. - - PubliC (e-)TeX/MF/MP: - CTAN: systems/msdos/dostp22/ - Minimal-Ausstattung an Programmen, Makros und Fonts, dafür voll - TDS-kompatibel, enthält e-TeX, leicht installierbar. - - SbTeX: - CTAN: systems/msdos/sbtex/ - - web2c-OS/2: - CTAN: systems/os2/web2c-6.1/ - Portierung des `web2c-6.1'-Pakets (siehe Frage 4.2.2, Unix) für - OS/2 (ab Version 2.0), unvollständiges System, enthält `nur' den - Kern eines TeX-Systems. - - web2c: - http://archiv.leo.org/pub/comp/os/dos/gnu/djgpp/v2apps/tex/ - Portierung von web2c 7.0 für MS-DOS, basiert auf gcc-Portierung - von D.J. Delorie, benötigt Teile des DJGPP-Runtime-Pakets, das - auch auf OS/2 und Windows 95/NT läuft. - - OS/2 TeX: - http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/~kleinboe/g_os2tex.html - Shareware (Registrierungsgebühr 70,-- DM), einfach zu - installierendes System mit eigenem Installationsprogramm, - TeX-Shell mit einfachem Syntax-Highlighting, PM DVI-Previewer, - Schriftarten-Server, unterstützt jeden installierten - OS/2-Druckertreiber. - - 4allTeX Workbench: - siehe Frage 4.3.4 - - VTeX/2: - http://www.micropress-inc.com/os2/ - CTAN: systems/vtex/ - Ein TeX-System, das unmittelbar PDF- oder PostScript-Ausgabe - erzeugt; es ist kostenlos erhältlich und enthält ein komplettes - LaTeX. VTeX/2 läuft nur unter OS/2, nicht unter MS-DOS und ist - nicht identisch mit VTeX für Windows. - - -4.2.5 OpenVMS - - - DECUS-TeX: - CTAN: systems/OpenVMS/ - Dieses Verzeichnis enthält Zip-Archive der Quellen sowie der - vorkompilierten Images für OpenVMS (Alpha und VAX). Makrodateien, - Schriften etc. sind aus den anderen Teilen (macros/, fonts/, - languages/) des CTAN-Archivs zu besorgen. - DECUS-TeX ist eine vollständige, Ready-to-Run-Verteilung für - OpenVMS (Alpha und VAX). Die Images sind dieselben, wie sie auch - von CTAN erhältlich sind. Daneben enthält die Verteilung die - gängigen Formate (Plain, LaTeX, AmS-TeX), sowie XDVI, DVIPS, - TEXINDEX und einige andere Programme. Weiterhin sind alle - Standard-Schriften (CM, LaTeX, AmS-TeX, EC) enthalten. Der gesamte - Umfang beträgt ca. 200MB (inkl. Quellen). DECUS-TeX kann von DECUS - München e.V., Freischützstr. 91, 81927 München gegen einen - Unkostenbeitrag auf folgenden Medien bezogen werden: Magnetband - 6250Bpi, TK50, DAT. - DECUS München e.V. hat die Distribution an DECUS U.S. zur Aufnahme - in die DECUS-Library weitergegeben, die seit einiger Zeit zweimal - jährlich auf CD erscheint. Darüberhinaus hat DECUS U.S. die - Distribution an Compaq (vormals DEC) als Beitrag für die - Freeware-CD weitergeben. Die Freeware-Version unterscheidet siuch - nur in dem `Packaging' von der DECUS-Version; auf der Freeware-CD - ist _ein_ ZIP-Archiv (VMS-Version von Unzip ist notwendig) - vorhanden, während DECUS vier Save-Sets verteilt. - Die aktuelle Freeware-CD (4.0, Stand Dezember 2000) wird an Kunden - zusammen mit der `Consolidated Binary Distribution' ausgeliefert. - Daneben ist der Inhalt der Freeware-CD im Internet auf dem - WWW-Server von Compaq verfügbar. Einstiegspunkt ist beispielsweise - http://www.openvms.compaq.com/. - - -4.2.6 Apple MacOS - -Eine gute Übersicht über alle Implementierungen von TeX-Systemen und -Teilen davon (BibTeX etc.) sowie von Editoren und weiteren Tools für -MacOS findet man unter http://www.esm.psu.edu/mac-tex/ - - OzTeX: - CTAN: systems/mac/oztex/ - CTAN: nonfree/systems/mac/oztex-german/ - OzTeX-Homepage: http://www.trevorrow.com/oztex/ - Teils Shareware, bitte mitgelieferte README-Dateien beachten! - (OzTeX-Shareware-Gebühr wurde für Mitglieder von DANTE e.V. - bereits pauschal bezahlt.) - - CMacTeX: - CTAN: nonfree/systems/mac/cmactex/ - CMacTeX-Homepage: http://www.kiffe.com/cmactex.html - Shareware. Beruht auf Web2c-7.x. Enthält u.a. e-TeX, Omega, - pdfTeX, 8Bit-BibTeX, unterstützt PS-Schriften wahlweise im pfb-, - pfa- oder Mac-Format. - - DirectTeX: - CTAN: nonfree/systems/mac/directtex/ - Teils Shareware, bitte mitgelieferte README-Dateien beachten! - - Textures: - Kommerzielles TeX-System, Pseudo-WYSIWYG - - -4.2.7 MacOS X (Unix) - - - teTeX für MacOS X: - http://www.rna.nl/tex.html, - ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/comp/maxosx/tex-gs/, - http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/tetex.tar.gz - vollständiges teTeX-System (siehe Beschreibung unter Unix/Linux) - mit Installationsanleitung und graphischem Frontend TeXShop. - TeXShop: http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/texshop.html - - -4.2.8 BeOS (Intel/PowerPC): - - -Ausführbare Programme - TeX (Web2C http://www.bebits.com/app/1130 -7.2): -DVI Viewer: http://www.bebits.com/app/1129 -Be-PDF: http://www.bebits.com/app/159 - http://www.frbug.org/pdf/ -Ghostscript: http://www.bebits.com/app/797 - http://anobject.com/jehamby/Code/ - - - -4.2.9 Plan 9 - - - TeX für Plan 9 from Bell Labs: - http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9dist/TeX.html - TeX-System für Plan 9. Dieses System enthält die Quellen, - ausführbare Programme für x86, Schriften und alle Anpassungen. - - -4.2.10 Amiga - - - AmiWeb2C: - CTAN: systems/amiga/amiweb2c/ - beruht auf Web2c-7.2, enthält METAPOST 0.641, e-TeX v2.0, - Omega 1.5 und pdfTeX 0.12; das System wird mangels Zeit vom Autor - nicht mehr weiterentwickelt. - - PasTeX: - CTAN: systems/amiga/pastex/ - vollständiges TeX-System; wegen Zeitmangel des Autors nicht mehr - weiterentwickelt. - - AmigaTeX: - http://www.radicaleye.com - kommerzielles TeX-System; ist laut Auskunft auf der angegebenen - WWW-Seite nicht mehr verfügbar. - - -4.2.11 Atari ST - - - Lindner-TeX/Birkhahn-MF: - CTAN: systems/atari/lindner-tex/ - - CS-TeX: - CTAN: systems/atari/cs-tex/ - veraltetes TeX-System von 1992, neuere Version als MultiTeX - kommerziell vertrieben (jedoch mittlerweile auch veraltet) - - -4.2.12 NeXT: - - - TeX for NEXTSTEP/OpenStep: - http://www.mathi.uni-heidelberg.de/~flight/stepTeX/ - - -4.2.13 AtheOS: - - - teTeX: - http://www.atheos.cx/download/list.php3?full_desc - ftp://atheos.sourceforge.net/pub/atheos/packages/ - TeX-System für AtheOS (Binär-Distribution). - - -4.3 Editoren, Frontend-/GUI-Programme (*) - - -4.3.1 Welche Editoren soll ich verwenden? Gibt es graphische -Benutzungsoberflächen, die den Aufruf der einzelnen Programme -vereinfachen oder automatisieren? - -Grundsätzlich sollte man den Editor verwenden, mit dem man am besten -arbeiten kann. Denn: Man verbringt die meiste Zeit im Editor, nicht nur -zum Erstellen von (La)TeX-Dokumenten, sondern beim Erstellen jedes -Textes. -Die Listen in den folgenden Abschnitten stellen eine unvollständige -Auswahl von verfügbaren Bedienumgebungen und Editoren mit -(La)TeX-Unterstützung dar. Für die nicht explizit genannten Systeme (wie -Atari ST) gibt es ebenso an diese Systeme angepaßte Bedienumgebungen. - -4.3.2 Unix (einschließlich Linux) (*) - - - `Emacs' mit AUCTeX-Mode: - Unter X11 und GNU-Emacs 19.* oder 20.* (bzw. XEmacs) hat man - Menüs, Klammerungstest, sehr mächtige Eingabe-Shortcuts, mit - `font-lock' Hervorhebung durch Farbe, Syntax-Check, Aufruf von - TeX, Previewer und weiterer Tools etc. - - `xtem': - Eine in Tcl/Tk geschriebene, unter X11 laufende Bedienoberfläche, - von der aus die wichtigsten Programme eines TeX-Systems integriert - werden können; leicht konfigurierbar und wegen Verwendung von Tcl - auch selbst relativ einfach erweiterbar. - - `FTE' - Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux: - Nähere Beschreibung siehe unter `Windows 3.*/95/98/NT'. - - `NEdit': - X-Window/MOTIF-basierter Editor mit Syntax-Hervorhebung für - zahlreiche Programmiersprachen darunter auch LaTeX, BibTeX und - LyX. Weniger mächtig als Emacs, aber z.B. für Windows-Umsteiger - leichter zu bedienen. Zusätzlich zur standardmäßigen - LaTeX-Unterstützung bietet das Paket `NEdit-LaTeX-Extensions' - weitere nützliche Hilfen (AUCTeX-ähnlich). - - `Glimmer': - An den Gnome-Desktop angepaßter Editor mit Syntax-Hervorhebung für - zahlreiche Programmiersprachen, darunter auch LaTeX. - - `Kile': - Bedienoberfläche/Editor mit Syntax-Hervorhebung, - Strukturdarstellung, integriertem DVI-Betrachter u.v.a.. Angepaßt - an die KDE-Oberfläche (X-Window). - - `Ktexmaker2': - Wird jetzt unter dem Namen `Kile' weiterentwickelt. - - `Tk LaTeX Editor': - Ein auf Tk basierender Editor mit Syntax-Hervorhebung und vielen - anderen Hilfsmittel. Ist vermutlich auf verschiedenen - Rechnerplattformen nutzbar. - - -AUCTeX: CTAN: support/auctex/ -S. Kamphausen: XEmacs - Die http://www.skamphausen.de/xemacs/ -Deutschsprachige Einleitung: -xtem: CTAN: support/xtem_texmenu/ -NEdit: http://nedit.org/ - CTAN: support/NEdit-LaTeX-Extensions/ - ftp://humbolt.geo.uu.nl/pub/mirror/NEdit/ -Glimmer: http://glimmer.sourceforge.net/ -Ktexmaker2: http://xm1.net.free.fr/linux/ -Kile: http://xm1.net.free.fr/kile/ -Tk LaTeX Editor: http://conero.lrn.ru/index.php?module=soft - - - -4.3.3 Windows 3.*/95/98/NT - - - `NTemacs' - GNU-Emacs mit AUCTeX-Mode für Win32: - - http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/ntemacs.html - http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~minten/NTTeXing/NTTeXing.html - - - enthält eine FAQ zum GNU-Emacs unter Win32 und Hinweise zur - Installation eines vollständigen TeX-Systems einschließlich eines - an TeX angepaßten GNU-Emacs unter Win32. - - `WinEdt' - Editor für Windows 3.11/95/98/NT: - Shareware, hat Syntax-Highlighting, stellt Templates etc. für - LaTeX bereit; ist sehr gut auf Nutzerbedürfnisse anzupassen, - Support durch den Autor. - - `TeX for Windows' - LaTeX-Editor für Windows 95/98/NT: - Freeware, Formel-Editor, unterstützt LaTeX und BibTeX, Aufruf von - LaTeX, dviwin, dvips, ghostview, ... - - `FTE' - Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux: - Frei verfügbar, Syntax-Highlighting; unterstützt neben LaTeX - etliche weitere Programmiersprachen. Vielseitig konfigurierbar. - - `WinTeX 2000' - TeX Editor für Windows 95/98/NT: - Hat Office 98 Look-and-Feel, Syntax-Highlighting, - Auto-Spell-Check, Thesaurus, BibTeX-Editor, Code-Templates. - - `TeXnicCenter' - Editor und Oberfläche für Windows 95/98/NT: - Frei verfügbar (GPL), bietet vielfältige Möglichkeiten, u.a. - Syntax-Highlighting, Strukturansicht, Templates, über Menüs - vollständig konfigurierbar. - - `Tcltexed' - Editor und Oberfläche: - Frei verfügbar (GPL), programmiert unter Verwendung von Tcl/Tk und - damit unabhängig vom verwendeten Betriebssytem. Bietet - Syntax-Highlighting und gestattet es, externe Programme - einzubinden. - - `WinShell': - Programm frei verfügbar, Quellen nicht. Unterstützt mehrere - Sprachen (englisch, deutsch, französisch), Projekte, mehrere - Dokumente, Start mit Kommandozeilenargumente, Syntax-Highlighting, - Einbindung externer Programme, Lesen von Unix-Dateien u.a. - - -WinEdt: CTAN: nonfree/systems/win32/winedt/ -TeX for http://maitai.wsi.tu-muenchen.de/wheller/ -Windows: - (nicht mehr erreichbar) -FTE: http://fte.sourceforge.net/ -WinTeX 2000: CTAN: nonfree/systems/win32/wintex2000/ - http://www.tex-tools.de/main.html -TeXnicCenter: CTAN: systems/win32/TeXnicCenter/ - http://www.ToolsCenter.org/products/texniccenter/ -Tcltexed: CTAN: support/tcltexed/ - http://studweb.studserv.uni-stuttgart.de/studweb/users/phy/phy10932/tcltexed.htm -WinShell: http://www.winshell.de - - -Unter http://home.nexgo.de/itsfd/texwin.htm ist eine Übersicht von Free- -und Shareware-Programmen zum Bearbeiten von TeX-, LaTeX- und -BibTeX-Dateien zu finden. - -4.3.4 MS-DOS - - - `GNU-Emacs' mit AUCTeX-Mode: - einen vollwertigen GNU Emacs 19.34 mit Pull-Down-Menüs, - Mausunterstützung und Faces gibt es auch für MS-DOS; nähere - Beschreibung siehe `Unix' (Frage 4.3.2). - - `4allTeX Workbench': - Bietet eine einfache, ausreichende Umgebung, in die man sehr - einfach den eigenen Editor und andere Programme einbinden kann - (nur bis 4. Auflage auch für MS-DOS; auf der CD-ROM bzw. im Paket - `4allTeX'). - - `Eddi4TeX': - Ist ein spezieller Editor mit Klammerungstest, Syntax-Checks, - Online-Hilfe, Hervorhebung durch Farbe etc., der durch eine - umfangreiche Makrosprache angepaßt und erweitert werden kann. - - `TeXshell': - Ist eine einfache, einfach anpaßbare Umgebung, in die der eigene - Editor eingebunden werden kann. - - `FTE': - Ein Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux. Nähere - Beschreibung siehe unter `Windows 3.*/95/98/NT'. - - -4allTeX: CTAN: obsolete/systems/msdos/4alltex.zip - (oder auf CD-ROM) -Eddi4TeX: CTAN: systems/msdos/e4t/ -TeXshell: CTAN: systems/msdos/texshell/ - - - -4.3.5 OS/2 - - - `GNU-Emacs' mit AUCTeX-Mode: - Einen vollwertigen GNU Emacs 19.33 mit Pull-Down-Menüs, - Mausunterstützung und Faces gibt es auch für OS/2; nähere - Beschreibung siehe unter `Unix'. - - `EPM' (`Erweiterter Editor', ist bei OS/2 dabei): - PM-Anwendung, z.T. schon an TeX angepaßt (z.B. - Syntax-Highlighting). Zusätzliche Pakete erweitern den Editor zu - einer integrierten TeX-Umgebung und sind für emTeX vorbereitet: - - * epmTeX: Menüunterstützung für TeX, DVI-Treiber usw., - LaTeX-Syntaxassistent, vielfältige Optionen. - * EPM TeX Front End: weiterentwickelte, neuere Variante von - epmTeX, unterstützt PostScript, einfache Installation und - Handhabung, deutschsprachige Anleitung. - - - `FSS TeXeditor': - WPS/PM-Programm, für die Verwendung von emTeX (optional zusammen - mit dvips/Ghostscript) vorkonfiguriert, verwaltet mehrere - TeX-Konfigurationen, mehrere Dateifenster, TeX-Befehle über Menüs - verfügbar, Textbausteine, eigene Makros erstellbar etc. (Freeware) - - `FTE' - Editor für Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2, DOS, Linux: - Nähere Beschreibung siehe unter `Windows 3.*/95/98/NT'. - - -epmTeX: CTAN: systems/os2/epmtex/ -EPM TeX Front End: CTAN: systems/os2/epmtfe/ -FSS TeXeditor: CTAN: systems/os2/texed/ - - - -4.3.6 Apple MacOS: - -Eine gute Übersicht über alle Implementierungen von TeX-Systemen, Teilen -davon (BibTeX etc.) sowie von Editoren und weiteren Tools für MacOS -findet man unter http://www.esm.psu.edu/mac-tex/ - - `Alpha': - Ist ein Texteditor mit sehr guter Unterstützung für LaTeX. - - `iTeXMac': - Ist Texteditor und Bedienoberfläche zu TeX (teTeX-basierend). Es - ist frei verfügbar (GPL). - - -Alpha: CTAN: nonfree/systems/mac/support/alpha/ - (im Unterverzeichnis ``contrib/'' findet man viele - nützliche Dinge und Anpassungen für Alpha) -iTeXMac: http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/monge/j.laurens/iTeXMac/ - - - -4.3.7 BeOS (Intel/PowerPC): - - - `TexEdit': - TeX-syntax-coloring text editor. - - -TexEdit: http://www.beatjapan.org/mirror/www.be.com/beware/Productivity/TexEdit.html - - - -4.3.8 Amiga: - - - `MEmacs': - Ist eine abgespeckte Amiga-Version des GNU-Emacs, die im OS-Paket - enthalten ist. - - `GoldED' v6.x: - Editor, der TeX- bzw. LaTeX-Befehle entsprechend erkennt und viele - Hilfestellungen und Arbeitserleichterungen liefert, über eine - leistungsfähige ARexx-Schnittstelle kann TeX bzw. LaTeX, - DVI-Previewer und Druckertreiber per Mausklick angesteuert werden. - - -GoldED: http://www.members.tripod.com/golded - - - -4.3.9 Gibt es ein WYSIWYG-Frontend für TeX? Ist damit ein interaktives -Gestalten möglich? - -Schon seit Jahren gibt es `Textures'auf MacOS-Rechner. Mit `Scientific -Word/Workplace' kam vor einiger Zeit ein Äquivalent für Windows (PC) auf -den Markt. Beide Systeme haben gemein, daß sie kommerziell vertrieben -werden und daß Dokumente, Fonts u.ä. mit wenigen Einschränkungen mit -anderen TeX-Systemen ausgetauscht werden können. - - Lyx: - `Lyx' verwendet und legt Dokumente in normalen Textdateien ab. Es - verwendet einen eigenen Markup-Stil mit eigenen - Markup-Anweisungen, die als LaTeX-Paket in der Datei ``lyx.sty'' - mitgeliefert werden. Lyx-Dokumente können deshalb auch mit (La)TeX - übersetzt und Teile daraus in eigene Dokumente eingebunden werden. - Vorhandene TeX-Dateien können durch einen Import-Filter eingelesen - werden. Ebenso können Lyx-Dateien nach TeX, PDF, PostScript und - ASCII exportiert werden. Lyx gibt es für Unix/linux, Win32, OS/2 - und MacOS X. Mehr Informationen, Source bzw. Binaries für `Lyx' - und der benötigten Bibliothek `XForms' über - - http://www.lyx.org/ - ftp://ftp.lyx.org/pub/lyx/ - - - Seit April 1998 gibt es eine an den KDE Desktop (Unix) angepaßte - Variante unter dem Namen `KLyx', die mit KDE ausgeliefert wird, - jedoch nicht mit Lyx identisch ist. - - TeXmacs: - `TeXmacs' ist ein Texteditor mit WYSIWYG-ähnlicher Darstellung - unter Beibehaltung logischer Strukturen. Einige der Funktionen - sind denen des Editors Emacs nachempfunden, wobei die Bedienung - erheblich einfacher ist. `TeXmacs' ist auf Systemen mit X-Window - lauffähig und fertige Binaries für Linux und Solaris sind - verfügbar. Zur Darstellung werden direkt TeX-Fonts verwendet. - Außerdem existiert eine Schnittstelle zu dem - Computer-Algebrasystem pari. - - http://www.math.u-psud.fr/~anh/TeXmacs/TeXmacs.html - CTAN: systems/unix/TeXmacs - - - - e:doc: - `e:doc' ist ein Wordprocessor, der eine WYSIWYG-ähnliche - Darstellung bei Beibehaltung logischer Strukturen bietet. Er ist - unter Verwendung von `Perl' und `Tk' geschrieben und somit auf den - meisten Betriebssystemen lauffähig. Derzeit ist das Projekt in - einer frühen Phase. - - http://members.magnet.at/hfbuch/edoc/ - - - - THOT: - `THOT' ist ein Editor, der es gestattet, ein Dokument anhand - seiner Struktur einzugeben bzw. zu modifizieren. Numerierung, - Referenzen, Index, Rechtschreibkorrektur u.a. werden unterstützt. - Ausgabeformate sind PostScript, LaTeX or HTML. Das Programm ist - frei verfügbar und kann unter Betriebssystemen mit - X-Window-Oberfläche genutzt werden. - - http://www.inrialpes.fr/opera/Thot.en.html - - - - Cicero: - `Cicero' ist ein Wordprocessor, der in C++ in Verbindung mit - TCL/TK geschrieben ist und unter X-Window läuft, Ausgabe kann in - LaTeX und mit SGML-Tools aka Linuxdoc-SGML erfolgen. Läuft unter - Linux, evtl. auch auf anderen Unix-Systemen. Cicero ist momentan - noch im Entwicklungsstadium. Mehr Informationen auf der WWW-Seite - - http://zeus.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de/~weis/cicero.html - - - - SciTeXt: - `SciTeXt' ist ein Wordprocessor, der zu Anfang der Entwicklung - unter X/Motif lief. Zur Zeit wird das Programm nach Java portiert - und soll somit auf den meisten Rechnersystem lauffähig sein. - Aufgrund des sehr frühen Entwicklungsstadiums ist noch keine - verwendbare Version verfügbar. Mehr Informationen auf der - WWW-Seite - - http://www.uni-paderborn.de/~SciTeXt/ - (Seit 1997 unverändert.) - - - - -4.3.10 Gibt es bequeme Editoren für -BibTeX-Literaturdatenbankdateien? (*) - -Die folgende Liste mit einigen Editoren und Frontend-Programme, zur -Eingabe und Manipulation von BibTeX-Literaturdatenbanken, ist noch sehr -unvollständig: - - `GNU-Emacs'/`XEmacs' mit BibTeX-Mode: - Der Editor Emacs ist für Unix, MS-DOS, OS/2, Win32, Amiga und - MacOS verfügbar. Quellenangaben in Abschnitt 4.3. - - `BibGene': - Eine BibTeX-kompatible Literaturverwaltung für MacOS. Importiert - Dateien im BibTeX-Format, exportiert BibTeX-, LaTeX-, RTF- und - HTML-Dateien. - - `bibview': - Für Linux und andere Unix-Versionen. - - `Pybliographer': - Python/PyGTK-basiert, daher für Linux, andere Unix-Versionen und - sonstige Betriebssysteme, auf denen Python und PyGTK verfügbar - ist. Liest und schreibt auch die Formate Ovid, Refer und hat eine - direkte Schnittstelle zu Medline. Deutsche Sprachanpassung, - aufgrund interner Übersetzung ohne LaTeX-Kenntnisse nutzbar. - - `SIXPACK': - Zum Editieren, Konvertieren (BibTeX-Format, refer, endnote, tib, - medline, html u.v.a.) und Verwalten von Literaturreferenzen. Für - Linux und andere Unix-Versionen. - - `gBib': - Literaturverwaltung angepaßt an den Gnome-Desktop und LyX (siehe - Abschnitt 4.3.9). Für Linux und andere Unix-Versionen. - - `tkbibtex': - Auf Tcl/Tk basierender Editor und Browser für BibTeX-Dateien. - Verwendbar unter jedem Betriebssystem mit installiertem Tcl/Tk. - - `BibDB': - BibDB ist ein Programm zum Erzeugen und Verwalten von - Literaturreferenzen. BibDB verwendet das BibTeX-Format. Es - existieren Versionen für DOS und Windows. - - `Barracuda': - Barracuda ist ein Verwaltungsprogramm für BibTeX-Dateien. Es - benötigt die Qt-Bibliotheken, die unter Linux verfügbar sind. - - `scatman': - Mit dem Programm `scatman' lassen sich Literaturdatenbanken - erstellen und in das BibTeX-Format exportieren. Auch der - umgekehrte Weg ist möglich. Das Programm ist Shareware und läuft - unter Win32. - - `synapsen': - Das Tool `synapsen' ist ein in Java geschriebener, hypertextueller - Zettelkasten mit einer umfassenden BibTeX-Schnittstelle. - - `JBibtexManager': - Ein ebenfalls in Java geschriebenes und damit - plattformunabhängiges frei verfügbares Programm. - - -Ralph Sontag: -BibTeX-Frontends http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2001/0013/data/ -unter Unix: -bibview: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/utils/bibview-2.0/ -BibGene: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/bibs/bibgene -Pybliographer: http://www.gnome.org/pybliographer/ - ftp://ftp.gnome.org:21/pub/GNOME/stable/sources/pyblio/ -SIXPACK: http://www.santafe.edu/~dirk/sixpack/ -gBib: http://gbib.seul.org/ -tkbibtex: http://www.cat.csiro.au/cmst/staff/pic/tkbibtex.html -BibDB: http://www.mackichan.com/BibDB/default.htm - CTAN: support/bibdb/ -Barracuda: http://barracuda.sourceforge.net/ -scatman: http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~aschatt/ -synapsen: http://www.verzetteln.de/synapsen/ -JBibtexManager: http://csb.stanford.edu/nbatada/JBibtexManager/ - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 4 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.5.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.5.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a50c86020c3..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.5.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,963 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 5 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -5 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I) - - -5.1 LaTeX - Grundlegendes - - -5.1.1 Was benötige ich, wenn ich von LaTeX 2.09 auf LaTeX2e umsteigen -bzw. eine neuere LaTeX-Version installieren will? - -Grundsätzlich sollte man sich beim Umstieg von 2.09 oder beim Update -einer älteren 2e-Version immer die komplette LaTeX-Distribution im -Verzeichnis ``base'' besorgen und installieren, nie einzelne Dateien -oder nur einzelne Class-Dateien. Nach dem Entpacken der Distribution und -Installation der einzelnen Dateien ist ein neues Format zu generieren. -Die Anleitung ``install.txt'' enthält genauere Informationen und -wichtige Hinweise - bitte durchlesen! - - Notwendig: - - - * alle Dateien im Verzeichnis ``base''. - * alle Zusatzpakete wie `graphics' und damit alle Dateien in den - Verzeichnissen unter dem Verzeichnis ``required''. - * die zusätzlichen CM-Schriften `cmmib' und `cmbsy' in den - Designgrößen 5, 6, 7, 8 und 9 Punkt. - - - Optional, da schon in ``base'' enthalten: - - - * Will man sich, insbesondere auf langsameren Rechnern, das - Entpacken der dtx-Dateien in ``base'' sparen, benötigt man noch - zusätzlich die Dateien im Verzeichnis ``unpacked''. - * Ebenso befindet sich im Verzeichnis ``doc'' die schon - formatierte Dokumentation, also die Dateien - ``base/???guide.tex''. - - - -base: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - CTAN: macros/latex/required/ -line/lcircle/lasy: CTAN: fonts/latex/mf/ - CTAN: fonts/latex/tfm/ -cmmib/cmbsy: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/sources/extracm/ - CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/tfm/ - oder - CTAN: fonts/cm/sauter/ -optional: CTAN: macros/latex/unpacked/ - CTAN: macros/latex/doc/ - - - -5.1.2 Ich habe gehört, daß es für meine LaTeX-Versionen Patches gibt. -Welche Dateien benötige ich, was muß ich tun? - -Für jeden LaTeX-Patch benötigt man immer zumindest die Datei -``patches.txt'' -. Sie beschreibt genau, welche weitere Dateien man noch zu einem -_kompletten_ Patch benötigt. In vielen Fällen gibt es neben der Datei -``ltpatch.ltx'' -, die LaTeX-Kernel-Patches enthält, noch neue Versionen weiterer -Dateien! Näheres in -``patches.txt'' -. -Nachdem man die Dateien geholt und installiert hat, muß ein neues Format -erstellt und installiert werden, damit die Patches in ``ltpatch.ltx'' -aktiv werden. Zur Kontrolle: Danach sollte beim Formatieren eines -Dokuments nach der Meldung `LaTeX2e <1999/06/01>' noch der Zusatz `patch -level X' erscheinen, wobei `X' mit dem installierten Patch -übereinstimmen muß. - -patches.txt: CTAN: macros/latex/base/patches.txt - - - -5.1.3 Was kann ich mit einer Datei mit Endung `.dtx' anfangen? Benötige -ich dazu auf alle Fälle LaTeX? - -Dateien mit `.dtx' sind sogenannte `docstrip archive files', also ein -Archiv, aus dem man mit dem Programm `docstrip' verschiedene Dateien -entpacken kann. Zum Entpacken benötigen Sie nur die Datei -``docstrip.tex'' - oder -``docstrip.dtx'' - und das Programm TeX. ``docstrip.tex'' können Sie mit LaTeX 2.09, -LaTeX2e und auch mit Plain-TeX verwenden. -Wie Sie eine `.dtx'-Datei entpacken müssen, sollten Sie aus einer -Beschreibung zu Beginn der `.dtx'-Datei oder einer separaten -README-Datei entnehmen können. Existiert eine gleichnamige Datei mit -Endung `.ins', so können Sie in den meisten Fällen das `.dtx'-Archiv -``file.dtx'' mit ``tex file.ins'' entpacken. In der Regel erzeugt dieser -Aufruf eine oder mehrere `.sty'-Dateien sowie weitere Hilfs- und -Beispieldateien. Näheres entnehmen Sie bitte der Beschreibung des -Archivs. -Die Dokumentation eines Pakets und der Makros sind ebenso in einem -`.dtx'-Archiv enthalten. Zum Formatieren dieser Dokumentation benötigen -Sie jedoch ein installiertes LaTeX2e - für einige ältere Archive reicht -auch noch das alte LaTeX 2.09. Üblicherweise kann die Dokumentation -(`.dvi'-Datei) durch ``latex file.dtx'' oder ``latex file.drv'' erzeugt -werden. -Ein Befehlsindex eines Paketes kann i.d.R. durch - - makeindex -s gind.ist file - -und einen anschließenden erneuten LaTeX-Lauf erzeugt werden. -Bei der Erzeugung der Dokumentation wird der dokumentierte Quellcode -meist nicht aufgenommen; um ihn einzuschließen, kann vor dem LaTeX-Lauf -im aktuellen Verzeichnis eine Datei ``ltxdoc.cfg'' angelegt werden, die -die folgende Zeile enthält: - - \AtBeginDocument{\AlsoImplementation} - -Näheres ist, falls vorhanden, der mitgelieferten Beschreibung des -Archivs zu entnehmen. -Hinweis: Mit LaTeX ab Dezember 1995 wurde eine Version des Tool -``docstrip.dtx'' verteilt, das gleichzeitig mehrere Dateien aus einem -Archiv entpacken kann und damit um einiges schneller ist. Deshalb lohnt -es sich, wenn Sie eine ältere Version benutzen, diese durch die neue -Version zu ersetzen. - -docstrip: CTAN: macros/latex/base/docstrip.dtx - CTAN: macros/latex/base/docstrip.ins - (Bestandteil von LaTeX, kann aber auch mit Plain-TeX - verwendet - werden!) - - -5.1.4 Wie installiert man am besten ein neues Paket, eine neue Klasse -oder eine neue Schrift in einem bestehenden TeX-System? - -Aktuelle TeX-Systeme legen alle Dateien in einer hierarchischen Struktur -gemäß dem TeX-Directory-Structure-Standard (TDS, siehe Frage 3.1.7) an. -Das Wurzelverzeichnis eines solchen Baumes lautet meist ``texmf''. Unter -teTeX, fpTeX und anderen TeX-Systemen werden die Suchpfade in der Datei -``texmf.cnf'' angegeben, deren Ort man mit ``kpsewhich texmf.cnf'' -herausfinden kann. -Für nachträglich installierte Pakete empfiehlt es sich, diese in einer -eigenen lokalen Verzeichnishierarchie zu installieren (beispielsweise -unter dem Verzeichnis ``texmf.local'', siehe Variable TEXMFLOCAL in -``texmf.cnf''). -Besteht ein LaTeX-Paket nach dem eventuell notwendigen Entpacken der -dtx-Dateien aus einer Einzeldatei, so wird diese in der TDS-Hierarchie -in ``texmf.local/tex/latex/misc/'' abgelegt. Gehören zu dem Paket -mehrere sty-, cls-, fd- oder ähnliche Dateien, so werden diese in ein -neu erzeugtes Verzeichnis unter ``texmf.local/tex/latex/_Paketname_'' -verschoben. -Schriften, Dokumentation, BibTeX-Dateien, dvips-Konfigurationsdateien -u.ä. werden analog gemäß TDS in entsprechende Unterverzeichnisse unter -``texmf.local'' verschoben. Näheres sollte in der README-Datei des -Pakets erläutert sein. -Zum Abschluss darf man nicht vergessen, die sogenannte -_Filename-Database_ auf den aktuellen Stand zu bringen, da sonst die neu -installierten Dateien nicht gefunden werden. Näheres finden Sie in der -Dokumentation Ihres TeX-Systems und unter Frage 8.5.10. -Einige TeX-Systeme bieten ein Konfigurations-Werkzeug, um zusätzliche -Pakete nachträglich zu installieren oder vorhandene Pakete zu -aktualisieren. Unter fpTeX geht dies über das Setup-Menü, unter MikTeX -verwendet man das Options-Tool. Beide sorgen nach der Änderung -automatisch für die Aktualisierung der Dateinamens-Datenbank. - -Managing a one-person TeX http://www.ctan.org/installationadvice/ -system: - - - -5.1.5 Wie gehe ich am besten vor, wenn ich eine bestehende LaTeX-Klasse -ändern bzw. an meine eigenen Vorgaben anpassen will? - -Statt von einer bestehenden Klasse wie ``article.cls'' eine Kopie unter -eigenem Namen, hier als Beispiel ``detexfaq.cls'', anzulegen, empfiehlt -es sich, eine schon bestehende Klasse zu laden und anschließend alle -notwendigen Änderungen durchzuführen. Hierzu bietet LaTeX eine Reihe von -Möglichkeiten, die in der Dokumentation für Klassen-Autoren -``clsguide.tex'' beschrieben sind. Als einfaches Beispiel hätte damit -die neue Klasse ``detexfaq.cls'', in der als Standard-Optionen -`11pt,a4paper' verwendet werden und die beiden Pakete `german' und -`remreset' bereits implizit geladen werden, folgendes Aussehen: - - %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CUT HERE - %% detexfaq.cls -- DE-TeX-FAQ's modified ``article.cls'' - \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}\relax - \ProvidesClass{detexfaq}[2000/05/11 Article Class from DE-TeX-FAQ] - %% Lade nun ``article.cls'', wobei als Default-Optionen ``11pt'' und - %% A4-Papierformat als Default gesetzt werden (fuer diese muss - explizit - %% eine Deklaration hier vorhanden sein) und alle weiteren vom Autor - %% gegebenen Optionen einfach `durchgereicht' werden: - \DeclareOption{a4paper}{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} - \DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} - \DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} - \ExecuteOptions{a4paper,11pt} - \ProcessOptions\relax - \LoadClass{article} - %% Ab hier kann man Aenderungen an den Makros der geladenen Klasse - %% durchfuehren (bitte mit \renewenvironment oder \renewcommand!), - %% Pakete hinzuladen und/oder eigene Anweisungen und Umgebungen - %% definieren: - \RequirePackage{german} - \RequirePackage{remreset} - %% Schliesslich wird die Klassendatei `sauber' beendet': - \endinput - %% End of ``detexfaq.cls'' - %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CUT HERE - -Diese Vorgehensweise hat einige Vorteile. So bleibt die eigene -Klassendatei relativ klein und enthält nur die notwendigen Änderungen -und Ergänzungen. Ändert sich an der verwendeten Klasse etwas, z.B. -werden Fehler korrigiert, so sind in den meisten Fällen keinerlei -Änderung an der eigenen Klassendatei zum Nachvollziehen dieser -Änderungen notwendig. Daneben dokumentiert man explizit, von welcher -Klasse und Versionsnummer man als Basis ausgegangen ist, zumal diese -Klasse und alle geladenen Pakete mit ihren Versionsnummern bei einem im -Dokumentkopf eingefügten \listfiles auftauchen. - -clsguide.tex: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - - - -5.1.6 Wie kann ich unter LaTeX eine Anweisung mit optionalem Parameter -definieren? - -In LaTeX kann man mit den Anweisungen \newcommand, \renewcommand, -\newenvironment und \renewenvironment eigene Anweisungen und Umgebungen -definieren, die einen optionalen Parameter als erstes Argument besitzen. -Nähere Informationen finden sich in der Dokumentation für Autoren -``usrguide.tex''. - -usrguide.tex: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - - - -5.1.7 Wie erkenne ich bei einer Anweisung mit optionalem Parameter, ob -dieser vom Autor angegeben wurde? - -Mit Hilfe des im Paket `ifthen' definierten Vergleichs \equal kann man -das optionale Argument mit dem voreingestellten Wert vergleichen. Das -folgende Beispiel geht davon aus, daß der voreingestellte Wert leer sein -soll: - - \usepackage{ifthen} - \newcommand{\meineanweisung}[2][]{% #1 = optional, #2 = notwendig - \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{% - % Autor hat kein oder leeres optionales Argument angegeben - }{% - % Autor hat optionales Argument angegeben - }} - - -ifthen: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - - - -5.1.8 Wie kann ich in LaTeX eine Anweisung mit mehr als einem optionalen -Parameter definieren? - -Mit \newcommand kann man nur ein Makro mit einem einzigen optionalen -Parameter definieren. Will man ein Makro mit mehr als einem optionalen -Parameter definieren, so muß man hierzu mehrere Makros mit jeweils einem -optionalen Parameter definieren, die den Wert des Parameters -zwischenspeichern und das nächste Makro aufrufen. -Hier ist ein Beispiel für ein Makro \cubic[a][b][c]{d} mit drei -optionalen Argumenten: - - \newcommand{\erstesargument}{} - \newcommand{\zweitesargument}{} - - \newcommand{\cubic}[1][a]{% erstes optionales Argument - \begingroup % Definitionen von \...argument lokal halten - \renewcommand{\erstesargument}{#1}% opt. Argument speichern - \cubicZwei} - \newcommand{\cubicZwei}[1][b]{% zweites optionales Argument - \renewcommand{\zweitesargument}{#1}% opt. Argument speichern - \cubicDrei} - \newcommand{\cubicDrei}[2][c]{% drittes opt. + notwendiges Argument - \({\erstesargument}x^3+{\zweitesargument}x^2+#1x+#2\)% - \endgroup} - -Eine weitere Möglichkeit bietet das Paket `twoopt': - - \newcommandtwoopt{\Cmd}[3][DefaultA][DefaultB]{Args: #1, #2, #3} - -In Anlehnung an die Standard-LaTeX-Definitionen existieren auch die -Anweisungen \renewcommandtwoopt und \providecommandtwoopt. - -twoopt: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/ - - - -5.1.9 Wie kann ich innerhalb des optionalen Arguments einer Anweisung -zusätzliche eckige Klammern, beispielsweise die eines optionalen -Arguments einer anderen Anweisung, verwenden? - -Im Unterschied zu den geschwungenen Klammern {...}, die immer paarweise -und korrekt geschachtelt werden müssen, sucht LaTeX bei eckigen Klammern -einfach nach der nächsten schließenden eckigen Klammer ], ohne auf -korrekte Schachtelung dieser Klammern zu achten. Um dies zu verhindern, -muß man einfach innerhalb der eckigen Klammern [...] ein geschweiftes -Klammerpaar einfügen, wie dies hier als Beispiel für \twocolumn gezeigt -wird: - - \twocolumn[{ ... \sqrt[3]{x^2} ... }] - - -5.2 LaTeX - Probleme beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09 - - -5.2.1 Anweisungen wie \tenrm, \twlrm, \fivrm etc., die von einigen -Paketen wie PiCTeX verwendet werden, sind nicht mehr definiert. Was muß -ich da ändern? - -Diese Namen für Schriften wurden nie dokumentiert und sollten im alten -LaTeX 2.09 nur LaTeX-intern verwendet werden. Da das Fontauswahlschema -namens NFSS2 in LaTeX2e komplett neu geschrieben wurde, sind diese -ehemals internen Namen nicht mehr vorhanden. Es ist daher am besten, -diese alten Pakete so umzuschreiben, daß diese internen Schriftnamen -nicht mehr verwendet werden. In der Zwischenzeit kann man mit Hilfe des -Paketes `rawfonts' diese Namen nachdefinieren, wie z.B. mit - - \usepackage[only,fivrm]{rawfonts} - -für PiCTeX. - -rawfonts.sty: CTAN: macros/latex/required/ - - - -5.2.2 Beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09 mit NFSS (Version 1) auf LaTeX2e -ändert sich auch das Verhalten der Anweisungen \rm, \bf, \it etc. auf -das Verhalten des Original-LaTeX 2.09. Wie bekomme ich das alte -inkompatible Verhalten von NFSS Version 1? - -Mit dem Paket `newlfont' erhält man das Verhalten von NFSS v1, ohne daß -man in den meisten Fällen das Dokument ändern muß: - - \usepackage{newlfont} - -Für neue Dokumente sollte man jedoch besser gleich die neuen Anweisungen -\textrm{...}, \textbf{...}, \textit{...} etc. verwenden. Diese -Anweisungen haben darüber hinaus den Vorteil, daß eine eventuell -notwendige `italic correction' automatisch eingefügt wird. - -newlfont.sty: CTAN: macros/latex/required/ - - - -5.2.3 Einige mathematische Symbole (\Box, \lhd, \leadsto, \Join, \mho, -\sqsubset etc.) sind nicht mehr definiert - wieso? - -Die LaTeX-Symbolschriften `lasy10' und `lasyb10' enthalten nur sehr -wenige relativ selten benutzte Symbole. Daher werden diese Schriften in -LaTeX2e nicht mehr standardmäßig geladen, sondern müssen vom Benutzer -durch Laden von `latexsym' aktiviert werden: - - \usepackage{latexsym} - - -5.2.4 Kann es sein, daß es in LaTeX2e den Parameter \footheight und die -internen Parameter \@maxsep und \@dblmaxsep nicht mehr gibt? Gibt es -einen Ersatz? - -Der Parameter \footheight und die internen Parameter \@maxsep und -\@dblmaxsep wurden in LaTeX 2.09 nie ausgewertet. Deshalb wurden sie in -LaTeX2e entfernt, um die dadurch gesparten Längenregister für andere -Zwecke einsetzen zu können. Zur Anpassung von alten Dokumentstilen an -LaTeX2e kann man daher eine Zuweisung an diese Parameter einfach -ersatzlos streichen. - -5.2.5 Mit älteren Dokumentklassen bekomme ich den Fehler `! Undefined -control sequence.' oder `! LaTeX Error: \mit undefined.' für die -Schriften \mit und \cal. Wieso? - -Bis LaTeX2e <1994/12/01> wurden \cal und \mit im Kernel definiert. Weil -diese Definitionen aber in jeder Standard-Dokumentklasse durch robustere -Varianten ersetzt werden, hat das LaTeX-Team beschlossen, \cal und \mit -nicht mehr im Kernel vorzudefinieren. Damit ist es aber erforderlich, -daß alle Dokumentklassen, die \cal und \mit nicht definieren oder mit -\renewcommand umdefinieren, angepaßt werden müssen. Bei den -Standard-Dokumentklassen hat das niemand bemerkt, da die notwendigen -Anpassungen dieser Dateien automatisch mit einer neuen LaTeX-Version -mitinstalliert werden. - -5.3 (Silben-)Trennung, Absatz-, Seitenumbruch - - -5.3.1 Wie kann ich LaTeX an die neue deutsche Rechtschreibung anpassen? -Gibt es Trennmuster für die neuen Trennregeln? - -Die ``alten'' Trennmuster wurden von Hand so angepaßt, daß die neuen -Trennregeln beachtet werden, wobei die Trennung weiterhin eher nach -Wortherkunft und nicht nach strikter Silbentrennung, die ebenfalls -erlaubt ist, erfolgt. Diese Trennmuster sind in der Datei -``dehyphn.tex'' (vormals ``gnhyph01.tex'') verfügbar. Um diese -Trennmuster nutzen zu können, benötigt man ``german.sty'' ab -Version 2.5e. - -dehyphn: CTAN: language/hyphenation/dehyphn.tex -german.sty: CTAN: language/german/ - - - -5.3.2 Warum trennt (La)TeX Worte mit Umlauten nicht oder nicht korrekt? - -Wie TeX Worte mit Umlauten trennt, hängt davon ab, ob die verwendete -Schrift Umlaute als eigene Lettern enthält und ob man auf diese Lettern -durch entsprechende Paket-Deklarationen beim Setzen eines Textes auch -zugreift. -Bei den alten CM-Schriften muß TeX Umlaute aus einem Buchstaben und -einem Akzent zusammenbasteln, da diese keine Lettern für Umlaute -enthalten. Diese Akzent-Konstruktion irritiert TeXs Trennalgorithmus, -und so trennt TeX nur den Wortteil bis zum ersten Umlaut. Im Paket -`german' und _einigen_ Babel-Versionen wird durch einen aus dem TeXbook -(Anhang D, S. 394, \allowhyphens) entnommenen Trick erreicht, daß alle -Wortteile zwischen den Umlauten einzeln getrennt werden. Bei dieser -Vorgehensweise werden nicht alle Trennstellen gefunden oder es treten -teilweise falsche Trennungen (Bsp.: "ubert-ragen statt "uber-tra-gen) -auf. -Abhilfe schaffen nur Schriften, die die Umlaute und andere akzentuierte -Zeichen als einzelne Lettern enthalten. Ein Beispiel hierfür sind alle -T1-kodierten Schriften, darunter die EC-Schriftfamilie (siehe Frage -10.1.3) und die T1-kodierten PostScript-Schriften. Unter neueren -Versionen von LaTeX und `german.sty' bzw. Babel lassen sich T1-kodierte -Schriften recht einfach durch die Deklaration - - \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} - -in der Präambel des Dokuments verwenden. - -5.3.3 Wie kann ich Trennungsausnahmen mit Umlauten in \hyphenation -verwenden? - -Auch hier gilt, daß man in \hyphenation in den Trennungsausnahmen nur -Zeichen verwenden kann, für die auch Lettern in der momentan benutzten -Schrift existieren (siehe Frage 5.3.2). Da mit CM-Schriften die Umlaute -aus zwei Lettern zusammengesetzt werden müssen, kann man für Wörter mit -Umlauten keine Trennungsausnahmen angeben. Erst bei Verwendung von -T1-kodierten Schriften, wie der EC-Schriftfamilie, oder auch von -Schriften in einer entsprechenden anderen Kodierung, die eigene Lettern -für Umlaute enthalten, kann man Trennungsausnahmen angeben. -Hier ist ein einfaches Beispiel (`german.sty' ist hier nur zum -Umschalten auf die deutschen Trennmuster ``dehypht.tex'' notwendig): - - \documentclass{article} - \usepackage{german} - \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} - \hyphenation{Ver-st\"ar-ker-aus-gang} - \begin{document} - \showhyphens{Verst\"arkerausgang} - % ohne Trennausnahme: Ver-st^^e4r-ke-r-aus-gang - % mit Trennausnahme: Ver-st^^e4r-ker-aus-gang - \end{document} - - -5.3.4 Wie kann ich `Hurenkinder' (engl. widows), also einzelne Zeilen -eines Absatzes am Kopf von Buchseiten, bzw. -`Schusterjungen/Waisenkinder' (engl. clubs), einzelne Absatzzeilen auf -der Seite unten, verhindern? - -TeX kennt die Parameter \widowpenalty und \clubpenalty, mit denen man -die `Strafpunkte' festlegen kann, falls ein Hurenkind bzw. ein -Schusterjunge beim Seitenumbruch entstehen sollte. Außerdem gibt es noch -den Parameter \displaywidowpenalty für Hurenkinder nach einer -abgesetzten mathematischen Formel. Da TeX den Wert 10000 als unendlich -große Strafe interpretiert, kann man mit den Zeilen - - \clubpenalty = 10000 - \widowpenalty = 10000 \displaywidowpenalty = 10000 - -Hurenkinder und Schusterjungen komplett unterdrücken. (Das Paket -`schuster' enthält genau diese Zeilen.) -Man sollte jedoch bedenken, daß man bei einem Satzspiegel mit fester -Höhe (\flushbottom) und registerhaltigem Satz Hurenkinder und -Schusterjungen nur schwerlich verhindern kann - insbesondere wenn man -dies bei zweiseitigem Druck für jede Doppelseite beachten muß. Hier ist -es oft besser, die einzelne Zeile zuzulassen oder zu versuchen, einen -Absatz durch geringfügige Umformulierung eine Zeile länger oder kürzer -zu machen. -Weiterhin gibt es die Möglichkeit, Absätze, die schon sehr voll sind, -mit \looseness=1 um eine Zeile zu dehnen oder Absätze, die recht leer -sind, mit \looseness=-1 um eine Zeile zu kürzen. Manchmal führt dies -jedoch zu merklichen Änderungen des Grauwerts des Absatzes. (Achtung: -Der Wert von \looseness gilt außerhalb von Listen-Umgebungen nur für den -aktuellen Absatz. Innerhalb einer Listen-Umgebung muß die Zuweisung -zusammen mit \par durch eine Gruppe lokal gehalten werden {\looseness=1 -\par}, wenn die Änderung nur für einen Absatz gelten soll.) - -5.3.5 Wie muß in LaTeX die Datei ``hyphen.cfg'' aussehen, um die -deutschen Trennmuster ``dehypht.tex'' (vormals ``ghyph31.tex'') in das -LaTeX-Format einzubinden? - -Eine Anleitung zur Installation der deutschen Trennmuster enthält -``gerdoc'', die Kurzbeschreibung des German-Styles vom Mai 1997. Diese -Anleitung beschreibt auch die Installation der Trennmuster in Plain-TeX -und LaTeX 2.09. Beispiel von ``hyphen.cfg'' für LaTeX: - - %% Konfigurationsdatei -- Trennmuster: `hyphen.cfg' - \message{== Loading hyphenation patterns:} - - \chardef\l@USenglish=\language - \chardef\l@english=\l@USenglish %% british english als `Dialekt' - \input hyphen - - \newlanguage\l@german \language=\l@german - \chardef\l@austrian=\l@german - \input dehypht - - \newlanguage\l@ngerman \language=\l@ngerman - \input dehyphn - - %% weitere Sprachen nach folgendem Schema: - % \newlanguage\l@SPRACHE \language=\l@SPRACHE - % \chardef\l@DIALEKT=\l@SPRACHE - % \input SPRACHhyphen - - %% Default-Trennmuster: USenglish - \language=\l@USenglish \lefthyphenmin=2 \righthyphenmin=3 - \endinput - -_Hinweis:_ Einige Distributionen benutzen stillschweigend die Datei -``hyphen.cfg'' aus dem Babel-Paket. Außerdem wurde meist ``hyphen.tex'' -in ``ushyph1.tex'' umbenannt, um unter dem Namen ``hyphen.tex'' die -Datei ``hyphen.cfg'' aus Babel auch für Plain-TeX einbinden zu können. -In diesem Fall führt ein ``\input hyphen'', wie im obigen Beispiel -beschrieben, zu einer Endlosschleife! - -gerdoc: CTAN: language/german/gerdoc.tex - - - -5.3.6 Wieso werden Texte in `typewriter'-Schriften nicht getrennt? Gibt -es eine Möglichkeit, daß doch getrennt werden kann? - -TeX trennt nur, wenn die aktuell verwendete Schrift einen Divis -(Trennungsstrich) besitzt. Dazu ist jeder Schrift ein Divis durch den -Parameter \hyphenchar<font> zugeordnet, der bei den meisten Schriften -auf den Wert `\-, also auf das Zeichen ``-'', gesetzt ist. Bei den -`typewriter'-Schriften ist dieser Wert aber auf -1 gesetzt, d.h. auf ein -nicht vorhandenes Zeichen. Damit ist die Trennung für diese Schriften -unterdrückt, was in den meisten Fällen auch sinnvoll ist. -Will man dennoch, daß TeX einen in `typewriter' gesetzten Textteil -automatisch trennt, so muß man den \hyphenchar für diese Schriften auf -`\- setzen. Dies geht in LaTeX am einfachsten, wenn man die Anweisung -\ttfamily umdefiniert: - - \newcommand{\origttfamily}{}% sollte noch nicht definiert sein! - \let\origttfamily=\ttfamily % alte Definition von \ttfamily sichern - \renewcommand{\ttfamily}{\origttfamily \hyphenchar\font=`\-} - -Man könnte alternativ dazu auch die Dateien ``*cmtt*.fd'' ändern und die -Anweisung \hyphenchar\font\m@ne in \DeclareFontFamily entfernen. Dies -ist jedoch nicht ratsam, wenn man Texte an andere weitergeben will, da -man dann nicht vergessen darf, die so geänderten `*.fd'-Dateien -mitzugeben. -Für LaTeX 2.09 (oder analog auch für Plain-TeX) muß das Makro \tt -umdefiniert werden: - - \newcommand{\origtt}{} - \let\origtt=\tt - \renewcommand{\tt}{\origtt \hyphenchar\font=`\-} - -Wichtiger Hinweis: TeX kann eine Schrift unter unterschiedlichen Namen -laden, wobei TeX alle diese Schriften nur ein einziges Mal lädt und für -die anderen Schriften nur `Aliases' anlegt. Daher gibt es -\hyphenchar<font> nur einmal pro `echten' Font und \hyphenchar<font> ist -wie auch \fontdimen<font> ein besonderer Parameter: Alle Zuweisungen an -\hyphenchar<font> werden _immer_ global ausgeführt. Außerdem sieht sich -TeX diesen Parameter erst am Absatzende beim Umbruch dieses Absatzes an, -so daß mit obiger Änderung nicht möglich ist, die Trennung für einen in -`typewriter' gesetzten Textteil zu ermöglichen, für einen anderen im -selben Absatz zu verbieten. -Eine weitere Methode, Trennungen für `typewriter'-Schriften zu erlauben, -bietet das Paket `hyphenat': - - \usepackage[htt]{hyphenat} - -Darüber hinaus kann es auch benutzt werden, um Trennung selektiv zu -erlauben oder zu verbieten. - -hyphenat: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyphenat/ - - - -5.3.7 Warum trennt LaTeX Wörter mit Bindestrich nicht bzw. nur am -Bindestrich, auch wenn die Trennausnahmeliste diese enthält? - -TeX fügt nach dem aktuellen Trennzeichen implizit (fast) immer einen -sogenannten \discretionary ein, der wie \- eine explizite Trennstelle -angibt. Da sowohl \- als auch \discretionary dazu führen, daß die -Trennung in den übrigen Wortteilen unterdrückt wird, werden solche -Wörter außer am Trennstrich nicht mehr getrennt. Dieses eigenwillige -Verhalten von TeX ist für Sprachen, in denen wenige Bindestriche -verwendet werden, günstig und sinnvoll, da zusätzliche Trennungen in -solchen Wörtern meist die Lesbarkeit erschweren. -Um Wörter mit Bindestrichen dennoch zu trennen, existieren zwei -Möglichkeiten: Man gibt im Dokumenttext bei diesen Wörtern, insbesondere -wo schlecht getrennt werden kann, mit \- oder "- weitere mögliche -Trennstellen vor oder man verwendet "= anstelle des Bindestrichs. -Näheres ist hierzu der Dokumentation des Paketes `german' zu entnehmen. -Die andere Möglichkeit, die bislang nur von Experten umgesetzt werden -kann, besteht bei Schriften, die eine zweite Letter für einen -Bindestrich besitzen. Für diese Schriften kann man diese zweite Letter -als Trennstrich deklarieren. Zusammen mit den zusätzlichen Trennmustern -in ``hypht1.tex'' ist damit eine automatische Trennung von Wörtern mit -Bindestrichen und deren Aufnahme in die Trennausnahmeliste möglich. - -german.sty: CTAN: language/german/ -hypht1.tex: CTAN: language/hyphenation/hypht1.tex - - - -5.4 Seitenlayout, Layout allgemein, Kopf- und Fußzeilen (*) - - -5.4.1 Gibt es neben den Standard-LaTeX-Klassen auch Klassen mit einem -`europäischeren' Design? - -Die NTG hat verschiedene Klassenentwickelt, die im Vergleich zum Layout -der Standard-LaTeX-Klassen kleinere Überschriften und eine -einheitlichere Einrückung der Absätze und Listen definieren. -Das KOMA-Script-Paket enthält ebenfalls Klassen (`scrartcl', `scrreprt', -`scrbook' und `scrlettr'), die die Standardklassen ersetzen. Es wurden -dort eine Vielzahl von Änderungen eingeführt, die ein günstigeres -Aussehen bewirken. So wird z.B. der Satzspiegel besser an das -Papierformat angeglichen. Nähere Einzelheiten enthält die ausführliche -Beschreibung in der beigefügten Datei ``scrguide.dvi''. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -NTG-Klassen: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass/ - - - -5.4.2 Ich suche eine Klasse für Briefe, die weitgehend die verschiedenen -DIN-Normen und deutschen Gepflogenheiten berücksichtigt. - -Unter LaTeX 2.09 ist `dinbrief' weit verbreitet, der von anderen Autoren -auch für LaTeX2e verfügbar gemacht wurde. Darüber hinaus findet man im -KOMA-Script-Paket die Klasse `scrlettr' und es gibt mit `g-brief' und -`akletter' noch weitere Beispiele für angepaßte Klassen. - -dinbrief: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/dinbrief/ -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -g-brief: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/g-brief/ -akletter: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/akletter/ - (Anm.: `akletter' hieß in früheren Version `myletter', ein - schlechter, - weil häufig gewählter Name.) - - -5.4.3 Gibt es eine bequemere Möglichkeit, ein Seitenlayout anzugeben, -als dadurch, Parameter, wie \textheight, einzeln zu verändern? - -Mit dem Paket `typearea' aus dem KOMA-Script-Paket kann man den Anteil -des Textbereichs an der Gesamtseite abhängig von der Schriftgröße nach -Tschicholds (siehe Frage 2.4.2) n-Teilungder Seite berechnen lassen - - \documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{...} % Ausgangspapiergroesse - % BCOR1cm: zusaetzlich 1cm Rand fuer die Bindung. - % DIV10: fuer 11pt-Schrift wird 10-Teilung verwendet, bei `oneside' - % nimmt der Text 7/10 der Restseite ein. - \usepackage[BCOR1cm]{typearea} - -Die Verteilung der Ränder erfolgt dabei automatisch nach typographischen -Gesichtspunkten. Diverse Papiergrößen sowie Hoch- und Querformat werden -unterstützt, zusätzliche Formate können definiert werden, und auch die -Option `twoside' wird korrekt behandelt. Ausführliche Informationen dazu -findet man in der beigefügten Datei ``scrguide.dvi''. -Mit diesem Paket, das einem die Berechnung eines wohldefinierten -Satzspiegels abnehmen kann, kann man auch die LaTeX-Parameter für den -Textbereich durch eine einfache Schnittstelle setzen: - - \documentclass[a4paper]{...} % Ausgangspapiergroesse - \usepackage{typearea} - \areaset[1cm]% % Zusaetzlicher Rand fuer die Bindung - {18cm}{25cm} % Textbreite und Hoehe - -Neben `typearea' gibt es mit `vmargin' und `geometry' drei weitere -Pakete, mit denen man die LaTeX-Parameter leichter setzen kann. Bei -`vmargin' haben die Makroaufrufe eine festgelegte Parameterreihenfolge, -`geometry' dagegen benutzt das Paket `keyval', mit dem die Parameter in -beliebiger Reihenfolge angegeben werden können: - - \usepackage{geometry} - \geometry{left=1.5cm,textwidth=18cm,top=1.5cm,textheight=25cm} - - - \usepackage{vmargin} - \setpapersize{A4} - \setmargins{1.5cm}{1.5cm}% % linker & oberer Rand - {18cm}{25cm}% % Textbreite und -hoehe - {12pt}{25pt}% % Kopfzeilenhoehe und -abstand - {0pt}{30pt}% % \footheight (egal) und Fusszeilenabstand - -Eine gute Möglichkeit der visuellen Kontrolle des Ergebnisses bietet das -Paket `layouts'. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -script: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/script/ -geometry: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/geometry/ -vmargin: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/vmargin/ -layouts: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/layouts - - - -5.4.4 Wieso ist mit der Klasse `book' oder mit der Klassenoption -`twoside' der innere Rand kleiner als der äußere? - -Bei doppelseitiger Formatierung werden die Seitenränder so gewählt, daß -sie nicht für eine einzelne Seite sondern für eine aufgeschlagene -Doppelseite passen. Bei dieser bilden die Ränder der beiden Seiten drei -vertikale weiße Streifen (links außen, mittig, rechts außen), die gleich -breit sein sollen. Da der mittlere Streifen aus den Rändern zweier -Seiten gebildet wird, sind diese auch nur halb so breit. Aus diesem -Grund legt man unter LaTeX die Werte für \evensidemargin und -\oddsidemargin, also für den linken Rand der geraden (linken) und den -der ungeraden (rechten) Seite, entsprechend fest. Näheres findet sich -u.a. in der Dokumentation der KOMA-Script-Klassen. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ - - - -5.4.5 Gibt es einen einfachen Weg, die Seitennummer als `Seite 1 von 16' -anzugeben? - -Mit dem Paket `lastpage' erhält man durch ``\pageref{LastPage}'' eine -Referenz auf die Seitennummer der letzten Seite. Das Paket `count1to' -bietet mit ``\pageref{TotalPages}'' eine Referenz auf die Gesamtzahl der -Seiten. Selbiges leistet das Paket `totpages', wobei man mit -``\ref{TotPages}'' die Gesamtzahl aller Seiten, mit -``\pageref{TotPages}'' die Seitennummer der letzten Seite erhalten kann. -Diese `pageref'-Anweisungen können unter Zuhilfenahme des Paketes -`fancyhdr' oder des Paketes `scrpage' aus dem KOMA-Script-Paket in der -Form `\thepage{} von \pageref{LastPage}' in die Kopf- oder Fußzeilen -eingefügt werden. - -lastpage: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/lastpage/ -count1to: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ms/ -totpages: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/totpages/ -fancyhdr: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/ -Kurzbeschreibung: CTAN: info/german/fancyhdr/ -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ - - - -5.4.6 Wie kann ich den Kolumnentitel, die Kopfzeile der Seite, oder die -Fußzeile nach meinen Wünschen gestalten, z.B. mit einem Strich versehen? - -Mit dem Paket `scrpage' und den Klassen aus dem KOMA-Script-Paket oder -mit dem Paket `fancyhdr' kann man die Kopf- und Fußzeile einer Seite -fast beliebig festlegen. Beide Pakete enthalten eine ausführliche -Dokumentation, die auch auf andere Probleme eingeht und dafür Lösungen -und Tips hat. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -fancyhdr: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/ -Kurzbeschreibung: CTAN: info/german/fancyhdr/ - - - -5.4.7 Wie kann ich einem zweispaltig gesetzten Text (Klassenoption -`twocolumn') eine beide Spalten übergreifende Überschrift und -Zusammenfassung voransetzen? - -Will man nur mit \maketitle eine Überschrift mit den Autorenangaben -einspaltig in voller Breite über beide Spalten setzen, so verwendet man -die Klassenoption `twocolumn' und ändert sonst nichts, da dies bei den -Standard-Klassen und den meisten anderen Klassen automatisch vorgesehen -ist. -Soll jedoch zusätzlich zur Überschrift noch weiterer Text wie eine -Zusammenfassung einspaltig gesetzt werden, muß man auf die Klassenoption -`twocolumn' verzichten und stattdessen die Anweisung \twocolumn -verwenden. Diese hat ein optionales Argument, in der man diejenigen -Textteile angibt, die einspaltig über die gesamte Breite gesetzt werden -sollen. Da die Anweisung \maketitle und die Umgebung `abstract' jedoch -nicht einfach im optionalen Argument von \twocolumn verwendet werden -kann, muß man zu einem kleinen, leider nicht ganz sauberen Trick mit -\csname@twocolumnfalse\endcsname greifen. - - \documentclass[...]{article} - ... - \begin{document} - \twocolumn[{\csname @twocolumnfalse\endcsname - \maketitle - \begin{abstract} - ... - \end{abstract} - }] - ... - \end{document} - -Innerhalb des optionalen Arguments von \twocolumn funktionieren leider -keine Fußnoten und damit tauchen auch für die Anweisung \thanks in der -Autorenliste keine Fußnoten auf. Werden diese benötigt, muß man sie von -Hand mit \footnotetext nach dem optionalen Argument setzen. - -5.4.8 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß der Beginn eines Absatzes eingezogen -wird? Ich will Absätze stattdessen mit zusätzlichem Durchschuß -markieren. (*) - -Meist kommt auf diese Frage - \setlength{\parskip}{\baselineskip} \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} -als Antwort, jedoch fügt LaTeX \parskip auch an verschiedenen anderen -Plätzen ein, u.a. auch zu Beginn und am Ende einer Liste und zwischen -den Listenelementen. Dies kann man mit dem Paket `parskip' von Hubert -Partl zum Teil verhindern, wenn auch nicht komplett. -Weitergehende Lösungen finden sich in den KOMA-Script- und NTG-Klassen. -Die KOMA-Script-Klassen kennen die Klassenoption `parskip' und -verschiedene Varianten davon. Zu den NTG-Klassen gehören `artikel3', -`rapport3' und `boek3', die ebenfalls ein Layout ohne Absatzeinzug und -mit zusätzlichen Durchschuß bieten. -Ob man nun den Beginn eines neuen Absatzes mit einem Einzug oder mit -einem zusätzlichen Durchschuß markiert, ist immer wieder Anlaß zu mehr -oder weniger ausgiebigen Diskussionen. Um einen weitverbreiteten Irrtum -auszuräumen: Der einzuglose Satz hat im ``deutschen Buchsatz'' keine -Tradition. Einzugloser Satz, ob nun mit oder ohne zusätzlichen -Durchschuß, ist im Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftensatz weit verbreitet, so -daß er manchen vertrauter erscheint als der traditionelle Buchsatz mit -Einzug. Letztendlich sollte man bei der Wahl, ob mit oder ohne Einzug, -an den Leser denken; wie einfach dieser einen neuen Absatz, den Beginn -eines neuen Teils der niedergeschriebenen Gedankenfolge, immer klar und -deutlich erkennen kann. - -parskip.sty: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/parskip.sty -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -NTG-Klassen: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass/ - - - -5.4.9 Wie kann ich den Durchschuß meines Dokuments vergrößern, wenn ich -beispielsweise ein Dokument mit 1,5- oder 2-fachem Zeilenabstand -abliefern soll? - -Abgesehen davon, daß man eine solch starke Vergrößerung des -Zeilenabstand vermeiden sollte, hilft das Paket `setspace': - - \usepackage{setspace} - \doublespacing % doppelzeilig oder - %\onehalfspacing % anderthalbzeilig - - -setspace: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/setspace/ - - - -5.4.10 Wieso bekomme ich mit \pagestyle{empty} dennoch eine Seitennummer -auf der ersten Seite mit dem Artikeltitel? - -Fast alle LaTeX-Klassen definieren die Anweisung \maketitle so, daß für -diese Seite mit \thispagestyle auf den Seitenstil `plain' umgeschalten -wird. \thispagestyle überschreibt damit den gewählten Seitenstil für -diese eine Seite. Um dies zu verhindern, muß man entweder eine besser -geeignete Klasse wählen, die Definition in der Klasse ändern oder -folgenden Trick anwenden: _Direkt_ nach der Anweisung \maketitle wird -\thispagestyle{empty} eingefügt. Alternativ kann das Paket `nopageno' -verwendet werden. - -nopageno: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/carlisle/nopageno.sty - - - -5.4.11 Wie kann ich mein gesamtes LaTeX-Dokument im Querformat setzen? - -Zu diesem Zweck ist bei der Dokumentenklasse die Klassen-Option -`landscape' anzugeben. Zusätzlich muß dem verwendeten dvi-Treiber die -nun vom Standard abweichende Seitengröße mitgeteilt werden. Im Falle von -`dvips' kann man dies statt per Kommandozeilenoption mit Hilfe des -Pakets `geometry' erreichen. - - \usepackage[dvips]{geometry} - - -geometry: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/geometry/ - - - -5.4.12 Wie kann ich Teile meines Dokumentes im Querformat setzen? - -Dokumentteile können nur gedreht werden, wenn dies auch vom verwendeten -dvi-Gerätetreiber unterstützt wird. In den meisten Fällen bedeutet dies, -daß die dvi-Datei nach PostScript zu konvertieren ist. Zum Betrachten -und Ausdrucken ist ein PostScript-Viewer wie beispielsweise `gv' oder -`gsview' unter Verwendung von `Ghostscript' geeignet. -Das LaTeX-Bundle `graphics' enthält das Paket `lscape', das eine -`landscape'-Umgebung zur Verfügung stellt. Der Inhalt dieser Umgebung -wird um 90 Grad gegen den Uhrzeigersinn gedreht und auf eine eigene -Seite plaziert. Zu Beginn und am Ende der Umgebung wird ein \clearpage -ausgeführt: - - \usepackage{lscape} - % etc. - \begin{landscape} - \begin{figure} - gedrehte Abbildung - \caption{gedrehte Unterschrift} - \end{figure} - % evtl. noch weitere Abbildungen/normaler Text/etc. - \end{landscape} - % etc. - -Wird ein Dokument mit solcherart gedrehten Seiten per pdfLaTeX zu einer -pdf-Datei kompiliert, wäre es wünschenswert, wenn die gedrehten Seiten -bei Betrachtung mit `Acrobat Reader' in aufrechter Schrift, also um -90 Grad gedreht, dargestellt würden. In diesem Fall ist das Paket -`pdflscape' zu verwenden, das wiederum das Paket `lscape' lädt und um -entsprechende PDF-Anweisungen ergänzt: - - \usepackage{pdflscape} - % ... - -Will man nicht ganze Seiten drehen oder stören die implizit ausgeführten -\clearpage-Anweisungen, so kann man auch nur die Anweisung \rotatebox -aus dem Paket `graphics' verwenden: - - \usepackage{graphics} % oder `graphicx' - % etc. - \begin{figure} - \rotatebox{90}{% - \begin{minipage}{.6\textheight} - gedrehte Abbildung - \caption{gedrehte Unterschrift} - \end{minipage}% - } - \end{figure} - -Das Paket `rotating' bietet statt der einfachen \rotatebox-Anweisung mit -all ihren Nachteilen (Stichwort: `verbatim'!) die Umgebungen `rotate', -`turn' und `sideways', innerhalb der man (fast) beliebigen Text -plazieren kann. Für den Spezialfall, daß eine Abbildung bzw. Tafel wie -mit der Umgebung `landscape' eine komplette Seite füllt und um 90 Grad -gegen den Uhrzeigersinn gedreht werden soll, gibt es die den `figure'- -und `table'- entsprechenden `sidewaysfigure'- und -`sidewaystable'-Umgebungen. Außerdem ist eine ältere Version dieses -Pakets auch für LaTeX 2.09 verfügbar. -Mehr über diese Pakete findet man in der Dokumentation ``grfguide.tex'' -des `graphics'-Bundle, der mit `rotating' mitgelieferten Dokumentation -und dem Buch `Der LaTeX-Begleiter' (siehe Frage 2.4.1) sowie in Keith -Reckdahls Artikel `Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e' (siehe Frage -2.4.2). - -lscape: CTAN: macros/latex/required/graphics/ -pdflscape: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/ -rotating: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/rotating -epslatex: CTAN: info/epslatex.ps - CTAN: info/epslatex.pdf - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 5 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.6.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.6.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 557bb76c9dd..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.6.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1082 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 6 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -6 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II) - - -6.1 Abbildungen und Tafeln - - -6.1.1 Wieso werden die meisten meiner Abbildungen an das Ende des -Kapitels oder Dokuments verschoben? - -Das optionale Argument der `figure'- oder `table'-Umgebung _schränkt_ -die Plazierungsmöglichkeiten auf die angegebenen Orte ein. Mit dem -optionalen Argument gibt man also _nicht_, wie oft fälschlich geglaubt -und weiterverbreitet wird, die Plazierung für weitere Orte an. Deshalb -nie Plazierungsangaben nur auf [h] einschränken, sondern mindestens -einen weiteren Ort mit angeben! Grund: Kann die Abbildung nicht `h'ier -plaziert werden, darf sie nirgendwo anders gesetzt werden und wird nach -hinten an das Ende des Kapitels bzw. des Dokuments geschoben. Da LaTeX -die Reihenfolge der Abbildungen bzw. der Tafeln nicht verändert, werden -alle nachfolgenden Abbildungen bzw. Tafeln mit dieser nicht plazierbaren -Abbildung oder Tafel nach hinten verschoben. Genau dasselbe kann -passieren, wenn die Plazierungsbeschränkung mit [p] angegeben wird, das -Bild kleiner als \floatpagefraction ist und das nächste Bild nicht -zusammen mit diesem auf eine Seite paßt. Ebenso bei einer Beschränkung -auf [t] und einem Bild, das größer als \topfraction ist, dto. für [b] -und \bottomfraction. -Tip: Lassen Sie zu Beginn das optionale Argument der `figure'- oder -`table'-Umgebung weg - es ist nicht ohne Grund ein _optionales_ Argument -dieser Umgebungen! Fügen Sie später für eine Endfassung Ihres Dokuments -nur an den Stellen ein optionales Argument mit -Plazierungseinschränkungen ein, wenn z.B. eine bestimmte Abbildung oder -Tafel auf einer eigenen Seite oder auf einer Seite oben erscheinen -sollte. -Weitere Hinweise finden Sie in - -* Axel Reichert: ``Gleitobjekte - die richtige Schmierung'' - CTAN: info/german/gleitobjekte/ -* Axel Reichert: ``Satz von Tabellen'' - CTAN: info/german/tabsatz/ -* Piet van Oostrum: ``Floats in LaTeX'' - http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet/floats/ - - -6.1.2 Wie kann ich die Default-Plazierungseinschränkungen ändern? Ich -möchte meine Abbildungen auch `h'ier plazieren, ohne jedesmal das -optionale Argument angeben zu müssen. - -In LaTeX werden diese Angaben, die sogenannten `float placement -specifier' für die `figure'- und `table'-Umgebungen, in den Makros -\fps@figure und \fps@table abgelegt. Durch die Redefinitionen - - \renewcommand{\fps@figure}{htbp} - \renewcommand{\fps@table}{htbp} - -(diese Zeilen mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother klammern oder in eine -sty-Datei schreiben, siehe auch Frage 8.5.1) fügt man noch die -`h'ier-Plazierung hinzu. -Die Standard-LaTeX-Klassen setzen die Default-Plazierungen auf `tbp', -untersagen also die `h'ier-Plazierung einer Abbildung bzw. Tafel. Dies -ist in den meisten Fällen auch sinnvoll, da Abbildungen und Tafeln nur -dazu dienen, die Aussagen im Text durch beispielsweise eine -anschaulichere Darstellung oder kompakte Übersicht zu unterstützen. Die -Abbildung oder Tafel ist damit _nicht_ integraler Bestandteil des -Textes, sondern ein dem Text noch zusätzlich zugeordneter Bestandteil -des Dokuments. Daher sollten diese den Text nicht unterbrechen, was eine -`h'ier-Plazierung zweifellos tun würde. Somit ist der Default `tbp' in -den meisten Fällen sinnvoll. - -6.1.3 Wie muß ich die `float'-Parameter ändern, so daß die Abbildungen -und Tafeln günstiger innerhalb eines Abschnitts verteilt werden? - -Der Plazierungsalgorithmus von LaTeX erledigt diese Aufgabe eigentlich -sehr gut, wenn man einmal selbst durchzuspielen versucht, wohin man -selbst unter den gegebenen Bedingungen und Wechselwirkungen eine -Abbildung oder eine Tafel hinsetzen bzw. schieben würde. Ist man mit dem -Ergebnis dennoch nicht ganz zufrieden, kann man einmal folgendes -probieren: -Zuerst sollte man die Plazierungsbeschränkungen an allen `figure'- und -`table'-Umgebungen entfernen. Anschließend kann man die Parameter des -Plazierungsalgorithmus ändern: -Eine oder mehrere Abbildungen kommen erst auf eine eigene Seite, eine -sogenannte `float page', wenn diese mindestens 60% der Seite einnehmen. -Damit gibt es weniger `float pages', die nur halbvoll sind. -Empfehlenswert ist ein Wert zwischen 50% und 80%, je nachdem wie viele -Abbildungen existieren, wie groß und wie unterschiedlich groß diese -Abbildungen sind. - - \renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{.6}% vorher: .5 - -Von einer Seite muß neben den Abbildungen, die `h'ere, `t'op und -`b'ottom plaziert werden, noch mindestens 15% Text erscheinen. Diesen -Wert sollte man nicht zu klein wählen, um nicht nur Seiten zu erzeugen, -bei denen man den Text suchen muß. Bei vielen Bildern lieber den Wert -von \floatpagefraction kleiner wählen. Empfehlenswert ist ein Wert -zwischen 10% und 30%. - - \renewcommand{\textfraction}{.15} % vorher: .2 - -Maximaler Anteil der Seite, die für Abbildungen, die `t'op bzw. `b'ottom -plaziert werden, verwendet werden darf. Diese Werte sollte man nicht zu -groß wählen, bei vielen Abbildungen lieber den Wert von -\floatpagefraction kleiner wählen. Insbesondere \bottomfraction sollte -man klein halten, da Abbildungen gewöhnlich auf einer Seite oben -vermutet werden. Empfehlenswert sind Werte zwischen 50% und 85% für -\topfraction und 20% bis 50% für \bottomfraction. Einer dieser beiden -Werte sollte stets größer als \floatpagefraction sein! (\topfraction -sollte nie auf 1.0, \textfraction nie auf 0.0 gesetzt werden!) - - \renewcommand{\topfraction}{.8} % vorher: .7 - \renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{.5} % vorher: .3 - -Maximale Anzahl der Abbildungen und Tafeln, die auf einer Seite `t'op -bzw. `b'ottom bzw. insgesamt auf der Seite plaziert werden. Hat man -viele kleine Abbildungen sollte man diese Werte erhöhen. Will man -Abbildungen möglichst auf eine `float page' setzen, sollte man -`topnumber' und `bottomnumber' auf 0 setzen und \floatpagefraction bis -auf 0.01 erniedrigen. - - \setcounter{topnumber}{3} % vorher: 2 - \setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} % vorher: 1 - \setcounter{totalnumber}{5} % vorher: 3 - -Im zweispaltigen Textsatz können Abbildungen und Tafeln nur oben auf der -Seite plaziert werden, so daß es hierfür nur zwei weitere Parameter -gibt, die den Parametern \floatpagefraction und \topfraction für -einspaltigen Satz entsprechen. Werden Abbildungen oben plaziert, so -können Abbildungen und Tafeln über beide Spalten maximal \dbltopfraction -Platz einnehmen. Schließlich gibt \dblfloatpagefraction eine Untergrenze -an, ab der erst eine eigene `float page' probiert wird. - - \renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{.8} % vorher: .7 - \renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{.6}% vorher: .5 - -Nachdem man mit den geänderten Plazierungsparametern ein -zufriedenstellendes Ergebnis erzielt hat, kann man durch gezielten -Einsatz des optionalen Arguments der `figure'- bzw. `table'-Umgebung -einzelne ungünstig plazierte Abbildungen und Tafeln entsprechend -verschieben. Hierbei sollte man nur die nicht erwünschte Plazierung -entfernen, also z.B. [bp] angeben, falls eine `t'op-Plazierung ungünstig -ist. -Die Bedeutung dieser Parameter wird anschaulich in bildlicher Form in -dem Artikel `The layouts package: User manual' (`layman') von Peter R. -Wilson beschrieben. Die für die verwendete Dokumentenklasse geltenden -Werte können mit dem zugehörigen LaTeX-Paket `layouts' angezeigt und -einfach testweise geändert werden. `layouts' zeigt darüberhinaus auch -viele weitere für das Layout eines Dokumentes wichtigen Parameter an. - -layouts: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/layouts -layman: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/layouts/layman.tex - - - -6.1.4 Wie kann ich die Fehlermeldung `! LaTeX Error: Too many -unprocessed floats.' vermeiden? - -LaTeX reserviert für alle `floats', also die Fließumgebungen `figure'- -und `table'-Umgebungen, eines Dokuments 18 sogenannte -Insertion-Registertupel. Wenn eine Fließumgebung nicht sofort auf eine -Seite plaziert werden kann, wird es in eines dieser Register -zwischengespeichert. Müssen mehr als 18 Fließumgebungen -zwischengespeichert werde, erhält man diese Fehlermeldung. Es gibt vier -Möglichkeiten, wieso dies geschieht: - - 1. Meist stehen die optionalen Argumente der `figure'- oder - `table'-Umgebung im Widerspruch zu den Plazierungsparametern oder - letztere sind zu restriktiv eingestellt. Beispielsweise kann eine - `figure', die höher als der Parameter \topfraction ist und aufgrund - des optionalen Arguments [t] nur oben plaziert werden darf, nicht - auf eine Seite gesetzt werden. Aus diesem Grund sollte man den - optionalen Parameter _nicht_ setzen und wenn, dann _alle_ außer den - nicht gewünschten Plazierungsorte angeben. - 2. Werden die Parameter \...fraction ungünstig gesetzt, so kann es - ebenfalls sein, dass einige Fließumgebungen nicht auf eine Seite - gesetzt werden können. Näheres findet sich in Frage 6.1.1 und in - Keith Reckdahls Artikel `Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e' - (epslatex). - 3. In einigen wenigen Fällen, wo sehr viele Fließumgebungen und viele - mit \marginpar eingefügte Marginalen, die die gleichen Register - teilen, verwendet werden, sind mehr als 18 Register notwendig. Hier - kann das Paket `morefloats' weiterhelfen, dass deren Zahl auf 36 - erhöht. Leider hat man dadurch 18 Savebox-, Zähler-, Längen- und - Glue-Register weniger, so daß man jetzt evtl. auf den Fehler `No - room for a new ...' stößt. - 4. Bestehen Textteile nur aus Fließumgebungen ohne oder mit nur wenig - Text, versagt LaTeX Plazierungsalgorithmus, da hier nichts ist, in - denen sie ``fließen'' können. In diesen Fällen gibt es folgende - Abhilfen: - - 1. Schreiben Sie mehr erläuternden Text oder verteilen Sie die - Fließumgebungen besser im existierenden Text. - 2. Fügen Sie die Anweisung \clearpage zwischen einige - Fließumgebungen, um LaTeX zu zwingen, alle gespeicherten - Fließumgebungen auf eigene Seiten zu setzen. Diese Lösung ist - mit Arbeit verbunden, da meist mehrere Versuche notwendig - sind, um nur wenig gefüllte Seiten zu vermeiden und diese bei - Änderungen wiederholt werden müssen. \afterpage{\clearpage} - ist etwas besser, aber auch hier muß man manuell nacharbeiten, - um nur teilgefüllte Seiten zu vermeiden. - 3. Wenn kein Text vorhanden ist, in der die Fließumgebungen - fließen können, so sollte man besser nicht-fließende - Umgebungen verwenden. - - - -epslatex: CTAN: info/epslatex.ps - CTAN: info/epslatex.pdf -morefloats: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/morefloats.sty - - - -6.1.5 Wie kann ich es erreichen, daß zwei Abbildungen nicht auf -verschiedenen Seiten, sondern möglichst direkt untereinander plaziert -werden? - -In eine einzige `figure'- bzw. `table'-Umgebung können auch mehrere -Abbildungen oder Tafeln gesetzt und mit eigenen Unterschriften versehen -werden: - - \begin{figure} - erstes Bild - \caption{erstes Bild} - \vspace{\floatsep} % zusaetzlicher Abstand zwischen zwei `floats' - zweites Bild - \caption{zweites Bild} - \end{figure} - -Alle Abbildungen oder Tafeln einer Umgebung werden dann nicht mehr -getrennt. Aus diesem Grund sollte man auch darauf achten, daß eine -`figure'- oder `table'-Umgebung durch zu viele Abbildungen und Tafeln -nicht zu hoch wird. - -6.1.6 Wie kann ich in einer Abbildung zwei Bilder nebeneinander setzen? - -Man kann zum Beispiel zwei `minipage'-Umgebungen verwenden, wobei man -dann auch mit deren optionalem Argument die Ausrichtung der beiden -Bilder angeben kann: - - \begin{figure} - \begin{minipage}[b]{.4\linewidth} % [b] => Ausrichtung an \caption - Bild links - \caption{Bildunterschrift links} - \end{minipage} - \hspace{.1\linewidth}% Abstand zwischen Bilder - \begin{minipage}[b]{.4\linewidth} % [b] => Ausrichtung an \caption - Bild rechts - \caption{Bildunterschrift rechts} - \end{minipage} - \end{figure} - -Ein sehr viel bequemerer Weg, um mehrere zusammengehörende Abbildungen -oder Tafeln in einer Float-Umgebung zu setzen, bietet das Paket -`subfigure'. Hierzu stellt das Paket die Anweisungen \subfigure und -\subtable zur Verfügung. Die Formatierung der Einzelabbildungen läßt -sich sehr leicht anpassen. - -subfigure: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/subfigure/ - - - -6.1.7 Wie kann ich eine Abbildung (`figure') und eine Tafel (`table') -nebeneinander setzen? - -Verwendet man statt der Anweisung \caption die im Paket `capt-of' -definierte Anweisung \captionof, so ist es möglich, eine eigentlich zu -einer anderen Fließumgebung gehörige Beschriftung zu erreichen. Wie hier -gezeigt - - \usepackage{capt-of} - ... - \begin{figure} - \begin{minipage}{.5\linewidth} - Abbildung - \caption{Abbildung} - \end{minipage}% - \begin{minipage}{.5\linewidth} - Tafel - \captionof{table}{Tafel} - % auch: \captionof{table}[Eintrag im Verzeichnis]{Tafel} - \end{minipage} - \end{figure} - -kann man eine Abbildung und eine Tafel nebeneinander setzen, wobei die -Unterschriften auch in das jeweilige Verzeichnis gelangen. Die Anweisung -\captionof ist auch geeignet, um nichtgleitende Abbildungen mit einer -Bildunterschrift zu versehen. - -capt-of: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/capt-of.sty - - - -6.1.8 Wie kann ich mehrere zusammengehörige Abbildungen bzw. Tafeln -entsprechend mit 1a, 1b etc. numerieren? - -Das Paket `subfigure' bietet die Anweisungen \subfigure und \subtable -an, mit der man dies innerhalb der gewohnten `figure'- oder -`table'-Umgebung erreichen kann. - -subfigure: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/subfigure/ - - - -6.1.9 Gibt es bei der Option `twocolumn' die Möglichkeit, Abbildungen -(`figure') und Tafeln (`table') über beide Spalten, also die gesamte -Textbreite einer Seite zu setzen? - -Statt `figure'- die `figure*'-, statt `table'- die `table*'-Umgebung -verwenden. - -6.1.10 Wieso bekomme ich Fehlermeldungen, wenn ich eine -`figure'-Umgebung in andere Umgebungen oder Anweisungen einfüge? - -Eine `figure'- oder `table'-Umgebung ist ein sogenannter `float', d.h. -der Inhalt ``fließt'' an eine andere Stelle. Deshalb darf diese Umgebung -nicht innerhalb einer anderen, wie `minipage', \parbox o.ä. verwendet -werden. Die Eingabe - - \begin{minipage}{5cm} %% FALSCH! - \begin{figure} - Bild - \caption{text} - \end{figure} - \end{minipage} - -ist daher falsch und erzeugt den in der Frage genannten Fehler. Korrekt -und auch logisch einsichtiger ist es, wenn man den Inhalt der -`figure'-Umgebung in eine `minipage' packt, also diese _in_ die -`figure'-Umgebung setzt: - - \begin{figure} - \begin{minipage}{5cm} %% KORREKT! - Bild - \caption{text} - \end{minipage} - \end{figure} - - -6.1.11 Wie kann ich das Layout der Bildunterschriften (\caption) -verändern? - -LaTeX verwendet die interne Anweisung \@makecaption{Bild Nr}{Text}, um -die Bildunterschrift inkl. Bildnummer zu setzen. Indem man diese -Anweisung verändert, die in der Dokumentklasse definiert wird, kann man -das Layout ändern. Will man nur die Bildnummer (z.B. ``Abbildung 1'') -ändern, so reicht es oftmals aus, die interne Anweisung \fnum@figure -bzw. für Tafeln \fnum@table entsprechend umzudefinieren. -Zur Vereinfachung gibt es einige leicht zu verwendende Pakete: `caption' -bzw. `caption2' haben viele Optionen; diese Pakete ermöglichen die -Variation der Schriftart und -größe und des Layouts (zentriert, -überhängend, Absatz mit Einrückung usw.). Beispiel: - - \usepackage[bf]{caption2} - \renewcommand{\captionfont}{\small\itshape} - -für einen etwas kleineren und kursiv gesetzten Unterschriftentext, wobei -die Bildnummer weiterhin fett gesetzt wird. -Um die Benennung zu ändern, wenn man also statt ``Abbildung'' -beispielsweise ``Abb.'' verwenden möchte, erreicht man dies durch - - \renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.} - -Im Falle einer Tafel muß analog dazu \tablename umdefiniert werden. -(Achtung: Bitte weitere Hinweise in Frage Frage 8.5.9 beachten!) -Wollen Sie die Zählweise der Abbildungs- bzw. Tabellennumerierung -ändern, so beachten Sie auch Frage Frage 8.5.2. -Speziellere Lösungen existieren natürlich auch oder sind teilweise in -einigen Dokumentklassen enthalten. So enthalten die NTG-und -KOMA-Script-Klassen beispielsweise Anweisungen, um alle Fonts (Sections, -Captions, Running Heads) zu verändern. - -epslatex: CTAN: info/epslatex.ps - CTAN: info/epslatex.pdf -caption/caption2: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/caption -NTG-Klassen: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ntgclass -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -hangcaption: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/misc/hangcaption.sty -isucaption: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/misc/isucaption.sty - - - -6.1.12 Wie kann ich die Unterschriften (\caption) neben eine Abbildung -oder eine Tafel setzen? - -Zu diesem Zweck ist das Paket `sidecap' gedacht. - -sidecap: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/sidecap - - - -6.1.13 Wie kann ich Abbildungen oder Tafeln, die nicht innerhalb einer -`figure'- oder `table'-Umgebung stehen, dennoch mit einer -Bildunterschrift (Legende) versehen? - -Keith Reckdahls Artikel `Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e' (epslatex) -enthält die Beschreibung eines entsprechenden Tricks. Das Paket -`capt-of' (siehe auch Frage 6.1.7) implementiert diesen und stellt eine -entsprechende Anweisungen zum Satz von Legenden für nicht-gleitende -Abbildungen zur Verfügung. - -capt-of: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/capt-of.sty - - - -6.1.14 Wie kann man neue Typen von Gleitumgebungen (`floats') z.B. für -weitere Arten von Tafeln oder Programm-Code erzeugen? - -Prinzipiell muß man für einen neuen Typ von Gleitumgebung einige Makros -definieren. Beispielsweise sind für die zu definierenden Umgebungen -`faqtable' und `faqtable*' die folgenden Anweisungen (in eine .sty-Datei -schreiben, da interne Anweisungen!) notwendig, - - \newcounter{faqtable}[section] - %\renewcommand{\thefaqtable}{\thesection.\arabic{table}} - %% \thefaqtable wird bereits durch \newcounter definiert - \renewcommand{\fps@faqtable}{tp} % nicht `h' bzw. `b' - \renewcommand{\ftype@faqtable}{4} % type is a power of two! - \renewcommand{\ext@faqtable}{lot} % Endung der Hilfsdatei - \renewcommand{\fnum@faqtable}{FAQ-Tabelle~\thefaqtable} - \newenvironment{faqtable}{\@float{faqtable}}{\end@float} - \newenvironment{faqtable*}{\@dblfloat{faqtable}}{\end@dblfloat} - -wobei damit noch keine Anpassungen des Inhaltsverzeichnisses, ein -eigenes Inhaltsverzeichnis oder sonstige Anpassungen des Layouts -durchgeführt sind. Mehr Informationen dazu findet man im Buch `Der -LaTeX-Begleiter' (siehe Frage 2.4.1). -Sehr viel einfacher geht dies mit dem Paket `float', mit dem z.B. obiges -auch der normale LaTeX-Benutzer mit der simplen Anweisung - \newfloat{faqtable}{tp}{lot}[section] -definieren kann. Daneben sind auch schon einige `float'-Layouts -vordefiniert und können ebenso einfach verwendet werden. - -float: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/float - - - -6.1.15 Abbildungen und Tafeln sollen _immer_ nach dem ersten Verweis auf -sie gesetzt werden. Wie? Es ist möglich, daß LaTeX sie vor der -Abschnittsüberschrift plaziert. Wie unterbinde ich das? - -Mit dem LaTeX-Paket `flafter', das Bestandteil jeder LaTeX-Verteilung -ist, werden Abbildungen und Tafeln nie vor dem Text plaziert, in dem sie -im Dokument angegeben werden. Damit LaTeX sie also nie vor dem ersten -Verweis plaziert, schiebt man die entsprechende `figure'- bzw. -`table'-Umgebung einfach hinter die erste \ref- bzw. \pageref-Anweisung. - -flafter: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - CTAN: macros/latex/unpacked/ - - - -6.1.16 Gibt es eine einfache Möglichkeit, eine Abbildung oder Tafel -innerhalb des normalen Textes zu setzen, sie also mit dem normalen Text -umfließen zu lassen? - -Hierfür gibt es mittlerweile eine große Anzahl von Paketen mit -unterschiedlichen Beschränkungen und Vor- und Nachteilen, die Piet van -Oostrum in einer Liste, die er unregelmäßig nach `comp.text.tex' postet, -aufzählt: - `flow', `floatflt' (für LaTeX2e, Vorgänger `floatfig' ist für LaTeX - 2.09), `picinpar' (veraltet), `picins', `window', `wrapfig'. -Empfohlen werden: `picins' (funktioniert auch in Listen-Umgebungen), -`floatflt' und `wrapfig' (unterstützen neben `figure'- auch -`table'-Umgebungen), da diese am meisten können und die wenigsten Fehler -aufweisen. - -picins: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/picins -floatflt: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/floatflt -wrapfig: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/wrapfig/ - - - -6.1.17 Wieso erhalte ich bei einigen Abbildungen falsche Querverweise, -obwohl ich doch die \label-Anweisung innerhalb der `figure'-Umgebung -verwendet habe? - -Die \label-Anweisung muß _nach_ der Anweisung folgen, die für die -Numerierung und damit auch für die `Verankerung' des Verweises sorgt. -Solche Verankerungsanweisungen sind z.B. \section oder \caption, die -`figure'-Umgebung dagegen ist keine. Daher muß das \label _nach_ der -entsprechenden \caption folgen: - - \begin{figure} - ... Abbildung ... - \caption{Dies ist eine Abbildung} - \label{fig:beispielabbildung} - \end{figure} - - -6.1.18 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Abbildungen oder Tafeln, die alleine -auf einer sonst leeren Seite plaziert werden, bündig mit der -Seitenoberkante statt vertikal zentriert erscheinen? - -Für die Zentrierung von Float-Objekten sind die internen Längenparameter -\@fptop, \@fpsep und \@fpbot verantwortlich. Um die vertikale -Zentrierung aufzuheben, ist daher \@fptop im Dokumentkopf oder in einer -eigenen Paketdatei auf eine unflexible Länge zu setzen: - - \setlength{\@fptop}{0pt} - -(Bitte beachten, daß \@fptop ein interner Parameter ist und außerhalb -einer Paketdatei mit \makeatletter/\makeatother geklammert werden muß.) -Diese Änderung gilt dann für _alle_ Float-Objekte, also sowohl -Abbildungen als auch Tafeln. - -6.2 Tabellen - - -6.2.1 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß sich eine Tabelle über mehrere Seiten -erstreckt? - -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es die beiden Pakete `longtable' und `supertabular' -sowie `ltxtable', welches die Möglichkeiten von `longtable' und -`tabularx' in sich vereinigt. -`longtable' benutzt auf jeder Seite die gleiche Spaltenbreite, während -`supertabular' auf jeder Seite die Spaltenbreite neu berechnet. -`supertabular' funktioniert im Gegensatz zu `longtable' auch mit der -Klassenoption `twocolumn'. `tabularx' ist nicht direkt für mehrseitige -Tabellen gedacht, sondern zum Austreiben einer Tabelle auf eine -bestimmte Breite. Eine mehrseitige Tabelle kann mit `ltxtable' auf eine -bestimme Breite ausgetrieben werden, wofür auch die Pakete `longtable' -und `tabularx' erforderlich sind. - -longtable: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -tabularx: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -supertabular: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/supertabular -ltxtable: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/carlisle - - - -6.2.2 Wie kann ich einzelne Felder oder größere Bereiche einer Tabelle -farbig oder grau hinterlegen? - -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es die beiden Pakete `colortbl' und `colortab'. -Nähere Hinweise sind den beiliegenden Dokumentationen oder dem Buch -``The LaTeX Graphics Companion'' (siehe Frage 2.4.1) zu entnehmen. - -colortbl: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/carlisle -colortab: CTAN: macros/generic/colortab/ - - - -6.2.3 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß sich eine Tabelle über die gesamte -Spalten- bzw. Textbreite (oder über eine andere vorgegebene Breite) -erstreckt? - -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es das Paket `tabularx' sowie `ltxtable', welches -die Möglichkeiten von `longtable' und `tabularx' in sich vereinigt. -`tabularx' ermöglicht das Austreiben einer Tabelle auf eine bestimmte -Breite. Hierzu wird ein neuer Spaltentyp `X' definiert, der sich wie -eine `p'-Spalte verhält, ohne daß man jedoch die Breite explizit angeben -muß. Stattdessen wird von `tabularx' die für alle `X'-Spalten zur -Verfügung stehende Gesamtbreite berechnet und jeder `X'-Spalte ein -entsprechender Bruchteil davon zugewiesen. Eine mehrseitige Tabelle kann -mit `ltxtable' auf eine bestimme Breite ausgetrieben werden, wofür auch -die Pakete `longtable' und `tabularx' erforderlich sind. - -tabularx: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -ltxtable: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/carlisle - - - -6.2.4 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Zahlen in einer Tabelle am -Dezimaltrennzeichen ausgerichtet werden? - -Die LaTeX-Pakete `dcolumn' und `rccol' (erfordert `fltpoint') sind dazu -geeignet. Letzteres gestattet auch das Runden der Zahlen. - -dcolumn: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -rccol: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/rccol/ - - - -6.2.5 Wie kann ich in einer tabular-Umgebung eine Spalte speziell -setzen, ohne dies in jedem Eintrag zu wiederholen? - -Das Paket `array' erweitert die Umgebungen `array' und `tabular' um -weitere Deklarationen, wie >, <, !, m oder p, in der Tabellenpräambel. -So wird bei ``>{text}'' der Teil ``text'' direkt vor die folgende Spalte -eingefügt, so daß beispielsweise nach - - \begin{tabular}{c>{\scshape}cc} - -die zweite der drei Spalten in Kapitälchen gesetzt wird. - -array: CTAN: macros/latex/required/ - - - -6.2.6 Wieso kann ich in einer tabular-Umgebung die letzte Spalte nicht -mit \raggedright linksbündig setzen? - -\raggedright definiert die Anweisung \\ um, die in den Umgebungen -`tabular' und `array' zur Markierung des Zeilenendes benutzt wird. In -LaTeX2e und den Paketen `array' und `longtable' existiert daher seit -Dezember 1994 die neue Anweisung \tabularnewline, die man für diesen -Zweck anstelle von \\ verwenden kann. -Für andere Pakete und ältere Versionen kann man auch folgenden Trick aus -dem Buch `Der LaTeX-Begleiter' (siehe Abschnitt 2.4.1) anwenden: - - \newcommand{\PreserveBackslash}[1]{% - \let\temp=\\#1\let\\=\temp} - -Statt einem einfachen \raggedright verwendet man in einer Tabelle dann -\PreserveBackslash{\raggedright}. -Ebenfalls nützlich ist in diesem Zusammenhang die folgende Zeile - - \usepackage[NewCommands]{ragged2e} - -zu Beginn des Dokuments. Damit wird eine bessere Trennung innerhalb -eines mittels \raggedright linksbündig mit rechtem Flatterrand gesetzten -Absatzes bewirkt. - -ragged2e: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ms/ - - - -6.2.7 Wie erreiche ich, daß mit `tabular' erstellte Tabellen bündig mit -dem linken Rand gesetzt werden? - -Zwischen den Spalten einer `tabular', aber auch links von der ersten und -rechts von der letzten Spalte, wird üblicherweise ein Zwischenraum der -Breite \tabcolsep eingefügt. Um diesen zu unterdrücken, muß man in die -Tabellenpräambel die Anweisung ``@{}'' einfügen, also beispielsweise - - \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} - ... % ^^^ ^^^ - \end{tabular} - -Die Anweisung ``@{text}'' sorgt dafür, daß ``text'' _statt_ eines -Spaltenzwischenraums eingefügt wird. ``@{}'' unterdrückt also, daß -zwischen zwei Spalten Zwischenraum eingefügt wird. Daran sollte man auch -bei \multicolumn-Anweisungen denken, die sich über die erste bzw. letzte -Spalte etwa einer dreispaltigen Tabelle erstrecken: - - \multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{Spalten 1 und 2} & bla \\ - -bzw. - - bla & \multicolumn{2}{l@{}}{Spalten 2 und 3} \\ - - -6.3 Fußnoten, Endnoten etc. (*) - - -6.3.1 Die Fußnoten sollen gesammelt am Ende des Kapitels erscheinen. - - -endnotes: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/endnotes.sty - - - -6.3.2 Ich möchte meine Fußnoten auf jeder Seite neu beginnend -durchzählen, d.h. auf jeder Seite soll mit `1' begonnen werden. - - -footnpag: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/footnpag - - - -6.3.3 Ich möchte den maximal von den Fußnoten eingenommenen Platz auf 10 -Zeilen beschränken. Wie? - -Das Längenregister \dimen\footins gibt die maximale Höhe der Box mit den -Fußnoten für eine Seite an. Nach - - \setlength{\dimen\footins}{10\baselineskip} - -wird dieser Platz von normalerweise 8 Inch (ca. 20,5 cm) auf ca. 10 -Zeilen beschränkt. - -6.3.4 Wie erreiche ich eine andere Formatierung der Fußnoten? - -Mit dem Paket `footmisc' von Robin Fairbairns (hatte bis Januar 1998 -noch den Namen `footnote') kann man sehr einfach einige andere -Formatierungen auswählen. Ansonsten findet man im Buch `Der -LaTeX-Begleiter' nähere Informationen. - -footmisc: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/footmisc/ - - - -6.3.5 Wie erhalte ich eine Fußnote innerhalb einer `figure' oder -`table'? Es erscheint zwar eine Markierung, aber kein Fußnotentext. (*) - -In Gleitumgebungen funktionieren keine Fußnoten, da diese mitgleiten -müßten, was ohne sehr viel Aufwand nicht möglich ist. Abhilfe kann man -dadurch schaffen, daß man Fußnoten innerhalb einer \caption vermeidet -und den Fußnotentext in die Unterschrift mit einbindet. Ansonsten kann -man die Abbildung oder Tafel in eine `minipage'-Umgebung einklammern, so -daß der Fußnotentext mit in die Gleitumgebung gesetzt wird und somit -mitgleiten kann. Die dann meist störende Abgrenzungslinie kann man mit -\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{} innerhalb der `minipage'-Umgebung -vermeiden. - - \begin{figure} - \begin{minipage}{\linewidth} - \renewcommand{\footnoterule}{} - ... Abbildung mit \footnote{...} ... - \end{minipage} - \caption{ ... } - \end{figure} - -Eine weitere Möglichkeit bietet das Paket `threeparttable': - - \begin{figure} - \begin{threeparttable} - Abbildung oder Tabelle mit Fu"snote\tnote{1} - \medskip - \begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize - \item[1] Wichtiger Fu"snotentext... - \end{tablenotes} - \end{threeparttable} - \caption{ ... } - \end{figure} - - -threeparttable: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/threeparttable.sty - - - -6.3.6 Wie kann ich Fußnoten in mehreren Gruppen getrennt voneinander auf -einer Seite erscheinen lassen? - -Das Paket `manyfoot' erlaubt die Deklaration zusätzlicher -Fußnotenebenen, die zudem noch auf zwei Arten gesetzt werden können. - -manyfoot: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/ncctools/ - - - -6.3.7 Wie erreiche ich, daß meine Fußnoten nicht am Text ``hängen'' -sondern unten auf der Seite gesetzt werden? - -Das Paket `footmisc' bietet mit der Option `bottom' einen Weg, wenn -durch die Deklaration \raggedbottom die Seitenhöhe flattert. In diesem -Fall setzt LaTeX die Fußnote mit etwas vertikalen Abstand -(\skip\footins) an den Text, so daß die Fußnoten ebenso mitflattern. -Fußnoten werden normalerweise am Fuße des Fließtextes und nicht der -Seite gesetzt, also _oberhalb_ einer eventuell vorhandenen unten -plazierten Fließumgebung. Mit dem Paket `stfloats' werden die Fußnoten -an die Unterkante des Satzspiegels verschoben. - -footmisc: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/footmisc/ -stfloats: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/sttools/ - - - -6.3.8 Wie kann ich eine Fußnote in einer Kapitel- oder -Abschnittsüberschrift setzen? - -Wie in Frage 7.4.2 erläutert, müssen zerbrechliche Anweisungen wie -\footnote in einem `moving argument' mit \protect geschützt werden, also -beispielsweise - - \section{Titel des Abschnitts\protect\footnote{Fasse dich kurz!}} - -Bei Fußnoten ist dies jedoch nicht sinnvoll, da diese dann auch im -Inhaltsverzeichnis und im lebenden Kolumnentitel auftauchen würde. Hier -ist es besser, das optionale Argument der Überschriftsanweisungen zu -verwenden: - - \section[Titel des Abschnitts]% - {Titel des Abschnitts\footnote{Fasse dich kurz!}} - - -6.4 Grafiken, Bilder, Farbe und andere Effekte (*) - - -6.4.1 Wie kann ich Grafiken in mein (La)TeX-Dokument einfügen? (*) - -Die LaTeX-Pakete `graphics' bzw. `graphicx' definieren die Anweisung -\includegraphics, welche einen einfachen Weg darstellt, die Einbindung -von Grafiken in ein LaTeX-Dokument in einer weitgehend -systemunabhängigen Syntax vorzunehmen. Die früher für denselben Zweck -verwendeten Anweisungen \psfig, \epsfig, \epsfbox usw. (enthalten in den -Paketen `psfig', `epsf' und `epsfig') sollten nicht mehr verwendet -werden, da sie teilweise fehlerhaft sind, nur für ausgewählte Treiber -funktionieren und auch nicht weiterentwickelt werden. -Neben \includegraphics werden weitere nützliche Befehle zum Skalieren -und Rotieren definiert. Die Größe der Grafik, die von LaTeX benötigt -wird, um entsprechend Platz für die Grafik zu lassen, wird bei -Encapsulated-PostScript-(EPS-)Dateien direkt aus dem -`BoundingBox'-Kommentar in der EPS-Datei gelesen. Bei anderen, -insbesondere bei binär vorliegenden Grafikformaten wie `gif' oder `pcx' -kann die Größe in einer begleitenden Textdatei bzw. im optionalen -Argument der Anweisung \includegraphics angegeben werden. Mit dem -Paketparameter `draft' des Paketes `graphics' kann man LaTeX -veranlassen, in die dvi-Datei nur einen Rahmen in der Größe der Grafik -statt des Verweises auf die Grafikdatei einzufügen, was das Betrachten -beschleunigt und zum Korrekturlesen manchmal hilfreich ist. -Die Grafikinformation kann bei EPS-Dateien sowohl als Vektoren als auch -in Form von Angaben zur Position der einzelnen Grapkikpunkte -(Pixelgrafik) enthalten sein. Wenn möglich, sollte man immer -Vektorgrafiken bevorzugen, da sie ohne Qualitätsverluste skaliert werden -können. Ist man, wie bei gescannten Bildern, auf Pixelgrafiken -angewiesen, so sollte man zur Vermeidung von Qualitätsverlusten darauf -achten, daß die Auflösung der Grafik derjenigen des Druckers entspricht. -Man bedenke auch, daß Grautöne nur mit besser auflösenden Ausgabegeräten -(mind. 600dpi, besser mehr) gut wiedergegeben werden. -Um vorhandene Pixelgrafiken nach EPS zu wandeln, kann man die -Exportfunktion etlicher Grafikprogramme nutzen. Es gibt darüberhinaus -die beiden Programme `jpeg2ps' und `tiff2ps', die sehr kompakte -EPS-Dateien erzeugen. Sie erfordern Ausgabegeräte, die `PostScript -Level 2' beherrschen, wie beispielsweise alle modernen PS-Drucker und -neue Ghostscript-Versionen. Alternativ kann man zur Konvertierung von -JPEG nach EPS auch `imgtops2' verwenden, das in der EPS-Ausgabe -DCT-Kompression nutzt und so sehr kompakte EPS-Dateien erzeugt. Zur -Konvertierung von Pixelgrafiken, die im Format PNG, aber auch TIFF, JPEG -und Netpbm vorliegen, in EPS für Geräte mit PostScript Level 1, 2 -oder 3, gibt es das Programm `bmeps', für TIFF auch `tif2eps', das -Ghostscript voraussetzt. Ein weiteres Programm, welches eine Vielzahl -von Grafikformaten konvertieren kann, ist `convert', das Bestandteil der -Programmsammlung `ImageMagick' ist. Es steht ebenfalls für viele -Betriebssysteme zur Verfügung. Da die meisten dvi-Preview-Programme -enthaltene EPS-Grafiken nicht darstellen können, empfiehlt es sich, die -dvi-Datei nach PostScript zu wandeln und dann ein -PostScript-Preview-Programm (`gv', `gsview', `ghostview', `Ghostscript' -etc.) zu verwenden. -Sehr ausführliche und gut verständliche Hinweise zu diesem Thema enthält -Keith Reckdahls Artikel `Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX2e' (epslatex) -und das Buch `The LaTeX Graphics Companion' von Michel Goossens u.a. -sowie `TeX/LaTeX und Graphik, ein Überblick über die Verfahren' von -Friedhelm Sowa (siehe Abschnitte 2.4.1 und 2.4.2). - -graphics/graphicx: CTAN: macros/latex/required/graphics/ -graphicx CTAN: macros/plain/graphics/ -(Plain-TeX): -epslatex (Keith CTAN: info/epslatex.ps -Reckdahl): - CTAN: info/epslatex.pdf -Graphics and Colour -with LaTeX (Patrick http://www.linmpi.mpg.de/~daly/latex/grf.htm -W. Daly): -LaTeX2e und Grafik -(Sebastian http://www.loh-fi.de/howto/latex.htm -Lohmeier): -jpeg2ps: http://www.pdflib.com/jpeg2ps/ - CTAN: nonfree/support/jpeg2ps/ -imgtops2: http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/dougz/postscript/imgtops2/ -tiff2ps: CTAN: graphics/tiff/ -tif2eps: CTAN: support/pstools/tif2eps/ -bmeps: CTAN: support/bmeps/ -gif2eps: http://www.zib.de/Visual/software/ -ImageMagick: http://www.imagemagick.org/ - - - -6.4.2 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß anstelle der Grafiken nur leerer Platz -in der Größe der Grafiken im LaTeX-Dokument erscheint? - -Mit der Option `draft' der Pakete `graphics' bzw. `graphicx' - - \usepackage[draft]{graphicx} - -erreicht man, daß statt der Grafiken nur ein Rahmen in Größe der Grafik -gezeichnet wird. Zusätzlich wird der Name der einzufügenden Datei in -diesen Rahmen geschrieben. -Tip: Verwendet man die Option `draft' in der Klassendeklaration, so gilt -diese auch für das Paket `graphicx'. Diese globale Option kann jedoch -mit der Paketoption `final' wieder überschrieben werden. -Will man weder Rahmen noch Dateinamen erhalten, so kann man das Paket -`crop' in der folgenden Weise nutzen: - - \usepackage[nographics]{crop}[2001/10/07] - -Den gegenteiligen Effekt erreicht man mit der Paketoption `notext'. - -crop: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/crop/ - - - -6.4.3 Wie kann ich mit TeX farbigen Text setzen? - -Das LaTeX-Bundle `graphics' enthält das Paket `color', das Befehle zur -Verfügung stellt, mit denen man Textteile einfärben, eine Box oder den -Hintergrund einer Seite farbig hinterlegen kann. Dies funktioniert -natürlich nur, wenn das Ausgabegerät (Drucker, Bildschirm) dazu in der -Lage ist und der dvi-Treiber die dazu notwendige Funktionalität hat, -entsprechende \special-Anweisungen mit den Farbbefehlen auszuwerten. -Um das Paket `color' an verschiedene Ausgabegeräte und dvi-Treiber -anzupassen, muß eine entsprechende Definitionsdatei für den jeweiligen -Treiber vorhanden sein bzw. noch erstellt werden. Auf jedem System -sollte in der Datei ``color.cfg'' eine dvi-Treiber-Definition als -Default angegeben sein. Das Paket `color' läßt sich dann wie folgt -verwenden: - - \usepackage{color} - -Will man in einem Dokument einen vom Standard abweichenden dvi-Treiber -verwenden, so kann man den Namen der dvi-Treiber-Definition als -Paket-Option angeben: - - - \usepackage[dvips]{color} - -erzeugt eine dvi-Datei mit Farb-\special-Anweisungen für den -dvi-PostScript-Treiber `dvips'. Danach kann man die entstehende -dvi-Datei auch mit anderen dvi-Treibern übersetzen bzw. ausdrucken, -jedoch werden in den meisten Fällen die Farb-\special-Anweisungen nicht -erkannt und mit einer Warnung ignoriert. -Eine genauere Beschreibung der einzelnen Anweisungen und der vorhandenen -Definitionsdateien findet man in der Anleitung `grfguide' im Paket -`graphics'. - -graphics/color: CTAN: macros/latex/required/graphics/ - - - -6.4.4 Bei mit `XFig' erstellten und exportierten Zeichnungen erhalte ich -bei der Einbindung in LaTeX den Fehler, daß \SetFigFont nicht definiert -ist. Was ist falsch? - -Das Programm `fig2dev', das XFig zum Wandeln und Exportieren von -Fig-Bildern aufruft, hat in den Versionen vor Version 3.1pl1 einen -Fehler, der dazu führt, daß das Makro \SetFigFont nicht immer definiert -ist. Nach einem Update des Paketes `Transfig', welches `fig2dev' -enthält, verschwindet der Fehler. Kann man auf den Update nicht warten, -bietet sich auch als Einfachstlösung die Definition -\newcommand{\SetFigFont}[3]{} in der Dokumentpräambel an. - -transfig/fig2dev: CTAN: graphics/transfig/ - - - -6.4.5 Bei Verwendung von PiCTeX erhalte ich die Meldung `No room for a -new \dimen'. Wie kann ich das vermeiden? - -PiCTeX verwendet sehr viele von TeXs Zähler- und Längenregistern und -wenn noch weitere Pakete hinzugeladen werden, die ebenso Register -benötigen, gehen die jeweils 256 vorhandenen, von denen LaTeX bereits -nicht wenige benötigt, aus. Die erste Lösung besteht in der Verwendung -des ConTeXt-Moduls `m-pictex' von Hans Hagen, das beim Laden von PiCTeX -dafür sorgt, daß statt Längen- an einigen Stellen Glue-Register -verwendet werden. Eine alternative Lösung besteht in der Verwendung des -Paketes `pictexwd', eines von Andreas Schrell veränderten PiCTeX, das -weniger Längenregister benutzt. -Eine weitere Lösungsmöglichkeit besteht darin, die größere Anzahl an -Registern zu nutzen, die e-TeX zur Verfügung stellt. Verwendet man LaTeX -(Aufruf: elatex), muß das Paket `etex' vor PiCTeX geladen werden, um von -e-TeX zu profitieren. - -m-pictex.tex, m-pictex.sty: CTAN: macros/context/cont-tmf.zip -pictexwd: CTAN: graphics/pictex/addon/ -etex.sty ist momentan nur in teTeX und fpTeX enthalten. - - - -6.4.6 Was kann ich tun, wenn eine Grafik im EPS-Format beim Einfügen in -ein LaTeX-Dokument Probleme bereitet? - -Nicht selten erzeugen Grafikprogramme beim Speichern der Ergebnisse im -PostScript-Code keine oder eine fehlerhafte Boundingbox-Kommentarzeile. -Diese Angabe ist jedoch beim Einfügen der Grafik in ein LaTeX-Dokument -unbedingt erforderlich, da sonst der benötigte Platz nicht korrekt -berechnet werden kann. Der im folgenden testweise eingefügte Rahmen -zeigt die Größe der Boundingbox in Relation zur Grafik: - - \usepackage{graphicx} - % ... - \begin{figure} - \setlength{\fboxsep}{-\fboxrule}\fbox{\includegraphics{dateiname}} - \end{figure} - -Ist die Boundingbox-Zeile fehlerhaft, kann folgendermaßen vorgegangen -werden: - - Manuelle Korrektur: - - Man lade die EPS-Datei in einen PostScript-Viewer und notiere sich - die Koordinaten der linken unteren (ll,lr) und der rechten oberen - (ul,ur) Ecke des interessierenden Teils der Grafik, wobei die - Maßeinheit bp (big points) verwendet werden muß. Diese Werte füge - man mit Hilfe eines ASCII-Editors im Anschluß an die Zeile - ``%!PS-Adobe ...'' am Anfang der EPS-Datei hinzu bzw. korrigiere - die vorhandene Angabe entsprechend: - - %%BoundingBox: ll lr ul ur - - Statt des Eintrags in die EPS-Datei können die Werte auch als - optionale Parameter der `\includegraphics'-Anweisung angegeben - werden: - - \includegraphics[bb= ll lr ul ur]{dateiname} - - - Automatische Korrektur: - - Man verwende das Programm `epstool' in der folgenden Weise: - - epstool -b -c -oausgabedatei.eps eingabedatei.eps - - In der Datei ``eingabedatei.eps'' befinde sich die fehlerhafte - Grafik, danach enthält ``ausgabedatei.eps'' die korrigierte - Grafik. `epstool' erfordert die vorherige Installation des - PostScript-Interpreters `Ghostscript'. - Alternativ dazu kann versucht werden, das Problem unter Verwendung - des Programms `epstopdf' zu lösen: - - epstopdf --nogs --outfile=ausgabedatei.eps eingabedatei.eps - - Liegt die Grafik in Form einer einseitigen PostScript-Datei vor, - kann man mit Hilfe des Programms `ps2eps' versuchen, diese in eine - EPS-Datei mit korrekter BoundingBox-Angabe umzuwandeln: - - ps2eps eingabedatei.ps - - `ps2eps' erfordert ebenfalls das Programm `Ghostscript' sowie - `perl'. - -Sollte trotz korrekter Angabe der BoundingBox ein ungünstiges Ergebnis -entstehen, kann es daran liegen, daß die EPS-Datei fälschlicherweise -PostScript-Anweisungen enthält, die auch den Bereich außerhalb der -BoundingBox verändern. Mit der Option [clip] der Anweisung -`\includegraphics' wird die Ausgabe auf den Bereich der BoundingBox -beschränkt. - -epstool/gsview: ftp://support/ghostscript/ghostgum/ -epstopdf: http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/ -ps2eps: CTAN: support/ps2eps/ -Ghostscript (GPL): CTAN: support/ghostscript/gnu/ -Ghostscript (AFPL): CTAN: nonfree/support/ghostscript/aladdin/ - - - -6.4.7 Warum werden Pixelgrafiken in pdf-Dateien, die ich mit pdfTeX -erzeugt habe, verzerrt oder mit falschen Farben dargestellt? - -Vermutlich ist die Ursache die veraltete fehlerhafte -pdfTeX-Version 0.13d. Abhilfe schafft die Verwendung einer aktuellen -Version (z.B. 0.14f oder neuer). Bei dieser Gelegenheit empfiehlt es -sich, die im Zusammenhang mit dem LaTeX-Paket `graphicx' wichtige Datei -``pdftex.def'' und das LaTeX-Paket `hyperref' ebenfalls zu erneuern. - -pdftex.def: http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/ -~: CTAN: macros/latex/required/graphics -hyperref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/ -~: http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ - - - -6.4.8 Wie kann ich unter Windows Bilder, Grafiken etc. mit LaTeX -verwenden? - -Um Bilder u.ä. aus Windows-Programmen in LaTeX einzubinden, sollte man -diese im EPS-Format in eine Datei drucken. Da es mit den EPS-Dateien, -die die Standard-EPS-Druckertreiber unter Windows erzeugen, immer wieder -zu Problemen kommt, sollte man stattdessen die PostScript-Druckertreiber -von Adobe installieren (siehe Frage 11.3.6). -Damit die EPS-Datei nun problemlos und korrekt unter LaTeX mit der -Anweisung \includegraphics eingebunden werden kann, ist die -Bounding-Box-Angabe in der Datei zu bestimmen und eventuell zu -korrigieren (siehe Frage 6.4.6). - -6.4.9 Woher kann ich eine Dokumentation zum (La)TeX-Paket `pictex' -bekommen? - -Leider ist die Originaldokumentation nur käuflich von der Firma -``Personal TeX, Inc.'' zu erhalten. Ersatzweise kann man die frei -verfügbare Dokumentation zu dem Programm `mathspic' verwenden. -`mathspic' ist ein unter DOS/Windows verwendbares Filterprogramm zum -vereinfachten Erstellen von PiCTeX-Grafiken. - -Personal TeX, Inc.: http://www.pctex.com -mathspic: CTAN: graphics/pictex/mathspic/mpicm21.pdf - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 6 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.7.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.7.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e52836f8c80..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.7.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1012 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 7 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -7 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III) - - -7.1 Gliederung, Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und andere Verzeichnisse - - -7.1.1 Beim Formatieren von \tableofcontents erhalte ich sehr viele -Meldungen mit ``overfull \hbox''. Woran liegt das? - -Die Seitennummer wird in eine Box der Breite \@pnumwidth gesetzt. Der in -den Standardklassen hierfür verwendete Wert von 1.55em kann in manchen -Situationen (Seitennummer>=1000, breiterer Font) zu klein sein. Abhilfe: - - \renewcommand{\@pnumwidth}{2em}% statt `2em' evtl. groesserer Wert - -Eventuell muß man dann auch den Wert im Makro \@tocrmarg anpassen. Da -man ein internes Makro ändert, ist diese Anweisung in eine .sty-Datei -oder mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother geklammert in die -Dokumentpräambel zu schreiben. -Längere Abschnittsnummern können eine andere Ursache dieses Fehlers -sein. Hier muß man in den Definitionen der Makros \l@<type>, wie z.B. -\l@section, im Aufruf des Makros \@dottedtocline das dritte Argument -entsprechend vergrößern. Näheres hierzu im Buch ``Der LaTeX-Begleiter'' -(siehe Frage 2.4.1). - -7.1.2 Bei einem Artikel mit sehr vielen Abschnitten und Unterabschnitten -``klebt'' die Überschrift im `toc' direkt hinter der Abschnittsnummer. -Kann man den Platz verbreitern? - -In der Datei der verwendeten Klasse wird das Aussehen einer Zeile in den -Verzeichnissen durch ein Makro namens `\l@<typ>' festgelegt. Für eine -\subsection ist dies das Makro \l@subsection, das z.B. in -``article.cls'' durch - - \newcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}} - -definiert ist. Die Länge 1.5em gibt an, wie breit der Einschub vom -linken Rand ist, die Länge 2.3em, wie breit der Platz für die -Abschnittsnummer sein soll. Will man diese vergrößern, kann man dies -beispielsweise mit - - \renewcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{3.3em}} - -in einer .sty-Datei oder mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother geklammert -in der Dokumentpräambel. Mehr dazu findet man im Buch ``Der -LaTeX-Begleiter'' (siehe Frage 2.4.1). -Sehr viel einfacher geht dies mit dem Paket `tocloft', das einem die -volle Kontrolle über die Formatierung der einzelnen Verzeichnisse -erlaubt. Es benötigt noch das Paket `stdclsdv'. - -tocloft: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/tocloft -stdclsdv: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/stdclsdv - - - -7.1.3 Warum werden die durch \subsubsection angegebenen Abschnitte nicht -mehr numeriert? - -Jeder Gliederungsebene ist in LaTeX eine Nummer zugeordnet: - --1 part 1 section 3 subsubsection 5 subparagraph - 0 chapter 2 subsection 4 paragraph - -Bei der Klasse `article' existiert der Befehl \chapter nicht, und \part -erhält die Nummer 0 zugeordnet. -Die Gliederungsebene, bis zu der numeriert wird, legt der Zähler -`secnumdepth' fest. Die Standardklassen setzen diesen Zähler auf den -Wert 2, also bis \subsection. Um auch für tieferliegende Ebenen eine -Numerierung zu erhalten, muß der Zähler entsprechend erhöht werden. Mit -\setcounter{secnumdepth}{4} werden die Überschriften der Ebenen bis -\paragraph mit einer Nummer versehen, auch wenn dies nur in den -allerwenigsten Fällen sinnvoll ist. -Um die Numerierung von Überschriften im Dokument vollständig zu -verhindern, muß man den Zähler `secnumdepth' auf den Wert -2 gesetzt -werden. Ein Inhaltsverzeichnis wird dennoch erzeugt, da dies durch den -Zähler `tocdepth' gesteuert wird. - -7.1.4 Wie erreiche ich, daß Abschnittsüberschriften ein anderes Aussehen -bekommen? - -Die LaTeX-Anweisungen \section, \subsection etc. werden in den -Klassendateien wie z.B. ``article.cls'' definiert. (In LaTeX 2.09 wurden -sie dagegen in den Hilfsdateien wie z.B. ``art10.sty'' definiert.) Die -Definitionen verwenden dabei die allgemeinere Anweisung \@startsection, -in deren sechstem Argument man Formatieranweisungen angeben kann. Zur -Änderung kopiert man sich die Definition aus ``article.cls'' bzw. die -entsprechende Klassendatei in eine .sty-Datei, ändert \newcommand (bzw. -\def) zu \renewcommand und fügt die Anweisung \centering zu den -bestehenden Formatieranweisungen hinzu: - - \renewcommand{\section}{% - \@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% - {2.3ex plus.2ex}% - {\normalfont\Large\bfseries \centering}} - -Man vergesse nicht, diese Definition mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother -zu klammern oder in eine .sty-Datei zu schreiben! -Mit dem Paket `titlesec' können Abschnittsüberschriften noch einfacher -angepaßt werden. Beispielsweise erhält man mit - - \usepackage{titlesec} - \titleformat{\section}% - {\normalfont\Large\bfseries \filcenter}% - {\thesection}% - {1em}% - {}% - -eine Zentrierung der \section-Überschriften. Hierbei wurde \filcenter, -eine spezielle Anweisung des Pakets verwendet, jedoch kann auch -\centering verwendet werden. Die Anweisung \titleformat hat ein -optionales Argument, mit dem man beispielsweise wie bei \paragraph -eingebettete oder in den Rand ragende Überschriften erhalten kann. -Abstände zwischen Überschrift und Text werden mit der Anweisung -\titlespacing vorgegeben. -Ebenso erleichtert das Paket `sectsty' die Änderung der -Abschnittsüberschriften in den LaTeX-Standardklassen. -Bei Verwendung einer aktuellen Version der -Klassen lassen sich -beispielweise die Schriftart, die Ausrichtung sowie weiteres ebenfalls -leicht anpassen. - -titlesec: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/titlesec -sectsty: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/sectsty -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ - - - -7.1.5 Warum werden die durch \subsubsection angegebenen Abschnitte nicht -mehr ins Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen? - -Ebenso wie der Zähler `secnumdepth' die Gliederungsebene festlegt, bis -zu der Abschnitte numeriert werden, legt der Zähler `tocdepth' die -Gliederungsebene fest, bis zu der Abschnitte in das Inhaltsverzeichnis -aufgenommen werden. Beispielsweise werden nach der Anweisung -\setcounter{tocdepth}{4} alle Abschnitte einschließlich der -\paragraph-Ebene in das Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen (siehe dazu Frage -7.1.3). Diese Anweisung muß in der Präambel, auf jeden Fall vor -\tableofcontents verwendet werden. - -7.1.6 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß z.B. \subsection usw. im Anhang in -das Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgenommen werden? - -Der Zähler `tocdepth' wird nur beim \tableofcontents ausgewertet, also -nur beim Satz und nicht bei der Erstellung der .toc-Datei. Daher hat -eine Änderung von `tocdepth' nach dem Befehl \appendix keine Wirkung. -Stattdessen muß man dafür sorgen, daß die Änderung von `tocdepth' mit -\addtocontents in die .toc-Datei gelangt: - - \documentclass{article} - % - \newcommand{\settocdepth}[1]{% - \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\setcounter{tocdepth}{#1}}} - % - \begin{document} - \tableofcontents - \section{Abschnitt} - \subsection{Unterabschnitt} - blabla - % - \appendix - \settocdepth{1} - % - \section{Abschnitt} - \subsection{Unterabschnitt} - \subsubsection{Unterunterabschnitt} - blabla - \end{document} - - -7.1.7 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß Literatur-, Abbildungs-, Tabellen- und -sonstige Verzeichnisse in das Inhaltsverzeichnis mit aufgenommen werden? - -Diese Verzeichnisse werden normalerweise nicht in das Inhaltsverzeichnis -aufgenommen. Wenn dies dennoch notwendig ist oder erwünscht wird, kann -man es am einfachsten mit den Dokumentklassen des KOMA-Script-Paketes -erreichen, da diese Klassen die hierfür gedachten Optionen `liststotoc', -`bibtotoc' bzw. `bibtotocnumbered' und `idxtotoc' kennen. -Bei Verwendung anderer Klassen kann eventuell das Paket `tocbibind' -weiterhelfen. Ansonsten könnte man als letzte Lösung unmittelbar vor die -Anweisungen \bibliography, \listoftables, \listoffigures und \printindex -die Anweisungen - - \clearpage - \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\refname} - -schreiben. Statt \refname ist evtl. \bibname bzw. \listtablename, -\listfigurename oder \indexname einzusetzen; `section' kann bei -Verwendung der Dokumentklassen `report' und `book' durch `chapter' -ersetzt werden. Außerdem muß bei Verwendung der Klassenoption `twoside', -die bei `book' voreingestellt ist, \clearpage durch \cleardoublepage -ersetzt werden. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -tocbibind: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/tocbibind/ - - - -7.1.8 Wie kann ich die Formatierung der automatisch erzeugten Inhalts-, -Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnisse ändern? - -Mit dem Paket `titletoc', das zusammen mit dem Paket `titlesec' verteilt -und dokumentiert wird, kann man sehr frei die Formatierung der -Inhaltsverzeichniseinträge ändern. Daneben gibt es noch das Paket -`tocloft', mit dem man ebenso die Formatierung des Inhalts-, Abbildungs- -und Tabellenverzeichnisses anpassen kann. - -titletoc/titlesec: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/titlesec/ -tocloft: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/tocloft/ - - - -7.1.9 Wie kann ich mit \ref nicht nur die Abschnittsnummer, sondern auch -den Text einer Abschnittsüberschrift erhalten? - -Das Paket `titleref' stellt hierzu die Anweisung \titleref, der analog -zu \ref und \pageref den Text einer Abschnittsüberschrift oder -Abbildungsunterschrift liefert. Hierzu muß die Anweisung \label _nach_ -den Abschnittsanweisungen und \caption erfolgen und darf _nicht_ im -Argument angegeben werden. -Im `hyperref'-Bündel existiert mit `nameref' ein weiteres Paket, das -diese Funktionalität anbietet.Dieses definiert die Anweisung \nameref. -Insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit der Erzeugung von pdf-Dateien sollte -diese Lösung bevorzugt werden. - -titleref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/titleref.sty -nameref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/ - - - -7.1.10 Wie kann ich in einem Stichwortverzeichnis oder einem -Literaturverzeichnis noch Text zwischen die Überschrift und die -Verzeichnisliste bekommen? - -Hierfür muß man die Umgebung `thebibliography' bzw. `theindex' -umdefinieren. Man kopiert sich dazu die Definition dieser Umgebungen aus -der Klassendatei in eine eigene Paketdatei, ersetzt die Anweisung -\newenvironment durch \renewenvironment. Anschließend fügt man zwischen -der Überschrift, die mit \section oder \chapter erzeugt wird und der -Listen-Umgebung die Anweisungen - - \renewenvironment{\thebibliography}[1]{% - \section*{\refname - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% - % vvvv--- neu - \thebibliographyhook - \renewcommand{\thebibliographyhook}{}% Hook ruecksetzen - % ^^^^--- neu - \list{\@biblabel{\arabic{enumiv}}}% - ... - -wie hier für `thebibliography' gezeigt, ein. -Für das Stichwortverzeichnis werden diese Zeilen, diesmal mit -\theindexhook, in die entsprechend zu ändernde Definition der Umgebung -`theindex' eingefügt. Bei dieser muß man darauf achten, die beiden -Zeilen _in_ das optionale Argument der Anweisung \twocolumn einzufügen, -wenn der Text über beide Spalten gehen soll. -Schließlich werden diese ``Haken'' mit der neuen Definition - - \newcommand{\thebibliographyhook}{} % Standard-Wert: kein Text - \newcommand{\theindexhook}{} % Standard-Wert: kein Text - -auf einen Wert gesetzt, der das bisherige Verhalten nicht verändert. -Will man nun zusätzlichen Text einfügen, so wird der jeweilige Hook -direkt vor dem entsprechenden Verzeichnis per \renewcommand auf den -gewünschten Text gesetzt. -Von Version 2.6c an bieten die Dokumentklassen des KOMA-Script-Paketes -einen noch einfacheren Weg mit den Anweisungen `\setbibpreamble' und -`\setindexpreamble'. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ - - - -7.1.11 Wie kann ich mehrere Verzeichnisse in der Art des -Stichwortverzeichnisses, z.B. ein zusätzliches Autorenverzeichnis, -anlegen? - -Zu diesem Zweck geeignet sind die LaTeX-Pakete `camel' und `multind'. - -camel: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/camel/ -multind: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/misc/multind.sty - - - -7.1.12 In meinem LaTeX-Dokument fehlen die Einträge im Inhalts-, -Tabellen- und Abbildungsverzeichnis, obwohl die Dateien .toc, .lot bzw. -.lof vorhanden sind. Ich benutze das Paket `fancybox'. - -Diese Besonderheit verschwindet mit einer aktuelleren Version des -Paketes `fanycbox', mindestens Version 1.3. Um sicherzustellen, daß man -eine einigermaßen aktuelle Version benützt, kann man beim Laden des -Pakets das Datum angeben: - - \usepackage{fancybox}[2000/09/19] - - -fancybox: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancybox/ - - - -7.1.13 Wie mache ich alle Labels von Querverweisen sichtbar und wie -erhalte ich eine Liste dieser Labels? - -Mit dem Paket `showkeys' aus dem `tools'-Bündel werden alle Querverweise -im Dokument als Marginalien gesetzt. -Eine Liste der Labels eines Dokuments erhält man mit Hilfsdokument -``lablst.tex'', das zu Beginn den Namen des Dokuments, die -Dokumentklasse als auch die durch Kommata getrennte Liste aller -verwendeten Pakete erfrägt. Dieses Hilfsdokument liegt jeder -LaTeX-Verteilung bei. - -lablst.tex: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ -showkeys: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ - - - -7.1.14 Wie kann ich erreichen, dass Referenzen in einem LaTeX-Dokument, -das ich nach PDF umwandle, als _Hyperlinks_ angezeigt werden, und kann -man auch _Bookmarks_ (Lesezeichen) automatisch entsprechend dem -Inhaltsverzeichnis erstellen lassen? - -All dies und vieles mehr wird automatisch von dem Paket `hyperref' -erledigt. Neben der automatischen Erzeugung von _Hyperlinks_ und -_Bookmarks_ stellt das Paket zusätzliche Befehle zur Verfügung, mit -denen Benutzer ihren Dokumenten weitere Hypertext-Elemente hinzufügen -können. Auch das Setzen bestimmter PDF-Dokumenteigenschaften -(Autorinformationen, Seitenübergänge) und die ``Steuerung'' des -`acroread' aus einem Dokument heraus sind mit dem Paket möglich. - -hyperref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/ -hyperref (beta-Version): http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ - - - -7.1.15 Um PDF zu erzeugen, binde ich das Paket `hyperref' ein, aber beim -Betrachten mit `acroread' werden keine _Hyperlinks_ und auch keine -_Bookmarks_ angezeigt. Seltsamerweise zeigen `xdvi' bzw. `yap' bei -Betrachten der dvi-Datei korrekte _Hyperlinks_ an. - -Da es sehr viele Methoden gibt, LaTeX-Dokumente in PDF zu wandeln, wobei -die dafür verwendeten Programme jeweils eine andere Notation verwenden, -wie Links angegeben werden, ist `hyperref' auf die Verwendung von -`Treibern' angeweisen, die für jede Methode der PDF-Erstellung -festlegen, wie Links spezifiziert werden. -Wird kein Treiber explizit angegeben (als Paketoption; die Dokumentation -erklärt, wie das geht), so muss `hyperref' raten, welcher Treiber zu -verwenden ist. Wird pdfTeX zur Übersetzung verwendet, so wird -automatisch der passende Treiber verwendet; bei Benutzung von LaTeX ist -der Standardtreiber jedoch fast immer `hypertex', was beispielsweise von -`xdvi' und `yap' verstanden wird, jedoch zur Umwandlung in PDF -ungeeignet ist. -Wenn dieser (falsche) Treiber verwendet wird, so ist in der -Protokolldatei die Zeile - - - *hyperref using default driver hypertex* - -zu finden. -In diesem Fall muß entweder ein Treiber explizit als Paketoption -angegeben werden (Vorsicht, dies kann dazu führen, daß nun die -Übersetzung mit pdfTeX nicht mehr funktioniert!), oder es muß ein -passender Standardtreiber eingestellt werden. -Hierfür eignet sich die Datei ``hyperref.cfg'', die von `hyperref' -automatisch nachgeladen wird, wenn sie (an passender Stelle) existiert. -Ob eine solche Datei existiert und geladen wird, ist aus der -Protokolldatei ersichtlich. -Wenn man PDF mit LaTeX, `dvips' und Acrobat Distiller erstellt, ist der -korrekte Treiber `dvips'. Diesen legt man als Standardtreiber fest, -indem man der Datei ``hyperref.cfg'' die folgenden Zeilen hinzufügt -(bzw. eine Datei mit diesem Inhalt neu erstellt): - - \@ifundefined{pdfoutput}{% - \let\pdfoutput=\@undefined - \ExecuteOptions{dvips}% - }{}% - - -7.1.16 Wieso werden, wenn ich unter Verwendung des Pakets `hyperref' auf -dem Umweg über PostScript pdf-Dateien erzeuge (mit `ps2pdf' oder `Adobe -Acrobat Distiller'), plötzlich alle Texte, die als Links dienen, -insbesondere die Abschnittsüberschriften im Inhaltsverzeichnis nicht -mehr umbrochen? - -Das Paket `hyperref' kennt die Option `breaklinks', die festlegt, ob -Links umbrochen werden dürfen. Diese Option ist bei Verwendung von -pdfLaTeX automatisch aktiv, bei `dvips' oder `ps2pdf' aber nicht, da der -im letzteren Fall verwendete pdfmark-Mechanismus einen Umbruch von Links -nicht zuläßt. Es ist in diesem Fall also auf keinen Fall möglich, den -Umbruch von Links ``verlustfrei'' zuzulassen. Eine saubere Lösung dieses -Dilemmas besteht zur Zeit ausschließlich in der Verwendung eines -Systems, das den Linkumbruch erlaubt, wie etwa pdfTeX oder VTeX. -Man könnte die Paketoption `breaklinks' bei `hyperref' auch direkt -angeben, muß dann aber damit leben, daß die im Umbruchfall erstellten -Links nicht oder nur eingeschränkt funktionieren. -Ein total kaputtes Inhaltsverzeichnis kann man weiterhin durch Angabe -der Option `linktocpage' vermeiden, die bewirkt, daß die Links im -Inhaltsverzeichnis den Seitenangaben statt den Abschnittstiteln -unterlegt werden. - -7.1.17 Wie erstelle ich ein Glossar? - -Um ein Wortverzeichnis mit Erklärungen oder im weiteren Sinne ein -Verzeichnis von benutzten Begriffen mit Erklärungen, wie beispielsweise -von Formelzeichen oder von Abkürzungen, zu erstellen, bietet LaTeX mit -den Anweisungen \makeglossary und \glossary die Möglichkeit, Einträge -vorzunehmen. Jedoch verbleibt es beim Autor, diese Einträge zu sortieren -und zu formatieren. -Um die Einträge zu sortieren wird meist `makeindex', `xindy' oder -BibTeX, eventuell ergänzt um ein Zusatzprogramm, verwendet. Zur -Formatierung und zur leichteren oder differenzierteren Eingabe verwendet -man ein entsprechendes LaTeX-Paket. -Das Paket `nomencl' ist entstanden, um Verzeichnisse von Formelzeichen -anzulegen, kann aber darüberhinaus noch mehr. Datenbanken mit -Abkürzungen etc. verwaltet das Paket `gloss' mit Hilfe von BibTeX. Das -Tool `glosstex' erstellt automatisch ein Glossar, ein -Abkürzungsverzeichnis oder ganz allgemein sortierte Listen. Es -kombiniert die Funktionalität von `acronym', `nomencl' und `glotex' und -kann ebenfalls Datenbanken verwalten. Mit dem Paket `makeglos' kann in -ein Dokument ein Glossar eingebunden werden, das beispielsweise mit -`makeindex' oder `xindy' erstellt wurde. Dieses Paket ist weniger -umfangreich als `glosstex'. - -nomencl: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/nomencl -gloss: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/gloss -glosstex: CTAN: support/glosstex/ -acronym: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/acronym -glotex: CTAN: indexing/glo+idxtex/ -makeglos: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/makeglos - - - -7.2 Literaturzitate, Literaturverzeichnis, BibTeX (*) - - -7.2.1 Wie kann ich im Text mit dem Autor/Jahreszahl o.ä. zitieren? - -Hierfür gibt es eine größere Anzahl von Paketen, wie `natbib', `theapa' -oder `cite', die dies erlauben. - -natbib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/natbib/ -theapa: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/theapa/ -cite: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/cite/ - - - -7.2.2 Wie kann ich das BibTeX-Stylefile xyz.bst so abändern, daß an -Stelle X ein/kein Komma/Punkt erscheint, daß der Eintrag Y anders -formatiert wird etc.? - -Die Programmiersprache von BibTeX, in der die .bst-Dateien geschrieben -sind, ist in der Datei ``btxhak.tex'' beschrieben, die jedem -BibTeX-Paket beiliegen sollte. Bevor man diese für die meisten -ungewohnte Sprache lernt, sollte man zuerst überprüfen, ob die eigenen -Wünsche schon durch das Paket `custom-bib' abgedeckt werden können. -Dieses Paket enthält ein menügesteuertes, in TeX selbst geschriebenes -Erzeugungsprogramm, das aus einer Master-bst-Datei eine bst-Datei mit -den ausgewählten Eigenschaften erzeugt. - -custom-bib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/custom-bib/ -btxdoc/btxhak: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/ - - - -7.2.3 Gibt es ans Deutsche angepaßte .bst-Dateien? (*) - -Ja, zum Beispiel kann man mit dem in Frage 7.2.2 genannten Paket -`custom-bib' .bst-Dateien für verschiedene Sprachen, darunter auch -Deutsch, generieren. -Unter http://www.fh-hamburg.de/pers/Lorenzen/bibtex/ findet man in den -Dateien ``abbrvdin.zip'', ``alphadin.zip'', ``plaindin.zip'', -``unsrtdin.zip'' und ``natdin.zip'' an DIN angepaßte -BibTeX-Style-Dateien. ``natdin.bst'' ermöglicht -Verfasser-Jahr-Zitierweisen zusammen mit DIN-Zitierstandard. Der -BibTeX-Style ``dinat.bst'' ist eine verbesserte Versionen von -``natdin.bst''. - -Online-Tutorial: http://www.din1505.informationskompetenz.net/ -dinat: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/contrib/german/dinat/ - - -Außerdem gibt es folgende angepaßte .bst-Dateien und -Pakete (ohne -Gewähr, unvollständig, Reihenfolge ist _keine_ Wertung): - -abstyles: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/contrib/abstyles/ -germbib: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/contrib/germbib/ -geralpha: CTAN: obsolete/biblio/bibtex/contrib/geralpha/ - - - -7.2.4 Wie kann ich statt der eckigen Klammern [1] im Text bzw. im -Literaturverzeichnis hochgestellte Ziffern, runde Klammern (1) oder -Schrägstriche /1/ verwenden? - -Für die Form der Labels im Text ist die interne Anweisung \@cite, für -die Form im Literaturverzeichnis die interne Anweisung \@biblabel -anzupassen. Deren Standarddefinitionen lauten: - - \newcommand{\@cite}[2]{[{#1\if@tempswa , #2\fi}]} - \newcommand{\@biblabel}[1]{[#1]} - -Will man statt der eckigen Klammern Schrägstriche, so lauten die -Redefinitionen - - \renewcommand{\@cite}[2]{/{#1\if@tempswa , #2\fi}/} - \renewcommand{\@biblabel}[1]{/#1/} - -Nicht vergessen: Redefinitionen von internen Anweisungen (= enthalten -ein `@' im Namen) müssen entweder in ein .sty-File geschrieben oder in -der Präambel des Dokuments durch \makeatletter ... \makeatother -geklammert werden! -Die Pakete `cite' und `overcite' definieren Befehle, wie \citeleft und -\citeright, die die Klammern erzeugen und die der Benutzer mit -\renewcommand sehr einfach umdefinieren kann. Nach - - \usepackage{cite} - \renewcommand{\citeleft}{(} - \renewcommand{\citeright}{)} - -bekommt man statt eckiger Klammern [1] runde Klammern (1). -Das Paket `overcite' erlaubt es außerdem, Zitatstellen im Text mit -hochgestellten Ziffern zu markieren. - -cite, overcite: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/cite/ - - - -7.2.5 Wie erreiche ich, daß innerhalb eines \cite im Dokumenttext -umbrochen werden darf? - -Das Paket `cite' definiert die Zitieranweisung von LaTeX so um, daß ein -Zeilenumbruch möglich ist. - -cite: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/cite/ - - - -7.2.6 Wie kann ich verhindern, daß die Wörter im Titel eines -.bib-Eintrages kleingeschrieben werden? - -Entweder den Titel komplett oder alle groß zu schreibenden Wörter -einzeln noch einmal klammern, also in der .bib-Datei statt - - title = {Fragen und Antworten} - -einfach - - title = {{Fragen und Antworten}} - -oder - - title = {{Fragen} und {Antworten}} - -eingeben. -Eine alternative Lösung (oder besser: Ergänzung der Klammerung) ist die -Änderung oder Verwendung einer entsprechend geänderten bst-Datei, in der -bei der Formatierung des Titels und anderer Teile eines Eintrages die -BibTeX-Anweisung `change.case$' _nicht_ ausgeführt wird. Dies sollte bei -den an das Deutsche angepaßten bst-Dateien (siehe Frage 7.2.3) bereits -der Fall sein, im Paket `custom-bib' (siehe Frage 7.2.2) kann die -Umwandlung über einen Menüpunkt ausgewählt werden. - -7.2.7 Bei Labels wie [Rai95], die aus Teilen des Autorennamens gebildet -werden, treten Fehler bei Autorennamen mit Umlauten auf; wie kann ich -das verhindern? - -Damit BibTeX die Konstruktion `\"a' für Umlaute als ein einzelnes -Zeichen korrekt erkennen kann, muß der Umlaut mit einer zusätzlichen -Klammerung im Eintrag in der .bib-Datei eingegeben werden, also als -`{\"a}' oder `{\ss}'. Tip: BibTeX-Dokumentation in ``btxdoc'' lesen! - -btxdoc: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/ - - - -7.2.8 Kann ich Umlaute direkt in einer .bib-Datei verwenden? - -Jein. Einige neuere BibTeX-Implementierungen erlauben die Ein- und -Ausgabe von Umlauten und anderen akzentuierten Zeichen. Will man diese -Dateien jedoch an Personen mit anderen Rechnersystemen und anderen -BibTeX-Implementierungen weitergeben, sollte man sich auf die -Standard-Kodierung mit `{\"a}' etc. beschränken. -Im Schlüssel eines Verweises, also dem Argument von \cite, ebenso wie im -Schlüssel eines .bib-Eintrages, also dem ersten Wort des Eintrags, darf -man _keine Umlaute_ verwenden. Hier sollte man sich auf die 26 Klein- -und 26 Großbuchstaben, die 10 Ziffern und die Satzzeichen beschränken. -Der Grund liegt darin, daß dieser Schlüssel von (La)TeX an BibTeX -übergeben werden muß und ein Schlüssel mit Umlauten auf diesem Wege -eventuell zu einer anderen Zeichenkette expandiert werden kann, die im -BibTeX-Lauf mit keinem Schlüssel in der .bib-Datei übereinstimmt. -Dadurch kann dann der Eintrag von BibTeX bzw. von (La)TeX nicht gefunden -werden. - -8-Bit-BibTeX: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/8-bit/ - - - -7.2.9 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß mehrere Zitate [5,3,1,7,6] zu -[1,3,5-7] sortiert und zusammengefaßt werden? - -Je nach Art der bevorzugten Darstellung der Zitate im Text erreicht man -dies mit den Paketen `cite' oder `overcite' sowie `natbib' (Optionen: -``numbers,sort&compress''). Sollen im endgültigen Dokument die Zitate -unter Verwendung des Pakets `hyperref' anklickbar werden, ist die -letztgenannte Lösung zu bevorzugen. Ergänzend kann das Paket `hypernat' -benutzt werden, um auch die Wirkung der `hyperref'-Optionen `backref' -und `pagebackref' in diesem Fall sicherzustellen. - -cite, overcite: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/cite/ -natbib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/natbib/ -hypernat: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/ - - - -7.2.10 Wie kann man in einem Dokument verschiedene Abschnitte mit -eigenen Literaturverzeichnissen versehen? - -Die Pakete `chapterbib' und `bibunits' erlauben es, mehrere -Literaturverzeichnisse in einem Dokument zu verwenden, solange diese in -eigenen Abschnitten stehen. Bei `chapterbib' muß jeder der Abschnitte in -einer getrennt mit \include{...} einzubindenden Datei stehen. Beide -Pakete (`bibunits' ab Version 2.1) arbeiten problemlos mit anderen -Paketen wie `natbib' zusammenarbeitet. - -chapterbib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/cite/ -bibunits: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/bibunits/ - - - -7.2.11 Wie kann man ein thematisch untergliedertes Literaturverzeichnis -erstellen? - -Das Paket `bibtopic', vormals `bibtopics', ermöglicht die -Untergliederung eines Literaturverzeichnisses, wobei allerdings die -.bib-Datenbankdatei entsprechend der Gliederung in mehrere Dateien -aufgeteilt werden muß. Ein alternatives Paket ist `multibib', bei dem -die Aufteilung der .bib-Datenbankdatei nicht nötig ist. - -bibtopic: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/bibtopic/ -multibib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/multibib/ - - - -7.2.12 Wie kann ich in einer BibTeX-Datenbank WWW- oder ftp-Quellen, die -als URL vorliegen, zitieren? - -Die Quellen können mit den üblichen BibTeX-Styles auf unterschiedliche -Art und Weise zitiert werden. Eine Variante ist - - @manual{KEITH, - author = "Keith Reckdahl", - title = "Using Imported Graphics in \LaTeXe\ Documents", - year = "1997", - month = dec, - note = "CTAN: \url{tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps}"} - -und eine weitere - - @misc{GRANT, - author = "Michael C. Grant and David Carlisle", - title = "The PSFrag system, version~3", - year = "1996", - month = nov, - howpublished = "CTAN: \url{tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/% - supported/psfrag/pfgguide.tex}"} - -In beiden Fällen wird das LaTeX-Paket `url' verwendet, um den Umbruch -der Adressen zu erreichen (siehe Frage 7.3.10). Auf dieses Paket kann -verzichtet werden, wenn bereits das Paket `hyperref', mindestens -Version 6.70s (2000-08-31) oder aktueller, benutzt wird. -Wird das `hyperref' _nicht_ verwendet, so solle man das Prozentzeichen -am Zeilenende entfernen, da dann das Paket `url' dieses dann mit -ausgeben würde. -Wird das Paket `jurabib' verwendet, so kann man auch einfach wie folgt -zitieren: - - @manual{KEITH, - author = "Keith Reckdahl", - title = "Using Imported Graphics in \LaTeXe\ Documents", - year = "1997", - month = dec, - url = "ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps"} - - -url: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/url.sty -hyperref: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/ -jurabib: http://www.jurabib.org/ - - - -7.2.13 Gibt es einen Weg, daß \cite gleich die komplette Literaturstelle -liefert? - -Dies geht zwar nicht direkt mit der Anweisung \cite, aber im Paket -`bibentry', das `natbib' beiliegt, gibt es die Anweisung \bibentry, die -die vollständige Literaturangabe liefert. Näheres ist der mitgelieferten -Dokumentation zu entnehmen. Eine Alternative bietet das Paket -`inlinebib', das man allerdings nur mit dem beigefügten -``inlinebib.bst'' verwenden kann. Auch das Paket `jurabib' ist in der -Lage, z.B. mittels \fullcite oder der Option ``citefull=all'' bzw. -``citefull=first'' eine vollständige Literaturstelle zu liefern. Es kann -jedoch nur mit den `jurabib'-eigenen BibTeX-Stil ``jurabib'' verwendet -werden. - -bibentry: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/natbib/ -inlinebib: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/contrib/inlinebib/ -jurabib: http://www.jurabib.org/ -~: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/jurabib/ - - - -7.2.14 Wie kann ich mit Kurzformen von Autor und Titel zitieren oder -zwischen Kurz- und Langformen wechseln? - -Das Paket `jurabib' bietet dazu die Eintragsfelder juraauthor und -juratitle an, in die man die zu verwendende Kurzform des Autors bzw. des -Titels einträgt. Es bietet auch die Option ``citefull=first'', mit dem -bei Erstnennung eines Werkes eine vollständige Literaturstelle -erscheint, bei den weiteren Zitaten erscheinen jedoch nur noch die -angegebenen Kurzformen. Werden keine Kurzformen angegeben, werden sie -(größtenteils) von `jurabib' generiert. Auch `inlinebib' bietet Felder -für Kurzformen an. - -inlinebib: CTAN: biblio/bibtex/contrib/inlinebib/ -jurabib: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/jurabib/ - - - -7.2.15 Wie kann ich die Einträge in @phdthesis mit ``Diplomarbeit'' oder -ähnlicher Klassifikation auszeichnen? - -Im einfachsten Fall kann man die Art der These durch die Eigenschaft -type üeberschreiben, also mit type="Dissertation". Soll als -Standard-Wert etwas anderes verwendet werden, so muß man die .bst-Datei -anpassen. - -7.3 \verb-Anweisung, verbatim- und Kommentar-Umgebungen (+) - - -7.3.1 Wieso kann ich \verb nicht im Argument einer anderen Anweisung wie -\footnote, \parbox u.ä. verwenden? Wieso geht dies mit LaTeX2e nicht -mehr, obwohl es mit LaTeX 2.09 ging? - -Dies ging in LaTeX 2.09 auch nur, solange innerhalb des Arguments von -\verb keine Zeichen mit besonderer Bedeutung verwendet wurden. Für diese -Fälle hätte ein einfaches {\tt ...} auch ausgereicht. Die Eingabe -``\footnote{\verb+\cite+}'' liefert auch mit LaTeX 2.09 Fehler mit einer -sehr kryptischen Fehlermeldung, deshalb wird diese falsche Benutzung in -LaTeX2e mit der aussagekräftigeren Fehlermeldung `! LaTeX Error: \verb -illegal in command argument.' verhindert. -Benutzt man das Paket `fancyvrb' und verwendet man in der Präambel des -Dokuments die von diesem Paket definierte Anweisung \VerbatimFootnotes, -so können, anders als in Standard-LaTeX, innerhalb von Fußnoten -\verb-Anweisungen verwendet werden. - -fancyvrb: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb - - - -7.3.2 Wieso bekomme ich die Fehlermeldung `! LaTeX Error: \verb ended by -end of line.', wenn ich im Argument von \verb in der Eingabe ein -Zeilenende habe? - -LaTeX 2.09 war bei \verb sehr viel toleranter und hat den Zeilenwechsel -innerhalb des Arguments von \verb erlaubt, obwohl dies keinen Sinn -macht, da \verb nur für kurze Textstücke gedacht ist und im formatierten -Ergebnis kein Zeilenumbruch sichtbar wurde. -Aus diesen Gründen wird nun in LaTeX2e ein eventuell vorhandenes -Zeilenende im Argument von \verb als Fehler gemeldet. Dies hat den -Vorteil, daß ein versehentlich vergessenes Argumentendezeichen sehr früh -erkannt und mit einer sinnvoller Fehlermeldung angezeigt werden kann. -Als Seiteneffekt kann hierdurch auch die Verwendung von \verb im -Argument einer anderen Anweisung erkannt und angezeigt werden. -Eine Abhilfe ist sehr einfach möglich, indem man in der Eingabe einen -Zeilenwechsel im Argument von \verb vermeidet. - -7.3.3 Wie kann ich eine eigene `verbatim'-Umgebung definieren? - -Die intuitive Definition - \newenvironment{myverbatim}{% - \begin{verbatim}% - }{% - \end{verbatim}% - } -einer solchen Umgebung ist nicht möglich, da `verbatim' `festverdrahtet' -nach der Zeichenkette `\end{verbatim}' sucht, so daß die neue Umgebung -das `\end{myverbatim}' nicht als Ende erkennen kann. -Um dennoch `verbatim'-ähnliche Umgebungen definieren zu können, gibt es -mehrere Pakete: - -* `alltt' beläßt die drei Zeichen \, { und } in ihrer besonderen - Bedeutung, ist daher keine vollständige verbatim-Umgebung. -* `verbatim' (von Rainer Schöpf et al.) erlaubt die Definition eigener - `verbatim'-Umgebungen, wie z.B. - \newenvironment{myverbatim}{% - \verbatim % <== nicht \begin{verbatim} ! - }{% - \endverbatim % <== nicht \end{verbatim} ! - } -* `moreverb' und `fancyvrb' enthalten weitere Umgebungen, die - unterschiedliche `verbatim'-ähnliche Umgebungen vordefiniert enthalten - oder mit denen man solche definieren kann. - - -alltt: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - CTAN: macros/latex/unpacked/ - CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/misc/alltt.sty -verbatim: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -moreverb: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/moreverb -fancyvrb: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb - - - -7.3.4 Wie kann ich Programm-Code in mein LaTeX-Dokument einbinden? - -Neben der Möglichkeit, kurze Abschnitte `verbatim' einzubinden, gibt es -verschiedene Tools, die automatisch LaTeX-Code mit den entsprechenden -Syntaxhervorhebungen erzeugen: - -* `listings' - Reine LaTeX-Lösung; unterstützt viele Programmiersprachen; in neueren - Versionen kann `listings' zusätzlich einige der Möglichkeiten des - Pakets `fancyvrb' nutzen. -* `lgrind' - C-Programm und LaTeX-Style, für LaTeX2e; unterstützt sehr viele - Programmiersprachen. -* `tiny_c2l' - lex-Programm und LaTeX-Style; unterstützt neben C auch C++ und Java; - kann überlange Zeilen umbrechen. - - -listings: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/listings/ -lgrind: CTAN: nonfree/support/lgrind/ -tiny_C2l: CTAN: support/tiny_c2l/ - - - -7.3.5 Wie kann ich den Inhalt einer Datei innerhalb einer -`verbatim'-Umgebung darstellen? - -`verbatim' (von Rainer Schöpf et al.) stellt für diese Zwecke die -Anweisung \verbatiminput{Dateiname} zur Verfügung. Die Pakete `moreverb' -und `fancyvrb' stellen weitere Anweisungen und Umgebungen zur Verfügung. - -verbatim: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -moreverb: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/moreverb -fancyvrb: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb - - - -7.3.6 Wie erreiche ich, dass innerhalb einer `verbatim'-Umgebung Umlaute -und andere Sonderzeichen zu sehen sind? (+) - -Zu diesem Zweck ist es nötig, die Art der Kodierung dieser Zeichen -anzugeben. Siehe dazu Frage 8.5.3. - -7.3.7 Wie kann ich Zeilennummern zu meinem Text hinzufügen? - -Zu diesem Zweck gibt es die beiden LaTeX-Pakete `lineno' und `numline'. -Handelt es sich um Programmcode, der numeriert werden soll, sind jedoch -die in Frage 7.3.4 genannten Lösungen zu bevorzugen. - -lineno: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/lineno -numline: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/numline - - - -7.3.8 Gibt es eine Kommentarumgebung, mit der ich größere Textteile -auskommentieren kann? - -Um Teile eines Textes auszukommentieren, kann man entweder zwei sehr -einfache TeX-Konstrukte verwenden, oder man bedient sich spezieller -Pakete, die unterschiedlich mächtige Kommentar-Umgebungen anbieten. -Zu den einfachen Konstrukten, die TeX selbst anbietet, zählt zum einen -die Einklammerung des zu ignorierenden Textes mit den TeX-Primitiven -\iffalse ... \fi: - - \iffalse - Kommentartext, wird sehr schnell ueberlesen - \fi - -Hier sollten im Kommentartext keine \if...-, \else- und \fi-Tokens (bzw. -diese müssen korrekt geschachtelt sein), keine `outer'-Makros oder -unerlaubte Zeichen auftauchen, da diese zu einem Fehler oder vielleicht -zu doch nicht auskommentierten Textteilen führen können. -Ein anderes, einfaches Verfahren ist die Verwendung eines Makros, wobei -der auszukommentierende Text in dessen Argument geschrieben wird: - - \newcommand{\kommentar}[1]{} - % ... - \kommentar{% - Kommentartext, wird als Argument gelesen und ignoriert - }% - -Auch hier sollten die oben genannten Tokens nicht im Kommentartext -auftauchen, außerdem darf der Kommentartext nicht zu lang sein, da sonst -TeXs `main memory' überlaufen könnte. -Spezielle Kommentarumgebungen beseitigen diese Einschränkungen - und -haben meist selbst eigene Einschränkungen. `verbatim' aus dem -`tools'-Bündel definiert eine sehr einfache Umgebung namens `comment', -die man jedoch nicht schachteln kann. Weiterhin gibt es noch `xcomment' -(von Timothy van Zandt), eine speziell an die Erfordernisse des Paketes -`seminar' angepaßte und abgespeckte Version des `verbatim'. Mit -`comment' (von Victor Eijkhout) kann man neue Kommentarumgebungen -definieren, die mit \includecomment- und \excludecomment-Deklarationen -aus- und eingeblendet werden können. - -verbatim: CTAN: macros/latex/required/tools/ -xcomment: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/seminar/inputs/xcomment.sty -comment: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/comment/ - - - -7.3.9 Wie kann ich mehrere Versionen eines Textes erstellen oder -bedingte Textteile verwenden? - -Auf der einen Seite kann man die in Frage 7.3.8 beschriebenen -Kommentarumgebungen entsprechend verwenden. Daneben gibt es mit den -Paketen `version', `optional' und dem bereits erwähnten `comment' -Erweiterungen, mit denen man über Flags im Dokumentkopf Textteile -bedingt ein- oder ausblenden kann. - -version: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/version.sty -optional: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/optional.sty -comment: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/comment/ - - - -7.3.10 Ich will \verb z.B. für Dateinamen, E-Mail-Adressen und URL -verwenden. Wie schaffe ich es, daß innerhalb von \verb an geeigneten -Stellen getrennt wird? - -Für einige Anwendungen, wo man evtl. \verb benutzen könnte, gibt es auch -spezielle Lösungen, die für den Anwendungszweck besser geeignet sind. So -gibt es beispielsweise die Pakete `url' und `path' für Dateinamen, -E-Mail- und WWW-Adressen, bei denen nur an bestimmten Stellen umbrochen -werden darf, dies aber bereits automatisch geschieht. - -url: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/url.sty -path: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/path.sty - - - -7.4 Zerbrechliche Anweisungen in `moving arguments' - - -7.4.1 Was sind `fragile commands'/zerbrechliche Anweisungen, was sind -`moving arguments'? - -Der Text, den ein Autor im Argument von Anweisungen wie \caption, -\section etc. angibt, kann an mehreren Stellen in einem Dokument gesetzt -werden. Der Argumenttext von \section wird z.B. als Kapitelüberschrift -gesetzt und taucht evtl. nochmals im Inhaltsverzeichnis oder im -Seitenkopf bzw. -fuß auf. Diese Argumente nennt man `moving arguments', -da sie vom Platz, wo ein Autor sie angibt, auch zu anderen Stellen -verschoben werden. -Die korrekte Ausführung von `zerbrechlichen Anweisungen' hängt intern -von Zuweisungen ab. Innerhalb eines `moving argument' werden diese -Zuweisungen jedoch nicht durchgeführt, so daß solche Anweisungen -`zerbrechen'. Zu den zerbrechlichen Anweisungen zählen unter anderem -\cite, \ref, \pageref für Literatur- und Querverweise, \footnote, -\footnotemark, die Anweisungen \small, \large etc. zur Wahl der -Schriftgröße, mathematische Formelzeichen wie \sqrt, \notin, \overbrace -und viele mehr (siehe Frage 7.4.2, Bemerkung am Ende). - -7.4.2 Wie kann ich innerhalb des Arguments von \caption, \section etc. -Anweisungen wie \cite, \ref, \pageref oder \footnote verwenden, ohne -Fehler wie `! Argument of \@sect has an extra }.' oder `! Use of -\@chapter doesn't match its definition.' zu erhalten? - -Zerbrechliche Befehle wie \cite müssen im `moving argument' der -Anweisung \caption mit \protect geschützt werden, d.h. statt - - \caption{Bildunterschrift~\cite{PartlKnappen95}} - -ist ein \protect direkt und _ohne_ geschweifte Klammern vor die zu -schützende Anweisung zu setzen: - - \caption{Bildunterschrift~\protect\cite{PartlKnappen95}} - -Anweisungen wie \caption, \section etc. haben außerdem noch die -Möglichkeit, in einem optionalen Argument den zu `verschiebenden -Argumenttext' anzugeben. Das heißt, obiges könnte auch in - - \caption[Bildunterschrift]% - {Bildunterschrift~\cite{PartlKnappen95}} - -umformuliert werden. Jetzt ist das optionale Argument in []-Klammern das -`moving argument', in dem Sie zerbrechliche Anweisungen mit \protect -schützen müssen! -Beginnend mit LaTeX von Dezember 1995 sind Anweisungen wie \cite und -Anweisungen mit optionalem Argument, wie \sqrt, nicht mehr zerbrechlich -und benötigen damit kein \protect mehr. Dennoch sollten Sie diese -Anweisungen weiterhin mit \protect schützen, wenn Sie Ihre Dokumente -anderen zukommen lassen wollen. - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 7 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.8.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index cbd21a9a97d..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1218 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 8 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -8 TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV) - - -8.1 Verschiedene Zeichen - - -8.1.1 Wie bekomme ich ein Gradzeichen? - -Das Gradzeichen erhält man am einfachsten mit LaTeX mittels - - \newcommand{\grad}{\ensuremath{^\circ}} - -Da die Anweisung \ensuremath in LaTeX 2.09 nicht existiert, muß man hier -den konventionellen Weg wählen (der auch in LaTeX2e funktioniert): - - \newcommand{\grad}{\mbox{\(\mathsurround=0pt{}^\circ\)}} - -Hat man schon die `Text-Companion'-Schrift der EC-Schriftfamilie -installiert, kann man mit dem Paket `textcomp', das seit Dezember 1997 -Bestandteil von LaTeX ist, auf ein Gradzeichen mit \textdegree und auf -ein fertig zusammengesetztes Grad-Celsius-Zeichen mit \textcelsius -zugreifen. In der mittlerweile veralteten Testversion von `textcomp' -mußte statt \textcelsius noch \textcentigrade verwendet werden. - -ec/tc-fonts: CTAN: fonts/ec/ - - - -8.1.2 Wo finde ich ein Promillezeichen? Ich möchte endlich 1,1Promille -statt 0,11\% eingeben können. - -Die beste Lösung bietet die in den Text-Companion-(tc)-Schriften der -EC-Schriftfamilie vorhandene Letter für ein Promillezeichen, da sie auch -von der Form zum üblichen Prozentzeichen der Schrift passt: - - \usepackage{textcomp} - \textperthousand - -Falls man die Text-Companion-Schriften nicht verwenden will, kann man -alternativ die Schrift `wasy' verwenden, in der ebenso eine Letter für -ein Promillezeichen existiert: - - \usepackage{wasysym} - \permil - -Sind beide Schriften nicht verfügbar, kann man folgende, in ``Die -TeXnische Komödie'' vom Dezember 1993 erschienene Lösung verwenden, die -auf der TeXbook-Lösung zu Übung 11.6, S. 67 und 311, basiert (an LaTeX2e -angepaßt [br]): - - \newcommand{\promille}{% - \relax\ifmmode\promillezeichen - \else\leavevmode\(\mathsurround=0pt\promillezeichen\)\fi} - \newcommand{\promillezeichen}{% - \kern-.05em% - \raise.5ex\hbox{\the\scriptfont0 0}% - \kern-.15em/\kern-.15em% - \lower.25ex\hbox{\the\scriptfont0 00}} - -Die zusätzliche \(..\)-Umgebung im Makro \promille ist für LaTeX2e -zwingend notwendig, da sonst in einigen Fällen Zeichen fehlen könnten. -(Man könnte auch die Anweisung \ensuremath aus LaTeX2e verwenden.) -Leider paßt das erzeugte Promillezeichen von der Form her nicht zum -Prozentzeichen. - -textcomp: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ -ec/tc-fonts: CTAN: fonts/ec/ -wasysym: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/ -wasy: CTAN: fonts/wasy2/ - CTAN: fonts/wasy2/ps-type1/hoekwater/ - - - -8.1.3 Ich benötige einen liegenden bzw. gedrehten `dagger' oder ein -ähnliches liegendes Zeichen. Wie? - -Entweder sucht man nach einem fertigen Font mit einem solchen Symbol -oder ändert die Quelle eines Fonts, falls dieser beispielweise als -METAFONT-Datei vorliegt, und fügt in die Quelle eine Operation zum -Drehen eines Zeichens ein. -Falls der dvi-Gerätetreiber in der Lage ist, Teile der Ausgabe zu drehen -(wie die meisten PostScript-Treiber), kann man unter LaTeX die Anweisung -\rotatebox aus dem `graphicx'-Package verwenden: - - \rotatebox[origin=c]{90}{\(\dagger\)} - - -graphicx: CTAN: macros/latex/required/graphics/ - - - -8.1.4 Wie erzeuge ich ein Zeichen für `trademark' (TM), `registered -trademark' (R) oder `copyright' (C)? - -Diese Zeichen durch Box-Konstruktionen zusammenzubauen, ergibt in den -meisten Fällen sehr unbefriedigende Ergebnisse. Unter LaTeX hat man mit -der Anweisung \textcircled{<Zeichen>} eine sehr einfache Möglichkeit -dafür, jedoch erhält man nur für einzelne Zeichen, wie für das `c' im -Copyright-Zeichen \copyright, ein einigermaßen gutes Ergebnis. Eine -erste Näherung für das Trademark-Zeichen (TM) ist -\DeclareRobustCommand{\trademark}{\ensuremath{^{\mathrm{TM}}}}. -Sehr viel einfacher und besser sind die fertigen Zeichen, wie -\texttrademark, aus den `Text-Companion'-Fonts `tc...' aus dem -`EC'-Schrift-Paket. Unter LaTeX gibt es zur einfachen Einbindung das -`textcomp'-Package. -Beginnend mit LaTeX von Dezember 1995 gibt es standardmäßig neben der -Definition für das Copyright-Zeichen auch Definitionen für die Zeichen -`trademark' und `registered trademark' (\texttrademark, -\textregistered). Seit LaTeX vom Dezember 1997 ist das Paket `textcomp' -in der LaTeX-Verteilung enthalten. - -tc-Fonts: CTAN: fonts/ec/ -Liste der tc-Fonts: CTAN: info/symbols/text/ - - - -8.1.5 Wie kann man ein nicht kursives griechisches mu erzeugen? - -In den Text-Companion-Fonts befindet sich ein aufrechtes mu, das man -beispielsweise für Mengenangaben benötigt. - - \usepackage{textcomp} % seit 1997/12/01 in der Standardverteilung - \textmu - - -8.1.6 Wie bekomme ich das Währungssymbol für den Euro? - -Die `Text-Companion'-Fonts enthalten das Euro-Symbol, wobei dieses nicht -der offiziell festgelegten Version entspricht. - - \usepackage{textcomp} - \texteuro - {\sffamily\texteuro} - -Ebenso kann man sich notfalls ein eigenes, ebenso nicht konformes -Euro-Symbol zusammensetzen: - - \newcommand\euro{{\sffamily C% - \makebox[0pt][l]{\kern-.70em\mbox{--}}% - \makebox[0pt][l]{\kern-.68em\raisebox{.25ex}{--}}}} - -Mit dem Paket `eurosym' gibt es einen Satz an Fonts mit dem Euro-Symbol, -das der offiziell festgelegten Form des Symbols entspricht. Mitgeliefert -wird ein LaTeX-Paket zur Einbindung, so daß man mit \euro ein -offizielles zur Schriftgröße passendes Euro-Symbol erhält. Abweichend -von der offiziellen Vorgabe wird es, um ein besseres Schriftbild zu -erreichen, auch fett und schräg gesetzt. -Dieselbe Anweisung \euro unterstützt auch das Paket `europs'. Es -erfordert die bei Adobe verfügbaren PostScript-Fonts mit dem -Euro-Symbol. Daneben existiert mit dem Paket `eurosans' eine weitere -LaTeX-Einbindung, das das Euro-Symbol aus der von Adobe erstellten -PostScript-Font-Familie `EuroSans' verwendet. -Daneben enthält auch die im PostScript-Type-1-Format vorliegende Schrift -`Martin Vogels Symbole (marvosym)' ein Euro-Symbol. In dieser Schrift -ist außerdem jeweils ein Euro-Symbol, das zu den Schriften Times, -Helvetica und Courier paßt, enthalten. - - \usepackage{marvosym} % bei der Schrift enthalten - \EUR - \EURtm \EURhv \EURcr - -Und auch das Paket `China2e', mit dem chinesische Kalendersymbole -erzeugt werden können, enthält Fonts mit dem Euro-Symbol, das man mit -der Anweisung \Euro bekommt. -Desweiteren kann im Zusammenhang mit der Verwendung von Euro-Symbolen -das Paket `euro' sehr hilfreich sein. Es bietet vielfältige -Möglichkeiten der Umrechnung von Euro in andere Währungen und umgekehrt. -Verwendet man das Paket `mathpazo' bekommt man ein Eurozeichen, welches -auf die Grundschrift `Palatino' abgestimmt ist. - - \usepackage{mathpazo} - \ppleuro - - -eurosym: CTAN: fonts/eurosym/ -europs: CTAN: fonts/euro/latex/europs/ - http://www.adobe.com/ -eurosans: CTAN: fonts/euro/latex/eurosans/ -marvosym: CTAN: fonts/psfonts/marvosym/ -china2e: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/china2e/ -euro: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/euro/ -mathpazo: CTAN: fonts/mathpazo/ -Walter Schmidt: Wie bekomme http://home.vr-web.de/was/x/latexeuro.pdf -ich...: - - - -8.1.7 Wie bekomme ich ein Entspricht-Symbol? - -Ein Entspricht-Symbol kann man sich entweder mit - - \newcommand{\entspricht}{\mathrel{\widehat{=}}} - -oder mit - - \newcommand{\entspricht}{\stackrel{\scriptscriptstyle\wedge}{=}} - -definieren. Die Anweisung \mathrel{}, die in \stackrel implizit bereits -enthalten ist, sorgt dafür, daß korrekte Abstände vor und nach einem so -definierten Symbol verwendet werden. - -8.1.8 Wie bekomme ich das Symbol für Durchmesser? - -Die einfachste Lösung ist \O{}. Empfehlenswerter ist jedoch ein Symbol -aus den AmS-Schriften: - - \usepackage{amssymb} - \(\varnothing\) - - -AmS-Fonts: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/ -amssymb: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/latex/ - - - -8.1.9 Wie kann ich ``\'', ``<'', ``>'' und weitere Sonderzeichen im Text -benutzen? - -Die Zeichen, die in LaTeX eine besondere Bedeutung haben, und andere -Sonderzeichen mußten früher mehr oder weniger kompliziert erzeugt werden -oder man mußte auf den Formelsatz ausweichen. Unter LaTeX2e gibt es nun -einfachere Anweisungen, wobei man eine LaTeX-Version vom Dezember 1995 -oder neuer verwenden sollte. Unter anderem sind folgende Symbole -definiert: - -Text-Anweisung Formelsatz Symbol oder Symbol-Beschreibung -\textbackslash \backslash \ -\textbar \mid | -\textless < < -\textgreater > > -\textasciicircum \hat ^ -\textasciitilde \tilde ~ -\textbullet \bullet gefüllter Kreis auf halber Höhe -\textperiodcentered \cdot · -\textvisiblespace (n.v.) sichtbares Leerzeichen - -Näheres findet man in der Datei ``usrguide.tex'' (``LaTeX2e for -authors''). - -usrguide: CTAN: macros/latex/base/usrguide.tex - - - -8.1.10 Wie bekomme ich die Symbole für Laplace-, Fourier- und -Z-Transformation? - -Das LaTeX-Paket `trfsigns' bietet diese Symbole. - -trfsigns: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/trfsigns - - - -8.1.11 Wie kann ich einen _Smiley_ und einen _Frownie_ setzen? - -Eine einfache Version erhält man mit - - \newcommand{\frownie}{\texttt{:-(}} - \newcommand{\smiley}{\texttt{;-)}} - -und mit dem Paket `wasysym' kann man die Symbole aus den Schriften -`wasy' mit den Anweisungen \smiley und \frownie bekommen. - -wasysym: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/ -wasy: CTAN: fonts/wasy2/ - CTAN: fonts/wasy2/ps-type1/hoekwater/ - - - -8.1.12 Das Zeichen := sieht schlecht aus, wie kann ich erreichen, daß -der Doppelpunkt in seiner Höhe zum Gleichheitszeichen paßt? - -Mit der Konstruktion \mathrel{\mathop{:}} läßt sich der Doppelpunkt auf -der mathematischen Achse zentrieren, die auch die Mitte des -Gleichheitszeichens bestimmt. -Mit dem folgenden Makro von Donald Arseneau wird der Doppelpunkt im -mathematischen Modus generell umgestellt: - - \mathchardef\ordinarycolon\mathcode`\: - \mathcode`\:=\string"8000 - \begingroup \catcode`\:=\active - \gdef:{\mathrel{\mathop\ordinarycolon}} - \endgroup - - -8.2 Mathematischer Formelsatz (*) - - -8.2.1 Für Zahlenbereiche möchte ich die Symbole für N, Z, Q, R, C mit -Doppelstrich verwenden. Wie bekomme ich diese Zeichen? - -Ursprünglich wurden diese Symbole mit fetten Buchstaben geschrieben. Da -dies mit Kreide auf einer Tafel (`blackboard') sehr umständlich wäre, -hat man die Schreibweise mit den Doppelstrichen erfunden. Die einfachste -Möglichkeit ist daher, die Symbole einfach fett zu drucken, also -\mathbf{N} (bzw. {\bf N} in Plain-TeX und LaTeX 2.09). -Bevorzugt man die Darstellung mit Doppelstrichen, dann ist man in der -Regel mit den Mengenzeichen aus den AmS-Symbolschriften gut bedient: -Nach Laden des Pakets `amssymb' steht mit der Anweisung \mathbb ein -mathematisches Alphabet für Mengenzeichen zur Verfügung, beispielsweise -\mathbb{N} für die Menge der natürlichen Zahlen. Man beachte, dass nur -die Großbuchstaben verfügbar sind, sowie ein k mit Doppelstrich durch -die Anweisung \Bbbk. AmS-Symbole stehen teilweise auch für andere als -die voreingestellten CM-Mathematikschriften zur Verfügung; man beachte -die Dokumentation zur jeweiligen Schriftfamilie. -Es gibt aber auch folgende Schriften, die Buchstaben mehr oder weniger -so wie `an der Tafel geschrieben' enthalten: - -* `bbold' (von Alain Jeffrey) - ohne Serifen, zwei dünne Striche, vollständiger Zeichensatz. -* `mathbbol' (von Jörg Knappen) - definiert AmS-(La)TeXs \mathbb-Anweisung so um, daß statt der - Original-AmS- die `bbold'-Schriften verwendet werden. -* `doublestroke' (von Olaf Kummer) - mit Serifen (ein dicker und ein dünner Strich) und in neuer Version - ohne Serifen (gleichmäßige Dicke), nur Großbuchstaben und 1, k, h. -* `bbm' (von Gilles F. Robert) - sollte allen Wünschen gerecht werden, alle Varianten, wie fett, mit - oder ohne Serifen etc. -* `mathpazo' - enthält die Symbole I, C, N, Q, R und Z, abgestimmt auf die Schrift - `Palatino' (Beispiel in CTAN: fonts/mathpazo/pazotest.pdf. - -Die Auswahl einer dieser Schriften ist reine Geschmackssache. Eine Hilfe -dazu bietet die Übersicht in der PostScript-Datei ``blackboard.ps''. Man -beachte, dass nur die eingangs genannten AmS-Symbole sowie die Schrift -`mathpazo' im Type-1-Format verfügbar sind; alle anderen gibt es bisher -nur im METAFONT-Format. - -amssymb: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/latex/ -bbold: CTAN: fonts/bbold/ -mathbbol: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/jknappen/ -doublestroke: CTAN: fonts/doublestroke/ -bbm: CTAN: fonts/cm/bbm/ - CTAN: fonts/cm/sauter/holin/bbm/ - CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/bbm -blackboard.ps: CTAN: info/symbols/blackboard/blackboard.ps -mathpazo: CTAN: fonts/mathpazo - - - -8.2.2 Für Lagrange-Dichten hätte ich gern ein geschwungenes L; -\mathcal{L} ist nicht das, was ich wünsche! - -Schreibschriftbuchstaben für den Mathematiksatz (nur Großbuchstaben) -sind in den `rsfs'-Schriften (Ralph Smith Formal Script) enthalten. Sie -können mit dem Paket `mathrsfs' und dem Befehl \mathscr{L} eingebunden -werden. Das Paket `calrsfs' ergibt Schreibschriftbuchstaben anstelle der -kalligraphischen Buchstaben mit dem Befehl \mathcal{L}. - -rsfs: CTAN: fonts/rsfs/ - CTAN: fonts/cm/sauter/holin/rsfs/b-rsfs.mf -mathrsfs: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/jknappen/ -calrsfs: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/calrsfs/ - - - -8.2.3 Ich suche das Zeichen ... für den Formelsatz, und kann es nicht in -den Standard-Fonts finden? - -Zeichen, die in den CM-Fonts fehlen, sind mit wirklich sehr großer -Wahrscheinlichkeit in den AmS-Fonts `msam' oder `msbm' vorhanden. Die -Einbindung in LaTeX erfolgt mit dem Paket `amsfonts', die Einbindung in -Plain-TeX mit ``\input amssym.tex''. Nähers dazu siehe auch -``amsfndoc.tex''. -Eine umfassende Übersicht von Symbolen mit Angabe der Bezugsquellen -enthält ``The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List'' von Scott Pakin. - -amsfonts: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/ -amssym: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/plaintex/amssym.tex -amsfndoc.tex: CTAN: fonts/amsfonts/doc/amsfndoc.tex -symbols: CTAN: info/symbols/ -comprehensive: CTAN: info/symbols/comprehensive/ - - - -8.2.4 Warum fügt TeX in einer mathematischen Formel hinter einem -Dezimalkomma einen kleinen Zwischenraum ein? - -Die meisten TeX-Makropakete und -Formate gehen davon aus, daß man einen -Dezimalpunkt statt eines -kommas verwendet. Für den Dezimalpunkt, der in -einer mathematischen Formel die Bedeutung eines `Ordinary'-Symbols hat, -wird daher zwischen Ziffern kein zusätzlicher Zwischenraum eingefügt. -Das Komma hat in Formeln die Bedeutung eines `Punctuation'-Symbols, man -kann es daher als Trennzeichen in einer Aufzählung verwenden, da TeX mit -einem kleinen Zwischenraum dafür sorgt, daß Formeln wie `f(x, y)' gut -aussehen. -Das Problem des falschen Abstandes für ein Dezimalkomma kann man auf -verschiedene Arten beheben. Für einzelne Fälle mag es reichen, das Komma -einfach mit {...} zu klammern, da geklammerte Formelteile diesselben -Abstände wie ein `Ordinary'-Symbol bekommen: - - $\pi = 3{,}1415\ldots$ - -Eine andere Methode erklärt das Komma zu einem `Ordinary'-Symbol statt -eines Trennzeichens: - - %%%% alte Definition: - %% \mathcode`\,="613B - %%%% neue Definition: - \mathcode`\,="013B - -und wenn man statt der \mathcode-Zuweisung die Anweisung -\DeclareMathSymbol in LaTeX verwendet: - - %%%% alte Definition: - %% \DeclareMathSymbol{,}{\mathpunct}{letters}{"3B} - %%%% neue Definition: - \DeclareMathSymbol{,}{\mathord}{letters}{"3B} - -Der Preis hierfür ist natürlich, daß in `f(x,y)' der zusätzliche -Zwischenraum fehlt. Aber auch das läßt sich in den Griff bekommen: -Das Paket `icomma' ändert die Definition des Kommazeichen so, daß es im -mathematischen Modus zwischen `3,1415' und `f(x, y)' unterscheiden kann: -Steht hinter dem Komma ein Leerzeichen, ist das Trennzeichen mit etwas -Abstand gemeint, ansonsten das Dezimalkomma. Im Unterschied zu ähnlichen -Lösungen funktioniert diese Paket mit beliebigen Mathematik-Fonts. -Mit dem Paket `ziffer' ist das Leerzeichen nach dem Komma, um Mengen -oder Argumente zu kennzeichnen, bis auf einige Ausnahmen nicht -notwendig, so dass bestehende Texte nicht verändert werden müssen. - -icomma: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/was/ -ziffer: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/ziffer.sty - - - -8.2.5 AmS-LaTeX: Was ist der Unterschied zwischen dem Paket `amstex' und -`amsmath'? - -Dies wird in der Datei ``diffs-m.txt'' des AmS-LaTeX-Packages erläutert: -In AmS-LaTeX Version 1.0 und 1.1, beide nur für LaTeX 2.09, war `amstex' -das Hauptpaket, das mehr oder weniger direkt aus Michael Spivaks -AmS-TeX-Makros entstanden ist. AmS-LaTeX Version 1.2 für LaTeX2e enthält -nun neben `amstex' ein neues Paket namens `amsmath', das nun unabhängig -von `amstex' weiterentwickelt werden kann. `amstex' kann dadurch -eingefroren werden, so daß alte Dokumente weiterhin unverändert -formatiert werden können. Für neue Dokumente sollte man `amsmath' -verwenden, da nur noch dieses Paket unterstützt und weiterentwickelt -wird. Die Unterschiede zwischen `amsmath' und `amstex' sind der -Dokumentation in der Datei ``diffs-m.txt'' zu entnehmen. - -amslatex: CTAN: macros/latex/required/amslatex/ -AmS-LaTeX: http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html -The amsmath http://www.ams.org/tex/amsmath.html -package: -diffs-m.txt: CTAN: macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/diffs-m.txt - - - -8.2.6 Wieso bekomme ich mit AmS-LaTeX, wenn ich eigene Umgebungen, die -`equation', `gather' `align', `alignat', `flalignat' oder `split' -verwenden, Fehlermeldungen? - -Mit AmS-LaTeX funktionieren Definitionen wie - - \newenvironment{myalign}{\begin{align}}{\end{align}} - \newcommand{\ba}{\begin{align}} - \newcommand{\ea}{\end{align}} - -nicht mehr, weil diese Umgebungen zuerst die komplette Formel einlesen -müssen, da die Satzalgorithmen so geschrieben sind, daß diese Formel -mehrmals durchlaufen werden muß. -Damit man dennoch eigene Umgebungen definieren kann, ist statt -\begin{align} die Anweisung \align, statt \end{align} die Anweisung -\endalign in der Definition zu verwenden: - - \newenvironment{myalign}{\align}{\endalign} - -Die Definition von Abkürzungsmakros für diese Umgebungen, wie oben -gezeigt, ist zwar mit einem Trick möglich. Jedoch sollten Umgebungen -grundsätzlich auch als solche im Dokument erkennbar sein, so daß von -solchen Abkürzungsmakros abgeraten und der Trick nicht verraten wird. -Näheres findet man in der Datei ``technote.tex'', das Teil der -Dokumentation von AmS-LaTeX ist. - -technote.tex: CTAN: macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/technote.tex - - - -8.2.7 AmS-Fonts: Ein altes Dokument benutzt die Fonts `msxm' und `msym'. -Wo kann ich diese finden? - -Die Fonts `msxm' und `msym' sind veraltet und wurden vor einigen Jahren -durch die Fonts namens `msam' und `msbm' ersetzt. Beide Fonts sind im -AmS-Font-Paket enthalten. -Selbst wenn man die Quellprogramme für die beiden veralteten Fonts -`msxm' und `msym' hätte, könnte man aus diesen keine gf- oder pk-Dateien -erzeugen, da die Fonts `msxm' und `msym' mit dem Vorgänger des aktuellen -METAFONT-Programmes namens `MF79' in der Sprache `SAIL' geschrieben -waren. Aus diesem Grund wurden die beiden Fonts auch nur als pxl- oder -pk-Dateien verteilt. -Als Ersatz gibt es mit `msx2mas' einen Satz virtueller Fonts für `msxm' -und `msym', die die Symbole der vorhandenen Schriften `msam' und `msbm' -verfügbar machen. - -msxm/msym: CTAN: fonts/vf-files/msx2msa/ - - - -8.2.8 Das Integral- und Summationszeichen ist für Dokumente, die in 11pt -oder gar 12pt gesetzt sind, zu klein. - -Den Math-Extension-Font `cmex10', aus dem die `großen' Symbole stammen, -sollte man nicht einfach vergrößern, da einige Parameter dieses -besonderen Fonts den mathematischen Formelsatz in TeX bestimmen. Da es -bisher für 11pt und 12pt keine speziellen Math-Extension-Fonts gibt, -verwendet LaTeX für alle Schriftgrößen den 10pt-Font `cmex10'. -Mit dem Paket `exscale' verwendet LaTeXs skalierte `cmex10'-Fonts und -paßt die Anweisungen \big, \bigg etc. entsprechend an. - -exscale: CTAN: macros/latex/base/ - - - -8.2.9 Wie vermeide ich den Fehler `! Double superscript.', den ich für -$a^b^c$ erhalte? - -Der Term a hoch b hoch c ist nicht eindeutig, da er entweder als (a^b)^c -oder als a^(b^c) interpretiert werden kann. Anstatt nun eine -möglicherweise falsche Interpretation des Terms anzunehmen, meldet TeX -obigen Fehler. Diesen muß man durch explizite Klammerung ${a^b}^c$ bzw. -$a^{b^c}$ auflösen, was dann zu Unterschieden in den Schriftgrößen -führt. -Das gleiche Problem stellt sich auch bei mehrfacher Indizierung $a_b_c$, -wo man die Mehrdeutigkeit ebenso durch Klammerung auflösen muß. - -8.2.10 Wie setzt man physikalische Einheiten, etwa Längenangaben? (*) - -Es gelten einigen Grundregeln, von denen die meisten das Paket `units' -automatisch korrekt erledigt: - -* In wissenschaftlichen Werken werden Einheiten aufrecht und vor allem - bei längeren Ausdrücken, etwa $F = 400\,\mathrm{kN}$, im Mathe-Modus - gesetzt. -* Falls die Integration etwa in einen halbfetten Textteil wichtiger als - die physikalische Korrektheit ist, sollte Textmodus, etwa \textbf{... - 3\,m ...}, verwendet werden. Hinweis: Der Unterschied zwischen Text- - und Mathemodus wird deutlicher, wenn man mittels - \renewcommand{\familydefault}{cmss} eine Serifenlose verwendet. -* Zwischen Zahl und Dimension findet kein Zeilenumbruch statt. -* Als Abstand zwischen Zahl und Dimension wählt man \,. Dagegen sehen - die Richtlinien des Springer-Verlags ~ als Abstand vor. -* Einheiten werden _nicht_ in eckige Klammern, wie etwa [N], gesetzt. - Die richtige Schreibweise ist $[F] = \mathrm{N}$. -* In Tabellen stehen Einheiten in runden Klammern in einer eigenen Zeile - im Tabellenkopf, nicht etwa in jeder Zelle: - - ========================= - Erhoehte Reduktion Druck - bei Rolle 44 - (mm) (MPa) - ------------------------- - 5 8 - ... - - -Mehr Formatierungsoptionen, beispielsweise für den Abstand zwischen -Maßzahl und Einheit, und sehr viele Makros für Einheiten (z.B. Ohm, -Hertz) bietet das Paket `SIunits'. Darin ist außerdem eine ausführliche -Erörterung der SI-Einheiten enthalten. Zahlen und Einheiten werden von -diesem Paket jedoch in der meist serifenbehafteten Mathematikschrift -gesetzt, auch wenn eine serifenlose Brotschrift verwendet wird. Dieses -Problem löst das Paket `fancyunits', das das Paket `SIunits' fast ohne -Änderung eines bestehenden Dokuments ersetzen kann. - -units: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/units -SIunits: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/SIunits -fancyunits: http://tina.nat.uni-magdeburg.de/heiko/LaTeX/Tips_und_Tricks/fancyunits - - - -8.2.11 Wie erhalte ich kursive große griechische Buchstaben? - -Während im mathematischen Modus für kleine griechische Buchstaben kursiv -als richtige Schreibweise gewählt wird, erscheinen große griechische -Buchstaben senkrecht. Das Paket `fixmath' ändert dies bei den -üblicherweise verwendeten CM-Schriften. Die Pakete zur Benutzung anderer -mathematischer Schriften haben teilweise eine Option, die dazu führt, -daß große griechische Buchstaben ebenfalls kursiv gesetzt werden. Hierzu -bitte die Dokumentation der jeweiligen Pakete durchlesen. - -fixmath: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/was/ - - - -8.3 Chemischer Struktur- und Formelsatz - - -8.3.1 Wie kann ich chemische Strukturformeln mit LaTeX setzen? - -Die folgenden Pakete sind eine unvollständige Auswahl (Freiwillige?!). -Ob sie unter LaTeX2e, LaTeX 2.09 oder Plain-TeX verwendbar sind, muß, -falls dies nicht vermerkt ist, selbst getestet werden. - -* PPCHTeX: Typesetting Chemical Formulas in TeX, von Hans Hagen und A.F. - Otten - Auf PiCTeX oder PSTricks basierendes Paket, mittlerweile das - flexibelste und umfangreichste Paket. PPCHTeX ist für das TeX-Format - ConTeXt entwickelt worden, kann aber auch mit Plain-TeX und LaTeX (2e - und 2.09) eingesetzt werden. Eine ältere Version ist in den - Proceedings of the 9th European TeX Conference EuroTeX'95, Arnhem, - S. 197-222 und TUGboat 17(1), März 1996, S. 54-66 beschrieben. Für - PPCHTeX gibt es eine mail-basierte Diskussionsliste (siehe Frage - 1.3.4). -* XymTeX: A Macro Package for Typsetting Chemical Structural Formulas, - von Shinsaku Fujita - Dieses System ist nach PPCHTeX das umfangreichste. Es verwendet - vorgefertigte Molekülklassen, in denen die Atompositionen vom Anwender - belegt werden können. Durch die `Kondensation' solcher Klassen lassen - sich so ziemlich alle denkbaren Moleküle zaubern. Ohne Handbuch, das - 127 Seiten besitzt, und Zeit aber eher unbrauchbar, weil sehr - kompliziert. Eine Beschreibung findet sich auch in der TUGboat 16(1), - S. 81-88. -* Chemstruct: Chemische Strukturformeln mit TeX, von Michael Ramek - Hier gibt man im wesentlichen von einem Bezugsatom ausgehend die Art - und die Himmelsrichtung der Bindung an und gelangt so recht schnell zu - brauchbaren Ergebnissen. So hangelt man sich von Atom zu Atom... - (Handbuch mit 18 Seiten). -* ChemTeX: Typesetting Chemical Equations using LaTeX - Scheint auch mit Molekülklassen zu arbeiten, wenn auch längst nicht so - komplex wie XymTeX, damit anwendungsfreundlicher, aber auch nur für - einen begrenzten Satz an Strukturen geeignet... (Handbuch mit - 42 Seiten). -* Chemsym: Chemical Symbols, von Mats Dahlgren - Vereinfacht die Eingabe und den Satz von chemischen Summenformeln und - Reaktionsgleichungen, indem Anweisungen für den Satz der Elemente - inklusive Hoch- und Tiefstellung und eine große Menge von chemischen - Symbolen vordefiniert werden. Für LaTeX2e, mit Dokumentation. -* streeTeX: One more Macro Package for typesetting Structural Formulae - with LaTeX - streeTeX, ein Kunstwort aus `structure' und `tree', verwendet - emTeX-Specials zum Zeichnen der Moleküle. Molekülbindungen werden - dabei von einem Atom ausgehend in 12 verschiedene Richtungen - gezeichnet. Außerdem können NMR-Massenspektren gezeichnet werden. - (Handbuch mit 20 Seiten, englisch oder russisch) -* OCHEM - OCHEM ist ein Paket für den Satz chemischer Strukturformeln und - Reaktionsschemata. Es besteht aus einem Perl-Script, das in einer - speziellen Sprache formulierte Reaktionen in LaTeX- oder - PostScript-Graphiken konvertiert, die automatisch in ein Dokument - eingebunden werden können. Elemente eines Schemas sind Formeln, die - lineare, verzweigte oder konvergente Reaktionsketten bilden und - automatisch angeordnet werden. Elemente einer Formel sind Bindungen - (Richtung/Länge), Textsymbole und Ringe bzw. allgemeine Strukturen. - Die Beschreibung erfolgt teilweise nach geometrischen Gesichtspunkten, - teilweise durch abstrakte Befehle. (Handbuch mit vielen Seiten und - Beispielen) - -Daneben gibt es noch Programme wie ChemDraw, ChemWindow o.ä., bei denen -man die erstellte Strukturformel als PS-Datei ausgeben und dann in -(La)TeX einbinden kann. - -PPCHTeX: http://www.pragma-ade.nl/ppchtex.htm - CTAN: macros/context/cont-ppc.zip -PPCHTeX-Datenbank: http://www.walram.de/ppchtex/ -XymTeX: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/xymtex/ -chemstruct: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/chemstruct/ -chemtex: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/chemtex/ -chemsym: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/chemsym/ -streeTeX: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/streetex/ -OCHEM: CTAN: support/ochem/ - - - -8.3.2 Bei der Verwendung des Paketes `chemtex' mit LaTeX2e erhalte ich -bei der Zuweisung \textfont1=\tenrm einen Fehler. Abhilfen? - -\tenrm ist ein alter, nur intern in LaTeX 2.09 zu verwendender Name -eines Font (siehe auch Frage 5.2 ``LaTeX2e - Probleme beim Umstieg''). -Mit dem Paket `rawfonts' kann man diese Namen (nach-)definieren: - - \usepackage[only,tenrm]{rawfonts} - - -rawfonts: CTAN: macros/latex/required/ - - - -8.3.3 Das Makro \chemical, das u.a. auch in Helmut Kopka, ``LaTeX - eine -Einführung'' beschrieben wird, funktioniert nicht. Was muß man ändern? - -Der im Makro (das aus dem TeXbook stammt!) verwendete Name \tensy des -Math-Symbol-Font ist nur in Plain-TeX und LaTeX 2.09 definiert. LaTeX2e -lädt darüber hinaus die für den mathematischen Formelsatz notwendigen -Fonts erst zu Beginn der ersten zu setzenden Formel, so daß man auch -durch Nachdefinition mit Hilfe des Paketes `rawfonts' in bestimmten -Situationen einen Fehler bekommen kann. -Hier ist eine für LaTeX2e verwendbare Definition von \chemical (die man -in eine .sty-Datei schreiben oder mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother -klammern muß): - - %% Anpassung an LaTeX(2e) von Bernd Raichle - \DeclareRobustCommand{\chemical}[1]{% - {\(\m@th - \edef\resetfontdimens{\noexpand\)% - \fontdimen16\textfont2=\the\fontdimen16\textfont2 - \fontdimen17\textfont2=\the\fontdimen17\textfont2\relax}% - \fontdimen16\textfont2=2.7pt \fontdimen17\textfont2=2.7pt - \mathrm{#1}% - \resetfontdimens}} - - -8.4 Notensatz (*) - - -8.4.1 Wie kann ich mit TeX Noten setzen? (*) - -Notensatz mit TeX begann vor vielen Jahren mit dem Paket MuTeX, mit dem -einstimmiger Notensatz möglich war. Auf dessen Basis entwickelte Daniel -Taupin MusicTeX, das durch Ergänzungen insbesondere von Ross Mitchell -und Andreas Egler zu MusiXTeX wurde. Von Egler gibt es auch noch eine -Testversion namens OpusTeX. Die MuTeX-Entwicklung wurde schon vor der -endgültigen Fertigstellung eingestellt. MusicTeX wird gewartet, MusiXTeX -wird gewartet und weiterentwickelt. -MuTeX, MusicTeX und MusiXTeX sind auf CTAN verfügbar. Neue Benutzer -sollten ausschließlich MusiXTeX verwenden und möglichst auch einen der -Präprozessoren wie beispielsweise `PMX' oder speziell für Chor- und -Liedsatz `M-Tx'. Zu diesen drei Paketen gibt es in LaTeX geschriebene -Dokumentation: MusiXTeX 116 Seiten, PMX 18 Seiten, M-Tx 34 Seiten. -Ein weiteres Projekt, welches sich mit dem Notensatz befaßt, ist -`LilyPond'. - -MusicTeX: CTAN: macros/musictex/ -MusiXTeX: CTAN: macros/musixtex -MuTeX, -MusicTeX http://icking-music-archive.sunsite.dk/ -und -MusiXTeX: -~: http://icking-music-archive.sunsite.dk/software/indexmt6.html -LilyPond: http://www.cs.uu.nl/~hanwen/lilypond/ -GuitarTeX: http://guitartex.sourceforge.net - - - -8.4.2 Wer kann mir bei Fragen zu Notensatz mit TeX helfen? - -Hilfe findet man oft in der MuTeX-Mailing-Liste (siehe Frage 1.3.4). - -8.5 Verschiedenes (+) - - -8.5.1 Ich erhalte die Fehlermeldung `! You can't use \spacefactor in -vertical mode.' oder `Command \@ already defined.'. Mache ich etwas -falsch? - -In den meisten Fällen liegt die Schuld an der Verwendung oder -Neudefinition eines Makros beginnend mit \@, also einem At-Zeichen `@' -am Anfang des Namens, in einem Dokument. Das At-Zeichen `@' ist aber -nicht als Bestandteil eines Makronamens innerhalb des Dokuments erlaubt. -Beispielsweise tritt der Fehler bei der Definition - - \renewcommand{section}{% - \@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{-3.5ex plus-1ex minus-.2ex}% - {2.3ex plus.2ex}{\normalfont\Large\bfseries}} - -in der Dokumentpräambel auf. -Vermeiden kann man diesen Fehler, indem man die Definition in eine -.sty-Datei verschiebt oder in der Präambel mit \makeatletter ... -\makeatother klammert, wie beispielsweise - - \makeatletter - \@removefromreset{footnote}{chapter} - \makeatother - - -8.5.2 Wie kann ich erreichen, daß ein Zähler bei Erhöhung eines anderen -Zählers zurückgesetzt bzw. nicht zurückgesetzt wird? - -Mit der Deklaration \@addtoreset{equation}{section} kann man erreichen, -daß der Gleichungszähler immer dann auf Null zurückgesetzt wird, wenn -der Abschnittszähler erhöht wird. Diese Deklaration wird implizit -aufgerufen, wenn man in der Deklaration des Gleichungszählers das -optionale Argument verwendet, also \newcounter{equation}[section]. Soll -das Gegenteil erreicht werden, so wird das Paket `remreset' benötigt, -das die Deklaration \@removefromreset implementiert, mit der man durch -\@removefromreset{equation}{section} obiges nachträglich wieder -rückgängig machen kann. -Einfacher geht es mit den Anweisungen \counterwithin und -\counterwithout, die das Paket `chngcntr' definiert. Beispiel: - - \counterwithin{equation}{section} - -Näheres ist der Beschreibung am Ende der Datei ``chngcntr.sty'' zu -entnehmen. - -remreset: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/carlisle/remreset.sty -chngcntr: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/chngcntr.sty - - - -8.5.3 Kann ich auch auf meinem System Umlaute und andere Sonderzeichen -direkt mit der Tastatur in mein LaTeX-Dokument eingeben? - -Ja. Zu diesem Zweck dient das Standard-LaTeX-Paket `inputenc'. Es setzt -die leider nicht standardisierten Zeichen mit einem Code>127 in eine -einheitliche für TeX verständliche Kodierung um. Damit dies so wie -gewünscht erfolgt, muß als Paketoption die zutreffende Kodierung des -jeweiligen Betriebssystems angegeben werden: - \usepackage[Kodierung]{inputenc} -Die folgenden Angaben und weitere sind für `Kodierung' möglich: - -latin1 - Die meisten Unix-Systeme und VMS. -ansinew - Windows 3.x, 9x, NT. Unwesentliche - Abweichungen zu `latin1'. -cp437de - MSDOS. -cp850 - OS/2, auch mit MSDOS, falls - explizit -die Codepage IBM-850 benutzt wird. -applemac - Apple-Macintosh. - -Dokumente, die unter Verwendung von `inputenc' geschrieben sind, können -trotz unterschiedlicher Zeichenkodierung in den meisten Fällen auch auf -fremden Systemen übersetzt werden. Eine Mischung unterschiedlicher -Kodierungen ist allerdings nicht möglich. Siehe dazu auch - -8.5.4 Wie kann ich Umlaute in Texinfo-Dokumenten verwenden? Gibt es eine -deutsche/internationalisierte Version von Texinfo? - -Mit der aktuellen Version 4.0 können Umlaute mit dem Makro @" (Bsp: -@"A), Akzente mit @' (Bsp: @'e) usw. eingegeben werden. Darüberhinaus -existieren auch die Lettern wie @ss{}, die Ligaturen @AE{}, @ae{}, @OE{} -und @oe{}, die Lettern mit Ring @AA{} und @aa{}, die durchgestrichenen -Lettern @O{} und @o{} und einige mehr. -Die Unterstützung auch der deutschen Sprache ist in neueren Versionen -bereits enthalten. - - http://texinfo.org - - - -8.5.5 Wie kann ich die Fehlermeldung `Text line contains an invalid -character' abstellen, die ich unter emTeX bekomme, sobald ich Umlaute -verwende? - -Um Umlaute verwenden zu können, muß man unter emTeX eine Formatdatei -``8-bit clean'' erzeugen, da sonst alle Zeichen mit Code>127 auf das -Zeichen 127 (= ^^?) abgebildet werden, das in TeX normalerweise als -`invalid' deklariert ist. ``8-bit clean'' werden Formatdateien mit - - makefmt 8bit ... - -(bzw. `tex -i -8 ...') erstellt. - -8.5.6 Wie kann man mit LaTeX Serienbriefe erstellen? - -Die Klasse `scrlettr' des KOMA-Script-Paketes und die Klasse `akletter', -beide zur Erstellung von Briefen gedacht, unterstützen die Erstellung -von Serienbriefen. Neben diesen gibt es mit den LaTeX-Paketen `mailing', -`textmerg', `finder', `formletter' und `tk_Brief' noch weitere Pakete -für Serienbriefe. -Für eine kleinere Anzahl von Serienbriefen kann man den Text des Briefes -auch in einem Makro mit \newcommand definieren, wobei man die für jeden -Empfänger unterschiedlichen Textteile diesem Makro als Parameter -übergibt. Anschließend wird dieses Makro dann mehrmals mit jeweiliger -Anrede, Name, Straße, Ort usw. aufgerufen. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -akletter: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/akletter/ -mailing: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/mailing/ -textmerg: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/textmerg/ -finder: CTAN: macros/latex209/contrib/letters/finder/ -formletter: CTAN: macros/generic/formlett/ -tk_Brief: http://www.deres-mueller.de/tk_Brief/ - - - -8.5.7 Wie kann ich in LaTeX mehrere `enumerate'-Umgebungen verwenden, -ohne daß der Zähler immer wieder zurückgesetzt wird? - -Mit dem im Paket `mdwlist' enthaltenen Anweisungen \suspend{enumerate} -und \resume{enumerate} kann der Zähler für die Aufzählungspunkte -entsprechend gesetzt werden. -Das `expdlist' bietet mit der Anweisung \listpart die Möglichkeit, in -Listen Einschübe einzuflechten. Benötigt man mehrere zusammengehörige -Aufzählungslisten nur wegen dieser Einschübe, so ist dieses Paket die -bessere Lösung. - -mdwlist: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/mdwtools/ -expdlist: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/expdlist/ - - - -8.5.8 Wie kann ich den Dateinamen meines LaTeX-Dokuments innerhalb des -Dokuments ausgeben? - -Man verwende - - \jobname.tex - -für diesen Zweck. Eine portable Lösung, um auch das Verzeichnis, in dem -sich die Datei befindet, zu erhalten, existiert nicht. - -8.5.9 Meine Versuche, \figurename, \tablename o.ä. bei Verwendung des -Pakets `babel' umzudefinieren, mißlingen. Was kann ich tun? - -Die naheliegende Lösung - - \renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.} - \renewcommand{\tablename}{Tab.} - -funktioniert so mit dem Paket `german', wenn danach die Sprache nicht -gewechselt wird. -Das Paket `babel' schaltet jedoch erst zu Beginn des Dokuments auf die -gewählte Sprache um. In diesem Fall werden dann \figurename und -\tablename auf die in `babel' definierten Standardwerte `Abbildung' bzw. -`Tabelle' gesetzt. Mit folgender Definition kann das Problem gelöst -werden: - - \usepackage[german]{babel} - - \addto\captionsgerman{% - \renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.}% - \renewcommand{\tablename}{Tab.}% - } - -Bei Verwendung der neuen deutschen Rechtschreibung ist entsprechend - - \usepackage[ngerman]{babel} - - \addto\captionsngerman{% - \renewcommand{\figurename}{Abb.}% - \renewcommand{\tablename}{Tab.}% - } - -einzufügen. - -8.5.10 Ich habe neue Dateien zu dem TeX-Baum hinzugefügt, wieso werden -sie von TeX bzw. LaTeX nicht gefunden? - -Um die Suche nach Dateien zu beschleunigen, verwenden einige TeX-Systeme -eine Datenbank mit den Dateinamen im TeX-Baum. Werden neue Dateien -hinzugefügt oder Dateien entfernt, so muß man bei diesen Systemen die -Datenbank auf den aktuellen Stand bringen. -Unter teTeX oder fpTeX geht das durch Aufruf von ``mktexlsr'' oder -``texconfig rehash''; in älteren Versionen muß man ``texhash'' -verwenden. -Unter MikTeX sollte man fehlende Komponenten über das -MikTeX-Options-Tool installieren, das automatisch die Datenbank der -Dateinamen auf den aktuellen Stand bringt. Um diese Datenbank für den -TeXMF- und den lokalen Verzeichnisbaum in allen sonstigen Fällen zu -aktualisieren, klickt man auf `Start', `Programme', `MikTeX', `MikTeX -Options' und dort auf der Registerkarte `Roots' auf `Refresh FNDB' oder -man ruft in der MS-DOS-Eingabeaufforderung ``initexmf -u'' auf. - -8.5.11 Wenn ich versuche, mit der Anweisung \tracingall Fehler in meinem -LaTeX-Dokument zu finden, erhalte ich viele unnütze Informationen. Kann -man das ändern? - -Bei Verwendung des LaTeX-Pakets `trace' werden viele dieser oft unnützen -Informationen unterdrückt. Mit den enthaltenen Anweisungen \traceon und -\traceoff lassen sich die zu untersuchenden Bereiche weiter -einschränken. Besonders günstige Ergebnisse werden mit eLaTeX erzielt -(siehe Frage 3.3.4). Näheres ist in der Paketbeschreibung nachzulesen. - -trace: http://www.latex-project.org/code/experimental/trace/ - - - -8.5.12 Wieso bekomme ich bei einem Acute-Akzentzeichen oder einem -Anführungszeichen eine Fehlermeldung statt des gewünschten Zeichens? - -Bei der Eingabe eines Apostrophzeichens für \'e, "' oder '' kommt es bei -Benutzung einer entsprechenden Tastaturbelegung immer wieder vor, daß -man statt des Apostrophs (Code 29 in ASCII) auf der Tastatur das ähnlich -aussehende Akzentzeichen (Code 180 in ISO Latin-1) verwendet. - -8.5.13 Wie kann ich den üblichen Absatzeinzug auch innerhalb von -`minipage' bzw. `\parbox' erhalten? - -Die üblichen Einstellungen von LaTeX sind derart, daß innerhalb einer -`minipage' oder einer `\parbox' Absätze ohne Einzug und mit vertikalem -Abstand gesetzt werden. Will man dies ändern, so kann man für -Einzelfälle die entsprechenden Längenregister anpassen: - - \begin{minipage}{...} - \setlength{\parindent}{1em} - \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} - ... - \end{minipage} - -Soll diese Änderung für alle Umgebungen einheitlich erfolgen, so ist -eine der beiden internen Anweisungen `\@minipagerestore' oder -`\@parboxrestore' zu ändern. `\@minipagerestore' wirkt nur auf -`minipage'-Umgebungen, während `\@parboxrestore' neben `minipage' auch -auf `\parbox' als auch auf andere Umgebungen und Anweisungen (wie -Fließumgebungen, `\caption', `\marginpar', Fußnoten) wirkt. Folgendes -Beispiel zeigt die Änderung von `\@minipagerestore', wobei man diese -Zeilen in eine .sty-Datei oder mit \makeatletter ... \makeatother -geklammert in die Dokumentpräambel schreiben muß: - - \newcommand{\orig@minipagerestore}{} - \let\orig@minipagerestore=\@minipagerestore - \renewcommand{\@minipagerestore}{% - \orig@minipagerestore - \setlength{\parindent}{1em}% - \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% - } - - -8.5.14 Wie kann ich die Schriftgröße relativ zur aktuell verwendeten -eine Stufe kleiner oder größer wählen? - -Mit dem Paket `relsize' kann man die Schriftgröße um einige Stufen -kleiner oder größer als die aktuell verwendete wählen. Hierzu dienen die -Anweisungen \smaller, \larger oder \relsize{n} bzw. \textsmaller{text}, -\textlarger{text} und \mathsmaller{formel}, \mathlarger{formel}. -Will man die Schriftgröße aller Fußnoten, Bildunterschriften oder -Überschriften um eine Stufe kleiner oder größer wählen, so ist es besser -die Makros für Fußnoten, Unterschriften bzw. Überschriften entsprechend -abzuändern. Dies kann sehr einfach mit Paketen wie `footmisc', -`caption2', `titlesec' oder `sectsty', die an anderer Stelle erwähnt -werden, erfolgen. - -relsize: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/relsize.sty - - - -8.5.15 Wie verwende ich (La)TeX zusammen mit METAPOST? - -Der Artikel ``Some Experiences in Running METAFONT and METAPOST'' von -Peter Wilson beschreibt die Verwendung von METAPOST in LaTeX. - -Peter Wilson: -Some CTAN: info/metafp.pdf -Experiences...: -~: CTAN: info/metafp.ps -Vincent -Zoonekynd: http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~zoonek/LaTeX/Metapost/metapost.html -Métapost -exemples: -~: CTAN: info/metapost/examples/ - - - -8.5.16 Wie kann ich ein LaTeX-Makro umdefinieren und dabei auf dessen -bisherige Bedeutung zugreifen? - -Die einfache Vorgehensweise eine vorhandene Anweisung \foo durch -beispielsweise - - \renewcommand{\foo}[1]{% - ... tue was ... \foo{#1} ... nochmal was ...} - -funktioniert nicht, da sich \foo immer wieder selbst (rekursiv) aufrufen -würde, man also eine Endlosschleife hätte. Um diese zu vermeiden, muß -man zuerst die Bedeutung des Makro \foo unter einem anderen Makronamen -retten und diesen dann in der neuen Definition verwenden: - - % Die Originaldefinition des Makros unter einem neuen Namen retten. - % Sicherstellen, dass der neue Name bislang undefiniert ist: - \newcommand{\origfoo}{} - % Originaldefinition unter neuem Namen merken: - \let\origfoo=\foo - % - % Makro nun neu definieren: - \renewcommand{\foo}[1]{% - ... tue was ... - \origfoo{#1}% - ... nochmal was ...} - - -8.5.17 Wie kann ich ein Zeichen hoch- oder tiefstellen, ohne den -Mathematikmodus zu benutzen? - -Für das Hochstellen von Zeichen ohne Einschaltung des Mathematikmodus -bietet LaTeX die Anweisung \textsuperscript an. -Mit den folgenden Definitionen, die analog der Definiton von -\textsuperscript sind, erhält man eine entsprechende Anweisung -\textsubscript zum Tiefstellen von Zeichen: - - \DeclareRobustCommand*\textsubscript[1]{% - \@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}} - \newcommand{\@textsubscript}[1]{% - {\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}} - -Da diese Definitionen LaTeX-interne Anweisungen verwenden, müssen sie in -eine Paketdatei oder in \makeatletter ... \makeatother geklammert -werden. -Die Pakete `subscript' und `lhelp' sowie die aktuelle Version der -KOMA-Script-Klassen enthalten bereits diese Definition und ist daher -einer eigenen Definition vorzuziehen. - -subscript: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/fragments/subscript.sty -lhelp: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/lhelp - - - -8.5.18 Wie kann ich das aktuelle Datum oder die aktuelle Uhrzeit in mein -Dokument einbauen? - -Die Anweisung \today liefert die sprachabhängig formatierte Darstellung -des aktuellen Datums, beispielsweise ,,September 19, 2003''. -Das Paket `scrtime' des KOMA-Script-Paketes stellt die Anweisung -\thistime zur Verfügung, mit der die aktuelle Uhrzeit in der Form hh:mm -ausgegeben wird. -Im Buch ,,Der LaTeX-Begleiter'' bei der Beschreibung des Paket `calc' -findet man als Anwendungsbeispiel eine von KOMA-Script unabhängige -Lösung, die wie \thistime das TeX-Register \time auswertet. -Eine komfortable Lösung zur unterschiedlichen Datumsdarstellung bietet -das Paket `isodate'. Hier werden neben der ``alten'' und ``neuen'' -deutschen Darstellung auch österreichische, US-englische, französische, -dänische und norwegische Formate unterstützt. -Für Uhrzeiten und Uhrzeitbereichen in unterschiedlicher Darstellung -dient das Paket `uhrzeit'. - -KOMA-Script: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/ -isodate: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/isodate/ -uhrzeit: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/uhrzeit/ - - - -8.5.19 Wie kann ich das Aussehen von Listenumgebungen, speziell deren -vertikale Abstände, auf einfache Weise verändern? - -Die Pakete `mdwlist', `paralist' und `expdlist' bieten verschiedene -Möglichkeiten, das Aussehen von Listen zu beeinflussen. Dabei können -sowohl die Einrückungstiefen und vertikale Abstände als auch das -Aussehen der Marken bei `description'-artige Listen angepaßt werden. -Außerdem stehen vordefinierte kompakte Listen, bei `paralist' auch -innerhalb des fließenden Textes, zur Verfügung. - -mdwlist: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/mdwtools/ -paralist: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/paralist/ -expdlist: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/expdlist/ - - - -8.5.20 Wie kann ich den Wert eines Längenregister im Text oder in der -Protokollausgabe anzeigen lassen? - -Leider bietet LaTeX hier keine Anweisungen an, aber man kann sich -dennoch einfacher TeX-Mittel bedienen. Der Wert eines Längenregister -\laenge wird in der Protokollausgabe mit \showthe\laenge ausgegeben; zur -Ausgabe wird der Formatierlauf unterbrochen und kann mit _Return_ -fortgesetzt werden. Für die Anzeige im Text ist die Anweisung -\the\laenge hilfreich, die zum Wert des Längenregisters expandiert. -Beide Anweisungen geben den Wert in Punkten an, für andere Einheiten muß -selbst umgerechnet werden. Zum Umrechnen eignet sich das Paket -`printlen'. - -printlen: CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/printlen.sty - - - -8.5.21 Wie kann ich mit LaTeX Bildschirmpräsentationen erzeugen? - -Es gibt etliche meist auf dem PDF-Format basierende Lösungen. Einen -guten Überblick bietet die folgende Adresse. - -Michael Wiedmann: -Screen http://www.miwie.org/presentations/presentations.html -Presentation -Tools: - - - -8.5.22 Welche veralteten oder ungünstigen LaTeX-Pakete und -LaTeX-Anweisungen sollte ich meiden? (+) - -Die in der folgenden unvollständige Aufstellung unter ``zu ersetzen -durch'' gemachten Angaben sollten, auch wenn sie hier nicht näher -begründet werden können, befolgt werden. Es handelt sich _nicht_ -vorrangig um formale Gründe, die diesen Empfehlungen zugrunde liegen. Im -Zweifelsfall ziehe man geeignete Dokumentationen zu Rate. - -veraltetes/ungünstiges Paket zu ersetzen durch -a4, a4wide Klassenoption a4paper -caption caption2 -doublespace setspace -epsfig, epsf graphicx -fancyheadings fancyhdr -floatfig, picinpar picins, floatflt, wrapfig -umlaut inputenc -\usepackage{isolatin1} \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} -natdin dinat -scrlettr scrlettr2 -scrpage scrpage2 -\usepackage{t1enc} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} -times oder pslatex mathptmx, helvet, courier -palatino mathpazo, helvet, courier -\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} Nur eines der beiden Pakete ist sinnvoll. -\usepackage{ngerman} - - - -veraltete/ungünstige Anweisung zu ersetzen durch -\it, \rm, \bf \itshape, \rmfamily, \bfseries - \textit{...}, \textrm{...}, \textbf{...} -Texthervorhebung mit: \emph{...} (_oft so gemeint_) -\textit{...} -\parindent0pt \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} -center-Umgebung innerhalb \centering -von figure-Umgebungen -\\, um im Fließtext einen Leerzeile oder \par -Absatz zu beginnen -\usepackage[treiber] \usepackage{graphicx} -{graphicx} (_meistens möglich_) -\includegraphics \includegraphics{dateiname} -{dateiname.endung} (_meistens möglich_) -$$...$$ \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 8 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.9.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.9.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5693def1b64..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/faq.9.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,623 +0,0 @@ ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Beginn Teil 9 --- - - - - Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TeX und DANTE, - Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX e.V. - - - Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner - - - Version 72 vom September 2003 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -9 METAFONT und Schriften - - -9.1 METAFONT und METAFONT-Hilfsprogramme - - -9.1.1 Was ist ein Meta-Font? - -Um die einzelnen Zeichen einer Schrift, eines Font, auf Papier zu -bringen, muß man wissen, an welchen Stellen das Papier mit Druckerfarbe -geschwärzt werden soll und an welchen nicht. Diese Information kann auf -verschiedene Arten repräsentiert werden: Die einfachste Form ist die -`Bitmap' bzw. `Pixelmap', d.h. jedes Zeichen wird gerastert und für -jeden einzelnen Punkt im Raster (= Pixel) wird abgespeichert, ob diese -Stelle geschwärzt werden soll. Eine Bitmap-Repräsentation hat jedoch den -Nachteil, daß man diese nicht ohne weiteres vergrößern, verkleinern oder -die Rasterung an eine andere Auflösung eines Ausgabegeräts anpassen -kann, da man in den meisten Fällen unerwünschte Seiteneffekte bekommt -(Stufen, Moiré-Effekte, dünnere Linien verschwinden bei Verkleinerung, -als regelmäßige oder unregelmäßige Muster sichtbare Rasterung u.ä.). -Man verwendet zur Beschreibung der Ausmaße und der Form eines Zeichens -daher besser eine rasterungs-, also auflösungsunabhängige -Repräsentation. Dazu gibt es nun mehrere Verfahren: -In METAFONT legt man Linienzüge durch Punkte und durch diese Punkte -festgelegte Spline-Kurven fest und zieht diese mit einem vorher -definierten `Pinsel' nach. Durch die Form und die Lage des verwendeten -Pinsels können mit denselben Kurven sehr unterschiedliche Zeichenformen -erzeugt werden. Nachdem das Zeichen aus einzelnen Kurvenzügen definiert -und mit unterschiedlichen Pinseln gezeichnet wurde, rastert METAFONT die -dadurch eingefärbten Flächenteile und erzeugt daraus einen Font in Form -einer Bitmap. Da METAFONT zur Programmierung einer solchen -Font-Beschreibung eine Programmiersprache definiert, kann ein -Font-Designer einer Font-Beschreibung beliebig viele Parameter mitgeben, -die die Form und Ausmaße der einzelnen Zeichen der erzeugten Schrift in -unterschiedlichen Richtungen verändern. Wegen dieser Möglichkeit, aus -einer einzigen Beschreibung durch Wahl verschiedener Parameter viele -verschiedene Schriften erzeugen zu können, nennt man diese -Font-Beschreibungen auch `Meta-Font'. Man kann also durch Wahl der in -einem Meta-Font definierten Parameter unterschiedliche Fonts in -verschiedenen Größen erzeugen. Durch Angabe der gewünschten Auflösung -und weiterer Parameter des Ausgabegeräts kann wiederum für einen solchen -Font eine optimal an das jeweilige Ausgabegerät angepaßte -Bitmap-Wiedergabe dieses Fonts erzeugt werden. -Neben dieser von METAFONT verwendeten Beschreibung eines Fonts in Form -von mit Pinseln gezeichneten Spline-Kurven kann man die Form eines -Zeichens auch durch die Angabe des Umrisses der zu schwärzenden Fläche -beschreiben. Auch hier werden wiederum Spline-Kurven zur Beschreibung -der Umrisse eines Zeichens verwendet. Diese Beschreibung in Form eines -sogenannten `Outline' wird beispielsweise in PostScript-Schriften -verwendet. - -9.1.2 Was sind tfm-, pl-, gf-, pk-, pxl-Dateien? - -Neben dem Aussehen der einzelnen Zeichen in einem Font werden noch -weitere Informationen über jedes einzelne Zeichen und über -schrift-globale Parameter benötigt: Von jedem Zeichen muß TeX die -Ausmaße in Form von Breite, Höhe und Tiefe in Bezug zur Grundlinie -wissen. Zu bildende Ligaturen (z.B. f+f => ff), das Kerning zwischen -zwei Zeichen (z.B. Unterschneidung bei `Ta') und beispielsweise der zu -verwendende Wortabstand sind weitere Informationen, die über einen Font -abgelegt sein müssen, da sie von TeX benötigt werden. -Diese Informationen liest TeX aus der `TeX Font Metric' oder kurz -tfm-Datei. Die Programme `pltotf' und `tftopl' wandeln die Informationen -in einer tfm-Datei in eine lesbare Form, die `Property List' oder kurz -pl-Datei um. -In den gf- (Generic Font), pxl- (Pixel) und pk- (Packed Pixel) Dateien -sind die Bitmap-Repräsentationen jedes Zeichens einer Schrift abgelegt. -Da pk- und pxl-Dateien genau dieselben Informationen enthalten, die -pxl-Dateien jedoch mehr Platz benötigen, werden diese heutzutage nicht -mehr verwendet und unterstützt. Mit den Programmen `gftopk' und `pktogf' -können die Bitmap-Repräsentationen ineinander umgewandelt werden. Da -gf-Dateien in der Lage sind, in einer Bitmap neben den einzelnen Pixeln -noch weitere Informationen zu enthalten (z.B. `special'-Anweisungen), -können bei dieser Umwandlung Informationen verloren gehen. Da jedoch nur -sehr wenige Programme und Gerätetreiber diese zusätzlichen Informationen -verwenden und die pk-Darstellung viel kompakter ist, sind gf-Dateien -normalerweise nur für METAFONT wichtig. -METAFONT erzeugt aus einer mf-Source eine tfm-Datei mit der -auflösungs_un_abhängigen `TeX Font Metric' und eine auflösungsabhängige -gf-Datei. Aus der gf-Datei wird üblicherweise mit `gftopk' eine pk-Datei -erzeugt. -TeX verwendet nur die Informationen in der tfm-Datei, die Bitmap in der -gf- bzw. der pk-Datei wird von TeX _nicht_ gelesen. Ein Gerätetreiber, -der eine dvi-Datei druckt oder darstellt, verwendet die pk-Dateien und -in einigen Fällen auch die tfm-Datei. - -9.1.3 Was sind virtuelle Fonts, was vpl-, vf-Dateien? - -Ein virtueller Font ist, wie der Name schon sagt, eine Schrift, die -keine real (in Form einer Bitmap) existierenden Zeichen enthält. -Stattdessen wird in einem virtuellen Font auf andere Schriften und die -dort enthaltene Zeichen verwiesen. Durch diesen `Trick' kann man -beispielsweise die Kodierung der Zeichen in einer Schrift umdefinieren -oder eine Schrift aus Zeichen mehrerer Schriften zusammensetzen, um so -z.B. einzelne Zeichen durch andere zu ersetzen. Darüber hinaus kann man -in virtuellen Fonts auch einzelne Zeichen aus mehreren Zeichen -zusammensetzen, indem man beispielsweise fertig akzentuierte Zeichen aus -dem entsprechenden Akzent- und Basiszeichen bildet. Eine weitere -Anwendung für virtuelle Fonts ist die Verwendung einer Ersatzschrift für -eine nicht verfügbare Schrift, die dieser möglichst nahekommt und -dieselben TeX-Font-Metric-Informationen besitzt. -Eine vf-Datei enthält die Definition eines solchen virtuellen Fonts in -binärer, sehr kompakter Form. Dieser vf-Datei muß eine tfm-Datei -zugeordnet sein, in der TeX die `TeX Font Metric' für diese Schrift -finden kann. Eine vpl-Datei ist eine für den Menschen lesbare -Darstellung der vf- und tfm-Datei in Form von `Property Lists'. Mit dem -Programm `vptovf' kann aus einer vpl-Datei eine vf- und die zugehörige -tfm-Datei erzeugt werden, mit `vftovp' bekommt man aus diesen beiden -Dateien wieder die vpl-Datei. -TeX `weiß' nichts von virtuellen Fonts. TeX liest keine vf-Dateien, -sondern benötigt nur die zugehörige tfm-Datei, aus der nicht ersichtlich -ist, ob dies ein `realer' oder ein virtueller Font ist. vf-Dateien -werden nur von den Gerätetreibern verwendet. Für Treiber, die (noch) -keine virtuellen Fonts unterstützen, kann das Programm `dvicopy' -verwendet werden, um eine dvi-Datei in eine dvi-Datei umzuwandeln, in -der alle virtuellen Fonts `aufgelöst' worden sind, also nur noch `reale' -Fonts verwendet werden. Achtung: Die meisten verfügbaren virtuellen -Fonts sind unabhängig vom Ausgabegerät, sie können jedoch auch abhängig -vom Ausgabegerät sein! - -9.1.4 Was ist METAPOST? - -METAPOST ist ein aus METAFONT abgeleitetes Programm zum Erstellen von -PostScript-Zeichnungen, das von John Hobby, einem ehemaligen Mitarbeiter -von Donald E. Knuth, entwickelt wurde. Die METAPOST-Sprache ist sehr eng -verwandt mit METAFONT, unterstützt aber einige zusätzliche Features, wie -beispielsweise das Beschriften von Abbildungen in TeX über einen -Präprozessor (dies setzt den dvi-Treiber `dvips' voraus). -Um eine Zeichnung zu erstellen, muss man ein METAPOST-Programm schreiben -und compilieren. Diese Arbeitsweise ähnelt METAFONT, ist somit eben ganz -anders als die sonst gewohnten Grafik-/Malprogramme. METAPOST ist dafür -aber gut für berechnete Zeichnungen geeignet oder zum Plotten von -Funktionen oder Datenwerten. Knuth benutzt es selbst für Zeichnungen in -seinen Büchern. Das Programm ist erst seit Anfang 1995 frei erhältlich, -vorher nur nach Abschluß eines `non-disclosure agreement'. -Implementierungen von METAPOST existieren mittlerweile für sehr viele -Plattformen: - -* Web2c: CTAN: systems/web2c/ - Web2c enthält ab Version 7.0 METAPOST-Sources, wobei Web2c - mittlerweile neben Unix auch Amiga, OS/2 und Windows 95/98/NT und BeOS - unterstützt. -* teTeX: CTAN: systems/unix/teTeX/ - Ab teTeX Version 0.4 ist METAPOST enthalten. -* Amiga: CTAN: systems/amiga/amiweb2c/ (Andreas Scherer) - Siehe auch Web2c. -* OS2: Siehe Web2c. -* Windows 95/NT: Siehe Web2c. -* DOS: CTAN: systems/msdos/metapost/ (Piet van Oostrum) - paßt zu emTeX - CTAN: systems/msdos/dostp22/ (Peter Breitenlohner) - integriert in PubliC-(e-)TeX/MF/MP, TDS-kompatibel -* MacOS: CTAN: nonfree/systems/mac/cmactex/ (Tom Kiffe) - -Seit März 2000 ist für METAPOST auch der graphische Editor `Metagraf' -öffentlich verfügbar, der gerade entwickelt wird. Er ist in Java -geschrieben und somit auf vielen Betriebssystem lauffähig. - -METAPOST: http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/hobby/MetaPost.html - CTAN: graphics/metapost/ -Peter Wilson: -Some CTAN: info/metafp.pdf -Experiences...: - CTAN: info/metafp.ps -Hans Hagen: http://www.pragma-ade.com/pragma-ade/general/manuals/beta/metafun-p.pdf -metafun: -Denis Roegel: -The metaobj -tutorial and http://www.loria.fr/~roegel/TeX/momanual.pdf -reference -manual: -METAOBJ: CTAN: graphics/metapost/contrib/macros/metaobj/ -Metagraf: http://w3.mecanica.upm.es/metapost/metagraf.html - - - -9.1.5 Was ist MFT? - -`mft' ist ein Programm, das aus METAFONT-Quellcode eine TeX-Datei -erzeugt, mit der dieser Quellcode schön formatiert erscheint. Damit es -wirklich schön aussieht, sind zusätzliche Kommentare im Quellcode -notwendig. Nur sehr wenige Autoren von METAFONT verwenden `mft'. - -9.1.6 Beim Übersetzen einer mf-Datei erhalte ich immer eine gf-Datei mit -Endung `.2602gf' (bzw. `.260' bei Filesystemen, die nur drei Zeichen als -Datei-Extension zulassen). Wieso? - -Zur Erzeugung einer Schrift für ein bestimmtes Ausgabegerät benötigt -METAFONT eine Beschreibung in Form einer `Mode Definition' (kurz: -`mode_def'), in der u.a. die Auflösung des Ausgabegeräts festgelegt -wird. METAFONT wird meist mit - - mf \mode:=<Mode-Name>; mag:=<Magnification>; input <Font-Filename> - -aufgerufen (unter Unix Quote-Zeichen ' um die Argumente im -METAFONT-Aufruf nicht vergessen!), wobei mit <Mode-Name> der Namen einer -solchen `mode_def' anzugeben ist. Wird kein `mode' angegeben oder ist -<Mode-Name> unbekannt, verwendet METAFONT den Proof-Mode, der einen -Korrekturabzug der Schrift erstellt. Damit die Zeichen in diesem -Korrekturabzug groß genug sind, verwendet METAFONT dazu die Auflösung -2602dpi (= `dots per inch'). Falls dies nicht erwünscht war, sollte man -überprüfen, ob der `mode' korrekt gesetzt wurde, ob <Mode-Name> -beispielsweise korrekt angegeben wurde (Schreibfehler!) und ob -<Mode-Name> bei der Erstellung der base-Datei (`Dumpen' der Datei -``plain.mf'') mit `mode_def' definiert wurde. - -9.1.7 Wozu benötige ich für jeden Druckertyp eine andere Anpassung in -Form einer `mode_def'? Wo finde ich für den Drucker XYZ eine solche -Anpassung? - -Jedes Ausgabegerät hat unterschiedliche Charakteristiken. Zum einen -unterscheiden sie sich in der Auflösung, zum anderen beispielsweise auch -in der Größe eines gezeichneten Pixels. So wird bei einem -Tintenstrahldrucker im Vergleich zu einem Laserdrucker in den meisten -Fällen ein einzelner Punkt etwas größer ausfallen. Sehr große -Unterschiede treten prinzipbedingt beim Vergleich von sogenannten -`schwarz'- und `weiß'-schreibenden Laserdruckern auf. Auch wird beim -Schnitt zweier Kurven (z.B. in der Mitte des Zeichens `X') die -geschwärzte Fläche etwas größer ausfallen, da die Druckerfarbe abhängig -vom Druckprinzip und vom Druckwerk mehr oder weniger ineinander -verlaufen kann. Damit METAFONT all diese und weitere Eigenschaften eines -Ausgabegeräts bei der Erzeugung der Bitmap-Rasterung eines Zeichens in -Betracht ziehen kann, werden die einzelnen Parameterwerte für ein -Ausgabegerät in einer `Mode Definition' mit der Anweisung `mode_def' -abgelegt. -Da die Erstellung einer neuen `Mode Definition' für ein Ausgabegerät -einiges an Arbeit (Testdruck, überprüfen, anpassen, Testdruck usw.) -bedeutet, wurden von Karl Berry alle bisher für verschiedene -Ausgabegeräte gefundenen `Mode Definitions' in der Datei ``modes.mf'' -gesammelt. Da ``modes.mf'' neben den `Mode Definitions' noch dafür -sorgt, daß man verschiedene Informationen (z.B. `coding scheme') über -einen Font setzen kann und diese korrekt abgelegt werden, ist diese -Datei jedem empfohlen. - -modes.mf: CTAN: fonts/modes/modes-3.5.mf -(Hinweis: Seit Februar 2002 gibt es die Version 3.5 mit -Voreinstellungen für neuere Drucker) - - - -9.1.8 Kann ich aus einer vorhandenen tfm-Datei die mf-Source erzeugen? -Gibt es dafür ein Programm? - -Nein. tfm-Dateien enthalten keine Bitmap- oder ähnliche Information über -das Aussehen der Zeichen in einer Schrift. Daher kann aus einem tfm-File -weder eine pk-Datei noch die mf-Source restauriert werden. -Es ist jedoch möglich, aus einer pk- und der tfm-Datei einer Schrift -eine mf-Source zu erstellen. Dabei ist das entstehende Resultat jedoch -kein _Meta_-Font mehr, sondern `nur' noch ein mf-Programm für genau -diese Schrift. Das Ergebnis ist je nach Aufwand mehr oder weniger gut -und verlangt in den meisten Fällen noch einiges an Handarbeit, so daß -sich der Aufwand nur in seltenen Fällen lohnt. - -9.1.9 Wie kann ich nur die tfm-Dateien einer Schrift erzeugen? - -In der Datei ``modes.mf'' ist dafür die Mode-Definition `nullmode' -gedacht, in der neben der tfm- zwar auch eine gf-Datei erzeugt wird, -jedoch in einer Auflösung von 101dpi, so daß dies schneller als mit -300dpi oder 600dpi geschieht. - -9.2 Schriften - allgemein (*) - - -9.2.1 Gibt es eine Schrift XYZ? Wo finde ich diese? - -Als erste Informationsquelle sollte man die Liste ``metafont-list'' der -verfügbaren METAFONT-Schriften nach der gesuchten Schrift durchsehen. -Diese Liste enthält eine kurze Beschreibung und Klassifikation der -meisten Schriften, die man auf CTAN im Verzeichnis ``CTAN: fonts/'' -finden kann. -Beschränkt man sich nicht nur auf in METAFONT-Quellen vorhandene -Schriften, kann man auch Schriften in PostScript-Type-1- oder -Type-3-Form, PCL-Schriften u.a. auf verschiedenen ftp-Servern finden. -Existieren für diese Schriften Font-Metriken, die man in eine tfm-Datei -umwandeln kann, sind sie sehr einfach unter (La)TeX verwendbar (evtl. -nach Umkodierung mittels virtueller Fonts). Verschiedene Programme dafür -findet man auf CTAN im Verzeichnis ``CTAN: fonts/utilities/'', fertige -Anpassungen findet man für weitverbreitete Schriften ebenso unter -``CTAN: fonts/''. - -metafont-list: CTAN: info/metafont-list -Liste de fontes -au format MF sur http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~zoonek/LaTeX/MF/liste.html -les archives -CTAN: -Zeichensätze und http://www.loria.fr/services/tex/german/fontes.html -Symbole: -dpunkt-Verlag: http://www.dpunkt.de/produkte/latex/fonts/ -Adobe Type http://www.adobe.com/type/ -Library: -symbols: CTAN: info/symbols/ -comprehensive: CTAN: info/symbols/comprehensive/ -Luc Devroye: Font http://cgm.cs.mcgill.ca/~luc/fonts.html -Pages: - - - -9.2.2 Wie installiere ich mit `dvips' eine neue PostScript-Schrift, so -daß ich diese unter (La)TeX verwenden kann? - -Schritt 0 - Dokumentation lesen: -Zuerst sollte man sich die Dokumentation zum `dvips' durchlesen. Diese -beschreibt die wichtigsten Schritte, auch wenn die dort beschriebenen -Dateinamen und die Kodierungen für die PS-Schriften veraltet sind (gilt -zumindest für die Dokumentation bis `dvips' Version 5.58). Außerdem -sollte man `Filenames for TeX fonts' von Karl Berry in der Version 2.0 -(oder neuer) durchlesen, in dem ein für alle TeX-Systeme verwendbares, -einheitliches Namensschema beschrieben wird. -Schritt 1 - TeX-Anpassungen besorgen oder selbst generieren: -Gibt es auf CTAN im `psfonts'-Verzeichnis bereits fertige Anpassungen? -Wenn ja, sollte man diese verwenden. Wenn nein, sollte man sich das Tool -`fontinst' besorgen, mit dem man relativ einfach aus der mit dem -PostScript-Font mitgelieferten afm-Datei die notwendigen virtuellen -Fonts (vf-Dateien) mit den entsprechenden Fontkodierungen und -Font-Definitions-(fd)-Dateien für LaTeX erzeugen lassen kann. Für -Textschriften sollten zumindest vf-Dateien für OT1-Kodierung, besser -auch noch für T1-Kodierung erzeugt werden. -Schritt 2 - PS- und TeX-Font-Dateien installieren: -Nach Schritt 1 sollten beispielsweise für die Schrift `URW Antiqua -Regular Roman Condensed' bzw. nach Berrys Namenschema `uaqr...c...' -folgende Dateien vorhanden sein: - -* PS-Schrift und zugehörige Font-Metrik: uaqr8ac.{pfb,afm} -* virtueller Font, zugehörige TeX-Font-Metriken und PS-Reencoding: - uaqr8rc.{vpl,vf,tfm} TeX Base-1 Encoding (unkodiert, - Adobe-Std.-Encoding) - uaqr7tc.{vpl,vf,tfm} TeX-Text-/OT1-/CM-Encoding (`7-bit') - uaqr8tc.{vpl,vf,tfm} Cork-TeX-Text-/T1-/EC-Encoding (`8-bit') - 8r.enc PS-Reencoding, in `fontname' enthalten -* LaTeX-Font-Definition-Files: - ot1uaq.fd (vormals: OT1uaq.fd) - t1uaq.fd (vormals: T1uaq.fd) - ts1uaq.fd - antiqua.sty - -und noch einige weitere Dateien für die `slanted'- und `small -caps'-Varianten, die man mit `fontinst' erzeugen kann. -Diese Dateien werden nun in folgende Verzeichnisse gelegt: - *.fd, *.sty => TEXINPUTS (TeX) - *.tfm => TEXFONTS bzw. `T'-Eintrag (TeX + dvips) - *.vf => `V'-Eintrag oder VFFONTS (dvips) - *.pfb/pfa => `H'-Eintrag oder DVIPSHEADERS (dvips) -Schritt 3 - Map-Datei des PS-Fonts für `dvips' erzeugen: -Map-Datei für `dvips' erzeugen, in der die Zuordnung des Font-Namens in -TeX zu dem in PS verwendeten festgelegt wird und evtl. die zu ladenden -pfb-/pfa- und PS-Reencoding-Dateien angegeben werden. In unserem -Beispiel enthält die Map-Datei `uaq.map' die Zeile - - uaqr8rc URWAntiquaT-RegularCondensed "TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont" - <8r.enc <uaqr8ac.pfb - -(dies muß eine einzige Zeile sein, sie wurde hier nur umbrochen, um eine -zu lange Zeile zu vermeiden!) und evtl. noch Zeilen für weitere -Schriften und Varianten. -Diese Map-Datei in ein Verzeichnis legen, in dem `dvips' nach -PS-Header-Dateien sucht (Umgebungsvariable DVIPSHEADERS bzw. `H'-Eintrag -in ``config.ps''). -Schritt 4 - `dvips'-Konfigurationsdatei anpassen: -Konfigurationsdatei ``config.ps'' des `dvips' ändern: Die in Schritt 3 -erstellte Map-Datei durch die in ``config.ps'' neu einzutragende Zeile - - p +uaq.map - -zusätzlich zur Standard-Map-Datei ``psfonts.map'' laden. (Ältere -`dvips'-Versionen verstehen das `+' nicht; bei diesen muß man den Inhalt -der Map-Datei ``uaq.map'' an die Datei ``psfonts.map'' anhängen und die -obige Zeile in ``config.ps'' ist wegzulassen.) Außerdem sollte man noch -überprüfen, ob das Verzeichnis, in dem die Map-Datei und die -pfb-/pfa-Dateien zu finden sind, im Suchpfad nach PS-Header-Dateien -enthalten ist (DVIPSHEADERS bzw. `H'-Eintrag in ``config.ps''). -Schritt 5 - Anpassungen testen und verwenden: -Mit LaTeX kann man unsere Beispielschrift einfach mittels des Pakets -`antiqua' verwenden, da diese Schrift damit als `\rmdefault'-Schrift -verwendet wird. Ohne dieses Package kann man auch durch die Anweisung -`\usefont'{OT1}{uaq}{m}{n} diese Schrift kurz austesten. LaTeX müßte -dazu die fd- und tfm-Dateien finden und einlesen können. `dvips' benutzt -dann die angepaßte Konfigurationsdatei, die virtuellen Schriften -``uaqr*.vf'', die Map-Datei ``uaq.map'', die eigentliche PS-Schrift -``uaqr8ac.pfb'' und schließlich noch ``8r.enc''. -Für die PostScript-Schriften, die standardmäßig mit den meisten -PostScript-fähigen Druckern mitgeliefert werden, als auch für einige -freie Schriften und die Lucida-Schriftfamilie existiert in Form von -`psnfss' eine Menge von LaTeX-Paketen. -Unter Plain-TeX kann man diese Schrift relativ einfach z.B. durch die -Anweisung \font\rmantiqua=uaqr7tc laden und anschließend verwenden. Zur -Verwendung der T1-kodierten Variante ``uaqr8tc'' sind, wie bei der -Verwendung der EC-Schriften unter Plain-TeX, noch einige Anpassungen -notwendig. -Unter LaTeX 2.09 gilt dasselbe wie für Plain-TeX, nur sollte man hier -besser \newfont{\rmantiqua}{uaqr7tc} verwenden. Will man diese Schrift -und deren Varianten statt den CM-Schriften in einem Dokument verwenden, -so sind größere Änderungen notwendig, die den Rahmen dieser FAQ sprengen -würden. Am einfachsten ist ein Umstieg auf eine aktuelle LaTeX-Version! - -dvips.tex: CTAN: dviware/dvips/ -fontname: CTAN: info/fontname/ -8r.enc: CTAN: info/fontname/8r.enc -psfonts: CTAN: fonts/psfonts/ - CTAN: fonts/psfonts/urw/antiqua/ - (unsere Beispielschrift) -fontinst: CTAN: fonts/utilities/fontinst/ - http://www.tug.org/applications/fontinst/ -psnfss: CTAN: macros/latex/required/psnfss - CTAN: info/installing_psnfss_on_emtex.pdf -PostScript Type -1 fonts (Nelson http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/fonts/postscript-type-1-fonts.html -Beebe): -Walter Schmidt: -Schriften für http://home.vr-web.de/was/fonts.html -TeX: -Tobias -Regenbrecht: -Integration von http://www.regenbrecht.net/psfonts/psfonts_tetex.html -PostScript-Fonts -in LaTeX2e: - - - -9.2.3 Warum sind die Buchstaben in meiner pdf-Datei von schlechter -Qualität? (*) - -Schriften in pdf-Dateien werden mit schlechter Qualität dargestellt (und -evtl. auch gedruckt), wenn sie in der pdf-Datei als Bitmaps enthalten -sind, also nicht in Form von Vektorfonts. Um das zu verhindern, ist auf -folgende Punkte zu achten: - -* Es dürfen im Dokument nur solche Schriften verwendet werden, die im - Format Type-1 (PostScript) oder TrueType vorhanden sind. Welche das - sind, sollte aus der Dokumentation des TeX-Systems hervorgehen. - Schriften, die ausschließlich im Metafont-Format existieren, können - hingegen in pdf-Dateien nur in Form von Bitmaps benutzt werden, sind - also nach Möglichkeit zu vermeiden. -* Wenn Schriften sowohl im Metafont-Format als auch als Type-1 oder - TrueType vorliegen, dann müssen die beteiligten Programme so - konfiguriert sein, dass sie nicht die Metafont-Version verwenden. In - aktuellen TeX-Distributionen ist das zumindest für pdfTeX - normalerweise der Fall. - -Die häufigsten Fehlerquellen sind: - -* Es werden die EC- und TC-Fonts benutzt, ohne dass diese im - Type-1-Format vorliegen. Abhilfe: EC/TC-Fonts im Type-1-Format - beschaffen und installieren (siehe Frage 10.1.7) oder stattdessen die - AE-Fonts verwenden (siehe ebenfalls Frage 10.1.8) -* Wenn die pdf-Datei auf dem Weg über `dvips' und nachfolgende - Umwandlung ins pdf-Format erzeugt wurde, dann hat `dvips' die - CM-Schriften im Metafont-Format und damit in einer Bitmap-Version - verwendet, obwohl diese auch als Type-1 existieren. Dies ist häufig - das voreingestellte Verhalten von `dvips'. Abhilfe: `dvips' mit einer - passenden Option aufrufen, so dass alle vorhandenen Type-1-Fonts auch - tatsächlich verwendet werden. Wie diese Option lautet, hängt von - jeweiligen TeX-System ab; beachten Sie dessen Dokumentation! Mit - vielen Systemen funktioniert: - - - dvips -Ppdf -G0 - - Beachten Sie dabei, dass CM-Schriften oft für bestimmte mathematische - Symbole benötigt werden, auch wenn die Grundschrift eines Dokuments - nicht Computer-Modern ist, z.B. mit Paketen wie `mathptmx'. -* Die pdf-Datei wurde aus PostScript durch Umwandlung mit dem Programm - `Ghostscript' erzeugt, wobei eine ältere Version (< 6.51) zum Einsatz - kam. Diese Programmversionen wandeln aber (fast) alle Fonts (auch - Vektorfonts!) in Bitmaps um. Sie sind als veraltet anzusehen und - sollten durch eine neuere Version (6.51 oder besser) ersetzt werden, - die mit Vektorfonts umgehen kann. - - -Ghostscript: CTAN: nonfree/support/ghostscript/ -Fonts in LaTeX: Item, -www.mamster.net/tex/latex-fontfaq-amster-burton.pdf: -WWW-Link Fonts in LaTeX: Item, http://www.mamster.net/tex/latex-fontfaq-amster-burton.pdf -http://www.mamster.net/tex/latex-fontfaq-amster-burton.pdf: -link) Matthew Amster-Burton: The Sooper-Simple Guide to -Type 1 Fonts in LaTeX: - - - -9.2.4 In einer mit `dvips' erzeugten PostScript-Datei fehlen die -Ligaturen und andere Zeichen. - -Dieses Problem kann auftreten, wenn die .ps-Datei unter Verwendung der -dvips-Option -Ppdf erzeugt wurde. Abhilfe: Ergänzen Sie beim Aufruf von -dvips die Option -G0: - - dvips -Ppdf -G0 ... - -Hintergrund: Die Option -Ppdf manipuliert u.a. den Zeichensatz der -verwendeten Schriften, um einen potentiellen Fehler des `Acrobat Reader' -4.0 zu umgehen. Das ist jedoch nur dann überhaupt relevant, wenn die -.ps-Datei später in PDF umgewandelt wird, und es funktioniert außerdem -nur bei Fonts mit 128 Zeichen (z.B. CM); mit anderen Fonts führt es -dazu, dass Zeichen verloren gehen. Mit der zusätzlichen Option -G0 wird -dieses Verhalten abgestellt. Version 4.0 des Acrobat Reader ist -mittlerweile veraltet und dürfte wegen zahlreicher Mängel sowieso kaum -noch verwendet werden, so dass es wenig Sinn macht, sie weiterhin zu -berücksichtigen. -Vorsicht: Es sind auch Implementierungen von `dvips' im Umlauf, mit -denen das beschriebene Verhalten schon ohne die Option -Ppdf auftritt. -Die zusätzliche Option -G0 behebt das Problem dann ebenfalls. - -9.2.5 Warum werden mit der Suchfunktion des Programms `Acrobat Reader' -keine Worte gefunden, die Umlaute enthalten? - -Ein Voraussetzung dafür ist die Verwendung von T1-kodierten Schriften. -Die oftmals günstige Lösung mit dem Paket `ae' - - \usepackage{ae} - -um auf die `CM'-Schriften in T1-Kodierung zugreifen zu können, versagt -leider hinsichtlich der Umlaute und anderer akzentuierter Buchstaben, da -diese auch bei Verwendung dieses Paketes intern aus mehreren Lettern -zusammengesetzt werden. Um das Problem zu umgehen, sollte man Schriften -in T1-Kodierung verwenden, in denen die Umlaute tatsächlich enthalten -sind, wie etwa die EC-Fonts (Type1-Versionen; Frage 10.1.7) oder die -PostScript-Basisfonts (siehe Frage 10.2.1). - -9.3 TrueType-Schriften - - -9.3.1 Wie kann ich TrueType-Schriften in LaTeX verwenden? - -TeX bzw. LaTeX benötigt von jeder Schrift, egal in welchem Format sie -vorliegt, nur die tfm-Dateien einer Schrift. Erst der Treiber für das -Ausgabegerät benötigt die Schrift selbst und hier ist es vom Treiber -abhängig, in welchem Format die Schrift vorliegen darf. Historisch kommt -fast jeder Treiber mit PK-Dateien bzw. METAFONT-Dateien, aus denen -PK-Dateien erzeugt werden können, zurecht. Ebenso ist die Unterstützung -von PS-Schriftformaten weit verbreitet. -Erzeugt man mit pdfTeX PDF-Dateien, so kann pdfTeX TrueType-Schriften -direkt verwenden und einbetten. -Sonst gibt es, wie oben erwähnt, prinzipiell drei Möglichkeiten: - -* `ttf2pk': - Dieses Programm konvertiert beliebige TrueType-Schriften (auch - asiatische!) in PK-Dateien. `ttf2pk' übernimmt dabei analog zu - `gsftopk' bei PS-Schriften das _Rendering_ für Anwendungen, die - TrueType-Schriften nicht unterstützen. Quellcode, Dokumentation etc. - findet man im FreeType-Paket: http://www.freetype.org/projects.html - MikTeX und fpTeX enthalten bereits Binaries; die neuesten - teTeX-Distributionen ab Version 1.0 haben Unterstützung für `ttf2pk' - in den Skripten (man muß also nur `ttf2pk' kompilieren). -* TTF => PS-Fonts: - Auch hier gibt es mehrere Ansätze. - - o `ttf2pfb': - Konvertiert TrueType-Fonts (auch asiatische!) in Type-1 - PostScript-Schriften. Nachteile: Unterstützung von Komposit-TTFs - derzeit nur beschränkt möglich; außerdem geht das Hinting (d.h. die - Anpassung an kleine Schriftgrößen) verloren. - http://www.freetype.org/projects.html - o `ttf2pt1': - `ttf2pt1' kann asiatische Fonts bzw. Fonts mit mehr als 256 Glyphen - behandeln, wobei die allgemeine Beschränkung, daß ein - Encoding-Vektor nur 256 Elemente haben kann, jedoch davon unabhängig - besteht; kann auch Metriken im .afm-Format erzeugen, so daß - Kerning-Informationen nicht verlorengehen. - http://www.netspace.net.au/~mheath/ttf2pt1/ - o TTF => PS-Fonts im Type-42-Format: - Erzeugt eine `Wrapper-Datei' um den TrueType-Font. `Ghostscript' und - neuere PS-Interpreter haben ein eingebautes TrueType-Modul, welches - das Type-42-Format verstehen kann - allerdings ist der - TrueType-Rasterer von älteren Ghostscript-Versionen eher schlecht. - (Das Programm kann vermutlich keine asiatische Fonts bzw. Fonts mit - mehr als 256 Glyphen behandeln.) - - Prinzipiell geht bei der Konvertierung von TrueType-Schriften nach - Type-1 das _Hinting_ verloren. Nähere Informationen hierzu findet man - in den Texten http://www.truetype.demon.co.uk/ttandt1.htm und - http://www.truetype.demon.co.uk/tthints.htm. -* `ttf2mf': - [nie verwendet; kann vermutlich asiatische Fonts bzw. Fonts mit mehr - als 256 Glyphen nicht behandeln.] - CTAN: nonfree/support/ttf2mf/ - -Weitere Informationen findet man unter den folgenden URLs: - -FreeType: http://www.freetype.org -Otfried Cheong: Using TrueType http://www.cs.uu.nl/~otfried/Pdftex/ -fonts in PdfLaTeX: - - -Zur Verwendung oder Integration von `ttf2pk' findet man weiteres unter -den folgenden URLs: - -Damir Rakityansky: -Using TrueType -fonts with TeX http://www.radamir.com/tex/ttf-tex.htm -(LaTeX) and pdfTeX -(pdfLaTeX): -Damir Rakityansky -(dt. Ü.): -Benutzung von CTAN: info/german/MiKTeX-WinEdt-TrueType-Anleitung/ttf.htm -TrueType-Schriften -unter TeX...: -ttf2tex: CTAN: support/ttf2tex/ - - -Zur Konvertierung von TrueType-Schriften in eine PS-Schrift findet man -mehr unter der folgenden URL: - -Harald Harders: Using TrueType fonts with CTAN: info/TrueType/index.html -teTeX and dvips: - - - ---- DE-TeX-FAQ Ende Teil 9 --- diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/index.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index f2f18a8f833..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/german/FAQ-ge/txt/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,179 +0,0 @@ -<!-- $Id: index.html,v 1.4 2003/09/19 12:39:43 german Exp $ --> -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> - -<html lang="de"> -<head> - <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> - - <title>DE-TeX-FAQ (text version): German FAQ about TeX and DANTE e.V.</title> - - <META NAME="Author" CONTENT="Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner"> - <META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> - <META NAME="DESCRIPTION" - CONTENT="Inhaltsverzeichnis der Textversion der DE-TeX-FAQ"> - <link rev="made" href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"> -</head> - -<body text="black" bgcolor="white"> - -<hr /> -<h1 align="center">DE-TeX-FAQ: Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über - TeX, LaTeX und DANTE e.V. <BR> - -- Textversion -- -</h1> -<hr /> - - -<p> Dieser Text enthält häufig gestellte Fragen und passende Antworten -zum TeX-System und DANTE e.V. </p> - - -<blockquote> -<p> Copyright © 1995-2003 Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und -Thomas Hafner.</p> - -<p> Er kann über beliebige Medien frei verteilt werden, solange er -unverändert bleibt (inkl. diesem Hinweis). Die Autoren bitten bei -Verteilung über gedruckte Medien, Datenträgern CD-ROM u.ä um Zusendung -von mindestens drei Belegexemplaren.! </p> -</blockquote> - -<p> Anregungen, Ergänzungen, Kommentare und Bemerkungen per e-mail an -<a href="mailto:detexfaq@dante.de"><code>detexfaq@dante.de</code></a>. -(Hinweis: Wir beantworten <strong>keine</strong> Fragen zu und über -TeX!) </p> - -<address> -Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner -</address> - -<hr> - -<table bgcolor="#CCCCCC" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> -<tr> -<td align="center"><a href="../index.html">DE-TeX-FAQ Hauptseite</a></td> -<td align="center">Teil:</td> -<td align="center"><a href="faq.1.txt">1</a></td> -<td align="center"><a href="faq.2.txt">2</a></td> -<td align="center"><a href="faq.3.txt">3</a></td> -<td align="center"><a href="faq.4.txt">4</a></td> -<td align="center"><a href="faq.5.txt">5</a></td> -<td align="center"><a href="faq.6.txt">6</a></td> -<td align="center"><a href="faq.7.txt">7</a></td> -<td align="center"><a href="faq.8.txt">8</a></td> -<td align="center"><a href="faq.9.txt">9</a></td> -<td align="center"><a href="faq.10.txt">10</a></td> -<td align="center"><a href="faq.11.txt">11</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr> - -<ul> - -<li> <a href="faq.1.txt">Teil 1: Allgemeines</a> - <ul> - <li> <em>Inhaltsverzeichnis</em> - <li> 1.1) Über diese FAQ - <li> 1.2) CTAN, das `Comprehensive TeX Archive Network' - <li> 1.3) Newsgroups und Diskussionslisten - </ul> - -<li> <a href="faq.2.txt">Teil 2: Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur</a> - <ul> - <li> 2.1) DANTE e.V. - <li> 2.2) Anwendervereinigungen - <li> 2.3) Tagungen - <li> 2.4) Literatur - </ul> - -<li> <a href="faq.3.txt">Teil 3: Textsatzsystem TeX - Übersicht</a> - <ul> - <li> 3.1) Grundlegendes - <li> 3.2) Welche TeX-Formate gibt es? Was ist LaTeX? - <li> 3.3) Welche TeX-Weiterentwicklungen gibt es? - </ul> - -<li> <a href="faq.4.txt">Teil 4: Textsatzsystem TeX - Bezugsquellen</a> - <ul> - <li> 4.1) Wie bekomme ich ein TeX-System? - <li> 4.2) TeX-Implementierungen - <li> 43)) Editoren, Frondend-/GUI-Programme - </ul> - -<li> <a href="faq.5.txt">Teil 5: TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (I)</a> - <ul> - <li> 5.1) LaTeX -- Grundlegendes - <li> 5.2) LaTeX -- Probleme beim Umstieg von LaTeX 2.09 - <li> 5.3) (Silben-)Trennung, Absatz-, Seitenumbruch - <li> 5.4) Seitenlayout, Layout allgemein, Kopf und Fußzeilen - </ul> - -<li> <a href="faq.6.txt">Teil 6: TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (II)</a> - <ul> - <li> 6.1) Abbildungen und Tafeln - <li> 6.2) Tabellen - <li> 6.3) Fußnoten, Endnoten, etc. - <li> 6.4) Grafiken, Bilder, Farbe und andere Effekte - </ul> - -<li> <a href="faq.7.txt">Teil 7: TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (III)</a> - <ul> - <li> 7.1) Gliederung, Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und andere Verzeichnisse - <li> 7.2) Literaturzitate, Literaturverzeichnis, BibTeX - <li> 7.3) \verb-Anweisung, verbatim- und Kommentar-Umgebungen - <li> 7.4) Zerbrechliche Anweisungen in ``moving arguments'' - </ul> - -<li> <a href="faq.8.txt">Teil 8: TeX, LaTeX, Makros etc. (IV)</a> - <ul> - <li> 8.2) Verschiedene Zeichen - <li> 8.1) Mathematischer Formelsatz - <li> 8.3) Chemischer Struktur- und Formelsatz - <li> 8.4) Notensatz - <li> 8.5) Verschiedenes - </ul> - -<li> <a href="faq.9.txt">Teil 9: METAFONT und Schriften</a> - <ul> - <li> 9.1) METAFONT und METAFONT-Hilfsprogramme - <li> 9.2) Schriften -- allgemein - <li> 9.3) TrueType-Schriften - </ul> - -<li> <a href="faq.10.txt">Teil 10: METAFONT und Schriften (Fortsetzung)</a> - <ul> - <li> 10.1) Die Computer-Modern-Schriftfamilie und ihre Nachfolger - <li> 10.2) Alternativen zu den Computer-Modern-Schriften - <li> 10.3) Sonderschriften - </ul> - -<li> <a href="faq.11.txt">Teil 11: Tools und Utilities</a> - <ul> - <li> 11.1) Tools zur Manipulation von dvi-Dateien - <li> 11.2) Syntax-Checker - <li> 11.3) Dokument-Konverter von bzw. in das (La)TeX-Markup-Format - <li> 11.4) TeX-Benutzungsoberflächen und Editoren - <li> 11.5) dvi-Treiber - Druckertreiber und Previewer - <li> 11.6) Zeichenprogramme - </ul> - -</ul> - -<p> Neben den einzelnen Teilen ist die - <a href="de-tex-faq.txt">gesamte DE-TeX-FAQ</a> auch in -einem Stück vorhanden. </p> - - -<hr /> -<div> -<address> -Copyright © 1995-2001 Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk, Thomas Hafner;<br /> -$Revision: 1.4 $ ($Date: 2003/09/19 12:39:43 $) -by $Author: german $<a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer">.</a> -</address> -</div> - -</body> -</html> |
